Michael P.

Walsh
International Consultant
Chairman, Board of Directors, ICCT
CSE Roundtable: Is clean diesel a myth or a solution?
Delhi, India
10 December, 2007
 PM Air Pollution in India Cities is Already A Very
Serious Problem; NO2 and Ozone Also Concerns
New Diesel Vehicles in India Emit One to Two Orders
of Magnitude Higher PM Than Gasoline Vehicles; At
Least Three Times More NOx
If ULSD (< 50 ppm S) Was Available, Tight Standards
Requiring Diesels As Clean As Gasoline Would Be
Possible
Until Then, Diesel Cars Are Not Environmentally
Viable In India
Concentration of PM 2.5 & PM 10
in 2005 Delhi (B.S.Z. Marg)
400
1

300
P M2.5 0.8

P M10
0.6
200
WHO P M2.5
PM 10 & 2.5
WHO P M10 0.4
CONTINUOUS
100 MONITOR AT
BHADUR
0.2
SHAH ZAFAR
MARG (ITO),
0 NEW DELHI
0
Januar y May S eptem ber 1
Mar ch July Novem ber

S ource: Dr. Sengupta

CP CB
RESPIRABLE SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER (RSPM) LEVELS IN AMBIENT AIR

300 4.5

Registered Vehicle Population in Millions

250
3.5

200 3
Values in ug/m3

2.5
150
2

100 1.5

1
50
0.5

0 0
1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04
Residential NA NA NA 120 139 127 131
Industrial NA NA NA 150 167 140 140
Traffic Intersection 200 216 191 180 270 244 228
Vehicle Population 3 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.8 4.1

Residential Industrial Traffic Intersection Vehicle Population

 OXIDES OF NITROGEN (NOX) LEVELS IN AMBIENT AIR

100 4.5

90 4

Registered Vehicle Population in Millions

80
3.5
70
3
Values in ug/m3

60
2.5
50
2
40
1.5
30
1
20

10 0.5

0 0
1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04
Residential 29 27 29 28.7 33 37.9 40
Industrial 35 34 34 29 35 36 42
Traffic Intersection 63 60 59 67 75 94 89
Vehicle Population 3 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.8 4.1

Residential Industrial Traffic Intersection Vehicle Population

 G
ob
i

100
150
200
250
300

50

0
Lund
dhgar
i h
LuRa ana
ck ipu
Ja K a n o r
la np w
nd u
r
A ha
D Jh a l w r
e
F a h r a ri r
ri ad a
A dabun
hm a
edAg d
a b ra
a
JaSol Vapd
m ap i
A
nk nagur
al Ind ar
es o
h re
Sawar
D Sutna
ha r
n at
B b ad
hi
H De lai
G ow lh
uw r i
a
K ah h
ol at
k i
Pa ata
t
JoNagna
C dh d
ha N p a
nd a u r
ra sik
Vi p
sa V Ku
k h a ra o t r
ap na a
at Pu si
R namne
o
C Vadurk 96
ha o e
n d la
Ja digara
b a ar
h
J lp
M aipur
Delhi

um u
Tr U r
iv da ba
en ip i
u
H Kdru r
yd o m
R e r rb
a
B ya abaa
India (micrograms/m3)

an g d
RSPM Annual average

g ad
K Naalo a
o z g re
h p
Ti iko ur
tic d
o e
G An rin
aj g
concentration during 2005 in

ra ul
ul
a
51
Combustion
products
Diesel soot

Minerals

Salt

Source: Umweltbundesamt, Wien

 Premature
Deaths

Cancer

Developmental Effects

Hospitalization

Asthma Attacks and Bronchitis

8
8%
7%
6%
5% All Causes
4% Pulmonary
Lung Cancer
3%
2%
1%
0%

Journal of American Medical Association, March 2002

9
Clean Diesel or
Dirty Diesel?

10
 NOx trap in
front of CDPF
SCR behind
CDPF
 Clean Vehicle Technologies Are
Already Entering The Marketplace

EU and US Light Duty Gasoline and

Diesel Vehicle Standards
Grams/Km

0.3
Gasoline NOx Diesel NOx Diesel PMx10
May/Will Include A
0.25 Number Based PM
Standard
0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
Euro 4 2005 Euro 5 2010 Euro 6 2015 US Tier 2 Avg 12
 Actual NOx Levels Are Much Higher Than Type Approval Indicates

How have specific NOx emissions of diesel

passenger cars evolved in the past?
1.00 NEDC
0.90 CADC
Limit
0.80

0.70

0.60
g/km

0.50

0.40

0.30
EU 5
0.20

0.10

0.00
EURO 1 EURO 2 EURO 3 EURO 4
 Solids
(SOL) Solid Carbon Spheres
(0.01-0.08 mm) combine to
make agglomerates
Vapour Phase (0.05-1.0 mm) Adsorbed
Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons

Soluble Organic Adsorbed

Fraction (SOF)/ Hydrocarbons
Particle Phase
Hydrocarbons

Liquid Condensed
Hydrocarbon
Particles
Adsorbed
Hydrocarbons Sulfate with Hydration

Sulfate (SO4)
Inlet Outlet
Low Sulfur Fuel is Critical to Get Maximum Benefits
Sensitivity to Sulfur With Catalyzed Soot Filters

16
Tier 2 Light-duty
cost
Total Cost: $11 billion
highway benefit Total Benefits: $175 billion

Heavy-duty
highway

Tier 4 nonroad

0 20 40 60 80 100
$ Billion Annually in 2030
17
As Part of An Overall Strategy, Retrofits and CNG Work

The Bottom Line: From 1995-2005,

Fleetwide PM Reduced 97% While Fleet
Grew By 33%
PM Emissions Number of Buses
(tons/year) Thousands
5
300 PM Buses
4
250

200 3

150 2

100
1
50
0
0
1995 2000 2005 18
 Initiative No DIESEL without
Filter started
Automotive Industry shall only sell diesel cars with
soot filters from summer 2003
Greenpeace Germany Demonstrations
Would You Rather Put
A Filter on Your Car
Or Your Child?
EU and US Light Duty Gasoline and
Diesel Vehicle Standards
Grams/Km
No Unless
0.3
Gasoline NOx Diesel NOx Diesel PMx10
US Tier 2 or
0.25 Euro 5 Standards
0.2 Apply &
0.15
ULSD Available
0.1

0.05

0
Euro 4 2005 Euro 5 2010 Euro 6 2015 US Tier 2 Avg

23
 1/1/2006 New Gasoline Cars Meet Euro 4
standards
1/1/2006 New Diesel Cars Meet CA LEV2
standards
ULSD (Maximum 50 PPM) Required At
Present
Tax Incentive Introduced Dec 1 For 10 PPM
Sulfur Limits

24
 PM Air Pollution in India Cities is Already A Very
Serious Problem; NO2 and Ozone Also Concerns
New Diesel Vehicles in India Emit One to Two Orders
of Magnitude Higher PM Than Gasoline Vehicles; At
Least Three Times More NOx
If ULSD (< 50 ppm S) Was Available, Tight Standards
Requiring Diesels As Clean As Gasoline Would Be
Possible
Until Then, Diesel Cars Are Not Environmentally
Viable In India