A. Menilai Perubahan Tenaga Dalam Tind: Evaluating Energy Changes in Chemical Rea: Seni semak ‘Menvatakan maksud tindak balas eksotermik ‘*Menyatakan maksud tindak balas endotermik, ‘¢Mengenal pastitindak balas eksotermik ‘*Mengenal past tindak balas enclotermike fMemteri contoh tindak balas eksotermile Member contoh tindak balas endotermik ‘*Membina rajah aras tenaga bagi tindak balas eksotermile ‘¢Membina rajah aras tenaga bog! tindak balas endotermile ‘¢Menginterpretasi rajah aras tenaga feMenghubungkait —perubahan —tenaga dengan pembentukan dan pemecahan ikatan ¢¢Meneranglan aplikasi pengetalnuan tentang tindak balas eksotermik dan endotermik dalam kehidupan seharian Bab 4: Termokimia | Chapter 4 :Thermochemistry jak Balas Kim: \ctions Check tst ‘State what exothermic reaction is «+ State what endothermic reaction is + identify exothermic reactions, ‘identify endothermic reactions * Give examples of exothermic reactions, + Give example of endothermic reactions 1 Construct energy level diagrams for exothermic reactions + Construct energy level diagrams for endothermic reactions ‘interpret energy level diagram ‘interrelate energy change with formation and breaking of bonds + Deseribe the application of knowledge of exothermic and endothermic reactions in everyday life a, Perubahan Tenaga Dalam Tindak Balas Kimia Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions 1. ‘Tenaga berubah apabila tindak balas kimia berlaku. The energy changes when a chemical reaction takes place. semasa tindak balas kimia. . Tenaga tersebut adalah dalam bentuk haba haba yang dibebaskan atau diserap The energy is in the form of heat, could be released or absorbed during the chemical reaction. b, Tindak Balas Eksotermik/ Exothermic Reaction Haba/ Heat + Jalah tindak balas kimia yang membebaskan ~ f > haba ke persekitaran. Is the chemical reaction that releases heat to ~ - surroundings. Haba Hltatan ictus a Hyotuss © Hroasanss Hrsiuss > Hrs Tenaga dibebaskan ‘Tenaga hasil tindak balas, Teaeesnan'caae seine Hsstinakinus Kurang daripada | ue lebih daripada tenaga Bene rare am || ans eae bahan tindak balas, Hratan nist Explanation | bs" tndak balas Energy is absorbed. Bnergy is given off. The energy of the products, Hpraincis is less than the energy of reactants, Hrascias The energy of the products, Hyraincis is more than the energy if reactants, reactants Page 5 | update: Mac 2076 | Cikgu Adura & Cikgu Raja | cikguadura.wordpress.comBab 4: Termokimia | Chapter 4 :Thermochemistry Aktiviti 2: Bina gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi setiap tindak balas yang berikut: Activity 2: Construct an energy level diagram for each of the following reaction. a. Zn + 2HCI > ZnCl, + HojAH 126k) |b. (a) C+ O29 CO,;AH = - 393.5 kJ (c) N2+ 2022NOz; AE +66 KI (d@) C+28 > CSy AH= + 88kJ ¢. Mentafsirkan Gambar Rajah Aras Tenaga/ Interpreting Energy Level Diagrams 1, Daripada gambar rajah aras tenaga, maklumat yang boleh diperoleh ialah: From the energy level diagram, the information can be gather are: i. Jenis tindak balas (Eksotermik atau endotermik} Type of reaction. (Exothermic or endothermic) ii. Bahan tindak balas dan hasil tindak balas yang dihasilkan The reactants and products produce - Keadaan fizikal Aspek kualitatif (berapa banyak bilangan mol bahan tindak balas digunakan dan hasil tindak balas yang dihasilkan) Qualitative aspect (how many mole of reactants used and products produce) iii, Tenaga bahan tindak balas dan hasil tindak balas The energy of reactants and products Page 4 | uplate: Mac 2016 [Cikgu Adura & Cikgu Raja | clkguadura.wordpress.com2. Eksotermik/ Exothermic Rajah aras tenaga - Eksotermik Energy level diagram - Exothermic Bab 4: Termokimia | Chapter 4 :Thermochemistry Tafsiran Interpreting Tenaga/ Energy Zn\p) + 2HClI (ak) Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) AH = - 126 kJ ZnClfak) + Ho(g) ZnClfaq) + H{g) ‘Tindak balas antara dengan membentuk . gas . adalal The reaction between .. and. to form gas i Apabila ......... mol .. bertindak balas dengan mol . untuk membentuk sebanyak . When . reacts with . i mole of gas, the quantity of heat released is we wkd Jumlah tenaga .. . mol zink, Zn dan mol adalah . berbanding jumlah The total energy of the total energy of mole of difference in energy is, ki. ampuran bahan tindak balas dan .. akan The of the reaction mixture of. and will Page 5 | upate: Mac 2016 [Cikgu Adura & Gikgu Raja | clkguaduraswordpress com3. Endotermik/ Endothermic Rajah Aras Tenaga- Endotermik Energy Level Diagram- Endothermic Bab 4: Termokimia | Chapter 4 :Thermochemistry Tafsiran Interpreting ‘Tenaga/ Energy NOs (g) AH = + 66 kJ Na(g) + O2lg) ‘Tindak balas antara .. dan ... membentuk gas untuk . adalah The reaction between .. gas and form .. Apabila mol gas bertindak balas dengan . -untuk membentuk . - mol gas sebanyak kJ tenaga diserap. When ..sss+. mole of. gas reacts with . . moles of . gas to form . moles of «. the quantity of heat absorbed is ‘Tenaga adalah . jumlah tenaga mol gas mol gas tenaga adalah sebanyak . The energy of . . moles of gas is... the total energy of .. mole of z - gas and moles of « difference in energy is .. ; . campuran bahan tindak balas antara gas dan akan The . mixture of . of the reaction .gas and Page 6 | update: Mac 2076 | Cikgu Adura & Cikgu Raja | cikguadura wordpress.comBab 4: Termokimia | Chapter 4 :Thermochemistry f. Perubahan tenaga dan ikatan kimia / Energy change and chemical bonds 1. Perubahan tenaga berkait dengan pemecahan dan pembentukan ikatan kimia. The energy change is related to the breaking and forming of chemical bonds. 2. Tenaga diperlukan untuk memecahkan ikatan kimia dalam bahan tindak balas dan tenaga dibebaskan apabila bahan kimia terbentuk dalam hasil tindak balas. Energy is needed to break a chemical bond in the reactants and energy is given off when a chemical form in the products. Contoh/ Example: ‘Tindak balas antara hidrogen, H. dan chlorine, Cluntuk membentuk hidrogen Klorida, HCl adalah eksotermik. The reactions between hydrogen, H, and chlorine, Cl, to form hydrogen chloride, HCl is exothermic. a, Pemecahan Ikatan/ Breaking a Bond 1. Molekul hidrogen, H, terdiri daripada dua atom Pemecahan Ikatan hidrogen, H yang diikat bersama dengan ikatan kovalen. Bond Breaking Hydrogen, H, molecules are made up of two hydrogen atoms, H bonded together by a covalent bond. e@e & Kg 2.Molekul gas klorin, Cl: juga terdiri daripada dua atom klorin, Cl yang diikat bersama dengan ikatan kovalen. Bahan Unda Balas / Reactant Chlorine, Cl, molecules are also made up of two chlorine } atoms, CI bonded together by a covalent bond. 3. Untuk gas hidrogen, H, dan gas klorin, C12 bertindak = = balas, ikatan kovalen mesti dipecahkan terlebih dahulu. > In order for hydrogen gas, H2 and chlorine gas, Cl. to react | eo of together, the covalent bonds must first be broken. ° 4. Tenaga yang diperlukan untuk memecahkan ikatan has nor Xe ae kovalen antara satu mol molekul hidrogen, Ho ialah 436 eee Ss , ‘The energy needed to break the covalent bonds between one mole of hydrogen molecules, Hy is 436 kJ. = 16781 ; + 5.Tenaga yang diperlukan untuk memecahkan ikatan kovalen antara satu mole molekul klorin, Cl ialah 242 kJ. ® @ 9 ‘The energy needed to break the covalent bonds between one mole of chlorine molecules, Cl is 242 kJ. 6.Maka, jumlah tenaga yang diperlukan untuk memecahkan satu mole ikatan H-H dan satu mol ikatan CI-Cl adalah 678 kJ. So, the total energy needed to break one mole of HH bonds and one mole of Cl— Cl bonds are 678 kJ. Page 7 | pate: Mac 2016 [Cikgu Adura & Cikgu Raja | clkguadura.wordpress.comBab 4: Termokimia | Chapter 4 :Thermochemistry b. Pembentukan Ikatan/ Formation of Bond 1. Atom-atom hidrogen, H akan bergabung dengan atom- ae ae atom klorin, Cl. eceemeeemeeee The hydrogen atoms, H then combine with the chlorine atoms, Cl. F201 ier 2. Ikatan kovalen terbentuk antara mereka, Pembentukan ikatan ini membebaskan tenaga. Covalent bonds are formed between them. This bond formation releases energy. 3. Setiap mol hidrogen klorida, HCl yang terbentuk membebaskan 431 kJ. Maka, jumlah tenaga yang dibebaskan daripada pembentukan dua mol ikatan H-Cl adalah 862 kJ. Each mole of hydrogen chloride, HCI that is formed releases 431 kJ. So, the total energy released from the formation of two moles of H— CI bonds are 862 kJ. ¢. Perubahan tenaga/ The change of energy 1. Perubahan tenaga tindak balas ini ialah/ The energy change of this reaction is jumlah tenaga pemecahan ikatan dan pembentukan ikatan the sum of energy for bond breaking and. bond formation. . Perubahan tenaga, AH = (+678 kJ) + (-862 kJ} Energy change, AH 184 kJ -184 kJ (#678 ki) + (-862 ki 3. Nilai AH ialah -184 kJ. The value of AH is -184 ki. d. Kesimpulan/ Conclusion ‘Jenis Tindak Balas Perubahan tenaga Tanda AH Type of Reaction Energy change ‘Sign of aH Eksotermik Tenaga pemecahan ikatan < Tenaga pembentukan ikatan | Negatif Exothermic Energy for bond breaking < Energy from bond formation | Negative Endotermik Tenaga pemecahan ikatan > Tenaga pembentukan ikatan | Positif Endothermie Energy for bond breaking > Energy from bond formation Positive Page & | update: Mac 2016 | Cikgu Adura & Cikgu Raja | cikguadura.wordpress.comBab 4: Termokimia | Chapter 4 :Thermochemistry g, Aplikasi Eksotermik dan Endotermik/ Application of Exothermic and Endothermic 1. Contoh dalam kehidupan harian ialah pek panas dan pek sejuk yang digunakan untuk melegakan kesakitan The example in our daily life Contoh Eksotermik/ Example Exothermic Pek Panas/ Hot Packs Mengandungi kalsium klorida, CaCl, atau Magnesium sulfat, MgSO. dengan air dalam ruang berasingan Contains calcium chloride, CaCl or magnesium sulphate, MgSO; with water with separate compartments. Kedua-dua ruang berasingan itu dipecahkan dengan memicit beg luar The barrier between two compartments is broken by squeezing the outer bag Haba dibebaskan ke persekitaran iaitu kawasan yang cedera Heat is released to the surroundings such as the injured area. Boleh digunakan untuk meredakan sakit otot dan bengkak Used to relieve muscle aches and swelling hot packs and cold packs which are used to relieve pain. Contoh Endotermik/ Example Endothermic Pek Sejuk/ Cold Packs Mengandungi ammonium nitrat, NHiN dan air dalam ruangan berasingan. Contains ammonium nitrate, NH;NO, and water with separate compartments. Kedua-dua ruang berasingan itu dipecahkan dengan memicit beg luar The barrier between two compartments is broken by squeezing the outer bag Haba diserap daripada persekitaran dan memberikan kesan sejuk Heat is absorbed from the surroundings and gives a cold effect. Boleh digunakan oleh ahli sukan yang mengalami kecederaan ringan seperti terseliuh atau lebam. Used by athletes for light injuries like sprains or bruises H. Pengiraan Melibatkan Termokimia/ Calculation Involved Thermochemistry 1. Haba y dihitung menggunakan formula. ing dibebaskan atau diserap dalam eksperimen atau perubahan haba boleh Heat released or absorb by experiment or heat change can be calculate by using the formula. Q= mcO Q = haba dibebas atau diserap dalam eksperimen | 9, heat released or absorbed by experiment sim larutan mass of solution m ¢ = muatan haba tentu air specific heat capacity of water 6 = perubahan suhu change of temperature Jisim larutan/Mass of solution, m 1, Haba pemendakan: m = V; + V2 (2 larutan) Heat of precipitation: m= V;+V, (2 solution) Haba penyesaran: m = V (hanya 1 larutan) Heat of displacement: me=V (only 1 solution) 3. Haba peneutralan: m= Vacid + Valkali Heat of neutralisation m= Vacid + Valkali 4. Haba pembakaran: m = isi padu air Heat of combustion m= volume of water Page 9 | update: Mac 2076 | Cikgu Adura & Cikgu Raja | cikguadura wordpress.comBab 4: Termokimia | Chapter 4 :Thermochemistry Andaian dalam pengiraan/ The assumptions in this calculation: i. Ketumpatan, p , campuran akueus bahan bertindak balas ialah 1 g cm* iaitu ketumpatan air. Ini bermakna 1 cm? campuran akueus bahan bertindak balas ialah 1g The density, p, of the aqueous reaction mixture is 1g em®, the density of water. That mean 1 cm? of aqueous reaction mixture is 1 9. ji, Muatan haba tentu, c, campuran akueus bahan bertindak balas adalah sama dengan muatan haba tentu air, 4.2 Jg! °C The specific heat capacity, c, of the aqueous reaction mixture is same as the specific heat capacity of water, is 4.2 Jg! °C! iii, Tiada haba dihilangkan ke persekitaran atau diserap oleh radas eksperimen No heat is lost to the surroundings or absorbed by the apparatus of the experiment 2. Bilangan mol bahan/ The mole of the substance, n ‘Mol, n = MV @ Mol, 1000 Mole, n = MV Mole,n= mass 1000 imotarmass— M = kemolaran/ molarity HANYA untuk PEMBAKARAN V = isi padu larutan dalam cm* ONLY for COMBUSTION volume of solution in ent? 3. Haba tindak balas, AH boleh dihitung dengan menggunakan formula, Heat of reaction, AH can be calculated by using the formula, - Q = haba dibebas atau diserap dalam eksperimen AH =Q heat released or absorb by experiment n n = bilangan mol number of mole “Haba .....” haba untuk 1 mol bahan tindak balas yang digunakan atau hasil tindak balas yang terbentuk “Heat of ...” heat for I mole of reactants used or product produce. 4. Garis paduan untuk penghitungan haba tindak balas Guidelines for the calculation of the heat of reaction Langkah-langkah untuk diikuti/ Steps to follow: Langkah 1 - Hitungkan perubahan haba dengan menggunakan formula, Step1- Calculate the heat change using the formula, Q = mcé (p Joule) Langkah 2 - Tuliskan persamaan kimia atau persama berlaku Step 2- Write chemical equation or ionic equation for the reaction that occurs in ion untuk tindak balas y Page 10 | update: Mac 2016 [Cikgu Adura & Cikgu Raja | cikguadura. wordpress.comBab 4: Termokimia | Chapter 4 :Thermochemistry Langkah 3 - Hitungkan bilangan mol bahan tindak balas menggunakan formula berikut Step 3- Caleulate the number of moles of reactant that reacts using either the {following formulae : Mol, n= MV Mol, n= __jisim 1000 @ jisim molar =q mol =q mol Mole, n=_MV Mole, n= __mass 1000 ‘molar mass Langkah 4 - Kaitkan bilangan mol bahan tindak balas (langkah 3) dengan perubahan haba (langkah 1) Step4- Link the number of moles of reactants (step 3) with the heat change (step 1) q mol bahan tindak balas bertindak balas > haba dibebas / diserap ialah p J q mol of reactants react > heat lost/gain is p J + 1 mol of bahan tindak balas bertindak balas > haba dibebas/diserap ialah p J q ++ 1 mol of reactants react > heat lost/gain is p. J q 1000 untuk tukar J kepada ka Haba tindak balas, AH = +/-__p. kJ molt 1000 4g +/- ¢ kJ molt Heat of reaction , AH +/-__p kJ molt 1000%4q~ =4/- r kJ molt 1000 for convert Sto kJ Nota : *#” digunakan untuk tindak balas endotermik dan is used for endothermic reaction and -" digunakan untuk tindak balas eksotermik is used for exothermic reaction Langkah 5 - Lukiskan gambar rajah aras tenaga Step5- Draw the energy level diagram Dalam termokimia, melibatkan 4 tindak balas, In thermochemistry, involving 4 reactions (i) Haba pemendakan _[tindak balas penyediaan garam tak terlarutkan] Heat of precipitation [prepare insoluble salts reaction] (i) Haba penyesaran __[tindak balas penyesaran dalam siri elektrokimia, bab 6] Heat of displacement [displacement reaction in electrochemical series chap. 06] (iii) Haba peneutralan _{peneutralan bab 7 asid bes] Heat of neutralisation [neutralisation in chap. 07 acid bases] (iv) Haba pembakaran [melibatkan bab 2 Tingkatan 5 sebatian karbon| Heat of combustion [involving chap 2 Form 5 carbon compound] Page 11 | update: Mac 2016 [Cikgu Adura & Cikgu Raja | cikguadura, wordpress.comBab 4: Termokimia | Chapter 4 :Thermochemistry B. Memahami Haba Pemendakan/ Under standing Heat of Precipitation Senarai semak check tst + menyatakan maksud haba indak bales * State what heat of reaction i, ‘menyatakan maksud haba pemendakan 4 State what heat of precipitation &= + menentukan haba pemendakan bagi suatu tindak balas | + Determine the heat of precipitation for a reaction, ‘ membina gambar rajah aras teniaga untuk tindak balas | + Construct an energy level diagram for a precipitation pemendakan reaction, ‘+menyelesaikan masalah penghitungan yang metibatkan | + Solve numerical problems related to heat of precipitation hhaba pemendakan (i) Haba Pemendakan / Heat of Precipitation 1, Ialah perubahan tenaga apabila satu mol mendakan terbentuk daripada ion-ionnya. (penyediaan garam tak terlarutkan ~ Tindak balas penguraian ganda dua} Is the energy change when one mole of precipitate is formed from its ion. (to prepare insoluble salt - Double decomposition reaction) 2. Untuk haba pemendakan, boleh tindak balas eksotermik atau endotermik For heat of precipitation, it can be exothermic or endothermic reaction. 3. Contoh bagi tindak balas eksotermik/ Example of exothermic reaction: 100 em: larutan plumbumill) nitrat, Pb(NO3)2 1.0 mol dm* dicampurkan dengan 100 cm: larutan kalium sulfat, K-SO. 1.0 mol dm. Suhu campuran tindak balas meningkat daripada 27 °C kepada 32 °C. Hitungkan haba pemendakan plumbum(II) sulfat, PbSO1. [Muatan haba tentu larutan, c: 4.2 J g!°C+; ketumpatan larutan, 1 g cm] 100 em® of 1.0 mol dr lead{l) nitrate, Pb(NO3), solution was mixed with 100 cm: of 1.0 mol dm® potassium sulphate, K,SO; solution. The temperature of the reaction mixture rise from 27 °C to 32 °C. Calculate the heat of precipitation of lead(il) sulphate, PbSO,. [Specific heat capacity of solution, ¢: 4.2 J g1°C1; density of solution, 1 g cm] Penyelesaian/ Solution: Langkah 1 - Hitungkan perubahan haba menggunakan formula, Q = mC@ (p Joule) Step 1 - Calculate the heat change using the formula, (i) Jumlah isi padu campuran bertindak balas = isi padu larutan Pb(NOs): + isi padu larutan K.SOs Total volume of reaction mixture volume of Pb{NOs): solution + volume of SO; solution cm? + cm? em? (ii) Tukarkan isi padu campuran kepada jisim Convert volume of mixture to mass Jisim campuran bertindak balas, m = ketumpatan x isi padu ‘Mass of reaction mixture, m density x volume lgem®x. +8 (iii) Perubahan suhu = suhu tertinggi ~ suhu awal Change of temperature highest temperature ~ initial temperature 7 C- Page 12 | update: Mac 2016 [Cikgu Adura & Cikgu Raja | cikguadura, wordpress.comBab 4: Termokimia | Chapter 4 :Thermochemistry (iv) Perubahan tenaga = mod Bnergy change Langkah 2 - Tuliskan persamaan kimia atau pe Step 2 - Write chemical equation or ionic equation for the reaction that occurs Persamaan kimia: Pb(NO:)2(ak) + K.SO.(ak) > PbSOs(p) + 2KNOs(ak) Chemical equation: Pb{NOsp (aq) + K2SO;(aq) > PbSOs(s) + 2KNOs(aq) Persamaan ion: Pb** (ak) + $O,2- (aqk) > PbSOs(p) Tonic equation: Pb?" (aq) + SO.” (aq) > PbSO:(s) Langkah 3 - Hitungkan bilangan mol bahan tindak bal menggunakan formula berikut: Step 3 - Calculate the number of moles of reactant that reacts using the following formula .s yang bertindak balas Bilangan mole Pb2* Number of moles of Pb 1000 Bilangan mol SO; MV - = Number of moles of SO 1000 Langkah 4 - Kaitkan bilangan mol bahan tindak balas (langkah 3) dengan perubahan haba (langkah) Step 4 - Link the number of moles of reactants (step 3) with the heat change (step 1) Mendakan yang terbentuk ialah PbSO; The precipitate formed is PbSO; Berdasarkan persamaan tindak balas dan persamaan ion: Based on the chemical equation and ionic equation: mol Pb? bertindak balas dengan mol SO,* untuk membentuk mole of Pb® reacts with ...... mole of S02 to form ....... mole of PbSOx mol PbSO, mol PbSO4 terbentuk > haba bebas ialah mole of PbSO; form > heat lost is + 1 mol bahan tindak balas bertindak balas > haba dibebas ialah 1 mol of reactants react > heat lost is = kJ «Haba tindak bal: Heat of reaction , AH Page 13 | update: Mac 2016 [Cikgu Adura & Cikgu Raja | cikguadura, wordpress.comBab 4: Termokimia | Chapter 4 :Thermochemistry Langkah 5 - Lukiskan gambar rajah ara Step 5 - Draw the energy level diagram tenaga 4. Contoh tindak balas endotermik / Exampe of of endothermic reaction 50 cm* larutan kalsium klorida, CaCl: 2.0 mol dm dicampurkan dengan 50 cm* larutan natrium karbonat, Na2COs, 2.0 mol dm~. Suhu campuran bertindak balas menurun daripada 27 °C kepada 23 °C. Hitungkan haba pemendakan kalsium karbonat [Muatan haba tentu larutan, C: 4.2 J g!*C; ketumpatan air, 1 g em 50 cm: of 2.0 mol dm* calcium chloride, CaCl, solution was mixed with 50 cm? of 2.0 mol dn sodium carbonate, Na:COs solution. The temperature of the reaction mixture {fall from 27 °C to 23 °C. Calculate the heat of precipitation of Calcium carbonate, CaCO3. [Specific heat capacity of solution, C: 4.2 J g1°C+; density of solution, 1 g cm] Penyelesaian / Solution: Langkah 1 - Hitungkan perubahan haba menggunakan formula, Q = me@ (p Joule) Step 1 - Calculate the heat change using the formula, @ Jumlah isi padu campuran bertindak balas isi padu larutan CaCl + isi padu larutan NazCOs Total volume of reaction mixture = volume of CaCl, solution + volume of NasCOs solution ems (i) Tukar padu campuran kepada jisim Convert votume of mixture to mas: Jisim campuran bertindak balas, m Mass of reaction mixture, m (iii) Perubahan suhu Change of temperature (iv) Perubahan tenaga Energy change = ketumpatan x isi padu density x volume lgemx 8 cm = suhu akhir - suhu awal final temperature ~ initial temperature °C eC cl gx42dg J Page 14 | update: Mac 2016 [Cikgu Adura & Cikgu Raja | cikguadura. wordpress.comBab 4: Termokimia | Chapter 4 :Thermochemistry Langkah 2 - Tuliskan persamaan kimia atau persamaan ion untuk tindak bal: berlaku. Step 2 - Write chemical equation or ionic equation for the reaction that occurs yang Persamaan kimia Chemical equation: CaCh (ak) + NazCOs(ak) > CaCOs(p) + 2NaCllak) CaCl (ag) + NazCOs(aq) > CaCOs(s) + 2NaCl(ag) Persamaan io: Ca2* (ak) + CO.* (ak) > CaCOs(p) Tonic equation: Ca?* (aq) + COs* (ag) CaCOs(s) Langkah 3 - Hitung bilangan mol bahan tindak balas yang bertindak dengan menggunakan formula berikut: Step 3 - Calculate the number of moles of reactant that reacts using either the following formula: Bilangan mol Ca = MV = = Number of moles of Ca2* 1000 Bilangan mol CO? = MV = - Number of moles of CO 1000 Langkah 4 - Kaitkan bilangan mol bahan tindak balas (langkah 3) dengan perubahan haba (langkah 1) Step 4- Link the number of moles of reactants (step 3) with the heat change (step 1) Mendakan yang terbentuk ialah CaCO; The precipitate formed is CaCO; Berdasarkan persamaan kimia dan persamaan ion: Based on the chemical equation and ionic equation: mol Ca** bertindak balas dengan ....... mol CO, untuk membentuk ...... mole of Ca reacts With ....... mole of COs? to form ...... mole of CaCOs. mol CaCO3 terbentuk > haba yang ditambah inloh J mole of CaCO; form > heat gain is + 1 mol bahan tindak balas > haba yang ditambah ialah 1 mol of reactants react > heat gain is = kJ + Haba tindak balas, AH = Heat of reaction, AH Langkah 5 - Lukiskan gambar rajah aras tenaga Step 5 - Draw the energy level diagram Page 15 | update: Mac 2016 [Cikgu Adura & Cikgu Raja | cikguadura, wordpress.comBab 4: Termokimia | Chapter 4 :Thermochemistry 5, Latihan Haba Pemendakan / Exercise Heat of Precipitation 1. 50 cm® larutan plumbum(I}) nitrat), Pb(NOs}2 0.5 mol dm dicampurkan kepada 50 cm? larutan natrium sulfat, NaS, 0.5 mol dm». Suhu awal larutan plumbum(ll) nitrat ialah 27.4 OC dan larutan natrium sulfat ialah 27.6 OC. Suhu campuran tindak balas meningkat kepada 30.5 °C. Hitungkan haba pemendakan plumbum(II) nitrat. [Muatan haba tentu larutan, C: 4.2 J g!°C-!; ketumpatan larutan, 1 gcm~] 50 em? of 0.5 mol dm* lead(Il) nitrate, Pb(NOs) solution was mixed with 50 cm? of 0.5 mol dm sodium sulphate, Na,SO; solution. The initial temperature of lead(Il) nitrate, Ph(NOs)2 solution is 27.4 °C and sodium sulphate, Na»SO; solution is 27.6 °C. The temperature of the reaction mixture rise to 30.5 °C. Calculate the heat of precipitation of lead(Il) sulphate, PbSO«. [Specific heat capacity of solution, c: 4.2 J g!°C1; density of solution, 1g cm Penyelesaian/ Solution: 2. Haba pemendakan ferum(III) hidroksida, Fe(OH); ialah - 10kJ, Apabila larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH 2 mol dm dicampurkan dengan larutan ferum(III) klorida, FeCk, 200 J haba dibebaskan. Hitung isi padu larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH yang digunakan. The heat of precipitation of iron(II) hydroxide, Fe(OH): is -10 kJ. When a 2 mol dm® sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution was mixed together with a solution of iron(Ill) chloride, FeCls, 200 J of heat was released. Calculate the volume of sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution that was used. Penyelesaian/ Solution: Page 16 | update: Mac 2016 [Cikgu Adura & Cikgu Raja | cikguadura. wordpress.comBab 4: Termokimia | Chapter 4 :Thermochemistry 3. Hitungkan perubahan haba apabila 200 cm: larutan kalsium klorida, CaCl? 0.5 mol dm ditambahkan kepada 200 cm: larutan natrium karbonat, NazCOs 0.5 mol dm jika haba pemendakan kalsium karbonat, CaCOs ialah + 12.6 kJ mol", [Muatan haba tentu larutan, c= 4.2 J g! C1. Ketumpatan larutan = 1 gem’ ] Calculate the heat change when 200 em: of 0.5 mol dm: calcium chloride, CaCl, solution is added to 200 cm? of 0.5 mol dim sodium carbonate, NaxCO; solution if the heat of precipitation of calcium carbonate, CaCO, is +12.6 kJ mol [Specific heat capacity of solution,c= 4.2 J g!C. Density of solution= 1 g em~ ] Penyelesaian/ Solution: 4. Persamaan termokimia untuk pemendakan argentum klorida adalah seperti berikut: The thermochemical equation for the precipitation of silver chloride is as follows: Agi(ak) = + =~ Cl: (ak) > AgCL; AH =~ 65.5 kJ mol Ag (aq + Cag) > AGCL; AH =~ 65.5 kJ mot! Hitungkan perubahan suhu apabila 100 cm® larutan argentum nitrat, AgNOs 0.5 mol dm- ditambahkan kepada 100 cm: larutan kalium klorida, KCl 0.5 mol dm-s Calculate the temperature change when 100 cm: of 0.5 mol dm- silver nitrate, AgNOs, solution is added to 100 em: of 0.5 mol dm* potassium chloride, KCI solution. Penyelesaian/ Solution: Page 17 | update: Mac 2016 [Cikgu Adura & Cikgu Raja | cikguadura, wordpress.comBab 4: Termokimia | Chapter 4 :Thermochemistry C. Memahami Haba Penyesaran / Understanding Heat of displacement Senarai semak check tst ‘+ Menyatakan maksud haba penyesaran 1 State what heat of displacement is, ¢Menentukan haba penyesaran, {Determine heat of displacement, ‘Membina gambar rajah aras tenaga untuk tindak balas | + Construct the energy level diagram for a displacement pensesaran reaction, + Menvelesaikan masala perhicungan yang meibatkan | « Solve numerical problems related to heat of displacement hhaba penyesaran, 1, Haba penyesaran adalah perubahan haba apabila satu mol logam disesarkan daripada larutannya oleh logam yang lebih elektropositif. (MESTI ingat dan merujuk kepada Siri Elektrokimia) Heat of displacement is the energy change when one mole of metal is displaced from its salt solution by a more electropositive metal (MUST remember and refer to the Electrochemical Series) 2. Untuk haba penyesaran, ianya hanya boleh berlaku tindak balas eksotermik sahaja. For heat of displacement, it can be exothermic reaction only. 3. Contoh tindak balas/ The example of reaction: Serbuk zink, Zn berlebihan ditambahkan ke dalam 100 cm® larutan ferum(II) sulfat, FeSO; 0.5 mol dm®. Suhu tindak balas meningkat sebanyak 9.6 °C. Hitungkan haba penyesaran ferum, Fe dari larutan garamnya oleh Zink, Zn. [Muatan haba tentu larutan, c: 4.2 J g!°C"; ketumpatan larutan, 1 gcm=| Excess zinc, Zn powder is added to 100 em of 0.5 mol dm iron(II) sulphate, FeSO; solution. The temperature of the reaction mixture rises by 9.6 °C. Calculate the heat of displacement of iron, Fe from its salt sotution by zine, Zn. [Specific heat capacity of solution, ¢: 4.2 J g1 °C; density of solution, 1 g em) Penyelesian/ Solution: Langkah 1 - Hitungkan perubahan haba menggunakan formula, Q = mC@ (p Joule) Step 1 - Calculate the heat change using the formula (i) Jumlah isi padu campuran bertindak balas, ‘Total volume of reaction mixture isi padu larutan FeSO; sahaja volume of FeSO, solution only em? (ii) Tukarkan isi padu campuran kepada jisim Convert volume of mixture to mass Jisim campuran bertindak balas, m = ketumpatan x isi padu Mass of reaction mixture, m density x volume (iii) Perubahan suhu Change of temperature (iv) Perubahan tenaga = mcd Energy change gx4.25g1C!x J Page 18 | update: Mac 2016 [Cikgu Adura & Cikgu Raja | cikguadura, wordpress.comBab 4: Termokimia | Chapter 4 :Thermochemistry Langkah 2 - Tuliskan persamaan kimia atau persamaan ion untuk tindak balas Step 2 - Write chemical equation or ionic equation for the reaction that occurs Persamaan kimia : Zn (p) + FeSO; (ak) > Fe(p) + ZnSO; (ak) Chemical equation: Zn(s) + FeSO, (aq) > Fe(s) + ZnSO; (aq) Zn(p) + Fe (ak) > Fe(p) + Zn (ak) Ionic equation: Zn(s) + Fe (aq) > Fe(s) + Zn (aq) Langkah 3 - Hitungkan bilangan mol bahan tindak bal menggunakan formula berikut: Step 3 - Calculate the number of moles of reactant that reacts using the ang bertindak balas following formula Bilangan mole Fe MV = Number of moles of Fe 1000 Langkah 4 - Kaitkan bilangan mol bahan tindak balas (langkah 3) dengan perubahan haba (langkah1} Step 4 - Link the number of moles of reactants (step 3) with the heat change (step 1) Logam yang disesarkan daripada larutan garamnya ialah Fe The metal was displace form it salt solution is Fe. Berdasarkan persamaan kimia dan persamaan ion: Based on the chemical equation and ionic equation: mol Fe terhasil > haba dibebaskan ialah mole of Fe form > heat lost is J mol bahan bertindak balas > haba dibebaskan ialah: mol of reactants react > heat lost is kJ Haba tindak balas, AH = Heat of reaction, AH Langkah 5 - Lukiskan gambar rajah aras tenaga Step 5 - Draw the energy level diagram Page 19 | update: Mac 2016 [Cikgu Adura & Cikgu Raja | cikguadura. wordpress.comBab 4: Termokimia | Chapter 4 :Thermochemistry 4. Latihan Haba Penyesaran/ Exercise of Heat of Displacement: 1, Seorang murid telah memperolehi data berikut dalam mengenal pasti haba penyesaran bagi Argentum, Ag daripada larutan argentum nitrat, AgNOs. ‘Student obtained the following data to determine the heat of displacement to silver, Ag from silver nitrate, AgNO, solution. Pengukuran Subu (°C) Measurements Temperature (‘C) ‘Suhu awal larutan argentum nitrat(V), AgNOs Initial temperature of silver nitrate(V), AgNOs solution ‘Suhu tertinggi campuran tindak bala: ‘Highest temperature of reaction mixture 29.5 33.1 Jisim Kuprum y Mass of copper, ng digunakan =1g Du powder used Isi padu larutan argentum nitrat 0.1 mol dm, Volume of 0.1 mol dm silver nitrate(V), AgNOs solution 100 cm* Penyelesaian/ Solution: . Dalam satu eksperimen, serbuk magnesium berlebihan ditambahkan ke dalam 50 cm® larutan ferum(II) sulfat 0.25 mol dm pada 29 °C. Persamaan termokimianya adalah seperti di bawah: In an experiment, excess magnesium powder is added to 50 em? of 0.25 mol dm” iron(II) sulphate solution at 29.0 °C. The thermochemical equation is shown below, Mgip) + Fe (ak) > Mg (ak) + Fe (p); AH = -80.6 kJ mol-! Mg(s) + Fe2* (aq) > Mg? (aq) + Fe (s); AH = -80.6 kJ mol-! Berapakah suhu tertinggi yang tercapai di dalam eksperimen ini? What is the highest temperature reached in this experiment? Penyelesaian/ Solution: Page 20 | update: Mac 2016 [Cikgu Adura & Cikgu Raja | cikguadura. wordpress.comBab 4: Termokimia | Chapter 4 :Thermochemistry D. Memahami Haba Peneutralan / Understanding Heat of neutralisation Senarai semak Check list ‘+ Menyatakan maksud haba peneutralan, 4 State what heat of neutralisation ¢Menentukan haba peneutralan ‘Determine the heat of neutralisation, ‘/Membina gambar rajah aras tenaga untuk pelbagal # Construct energy level diagrams for Various types of jenis tindak balas pencutralan neutralisation reactions, +s Membandingkan haba pencutralan bagi tindak balas | « Compare the heat of neutralisation for the reaction fantara asid kuat dan alkals kuat dengan haba between a strong acid and a strong alka with the heat penentralan bagi tindak balas antara asid lemah ‘of neutralisation for a reaction between a weak acid and dan /atau alkali emah fora weak alkal, ‘+ Mencrangkan perbezaan haba peneutralan asid kuat | « Explain the difference of the heat of neutralisation for a dan alkali kuat dengan haba peneutsalan asid Hema strong acid and strong. alkali with the heat of dlan/atau alkall mah neutralisation for a reaction involving a weak ackd ‘/Menyelesaikan masalah perhitungan yang melibatkan | and/or a weak alkall hhaba peneutralan ‘Solve numerical problems related to heat of neutralisation 1, Haba Peneutralan ialah perubahan tenaga haba apabila satu mol air terhasil dari peneutralan di antara satu mol ion hidrogen dari asid dan satu mol ion hidroksida dari alkali. Heat of Neutralization is the energy change when one mole of water is formed from the neutralisation between one mole of hydrogen ions, H* from an acid and one mole of hydroxide ion, OH from alkali. 2. Persamaan ion bagi pembentukan air iala The ionic equation for formation of water is: 3. Untuk haba peneutralan, ia hanya boleh tindak balas eksotermik sahaja. For heat of neutralisation, it can be exothermic reaction only. 4. Haba peneutralan dan kekuatan asid dan alkali. Heat of neutralisation and the strength of acids and alkalis Tindak balas Haba Peneutralan, AH (kJ) Reactions Heat of Neutralisation, AH (kJ) Asid kuat dengan alkali kuat eee Strong acid with strong alkali E Asid lemah dengan alkali kuat Weak acid with strong alkali Asid kuat dengan alkali lemah AH <-573 ‘Strong acid with weak alkali ‘Asid lemah dengan alkali lemah Weak acid with weak alkali 5. Penerangan untuk asid kuat dan alkali kuat: Explanation for strong acid and strong alkali: Asid kuat dan alkali kuat mengion sepenuhnya di dalam air. Apabila mereka mengion, tenaga diperlukan untuk memecahkan ikatan dalam asid atau alkali. Apabila air terhasilkan, ikatan terbentuk di antara ion hidrogen, H + dan ion hidroksida, OH-. Proses ini membebaskan tenaga. Jumlah tenaga pemecahan ikatan kimia dan tenaga pembentukkan ikatan kimia adalah haba peneutralan. Strong acids and strong alkalis tonize completely in water. When they ionize, energy is needed to break the bonds in the acid or alkali. When water is produced, bonds are formed between hydrogen ions, H- and hydroxide ions, OF. This process releases energy. The sum of the energy for bond breaking and bond formation is the heat of neutralization. Page 21 | update: Mac 2016 [Cikgu Adura & Cikgu Raja | cikguadura, wordpress.comBab 4: Termokimia | Chapter 4 :Thermochemistry 6. Penerangan untuk asid lemah atau alkali lemah atau kedua-duanya: Explanation for weak acid or weak alkali or both: Asid lemah dan alkali lemah tidak mengion sepenuhnya di dalam air. Lebih banyak tenaga diperlukan untuk memecahkan ikatan di dalam asid lemah dan alkali lemah berbanding dengan asid kuat dan alkali kuat. Jadi jumlah tenaga pemecahan ikatan kimia dan tenaga pembentukkan ikatan kimia adalah lebih kecil. Weak acids and weak alkalis do not ionize completely in water. More energy is needed to break the bonds in weak acids and weak alkalis compared to strong acids and strong alkalis. So, the sum of the energy for bond breaking and bond formation is a smaller value. 7. Haba peneutralan bagi beberapa tindak balas peneutralan. The heat of neutralization for some neutralization reactions Persamaan Kimia Haba Peneutralan (IJ) ‘Chemical equation Heat of neutralization, (kJ) HCliaq) + NaOH(aq) > NaCilaq) + H20(1) -57.3 HNO;(aq) + KOH(aq) > KNO.(aq) + H.0(1) “57.3 CHsCOOH[aq) + NaOH[aq) > CHsCOONalaq) +H.0(1) =55.0 HCl(aq) + NHs(aq) + H.0(1) > NH,Cl(aq) + H20(1) -42.2 8. Contoh tindak balas/ The example of reaction: Apabila 100 cm? larutan asid nitrik cair, HNOs 2.0 mol dm- di tambahkan ke dalam 100 cm? larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH, 2.0 mol dm, suhu tindak balas meningkat dari 27 °C kepada 40.65 °C. Hitungkan haba peneutralannya. [Muatan haba tentu larutan, C: 4.2 J g!°C-!; ketumpatan larutan, 1 gem] When 100 em? of 2.0 mol dm® dilute nitric acid, HNO. is added to 100 em? of 2.0 mol dm sodium hydroxide, NaOH, the temperature of the reaction mixture rises from 27 °C to 40.65 °C. Calculate the heat of neutralization. [Specific heat capacity of solution, c: 4.2 J g! °C; density of solution, 1 g cm) Langkah 1 - Hitungkan perubahan haba menggunakan formula, Q = me® (p Joule) Step 1 - Calculate the heat change using the formula (i) Jumlah isi padu campuran bertindak bala larutan NaOH Total volume of reaction mixture = volume of HNO: solution + volume of NaOH solution cm? +, om: = isi padu larutan HNOs + is padu (ii) Tukar isi padu campuran kepada jisim Convert volume of mixture to mass Jisim campuran bertindak balas, m = ketumpatan x isi padu Mass of reaction mixture, m = density x volume lgem Page 22 | update: Mac 2016 [Cikgu Adura & Cikgu Raja | cikguadura, wordpress.comBab 4: Termokimia | Chapter 4 :Thermochemistry (iii) Perubahan suhu suhu akhir - suhu awal Change of temperature final temperature — initial temperature ce aC Re) (iv) Perubahan tenaga mc Energy change Bx42Tg1°C1x J Langkah 2 - Tuliskan persamaan kimia atau persamaan ion untuk tindak balas berlaku. Step 2 - Write chemical equation or ionic equation for the reaction that occurs Persamaan kimia : HNOs(ak) + NaOH (ak) > NaNOs(ak) + H2O(ce) Chemical equation: HINO; (aq) + NaOH (aq) > NaNOs(aq) + H.O() Persamaan io: Hi’ (ak) + OH: (ak) > H.O(ce) Tonic equation: Hi (aq) + OH (aq) > HOW) Langkah 8 - Hitung bilangan mol bahan tindak balas yang bertindak dengan menggunakan formula berikut: Step 3 - Calculate the number of moles of reactant that reacts using either the following formula: Bilangan mol H+ Mv - - Number of moles of H* 1000 Bilangan mol OH MV = = Number of moles of OF 1000 Langkah 4 - Kaitkan bilangan mol bahan tindak balas (langkah 3) dengan perubahan haba (langkah 1) Step 4- Link the number of moles of reactants (step 3) with the heat change (step 1) Hasil terbentuk ialah HO ‘The products formed is H20. Berdasarkan kepada persamaan kimia dan persamaan ion: Based on the chemical equation and ionic equation: . mol OH: untuk membentuk mole of H.0. - mol H20 mol H* bertindak balas dengan mole of H* reacts with ....... mole of OF. to form mol H,0 terhasil > haba dibebaskan ialah mole of H20 form --> heat lost is + Haba tindak balas, AH = Heat of reaction, AH Page 23 | update: Mac 2016 [Cikgu Adura & Cikgu Raja | cikguadura, wordpress.comBab 4: Termokimia | Chapter 4 :Thermochemistry Langkah 5 - Lukiskan gambar rajah ara Step 5 - Draw the energy level diagram tenaga 9. Latihan untuk Haba Peneutralan/ Exercise of Heat of Neutralisation 1. Seorang murid mencampurkan 60 cm! larutan natrium hidroksida 2 mol dm“ bersama 60 cm? larutan asid etanoik 2 mol dm~. Dia merekodkan datanya di dalam jadual di bawah: ‘A student mixed together 60 em? of 2 mol dm sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution and 60 em! of 2 mol dm* ethanoic acid, CH;COOH solution. She recorded her data in Table below: [Pengukuran ‘Subu (°C) Measurements ‘Temperature (°C) Initial temperature of sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution 27.0 Initial temperature of ethanoic acid, CHsCOOH solution 28.0 [Final temperature of reaction mixture 40.5 Dengan menggunakan data berikut, hitungkan haba peneutralan. By using the given data, calculate the heat of neutralization. [Muatan haba tentu larutan, C: 4.2 J g°C"!; ketumpatan larutan, 1 g cm] [Specific heat capacity, c: 4.2 J g-' °C-; density of solution, 1 g cm] Penyelesaian/ Solution: Page 24 | update: Mac 2016 [Cikgu Adura & Cikgu Raja | cikguadura. wordpress.comBab 4: Termokimia | Chapter 4 :Thermochemistry 2. Persamaan termokimia bagi tindak balas di antara asid etanoik dan natrium hidroksida diberikan seperti di bawah: The thermochemical equation for the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium hydroxide is given below, CHsCOOH (ak) + NaOH (ak) > NaCHsCOO (ak) + H20 (ce) ; AH kJ mol CH:COOH (aq) + NaOH (aq) > NaCHsCOO (aq) + H20 (l) ; AH = - 55 kJ mol! Hitungkan haba yang dibebaskan, apabila 200 cm® asid etanoik 0.5 mol dm ditambahkan kepada 20 cm? natrium hidroksida 0.5 mol dm». Calculate the heat given out, when 200 cm of ethanoic acid 0.5 mol dm: is added to 200 cme of sodium hydroxide 0.5 mol dm, Penyelesaian/ Solution: 3. Rajah aras tenaga di bawah merupakan tindak balas peneutralan. The energy level diagram of a neutralization reaction is shown in figure below Tenaga/ Energy H:SO, + 2NaOH AH = -114kJ NasSO, + 2H20 Apabila 100 cm® larutan asid sulfurik 1.0 mol dm“ditambahkan ke dalam 100 cm® larutan natrium hidroksida 1.0 mol dm~*. Berapakah perubahan suhu? When 100 em of 1.0 mol dm* sulphuric acid is added to 100 em: of 1.0 mol dm“ sodium hydroxide sotution. What is the change in temperature? Penyelesaian/ Solution: Page 25 | update: Mac 2016 [Cikgu Adura & Cikgu Raja | ikguadura, wordpress.comBab 4: Termokimia | Chapter 4 :Thermochemistry E, Memahami Haba Pembakaran/ Understanding Heat of Combustion Senarai semak ‘ Menyatakan maksud baba pembakaran ¢Menentukan haba pembakaran bagi suatu tindak by ‘Membina gambar rajah aras tenaga untuk tidak balas pembakaran ‘+ Membandingkan haba pembakaran pelbagai jenis alkohol + Menyatakan maksud nial bahan api ‘ Menghursikan perbezaan haba pembakaran pelbagat Jenis alleohol| Menghuraikan aplikasinilal balan. api ¢ Membanding dan membezakan nilai bahan api pelbagai bbahan api ‘/Menyelesaikan masalah perhitungan yang melibatkan hhaba pembakaran check tst *# State what is meant by the heat of combustion ‘Determine the heat of combustion fora reaction ‘Construct an energy level diagram for a combustion + Compare the heat of combustion for various alcohols ‘State what is meant by the fuel value, ‘Describe the differences between heats of combustion of various alcohols, Describe the applications of fuet value Compare and contrast the fuel values for various fuels «+ Solve numerical problems related to heat of combustion 1, Haba Pembakaran adalah haba yang dibebaskan apabila satu mol bahan terbakar dengan lengkap dalam oksigen, O2 berlebihan. Heat of combustion is the heat given off when one mole of substance is burns completely in an excess oxygen, Oz. 2. Untuk haba pembakaran, ianya hanya boleh tindak balas eksotermik sahaja For heat of COMBUSTION, it can be exothermic reaction only. . Contoh tindak balas/ The example of reaction Jisim 1.6 g metanol, CH:OH terbakar lengkap di dalam oksigen, 02 berlebihan. Haba dibebaskan digunakan untuk memana an 300 cm? air. Suhu bagi air telah meningkat sebanyak 28.8 °C. hitungkan haba pembakaran bagi metanol, CH;OH. [JAR: Ht larutan, 1 g cm*] Mass ; C=12; O=16; Muatan haba tentu larutan, ¢: 4.2 J g!°C; ketumpatan 6 g methanol, CHsOH is burnt completely in excess oxygen, 02. The heat given off is used to heat up 300 em® of water. The temperature of the water rises by 28.8 Calculate the heat of combustion of methanol, CH:OH. [RAM: H=1; C=12; Igems} =16; spec Penyelesian / Solution: heat capacity of water 23g? C1; density of water, Langkah 1 - Hitungkan perubahan haba menggunakan formula, Q = mC@ (p Joule) [Anggapan, pemanasan berlangsung.] "mua haba yang dibebaskan telah di ‘rap sepenuhnya oleh air semasa Step 1 - Calculate the heat change using the formula, Q = mCc@ (p Joule) [Assumption, that all the heat given off during combustion is absorbed by the water.] (i) Jumlah isi padu air . Total volume of water (ii) Tukarkan isi padu campuran kepada jisim Convert volume of mixture to mass Jisim campuran bertindak balas, m = ketumpatan x isi padu Mass of reaction mixture, m (iii) Perubahan suhu - Change of temperature density x volume =lgem®x.. em? 8 °C [telah diberikan di dalam soalan] [Already given in question] Page 26 | update: Mac 2016 [Cikgu Adura & Cikgu Raja | ikguadura. wordpress.comBab 4: Termokimia | Chapter 4 :Thermochemistry (iv) Perubahan tenaga = med Bnergy change Langkah 2 - Tuliskan persamaan kimia atau pe in ion untuk tindak bal: Step 2 - Write chemical equation or ionic equation for the reaction that occurs Persamaan kimia: CHsOH(ce) + 2 O.(g) > COAg)+ 2 HO (ce) Chemical equation: CH,OH() + ~~ 2. 0.(g) > COxg)+ ~~ 2HL0f1) Langkah 3 - Hitungkan bilangan mol bahan tindak balas yang bertindak balas menggunakan formula berikut: Step 3 - Calculate the number of moles of reactant that reacts using the following formula Bilangan mol CH:OH = jisim yang digunakan dalam eksperimen Jisim molar Number of moles of CH;OH — = mass used in experiment molar mass Langkah 4 - Kaitkan bilangan mol bahan tindak balas (langkah 3) dengan perubahan haba (langkah) Step 4 - Link the number of motes of reactants (step 3) with the heat change (step 1) Bahan yang telah terbakar ialah CH;OH./ The reactants was burns is CHOH. Berdasarkan kepada persamaan kimia/ Based on the chemical equation: mol CH2OH terbakar > haba dibebaskan ialah mole of CHjOH burn > heat lost is «Haba tindak balas, Heat of reaction, AH Langkah 5 - Lukiskan gambar rajah aras tenaga Step 5 - Draw the energy level diagram Page 27 | update: Mac 2016 [Cikgu Adura & Cikgu Raja | cikguadura, wordpress.comBab 4: Termokimia | Chapter 4 :Thermochemistry 4. Latihan untuk haba pembakaran/ Exercise of Heat of Combustion 1, CoFi2Oofp) + 6 On(g) > 6 CO2lg) + 6 H20(ce); AH = - 2 400 kd Col20x{s) + 6 O.{g) > 6 CO.Ag) + 6 H-Of); AH = - 2 400 kJ 36 g glukosa, CsHi20s terbakar lengkap digunakan untuk memanaskan 800 cm® air. Hitungkan peningkatan suhu bagi air. 36 g of glucose, CH:.0s is burnt completely to heat up 800 cm® of water. Calculate the rise in temperature of the water. ‘80; Muatan haba tentu larutan,C: 180; specific heat capacity of water, ¢: 4.2 J ¢ .2.J g*°C+; ketumpatan air, 1 g cm] °C; density of water, 1g 2. Seorang murid memanaskan 250 cm® air dengan menggunakan sebuah lampu kecil yang mengandungi propan-1-ol, CsH/OH. Beliau telah memperoleh data seperti dalam jadual di bawah: ‘A student heated up 250 em? of water using a small lamp filled with propan-l-ol, CsH/OH. He obtained the data in table below. Pengukuran Bacaan termometer (°C) ‘Measurements | thermometer reading (°C) ‘Suhu awal air eee Initial temperature of water 27-5 °C ‘Suhu akhir air : Final temperature of water oath Pengukuran T Penimbang (g) ‘Measurements Weighing balance (g Jisim awal lampu Initial mass of lamp 21.40 8 Jisim akhir lampu ; Final mass of lamp 20.68 & Dengan menggunakan data yang diberikan, hitungkan haba pembakaran bagi propan-I- ol, CsH;OH. By using the given data, calculate the heat of combustion of propan-t-ol, =12; 0-16; Muatan haba tentu larutan, C: 4.2 J g® 3H7OH. "; ketumpatan 12; 6; specific heat capacity of water,c: 4.2 J g1 °C»; density of water, Page 28 | update: Mac 2016 [Cikgu Adura & Cikgu Raja | ikguadura, wordpress.comBab 4: Termokimia | Chapter 4 :Thermochemistry Penyelesaian/ Solution: 2. Apabila 1 mol butanol, C;HoOH terbakar dengan lengkap di dalam oksigen berlebihan, 2600 kJ haba telah terbebas. Hitungkan jisim butanol yang diperlukan untuk terbakar lengkap di dalam oksigen berlebihan untuk meningkatkan suhu 500 cmé air sebanyak 30 °C. [JAR; H=1; C=12; O=16; Muatan haba tentu larutan, C: 4.2 J g!°C+; ketumpatan larutan, 1 g cm] When I mole of butanol, C:FloOH is burnt in excess of oxygen, 2600 kJ of heat is produced. Calculate the mass of butanol needed to burn completely in oxygen in order to raise the temperature of 500 cm! of water by 30 °C. [RAM: H=1; 16; Specific heat capacity of water, c= 4.2 J g1°C-!] Penyelesaian/ Solution: Page 29 | update: Mac 2016 [Cikgu Adura & Cikgu Raja | cikguadura. wordpress.comBab 4: Termokimia | Chapter 4 :Thermochemistry 5. Haba pembakaran bagi alkohol/ The heat of combustion of alcohol 1. Haba pembakaran beberapa alkohol yang berbeza, seperti dalam jadual di bawah: The heat of combustion of various alcohols is different, as list in table below: alkohol Formula | Jisim Molar (g mol") | Haba Pembakaran (kJ) Alcohol Formula | Molar mass (g mol) | Heat of combustion (kJ) Meee HOH 32 726 Methanol i - Etanol ae CsHsOH 46 - 1376 Propan-1-ol Pee Lo | CHrOH 60 - 2026 Butan-1-ol S 2679 eas CsH.0H 74 - 2679 Pentan-1-ol Pentan-Fol | caOH 88 - 3332 2. Apabila jisim molar alkohol meningkat, haba pembakaran juga meningkat. Haba pembakaran meningkat dengan sekata. When the molar mass of alcohols increases, the heat of combustion also increases. The heat of combustion increases regularly. 3. Ini kerana jisim molar juga meningkat sebanyak 14 unit bila menuruni siri homolog alkohol. Peningkatan 14 unit kerana setiap ahli alkohol mempunyai lebihan satu atom karbon, C dan dua atom hidrogen, H berbanding ahli sebelumnya. This is because the molar mass also increases regularly by 14 units when going down the alcohol homologous series. The increase of 14 units is because each alcohol member has one carbon, C atom and two hydrogen, H atoms more than the member above it. 6. Nilai Bahan Api/ Fuel value 1, Haba dibebaskan apabila bahan api dibakar. Energy is given off when a fuel burns. 2. Jumlah tenaga (diukur dalam kilo joule) boleh diperolehi apabila 1 g bahan api dibakar dikenali sebagai nilai bahan api atau nilai haba. The amount of energy (measured in kilojoules) that can be obtained when 1 g of fuel is burnt is called the fuel value or heat value. 3. Unitnya ialah kJ g. Its unit is kJ g? 4. Formula yang boleh digunakan: The formula can be used: Nilai bahan api (kJ g!) =haba pembakaran bahan (kJ mol! Jisim molar bahan Fuel value (kJ g!) = heat of combustion of substance ( kJ mol molar mass of substance Page 30 | update: Mac 2016 [Cikgu Adura & Cikgu Raja | ikguadura. wordpress.comBab 4: Termokimia | Chapter 4 :Thermochemistry 5. Nilai bahan api bagi beberapa bahan api. Fuel value of some common fuels. Bahan Api Nilai Bahan Api (kJ g4) Fuel Fuel value (kJ g) Sampah Isi Rumah 13 ‘Household rubbish Selulosa 18 Cellulose Kayu Wood ae Gambut : Peat an Metanol Methanol ee Metana ‘Methane au ‘Arang Coal ou Etanol Ethanol ev Petrol Petrol eu ‘Arang Charcoal i Kerosin Kerosene ag Gas Asli Natural gas ou Hidrogen Hydrogen ee 6. Latihan/ Exercise: a. Haba pembakaran etanol, C:H7OH ialah - 2016 kJ mol-!. Berapakah nilai bahan apinya? The heat of combustion of propanol, CsH/OH is - 2016 kJ mot, What is its fuel value? Penyelesaian/ Solution: (i) Hitungkan jisim molar bagi propanol, C:H-OH. Calculate the molar mass of propanol, C:H/OH. (ii) Hitungkan nilai bahan api bagi propanol, CsH»OH. Calculate the fuel value of propanol, C:H7OH. Page S1 | update: Mac 2016 [Cig Adina & Cikgu Ra | lkguadura_ wordpress.comBab 4: Termokimia | Chapter 4 :Thermochemistry 2. Nilai bahan api bagi arang ialah 35 kJ g!. Berapakah jumlah arang diperlukan untuk mendidihkan 1.8 dm: air? The fuel vatue of charcoal is 35 kJ g!. How much charcoal must be burnt to boil 1.8 dm? of water? {Muatan haba tentu larutan, C: 4.2 J gC"; ketumpatan larutan, 1 g cms; suhu air pada suhu bilik, 27 °C] [Specific heat capacity of water, c: 4.2 J.g! °C; density of water, 1g em®; room temperature of water, 27 °C] Penyelesaian/ Solution Page 32 | update: Mac 2016 [Cikgu Adura & Cikgu Raja | cikguadura, wordpress.com