DL T911-2004

Covers subjects including the test principle, requirements for testing instruments,
testing methods and the analysis of the results.
The standard evaluates a frequency range between 1 kHz and 1 MHz
it gives a mathematical rule about how to judge test results based on a calculation of co-
variances
Applicable for transformers with S>1MVA and voltage rating of 6kV and above.
The frequency response data may be conveniently divided into three bands, namely low-,
medium-, and high-frequency bands. In [37] it is stated that the data are dominated by the
transformer core at low frequencies, by the winding structure at medium
frequencies, and by the connection leads at high frequencies. However, the boundaries
between the bands are not widely agreed. Low-, medium- and high-frequency bands for
RXY, and deformation levels related to the RXY values, have been defined in the Chinese
standard [34] and by some other workers [35], [36] (see Table 3). These definitions have
been widely used for FRA trace evaluation and have been adopted in the present work.

IEEE (2012)
As with the Chinese Standard, the IEEE will recommend a three lead test system for
source, reference and measurement
IEEE draft guide also gives assistance by providing a mathematically-based trace
assessment with cross-correlation coefficients BUT there is no limiting values as DL
T911-2004

IEC 60076-18
particularize the measurement technique and measuring equipment to be used while
performing a frequency response measurement
this standard specifies the connection, configuration of the test set up in which the
specified set of measurements is the end to end measurement for each phase of each
winding with all other terminals left floating
CIGRE
Several recommendations for measurement configurations such as end-to-end (open and
short circuit), capacitive inter-winding, inductive inter-winding and end-to-end short
circuit measurements to ensure good repeatability and precision of the test results were
specified
approaches that incorporate objective automatic techniques to compare FRA results
(pole-zero modeling, cross correlation coefficients)