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GeorgeVI
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

GeorgeVI(AlbertFrederickArthurGeorge14December18956
February1952)wasKingoftheUnitedKingdomandtheDominionsof GeorgeVI
theBritishCommonwealthfrom11December1936untilhisdeath.He
wasthelastEmperorofIndiaandthefirstHeadoftheCommonwealth.

KnownasAlbertuntilhisaccession,GeorgeVIwasborninthereignof
hisgreatgrandmotherQueenVictoria,andwasnamedafterhisgreat
grandfatherAlbert,PrinceConsort.AsthesecondsonofKingGeorgeV,
hewasnotexpectedtoinheritthethroneandspenthisearlylifeinthe
shadowofhiselderbrother,Edward.Heattendednavalcollegeasa
teenager,andservedintheRoyalNavyandRoyalAirForceduringthe
FirstWorldWar.In1920,hewasmadeDukeofYork.HemarriedLady
ElizabethBowesLyonin1923andtheyhadtwodaughters,Elizabethand
Margaret.Inthemid1920s,hehadspeechtherapyforastammer,which
heneverfullyovercame.

George'selderbrotherascendedthethroneasEdwardVIIIuponthedeath
oftheirfatherin1936.However,laterthatyearEdwardrevealedhis
desiretomarrydivorcedAmericansocialiteWallisSimpson.British
Formalportrait,c.194046
PrimeMinisterStanleyBaldwinadvisedEdwardthatforpoliticaland
religiousreasonshecouldnotmarryadivorcedwomanandremainking. KingoftheUnitedKingdom
Edwardabdicatedinordertomarry,andGeorgeascendedthethroneas andtheBritishDominions (more...)
thethirdmonarchoftheHouseofWindsor. Reign 11December1936
6February1952
DuringGeorge'sreign,thebreakupoftheBritishEmpireandits
transitionintotheCommonwealthofNationsaccelerated.Theparliament Coronation 12May1937
oftheIrishFreeStateremoveddirectmentionofthemonarchfromthe Predecessor EdwardVIII
country'sconstitutiononthedayofhisaccession.Thefollowingyear,a
newIrishconstitutionchangedthenameofthestatetoIrelandand Successor ElizabethII
establishedtheofficeofPresident.From1939,theEmpireand PrimeMinisters Seelist
CommonwealthexceptIrelandwasatwarwithNaziGermany.War EmperorofIndia
withItalyandJapanfollowedin1940and1941,respectively.Though
Britainanditsallieswereultimatelyvictoriousin1945,theUnitedStates Reign 11December1936
andtheSovietUnionroseaspreeminentworldpowersandtheBritish 15August1947
Empiredeclined.AftertheindependenceofIndiaandPakistanin1947, Predecessor EdwardVIII
Georgeremainedkingofbothcountries,butrelinquishedthetitleof
EmperorofIndiainJune1948.Irelandformallydeclareditselfarepublic Born 14December1895
andlefttheCommonwealthin1949,andIndiabecamearepublicwithin YorkCottage,Sandringham
theCommonwealththefollowingyear.Georgeadoptedthenewtitleof House,Norfolk,UnitedKingdom
HeadoftheCommonwealth.Hewasbesetbyhealthproblemsinthelater
yearsofhisreign.Hewassucceededbyhiseldestdaughter,ElizabethII. Died 6February1952(aged56)
SandringhamHouse,Norfolk,
UnitedKingdom

Contents Burial 15February1952

StGeorge'sChapel,Windsor
1 Earlylife Castle
2 Militarycareerandeducation Spouse ElizabethBowesLyon(m.1923)
3 Marriage
4 Reluctantking Issue ElizabethII,QueenoftheUnited

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5 Earlyreign Detail Kingdom

6 SecondWorldWar PrincessMargaret,Countessof
7 EmpiretoCommonwealth
Snowdon
8 Illnessanddeath
9 Legacy Fullname
10 Titles,styles,honoursandarms AlbertFrederickArthurGeorge
10.1 Titlesandstyles
10.2 Arms House Windsor (from17July1917)
11 Issue SaxeCoburgandGotha
12 Ancestry (until17July1917)
13 Notes
14 References Father GeorgeV
14.1 Bibliography Mother MaryofTeck
15 Externallinks

Earlylife
GeorgewasbornatYorkCottage,ontheSandringhamEstateinNorfolk,duringthereignof
hisgreatgrandmotherQueenVictoria.[1]HisfatherwasPrinceGeorge,DukeofYork(later
KingGeorgeV),thesecondandeldestsurvivingsonofthePrinceandPrincessofWales
(laterKingEdwardVIIandQueenAlexandra).HismotherwastheDuchessofYork(later
QueenMary),theeldestchildandonlydaughteroftheDukeandDuchessofTeck.[2]

Fourkings:EdwardVII(far
right),hissonGeorge,
PrinceofWales,later
GeorgeV(farleft),and
grandsonsEdward,later
EdwardVIII(rear),and
Albert,laterGeorgeVI
(foreground),c.1908
Hisbirthday(14December1895)wasthe34thanniversaryofthedeathofhisgreat
grandfather,Albert,PrinceConsort.[3]UncertainofhowthePrinceConsort'swidow,Queen
Victoria,wouldtakethenewsofthebirth,thePrinceofWaleswrotetotheDukeofYork
thattheQueenhadbeen"ratherdistressed".Twodayslater,hewroteagain:"Ireallythinkit
wouldgratifyherifyouyourselfproposedthenameAlberttoher".[4]QueenVictoriawas
mollifiedbytheproposaltonamethenewbabyAlbert,andwrotetotheDuchessofYork:"I
amallimpatiencetoseethenewone,bornonsuchasaddaybutrathermoredeartome,
especiallyashewillbecalledbythatdearnamewhichisabywordforallthatisgreatand
good".[5]Consequently,hewasbaptised"AlbertFrederickArthurGeorge"atSt.Mary
Magdalene'sChurchnearSandringhamthreemonthslater.[a]Withinthefamily,hewas
knowninformallyas"Bertie".[7]Hismaternalgrandmother,theDuchessofTeck,didnot
likethefirstnamethebabyhadbeengiven,andshewrotepropheticallythatshehopedthe
lastname"maysupplantthelessfavouredone".[8]Albertwasfourthinlinetothethroneat
birth,afterhisgrandfather,fatherandelderbrother,Edward.

Heoftensufferedfromillhealthandwasdescribedas"easilyfrightenedandsomewhatpronetotears".[9]Hisparentswere
generallyremovedfromtheirchildren'sdaytodayupbringing,aswasthenorminaristocraticfamiliesofthatera.Hehada
stammerthatlastedformanyyearsandwasforcedtowritewithhisrighthandalthoughhewasnaturallylefthanded.He
sufferedfromchronicstomachproblemsaswellasknockknees,forwhichhewasforcedtowearpainfulcorrective
splints.[10]

QueenVictoriadiedon22January1901,andthePrinceofWalessucceededherasKingEdwardVII.PrinceAlbertmoved
uptothirdinlinetothethrone,afterhisfatherandelderbrother.

Militarycareerandeducation
From1909,AlbertattendedtheRoyalNavalCollege,Osborne,asanavalcadet.In1911,hecamebottomoftheclassinthe
finalexamination,butdespitethisheprogressedtotheRoyalNavalCollege,Dartmouth.[11]Whenhisgrandfather,Edward
VII,diedin1910,Albert'sfatherbecameKingGeorgeV.PrinceEdwardwascreatedPrinceofWales,andAlbertwas
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secondinlinetothethrone.[12]

Albertspentthefirstsixmonthsof1913onthetrainingshipHMSCumberlandintheWestIndiesandontheeastcoastof
Canada.[13]HewasratedasamidshipmanaboardHMSCollingwoodon15September1913,andspentthreemonthsinthe
Mediterranean.Hisfellowofficersgavehimthenickname"Mr.Johnson".[14]Oneyearafterhiscommission,hebegan
serviceintheFirstWorldWar.HewasmentionedindespatchesforhisactionasaturretofficeraboardCollingwoodinthe
BattleofJutland(31May1June1916),anindecisiveengagementwiththeGermannavythatwasthelargestnavalaction
ofthewar.Hedidnotseefurthercombat,largelybecauseofillhealthcausedbyaduodenalulcer,forwhichhehadan
operationinNovember1917.[15]

InFebruary1918,hewasappointedOfficerinChargeofBoysattheRoyalNavalAir
Service'strainingestablishmentatCranwell.[16]WiththeestablishmentoftheRoyalAir
ForcetwomonthslaterandthereassignmentofCranwellfromAdmiraltytoAirMinistry
responsibility,AlberttransferredfromtheRoyalNavytotheRoyalAirForce.[16]Hewas
appointedOfficerCommandingNumber4SquadronoftheBoys'WingatCranwelluntil
August1918,[17]beforereportingtotheRAF'sCadetSchoolatStLeonardsonSeawhere
hecompletedafortnight'strainingandtookcommandofasquadronontheCadetWing.[18]
Hewasthefirstmemberoftheroyalfamilytobecertifiedasafullyqualifiedpilot.[19]

AlbertwasgreatlydesirousofservingontheContinentwhilethewarwasstillinprogress
andwasverypleasedtobepostedtoGeneralTrenchard'sstaff.On23Octoberheflew
acrosstheChanneltoAutigny.[20]Fortheclosingweeksofthewar,heservedonthestaffof
theRAF'sIndependentAirForceatitsheadquartersinNancy,France.[21]Followingthe
disbandingoftheIndependentAirForceinNovember1918,heremainedontheContinent
fortwomonthsasastaffofficerwiththeRoyalAirForceuntilpostedbacktoBritain.[22]He PrinceAlbertatanRAF
accompaniedtheBelgianmonarchKingAlbertonhistriumphalreentryintoBrusselson22 dinnerin1919
November.PrinceAlbertqualifiedasanRAFpiloton31July1919andgainedapromotion
tosquadronleaderonthefollowingday.[23]

InOctober1919,AlbertwentuptoTrinityCollege,Cambridge,wherehestudiedhistory,economicsandcivicsfora
year,[24]withthehistorianR.V.Laurenceashis"officialmentor".[25]On4June1920,hewascreatedDukeofYork,Earlof
InvernessandBaronKillarney.[26]Hebegantotakeonmoreroyalduties.Herepresentedhisfather,andtouredcoalmines,
factories,andrailyards.Throughsuchvisitsheacquiredthenicknameofthe"IndustrialPrince".[27]Hisstammer,andhis
embarrassmentoverit,togetherwithhistendencytoshyness,causedhimtoappearmuchlessimpressivethanhisolder
brother,Edward.However,hewasphysicallyactiveandenjoyedplayingtennis.HeplayedatWimbledonintheMen's
DoubleswithLouisGreigin1926,losinginthefirstround.[28]Hedevelopedaninterestinworkingconditions,andwas
PresidentoftheIndustrialWelfareSociety.Hisseriesofannualsummercampsforboysbetween1921and1939brought
togetherboysfromdifferentsocialbackgrounds.[29]

Marriage
Inatimewhenroyaltywereexpectedtomarryfellowroyalty,itwasunusualthatAlberthadagreatdealoffreedomin
choosingaprospectivewife.AninfatuationwiththealreadymarriedAustraliansocialiteSheila,LadyLoughborough,came
toanendinApril1920whentheKing,withthepromiseofthedukedomofYork,persuadedAlberttostopseeingher.[30][31]
Thatyear,hemetforthefirsttimesincechildhoodLadyElizabethBowesLyon,theyoungestdaughteroftheEarland
CountessofStrathmoreandKinghorne.Hebecamedeterminedtomarryher.[32]Sherejectedhisproposaltwice,in1921
and1922,reportedlybecauseshewasreluctanttomakethesacrificesnecessarytobecomeamemberoftheroyalfamily.[33]
InthewordsofLadyElizabeth'smother,Albertwouldbe"madeormarred"byhischoiceofwife.Afteraprotracted
courtship,Elizabethagreedtomarryhim.[34]

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Theyweremarriedon26April1923inWestminsterAbbey.Albert'smarriagetosomeonenotofroyalbirthwasconsidered
amodernisinggesture.[35]ThenewlyformedBritishBroadcastingCompanywishedtorecordandbroadcasttheeventon
radio,buttheAbbeyChaptervetoedtheidea(althoughtheDean,HerbertEdwardRyle,wasinfavour).[36]

FromDecember1924toApril1925,theDukeandDuchesstouredKenya,Uganda,
andtheSudan,travellingviatheSuezCanalandAden.Duringthetrip,theyboth
wentbiggamehunting.[37]

Becauseofhisstammer,Albertdreadedpublicspeaking.[38]Afterhisclosingspeech
attheBritishEmpireExhibitionatWembleyon31October1925,onewhichwasan
ordealforbothhimandhislisteners,[39]hebegantoseeLionelLogue,an
Australianbornspeechtherapist.TheDukeandLoguepractisedbreathingexercises,
andtheDuchessrehearsedwithhimpatiently.[40]Subsequently,hewasabletospeak TheDukeandDuchess(centre,
withlesshesitation.[41]Withhisdeliveryimproved,theDukeopenedthenew readingprogrammes)atEagleFarm
[42]
ParliamentHouseinCanberra,Australia,duringatouroftheempirein1927. His Racecourse,Brisbane,1927
journeybyseatoAustralia,NewZealandandFijitookhimviaJamaica,where
Albertplayeddoublestennispartneredwithablackman,BertrandClark,[43]whichwasunusualatthetimeandtaken
locallyasadisplayofequalitybetweenraces.[44]

TheDukeandDuchessofYorkhadtwochildren:Elizabeth(called"Lilibet"bythefamily),andMargaret.TheDukeand
DuchessandtheirtwodaughterslivedarelativelyshelteredlifeattheirLondonresidence,145Piccadilly.Theywerea
closeandlovingfamily.[45]OneofthefewstirsarosewhentheCanadianPrimeMinister,R.B.Bennett,consideredthe
DukeforGovernorGeneralofCanadain1931aproposalthatKingGeorgeVrejectedontheadviceoftheSecretaryof
StateforDominionAffairs,J.H.Thomas.[46]

Reluctantking
KingGeorgeVhadseverereservationsaboutPrinceEdward,saying,"IprayGod
thatmyeldestsonwillnevermarryandthatnothingwillcomebetweenBertieand
Lilibetandthethrone."[47]On20January1936,GeorgeVdiedandEdward
ascendedthethroneasKingEdwardVIII.IntheVigilofthePrinces,PrinceAlbert
andhisthreebrotherstookashiftstandingguardovertheirfather'sbodyasitlayin
state,inaclosedcasket,inWestminsterHall.

AsEdwardwasunmarriedandhadnochildren,Albertwastheheirpresumptiveto
thethrone.Lessthanayearlater,on11December1936,Edwardabdicatedinorder
tomarryhismistress,WallisSimpson,whowasdivorcedfromherfirsthusbandand
divorcinghersecond.EdwardhadbeenadvisedbyBritishPrimeMinisterStanley
Baldwinthathecouldnotremainkingandmarryadivorcedwomanwithtwoliving
exhusbands.Edwardchoseabdicationinpreferencetoabandoninghismarriage
plans.ThusAlbertbecameking,apositionhewasreluctanttoaccept.[48]Theday
beforetheabdication,hewenttoLondontoseehismother,QueenMary.Hewrote
inhisdiary,"WhenItoldherwhathadhappened,Ibrokedownandsobbedlikea
child."[49]

Onthedayoftheabdication,theOireachtas,theparliamentoftheIrishFreeState, GeorgeVIholdstheSceptrewiththe
removedalldirectmentionofthemonarchfromtheIrishconstitution.Thenextday, Cross,containingthe530carat
itpassedtheExternalRelationsAct,whichgavethemonarchlimitedauthority CullinanIDiamond.TheImperial
(strictlyontheadviceofthegovernment)toappointdiplomaticrepresentativesfor StateCrownisontheright.Portrait
Irelandandtobeinvolvedinthemakingofforeigntreaties.Thetwoactsmadethe bySirGeraldKelly.
IrishFreeStatearepublicinessencewithoutremovingitslinkstothe
Commonwealth.[50]
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CourtierandjournalistDermotMorrahallegedthattherewasbriefspeculationastothedesirabilityofbypassingAlbert
(andhischildren)andhisbrother,PrinceHenry,DukeofGloucester,infavouroftheiryoungerbrotherPrinceGeorge,
DukeofKent.ThisseemstohavebeensuggestedonthegroundsthatPrinceGeorgewasatthattimetheonlybrotherwitha
son.[51]

Earlyreign
Albertassumedtheregnalname"GeorgeVI"toemphasisecontinuitywithhisfather
andrestoreconfidenceinthemonarchy.[52]ThebeginningofGeorgeVI'sreignwas
takenupbyquestionssurroundinghispredecessorandbrother,whosetitles,style
andpositionwereuncertain.Hehadbeenintroducedas"HisRoyalHighnessPrince
Edward"fortheabdicationbroadcast,[53]butGeorgeVIfeltthatbyabdicatingand
renouncingthesuccessionEdwardhadlosttherighttobearroyaltitles,including
"RoyalHighness".[54]Insettlingtheissue,George'sfirstactaskingwastoconfer
uponhisbrotherthetitle"DukeofWindsor"withthestyle"RoyalHighness",but
DarlingtonTownHalldecoratedfor theletterspatentcreatingthedukedompreventedanywifeorchildrenfrombearing
thecoronation,1937 royalstyles.GeorgeVIwasalsoforcedtobuyfromEdwardtheroyalresidencesof
BalmoralCastleandSandringhamHouse,asthesewereprivatepropertiesanddid
[55]
notpasstoGeorgeVIautomatically. Threedaysafterhisaccession,onhis41stbirthday,heinvestedhiswife,thenew
queenconsort,withtheOrderoftheGarter.[56]

GeorgeVI'scoronationatWestminsterAbbeytookplaceon12May1937,thedatepreviouslyintendedforEdward's
coronation.Inabreakwithtradition,QueenMaryattendedtheceremonyinashowofsupportforherson.[57]Therewasno
DurbarheldinDelhiforGeorgeVI,ashadoccurredforhisfather,asthecostwouldhavebeenaburdentothegovernment
ofIndia.[58]RisingIndiannationalismmadethewelcomethattheroyalpartywouldhavereceivedlikelytobemutedat
best,[59]andaprolongedabsencefromBritainwouldhavebeenundesirableinthetenseperiodbeforetheSecondWorld
War.Twooverseastourswereundertaken,toFranceandtoNorthAmerica,bothofwhichpromisedgreaterstrategic
advantagesintheeventofwar.[60]

ThegrowinglikelihoodofwarinEuropedominatedtheearlyreignofGeorgeVI.TheKingwasconstitutionallyboundto
supportPrimeMinisterNevilleChamberlain'sappeasementofHitler.[10][61]However,whentheKingandQueengreeted
ChamberlainonhisreturnfromnegotiatingtheMunichAgreementin1938,theyinvitedhimtoappearonthebalconyof
BuckinghamPalacewiththem.Thispublicassociationofthemonarchywithapoliticianwasexceptional,asbalcony
appearancesweretraditionallyrestrictedtotheroyalfamily.[10]Whilebroadlypopularamongthegeneralpublic,
Chamberlain'spolicytowardsHitlerwasthesubjectofsomeoppositionintheHouseofCommons,whichledhistorianJohn
GriggtodescribetheKing'sbehaviourinassociatinghimselfsoprominentlywithapoliticianas"themostunconstitutional
actbyaBritishsovereigninthepresentcentury".[62]

InMayandJune1939,theKingandQueentouredCanadaandtheUnitedStates.
FromOttawa,theywereaccompaniedthroughoutbyCanadianPrimeMinister
WilliamLyonMackenzieKing,[63]topresentthemselvesinNorthAmericaasKing
andQueenofCanada.[64][65]GeorgewasthefirstreigningmonarchofCanadato
visitNorthAmerica,althoughhehadbeentoCanadapreviouslyasPrinceAlbert
andasDukeofYork.BothGovernorGeneralofCanadaLordTweedsmuirand
MackenzieKinghopedthattheKing'spresenceinCanadawoulddemonstratethe
principlesoftheStatuteofWestminster1931,whichgavefullsovereigntytothe
BritishDominions.On19May,GeorgeVIpersonallyacceptedandapprovedthe FranklinandEleanorRooseveltwith
LetterofCredenceofthenewU.S.AmbassadortoCanada,DanielCalhounRoper GeorgeVIandQueenElizabeth,on
gaveRoyalAssenttonineparliamentarybillsandratifiedtwointernationaltreaties theUSSPotomac,9June1939
withtheGreatSealofCanada.Theofficialroyaltourhistorian,GustaveLanctot,
wrote"theStatuteofWestminsterhadassumedfullreality"andGeorgegaveaspeechemphasising"thefreeandequal
associationofthenationsoftheCommonwealth".[66]
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ThetripwasintendedtosoftenthestrongisolationisttendenciesamongtheNorthAmericanpublicwithregardtothe
developingtensionsinEurope.Althoughtheaimofthetourwasmainlypolitical,toshoreupAtlanticsupportforthe
UnitedKingdominanyfuturewar,theKingandQueenwereenthusiasticallyreceivedbythepublic.[67]Thefearthat
Georgewouldbecomparedunfavourablytohispredecessor,EdwardVIII,wasdispelled.[68]Theyvisitedthe1939New
YorkWorld'sFairandstayedwithPresidentFranklinD.RooseveltattheWhiteHouseandathisprivateestateatHyde
Park,NewYork.[69]AstrongbondoffriendshipwasforgedbetweentheKingandQueenandthePresidentduringthetour,
whichhadmajorsignificanceintherelationsbetweentheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdomthroughtheensuingwar
years.[70][71]

SecondWorldWar
InSeptember1939,BritainandtheselfgoverningDominionsotherthanIrelanddeclaredwaronNaziGermany.[72]George
VIandhiswiferesolvedtostayinLondon,despiteGermanbombingraids.TheyofficiallystayedinBuckinghamPalace
throughoutthewar,althoughtheyusuallyspentnightsatWindsorCastle.[73]ThefirstnightoftheBlitzonLondon,on7
September1940,killedaboutonethousandcivilians,mostlyintheEastEnd.[74]On13September,theKingandQueen
narrowlyavoideddeathwhentwoGermanbombsexplodedinacourtyardatBuckinghamPalacewhiletheywerethere.[75]
Indefiance,theQueenfamouslydeclared:"Iamgladwehavebeenbombed.ItmakesmefeelwecanlooktheEastEndin
theface."[76]Theroyalfamilywereportrayedassharingthesamedangersanddeprivationsastherestofthecountry.They
weresubjecttorationingrestrictions,andU.S.FirstLadyEleanorRooseveltremarkedontherationedfoodservedandthe
limitedbathwaterthatwaspermittedduringastayattheunheatedandboardedupPalace.[77]InAugust1942,theKing's
brother,PrinceGeorge,DukeofKent,waskilledonactiveservice.[78]

In1940,WinstonChurchillreplacedNevilleChamberlainasPrimeMinister,though
personallyGeorgewouldhavepreferredtoappointLordHalifax.[79]AftertheKing's
initialdismayoverChurchill'sappointmentofLordBeaverbrooktotheCabinet,he
andChurchilldeveloped"theclosestpersonalrelationshipinmodernBritishhistory
betweenamonarchandaPrimeMinister".[80]EveryTuesdayforfourandahalf
yearsfromSeptember1940,thetwomenmetprivatelyforlunchtodiscussthewar
insecretandwithfrankness.[81]

GeorgeVI(left)withFieldMarshal
BernardMontgomery(right),The
Netherlands,October1944
job.TheKingreplied:"Youshouldworry,whenImeethim,Ialwaysthinkhe'saftermine!"[84]
Throughoutthewar,theKingandQueenprovidedmoraleboostingvisitsthroughout
theUnitedKingdom,visitingbombsites,munitionsfactories,andtroops.TheKing
visitedmilitaryforcesabroadinFranceinDecember1939,NorthAfricaandMalta
inJune1943,NormandyinJune1944,southernItalyinJuly1944,andtheLow
CountriesinOctober1944.[82]Theirhighpublicprofileandapparentlyindefatigable
determinationsecuredtheirplaceassymbolsofnationalresistance.[83]Atasocial
functionin1944,ChiefoftheImperialGeneralStaffSirAlanBrooke,revealedthat
everytimehemetFieldMarshalBernardMontgomeryhethoughthewasafterhis

In1945,crowdsshouted"WewanttheKing!"infrontofBuckinghamPalaceduringtheVictoryinEuropeDay
celebrations.InanechoofChamberlain'sappearance,theKinginvitedChurchilltoappearwiththeroyalfamilyonthe
balconytopublicacclaim.[85]

InJanuary1946,GeorgeaddressedtheUnitedNationsattheirfirstassembly,whichwasheldinLondon,andreaffirmed
"ourfaithintheequalrightsofmenandwomenandofnationsgreatandsmall".[86]

EmpiretoCommonwealth

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GeorgeVI'sreignsawtheaccelerationofthedissolutionoftheBritishEmpire.The
StatuteofWestminster1931hadalreadyacknowledgedtheevolutionofthe
Dominionsintoseparatesovereignstates.Theprocessoftransformationfroman
empiretoavoluntaryassociationofindependentstates,knownasthe
Commonwealth,gatheredpaceaftertheSecondWorldWar.[87]Duringtheministry
ofClementAttlee,BritishIndiabecamethetwoindependentdominionsofIndiaand
Pakistanin1947.[88]GeorgerelinquishedthetitleofEmperorofIndia,andbecame
KingofIndiaandKingofPakistaninstead.In1950heceasedtobeKingofIndia
whenitbecamearepublicwithintheCommonwealthofNations,butheremained
KingofPakistanuntilhisdeathandIndiarecognisedhisnewtitleofHeadofthe
Commonwealth.OthercountrieslefttheCommonwealth,suchasBurmainJanuary
1948,Palestine(dividedbetweenIsraelandtheArabstates)inMay1948andthe
RepublicofIrelandin1949.[89]

In1947,theKingandhisfamilytouredSouthernAfrica.[90]ThePrimeMinisterof
theUnionofSouthAfrica,JanSmuts,wasfacinganelectionandhopedtomake
GeorgeVI(right)withBritishprime
ministerClementAttlee,July1945 politicalcapitaloutofthevisit.[91]Georgewasappalled,however,wheninstructed
bytheSouthAfricangovernmenttoshakehandsonlywithwhites,[92]andreferredto
hisSouthAfricanbodyguardsas"theGestapo".[93]Despitethetour,Smutslostthe
electionthefollowingyear,andthenewgovernmentinstitutedastrictpolicyofracialsegregation.

Illnessanddeath
ThestressofthewarhadtakenitstollontheKing'shealth,[94][95]madeworsebyhis
heavysmoking[96]andsubsequentdevelopmentoflungcanceramongotherailments,
includingarteriosclerosisandthromboangiitisobliterans.AplannedtourofAustralia
andNewZealandwaspostponedaftertheKingsufferedanarterialblockageinhisright
leg,whichthreatenedthelossofthelegandwastreatedwitharightlumbar
sympathectomyinMarch1949.[97]HiselderdaughterElizabeth,theheiress
presumptive,tookonmoreroyaldutiesasherfather'shealthdeteriorated.Thedelayed
tourwasreorganised,withElizabethandherhusband,theDukeofEdinburgh,taking
theplaceoftheKingandQueen.TheKingwaswellenoughtoopentheFestivalof
BritaininMay1951,buton23September1951,hisleftlungwasremovedbyClement
PriceThomasafteramalignanttumourwasfound.[98]InOctober1951,Princess
ProfileportraitbyHumphrey
ElizabethandtheDukeofEdinburghwentonamonthlongtourofCanadathetriphad
Pagetona1951farthing
beendelayedforaweekduetotheKing'sillness.AttheStateOpeningofParliamentin
November,theKing'sspeechfromthethronewasreadforhimbytheLordChancellor,
LordSimonds.[99]HisChristmasbroadcastof1951wasrecordedinsections,andtheneditedtogether.[100]

On31January1952,despiteadvicefromthoseclosetohim,theKingwenttoLondonAirport[b]toseeoffPrincess
Elizabeth,whowasgoingonhertourofAustraliaviaKenya.Onthemorningof6February,GeorgeVIwasfounddeadin
bedatSandringhamHouseinNorfolk.Hehaddiedfromacoronarythrombosisinhissleepattheageof56.[102]His
daughterElizabethflewbacktoBritainfromKenyaasQueenElizabethII.

From9FebruaryfortwodayshiscoffinrestedinSt.MaryMagdaleneChurch,Sandringham,beforelyinginstateat
WestminsterHallfrom11February.[103]HisfuneraltookplaceatSt.George'sChapel,WindsorCastle,onthe15th.[104]He
wasinterredinitiallyintheRoyalVaultuntilhewastransferredtotheKingGeorgeVIMemorialChapelinsideSt.George's
on26March1969.[105]In2002,fiftyyearsafterhisdeath,theremainsofhiswidow,QueenElizabethTheQueenMother,
andtheashesofhisyoungerdaughterPrincessMargaret,whobothdiedthatyear,wereinterredinthechapelalongsidehim.

Legacy
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InthewordsofLabourMemberofParliamentGeorgeHardie,theabdicationcrisisof1936
did"moreforrepublicanismthanfiftyyearsofpropaganda".[106]GeorgeVIwrotetohis
brotherEdwardthatintheaftermathoftheabdicationhehadreluctantlyassumed"arocking
throne",andtried"tomakeitsteadyagain".[107]Hebecamekingatapointwhenpublicfaith
inthemonarchywasatalowebb.Duringhisreignhispeopleenduredthehardshipsofwar,
andimperialpowerwaseroded.However,asadutifulfamilymanandbyshowingpersonal
courage,hesucceededinrestoringthepopularityofthemonarchy.[108][109]

TheGeorgeCrossandtheGeorgeMedalwerefoundedattheKing'ssuggestionduringthe
SecondWorldWartorecogniseactsofexceptionalcivilianbravery.[110]Hebestowedthe
GeorgeCrossontheentire"islandfortressofMalta"in1943.[111]Hewasposthumously
awardedtheOrdredelaLibrationbytheFrenchgovernmentin1960,oneofonlytwo
people(theotherbeingChurchill)tobeawardedthemedalafter1946.[112]

StatueofGeorgeVIat
CarltonGardens,London
Thereareanumberofgeographicalfeatures,roads,andinstitutionsnamedafterGeorgeVI.
TheseincludeKingGeorgeHospitalinLondonKingGeorgeVIReservoirinSurrey,
UnitedKingdomKingGeorgeVIHighwayandKingGeorgeBoulevardinSurrey,British
ColumbiaKingswayinEdmontonGeorgeVISoundinAntarcticaandtheKingGeorgeVI
Chase,ahorseraceintheUnitedKingdom.

ColinFirthwonanAcademyAwardforBestActorforhisperformanceasGeorgeVIinTheKing'sSpeech,a2010filmthat
wontheAcademyAwardforBestPicture.

Titles,styles,honoursandarms
Titlesandstyles

14December189528May1898:HisHighnessPrinceAlbertofYork
28May189822January1901:HisRoyalHighnessPrinceAlbertofYork
22January19019November1901:HisRoyalHighnessPrinceAlbertofCornwall
andYork
9November19016May1910:HisRoyalHighnessPrinceAlbertofWales
6May19104June1920:HisRoyalHighnessThePrinceAlbert
4June192011December1936:HisRoyalHighnessTheDukeofYork
11December19366February1952:HisMajestyTheKing

Georgeheldanumberoftitlesthroughouthislife,assuccessivelygreatgrandson,grandson
andsonofthemonarch.Assovereign,hewasreferredtomostoftenassimplyTheKingorHis
Majesty.Inhispositionassovereign,GeorgeautomaticallyheldthepositionofCommanderin Royalcypher
Chief. (monogram),1949

Arms

AsDukeofYork,GeorgeboretheroyalarmsoftheUnitedKingdomdifferencedwithalabelofthreepointsargent,the
centrepointbearingananchorazureadifferenceearlierawardedtohisfatherGeorgeVwhenhewasDukeofYork,and
thenlaterawardedtohisgrandson,PrinceAndrew,DukeofYork.Asking,heboretheroyalarmsundifferenced.[113]

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CoatofarmsasKingofthe
CoatofarmsasDukeofYork UnitedKingdom(except CoatofarmsinScotland CoatofarmsinCanada
Scotland)

Issue
Marriage
Name Birth Death Children
Date|Spouse
PrinceCharles,Princeof
20 Wales
21April PrincePhilipofGreece
QueenElizabethII November PrincessAnne,PrincessRoyal
1926 andDenmark
1947 PrinceAndrew,DukeofYork
PrinceEdward,EarlofWessex
9 6May1960 DavidArmstrongJones,2nd
PrincessMargaret, 21August AntonyArmstrong
February Divorced11 EarlofSnowdon
CountessofSnowdon 1930 Jones
2002 July1978 LadySarahChatto

Ancestry
AncestorsofGeorgeVI

16.ErnestI,DukeofSaxeCoburgandGotha

8.PrinceAlbertofSaxeCoburgand

Gotha

17.PrincessLouiseofSaxeGothaAltenburg

4.EdwardVIIoftheUnitedKingdom

18.PrinceEdward,DukeofKentandStrathearn(sonof28)

9.Victoria,QueenoftheUnitedKingdom

19.PrincessVictoriaofSaxeCoburgSaalfeld

2.GeorgeVoftheUnitedKingdom

20.FrederickWilliam,DukeofSchleswigHolsteinSonderburg

Glcksburg

10.ChristianIXofDenmark

21.PrincessLouiseCarolineofHesseKassel

5.PrincessAlexandraofDenmark

22.PrinceWilliamofHesseKassel

11.PrincessLouiseofHesseKassel

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23.PrincessLouiseCharlotteofDenmark
1.GeorgeVIofthe

UnitedKingdom

24.DukeLouisofWrttemberg

12.DukeAlexanderofWrttemberg

25.PrincessHenrietteofNassauWeilburg

6.Francis,DukeofTeck

26.CountLszlRhdeyvonKisRhde

13.CountessClaudineRhdeyvonKis

Rhde

27.BaronessgnesInczdyvonNagyVrad

3.PrincessMaryofTeck

28.GeorgeIIIoftheUnitedKingdom(fatherof18)

14.PrinceAdolphus,DukeofCambridge

29.PrincessCharlotteofMecklenburgStrelitz

7.PrincessMaryAdelaideof

Cambridge

30.PrinceFrederickofHesseKassel

15.PrincessAugustaofHesseKassel

31.PrincessCarolineofNassauUsingen

Notes
a.Hisgodparentswere:QueenVictoria(hisgreatgrandmother,forwhomhisgrandmotherthePrincessofWalesstoodproxy)the
GrandDukeandGrandDuchessofMecklenburg(hismaternalgreatauntandgreatuncle,forwhomhisgrandfathertheDukeof
TeckandhispaternalauntPrincessMaudofWalesstoodproxy)EmpressFrederick(hispaternalgreataunt,forwhomhispaternal
auntPrincessVictoriaofWalesstoodproxy)theCrownPrinceofDenmark(hisgreatuncle,forwhomhisgrandfatherthePrince
ofWalesstoodproxy)theDukeofConnaught(hisgreatuncle)theDuchessofFife(hispaternalaunt)andPrinceAdolphusof
Teck(hismaternaluncle).[6]
b.RenamedHeathrowAirportin1966.[101]

References
1.RhodesJames,p.90Weir,p.329
2.Weir,pp.322323,329
3.Judd,p.3RhodesJames,p.90Townsend,p.15WheelerBennett,pp.78
4.Judd,pp.45WheelerBennett,pp.78
5.WheelerBennett,pp.78
6.TheTimes,Tuesday18February1896,p.11
7.Judd,p.6RhodesJames,p.90Townsend,p.15Windsor,p.9
8.Bradford,p.2
9.WheelerBennett,pp.1718
10.Matthew,H.C.G.(2004),"GeorgeVI(18951952)",OxfordDictionaryofNationalBiography,OxfordUniversityPress
11.Bradford,pp.4145Judd,pp.2124RhodesJames,p.91
12.Judd,pp.2223
13.Judd,p.26
14.Judd,p.28
15.Bradford,pp.5576
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17.Bradford,pp.7374
18.WheelerBennett,p.115
19.Judd,p.45RhodesJames,p.91

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20.WheelerBennett,p.116
21.Boyle,Andrew(1962),"Chapter13",TrenchardManofVision,St.James'sPlaceLondon:Collins,p.360
22.Judd,p.44
23.Heathcote,Tony(2012).TheBritishFieldMarshals:17361997:ABiographicalDictionary.CasematePublisher.
ISBN9781783461417.
24.Judd,p.47WheelerBennett,pp.128131
25.WheelerBennett,p.128
26.Weir,p.329
27.CurrentBiography1942,p.280Judd,p.72Townsend,p.59
28.Judd,p.52
29.Judd,pp.7786RhodesJames,p.97
30.Henderson,Gerard(31January2014),"Sheila:TheAustralianIngenueWhoBewitchedBritishSocietyreview",DailyExpress,
retrieved15March2015
31.AustralianAssociatedPress(28February2014),ASheilawhocapturedLondon'sheart,SpecialBroadcastingService,retrieved
14March2015
32.RhodesJames,pp.9496Vickers,pp.31,44
33.Bradford,p.106
34.Bradford,p.77Judd,pp.5759
35.Roberts,Andrew(2000),AntoniaFraser,ed.,TheHouseofWindsor,London:Cassell&Co.,pp.5758,ISBN0304354066
36.Reith,John(1949),IntotheWind,London:HodderandStoughton,p.94
37.Judd,pp.8993
38.Judd,p.49
39.Judd,pp.9397RhodesJames,p.97
40.Judd,p.98RhodesJames,p.98
41.CurrentBiography1942,pp.294295Judd,p.99
42.Judd,p.106RhodesJames,p.99
43.BertrandClarkhttp://www.db4tennis.com/players/male/bertrandclark
44.Shawcross,p.273
45.Judd,pp.111,225,231
46.Howarth,p.53
47.Ziegler,p.199
48.Judd,p.140
49.WheelerBennett,p.286
50.Townsend,p.93
51.Howarth,p.63Judd,p.135
52.Howarth,p.66Judd,p.141
53.Judd,p.144Sinclair,p.224
54.Howarth,p.143
55.Ziegler,p.326
56.Bradford,p.223
57.Bradford,p.214
58.Vickers,p.175
59.Bradford,p.209
60.Bradford,pp.269,281
61.Sinclair,p.230
62.Hitchens,Christopher(1April2002),"Mourningwillbebrief"(https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/apr/01/queenmother.monarc
hy9),TheGuardian,retrieved1May2009
63.LibraryandArchivesCanada,BiographyandPeople>ARealCompanionandFriend>BehindtheDiary>Politics,Themes,and
EventsfromKing'sLife>TheRoyalTourof1939,Queen'sPrinterforCanada,retrieved12December2009
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DundurnPress,pp.60,66,ISBN155002065X
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Toronto:E.P.TaylorFoundation
66.Galbraith,William(1989),"FiftiethAnniversaryofthe1939RoyalVisit",CanadianParliamentaryReview,Ottawa:
CommonwealthParliamentaryAssociation,12(3):79,retrieved24March2015
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68.Bradford,pp.298299
69.TheTimesMonday,12June1939p.12col.A
70.Swift,Will(2004),TheRooseveltsandtheRoyals:FranklinandEleanor,theKingandQueenofEngland,andtheFriendshipthat
ChangedHistory,JohnWiley&Sons
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73.Judd,p.183RhodesJames,p.214
74.ArnoldForster,Mark(1983)[1973],TheWorldatWar,London:ThamesMethuen,p.303,ISBN0423006800
75.Churchill,Winston(1949),TheSecondWorldWar,II,CassellandCo.Ltd,p.334
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Bibliography
Bradford,Sarah(1989),KingGeorgeVI,London:WeidenfeldandNicolson,ISBN0297796674
Howarth,Patrick(1987),GeorgeVI,Hutchinson,ISBN0091710006
Judd,Denis(1982),KingGeorgeVI,London:MichaelJoseph,ISBN0718121848
Matthew,H.C.G.(2004),"GeorgeVI(18951952)",OxfordDictionaryofNationalBiography,OxfordUniversity
Press
RhodesJames,Robert(1998),ASpiritUndaunted:ThePoliticalRoleofGeorgeVI,London:Little,BrownandCo,
ISBN0316647659
Shawcross,William(2009),QueenElizabethTheQueenMother:TheOfficialBiography,Macmillan,ISBN9781
405048590
Sinclair,David(1988),TwoGeorges:theMakingoftheModernMonarchy,HodderandStoughton,ISBN0340
332409
Townsend,Peter(1975),TheLastEmperor,London:WeidenfeldandNicolson,ISBN0297770314
Vickers,Hugo(2006),Elizabeth:TheQueenMother,ArrowBooks/RandomHouse,ISBN9780099476627
WheelerBennett,SirJohn(1958),KingGeorgeVI:HisLifeandReign,NewYork:Macmillan

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4/23/2017 GeorgeVIWikipedia

Weir,Alison(1996),Britain'sRoyalFamilies:TheCompleteGenealogy,RevisedEdition,London:RandomHouse,
ISBN0712674489
Windsor,TheDukeof(1951),AKing'sStory,London:Cassell&CoLtd
Ziegler,Philip(1990),KingEdwardVIII:TheOfficialBiography,London:Collins,ISBN0002157411

Externallinks
FootageofKingGeorgeVIstammeringina1938speech(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p1TubkzxPFY)
SoundtrackofKingGeorgeVICoronationspeech,1937(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvlrXBqGw8)
"ArchivalmaterialrelatingtoGeorgeVI".UKNationalArchives.
PortraitsofKingGeorgeVI(http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp01753)attheNational
PortraitGallery,London

GeorgeVI
HouseofWindsor
Born:14December1895 Died:6February1952

Regnaltitles
KingoftheUnitedKingdomandthe
Precededby BritishDominions
EdwardVIII EmperorofIndia1 Succeededby
19361952 ElizabethII
HeadoftheCommonwealth
Newtitle
19491952
Masonicoffices
Precededby GrandMasteroftheGrandLodgeofScotland Succeededby
IainColquhoun 19361937 NormanOrrEwing
Honorarytitles
AirCommodoreinChiefoftheAuxiliaryAir
Precededby Force Succeededby
EdwardVIII RoyalAuxiliaryAirForcefrom1947 ElizabethII
19361952
AirCommodoreinChiefoftheAirTraining
Succeededby
Newtitle Corps
TheDukeofEdinburgh
19411952
PeerageoftheUnitedKingdom
DukeofYork Vacant
Newcreation EarlofInverness MergedwiththeCrown
LastheldbyThePrinceofWales BaronKillarney Titlenextheldby
19201936 ThePrinceAndrew

Notesandreferences
1.IndianEmpiredissolved15August1947.Titleabandoned22June1948("no.38330".TheLondonGazette.22June1948.p.3647.)

Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_VI&oldid=776782377"

Categories: GeorgeVI 1895births 1952deaths MonarchsoftheUnitedKingdom MonarchsofAustralia

HeadsofstateofCanada EmperorsofIndia HeadsofstateofNewZealand HeadsofstateofPakistan
MonarchsofSouthAfrica MonarchsofCeylon HeadsoftheCommonwealth HouseofWindsor DukesofYork
PrincesoftheUnitedKingdom RoyalNavyadmiralsofthefleet Britishfieldmarshals
MarshalsoftheRoyalAirForce RoyalAirForcepersonnelofWorldWarI RoyalNavyofficersofWorldWarI
WorldWarIIpoliticalleaders PeopleoftheVictorianera BritishFreemasons KnightsoftheGarter
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KnightsoftheThistle KnightsofStPatrick KnightsGrandCrossoftheOrderofStMichaelandStGeorge

KnightsGrandCrossoftheRoyalVictorianOrder RecipientsoftheRoyalVictorianChain
RecipientsoftheOrderofSt.Vladimir,4thclass GrandCroixoftheLgiond'honneur
GrandCrossesoftheOrderoftheWhiteEagle(Serbia) GrandCrossesoftheOrderofChrist(Portugal)
GrandCrossesoftheOrderofAviz GrandCrossesoftheOrderofSaintJamesoftheSword
ChiefCommandersoftheLegionofMerit KnightsGrandCrossoftheMilitaryWilliamOrder
GrandCommandersoftheOrderoftheDannebrog KnightsoftheMilitaryOrderofSavoy
GrandCrossesoftheOrderoftheStarofEthiopia GrandCrossesoftheOrderofthePhoenix(Greece)
GrandCrossesoftheOrderofSaintCharles CollarsoftheOrderofSaintsGeorgeandConstantine
RecipientsoftheOrderofAlRafidain CompanionsoftheLiberation AlumniofTrinityCollege,Cambridge
PeoplefromSandringham,Norfolk LordsHighCommissionertotheGeneralAssemblyoftheChurchofScotland
DeathsfromcancerinEngland Deathsfromlungcancer Deathsfromthrombosis EdwardVIIIabdicationcrisis
BurialsatStGeorge'sChapel,WindsorCastle Royaltyandnobilitywithdisabilities BritishEmpireinWorldWarII
PeopleeducatedattheRoyalNavalCollege,Osborne

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