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concrete is In general, the strength of concrete is reduced by the
addition of entrained air. The amount of the reduction

varies according to a number of factors as mentioned
above. However, for the rvangev8 Design of air-entrained mixes
Concrete that is of this type of damage is markedly
increased when de-icing salts are used.
The incorporation of entrained air into a mix enables
the concrete better to withstand the action of frost and
de-icing salts and is consequently specified where
concrete is particularly subject to such damage, eg in
airfield and road pavements.
Guidance is given in this part of the publication for
making allowance for the effects of entrained air on the
strength, the workability and the density of the concrete.
The effects of entrained air vary according to the mix
proportions, the type and grading of aggregate, the
cement and the actual air-entraining agent[33]. The
following allowances should therefore be considered
only as an approximation over the range of air contents ofrredIn general, the
strength of concrete is reduced by the
varies according to a number of factors as mentioned of this type of damage is
markedly
de-icing salts and is consequently specified wherete that is of this type of
damage is markedly
de-icing salts and is consequently specified wheremaking allowance for the effects
of entrained air on the
markedly
damage is markedly
markedly
damage is markedly
markedly
damage is markedly
markedly
damage is markedly
markedly
damage is markedly
markedly
damage is markedly
markedly
damage is markedly
markedly
damage is markedly
markedly
damage is markedly
markedly
damage is markedly
markedly
damage is markedly
markedly
only as an of this typ of this type of damage is markedly
markedly
varies according to a number of factors as mentionede of damage is markedly
varies according to a number of factors as mentionedof this type of damage is
markedly
varies according to a number of factors as mentionedn over the range of air
contents ofrredIn general, the strength of concrete is reduced by the
markedly
increased when de-icing of this type o of this type of damage is markedly
varies according to a number of factors as mentionedf damage is markedly
increased when de-icing salts ar o of this type of damage is markedly
varies according to a number of factors as mentionedf this type of damage is
markedly
varies according to a number of factors as mentionede used.
varies according to a number of factors as mentionedof this type of damage is
markedly
varies according to a number of factors as mentionedare used.
markedly
varies according to a number of factors as mentionedin service to temperatures
below freezing point whilst in a saturated condition may
be susceptible to ns, the type and grading of aggregate, the
only as an approximation over the range of air contents oferistics of damage
are numerous and are collectively refeIn general, the strength of concrete is
reduced by the
Concrete that is exposed in service to temperatures
be susceptible to surface spalling, cracking and general
deterioration. The types and characteristics of damage
are numerous and are collectively referred to as frost
damage. The extent
below freezing point whilst in a saturated condition mayns, the type and grading of
aggregate, the
reduced by the
damage. The extent of this type of damage is markedly
aggregate, the
reduced by the
aggregate, the
reduced by the
aggregate, the
reduced by the
aggregate, the
reduced by the
aggregate, the
reduced by the
aggregate, the
reduced by the
aggregate, the
only as an approximatiovns, the type and grading of aggregate, the
reduced by the
below freezing point whilst in a saturated condition mayn over the range of air
contents oferistics of damage
reduced by the
below freezing point whilst in a saturated condition mayurface spalling, cracking
and general
are numerous aIn general, the strength of concrete is reduced by the
above. However, for the rvangevIn general, the strength of concrete is reduced by
the
only as an approximation over the range of air contents ofIn general, the strength
of concrete is reduced by the
only as an approximation over the range of air contents ofIn general, the strength
of concrete is reduced by the
only as an approximation over the range of air contents of8 Design of air-entrained
mixes
deterioration. The types and charactIn general, the strength of concrete is reduced
by the
proportio
only as an approximation over the range of air contents of to as frost
only as an approximation over the range of air contents ofnd are collectively
referred to as frost
only as an approximation over the range of air contents ofparticularly subject to
such damage, eg in
making alloIn general, the strength of concrete is reduced by the
only as an approximation over the range of air contents of
airfield and rIn general, the strength of concrete is reduced by the
only as an approximation over the range of air contents ofoad pavements.
making allo
making allo
making allo
making allo
making allo
making allo
making allo
making allo
making allo
making allo
making allo
making allo
making allo
3 to 7% normally specified and consequently adjustments
to the trial mix proportions are more likely to be
necessary.
8.1 Effect of entrained air on strength
In general, the strength of concrete is reduced by the
necessary.
above. However, for the range of air contents that is likely
to be required in the mixes covered by this publication, it
may be assumed that a loss of 5.5% in compressive
strength will result for each 1% by volume of air entrained
in the mix.
In order to estimate the water/cement ratio required
for an air-entrained concrete an allowance for strength
reduction is incorporated by aiming for an appropriately
higher target mean strength. The appropriate target
mean strength for an air-entrained mix is therefore given
by:
fc+ M
1 0.055a
where fc = specified characteristic strength
M = the margin (see 4.4)
a = percentage by volume of air entrained
This modified target mean strength is then used in
Figure 4.
8.2 Effect of entrained air on workability
Basically, the introduction of entrained air into a mix
increases the workability of a concrete, although, as for
strength, the size of the effect depends on a number of
factors. In terms of the ranges of workability and air
contents used in this publication, the effect in the
majority of cases is to produce a mix with a workability in
the next more-workable category to that shown in
Table 3 for a particular water content.
This means that when designing an air-entrained mix,
for example, which is required to have a slump in the
range 3060 mm, a water content should be chosen from
Table 3 to give a slump of 1030 mm.
In addition to affecting the workability of the concret8 Design of air-entrained
mixes
necessary.
in the mix.
by:
fc+ M
1 0.055a
Figure 4.
In addition to affecting the workability of the concretvv8 Design of air-entrained
mixes
necessary.
in the mix.
by:
fc+ M
1 0.055a
Figure 4.
In addition to affecting the workability of the concretf air contents that is
likely
in the mix.
by:
fc+ M
1 0.055a
Figure 4.
In addition to affecting the workability of the concretsalts are used.
necessary.
in the mix.
by:
fc+ M
1 0.055a
Figure 4.
mixes
necessary.
in the mix.
by:
fc+ M
1 0.055a
Figure 4.
mixes
necessary.
in the mix.
by:
fc+ M
1 0.055a
Figure 4.
mixes
necessary.
in the mix.
by:
fc+ M
1 0.055a
Figure 4.
mixes
necessary.
in the mix.
by:
fc+ M
1 0.055a
Figure 4.
mixes
necessary.
in the mix.
by:
fc+ M
1 0.055a
Figure 4.
mixes
necessary.
in the mix.
by:
fc+ M
1 0.055a
Figure 4.
mixes
necessary.
in the mix.
by:
fc+ M
1 0.055a
Figure 4.
mixes
necessary.
in the mix.
by:
fc+ M
1 0.055a
Figure 4.
mixes
necessary.
in the mix.
by:
fc+ M
1 0.055a
Figure 4.
mixes
necessary.
in the mix.
by:
fc+ M
1 0.055a
Figure 4.
mixes
necessary.
in the mix.
by:
fc+ M
1 0.055a
Figure 4.
mixes
necessary.
in the mix.
by:
fc+ M
1 0.055a
Figure 4.
mixes
necessary.
in the mix.
by:
fc+ M
1 0.055a
Figure 4.
mixes
necessary.
to be required in the mi8 Design of air-entrained mixes
necessary.
in the mix.
by:
fc+ M
1 0.055a
Figure 4.
mixes
necessary.
may be assumed that a loss of 5.58 Design of air-entrained mixes
necessary.
in the mix.
higher target mean strength. T8 Design of air-entrained mixes
necessary.
In general, the streng8 Design of air-entrained mixes
necessary.
In general, the strengt8 Design of air-entrained mixes
necessary.
varies according to a numb8 Design of air-entrained mixes
necessary.
in the mix.
by:
fc+ M
1 0.055a
Figure 4.
In addition to affecting the workability of the concreter of factors as mentioned
in the mix.
by:
fc+ M
1 0.055a
Figure 4.
In addition to affecting the workability of the concreth of concrete is reduced by
the
in the mix.
by:
fc+ M
1 0.055a
Figure 4.
In addition to affecting the workability of the concretth of concrete is reduced by
the
in the mix.
by:
fc+ M
1 0.055a
Figure 4.
In addition to affecting the workability of the concrethe appropriate target
by:
fc+ M
1 0.055a
Figure 4.
In addition to affecting the workability of the concret% in compressive
in the mix.
by:
fc+ M
1 0.055a
Figure 4.
In addition to affecting the workability of the concretxes covered by this
publication, it
in the mix.
by:
fc+ M
1 0.055a
Figure 4.
In addition to affecting the workability of the concret

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concrete is In general, the strength of concrete is reduced by the

addition of entrained air. The amount of the reduction

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