8 Science Book NEW S

1
1'1
laIq kaf.a
jeo.;alu
laIq ka
msfh weig meye,sj fmfkk ka fuka u tfia meye,sj fkdfmfkk ka o
wm wjg mirfha isk nj wms oksuq' msfh weig meye,sj fkdfmfkk ka
ms<sn|j wOHhkh lsu i|yd 1'1 l%shdldrlfuys ksr; fjuq'
l%shdldrlu 1'1
wjYH jH (- fmd,a j;=r kshehla" re
lodjla" jeiq fm;a;la"
wdf,dal wKalaIhla
l%uh (-
msis Ndckhlg fmd,a j;=r ksheh oud
k ;=kla muK jD;j ;nkak'
tu fmd,a j;=r kshefhka xjla re 1'1 rEmh fmd,a j;=r kshehl
lodj u; ;nd jeiq fm;a;lska jikak' lsh yels laIq ka
fuu ;djld,sl lodj wdf,dal wKalaIfha wjn,h hgf;a kslaIKh
lrkak' ^.=rejrhdf.a iydh we;sj fuu l%shdldrlu is lrkak'&
Tnf.a kslaIK rEmigyka weiqka olajkak'
fmd,a j;=f msfh weiska oelsh fkdyels ka iuQyhla isk nj wKalaISh

kslaIK u.ska ;yjqre f' fudjqka w;ka m%uqLj fmfkk ka jkqfha talffi,sl
,Sr fYaIhlaa jk hSia h' fuu hd ;ksj .;a l, msfh weig fkdfmfka'
tfy;a wKalaIfhka kslaIKh l< yels h' tneka hSia laIq fhl= f'
;ks ffi,hlska fyda ffi, lsysmhlska f.dvke.S we;s" ;ksj .;a l, msfh
weig meye,sj fkdfmfkk ka" laIq ka f,i yekaf'
fuu ka wKalaI Nd;fhka kslaIKh l< yels f'
laIq yq iEu mirhl u j;a fj;s' jdhqf.da,h" c,h" mi" foay u; yd
foay ;=< fuka u kag j;a ug wmyiq mir jk ysu l" ldka;dr" id.r m;=,"
WKq h W,am;a yd ,jK j.=re wdfha o Tjqkag j;a h yels h' laIq yq mq,a
O;ajhlska hqla; fj;s' tk" Tjqyq rEmShj fuka u fmdaIK l%u wkqj o O
fj;s'
oHdj | laIq kaf.a jeo.;alu 1

ksoiqka - nelahd" we;e we,a.S" we;e ,Sr fYaI" wend yd merish jeks
fm%dfgdfidajdjka
O laIq fYAI ykd .ekSu i|yd 1'2 rEmh Wmfhda.S lr.kak'
nelahd hSia we,a.S fYaIhla jk

la,efvdfudkdia (Chlamydomonas)
,Sr fYaIhla jk hql (Mucor) wend (Amoeba) merish (Paramecium)

1'2 rEmh O laIq fYaI lsysmhl wKalaISh fmkqu
oHd.drfha we;s laIq fYAI fhdod ieliQ iar lod kslaIKh lr laIq ka
ykd.ekSug W;aidy lrkak'
wu;r oekqu
y ffjria laIq ka hgf;a idlPd l< o th o w o hkak
ms<sn|j iar ks.ukhlg t<U fkdue;' ffjria ,laIK
fuka u w ,laIK o fmkakq lrhs' ffjria m%udKfhka
b;d l=vd neka kslaIKh lsu i|yd bf,lafg%dak wKalaIh
Nd; l< hq;= f'
uq,a jrg laIq ka kslaIKh lrk ,oafoa

jI 1674 wekagka jEka ,Sjkayqla (Antonie
van Leeuwenhoek) keue;s fko,ka;
cd;sl oHd{hd isks' ta ir, wKalaIfha
fidhd .ekSu;a iu.hs' wKalaI ;dlaIKfha
hqKqj;a iu. laIq ka ms<sn| .fIKhg
bv ie,is'
1'3 rEmh wekagka jEka ,Sjkayqla
2 oHdj | laIq kaf.a jeo.;alu

1'2 laIq ka wdydr u; we;s lrk n,mEu
we;e laIq ka wdydr u; jOkh u ksid wdydr mfNdackhg .; fkdyels
;;a;ajhg m;a f' laIq ka u.ska wdydrj, is flfrk fjkial kslaIKh
lsug 1'1 mejrefuys yd 1'2 l%shdldrlfuys ksr; fjuq'
mejreu 1'1
mdka" t<j" m,;=re" ls" uia$ud" n;a" ng jeks kejq wdydrj, kshe
lsysmhlaa imhd .kak'
tajdfha iajNdjh fydka kslaIKh lrkak'
tu wdydrj, iajNdjh meh 24" meh 48 yd meh 72g miq kslaIKh lrkak'
Tf kslaIK my; oelafjk m j.= .; lrkak'
1'1 j.=j - laIq kaf.a jOkh ksid wdydrj, .=K fjkia jk whqre
wdydr jH kejq meh 24g meh 48g meh 72g
wdydr miq miq miq
jKh
1' mdka jhkh
.kaOh
fmkqu
2' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
laIq l%shdld;ajh ksid kejq wdydrj, jKh" jhkh" .kaOh yd fmkqu

fjkia f' tfuka u wdydrfha fmdaIK .=Kh yd rih o fjkia f' fufia
.=K fjkia u ksid wdydrh mfNdackhg .ekSug kqiqiq ;;a;ajhg m;a u
wdydr krla u f,i yekaf' wdydr krla ug m%Odk u fya;=j jkafka wdydr
^Wmia:rh& u; laIq ka jOkh uhs'
l%shdldrlu 1'2
wjYH jH (- mdka fm;a;la" c,h iaj,amhla" re lodjla" jeiq fm;a;la"
wKalaIhla
l%uh (-
mdka fm;a; u;g c,h iaj,amhla iqrejd" k ;=kla muK ;sfnkakg ykak'
k ;=klg miq mdka fm;a; u; je we;s jHqyfhka fldgila re lodj u;
;nd ta u; c, xjla oukak'
fuu ksoYlh jeiq fm;a;lska jid ;djld,sl lodjla ms<sfh, lr .kak'
th wdf,dal wKalaIfha wjn,h hgf;a kslaIKh lrkak'
Tn iska kslaIKh lrk ,o laIq jHqyj, rEmigyka wkak'

,Sr iys; mdka fm;a; wdf,dal wKalaIh hgf;a kslaIKh
l< g fmfkk wdldrh
1'4 rEmh
mdka fm;a; u; ;snQ jHqy ishq fl;s cd,hlska yd l meye;s jHqyj,ska iuka;
nj kslaIKh l< yels h'
th mdka fm;a; krla ug fya;= jQ ,Sr fYAIhls' f wkqj wdydr jH u; laIq
ka jOkh jk nj;a Tjqkaf.a jOkh ksid tu wdydrh krla jk nj;a by;
kslaIKj,ska Tng meye,s f'
laIq l%shdld;ajfha wdydrfha .=Kdx. fjkia jk w;r u Tjqka iska
ksmojk w;=reM, o wdydrhg tl;= f' laIq l%shdld;ajh ms<sn|j wOHhkh
lsu i|yd 1'3 l%shdldrlfuys ksr; fjuq'
l%shdldrlu 1'3
wjYH jH (- iSks" hSsia" nekhla" uo WKqiq c,h (40 oC)" fnda;,hla ^500 ml&"
lrhla$ iqiq Ndckhla
l%uh (-
iSks f;a ye follg" c,h 200 ml muK oud h lr .kak'
hSia f;a ye tlla tu iSks djKhg oud uo f,djla ^ks;a;= 20 la muK&
;nd kslaIKh lrkak ^1'5 a rEmh&'
iSks ^ye` 2& hSia ^ye` 1&
iSks yd hSia iys;

c, djKh
1'5 a rEmh

rEmfha lafjk wdldrhg w;ska idod .;a
hSia iy iSks djK Y%Kh fnda;,hg
oukak'
tys jD; fl<jrg nekh inkaO lrkak'
ks;a;= 20g muK miq is jk foh kslaIKh
lrkak ^1'5 b rEmh&'
fmr miq
1'5 b rEmh
iSks yd hSia Y% lr ;ekQ djKfha fmK iEu yd iq jYfhka r;a u is f
^rEmh 1'5 a / 1'5 b&' tfuka u tys uoHidr .kaOh ixfokh l< yels h' tfia
jkafka hSiaj, l%shdld;ajh ksid t;s,a uoHidrh iEfok neks'
1'5 b rEmhg wkqj nekh ms we;s ne kslaIKh l< yels h' iSks
djKh u; hSiaj, l%shdld;ajh ksid jdhqjla ksmo we;s nj ks.ukh l<
yels h' fuys ksmofjk jdhqj ldnka vfhdlaihs h'
fl ksIamdok ieliSf hSiaj, l%shdld;ajh b;d jeo.;a f' tys ksmofjk
ldnka vfhdlaihs jdhqj ksid mdkaj, ijr njla we;s f' th mdka msmSu f,i
ykajhs' mdka ms<siaiSf t;s,a uoHidrh jdIam f,i msg f'
1'6 rEmh hSiaj, l%shdld;ajh ksid mdka msmSu is we;s whqre
wdydr mirhg jD;j we;s g ta u; myiqfjka laIq l%shd wdrN f' tfia
jkafka laIq l%shdld;ajhg fhda.H f;;ukh yd WIaK;ajh tu mirfha
mj;sk neks' tfia u f;;ukh iys; wdydr fhda.H WIaK;ajh iys; mirhl
;enQ g ta u; laIq ka fydka jOkh f' YS;lrKhl ;enQ wdydr u; laIq
l%shdld;ajh wju jkafka tu mirfha f;;ukh yd WIaK;ajh md,kh lr
we;s neks'
tneka f;;ukh iy WIaK;ajh laIq l%shdld;ajh i|yd fya;= jk m%Odk
idOl f'
idudkH ldur WIaK;ajfha (25oC - 30 oC) wdydr b;d blaukska krla f' tk
fuu WIAK;aj mrdih laIq kaf.a jOkhg ys;lr f' laIq ka iska
ksmojkq ,nk tkaihsu u.sska wdydrfha rih" .kaOh" jKh" jhkh yd fmdaIK
.=Kh wdh fjkia f'
wdydr j.h wkqj tys isjk laIq l%shdld;ajh o fjkia f'
iSks nyq, wdydr u; laIq kaf.a l%shdld;ajh meiSu (fermentation)
f,i ykajhs'
fm%daka nyq,j wvx.= wdydr u; laIq kaf.a l%shdld;ajh mQ;sNjkh
(putrefaction) f,i ykajhs'
,smsv nyq,j wvx.= wdydr u; laIq kaf.a l%shdld;ajh uqvq u
(rancidity) f,i ykajhs'
laIq kaf.a jOkhg iqiq Wmia:rhla" c,h" fhda.H WIaK;aj yd pH mrdi
we;' tu ;;a;aj md,kh lsu u.ska laIq jOkh md,kh l< yels h'
1'3 laIq ka u.ska ksidg yd ksia l%shdldrlj,g we;s jk n,mEu
laIq ka ksidg m%fhdackj;a fuka u ydksodhl jk wjia:d o ;sf'

laIq kaf.a jeo.;alu ms<sn|j wjfndaO lr .ekSu i|yd 1'2 mejrefuys
ksr; fjuq'
mejreu 1'2
laIq kaf.ka ksidg we;s jdis yd wjdis ms<sn|j f;dr;=re /ialr mka;shg
bm;a lrkak'
laIq kaf.a ys;lr n,mE

laIq ka u.ska ksidg we;s jk ys;lr n,mE wdldr lsysmhls' ludka; i|yd
fhdod .ekSug yels u" uereKq Ydl yd i;a;aj fldgia fhdackh iy m<sfndaO
md,kh i|yd fhdod .ekSu bka m%Odk f'
y ksid w;S;fha isg wo olajd O ludka; i|yd laIq ka Nd; lrhs' ta

ms<sn| ksoiqka 1'7 rEmfha olajd we;'

ls ou fhda. ksIamdokh ia ksIamdokh fl wdydr ksIamdokh
m%;sjl T!IO m%;sYla;slrK kdls yd uoHidr wdydrhla f,i

ksIamdokh tkak;a ksIamdokh ksIamdokh fhdod .ekSu ^y;=&
fldfmdaia fmdfydr iEu j jdhq ksIamdokh fldyq ludka;h

1'7 rEmh laIq kaf.a m%fhdack
y laIq ydhkh u.ska uereKq Ydl yd i;a;aj fldgia fhdackh flf' tfia
fkdjqkfyd;a fuu jH mirfha tla/ia mir iu;=,s;;dj i|yd n,mE
we;s lrhs' tneka laIq ka uereKq Ydl yd i;a;aj fldgia rdm;a lrka
mir hymeje;au i|yd fYaI odhl;ajhla imhhs'
y g wu;rj m<sfndaOhska md,kh lsu i|yd o laIq ka fhdod .efka' fuh
ffcj md,k l%uhls'
laIq ka ksid ksidg iy i;=kag isjk wjdis fudkjd oehs <g i,ld n,uq'
laIq kaf.a wys;lr n,mE

laIq ka u.ska ksidg we;s jk wys;lr n,mE wdldr lsysmhls' wdydr krla u"
ksidg iy ksidg jeo.;ajk Ydl yd i;=kag f,v frda. we;s lsu yd we yd
oej NdKav u; jefvka wdluh ydks is lsu bka lsysmhls'

laIq ka u.ska wdydr krla u is f' laIq ka u.ska is flfrk wdydr
krla u ms<sn|j 1'2 mfofha idlPd lrk ,'
t<j u; jOkh mdka u; jOkh jk m,;=re u; jOkh

jk laIq ka laIq ka jk laIq ka
1'8 rEmh
laIq ka ksidg;a" i;=kag;a" fnda. j.dj,g;a O fnda jk frda. idohs'
laIq ka ksid ksidg je<f|k fnda jk frda.
ffjria u.ska - fim%;sYHdj" fvx.=" fmda,sfhda" AIDS ^taia& - m;

m%;sYla;s W!k;d iyidOlh / AcTuired Immuno Deciency
Syndrome
nelahd u.ska - laIhfrda.h" ,dre" WKikaksmd;h
fm%dfgdfidajd u.ska - uef,ahdj" ,SIaudkshdj (leishmaniasis)" wend w;Sidrh
,Sr u.ska - wy" oo
fvx.= rla;md; wjia:djla ,dre frda.h ksid iu u; wy iEu

we;s jk lD;s;d
1'9 rEmh

laIq ka ksid i;=kag je<f|k frda.
laIq ka ksid i;=kag frda. je<f|k w;r ta i|yd ksoiqka lsysmhla 1'10 rEmfha
olajd we;'
c,NS;sldj je<Kq uqL yd l=r frda.h nqre m%odyh

iqkLfhla je<Kq .jfhla je<Kq t<fokla
1'10 rEmh
laIq ka ksid Ydlj,g je<f|k frda.
laIq ka ksid Ydlj,g frda. je<f|k w;r ta i|yd ksoiqka lsysmhla 1'11
rEmfha olajd we;'
wx.udr frda.hg m;% ;% frda.hg f.dre fld< fldv u frda.hg

f.dre jQ w;dm,a jQ mefmd,a Ydlhla f.dre jQ ia Ydlhla
Ydlhla
1'11 rEmh
laIq ka w mDIAG u; jOkh u ksid tajdg ydks is f'

ksidf.a we u;" f.dvke.s,s ;a;s u;" oej NdKav u; laIq ka jOkh
u ksid wdluh ydks is f' fuys fndfyda g jOkh jkqfha ,Sr keue;s
laIq ldKavh hs'
we u; jOkh f.dvke.s,s ;a;s u; oej u; jOkh

jk ,Sr ^l mqia& jOkh jk ,Sr jk ,Sr
1'12 rEmh O mDIAG u; laIq ka jOkh jQ wjia:d lsysmhla

idrdxYh
;ksj .;a l, msfh weiska meye,sj kslaIKh l< fkdyels ka" laIq
ka f,i yekaf'
laIq ka u.ska ys;lr n,mE fuka u wys;lr n,mE o we;s lrhs'
O ludka; i|yd fhdod .ekSu" uereKq Ydl yd i;a;aj fldgia fhdackh
yd m<sfndaO md,kh laIq ka u.ska is lrk ys;lr n,mE f'
wdydr krla u" ksidg" i;=kag iy Ydlj,g frda. je<u laIq ka
u.sska isjk wys;lr n,mE f'
laIq kaf.a jOkh i|yd Wmia:rh" f;;ukh" ys;lr WIaK;aj yd
ys;lr pH mrdi wjYH f'
laIq l%shdld;ajh md,kh lsu i|yd iqiq l%shdud. wkq.ukh
lsfuka wdydr krla fkd l,a ;nd .; yels h'
wNHdi
1' my; i|yka j.ka;s ksjer k ^& ,l=K o jer k ^& ,l=K o jryk
;=< fhdokak'
i. nelahd laIq ka ldKavhg wh;a f' ^ &

ii. laIh frda. ldrlh jkqfha ffjrihls' ^ &
iii. YS;lrKhl wdydr ;efuka laIq l%shdld;ajhg fhda.H WIaK;ajh
md,kh lrhs' ^ &
iv. f;;ukh iy WKqiqu ,Sr jOkhg fya;= jk idOl f' ^ &
v. uq,ajrg laIq ka kslaIKh lrk ,oafoa wekagka jEka ,Sjkayqla
keue;s oHd{hd isks' ^ &
2' ksjer ms<s;=r f;darkak'
i. ffjria u.ska fndajk frda.hla fkdjkafka ka l=ula o@

1' AIDS ^taia& 2' irm 3' ,dre 4' c,NS;sldj
ii. laIq ka iska meiSu is lrk wdydr j. fudkjdo'

1' fm%daka nyq, wdydr 2' iSks nyq, wdydr
3' fo nyq, wdydr 4' ish u wdydr j.

iii. laIq kaf.a jOkhg fhda.H jk mir ;;a;aj my; oelaf'
a. WIaK;ajh b' f;;ukh c. pH
wdydrh YS;lrKfha .nvd lsfuka fuu l=uk ;;a;aj md,kh flf o@
1' a yd b 2' a yd c 3' b yd c 4' a, b yd c ish,a,
iv. fodfod,a" lejq jeks ,smsv nyq, wdydr u; is jk laIq kaf.a

l%shdld;ajh ykajkqfha l=uk kulska o @
1' meiSu 2' mQ;sNjkh 3' uqvq u 4' by; ish,a,
v. laIq kaf.ka ksidg is jk ys;lr n,mEu l=ula o @

1' uereKq Ydl yd i;a;aj fldgia fhdackh'
2' ksidg" i;=kag yd fnda.j,g frda. iEu'
3' wdydr mfNdackhg kqiqiq ;;a;ajhg m;a lsu'
4' w mDIaG u; jOkh u ksid wdluh ydks isu'
3' fl ms<s;=re imhkak'

i. laIq ka i|yd ksoiqka y;rla ,shkak'
ii. laIq kaf.a l%shdld;ajh i|yd jeo.;a idOl folla i|yka lrkak'
iii. laIq ka Wmfhda.S lr f.k lrkq ,nk ksIamdok ;=kla k lrkak'
iv. wdydr" iSks$ meKs ;=< .nvd lsf md,kh flfrk idOlh l=ula o@
v. ffjoH oHdf laIq kaf.a Nd; folla i|yka lrkak'
mdNdIsl jpk
laIq ka - Microorganisms
wKalaISh - Microscopic
wdydr krla u - Food spoilage
laIq ydhkh - Microbial degradation
laIq Nd; - Usage of microbes
fndajk frda. - Infectious diseases

2 i;a;aj
j.SlrKh
wm wjg mirfha fjfik i;=ka w;r Yd, O;ajhla we;s nj wms oksuq'
tu i;=ka O ksKdhl mok lr f.k ldKavj,g fjka lsfuka Tjqka ms<sn|
wOHhkh myiq f' fmd .;s ,laIKj,g wkqj i;=ka ldKavj,g fjka lsu
i;a;aj j.SlrKh f,i yekaf'
i;=ka O ksKdhl Tiafia ldKav l< yels h'
fldweg fm< fyj;a lfYarej ;su fyda fkd;su mok lrf.k i;=ka ldKav
follg fjka l< wdldrh y;ajeks fY%afha Tn Wf.k we;' tu lreKq ms<sn|
oekqu fhdod f.k 2'1 l%shdldrlfuys ksr; fjuq'
l%shdldrlu 2'1
l%uh (- xmirfha fjfik Tn okakd i;a;aj fYaI lsysmhl rEm igyka my;
we;' tu rEmigyka fydka kslaIKh lrkak'
x tu i;=ka fldweg fm<la iys; i;=ka yd fldweg fm<la rys;
i;=ka f,i fjk fjk u j.= .; lrkak'
f.dfn,a,d 6QDLO ll=jd &UDE fl<j,a,d <HOORZQ7XQD
n,a,d 'RJ l=l=<d &RFN iuk,hd %XWWHU\
msUqrd 3\WKRQ ul=jd 6SLGHU isxyhd /LRQ

2'1 rEmh
12 oHdj | i;a;aj j.SlrKh

by; i|yka i;=ka w;=frka fl<j,a,d" n,a,d" l=l=<d" msUqrd yd isxyhd
fldweg fm<la iys; i;=ka f' f.dfn,a,d" ll=jd" iuk,hd yd ul=jd
fldweg fm<la rys; i;=ka f'
fldweg fm<la fyj;a lfYarejla rys; i;=ka wmDIaGjxYSka f,i yekaf'
fldweg fm<la fyj;a lfYarejla iys; i;=ka mDIaGjxYSka f,i yekaf' f
wkqj my; oelafjk m i;=ka m%Odk ldKav follg fnh yels h'
wmDIaGjxYSka ( Invertebrates )
mDIaGjxYSka (Vertebrates)
2'1 m%Odk wmDIAGjxYS ldKav

wmDIaGjxYSka ms<sn|j wOHhkh lsu i|yd 2'1 mejrefuys ksr; fjuq'
mejreu 2'1
wmDIAGjxYS i;a;aj fYaI lsysmhl rEmigyka my; we;' tu rEmigyka
fydka kslaIKh lrkak'
Tjqka O ksKdhl mok lr f.k ldKav .; lrkak'
l+ve,a,d fomshka fn,a,d l=rehd

/HHFK %LYDOYH %HHWOH
uqyq u, n;al+rd yxf.d,a,d

6HDDQHPRQH 'UDJRQ\ VOXJ
2'2 rEmh
O ksKdhl u; mokj wmDIaGjxYSka ldKav .; lsfuka Tn o j.SlrKhla

is lr we;'
oHdj | i;a;aj j.SlrKh 13

fmd ,laIK mok lrf.k oHdkql+,j is lr we;s j.SlrKhla u.ska
wmDIaGjxYSka ldKav lr we;' tajdhska ldKav lsysmhla my; olajd we;'
^1& ksvdhd (Cnidaria)
^2& wefk,svd (Annelida)
^3& fudiald (Mollusca)
^4& wdf;%dfmdavd (Arthropoda)
tu tla tla ldKavj, ,laIK <`.g i,ld n,uq'
ksvdhd (Cnidaria)
ksvdhdfjda c,fha j;a jk f,damslfhda h' yhsv%d" uqyqu, iy f,dhka
(-ellysh) ksvdhd ldKavhg ksoiqka lsysmhls'
yhsv%d uqyq u, f,dhka

2'3 rEmh ksvdhd fYaI lsysmhla
ksvdhd ldKavh my; i|yka ,laIK orhs'
.%dysld
foayh wh iu;shla olajhs' ^h
fhl=f.a Yrfha uOH ,laIHh uqLh
yryd hk m kE u wlaIhla Tiafia
fnfuka iudk fldgia follg fjka
l< yels k tu hdg wh iu;shla
we;&'
nqyqndjd iy fuvqid f,i iajrEm folla
mj;S' ^nqyqndjka Wmia;rhlg i T;a 2'4 rEmh ksvdhd foayfha iajrEmh
;hla .; lrk w;r fuvqidfjda ^yhsv%d&
ixprKh lr;ss'&
ksvdhdjkaf.a .%dysld u; msys fYAIKh jQ wjhjj,ska ôxYl fldaIaG& I
i%djh lr f.dre wvmK lr .kshs'

wu;r oekqug
ksvdhd ldKAvhg wh;a fldr,a nqyqndjka
iska fldr,a fyj;a .,au,a ksudKh
flf'
wefk,svd (Annelida)
wefk,svdfjda lrh yd h mirj, o f.dvu f;;a iys; ia:dkj, o jdih
lr;s' .ev,d" l+ve,a,d" m;a;EmKqjd jeks i;=ka wefk,svd ldKavhg wh;a f'
.ev,d l+ve,a,d m;a;EmKqjd 1HUHLV

2'5 rEmh wefk,svd fYaI lsysmhla
wefk,svd ldKavh my; i|yka ,laIK orhs'

foayh oamdYal iu;shla olajhs' LKav
^h fhla foayfha uOH wlaIh
Tiafia iumd; jk m fldgia
follg fnh yels k tu hdg uqLh
.=oh
oamdYal iu;shla we;'& 2'6 rEmh wefk,svdfjl=f.a foay iajrEmh
isyska . mKq wdldr foay orhs' ^.ev,d&
foayh LKavj,g fn we;' tneka iLKav mKqjka f,i ykajhs'

fudiald (Mollusca)
fudialdfjda f.dvu" h yd lrh mirj, jdih lr;s' f.dfn,a,d"
fomshka fn,a,d" wgmsh,a,d" yxf.d,a,d" oe,a,d" nQj,a,d jeks i;=ka fudiald
ldKavhg wh;a f'
f.dfn,a,d fomshka fn,a,d nQj,a,d

2'7 rEmh fudiald fYaI lsysmhla

fudialdfjda my; i|yka ,laIK or;s'
ljph iamYl
foayh oamdYal iu;shla iys; h'
uqLh
uD foay ork neka uDoajx.Ska
f,i yekaf'
fmaYsuh mdohla iys; h' fmaYsuh mdoh
2'8 rEmh fudialdfjl=f.a foay iajrEmh
Yaf,aIau,j,skA f;;a jQ ^f.dfn,a,d&
foaydjrKhla we;'
we;e fudialdfjda ljp iys; h'
wdf;%dfmdavd (Arthropoda)
wdf;%dfmdavdfjda fN!l fuka u c,c mirj, o j;a fj;s' i;a;aj f,dalfha
je u i;a;aj fYaI ixLHdjla wh;a jkqfha wdf;%dfmdavd ldKavhghs' lDka"
ul=jd" f.dakqiaid" yel/,a,d" m;a;Ehd" biaid" ll=jd jeks i;=ka wdf;%dfmdavd
ldKavhg wh;a f'
iuk,hd f.dakqiaid m;a;Ehd biaid
2'9 rEmh wdf;%dfmdavd fYaI lsysmhla
wdf;%dfmdavd ldKavh my; i|yka ,laIK orhs'

weia
foayh oamdYal iu;shla
iys; h' iamYl
foayh u;=msg ndysr iels,a,la we;'

mshdm;a
we;e fYaI mshdm;a iys; h'
foayh ndysrj LKavkh we;' ika iys;
Wmdx.
ika iys; Wmdx. we;' tneka
ikamdlhka f,i yekaf'
2'10 rEmh wdf;%dfmdavdfjl=f.a foay iajrEmh
^lD&

mejreu 2'2
h .sh lDkaf.a foay tl;= lrkak'
,S" f,day fyda ldfnda fmhl m;=, jefik
fia iaghsfrdf*da lene,a,la i lr.kak'
.= w,afmfk;s wdOdrfhka lD foay
iaghsfrdf*da lene,a, u; r|jkak'
tla tla lDhdf.a ku ,shQ lvodis lene,a,la
ta wi, w,jkak' ^lD foay krlau j<lajd 2'11 rEmh lD
.ekSug .; yels mshjr ms<sn|j .=rejrhd iu. fmh
idlPd lrkak'&
2'2 m%Odk mDIAGjxYS ldKav

mDIAGjxYSka ms<sn|j wOHhkh lsu i|yd 2'3 mejrefuys ksr;jkak'
mejreu 2'3
mDIAGjxYS i;a;aj fYaI lsysmhl rEm igyka my; olajd we;' tu rEm
igyka fydka kslaIKh lrkak'
Tjqka O ksKdhl mok lr f.k ldKav .; lrkak'
n,hd %OXHQWXQD leianEjd7XUWOH lsUq,d &URFRGLOH
hldjd f.nd 7RDG Wl=iaid +DZN

&RPPRQFRPPRUDQW
jjq,d %DW mkaishd &KLPSDQ]HH i,ukaord 6DODPDQGHU

2'12 rEmh
O ksKdhl mok lr f.k mDIaGjxYSka j.SlrKh lsug oeka Tng yels h'
fmd ,laIK mok lrf.k oHdkql+,j is lr we;s j.SlrKhla u.ska
mDIAGjxYSka my; oelafjk wdldrhg j.SlrKh lr we;'
^1& msiaflaia (Pisces)
^2& we*shd (Amphibia)
^3& frma,shd (Reptilia)
^4& wdfia (Aves)
^5& uef,shd (Mammalia)
tu tla tla ldKavj, ,laIK <g uid n,uq'
msiaflaia (Pisces)
u;aiHfhda msiaflaia ldKavhg wh;a fj;s' fudjqka c,fha j;a ug fydka
wkqj;kh we;' ;s,dmshd" uvqjd" fudard" n,hd" f;dard" id,hd iy yd,aueiaid
msiaflaia ldKavhg ksoiqka lsysmhls'
;s,dmshd uvqjd fudard n,hd

2'13 rEmh msiaflaia fYaI lsysmhla
msiaflaia ldKavh my; i|yka ,laIK orhs'

c,fha msyskSug wkqj;kh jQ wkdl+, foay yevhla we;'
foayh fldrfmd;=j,ska wdjrKh we;'
msyskSu i|yd;a" ix;=,kh i|yd;a jr,a fhdod .kS'
Yajikh i|yd c,laf,dau ^lru,a& we;'
weismsh fkdue;s weia orhs'
we*shd (Amphibia)
WNh ka wh;a jk ldKAvhhs' fudjqyq jk pl%fha tla wjhla c,c mirfha
.; lr;s' f.nd" uehd" i,ukaord" mKq f.nd (Ichthyophis) we*shd
ldKavhg ksoiqka lsysmhls'
f.nd uehd i,ukaord mKq f.nd

2'14 rEmh we*shd fYaI lsysmhla

we*shd ldKavh my; i|yka ,laIK orhs'
rEmdka;rKhla iys; h'
fldrfmd;= rys; .%kauh ;=kS fij,uh iula orhs'
fndfyda we*shdjkag ixprKh i|yd .d;%d msysghs'
Yajikh fmkye,s" f;; iu fyda uqLh u.ska is lrhs'
frma,shd (Reptilia)
Wr.hska wh;a jk ldKavh hs' fudjqka f.dvu ^fN!l& mirhg b;d fydka
wkqj;kh we;' bnd" leianEjd" khd" msUqrd" fmd<d" lgqiaid" lnrf.dhd"
;,f.dhd" lsUq,d frma,shd ldKavhg ksoiqka lsysmhls'
bnd lsUq,d khd fmd<d

2'15 rEmh frma,shd fYaI lsysmhla
frma,shdjka my; i|yka ,laIK orhs'
fldr< iys; h<s iula we;' iu .%kaj,ska f;dr h'
ixprKh i|yd .d;%d msysghs' we;euqkaf.a .d;%d laISK we;' nv .d hEu
i|yd wkqj;kh we;'
Yajikh i|yd fmkye,s we;'
wdfia (Aves)
mlaISka wh;a jk ldKavh hs' fudjqka mshdir lsu i|yd wkqj;kh we;'
leysfn,a,d" yxihd" nluQKd iy .srjd wdfia ldKavhg ksoiqka lsysmhls'
yxihd nluQKd
.srjd leysfn,a,d
2'16 rEmh wdfia fYaI lsysmhla

wdfia ldKavh my; i|yka ,laIK orhs'
jd;fha .uka lsu myiq jk m wkqj;kh jQ wkdl+, foayhla we;'
msydgqj,ska wdjrKh jQ iula we;'
ixprKh i|yd .d;%d msysghs' mQj .d;%d mshdm;a njg m;a we;'
uqLfha o;a fkdmsysgk w;r fNdack rgdj wkqj ieliqKq fydgla we;'
wu;r oekqug
mshdir l< fkdyels mlaISka o f' ta i|yd ksoiqka lsysmhla my; oelaf'
meianrd 2VWULFK hd 5KHD tuq (PX
lefidfj &DVRZHU\ fmka.=ka 3HQJXLQ ls .LZL
uef,shd (Mammalia)
laISrmdhska wh;a jk ldKAvh hs' fudjqyq ls megjqka fmdaIKh lr;s' ksid"
hd" WKymqjd" TrxTgka" f.da,a,d" mkaishd" jjq,d" ;,auid" fvd,a*ska" f.dakd
iy uqjd uef,shd ldKavhg wh;a i;=ka i|yd ksoiqka lsysmhls'

f.da,a,d fvd,a*ska
uqjd WKymqjd
2'17 rEmh uef,shd fYaI lsysmhla
uef,shd ldKavh my; i|yka ,laIK orhs'

ia;k .%ka ^ls ksmojk .%ka& msysgd we;'
ifuys iafo .%ka" iafkayi%d .%ka yd frdau we;'
ndysr lka fm;s iys; lka we;'
mejreu 2'4
uef,shd ldKavhg wh;a kaf.a rEm tl;= lrkak'
tu i;=ka ms<sn| f;dr;=re yels muKska fidhd .kak'
tl if;l=g tla msgqjla ne.ska fjka lr rEm yd f;dr;=re we;=<;a fmd;a
msxpla ksudKh lrkak' ^fmdf;a uq,a msgqj" fmrjok" mgqk" ia;=;sh hk
fldgia fhug ie,ls,su;a jkak&
fuu mdvu yeoEfuka i;=ka w;r mq,a O;ajhla mj;sk nj wms ykd .;suq'
i;a;afjdaoHdk" rlaIs;" wNh N+ jeks ia:dk kerfuka Tng fuu O;ajh
ukdj wOHhkh lsug yels f' iEu i;a;aj fYaIhla u mirfha iu;=,s;;dj
mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd uy= odhl;ajhla olajhs'

idrdxYh
mirfha fjfik i;=ka w;r w;s Yd, O;ajhla oelsh yels h'
fldweg fm<la iys; i;=ka mDIaGjxYSka f,i o" fldweg fm<la rys;
i;=ka wmDIaGjxYSka f,i o yekaf'
tla tla ldKavhg fmd jQ ,laIK mok lrf.k wmDIAGjxYSka ldKav
l< yels h' ksvdhd" wefk,svd" fudiald yd wdf;%dfmdavd hkq tjeks
ldKAv lsysmhls'
tfia u mDIAGjxYSka msiaflaia" we*shd" frma,shd" wdfia yd uef,shd
f,i ldKAvj,g fnh yels h'
wNHdi
1' jvd;a ksjer ms<s;=r f;darkak'

i' my; i|yka i;a;aj ldKav w;=frka wmDIaGjxYs ldKavhla fkdjkafka
l=ula o @
1' wefk,svd ldKavh hs 2' ksvdhd ldKavh hs
3' we*shd ldKavh hs 4' wdf;%dfmdavd ldKavh hs
ii. i;a;aj fYaI jeu ixLHdjla wh;a ldKavh f;darkak'

1' wdfia 2' wdf;%dfmdavd
3' fudiald 4' uef,shd
iii. frma,shd ldKavhg wh;a jkqfha l=uk hd o @
1' fudard 2' i,ukaord
3' ;,auid 4' leianEjd
2' my; i|yka j.ka;sj, ysia;eka mqrjkak'
i' uqyq u, ''''''''''''''''''''''''' ldKavhg wh;a i;a;ajfhls'

ii' ika iys; mdo ;su ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ldKavfha ,laIKhls'
iii '''''''''''''''''''' ldKavh fmkye,sj,g wu;rj f;; iu fydA uqLh u.ska
Yajikh is lrhs'

3' my; i|yka tla tla ,laIKh ork wmDIaGjxYS i;a;aj ldKavh k lrkak'
i' fmaYSuh mdohla oeu - '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
ii' LKavkh jQ mKq wdldr foayh - '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
iii' ika iys; Wmdx. oeu - '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
iv' wh iu;sh oeu - '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
4' my; m%ldYj,g ms<s;=re ,shkak'

i' ksvdhd ldKavfha iajrEm fol olajd tajdg ksoiqka tl ne.ska ,shd olajkak'
ii' wdf;%dfmdavd ldKavhg wh;a mshdir lrk i;=ka y;r fofkl= k lrkak'
iii. uef,shd ldKavhg wh;a i;=kaf.a uQ,sl ,laIK ;=kla ,shd olajkak'
iv. wdfia ldKavhg wh;a i;=kaf.a uQ,sl ,laIK ;=kla ,shd olajkak'
mdNdIsl jpk
j.SlrKh - Classification
wh iu;sh - Radial symmetry
oamdYal iu;sh - Bilateral symmetry
rEmSh ,laIK - Morphological features
wmDIaGjxYSka - Invertibrates
mDIaGjxYSka - Vertibrates
ksvdhdjka - Cnidaria
wefk,svd - Annelida
fudiald - Mollusca
wdf;%dfmdavd - Arthropoda
msiaflaia - Pisces
we*shd - Amphibia
frma,shd - Reptilia
wdfia - Aves
uef,shd - Mammalia

3 Ydl fldgiaj,
O;ajh yd lD;H
wm wjg mirfha fjfik i;=ka fuka u Ydl o mq,a O;ajhla fmkajhs'
3'1 rEmfha olajd we;s jkdka;rfha we;s Ydlj, O;ajh fydka kslaIKh
lrkak'
3'1 rEmh ksj;k jeis jkdka;rhla

jkd;a;rhl iqkaor;ajh yd wmQj;ajhg m%Odk fya;=j jkqfha Ydl w;r mj;sk
fuu mq,a O;ajh hs' Ydl m%udKfhka yd rEmSh ,laIKj,ska tlsfklg
fjkia f' fuu O;ajhg fya;= jkqfha Ydl ish meje;au i|yd mirhg olajk
O wkqj;k hs'
Ydlj, m%Odk fldgia ms<ns |j Tn y;ajeks fYa
% fha wOHhkh lr we;'
tu oekqu Nd;fhka Ydlhl m%Odk fldgia ms<sn|j ;jrg;a wOHhkh lsu
i|yd 3'1 l%shdldrlfuys ksr; fjuq'
l%shdldrlu 3'1
wjYH jH (- l=mamfkshd fyda fudkrl=vqh Ydlhla
l%uh (-
l=mamfkshd fyda fudkrl=vqh Ydlhla uQ, moaO;sh fkdlefvk fia .,jd
mia bj;a jk m fidaokak'
tu Ydlh fydka kslaIKh lr tys fldgia ykd .kak'
tys rEmigykla we| m%Odk fldgia k lrkak'
24 oHdj | Ydl fldgiaj, O;ajh yd lD;H

Ydlhl m%Odk fldgia we;=<;a rEmigykla 3'2 rEmfhka olajd we;'
Tn 3'1 l%shdldrlf wk
mqIam
,o rEmigyk yd fuu
rEmigyk ixikaokh lrka
wOHhkhl fhfokak' iEu
imqIam Ydlhla u uq,a" l|" m;%" M, m%frday
mqIam yd M, hk fldgiaj,ska moaO;sh
iuka; f' tfy;a iEu
Ydlhl u tl u wdldrhg m;%
tu wjhj msysgd ke;' tk"
tla tla Ydl w;r fuu lò
fldgiaj, mq,a O;ajhla
uqka uq,
olakg ,ef' m;%" l| yd uq,a
hk wjhjj, O;ajh yd uQ,
moaO;sh
lD;H ms<sn|j fuu mdvf mdYal
uYkhl fhfouq' uq,a
rEmh 3'2 Ydlhl fldgia
3'1 Ydl m;%j, O;ajh yd lD;H

Ydlhla kslaIKh lsf tys lemS fmfkk wjhjh f,i Ydl m;% yekah
yels h' Ydl m;% fndfyduhla fld< meye;s h' Ydl m;%j, m%Odk lD;Hh jkqfha
m%NdixYaf,aIKh hs' ldnka vfhdlaihs jdhqj yd c,h wuqjH f,i fhdod f.k
wdf,dal Yla;sh wdOdrfhka y; m;% we;s Ydl ;=< is jk wdydr ksmof
l%shdj,sh m%NdixYaf,aIKh f,i yekaf'
m%NdixYaf,aIKh ldhlaIu f,i is lr .ekSu i|yd Ydl m;% yev .eiS we;' ta
ms<sn|j wOHhkh lsu i|yd 3'2 l%shdldrlfuys ksr; fjuq'
l%shdldrlu 3'2
wjYH jH (- fldia" wU" wr,sh" u[af[dlald jeks
Ydl m;% lsysmhla
l%uh (-
by; olajd we;s Ydl m;% f.k tajd fydka
kslaIKh lrkak'
tajdfha .klu ixikaokh lrkak'
tu Ydl m;% fldgq fld<hla u; ;nd we|
3'3 rEmh
lafIa;%M,h ixikaokh lrkak'
oHdj | Ydl fldgiaj, O;ajh yd lD;H 25

fndfyda Ydl m;% ;=kS yd m<,a m;% ;,hlska hqla;j ieliS we;s ksid tys mDIAh
lafIa;%M,h je f' tg m%NdixYaf,aIKhg wjYH wdf,dal Yla;sh ldhlaIu
f,i wjfYdaIKh lr .; yels nj fmfka'
.klka je udxi, Ydl m;% o oelsh yels h' tfia Ydl m;% ;,h .kl
we;af;a wys;lr ^Y=Ial& mdil ;;a;ajj,g wkqj;khla f,isks'
ksoiqka - wr,sh" lfkare" fldaudld
Ydl m;%hl fldgia k l< rEmigykla 3'4 rEmfha olajd we;'
m;% kdr
m;% mdoh
m;% w.%h
m;% odrh
m;% jDka;h m;% ;,h

3'4 rEmh Ydl m;%hl fldgia
iEu Ydl m;%hl u m;% jDka;h" m;% mdoh" m;% odrh yd m;% w.%h hk fldgiaj,
yevh tlsfklg iudk jkafka o@ ta ms<sn|j wOHhkh lsu i|yd 3'3 l%shdldrlfuys
ksr; fjuq'
l%shdldrlu 3'3
wjYH jH (- Tn wjg mirfha we;s O Ydl j.j, ^ksoiqka (- wU" mefmd,a"
frdai" wr,sh" fnda jeks& Ydl m;% lsysmhla
l%uh (-
Tn wjg mirfha we;s Ydl j. lsysmhlska m;% imhd .kak'
tu Ydl m;% kslaIKh lr tlsfklg fjkia m;% ;," m;% mdo" m;% odr yd
m;% w.% we;s wjia:d rEmigyka u.ska olajkak'
m;% ;,h kslaIKh l< g th O yev iys; nj Tng wjfndaO jkq we;
^3'5 rEmh&'
f.dgqfld< fldgnd rdnq wU fldys,

3'5 rEmh m;% ;,fha O;ajh

f;dard .;a Ydl m;%j, mq,a O;ajhla we;s nj Tn kslaIKh lrkakg we;'
tfia O;ajhlska hqla; jkafka m;%j, m%Odk lD;H fuka u fjk;a O lD;H
bgq lsu i|yd tu m;% wkqj;kh we;s neks'
my; oelafjk rEmigyka wOHhkh lr ;jrg;a Ydl m;%j, O;ajh
ykd .kak'
Ydl m;%j, w.% kslaIKh l< g m;% w.%h ;shqKq fyda pl%Sh fyda W,a iys;"
fnKq wd O wdldr olakg ,ef ^3'6 rEmh&'
ksh`.,d fldfnda,S, fldia fnda wr,sh

3'6 rEmh m;% w.%fha O;ajh
m;% odrh kslaIKh l< g th lvf;d iys;j fyda iqugj mej;sh yels h
^3'7 rEmh&'
frdai jo wr,sh f.dakshd wlalmdk

3'7 rEmh m;% odrfha O;ajh
m;% mdoh yd m;% jDka;h o O wdldrj,g yev .eiS we; ^3'8 rEmh&'
fldys, fk fnda jo wr,sh

3'8 rEmh m;% mdofha O;ajh
wjg mirh fydka kslaIKh lsfuka Ydl m;%j, O wkqj;k ;jrg;a

wOHhkh lsug Tng yels jkq we;'

m;% kHdih
m;%j,g Wmu f,i iQhdf,dalh ,efnk wdldrhg m;% Ydl l|g i we;'
fuu.ska m%NdixYaf,aIKh jvd;a ldhlaIuj is f' Ydl m;% l|g i we;s
rgdj m;% kHdih f,i yekaf' tjeks rgd lsysmhla my; i|yka f'
m;% udrefjka udrejg l| fomi m;% hq., jYfhka m%;sreoaO Ydjg
msysu' msysu'
3'9 rEmh lgq wfkdaod 3'10 rEmh fmar

tla ia:dkhlska yg.;a m;% ;=kla l| jgd m;% ims,dldrj msysu'
fyda je .Kkla lf|a j<hka f,i
msysu'
3'11 rEmh relaw;a;k 3'12 rEmh lekao
mejreu 3'1
mirh kslaIKh lrka O m;% kHdi ykd .kak'
tu kslaIK mok lr f.k 3'1 j.=j imQK lrkak'
3'1 - j.=j
m;% kHdih Ydl i|yd ksoiqka
lsysmhla
m;% udrefjka udrejg l| fomi msysu' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
m;% hq., jYfhka m%;sreoaO Ydjg msysu' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
tla ia:dkhlska yg .;a m;% ;=kla fyda je .Kkla ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
lf|a j<hka f,i msysu'
l| jgd m;% ims,dldrj msysu' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Ydl m;% u.ska bgq lrk wfkl=;a lD;H ms<sn|j <g i,ld n,uq'
fN!l Ydl m;%j, mqld ^rEmh 3'13&

yryd jdhqf.da,hg c, jdIam msg f' fuu
l%shdj,sh W;aiafokh f,i yekaf'
Ydlfha by< fldgiaj,g wjYH c,h
mjykh i|yd W;aiafokh fya;= f'
Y=Ial mir ;;a;aj hgf;a jefvk Ydlj,
Ydl m;% W;aiafokh wju lr .ekSu i|yd mqldj
wkqj;kh we;' 3'13 rEmh Ydl m;%hl wNHka;r
tjeks wkqj;k lsysmhla my; i|yka f' ffi,Sh jHqyh
.klu b iys; Wpuhla msysu' ksoiqka - wr,sh" lfkare

m;% lgq njg lrKh u' ksoiqka - mf;dla
m;% isyska u' ksoiqka - li
m;% laISK u' ksoiqka - kjyka" yS/iai
wr,sh mf;dla li
3'14 rEmh W;aiafokh wju lr .ekSu i|yd wkqj;k ork Ydl
iuyr Ydl m;% ;=< c,h .nvd lr ;nd .kshs' tu Ydl m;% udxi, iajNdjfhka
hq;= w;r tfia jkafka c, ixrlaIKh i|yd fYAI mgl wvx.= neks
^3'15 rEmh&'
wlalmdk fldaudld
3'15 rEmh c,h .nvd lrk m;% iys; Ydl

we;e Ydl m;% jOl m%ckkh u.ska kj Ydl ys lrhs' ^Ydl m%pdrKh&
ksoiqka (- wlalmdk" f.dakshd
Ydl m;% jOl m%ckkh u.ska kj Ydl ys lsu ms<sn|j wOHhkh lsu
i|yd 3'4 l%shdldrlfuys fhfouq'
l%shdldrlu 3'4
wjYH jH (- wlalmdk" f.dakshd" fmmfrdahd jeks Ydl m;% lsysmhla
l%uh (-
by; olajd we;s Ydl j.j, m;% imhd .kak'
tu Ydl m;%j, kdrfha l=vd lemqula fhdod tu ia:dk miaj,ska jikak'
thg c,h fhdoka k lsysmhla ;nkak'
ojia ;=k y;rlska muK tu Ydl m;%j, kdrj,ska uq,a ygf.k we;s
wdldrh kslaIKh lrkak'
wlalmdk f.dakshd fmmfrdahd

3'16 rEmh
3'2 Ydl lfòys O;ajh yd lD;H
Ydl l|kaj, m%Odk lD;H jkqfha Ydlfha m;%" wxl=r" mqIam" M," c ord isu iy
Ydlhg ikaOdrKh iemhSu hs' ;j o Ydlh ;=< wdydr yd c,h mjykh lsu o
Ydl lf|ka bgq f' fndfyda Ydl l|ka fmdf<djg by<ska msysghs' kuq;a iuyr
Ydlj, l|ka mi ;=< msysgd we;' tajd N+.; l|ka f,i yekaf'
Ydl l|kaj,ska bgq flfrk uQ,sl lD;Hhg wu;rj tajd fjk;a lD;H bgq lsu
i|yd o wkqj;kh we;' fuu wkqj;k mok lr f.k tajdfha O;ajh
wOHhkh lruq'
fndfyda Ydl l|ka w;a Ydl ys lrhs' tajd m%pdrK l|ka f,i yekaf'
tjeks l|ka iys; Ydl i|yd ksoiqka lsysmhla 3'17" 3'18 rEmj, oelaf'
f.dgqfld< Wmsh,sh weUq,awe,sh

3'17 rEmh Odjl u.ska m%pdrKh jk Ydl fYaI lsysmhla
flfi,a l,dre f.dh
3'18 rEmh fudhka u.ska m%pdrKh jk Ydl fYaI lsysmhla
iuyr Ydl jdhj lf|a wdydr ix; lrhs' ix; l|ka i|yd ksoiqka lsysmhla
3'19 rEmfha oelaf'
Wla ls;=,a
3'19 rEmh ix; l|ka iys; Ydl fYaI lsysmhla
N+.; l|ka wdydr ix; lD;Hh" ld,;rKh lD;Hh fuka u m%pdrK lD;Hh o
is lrhs' wys;lr ld,j, jdhj fldgia h.sh o N+.; l| fkdkeiS mj;S'
miqj ys;lr ld,h meKs g kej; N+.; l| u.ska kj wxl=r we;s lrhs'
f i|yd ix; wdydr Wmfhda.S lr .kS' N+.; l|ka i|yd ksoiqka lsysmhla
3'20 rEmfha oelaf'
ly b=re kq w;dm,a
3'20 rEmh N+.; l|ka iys; Ydl fYaI lsysmhla

we;e Ydl l|ka fld< mdka hqla; jk w;r tajd m%NdixYaf,aIKh is lrhs'
fjd m%NdixYaf,aIS l|ka f,i ykajk w;r ta i|yd ksoiqka lsysmhla 3'21
rEmfha oelaf'
mf;dla ola
3'21 rEmh m%NdixYaf,aIS l|ka iys; Ydl fYaI lsysmhla
iuyr Ydl iQhdf,dalh jvd;a fydka ,nd .ekSu i|yd fjk;a wdOdrl
Wmldrfhka by< k.S' fujeks Ydl l|ka wdfrdayl l|ka f,i yekaf'
ta i|yd ksoiqka lsysmhla 3'22 rEmfha oelaf'
fjksje,a fndax
3'22 rEmh wdfrdayl l|ka iys; Ydl fYaI lsysmhla

mejreu 3'2
j.=fjys oelafjk lD;H bgq lsu i|yd wkqj;kh we;s l|ka iys;
Ydl i|yd ksoiqka lsysmhla fidhd f.k ta ksoiqka weiqka 3'2 j.=j
^msgm;a lr f.k& imQK lrkak'
3'2 - j.=j
kj Ydl jdhj l|kaj, wdydr N+.; l|ka f,i m%NdixYaf,aIKh
yslsu .nvd lsu ix; lD;H bgq is lsu
lsu
3'3 Ydl uq,aj, O;ajh yd lD;H

Ydl uq,aj, m%Odk lD;H Ydlh mig i lsu iy mfika c,h yd Lksc ,jK
wjfYdaIKh lsu hs' g wu;rj fjk;a lD;H i|yd yev.eiqKq uq,a o we;'
uqka uqf,ka fyda tys YdLdj,ska yereKq g Ydlj, fjk;a fldgiaj,ska o uq,a
yg.kS' tu uq,a wd.ka;=l uq,a jYfhka yekaf'
m%Odk lD;Hhg wu;rj O lD;H /ila bgq lsu i|yd wkqj;kh jQ uq,a we;'
tu uq,a O kj,ska yekaf'
ix; uq,a ^wdlka uq,& - wdydr ;ekam;a u fya;= fldg f.k Yd, we;s
uq,a wdlka uq,a jYfhka yekaf' iuyr Ydl
uq,a wdydr ix; lr we;af;a wys;lr ld,j,
m%fhdackhg .ekSu i|yd h' wdydr ;ekam;a u
uqka uqf,ys fyda wd.ka;=l uq,aj, is h yels h'
uqka uqf,ys wdydr ;ekam;a u
ler rdnq
3'23 rEmh uqka uqf,ys wdydr ;ekam;a lr we;s Ydl fYaI lsysmhla

wd.ka;=l uq,aj, wdydr ;ekam;a u
u[af[dlald n;, f,sshd

3'24 rEmh wd.ka;=l uqf,ys wdydr ;ekam;a jk Ydl fYaI lsysmhla
lre uq,a - we;e Ydlj, w;=j,ska yg.kakd wd.ka;=l uq,a fYaIhls' fjd
fmdf<dj foig je w;=j,g wdOdrl f,i l%shd lrhs'
kq. r;a lfvd,a

3'25 rEmh lre uq,a iys; Ydl fYaI lsysmhla
lhsre uq,a - Ydl lf|ka yg .kakd wd.ka;=l uq,a fYaIhls' fjd fmdf<dj
olajd je l|g wdOdrl f,i l%shd lrhs'
jegflhshd rfma uy lfvd,a

3'26 rEmh lhsre uq,a iys; Ydl fYaI lsysmhla

wfrdayl uq,a fyj;a wd,.ak uq,a - fuu.ska wdfrdayl Ydlj, l| wdOdrlhg
i lsu is lrhs'
nq,;a .ia
3'27 rEmh wdfrdayl uq,a iys; Ydl fYaI
lsysmhla
jdhj uq,a - fuu uq,a u.ska jdhq f.da,fha we;s c,jdIam wjfYdaIKh lr
Ydlhg ,nd foa' wmsYdlj,g fYaIs; uq,a j.hls'
ls jeks,d
3'28 rEmh jdhj uq,a iys; Ydl fYaI lsysmhla
Yajik uq,a fyj;a jdhqOr uq,a - uQ, moaO;sh lsjq,a c,fhka hg jefvk
lfvd,dk Ydlj, oelsh yels h' Yajik uq,a u.ska jdhqf.da,Sh jd;h
wjfYdaIKh lrhs'
lsr, uy lfvd,a
3'29 rEmh Yajik uq,a iys; Ydl fYaI lsysmhla

m%pdrK uq,a - fuu uq,a u`.ska kj Ydl ys lsu is lrhs'
lrmsxpd fmar fn,s

3'30 rEmh m%pdrK uq,a iys; Ydl fYaI lsysmhla
mejreu 3'3
O uq,a j. ms<sn| wOHhkh i|yd Ydl wdoYj, tl;=jla (Herbarium)
ms<sfh, lrkak' Ydl ixrlaIKh lsf wkq.ukh l< hq;= l%shdud.
ms<sn| .=re Wmfoia ,nd .kak'
mejreu 3'4
lafIa;% pdldjl fhfoka mirh .fIKh lrkak' Ydlj, O;ajh fydka
kslaIKh lrkak' Ydlj, O wkqj;k tajdfha lD;H yd inkaO we;s
wdldrh ms<sn|j wOHhkh lrkak'
Ydl O;ajh .fIKfha mirhg ydks fkdjk whqka wjYH kslaIK is

lsug j. n,d .ekSu Tnf.a hq;=luls'

idrdxYh
Ydlhl m%Odk fldgia f,i uq," l|" m;%" M, yd mqIam oelah yels h'
Ydl fldgia tys lD;H bgq lsu i|yd wkqj;kh ;su tajdfha
O;ajhg fya;= f' tfuka u iqfYaIS wkqj;k fmkajk Ydl fldgia o
we;'
Ydl m;%j, m%Odk lD;Hh m%NdixYaf,aIKh jk w;r we;e Ydl m;%
wdydr yd c,h ix; lsug yd Ydl m%pdrKhg o yev .eiS we;'
Ydl lf|ys m%Odk lD;H jkqfha u,a yd M, ord isu;a" c,h yd Lksc
mjykh lsu;a f'
we;e Ydl l|ka m%NdixYaf,aIKhg" by< ke.Sug ^wdfrdayKhg&"
m%pdrKhg yd wdydr ix; lsug wkqj;kh we;'
uq,aj, m%Odk lD;H jkqfha Ydlh mig i lsu" c,h iy Lkssc
wjfYdaIKh lsu f'
wdlka uq,a" lre uq,a" lhsre uq,a" wdfrdayl uq,a" jdhj uq,a yd Yajik
uq,aj,ska iqfYaIS lD;H bgq flf'
O lD;H bgq lsug fuka u O mirj, j;a ug wkqj;k olajk
ksid Ydl O;ajfhka hqla; f'
wNHdi
1& my; i|yka Ydl fldgiaj, m%Odk lD;H ,shd olajkak'
i. Ydl m;% ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
ii. Ydl l| ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
iii. Ydl uq,a '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
2& my; i|yka Ydlj, l|$ m;%$ uq,a olajk iqfYaIS wkqj;k fudkjd o@
i. mf;dla v. n;, ix. ksh,d
ii. ler vi. .ia x. ls
iii. kq. vii. f.dakshd xi. fmar
iv. fldaudld viii. kjyka xii. rfma
3& ysia;eka mqrjkak'
i. m;% Ydl l|g i we;s wdldrh '''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''''' f,i ykajhs'
ii. Wla" ls;=,a ''''''''''''''''''''''''' l|kaj,g ksoiqka f'
iii. mf;dla Ydlfha m;% lgq njg lrKh u ''''''''''''''''''''''''''' wju lr
.ekSug olajk wkqj;khls'
iv. lrmsxpd" fn,s yd fo,a jeks Ydl m%pdrKh i|yd fndfyda g ''''''''''''''''''
Wmfhda.S lr .kshs'
v. jdhqOr uq,a ''''''''''''''''''''''' Ydlj, olakg ,efnk iqfYaIS uq,a j.hls'

mdNdIsl jpk
m;%j, O;ajh - Diversity of leaves
l|kaj, O;ajh - Diversity of stems
uq,aj, O;ajh - Diversity of roots
m%NdixYaf,aIl l|ka - Photosynthetic stems
wdfrdayl l|ka - Climbing stems
m%pdrK l|ka - Propagative stems
N+.; l|ka - Underground stems
wdlka l|ka - Tuberous stems
wdlka uq,a - Tuberous roots
lre uq,a - Prop roots
lhsre uq,a - Stilt roots
jdhj uq,a - Aerial roots
Yajik uq,a - Respiratory roots
ix; uq,a - Storage roots
m%pdrKh - Propagation

4 mod:fha .=K
4'1 mod:fha wika;; iajNdjh
wm wjg mirh mod: yd Yla;sj,ska iuka; f' mod: yd Yla;s ms<snòj
6 fY%aKsfha Tn W.;a lreKq isysm;a lrkak' tu kqu ;j rg;a ;yjqre lr
.ekSu iòyd 4'1 mejrefuys ksr; fjuq'
mejreu 4'1
my; iòyka oE mod: iy Yla;s f,i j. lr j.= .; lrkak'
jd;h" c,h" fnda,h" wdf,dalh" n,anh" Yoh" fih" mqgqj" ,sh" ;dmh" pqnl
4'1 j.=j
mod: Yla;s
jd;h wdf,dalh
by; iòyka oE w;=frka jd;h" c,h" fnda,h" n,anh" fih" mqgqj iy pqnlh
ie,l+ g tajd wjldYfha bvla .kakd w;r ialkaOhla o we;' tjeks oE mod:
f,i yeòskaf' wdf,dalh" Yoh" ,sh yd ;dmhg ialkaOhla fkdue;s w;r
wjldYfha bvla fkd .kS' tajd Yla;s f,i oelah yels h' Ydl" i;=ka we;=
mirfha ix>gl jk mi" c,h" mdIdK jeks fldgia o" ksid iska lrkq ,enQ
bls" ksudK yd" O WmlrK o mod: f,i lah yels h'
mod:fha wika;; iajNdjh iòyd idlaIH
mod:fha iajNdjh ms<snòj ms<s.; yels u;hla m<uqj bm;a lrk ,oafoa
l%s(mQ( 460-370 hq.fha iQ fudl%ia k .S%l odYkslhd h' Tyqf.a u;hg wkqj
mod:h b;d l=vd wxY=j,ska ilia ;sf' miq ld,Skj l%s(mQ( 384 - 270 hq.fha iQ
weiafgdag,a k .%Sl odYkslhd mejiQfha mod:h wxY=j,ska ilia fkdue;s
njhs' weiafgdag,a yd fudl%iaf.a wkq.dlhska w;r .%Sisfha we;ekaia kqjr
mod:fha jHQy iajNdjh ms<snòj m%isoaO jdohla mej;=Ks' tu jdofhka zzmod:h
wxY+uh iajNdjfhka hqla; hZZhk u;h ch .;a w;r miqj kQ;k oHd{hska
iska mod:h wxY=j,ska iE we;s nj mfhaIKd;aulj ;yjqre lrk ,' mod:
wxY=j,ska ilia ;su;a tajd w;r wjldY mej;Su;a mod:fha wika;; iajNdjh
fyj;a wxY=uh iajNdjh f,i ye`kaf'
oHdj | mod:fha .=K 39

fN!;sl iajNdjh wkqj mod:h >k" j yd jdhq f,i j. l< yels h'
>k" j yd jdhq mod:j, wika;; iajNdjh ;yjqre lr .ekSug O l%shdldrl
is l< yels h'
>k mod:j, wika;; iajNdjh
rgyqkq lene,a,la f.k th len,s follg lvkak' bka tla lene,a,la kej;
fldgia follg lvkak' f wdldrhg ,efnk rg yqkq lene,a,la kej; kej;;a
leh yels l=vd u fldgi jk f;la len,sj,g lvkak'
rgyqkq lene,a, fldgia follg fjka l< g m%udKh l=vd len,s folla
,efnkq we;' kej; kej;;a len,sj,g levQ g ;j ;j;a l=vd jQ rgyqkq len,s
,ef' f wdldrhg rgyqkqj, .=K fkdfjkia jk fia fjka l< yels l=vd u
rgyqkq lene,a, rgyqkq wxY=jla f,i y`kajkq ,nhs' ta wkqj rgyqkq lene,a,
iE we;af;a rgyqkq wxY+ Yd, ixLHdjla tlsfkl inkaO fuka nj Tng is;d
.ekSug yels jkq we;' l=vd wxY= tlsfkl inkaO jQ rgyqkq lene,af,a wxY+uh
iajNdjhla mj;S' tu wxY+ w;r wjldY o mj;S'
>k mod:j, wika;; nj ms<snò j fidhd ne,Sug 4'1 l%shdldrlfuys ksr; fjuq'
l%shdldrlu 4'1
wjYH jH (- c, n`kla" Trf,daiq ;ehla" ks,a fyda r;= ;Ska;" fmdgEish
mZuex.fka leg lsysmhla" iq rgyqkq lene,a,la
l%uh (-
Trf,daiq ;ehlg ks,a $r;= ;Ska; fyda fmdgEish mZuex.fka djK
iaj,amhla oukak' rgyqkq lene,a,la f.k tys tla fl<jrla ;Ska; $fmdgEish
mZuex.fka djKh u; ;nkak' kslaIK jd;d lrkak'
;Ska; rgyqkq ;Ska; u; rg yqkq

4'1 rEmh lene,a,
n`fka ks,a $r;= ;Ska; fyda fmdgEish mZuex.fka djKh u; rgyqkq lene,a,
;enQ g jKh yqkq lene,a, ;=<ska by<g .uka lrkq kslaIKh l< yels f'
tfia ;Ska;j,g by<g .uka lsug yelshdj ,enqfKa rgyqkq lene,a, ;=< ika;;
njla fkdue;s ksid h' tk rgyqkqj, .=K iys; b;d l=vd wxY+ rdYshlska yd
jKj;a wxY=j,g .uka l< yels ;rf wjldY rdYshlska tu rgyqkq lene,a,
iuka; jQ ksid h' >k mod: wika;; nj ;yjqre lsug by; l%shdldrlu
bjy,a f'
40 oHdj | mod:fha .=K
rka NdKavj, rih iamY jQ g l=ula is f hs Tn
wid ;ssf o@ tys rka NdKavh ;=< rih wxY= kslaIKh
jkq we;' Bg fya;=j rka wika;; neka rih wxY= rka
wxY= w;rg .uka lsuhs' f ksid rka NdKav rih iu.
.ef rka NdKavj,g ydks is f'
4'2 rEmh riosh iamY jQ
rka uqjla
mejreu 4'2
>k mod: wxY=uh iajNdjfhka hq;= nj ;yjqre lsug l< yels ir, l%shdldrl
ie,iq lr l%shd;aul lrkak'
j mod:j, wika;; iajNdjh

l=vd c, mudjla f.k th fldgia follg fjka lrkak' bka tla c, fldgila
kej; mud follg fjka lrkak' f wdldrhg Tng fjka l< yels l=vd u
mudj jk f;la kej; kej;;a c,h mud follg jk fia fjka lrkak'
l=vd c, mudj fldgia follg fjka l< o mud foflys u we;af;a c,hhs'
kej; kej;;a mudj,g fjka l< g b;du l=vd mudjla .kakd wjia:df o
tu mudj w;alr .;a jHh c,hhs' f wdldrhg c,fhys .=K mj;sk fia m;a
l< yels l=vd u c, m%udKh c, wxY+jla f,i ye`kah yels h' tk c,h iE
we;af;a c, wxY= rdYshla tlsfkl inkaO fuka h'
j mod:j, wikak; nj ms<snò j fidhd ne,Sug 4'2 l%shdldrlfuys kshef,uq'
l%shdldrlu 4'2
wjYH jH (- Trf,daiq ;ehla" c,h iys; lrhla" fmdgEish mZuex.fka$
jKj;a ;Ska;
l%uh (-
c,h iys; lrhlg fldkaia
^fmdgEish mZuex.fka& leghla
oukak' ks;a;= mylg muK miq
kslaIK jd;d lrkak' bka miq
c,h iys; lrh fika fid,jkak'
kslaIK iòyka lrkak'
c,h iys; lrhlg jKj;a ;Ska;
xjla tla lrkak' kslaIK jd;d
lrkak' (a) fldkaia tl;= (b) jKj;a ;Ska;
l< c, lrhla xjla tl;= l<
4'3 rEmh c, lrhla

c,h iys; lrhg uQ fldkaia legfha jKh l%ufhka c,h ;=< me;s hkq
kslaIKh l< yels h' tfia jkafka o mdg fldkaia wxY= c, wxY= w;rg .uka
lsu ksid h' c, lrhg ;Ska; xjla tl;= l< g ;Ska; wxY= c, wxY= w;rg
.uka lsu ksid l%ufhka c, n`k jKj;a f' tk j mod:j, o wxY+uh
iajNdjhla mj;sk nj ;yjqre f'
mejreu 4'3
j mod: wxY=uh iajNdjfhka hq;= nj ;yjqre lsug l< yels ir, l%shdldrl
lsysmhla ie,iq lr l%shd;aul lrkak'
jdhq mod:j, wika;; iajNdjh
jdhq wika;; nj ;yjqre lsug 4'3 l%shdldrlfuys kshef,uq'
l%shdldrlu 4'3
wjYH jH (- jdhq ird folla" khsrcka vfhdlaihs jdhqj" y`ka l+rla" iqjò
,jqka iaj,amhla
l%uh (-
jdhq irdjlg Uqre meye;s khsrcka vfhdlaihs jdhqj mqrjd th ;j;a jdhq
irdjlska jid ;nkak' ks;a;= follg miq kslaIK jd;d lrkak'
^.=re wdoYkhla f,i is lrkak'&
y`ka l+rla o,ajd ;nkak'
iqjò ,jqka iaj,amhla Trf,daiq ;ehlg oud l f,djla ;nkak'
kslaIK jd;d lrkak'
jdhq irdjg Uqre meye;s khsrcka vfhdlaihs jdhqj

mqrjd jd;h iys; jdhq irdjla ta u; hl=re l< g
khsrcka vfhdlaihs jdhqj jd;h iu. Y% u
kslaIKh l< yels h'
fufia khsrcka vfhdlaihs jdhq wxY= .uka lsug
fya;=j jd; wxY= w;r wjldY ;su hs'
,ajQ y`ka l+frys iqjò mka;s ldurh mqrd me;sr hhs'
iqjò ,jqkaj, .kaOh mka;s ldurh mqrd me;sr hk
w;r u iqjò ,jqka" Trf,daiq ;efhka bj;a we;s
nj kslaIKh l< yels jkq we;'
.kaOhla fkkafka tajdfha wxY+ me;sr hEf jd;h
yryd .uka lr kdihg we;=`M u ksid h'
4'4 rEmh jdhq ird ;=<
ta wkqj jdhq mod: ;=< o wxY+uh iajNdjhla mj;sk nj khsrcka vfhdlaihs jdhqj
meye,s l< yels h' me;su

mejreu 4'4
jdhquh mod: wxY=uh iajNdjfhka hq;= nj ;yjqre lsug l< yels ir,
l%shdldrl Tf .=rejrhd iu. ie,iq lr l%shd;aul lrkak'
f wkqj" >k" j iy jdhq mod: ish,a, u wxY+j,ska ksudKh we;s nj;a tu

wxY= w;r wjldY we;s nj;a ks.ukh l< yels h' f wkqj mod:h wika;; nj
;yjqre f'
4'1'2 wxY=uh iajNdjhg idfmalaI j mod:fha fN!;sl .=K
mod:h mj;sk ;%sO wjia:df Bg iqfYaI jQ ,laIKj, O;ajhg fya;=
we;af;a fuu wxY+ ieleiaf we;s O;ajh hs' th fufia ixikaokd;aulj
ksrEmKh l< yels h'
>k
wxY= l%uj;a rgdjlg weis we;'
wxY= ;ka tlsfklg ne` we;'
wxY= tlsfklg idfmalaIj p,kh fkdf'
tfy;a msys ia:dkj, u lmkh f'
wxY= w;r bv m%udKh w,am h'
>khl wxY= ieleiau
j
wxY= weisf l%uj;a rgdjla fkd fmkajhs'
wxY= <`.ska msysh o >khl ;r ne` m%n,
ke;'
wxY=j,g jh ;=< p,kh h yels h'
wxY= w;r bv m%udKh wvq h'
jhl wxY= ieleiau
jdhq
wxY= weisu wl%uj;a h'
wxY= w;r ne` b;du;a j, h'
wxY= ksoyia p,k olajhs'
wxY= w;r Yd, bv m%udKhla we;'
jdhqjl wxY= ieleiau

>k" j yd jdhq mod:j, fN!;sl .=Khkays O;ajhg fya;= jkqfha tajdfha
wxY=uh ieleiaf O;ajh hs' tu O;ajh y`kd.ekSug 4'2 j.=j n,uq'
4'2 j.=j
,laIK >k j jdhq
yevh ksYa; yevhla ksYa; yevhla ke;' ksYa; yevhla ke;'
we;' ^Ndckfha wvx.= jQ ^Ndckfha wvx.= jQ
fldgfia yevh .kS'& fldgfia yevh .kS'&
mudj ksYa; mudjla ksYa; mudjla we;' ksYa; mudjla
we;' ^wvx.= Ndckfha uq ke;'
mudj mqrd fkd ^wvx.= Ndckfha uq
me;sf'& mudj mqrd me;sf'&
imSvk;dj myiqfjka myiqfjka myiqfjka
imSvkhg ,la imSvkhg ,la l< imSvkhg ,la l<
l< fkdyels h' fkdyels h' yels h'
>k;ajh by< >k;ajhla by< >k;ajhla we;' >k;ajh wvq h'
we;'
>khlg iar yevhla ,e we;af;a th iE we;s wxY= l%udkql+, rgdjlg weis
tlsfklg ;ka ne` ;su ksid h' tfy;a j yd jdhqj,g iar yevhla ,e
ke;af;a wxY= l=udkql+, rgdjlg ne` fkdue;s ksid h'
>k yd j iòyd iar mudjla we;s kuq;a jdhqj,g iar mudjla ke;' jdhq wxY=
w;r ne` b;du;a j, neka ksoyia wxY= f,i me;s th wvx.= Ndckfha uq
mudj u w;am;a lr .ekSu Bg fya;=j hs'
mSvkh je lsfuka mod:fha mudj wvq lsu imSvkh f,i ye`kaf' >k yd
j mod: myiqfjka imSvkh l< fkdyels h' tfy;a jdhquh mod: myiqfjka
imSvkh l< yels h' j yd jdhqj, imSvkh lsf yelshdj ixikaokh lsug
4'4 l%shdldrlfuys kshef,uq'
l%shdldrlu 4'4
wjYH jH (- iudk m%udKfha isxc folla" c,h" khsrcka vfhdlaihs jdhqj
l%uh (-
tla isxchlg wvla msfrk fia c,h oud .kak'
wfkla isxcfha Bg iudk khsrcka vfhdlaihs jdhq mudjla ròjd .kak'
^.=re wdoYkhla f,i is lrkak'&
wjia:d foflys isxcfha jD; fl<jr jid tys msiagkh bhg ;,a
lrkak'
msiagkh bhg ;,a f yelshdj iiòkak'

c,h iys; isxcfha msiagkh bhg ;,a l< fkdyels nj;a khsg%cka vfhdlaihs
jdhqj iys; isxcfha msiagkh bhg ;,a l< yels nj;a Tng fmfkkq we;' ta
wkqj c,h imSvkh lsug wmyiq nj;a jdhqj myiqfjka imSvkh lsug yels
nj;a ;yjqre f' tfia ug fya;=j l=ula hs uid n,uq'
c,h hkq jhls' jhl wxY= tlsfklg im j weis ;sfnk ksid wxY= w;r bv
m%udKh wvq h' tu ksid n,hla fhfuka tajd Bg jvd <x l< fkdyels h' tneka
imSvkhg ,la lsu idfmalaI j wmyiq h' jdhqjl wxY= w;r Yd, bv m%udKhla
we;' tneka n,hla fh g wxY= tlsfklg im f' jdhq myiqfjka imSvkh
l< yelafla tneks'
>k" j yd jdhqj, >k;ajh iiòd ne,Sf >k yd j mod: iòyd by<
>k;ajhla o" jdhq iòyd wvq >k;ajhla o we;s nj ;yjqre f' >k;ajh ms<snòj
b mdvul jer wOHhkh lrkq we;'
>k" j yd jdhq mod:j, .=K wkqj tajd O lghq;= iòyd Nd; f' tf,i
Nd; jk wjia:d lsysmhla iòyd ksoiqka my; oelaf'
>k - hka;% fldgia" jdykj, fldgia" f.dvke.s,s jH" wdhqO
j - rih WIaK;ajudkh" dj celal=j" m%jdyk udOHhla f,i
jdhq - jdykj, gh" mSvk Wka" yhsrcka nek yd j fmfrda,sh jdhq
is,skavr ^LP .Eia& msru iòyd
mejreu 4'5
mod:fha ;%sO wjia:dj, wxY+uh iajNdjh ^wika;; nj& oyd laug wdlD;s
f.dv k.kak'
4'2 mod:fha fN!;sl .=K m%fhdackhg .ekSu

4'2'1 ixY=oaO jH iy ixY=oaO fkdjk jH
khsrcka jdhqj wvx.= jdhq is,skavrhla yd idudkH jd;h wvx.= jdhq is,skavrhla
i,ld n,kak' khsg%cka jdhqj wvx.= jdhq is,skavrhl wvx.= jkafka khsrcka
jdhqj muKs' idudkH jd;h wvx.= jdhq is,skavrfha khsrcka" Tlaiscka" wd.ka yd
ldnka vfhdlaihs jeks jdhq lsysmhla wvx.= h' mdkSh c,h ie,l+ g tys c,hg
wu;rj c,fha h jQ jdhq yd O ,jK wvx.= h' tfy;a ixY=oaO c,fha we;af;a
c,h muKs'
f ms<snòj ;jrg;a fidhd ne,Sug 4'6 l%shdldrlfuys ksr; fjuq'

mejreu 4'6
j.=f olajd we;s jH ms<snòj Tf wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'
tu jHj, wvx.= ix>gl ms<snòj fidhd n,d 4'3 j.=j imQK lrkak'
4'3 j.=j
jHh wvx.= ix>gl ix>gl tlla ix>gl tllg
muKla wvx.= je .Kkla wvx.=
jd;h yhsrcka"
Tlaiscka" wd.ka"
ldnka vfhdlaihs
ixY=oaO c,h c,h
mdkSh c,h c,h" c,fha h jQ O
jdhq j." ,jK j.
iSks iSks
Kq djKh Kq" c,h
;U lene,a, ;U
f;a mdkh f;a" c,h" iSks
weksh
hlv

j.=f iòyka l< jHj,ska iSks" " ixY=oaO c,h" weksh" hlv iy ;U"
i,ld ne g tajdfha ix>gl tlla muKla wvx.= nj meye,s h' Kq djKh"
f;a mdkh iy mdkSh c,fhys ix>gl tllg jvd je .Kkla we;s nj;a y`kd
.ekSug yels jkq we;'
f wkqj wvx.= ix>gl mok lr f.k mod: my; lafjk m m%Odk fldgia
follg fnh yels h'
ixY=oaO jH - tla ix>glhla muKla wvx.= jk mod:
ixY=oaO fkdjk jH - ix>gl folla fyda je .Kkla wvx.= jk mod:
ixY=oaO jH (
ksYa; .=K ork ix>gl tlla muKla wvx.= jk" tk ksh; ixhq;shla we;s jH
ixY=oaO jH f,i y`kajkq ,ef'
ta wkqj by; 4'3 j.=f iòyka iSks" ;U" ixY=oaO c,h" weksh" yd hlv
ixY=oaO jH f'

ixY=oaO jHj, iajNdjh mok lrf.k tajd uQ,jH yd ixfhda. f,i fldgia
follg fnh yels h'
uQ,jH
ixY=oaO jH hgf;a j. l< ;U" weksh" yd hlv ms<snòj i,ld n,uq'
tajd ;j rg;a ir, jH njg m;a l< fkdyels h'
fN!;sl fyda ridhksl l%u u.ska ;j rg;a fjkia .=K we;s jHj,g fnh
fkdyels jQ" ksYa; .=K ork ixY=oaO jH" uQ,jH f,i ye`kaf'
oHd{hska iska f jk g uQ,jH tl ish iaila ^120& muK y`kd f.k we;'
f tla tla uQ,jHj, tajdg wkkH jQ ,laIK we;'
whka ^hlv&" weksh" i,a* ^f.kao.&" ldnka" Tlaiscka" khsrcka" uZl
^rih&" fldm ^;U&" f.da,a ^r;arka&" is,aj ^&" f, ^Bh&" iskala ^;=;a;kd.&"
yhsrcka" laf,daka uQ,jH iòyd ksoiqka lsysmhls'
i,a* laf,daka jdhqj whka fldm

msrjQ fndaa;,hla
ldnka rih weksh iskala

4'5 rEmh nyq, j Nd; jk uQ,jH lsysmhla
ixfhda.
Tn by; ixY=oaO jH hgf;a j. l< iSks yd ixY=oaO c,h ms<snòj i,ld n,uq'
tajd iE we;af;a uQ,jH folla fyda lsysmhla ixfhdackh fuks'
uQ,jH folla fyda je .Kkla ksYa; wkqmd;hlg ridhksl j ixfhdackh
we;s" iucd;Sh" ixY=oaO jH ixfhda. f' ixfhda.hl .=K tu ixfhda.h iEug
odhl jQ uQ,jH i;= .=Kj,g jvd fjkia f'
uQ,jH 120la muK mej;sh o ixfhda. ,shk .Kkla mj;S' Bg fya;=j uQ,jH
tlsfkl iu. ixfhdackh h yels wdldr Yd, ixLHdjla mej;Su h'
uQ,jH ridhksl j ixfhdackh ixfhda. iEu ms<snòj my; lafjk ksoiqka
weiqfrka uid n,uq'

whka ^hlv& l=vq l meyehg yqre w meye;s >k jHhls'
i,a* l=vq ly meye;s >k jHhls'
fuu fo j.h Y% lr tajd j jk f;la r;a lr isis,a ug ;enQ g l
meye;s >k jHhla iEfoa'
whka i,a* whka i,a*hs

4'6 rEmh
wjidkfha iEKq jHh" wdrNfha Nd; l< jHj,g jvd fjkia .=Kj,ska
hqla; nj kslaIKh l< yels h'
whka uQ,jHh yd i,a* uQ,jHh ridhkslj ixfhdackh whka i,a*hs k
l meye;s ixfhda.h iE we;s nj ka Tng meye,s jkq we;'
tfkod Nd; jk ixfhda. lsysmhla 4'7 rEmfha oelaf'
fldm i,af*a fidah laf,darhs
ldnkavfhdlaihs
msrjQ .sks ksjkhla le,aish ldnfka fidah yhsfv%dlaihs .afldaia
4'7 rEmh nyq,j Nd; jk ixfhda. lsysmhla
idudkH jd;fha wvx.= Tlaiscka" khsrcka yd wd.ka uQ,jH f' tfy;a
ldnka vfhdlaihs ixfhda.hls' ldnka yd Tlaiscka hk uQ,jH ridhkslj
ixfhdackh ldnka vfhdlaihs k ixfhda.h iE we;'
ixfhda. lsysmhl wvx.= uQ,jH 4'4 j.=f oelaf'
4'4 j.=j
ixfhda.h wvx.= uQ,jH

fldm i,af*a fldm" i,a*" Tlaiscka
fidah laf,darhs fidah" laf,daka
fidah yhsfrdlaihs fidah" yhsrcka" Tlaiscka
le,aish ldnfka le,aish" ldnka" Tlaiscka
ldnka vfhdlaihs ldnka" Tlaiscka
c,h yhsrcka" Tlaiscka
ixY=oaO fkdjk jH fyj;a Y%K ms<snòj by< fY%aKshl wOHhkh lrkq ,ef'
4'2'2 mod:h i;= O fN!;sl .=K

O jH O fN!;sl .=Kj,ska hqla; h' jH fjka lr y`kd .ekSug Wmld
jk mod: i;= fN!;sl .=K .Kkdjla y`kd .; yels h' tajdhska lsysmhla 4'5
j.=f oelaf'
4'5 j.=j
fN!;sl .=Kh fN!;sl .=Kh ms<snò ir, ye`kaula

iakh jH u;g jefgk wdf,dalh ksid ,siqula we;s u
oDV;dj f. hEug" iS hEug tfrysj jH i;= m%;sfrda .=Kh
Nx.=r nj n,hla fh g l=vq hEug$` hEug ,la u
;dm ikakdhl;dj jH ;=<ska ;dmh .uka lsug we;s yelshdj
oHq;a ikakdhl;dj jH ;=<ska ,sh .uka lsug we;s yelshdj
jia;=jla yd .egqKq g l f,djla mj;sk y`vla iys;
/ fok y`v
u
jKh jH i;=j mj;akd meyeh
n,hla fhdod wef wefok iqu yd kej; n,h
m%;Hia:;dj
ksoyia l< g m<uq ;;a;ajhg m;a u
>k;ajh tall mudjl ialkaOh
wdykH;dj l=vq ug ,la fkd ;yvqjla fuka ;e,sh yels u
;kH;dj fkdle mj;ska lhla fuka weug we;s yelshdj

.kaOh jHfha jdIamYS,S nj ksid kdihg oefkk ixfokh
WIaK;ajh by< hdf ialkaOh fjkilg ,la fkd
m%idrK;dj
jia;=fjys mudf is jk je u
h jHhla w;ska we,a g fkk r`M fyda isks` fyda
jhkh
iajNdjh
;dmh iemhSf >khla jhla njg m;a jk WIaK;ajh'
jdxlh
tk >k - j wjia:d mhdih is jk WIaK;ajh
;dmh iemhSf jhla" jdhqjla njg m;a jk WIaK;ajh'
;dmdxlh
tk j - jdhq wjia:d mhdih is jk WIaK;ajh

jH i;=j mj;akd fN!;sl .=K iuyrla jHhl ixY=oaO;dj y`kd .ekSug Nd;
l< yels h'
ksoiqka(- >k;ajh" jdxlh" ;dmdxlh
>k;ajh
c, Ndckhlg hlv lene,a,la" lsr, wenhla" bmkaoula uQ g Tng l=ula
kslaIKh l< yels o@ hlv lene,a, c,fha .sf,k w;r lsr, wenh yd bmkaou
c,fha mdf' g fya;=j hlv lene,af,a >k;ajh c,fha >k;ajhg jvd jeu;a
lsr, wenfha yd bmkaof >k;ajh c,fha >k;ajhg jvd wvq u;a h' >k;ajh
hkq ta ta jHj,g wkkH jQ .=Khls' h jHhl tall mudjl ialkaOh >k;ajh
f,i ie,fla'
ixY=oaO c,fha >k;ajh iòyd ksh; w.hla mj;S hs fidhd ne,Sug 4'5
l%shdldrlfuys ksr; fjuq'
l%shdldrlu 4'5
wjYH jH (- >k;aj l=mamsh" wdiQ; c,h" f;o`vq ;=,dj" fmryka lvodis" h"
lrh" lsjq,a h
l%uh (- >k;aj l=mamsh ^YsIag .=re;aj l=mamsh& wdiQ; c,fhka mqrjd f;;
ud;a;= lr f;o`vq ;=,dfjka ialkaOh uek .kak'
4'8 rEmh
tu c,h bj;a lr kej; >k;aj l=mamsh wdiQ; c,fhka mqrjd f;; ud;a;=
lr f;o`vq ;=,dfjka ialkaOh uek .kak'
kej; j;djla tu c,h bj;a lr kej; >k;aj l=mamsh wdiQ; c,fhka mqrjd
f;; ud;a;= lr f;o`vq ;=,dfjka ialkaOh uek .kak'
wjia:d ish,af,a u ,enqK ialkaO tlsfkl iu. ii|d n,kak'
bka miq tu >k;aj l=mamsh u Nd;fhka h" lsjq,ah" lrh" je c,h wd
O mirj,ska ,nd.;a c, idm, o Nd; lr ialkaO uek ii|d n,kak'
lsysm j;djla ialkaO lsrd nej o wdiQ; c,h iudk mudjl ialkaOh ksh;
w.hla nj kslaIKj,ska Tng wkdjrKh jkq we;' h" lrh" lsjq,ah iudk
mudjla .;a; o ialkaO iudk jkafka ke;' wdiQ; c,h hkq h jQ >k jHj,ska
f;dr c,h hs' ixY+oaO c,fha >k;ajh ieu g u tl u w.hla .kakd neka
>k;ajh uekSfuka ixY=oaO c,h y`kd .; yels h'
tfia u wfkl=;a ixY=oaO jH iòyd o >k;ajh ksYa; w.hls' tneka >k" j
fyda jdhqj, >k;ajh fifuka tajdfha ixY=oaO;dj ksKh l< yels h'
ixY=oaO jH lsysmhl >k;aj 4'6 j.=f oelaf'
4'6 j.=j
jHh >k;ajh$NJP
r;arka 19300
rih 13600
Bh 11300
fldm ^;U& 8900
whka ^hlv& 7700
weksh 2700
c,h 1000
jdxlh
>khla jhla njg m;ajk ksYa; WIaK;ajhla we;' tu WIaK;ajh tu jHfha
jdxlh f' ixY=oaO jH iòyd ksYa; jdxlhla we;' c,fha jdxlh fiu
iòyd 4'6 l%shdldrlfuys ksr; fjuq'
l%shdldrlu 4'6
wjYH jH(- lelEre k<hla" whsia r;a
WIaK;ajudkh
lsug iqiq lrhla" c,h" WIaK;ajudkhla"
oHd.dr wdOdrlh" odylhla" uka:hla uka:h
l%uh(
lelEre k<hlg y;frka tlla muK
jk f;la whsia leg oud .kak'
lelEre
rEm igyfka fmfkk wdldrhg wegjqu k<fhys whsia
ilia lr wdOdrlhla Nd;fhka c,h
WIaK;ajudkhla ròjkak'
whsia j jk f;la r;a lrkak'
uka:h Nd;fhka c,h fyd`ka uka:kh
lrkak'
ld,h iu. WIaK;ajh j.=.; lr .kak'
r;a lsu
4'9 rEmh
4'7 j.=j
ld,h WIaK;ajh

r;a lsf whsia imQKfhka u j jk f;la whsiaj, WIaK;ajh ksh;j mj;sk
whqre kslaIKh jkakg we;'
mod: >k wjia:df isg j wjia:djg m;af fldmuK ;dmh iemhqj o
WIaK;ajh fjkia fkdf' tu wjia:d mhdih imQK jk f;la WIaK;ajh
ksh;j mj;S' tu WIaK;ajh wod< mod:j, jdxlh f,i ye`kaf'
by; mlaIKfha whsia ish,a, j c,h njg m;a jk f;la WIaK;ajh 0oC w.fha
mej;sKs' tk ixY=oaO c,fha jdxlh 0oC ls'
ixY=oaO jH lsysmhl jdxl 4'8 j.=f oelaf'
4'8 j.=j
jHh jdxlh$ (oC)

whsia 0
i,a* 132
Bh 317
weksh 660
fldm ^;U& 1083
whka ^hlv& 1539
ixY=oaO jH iòyd ksh; jdxlhla we;' tneka jHhl jdxlh uekSfuka tys
ixY=oaO nj ksKh l< yels h'
;dmdxlh
jhla jdhq wjia:djg m;a jk ksYa; WIaK;ajhla we;' tu WIaK;ajh wod<
mSvkfha tu jHfha ;dmdxlh hs' ixY=oaO jH iòyd ksh; ;dmdxlhla we;'
c,fha ;dmdxlh fidhd ne,Sug 4'7 l%shdldrlfuys ksr; fjuq'
l%shdldrlu 4'7
wjYH jH(- lelEre k<hla" c,h" WIaK;ajudkhla"
WIaK;ajudkh
oHd.dr wdOdrlh" odylhla
l%uh(
rEmfha wdldrhg lelEre k<hlg c,h oud
WIaK;ajudkh yd lelEre k<h wdOdrlhlg i
lrkak' c,h
odylhla Nd;fhka c,h r;a lrkak'
ld,h iu`. WIaK;aj fjkia u j.=.; lrkak'
r;a lsu
wdOdrlh
4'10 rEmh

4'9 j.=j
ld,h WIaK;ajh
c,h r;a lr f.k hEf WIaK;ajh l%ufhka by< hhs' tla;rd wjia:djl
WIaK;ajh by< hEu kej;S" c,h j wjia:df isg jdhq wjia:djg m;a f' c,h
imQKfhka u jdIam hk f;la tu WIaK;ajh ksh;j mj;S' tu WIaK;ajh
c,fha ;dmdxlh f,i ye`kaf' ^jhl ;dmdxlh tu wjia:df jdhqf.da,Sh
mSvkh u; ròd mj;s' jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh wvq k ;dmdxlh my< niS' Wi l`
uqkl c,fha ;dmdxlh 100 0C g wvq w.hla .kS'& iu; jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkfha
ixY=oaO c,fha ;dmdxlh 100 0C ls'
c,h ixY=oaO fkd fjk;a oE h mj;S k ;dmdxlfha w.h 100 0C jvd wvq fyda
je jkq we;' f wkqj ;dmdxlh o ixfhda.hl ixY=oaO;dj ;yjqre lsug Nd;
l< yels tla fN!;sl .=Khla nj meye,s f'
jH lsysmhl ;dmdxl îu; jdhqf.da,Sh msvkfha & 4'10 j.=f laf'
4'10 j.=j
jHh ;dmdxlh$ oC
t;s,a uoHidrh 77
c,h 100
i,a* 444
Bh 1744
hlv 2900
ixY=oaO jH f,i wm y`kd .;a uq,jHj, fN!;sl .=K mok lr f.k tajd
j. l< yels hs <`.g fidhd n,uq'
l%shdldrlu 4'8
wjYH jH(- hlv" ;U" i,a*" ldnka ^ksrka&" ue.akSish" weksh" Bh"
iskala
l%uh(- f,dayl iakh" / fok y`v" ;dm ikakdhl;dj" oHq;a ikakdhl;dj"
wdykH;dj" ;kH nj" Nx.=r;dj" jeks .=K mlaId lsug iqiq kslaIK fyda
ir, l%shdldrl y`kd .kak' fuu l%shdldrlug miq mfoh lshfuka
Tng ta ms<snòj wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yels h'
wod< l%shdldrl is lr 4'11 wdldr j.=jla Nd;fhka kslaIK jd;d
lrkak' wod< .=Kh iys; k ,l=K o" .=Kh fkdue;s k u,l=K o
fhdokak'
4'11 j.=j
/fok ;dm oHq;a
jHh iakh wdykH;dj Nx.=r;dj
y`v ikakdhl;dj ikakdhl;dj
hlv u
;U
i,a*
ksrka
ue.akSish
weksh
Bh
iskala
tla tla fN!;sl ,laIK mlaId lsf wkq.ukh l< yels l%ufo lsysmhla
my; oelaf' tu l%ufo fyda Tf .=re;=ud iu. idlPd lr fjk;a l%ufo
fyda fN!;sl ,laIK mlaId lsu iòyd fhdod .; yels h'
iakh mlaaId lsf jH u;=msg mDIaGh msys;,hla fyda je,s lvodishla
Nd;fhka iQrd ne,Su l< yels h'
/fok y`v kslaIKh iòyd fhdod .kakd jHfhys .klu ,sgrhla j;a ;sh
hq;= h' th iqiq m f,dayuh l+rlska myr fuka fyda isfuka;s fmdf<dj jeks
;o mDIaGhla u; iqiq Wil isg w;yefuka fyda is l< yels h'
;dm ikakdhl;dj fidhd ne,Sug ;dmh .uka lsf kslaIKh l< yels
mhdihla fhdod.; hq;= h' ksoiqkla f,i bmkao ls O o`vq u; ròjd
;dmh .uka lsf b WKq u jeks mhdihla fhdod .; yels h'
ròjk ,o b weianeiafgdaia jeks ;dm
mjdrl ;yvqj
nkaika
odylh f;mdj
4'11 rEmh ;dm ikakdhl;dj mlaId lsu

oHq;a ikakdhl;dj mlaId lsf ta
iòyd ir, mm:hla ilid .; hq;= h'
th mm: mqjrejl ilid .;a tlla fyda
fjk;a lsUq,a la,sm wdOdrfhka WmlrK
tlsfkl inkaO lr .;a tlla fyda h
yels h'
oHq;h .uka lr;a hs ne,sh hq;= jHh
A yd B w;rg ;enQ g ,sh .uka
lrkafka k n,anh ,afjkq we;' oHq;a
ikakdhl fkdjk jH A yd B w;rg 4'12 rEmh oHq;a ikakdhl;dj
;enQ g ,sh .uka fkdlrk neka mlaId lsu
n,anh fkd,afjkq we;'
wdykH nj yd Nx.=r;dj kslaIKh iòyd ;rula >k mDIaGhla u; ;nd jH
lene,a,lg l=vd hlska fika myr u l< yels h' hlska ;e g ;yvq
njg m;a f k tu jH wdykH;dj fmkajhs' hlska ;e g l=vq f k tu
jHh Nx.=r jHhls'
by; l%shdldrlka ,o m%;sM, yd fjk;a ,laIK mok lrf.k uQ,jH f,day
iy wf,day f,i wdldr follg fnh yels h' f,day yd wf,dayj, fN!;sl
,laIKj, O;ajh my; wdldrhg ksrEmKh l< yels h'
fyd`ka ;dmh j, ;dm
ikakhkh lrhs ikakdhl f
l njg m;al< fyd`ka oHq;h
yels h ^;kH;dj& ikakhkh lrhs
j, oHq;a
;e g l=vq f wf,day ikakdhl f'
f,day ^yx.=r h& ^ldnka yer&
;yvq njg f,dayl

m;al< yels h iakhla we; f,dayl
^wdykH;dj& .egqKq g / iakhla ke;
fok y~la we;
4'13 rEmh 4'14 rEmh
mejreu 4'7
l%shdldrlu 4'8 ys we;=<;a j.=f wka;.; jH" f,day iy wf,day f,i j.
lrkak'

fN!;sl .=K mok lr .kska uQ,jH f,day iy wf,day f,ig j. l< yels h'
tfuka u mod:fha fN!;sl wjia:dj mok lrf.k >k" j yd jdhq f,i o j.
l< yels h' 4'12 j.=j fyd`ka wOHhkh lr uQ,jHj, O;ajh y`kd.kak'
4'12 j.=j
uQ,jHh f,day$ wf,day fN!;sl wjia:dj ^>k"
iajNdjh j" jdhq&
fidah f,day >k
weksh f,day >k
le,aish f,day >k
whka ^hlv& f,day >k
fldm ^;U& f,day >k
ue.akSish f,day >k
iskala f,day >k
f, ^Bh& f,day >k
uZl ^rih& f,day j
ldnka wf,day >k
is,slka wf,day >k
fmdiamria wf,day >k
i,a* wf,day >k
whka wf,day >k
fn%daka wf,day j
khsg%cka wf,day jdhq
Tlaiscka wf,day jdhq
laf,daka wf,day jdhq
wd.ka wf,day jdhq
yhsv%cka wf,day jdhq
4'2'3 mod:h i;= O fN!;sl .=Kj, tfkod Nd;

mod:h i;= fN!;sl .=K tfkod ;fha O wdldrfhka m%fhdackj;a f,i
fhdod .; yels h' tjeks wjia:d lsysmhla 4'13 j.=f oelaf'

4'13 j.=j
mod:h i;= fN!;sl fhdod .kakd wjia:d jH

.=Kh
f,dayl iakh wdNrK iEu rka"
oDV;dj nr ord isu jdfka f,a mS,s
nj re lemSu huka;s ;=v
imSvkh lsf yelshdj gexlsj, jdhq .nvd lsu Tlaiscka" LP jdhqj
jdhq ldka u y`kd .ekSu LP jdhqj
.kaOh
iq.kaOh me;sru iqjò ,jqka" iqjò
wdydr msisk n`ka weksh
;dm ikakdhl;dj
mEiaiSu Bh
oHq;a ikakdhl;dj ,sh .uka lru ;U" weksh /yeka
m%;Hdia: nj w,xlrK lghq;= iòyd rn nek
WIaK;ajh uekSu rih $uoHidr WIaK;ajudk
m%idrKh iajhxl%sh oHq;a md,lhla oaf,dayl ;Srej iys; ,s
f,i WmlrK
Nx.=r;dj f,dl= len,s l=vd len,s ridhksl ixfhda." OdkH"
njg m;a lr .ekSu l`M.,a" ;a;r lgqj
isks` jhkh mqhr Nd;h ge,ala k Lksch
r`M jhkh ,S" ;a;s jeks oE iqug lsu je,s lvodis
mejreu 4'8
mod:h i;= fN!;sl .=K tfkod m%fhdackhg f.k we;s wjia:d ms<snò
f;dr;=re fidhd n,d tu f;dr;=re ksudKd;aul f,i bm;a lrkak'
mfoh wjidkfha mod:h ms<snòj fujeks wdldrfha igykla f.dvke.sh

yels h'
mod:h
ixY=oaO jH ixY=oaO fkdjk jH ^Y%K&
uQ,jH ixfhda.
f,day wf,day

idrdxYh
ialkaOhla we;s wjldYfha bvla .kakd oE mod: f,i ye`kaf'
mod: wxY=j,ska ieliS ;su;a" tu wxY= w;r wjldY mej;Su;a mod:fha
wika;; iajNdjh f,i ye`kaf'
>k" j yd jdhq hk mod: wjia:d ;=k u wika;; f'
>k" j yd jdhq mod:j, iqfYaI ,laIKj,g fya;=j tajdfha wxY=
ieleiaf O;ajh hs'
>k" j yd jdhq mod:j, tlsfklg fjkia .=K tajdfha O Nd; iòyd
bjy,a f'
mod: tajdfha ixhq;sh mok lr f.k ixY=oaO jH yd ixY=oaO fkdjk
jH f,i j. l< yels h'
ixY=oaO jH uQ,jH yd ixfhda. f,i fldgia follg fnh yels h'
fN!;sl fyda ridhksl l%u u.ska ;j rg;a fjkia .=K we;s jHj,g
fnh fkdyels jQ" ksYa; .=K ork ixY=oaO jH" uQ,jH f,i ye`kaf'
uQ,jH folla fyda lsysmhla ksh; wkqmd;hlska ridhkslj ixfhdackh
fuka iE we;s ixY=oaO jH ixfhda. f,i ye`kaf'
mod: i;= fN!;sl .=K f,i /fok y`v" ;dm ikakdhl;dj" oHq;a
ikakdhl;dj" ;kH;dj" wdykH nj" >k;ajh" jdxlh" ;dmdxlh" oDV;dj"
m%;Hdia:;dj" m%idrK;dj iy iakh wd .=K lah yels h'
ixY=oaO jHj," ;dmdxlh jdxlh yd >k;ajh jeks fN!;sl .=K iòyd
ksh; w.hla we;'
fN!;sl .=K mok lr .ksska uQ,jH f,day yd wf,day f,i j. l<
yels h'
ffoksl ;fha lghq;= iòyd jHj, O fN!;sl .=K m%fhdackhg .efka'
wNHdi
01& my; m%Yak iòyd we;s ms<s;=re w;=frka ksjer fyda jvd;a .e<fmk fyda
ms<s;=r f;dard hka brla w`kak'
01'mod: muKla wvx.= jrKh l=ula o@
1& jd;h" c,h iy wdf,dalh 2& c,h" ;dmh iy .fvd,
3& ,sh" .fvd, iy ;Ska; 4& .fvd," ;Ska; iy jd;h
02'>k iy jj,g muKla wod< jQ ,laIKhla jkafka"

1& iar yevhla ;su h' 2& ksYa; mudjla ;su h'
3& imSvkh lsug yels u h' 4& wxY= ksoyfia p,kh u h'

03' c, n`klg ;Ska; x lsysmhla tla l< g ;Ska;j, meyeh c, n`k
mqrd me;sf' fuu kslaIKh meye,s lsu iòyd jvd;a u W; ms<s;=r
l=ula o@
1& c,h wika;; f'
2& ;Ska; wika;; f'
3& c,h yd ;Ska; wika;; f'
4& ;Ska; wika;; w;r c,h ika;; f'
04' ixY=oaO jHhla jkafka my; tajdhska l=ula o@
1& fnda;,a l< mdkSh c,h 2& meKs u
3& wjK oka;df,am 4& fidah yhsfrdlaihs leg
05' l=vd n,hla fh g l=vq hEu y`kajkq ,nkafka"

1& oDV;dj f,i h' 2& Nx.=r;dj f,i h'
3& m%;Hdia:;dj f,i h' 4& ;kH;dj f,i h'
06' c,h iy N+f;,a iudk mud .;a g tajdfha ialkaO inkaOfhka
YsIHhska ;sfofkl= m%ldY l< woyia ;=kla my; oelaf'
A) ialkaO tlsfkl iudk f'
B) N+f;,aj, ialkaOh wvq h'
C) c,fha ialkaOh je h'
tajdhska ksjer jkafka"
1& A muKs' 2& B muKs' 3& C muKs' 4& B yd C
07' oHq;a ikakdhl jHhla jkafka my; tajdhska ljrla o@
1& hlv 2& ,S 3& je,s 4& b
08' iu; jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkfha ixY=oaO c,fha ;dmdxlh fldmuK o@
1& 0 0C 2& 30 0C 3& 100 0C 4& 30 - 100 0C w;r w.hls'
09' ,sh .uka lrk juh f,dayh l=ula o@
1& c,h 2& rih 3& uoHidr 4& jhska iam%s;=
10' jhl ;dmdxlh inkaOfhka isiqka m%ldY l< woyia lsysmhla my; oelaf'
A) jhla r;a lsf wjia:d mhdihla is jk WIaK;ajh hs'
B) >khla r;a lsf WIaK;aj fjkila is fkd j njg m;a jk
WIaK;ajhhs'
C) jhla r;a lsf WIaK;aj fjkila is fkd jdhq njg m;a jk
WIaK;ajhhs'
tajdhska ksjer jkafka"
1& A muKs' 2& B muKs' 3& C muKs' 4& A yd C muKs'
11' ixY=oaO f,dayhl >k;ajh inkaOfhka ksjer ms<s;=r l=ula o@
1& ieu g u by< w.hla .kshs' 2& fndfyda g my< w.hla .kshs'
3& ksYa; w.hla .kshs' 4& ish u f,dayj, >k;aj iudk h'
02& my; m%ldY ksjer k ,l=K o jer k u,l=K o fhdokak'

01' jd;h mod:hla fkdf' ^ &
02' ish u mod: wxY=uh f,i ieliS we;' ^ &
03' jdhqjl wxY= ksoyfia p,kh fjka mj;S' ^ &
04' iQhhd ;=< we;af;a Yla;sh muKs' ^ &
05' >k" j fuka u jdhq o myiqfjka imSvkh l< yels h' ^ &
06' jhlg iar yevhla fuka u iar mudjla o we;' ^ &
07' ;U Nx.=r;dfjka hq;= f,dayhls' ^ &
08' i,a* ;dm yd oHq;a ikakdhl wf,dayhls' ^ &
09' / u fndfyda f,dayj, olakg ,efnk .=Khls' ^ &
10' ish u f,day ;kH yd wdykH .=Kj,ska hqla; h' ^ &
mdNdIsl jpk
Yla;sh - Energy Nx.=r nj - Bittleness
mod:h - Matter ;dm ikakdhl;dj - Thermal conductivity
wika;; - oHq;a -
iajNdjh Discontinous nature ikakdhl;dj Electrical conductivity
yevh - Shape / fok y`v - Sonority
mudj - Volume jKh - Colour
imSvkh - Compressibility m%;Hdia:;dj - Elasticity
>k;ajh - Density >k;ajh - Density
ixY=oaO jH - Pure substances wdykH;dj - Malleability
uQ,jH - Elements ;kH;dj - Ductility
ixfhda. - Compounds .kaOh - Smell
f,day - Metals m%idrK;dj - Expansivity
wf,day - Non metals jhkh - Texture
Y%K - Mixtures jdxlh - Melting point
iakh - Lustre ;dmdxlh - Boiling point
oDV;dj - Hardness

5 jksh
wm wjg mirfha ksr;=rej u wmg Yo wefia' Yo fyj;a jks ksmofjkafka
jHj, is jk lmk fya;=fjks'
jksh fyj;a Yoh ksmojk WmlrK jks m%Nj f,i yeòskaf' f wkqj tla
tla jks m%Njj, jksh ksmojk l%uh tlsfklg fjkia nj ks.ukh l<
yels h'
jksh ksmof lmkh jk fldgi wkqj jks m%Nj fldgia ;=klg fnod
fjka l< yels h'
jks m%Nj
mg, ;ka;=$o`vq
lmkh jk jd lòka lmkh jk
lmkh jk
5'1 rEmh
oHdj | jksh 61
wmg jgmsgdf
ksr;=rej u
wefik iuyr
Yo iajdNdlj
we;s jk w;r
iuyr Yo lD;%suj
we;s f' l=re y`v n<,l=f.a y`v
5'2 rEmh iajdNdl Yo lsysmhla
ludka;Yd,dj, hka;% y`v jdykj, y`v

5'3 rEmh lD;s%u Yo lsysmhla
lD;%su Yo fuka u iajdNdl Yo o we;sjkafka ;;a$o`vq fyda mg, fyda jd lòka
fyda lmkh fuks'
mejreu 5'1
jgmsgdf iajdNdlj we;s jk Yo lsysmhla iy lD;s%uj we;s jk Yo
lsysmhla fjk fjk u ,ehsia;= .; lrkak'
tu Yo we;s jkafka l=uk fldgila lmkh u ksid oehs y`kd f.k
k lrkak'
mshdUk ueiaikaf.a .=uq .=uq kdoh we;s jkafka Tjqkaf.a l=vd mshdm;a f.fhka
fomig ie,Su ksid h' m<`.ehka iy /yehshka Yoh we;s lrkq ,nkafka
ish mdoj, we;s flòs wfkla mdofhka msuefuka we;sjk lmk fya;=fjks'
mejreu 5'2
Yo Wmojk i;=kaf.a ,ehsia;=jla ilia lrkak'
tu tla tla i;a;ajhd Yo Wmojk wdldrh ms<snòj fidhd n,d jd;d
lrkak'
62 oHdj | jksh
lmk ixLHd;h
lmk ms<snòj ;jrg;a wOHhkh lsu iòyd 5'1 l%shdldrlfuys ksr; fjuq'
l%shdldrlu 5'1
wjYH jH (- .khla fyda mshdfkdajla fyda ihs,f*dakhla
l%uh (-
.kh fyda mshdfkdaj fyda ihs,f*dakfha fyda wE;ska we;s h;=re folla
jdokh lrkak'
tu y`vg ijka fokak' tys fjkila we;s nj Tng jegfykq we;'
tlsfklg wdikakfha we;s h;=re îajr y;g wod<& tl .g jdokh lrkak'
tu y`vg ijka fokak' Tn ijka fok y`v ishqj fjkia jk nj Tng
jegfykq we;'
tu fjkig fya;=j l=ula hs idlPd lrkak'
by; Tn ijka ka yf`vys fjkig fya;=j lmk ixLHd;h k rdYshls'
jks m%Njhl tall ld,hl yg.kakd lmk ixLHdj ixLHd;h f,i ykajkq
,ef'
hlsis jia;=jla ;;amrhlg lmk 50la we;s lrkafka hhs is;uq' tg tu jia;=f
ixLHd;h 50 Hz f,i oelaf'
lmk ixLHd;h ukskq ,nk wka; cd;sl tallh jkafka yia (Hz) h'
lmk ixLHd;h ms<snòj ;jrg;a wOHhkh lsu iòyd 5'2 ls%hdldrlfuys
fhfouq'
l%shdldrlu 5'2
wjYH jH (- . ndyq yd fl ndyq iys; iriq,a folla
l%uh (
. ndyqj iys; iriq, kdo lr kef.k Yoh fydòska Y%jKh
lrkak'
miqj fl ndyqj iys; iriq, kdo lr wefik Yoh o fydòska
Y%jKh lrkak' îriq,a fol u tl u wdldrhg kdo l< hq;=
h' f iòyd Tf .=re;=ud$.=re;=hf.a iyfhda.h ,nd .kak'&
fufia lsysmjrla iriq,a fol kdo lr kef.k yf~ys fjki
y`kd .kak'
Tnf.a kslaIK jd;d lrkak'
5'4 rEmh
iriq,a
f wkqj iriq,l ndyqf . wkqj tajdhska kef.k y~ fjkia jk nj meye,s

f' fuys fjkia jkafka tu yf`vys ixLHd;h hs'
oHdj | jksh 63
oHd.drfha we;s iriq,a lg,h fyd`ka kslaIKh lrkak' tys tlsfklg fjkia
. iys; iriq,a we;' tu iriq,aj, . fjkia fuka ixLHd;h fjkia we;'
.ska je u iriq,g wvq u ixLHd;h we;s w;r l%ufhka . wvqj;a u iriq,aj,
ixLHd;h je f'
iEu ix.S; NdKavhlu ixLHd;h k rdYsh fjkia lsug wjYH Wml%u fhdod
we;' ixLHd;h fjkia lsfuka ix.S;fha iajr y; ksmojd .kq ,ef'
5'1 mg, lmkh fuka y`v Wmojk ix.S; NdKav
mg, lmkh lsfuka y`v Wmojd .; yelsjk ir, NdKavhla ksudKh lruq'
l%shdldrlu 5'3
wjYH jH (- ;rula Yd, m%udKfha
nekhla" l=vd ma,diala rejla" rn m neka mg,h
l%uh (
rn m
we;s nekfha lg rEmfha m lmd
.kak'
miqj nekh we;=<g rej we;= lr
fnrhla iEfok fia nekh ilia lr
.kak ^rEmfha oelafjk m& nekfha 5'5 rEmh
fl<jr rn mhlska ;ka .eg .id
.kak' ref by< odrhg o rn mhla fhdod Yla;su;a lr .kak'
ilia lr .;a fnrhg ;gq lr we;s jk y`vg fydòska ijka fokak'
miqj nekfha my< fl<jka weo fnrfha neka mg,h wefok m%udKh
jelr f.k fnrhg kej; ;gq lr we;sjk y`vg ijka fokak' ^fuys
iEu wjia:djl u nekhg ;gq lsu tlu wdldrhg is lsu jeo.;af&
f wdldrhg neka mg,h we we;s m%udKh nekh my<g weu u.ska
l%ufhka jelrka îsre udre lrka& fnrhg ;gqlr we;sjk y`vg
fydòskA ijka fokak'
neka mg,h we we;s m%udKh jejk g we;sjk y`v fjkia jk nj meye,s f'
tys neka mg,h we we;s m%udKh je fuka ksmofjk yf~ys ixLHd;h je
we;'
mejreu 5'3
mg, lmkh lsfuka y`v Wmojd .; yels fjk;a NdKavhla ksudKh
lrkak'
tys y`v iSreudre l< yels l%uhla ie,iq lr bm;a lrkak'
64 oHdj | jksh
mg,hla lmkh lsfuka y`v Wmojk NdKavhlska kef`.k y`v fjkia lr .;
yels jkafka îSre udre lr.; yels jkafka& flfia oehs fidhd n,uq'
l%shdldrlu 5'4
wjYH jH (- ;,dj
l%uh (
Tng imhd we;s ^NdKavh& ;,dj jdokh
lrkak'
wefik Yoh fydòska Y%jKh lrkak
;,df jrmg fydòska weo ^tys we;s ,S
len,sj,g fifuka ;gq lrka& ;,df 5'6 rEmh
mg,h îSre udre lrf.k& fydòska wefok
m ilia lr f.k kej; jdokh lrkak ^f iòyd ix.S; .=re;=ud$;=hf.a
iyfhda.h ,nd .kak&'
kef`.k y`vg fydòska ijka fokak'
wjia:d foflys kef`.k Yofhys fjki y`kd .kak'
fufia ;,dj lsysmjrla jdokh lr we;sjk Yofhys fjki y`kd .kak'
;,df jrmg ;o lsfuka iy tys jrmg ,sys,a lsfuka mg,h we we;s m%udKh
fjkia lr.; yels f îSre udre lr .; yels f&' mg,h we we;s g thska
kef`.k Yoh yd mg,h we fkdue;s g kef`.k Yoh fjkia nj Tng
jegfykq we;' fuys fjkia jkqfha Yofha ixLHd;h hs' mg,h wE we;s g
kef.k Yofha ixLHd;h je h'
mejreu 5'4
mg, lmkh fuka y`v Wmojk ix.S; NdKav lsysmhla fidhd .kak'
tajdhska we;s jk y`v iSreudre lr .; yels jkafka flfia oehs fidhd
n,kak'
tu WmlrKj, mg,h iSreudre lrka we;s jk Yohg fydòska ijka
tajdfha fjki ykd f.k jd;d lrkak'
oHdj | jksh 65
5'2 jdhq lòla lmkfhka y`v Wmojk ix.S; NdKav
jdhq lmkh fuka y`v Wmojk NdKav ms<snò wOHhkh iòyd 5'5 ls%hdldrlfuys
fhfouq'
l%shdldrlu 5'5
wjYH jH (- tla fl<jrla jeiqKq .ska wiudk mEka ng ;=kla
l%uh (
m<uqj .ska wvq u mEka ngh Â& mskak' wefik y`v fydòska
Y%jKh lrkak'
miqj .ska je mEka ngh ^B& mskak wefik y`v fydòska
Y%jKh lrkak'bka miq .ska jeu mEka ngh ^C & o msU we;sjk
Yofha fjki ykd .kak'
lsysm j;djla f wdldrhg mEka ng mska we;sjk Yofha
fjki y`kd .kak' 5'7 rEmh
fjkia . iys; mEka ngj,ska ksmofjk y`v fjkia nj Tng meye,s jkq we;'
fuys lmkh jk jd; lfòa . fjkia fuka ksmofjk yf` ixLHd;h
fjkia we;'
mejreu 5'5
tla fl<jrla jeiqKq mEka ng yhla muK fhdod f.k rEmfhaa
oelafjk wdldrfha k<djla idokak'
idod .;a k<dj oauhdkql+,j jdokh lrkak'
5'8 rEmh
jdhq lòla lmkfhka y`v Wmojk NdKav ms<snòj ;jrg;a fidhd n,uq'
l%shdldrlu 5'6
wjYH jH (- tl iudk ;rula Wi re yhla" f,day yekaola" c,h
l%uh (
tl iudk re yhla f.k rEmfha
oelafjk m fjkia c, mud
tl;= lrkak'
tla mfil isg wfkla mig 5'9 rEmh
wkqms<sfj<ska rej, odrhg
yekaolska ;gq lrkak' ^c,h wvq ref isg c,h je rej olajd&
wefik Yoh fydòska Y%jKh lrkak'
66 oHdj | jksh
mejreu 5'6
f.dlafld< k<djla idod f.k tys fhdod .;a bmshdf.a . fjkia lrka
f.dlafld< k<dj msU wefik Yoh fydòska Y%jKh lrkak'
bmshdf.a . fjkia lsug wkqj yf`vys is jk fjki ms<snòj jd;d
lrkak'
jdhq lòla lmkfhka y`v Wmojk NdKav ms<snòj ;jrg;a fidhd n,uq'
l%shdldrlu 5'7
wjYH jH (- ngk<djla
l%uh (
Tng imhd we;s ngk<df
isre ish,a, ^B,C,D,E,F,G& jid
ngk<dj jdokh lrkak'
wefik y`v fydòska Y%jKh
lrkak'
miqj l%ufhka B,C,D,E,F,G isre
jrlg tl ne.ska wka ngk<dj
msU wefik Yoh fydka Y%jKh
lrkak'
tla tla isr wefuka yd jeiSfuka 5'10 rEmh
ngk<dj jdokh lsfuka we;s jk Yofhys fjkila isf oehs fydòska
Y%jKh lrkak'
fuys B,C,D,E,F,G isre l%ufhka wef lmkh jk jd; lfòa . l%udkl+,j

je f' tg we;s jk y`v o l%ufhka fjkia jk nj meye,s f' fuys
ixLHd;h fjkia jk ksid fjkia y`v ksmof' fuys lmkh jk jdhq lfòa .
je fuka ixLHd;h l%ufhka wvq f'
f wkqj ngk<dj lmkh jk jd; lfòa f.ys fjki wkqj y`v fjkia jk
ix.S; NdKavhls' fuh jdokh lsf jdolhd lka msfuka ngk<dj ;=< we;s
jd; lò lmkh lrhs' wes,s ;=vqj,ska ljq jika jr lrka O ixLHd;
iys; iajr kdo ksmojd ix.S;h Wmojhs'
oHdj | jksh 67
5'3 ;ka;=$o`vq lmkh fuka y`v Wmojk ix.S; NdKav
;ka;= lmkh lsfuka y`v Wmojk ix.S; NdKavhla ksudKh lruq'
l%shdldrlu 5'8
wjYH jH (- . w 2la iy m<, w`.,a 6la muK jk ;=kS ,E,s lene,a,la msrsis
ieuka ka tlla ^wdjrK lvodis bj;a l<&" hlv weK y;rla" fnda,a weK
y;rla ;=kS ma,diala ;yvq lene,a,la" fjkia IalNfhka . 45 cm muK
jk tlu j.fha l len,s y;rla
hlv weK
ka tl
uy; l
isyska l ,E,a,
ma,diala lene,a,
isre
fnda,a weK
5'11 rEmh
l%uh (
,E,s lene,a, f.k rEmfha oelafjk m tys fl<jr hlv weK i lr"
tajdg .eg .id .;a l ieuka ka tflys o.;a isrej,ska msg;g weo
.kak'
miqj tu l rEmfha oelafjk m isre o.;a ma,diala lene,af,ka o
msg;g weo ,E,af,a o .;a isre w;ka hjd ,E,af,a wfkla me;a;g .kak'
^f iòyd Tf .=re;=ud$.=re;=hf.a iyfhda.h ,efnkq we;&'
miqj fydòska weo .;a l fmdgj,a ,E,af,a i lr.;a fnda,a weKj, T;d
.kak ^5'11 rEmfha m&'
ilia lr .;a WmlrKfhys lj, . iy tajd we we;s m%udKh fjkia
l< yels oehs n,kak' îSreudre l< yels oehs&
Tn ilid .;a WmlrKh iSre udre lrka ;d,hg jdokh lrkak' we;s jk
yf`vys fjki y`kd.kak'
;ka;=$o`vq lmkfhka y`v ksmofjk ix.S; NdKavj,ska ksmofjk Yoh fjkia
lr .; yels jkafka flfia oehs ;jrg;a fidhd ne,Sug 5'9 ls%hdldrlfuys
fhfouq'
68 oHdj | jksh
l%shdldrlu 5'9
wjYH jH (- .sgdrhla
l%uh (
^fuu ls%hdldrlu islsf ix.S;
.=re;=ud$.=re;=hf.a iyfhda.h ,nd .kak'&
.sgdrfhys l i lr we;s wdldrh
iy lj, >klu fydòska kslaIKh
lrkak'
bka miq uy; lfha isg isyska lh 5'12 rEmh
olajd l ms<sfj<ska fjk fjk u lmkh lrkak' ^msuefuka&
l msuk g we;s jk y`vg fydòska ijka fokak'
;ka;= we we;s m%udKh iy ;ka;=j, . m%udKh l%ufhka fjkia lrka
we;s jk Yo fydòska Y%jKh lrkak' fjkial y`kd .kak'
by; wdldrhg l lsysm j;djla lmkh lr we;s jk yv fydòska Y%jKh
lr fjki ykd .kak'
Tnf.a kslaIK igyka lrkak'
fydòska we we;s" .ska wvq" isyska l lmkh l< g jvd ;shqKq y`vla ^Wia
y`vla& we;s f' tg kef.k jksfha ixLHd;h je h' .ska wvq >klka ûy;&
je" fkd wekq l lmkh l< g we;s jk Yoh t;r ;shqKq fkdf'
thska kef.k jksfha ixLHd;h wvqh' .sgdrhla fyda jh,Skhla iSreudre lsf
is lrkafka kef.k jksfha ixLHd;h fjkia jk m ;ka;=j, ." we we;s
m%udKh wdh fjkia lsu hs' ;ka;= lmkh lrk f.h iy iajNdjh wkqj o
we;s jk yf`vys iajNdjh fjkia h yels h'
mejreu 5'7
;ka;= lmkh fuka y`v Wmojd .; yels fjk;a ix.S; NdKavhla
ksudKh lrk wdldrh ie,iq lr bm;a lrkak'
Tn ie,iq l< NdKavh ksudKh lr ;d,hg jdokh lrkak'
mejreu 5'8
;ka;= lmkh lsfuka y`v Wmojk fjk;a ix.S; NdKav iSsreudre lrk
wdldrh ms<snò fidhd n,kak'
tu WmlrK iSreudre lr kef`.k yf`vys fjki y`kd f.k iSreudre l<
l%uh l=ula oehs jd;d lrkak'
oHdj | jksh 69
ihs,f*dakh lmkh jk o`vq iys; ix.S; NdKavhls' ihs,fmdakhlska ksmojk
Yoh ms<snòj ;jrg;a wOHhkh lruq'
mejreu 5'9
PVC nghla fyda WK ng lene,a,la Nd; lr ngk<djla idokak' ngfha
fl<jr jeiSug wenhla Nd; lrkak'
isre l%udkql+,j jD; lrka yd jika oauhdkql=, jdokhg W;aidy
.kak'
l%shdldrlu 5'10
wjYH jH (- ihs,fmdakhla
l%uh (
Tng imhd we;s ihs,fmdakfha ;yvqj,g
l%udkql+,j ^. ;yvqf isg fl ;yvqj
olajd& jrlg tllg ne.ska ;gq lrka we;s
jk Yohg fydòska ijka fokak'
f wdldrhg lsysm j;djla ;yvqj,g ;gq
lrka ihs,fmdakh jdokh lrkak'
5'13 rEmh
kslaIK jd;d lrkak'
ihs,fmdakfha y`v ksmofjkafka ;yvq lmkh fuks' fuys . ;yvqj,g ;gq
lsfuka we;sjk y`vg jvd fl ;yvqj,g ;gq lsfuka we;sjk y`v fjkia
nj meye,s f' fuys ;yvqj, . fjkia fuka tajdfha ksmojqKq ixLHd;h
fjkia we;' ihs,fmdakfha o iriq,a lg,fha fuka . wvq u ;yvqjg je u
ixLHd;hla o . je u ;yvqjg wvq u ixLHd;hla o we;'
mejreu 5'10
ihs,fmdakhla ksudKh lr th oauhdkql+,j
jdokh lsug W;aidy .kak'
o`vq$ ;yvq lmkh fuka y`v Wmojk ix.S;
NdKav ,ehsia;=jla ilia lrkak'
tajdhska y`v Wmojk wdldrh ms<nòj fidhd n,d 5'14 rEmh
jd;d lrkak'
70 oHdj | jksh
mejreu 5'11
mka;sfha hyjka iu. O wdldrfha ix.S; NdKav ksudKh lr .kak
tu ix.S; NdKavj, y`v fydòska iSreudre lr .kak'
tu ix.S; NdKav u.ska oHd i;sfha fyda idys;H i;sfha iuQy
jdokhla bm;a lrkak'
ix.S; kdo yd f>daId

jh,Skfhka fyda .sgdrhlska jefhk
jdokhla Y%jKh lsu" .S;hla Y%jKh lsu
wmg m%shckl h' tu Yo wfma lkg ys
h' kuq;a ludka;Y,dj, hka;% iQ;%j,ska
kef`.k y`v uyd ud.hl r:jdykj, y`v
wdh Y%jKh lsu t;r ms%hckl fkdf'
tjeks Yo wfma lkg wys Yo f'
wfma lkg ys Yo oauhdkQl+,j .efhk 5'15 rEmh f>daId we;s jk wjia:d
fyda jefhk tajd jk w;r tajd ix.S; kdo
f' tu Yo we;s jkafka jia;= l%udkql+,j lmkh fuks'
wfma lkg wys wu;a Yo f>daId f,i y`kajhs' tajd we;sjkafka jia;=jl
we;s jk wl%uj;a lmk fya;=fjks'
ix.S; kdohla jqj o iuyr g Yoh wl jQ g mSvdld ;;a;aj we;s h yels h'
fuh mqoa.,hdf.a reh wkqj fjkia h yels h'
wl Yo fyda f>daIdld Yo Y%jKh lsu ksid lkg ydks meKsh yels h' tajd
ffoksl lghq;=j, o ndOd muqKqjhs' wka whg ndOd fkdjk m Yoh Wmojk
WmlrK myrKh lsu wmf.a hq;=luls'
mejreu 5'12
f>daIdld Yo we;sjk wjia:d lsysmhla ,ehsia;= .; lrkak'
Tn y`kd .;a f>daIdldrS Yo we;s jk Yo m%Njh l=ula oehs tajd bfhka
,shkak'
tu tla tla Yoh Wmojkafka tajdfha l=uk fldgila lmkh fuka oehs
fidhd n,d jd;d lrkak'
mqrd;k" idm%odhsl yd kQ;k ix.S; NdKav

wE; w;S;fha ,xldf w.l isoaOia:dk wdYs%; f;ajd lghq;= iòyd ix.S; NdKav
Nd; lr we;s nj iòyka f' tajd w;r ojq," ;uegu" fydrKEj wdh m%uqL
ia:dkhla .kS' tu NdKav n,sf;d,a yd Ydka;slu" wd.l mqo mQcd lghq;="
oHdj | jksh 71
wjux.,H wjia:d wd ck cS;fha O lghq;= iòyd mqrd;kfha isg wo olajd u
O wdldrfhka Nd; fjka mj;S'
5'16 rEmh mqrd;k ix.S; NdKav lsysmhla

my;rg fnrh" Wvrg fnrh" Wvelalsh" ojq," ;uegu" fydrKEj" .eg fnrh
wdh idm%odhsl ix.S; NdKav w;r m%Odk ;ekla .kS' ixialD;sl W;aij wjia:dj,
fjd Nd;hg .kS'
5'17 rEmh idm%odhsl NdKav lsysmhla

.sgdrh fhdjqka mrmqf b;d ckms%h jdoH NdKavhls' th foaYSh ir, ix.S;h yd
W;a;r Ndr;Sh rd.Od ix.S;fha o fhdod .kS'
kQ;k f,dalfha o ,s .kh" .sgdrh" ;,dj wd jdoH NdKav iu. fndfyda
mqrd;k yd idm%odhsl NdKav o Nd; flfrk wjia:d we;'
5'18 rEmh kQ;k ix.S; NdKav lsysmhla
72 oHdj | jksh
kQ;k ix.S; NdKavj, fYaI jeo.;alu jkqfha m.Klh iy h;=re mqjre
fhdod .kska imQK jdol uKav,hl$jdoH NdKav /il wjYH;d tla wfhl=g
muKla bgq l< yels u hs' ;d, jdokh iòyd TlagmEvh o iajr mqjre NdKAvhla
f,i .kh o nyq,j Nd; f'
mejreu 5'13
mqrd;k" idm%odhsl yd kQ;k ix.S; NdKav ms<snò lreKq /ia lr fmd;a msxpla
ilia lrkak'
ix.S; ls;aidj
jfha .=Kd;aul nj jOkh lsu iòyd ix.S;h fhdod .; yels h' ldh nyq,
; .; lrk ck;djf.a udkissl wd;;sh wvq lr h wOHd;al iqjhla ,nd
ug ix.S;hg yelshdj we;' fufia ix.S;h fhdod f.k is lrkq ,nk m%;sldr
l%uh ix.S; ls;aidj f,i ykajhs'
udkisl tald.%;djla we;s lsu

iy ldhsl fhda.H;dj je
hqKq lsu iòyd iqiq m%;sldr
l%uhla f,i ix.S; ls;aidj
Nd; flf' fud<fha iy
iakdhq moaO;sfha wdndO"
yDohdndO" udkisl wjmSvkh
jeks frda. fuu l%uh u.ska iqj 5'19 rEmh ix.S; ls;aidj Nd; jk wjia:d
l< yels nj fidhd f.k we;'
f ksid l=vd ld,fha isg u ix.S;h ridiajdohg yqre mqre u iqjnr hym;a
ksrjq,a udkisl ;;a;ajhla we;slr .ekSug bjy,a jkq we;'
wu;r oekqug
nhsisl,a meu" u jeks lS%vd lghq;= wdrN ug fmr fmaYs p,k fydòska
iudfhdackh lr .ekSu iòyd o Y,Hlu iòyd frda.Ska iQodk lsf iy
Y,Hluhla wjidkfha o iqiq m%;sldr l%uhla f,i ix.S; ls;aidj oekg
f,dalfha fndfyda rgj, Nd; flf'
mejreu 5'14
jfha .=Kd;aul nj jOkh lsu iòyd ix.S; ls;aidj fhdod .; yels
wdldrh ms<snòj lreKq we;=<;a ;A;s mqj;a m;lg iqiq ,smshla ksudKh lr
bm;a lrkak'
oHdj | jksh 73
Y%jH;d iSudj
kEu ixLHd;hlska is jk lmkhla wmg Y%jKh l< yels o@ ta ms<snòj fidhd
ne,Sug my; 5'11 l%shdldrlfuys ksr; fjuq'
l%shdldrlu 5'11
wjYH jH (- . lsh;a mhla" l,m wdOdrlhla
l%uh (
lsh;a mfha je fldgila ksoyiaj mj;sk
m th fihlg l,m lrkak' ^rEmh 5'20& 5'20 rEmh
th lmkhg ,la lr Y%jKh lrkak'
ka lsh;a mfha ksoyiaj we;s . wvq jk m
th l,m lrkak' ^rEmh 5'21&
th lmkhg ,la lr Y%jKh lrkak'
5'21 rEmh
Tf kslaIKhg fya;=j .=rejrhd iu.
idlPd lrkak'
lsh;a mh >j we;s g lmkh is jqjo Yohla fkdweiqKq nj Tn w;aolskakg

we;' fuhg fya;=j jkqfha lsh;a mh lmkfhka ksmojqKq Yoh ksia lkg
fkdweiSu hs'
wmg kE u ixLHd;hl jksh wefikafka ke;' wmg wefikafka tla;rd ixLHd;
mrdihl ^tla;rd iSudjl& jksh muKs' fufia Y%jKh l< yels jk jksfha
ixLHd; mrdih ^wmg wefik jksfha iSudj& Y%jH;d iSudj f,i ykajhs'
ksidf.a lkg Y%jKh l< yels jksfha ixLHd; mrdih fyj;a Y%jH;d isudj
20 Hz isg 20000 Hz olajd f' tk ixLHd;h 20 Hz g wvq Yo iy ixLHd;h
20000 Hz g je Yo ksidg wefikafka ke;'
n,a,dg 20 Hz g jvd wvq ixLHd; iys; Yo fuka u 25000 Hz jeks by< ixLHd;
iys; Yo o wefia' jjq,dg 70000 Hz olajd jk b;d by< ixLHd; iys; Yo o
Y%jKh l< yels f'
idrdxYh
jksh Wmojk WmlrK$ NdKav jks m%Nj f,i ykajhs'
ish u iajdNdl$lD;s%u Yo W;amdokh jkafka ;;a$o`vq fyda mg, fyda
jd lòka fyda lmkh fuks'
jks m%Njhl tall ld,hl we;s lrk lmk ixLHdj ixLHd;h f,i
y`kajkq ,ef'
ixLHd;h uksk wka;cd;sl tallh jkafka yia (Hz) h'
kEu ixLHd; mrdihl jkshla udkjhdg Y%jKh l< fkdyels jk w;r
Y%jKh l< yels jksfha iSudjla we;'
ksidf.a Y%jH;d iSudj 20 Hz - 20000 Hz olajd f'
74 oHdj | jksh
jksh W;amdokh f lmkh jk fldgi wkqj ix.S; NdKav j.
;=kla f'
ix.S; NdKavj, lmkh jk fldgia iSre udre lsfuka ixLHd;h fjkia
l< yels w;r tu`.ska W;amdokh jk Yoh fjkia lr.; yels h'
jfha .=Kd;auh jOkh lsu iòyd ix.S;h fhdod .; yels h'
wNHdi
1& jryfka we;s jpk w;=ka ysia;ek msrug iqiq jpkh f;darkak'
i. ixLHd;h je y`vla ,nd .; yels jkafka jh,Skhl ;ka;=j,
.'''''''''''''''^je jQ g h' $wvq jQ g h'&
ii. ixLHd;h je y`vla ,nd .; yels jkafka fnrhl i mg,h
'''''''''''''''''''''''''^;=kS jQ g h' $>klka je jQ g h'&
iii. ksia lk kEu mrdihl jkshg ''''''''''''''''' îxf f $ ixf fkdf'&
iv. ix.S; kdo we;s f jia;=jl we;sjk lmk û;a h $wl%uj;a h'&
2& my; we;s ix.S; NdKav Yoh Wmojk l%uh wkqj j. ;=klg fnod fjka
lrkak'
;uegu" Wvelalsh" fydrKEj" is;drh" g%m tl" yla f.h" jh,Skh"
fpf,daj" uekav,Skh" ojq,
3& my; iòyka j.ka;s ksjer k ^& ,l=K o jer k û& ,l=K o jryka
;=< fhdokak'
i. jh,Skhl ;;a jvd jefhka we we;s g we;s jkafka my;a iajrhls' ^ &
ii. lmkh jk jd; lfòa . wvq jk g we;s jkafka ixLHd;h wvq
Yohls' ^&
iii. ihs,fmdakh o`vq lmkh fuka y`v Wmojk NdKavhls ^&
iv. ix.S; ls;aidj u.ska we;e udkisl wjmSvk ;;a;aj iukh lr.;
yels f' ^&
mdNdIsl jpk
jks m%Nj - Sources of sound
lmkh - Vibration
lD;s%u Yo - Artificial sounds
iajdNdl Yo - Natural sounds
iSreudre lsu - Adjusting
Y%jH;d iSudj - Hearing limits
iriq, - Tuning fork
ix.S; kdo - Musical sounds
f>daId - Noise
ix.S; ls;aidj - Music theraphy
oHdj | jksh 75
6 pqnl
tfkod ;fha O ldh iòyd pqnl Nd; lrk wjia:d yuqf' pqnl
ms<snòj 6 fY%aKsfha Tn iska wOHhkh l< lreKq o isysm;a lrka pqnl .=K
olajk jH y`kd .ekSu iòyd 6'1 l%shdldrlfuys fhfouq'
l%shdldrlu 6'1
wjYH jH(- iar pqnlhla" kQ,a lene,a,la"
wdOdrlhla" O j.j, ldis lsysmhla" hlv
weKhla" ms;a;, weKhla" .,a leghla" ma,diala
rE,la" pqnl .=K mlaId lsug wjYH fjk;a Tn
leu;s jH lsysmhla
l%uh(-
6'1 rEmfha oelafjk wdldrhg pqnlh kQ, u.ska
wdOdrlfha ròjkak' 6'1 rEmh
pqnlh ksYap,j mj;sk wjia:df Tn imhd .;a jH jrlg tl ne.ska

ta fj; <x lrkak' kslaIK 6'1 j.=fjys igyka lrkak'
6'1 j.=j
imhd.;a jH pqnlhg wdlIKh f$fkdf
1' ma,diala rE, wdlIKh fkdf'
pqnl fj; wdlIKh jkafka we;e jH muKla nj Tng meye,s jkq we;'
pqnl fj; wdlIKh jk jH pqnl jH f,i ye`kaf
hlv" ksl,a yd fl%dah hk f,day o jdfka" f*rhs hk Y% f,day o pqnl
jHj,g WodyrK f' jvd m%n, pqnl ksudKh lsu iòyd f*rhs Y% f,dayh
fhdod .kq ,ef'
jdfkaj,ska iE pqnl f*rhsj,ska iE pqnl

6'2 rEmh O jHj,ska ksudKh l< pqnl
76 oHdj | pqNl
pqnl .=Kh fyj;a pqnl;ajh hkq jH i;=j mj;sk jH .=Khls'
6'1 pqnlhl O%ej

pqnlhla jgd pqnl n,h mj;sk wdldrh ms<snòj ;j rg;a wOHhkh iòyd
6'2 l%shdldrlfuys fhfouq'
l%shdldrlu 6'2
wjYH jH(- oKav pqnlhla" hlv l=vq" ;=kS fmd,s;ska fld,hla fyda fmd,s;ska
ljrhla" lvodis fld<hla
l%uh(-
oKav pqnlh fmd,s;ska ljrhl oud uqukska u jikak'
lvodis fld<h u; hlv l=vq iqrejkak'
T;k ,o pqnlfhys fyd`ka hlv l=vq ;jrkak'
pqnlh by<g Tijd hlv l=vq ;ej we;s rgdj kslaIKh lrkak'
pqnlfha hlv l=vq jemqru ;ej we;s

ia:dk meye,sj y`kd .; yels f' tu
ia:dkj, pqnl n,h jemqr mej;Su g
fya;=j hs' 6'3 rEmh oKav pqnlhl
pqnl n,h mj;sk whqre
pqnlhl pqnl n,h jemqr u l%shd;aulj we;s ia:dk pqnl O%ej f,i
ye`kaf'
m%Odk pqnl O%ej folls'
W;a;r O%ejh ^N&
olaIsK O%ejh (S)
6 1
6
1 1 6 1 6
6'4 rEmh pqnl lsysmhl O%ej msysgk wdldrh
pqnl O%ej y`kd .ekSu

fndfyda pqnlj, W;a;r yd olaIsK O%ej ta u; i,l=Kq lr mj;sk nj g fmr
bf.k .;suq' pqnlhl O%ej ta u; igyka lr fkdue;s g tajd y`kd .kakd
whqre <`.g i,ld n,uq'
oHdj | pqNl 77
6'5 rEmh pqnlhl O%ej igyka lr we;s 6'6 rEmh O%ej igyka lr fkdue;s pqnlhla'
wdldrh
pqnlhl O%ej y`kd .; yels l%u ms<snòj wOHhkh lsu iòyd 6'3 l%shdldrlfuys
fhfouq'
l%shdldrlu 6'3
wjYH jH(- O%ej iòyka lr fkdue;s pqnlhla" O%ej iòyka lr we;s pqnlhla"
ud,sudjla" kQ,a lene,a,la" wdOdrlhla" lsr, wenhla fyda ighsfrdf*da
lene,a,la" c, fiu" Trf,daiq ;e folla
l%uh(-
we;s jH Nd; lrka O%ej iòyka lr fkdue;s pqnlfhys O%ej y`kd
.; yels wdldr fidhd n,uq' ta iòyd my; we;s l%u Wmfhda.S lr .;
yels h'
6'7 rEmh pqnl ud,sudj 6'8 rEmh pqnlh kQ,la 6'9 rEmh pqnl iaghsfrdf*d
Nd;fhka pqnlfha O%ej wdOdrfhka ;=,s; f,i t,a fyda lsr, wenhl r|jd c,fha md
y`kd .ekSu g ye mj;sk Yd wkqj O%ej l< g yefrk Ydj wkqj O%ej
y`kd .ekSu y`kd .ekSu
6'10 rEmh pqnlh wi,g okakd O%ej 6'11 rEmh pqnlh Trf,daiq ;eh u; ;nd
iys; fjk;a pqnlhla <x l< g isjk th ;j;a Trf,daiq ;ehla u; ksoyfia p,kh
wdlIK yd lIK weiqka O%ej y`kd l< g ye mj;sk Ydj wkqj O%ej y`kd
.ekSu .ekSu
by; l%uj,g wu;rj pqnlhl O%ej y`kd .; yels ;j;a l%u ;sf oehs mlaId
lrkak'
78 oHdj | pqNl
6'2 pqnlhl pqnl lafIa;%h
pqnlhla jgd pqnl n,h l%shd;aul jk m%foaYh ms<snòj mlaId lsu iòyd 6'4
l%shdldrlfuys fhfouq'
l%shdldrlu 6'4
wjYH jH(- oKav pqnlhla" hlv l=vq" ldfnda lene,a,la
l%uh(-
ldfnda lene,a, u; hlv l=vq ;=kS ia;rhla f,i w;=rkak'
oKav pqnlh u; ldfnda lene,a, fifuka ;nkak'
ldfnda ;yvqj u;g fifuka ;gq lrkak'
hlv l=vq ms<sfh, jk rgdj kslaIKh lrkak'
hlv l=vq rgdjlg ms<sfh, ug fya;=j Tng lsj yels o@
oKav pqnlhla jgd pqnl lafIa;%h wOHhkh lsug ;j;a l%shdldrlul fhfouq'
l%shdldrlu 6'5
wjYH jH(- oKav pqnlhla" hlv l=vq" pqnlh
we;= l< yels m%udKfha mlaId k<hla" Wi hlv l=vq Y%
lrhla" .a,sika fyda fmd,a f;,a l< .a,Sika
l%uh(-
lrhg hlv l=vq Y% l< .a,sika fyda
fmd,af;,a mqrjkak' oKav pqnlh
^mlaId k<hla ;=<
oKav pqnlh mlaId k<h we;=<g nyd oud .a,sika n`fkys
.a,sika wvx.= n`ka fika .s,a,kak' .s,a,jd we;&
pqnlh jgd hlv l=vq ms<sfh, jk rgdj 6'12 rEmh hlv l=vq Ys%; .a,sika
kslAIKh lrkak' ;=< .s,a, jQ oKav pqnlhla
pqnlh jgd h m%foaYhl hlv l=vq h lsis

rgdjlg is we;s whqre kslaIKh l< yels
h'
pqnlhla wjg pqnl n,h r|d mj;sk
m%foaYh pqnl lafIa;%h f,i yekaf'
pqnlhla jgd pqnl n,h ksrEmKh lsu
LCR\GIKGRGNDNGXN#l,ams; fLd pqnl
n, fLd f,i ye`kaf' 6'13 rEmh oKav pqnlhla jgd hlv
l=vq ms<sfh, we;s wdldrh
oHdj | pqNl 79
pqnl O%ej w;r pqnl lafIa;% wdoYkh iòyd my; 6'6 l%shdldrlfuys fhfouq'
l%shdldrlu 6'6
wjYH jH(- fl oKav pqnl folla" A4 m%udKfha iaghsfrdf*d mqjrejla"
ldfnda len,s y;rla ^ A4 m%udKfha&" nhskav ." hlv l=vq
l%uh(-
iaghsfrdf*d mqjrefjys oKav pqnl /|h yels m ljq folla ilikak'
icd;Sh O%ej iuqLj isk fia ljqjg fl oKav pqnl fol we;= lrkak
^rEmh 6'14&'
6'14 rEmh
iaghsfrdf*d mqjrej u; ldfnda lene,a, ;nkak'
ldfnda lene,a, u; hlv l=vq ;=kS ia:rhla fia w;=rkak'
ldfnda lene,af,a fl<jrg fika ;gq lrkak'
hlv l=vq ms<sfh, jk rgdj kslaIKh lrkak'
;j;a ldfnda lene,a,la u; nhskav . ;jrd uola ff<kakg ;nkak'
uola fKq ldfnda lene,af,ys . ;ejreKq me;a; hlv l=vq u.ska
ms<sfh, jQ rgdj u; ;nd fifuka f;rmkak'
. ;ejrE ldfnda lene,a, u; we;s pqnl n, fLd rgdj kej;
kslaIKh lrkak'
oeka tla pqnlhl O%ej udre lr cd;Sh pqnl O%ej w;r pqnl lafIa;%h
wdoYkh lsug yels mos wegjqu fjkia lrkak ^rEmh 6'15&'
6'15 rEmh
by; wdldrhg l%shd lrka cd;Sh O%ej w;r pqnl lafIa;%hl hlv l=vq
rgdj o ldfnda lene,a,la u; igyka lr .kak'
Tnf.a ksudK mka;s ldurfha m%oYkh lrkak'
pqnlhla jgd hlv l=vq ms<sfh, jkqfha pqnl n, fLd ys we;s rgd Tiafia
nj Tng meye,s jkq we;'
cd;Sh O%ej w;r pqnl lafIa;%fha rgdj icd;Sh O%ej w;r pqnl lafIa;%fha rgdj
6'16 rEmh pqnl O%ej wi, n, fLd msysu
80 oHdj | pqNl
6'3 ud,sudj
Ydj y`kd .ekSug pqnl ud,sudj keue;s WmlrKh Nd; lrk nj Tn okshs'
ud,sudj g jir oyia .Kkg muK fmr k cd;slhka iska ksudKh lrkq
,en we;' O wdldrfha ud,sud j;udkfha Nd;fha mj;S' ud,sudjla idod
we;af;a pqnls; f,day m;=rla ^fuh l=vd oKav pqnlhlg iudk f&" ;=vla u;
j;kh lsfuks'
6'17 rEmh O wdldrfha pqnl ud,sud
ir, ud,sudjla iEug 6'7 l%shdldrlfuys fhfouq'

l%shdldrlu 6'7
wjYH jH(- Yd, b lgqjla" lsr, wenhla" l=vd msyshla" oKav pqnlhla" c,h
iys; ma,diala fiula" r;= meye;s idh iaj,amhla
l%uh(-
oKav pqnlh wdOdrfhka iamY l%ufhka blgqj pqnls; lrkak'
lsr, wenfha ;=kS fm;a;la lmd ta ;=<g blgqj i lrkak ^6'18 rEmh&'
blgqj /|jQ lsr, wen fldgi c, fif md lrkak'
c,fha md l< blgqj ieug u ksYap, jkqfha tlu Ydjlg ye mj;sk
m o hkak mlaId lrkak'
blgqfjys mD W;=r foig yefrk fl<jr r;= meyefhka jK lrkak'
oeka Tn ilid f.k we;af;a ir, ud,sudjls'
Tn ieliQ ud,sudj ;j rg;a is;a .kakd fia ksudKh lrkak'
6'18 rEmh blgqjla wdOdrfhka ud,sudjla ilik whqre
oHdj | pqNl 81
6'19 rEmh O wdldrhg ksudKh l< ud,sud lsysmhla
pqnlhla wi, ud,sudjla ;enQ g ud,sud lgqj pqnl lafIa;%fha Ydj Tiafia
msysghs' tneka ud,sudj wdOdrfhka pqnlhl pqnl lafIa;%fha msysu y`kd .;
yels f'
ud,sudjla wdOdrfhka pqnl lafIa;%hl Ydj y`kd .ekSu ms<snòj wOHhkh
lsug 6'8 l%shdldrlfuys fhfouq'
l%shdldrlu 6'8
wjYH jH(- oKav pqnlhla" ud,sudjla" iq lvodishla

l%uh(-
iq lvodish u; oKav pqnlh ;nkak'
mekai,la u.ska tys msysu lvodisfha i,l=Kq lrkak'
pqnlfha W;=re yd ol=Kq O%ej lvodish u; ,l=Kq lrkak'
6'20 rEmfha oelafjk wdldrhg ud,sudj ;nka ud,sud lgqf msysu
i,l=Kq lrkak'
ud,sud rdYshla fidhd .ekSu wmyiq k tla ud,sudjla Nd;fhka o tla tla
ia:dkj, lgqfjys msysu i,l=Kq lrka fuu mlaIKh is l< yels h'
ud,sud lgqj, msysu hd lrka pqnl lafIa;%fha msysu f.dv ke.Sug
W;aidy .kak'
6'20 rEmh oKav pqnlhla jgd O ia:dkj, ud,sud oYlfha msysu
82 oHdj | pqNl
iar pqnlhl n, fLd pqnlfha W;a;r O%ejfha isg olaIsK O%ej olajd ys hhs'
tneka pqnl lafIA;%fha Ydj f,i i,lkqfha W;a;r O%ejfha isg olaIsK O%ejh
olajd Ydjhs'
oKav pqnlhla pqnl n, fLd msysgk wdldrh 6'21 rEmfha ksrEmKh lr we;'
1 6
6'21 rEmh oKav pqnlhl pqnl lafIA;%fha msysgk wdldrh

6'4 N+ pqnl;ajh
ud,sudjla wdOdrfhka mDfhys W;=re - ol=Kq Yd y`kd .; yels nj Tn fyd`ka
okakd lreKls' mDh wi, ud,sudj ;enQ g tys lgqj W;=re ol=Kq Yd Tiafia
msysghs'
mD pqnl lafIa;%fha Ydj y`kd .ekSu iòyd my; 6'9 l%shdldrlfuys fhfouq'
l%shdldrlu 6'9
wjYH jH(- ud,sud folla" oKav pqnlhla" kQ,a lene,a,la" wdOdrlhla
l%uh(-
kQ,a lene,a, u.ska oKav pqnlh y ueka ;=,s;j mj;sk fia wdOdrlfhys
t,a,kak
pqnlh t,a,k ,o wdOdrlh yd ud,sud folla" tlsfklg gr 2la muK
mr;rh iys;j msysgk m ;nkak'
;j;a oKav pqnlhla f.k tys tla O%ejhla ud,sud wi,g iy wdOdrlfhys
t,a oKav pqnlh wi,g <x lrkak'
kslaIK igyka lrkak'
oKav pqnlh bj;a lr ksoyfia
mj;sk g ud,sud lgqj, yd
t,a,k ,o pqnlfhys O%ej
msysgk Ydj kslaIKh lrkak'
ud,sudj, msysu fjkia lrka
kej; kej;;a mlaIKh is
lrkak'
kslaIK iòyd fya;= idlPd 6'22 rEmh
lrkak'
oHdj | pqNl 83
ud,sud iy t,a oKav pqnlh fj; ;j;a pqnlhla <x l< g tajdfha msysu
fjkia h' pqnl iy ud,sudj, yeu is jkafka pqnl lafIa;%hl n,mEu ksid
tu Ydjg nj ka meye,s f'
ksoyfia mj;sk iEu g u ud,sud oYlj, yd oKav pqnlfha W;a;r O%ej tla
Ydjlg o" olaIsK O%ej reoaO Ydjg o fhduq jk nj fmfka'
ud,sudj, yd oKav pqlfha msysu fjkia l< o kej; kej;;a tu Ydjkagu
yeu isf' fufia ug fya;=j mDfhys W;a;r yd olaIsK O%ej yryd hka
mD:sf.da,h jgd msysgk Yd, pqnl lafIa;%hla mej;Suhs'
mDh wi, mj;sk fuu pqnl m,h N+ pqnl;ajh f,i ye`kaf'
mD wNHka;rfha yrh k fldgfiys
mj;sk wl WIaK;ajh fya;=fjka j i;H W;=r
njg m;a jQ f,day Odrd mD wlaIh jgd pqnl W;=r
ixirKh u isf' fuys yg .kakd n, fLd
oHq;a Odrd u.ska mD pqnl lafIA;%h
S
yg .kS'
mDh wi, ud,sudjla fyda pqnlhla N
ksoyfia ;enQ g tys W;=re yd ol=Kq O%ej

mD pqnl lafIa;%h Tiafia msysghs' pqnl
ol=K
mDh wi, ksoyfia ;nk ,o pqnlhl i;H ol=K
fyda ud,sudjl W;a;r O%ejh fhduq 6'23 rEmh mD:s pqnl lafIa;%h msysgk
jk Ydj mDfhys pqnl W;=r f,i wdldrh
ye`kaf'
pqNl W;=r i;H W;=r
mDfha i;H W;=r yd pqnl W;=r w;r iq

mr;rhla mj;S' pqnl W;=r msysgkqfha ienE
W;=rg uola jhU foisks' ienE W;=r yd pqnl
W;=r w;r wxYl lsysmhl wdk;shla mj;S'
6'24 rEmh is;shul pqnl W;=r yd

ienE W;=r olajk whqre
6'5 ;djld,sl pqnl yd iar pqnl

pqnl m%fhdackhg f.k we;s fndfyda wjia:d ms<snò wOHhkh l< g pqnl
wdldr folla y`kd .; yels h' tajd my; laf'
iar pqnl
;djld,sl pqnl
iar pqnl yd ;djld,sl pqnl ms<snòj fyd`ka wjfndaO lr .ekSu iòyd 6'10
84 oHdj | pqNl
l%shdldrlu 6'10
wjYH jH(- w`.,a foll muK hlv weKhla fyda hlv l+rla" 32 SWG t;=
l gr folla muK" h<s fldaI folla" fif,dafma iaj,amhla" oKav
pqnlhla" *hs,a lgq lsysmhla fyda w,afmfk;s" iaph
l%uh(-
hlv weKh fyda hlv l+r jgd 32 SWG t;= lh o`.rhla fia T;d .kak'
l orfhys fofl<jr iQrd h<s fldaIj,g inkaO lrkak'
Tn ieliQ wegjqfuys hlv weKh$hlv oKav *hs,a lgq wi,g <x lr n,kak'
,s iemhqu ika lr kej; *hs,a lgq wi,g <x lr n,kak'
oKav pqnlho w,afmfk;s$*hs,algq wi,g <x lrkak'
kslaIK idlPd lrkak'
6'25 rEmh ,sh 6'26 rEmh ,s iemhqu 6'27 rEmh ia:sr

imhd we;s g w,afmfk;s ika l< g w,afmfk;s pqnlhla fj; w,afmfk;s
wdlIKh isf' wdlIKh ke;s hhs' wdlIKh
we;s whqre
oHq;h iemhQ g muKla pqnlhla njg m;ajk wegjqula oHq;a pqnlhla f,i
ye`kaf'
oHq;a pqnlhl pqnl;ajh mj;skqfha ,sh imhd we;s g muKs' f ksid
fjd ;djld,sl pqnl f,i y`kajkq ,ef'
oKav pqnlj, pqnl;ajh > ld,hla mj;sk neka tajd iar pqnl f,i
y`kajkq ,ef'
iar pqnl iEu

O yevfhka yd m%udKfhka hq;a pqnl O ldh iòyd Nd; lrkq ,ef'
fuu pqnl ksudKh lrkqfha flfia o hkak ms<snòj i,ld n,uq'
pqnl ;ekSu iòyd pqnl .=K olajkq ,nk jH fhdod .kq ,ef' pqnl
;ekSug pqnl jH f,i jdfka" f*rhs yd uD hlv oelah yels h' ksmojkq
,nk pqnl j.h wkqj tajd iEug .kakd jH o fjkia f'
uD hlvj, pqnl;ajh .g u r|d fkdmj;S' tneka oHq;a pqnl yd fjk;a
;djld,sl pqnl ;ekSug uD hlv Nd; lrkq ,ef'
oHdj | pqNl 85
pqnl .=Kh > ld,Skj r|d mj;sk pqnl iar pqnl f,i yekaf' iar
pqnl ;ekSu iòyd Nd; lrkqfha jdfka fyda f*rhs h' jvd;a m%n, iar pqnl
;ekSu iòyd f*rhs Nd; flf'
6'28 rEmh oHq;a pqnlhla 6'29 rEmh jdfkaj,ska 6'30 rEmh f*rhsj,ska
;ekQ iar pqnl ;ekQ iar pqnl
pqnl jH u.ska iar pqnl ksudKh lsu wdldr follg is l< yels h'
oHq;a l%uh
iamY l%uh
oHq;a l%uh yd iamY l%uh Nd;fhka pqnlhla idod .ekSug my; 6'11 yd 6'12
l%shdldrlj, fhfouq'
l%shdldrlu 6'11
wjYH jH(- w`.,a foll muK jdfka weKhlaa
fyda jdfka lsh;a mhla" 32 SWG t;= l gr
r
folla muK" h<s fldaI folla" fif,dafmaa
iaj,amhla" ldfnda lene,a,la" *hs,a lgq
lsysmhla
l%uh(-
ldfnda lene,a, u.ska 5 cm muK .
nghla idod .kak' ^mekai,l muK m%udKfha&
ta jgd rEmfha wdldrhg 32 SWG t;= lh 6'31 rEmh
o`.rhla fia T;d .kak'
jdfka weKh *hs,a lgq wi,g <x lr pqnl n,h ;sf oehs mlaId lrkak'
bkamiq ldfnda ngh we;=<g jdfka weKh we;= lrkak'
l o`.rfhys fofl<jr iQrd h<s fldaI wdOdrfhka lka lv lsysmjrla
,sh imhkak'
jdfka weKh$jdfka lsh;a mh bj;g f.k *hs,a lgq wi,g <x lr n,kak'
kslaIK idlPd lrkak'
oHq;a l%ufhka iar pqNlhla iEu i|yd by; m lka"lv" lsysm jrla je
ld,hla mm:h ;=<ska oHq;a Odrdj heh hq;=h'
86 oHdj | pqNl
l%shdldrlu 6'12
wjYH jH(- w`.,a foll muK jdfka
blgqjla fyda jdfka lsh;a mhla" *hs,a
lgq lsysmhla" oKav pqnlhla
l%uh(-
blgqjla$ lsh;a mhla *hs,a lgq wi,g
<x lr pqnl n,h ;sf oehs mlaId
lrkak'
oeka blgqj fyda lsh;a mh fihla
u; ;sriaj ;nkak'
oKav pqnlfha fl<jrla ta u; ;nd
rEmfha wdldrhg tl u Ydjg weu is 6'32 rEmh
lrkak'
by; l%shdj,sh lsysm jrla is lrkak'
oeka blgqj$lsh;a mh f.k kej;;a *hs,a lgq wi,g <x lr n,kak'
kslaIK idlPd lrkak'
iamY l%ufhka iar Nlhla iEf fuu l%shdj,sh je ld,hla is l< hq;=h
pqNl;ajh ,efnk ;=re&'
6'11 yd 6'12 l%shdldrl wkqj oHq;a l%uh yd iamY l%uh Nd;fhka iar
pqnlhla idod .; yels wdldrh Tng wjfndaO jkakg we;'
iar pqnlj, pqnl;ajh ieuod fkdfjkiaj mj;S o @ ta iòyd h yels ms<s;=r

jkqfha ke; hkakhs' O fya;+ u; iar pqnlj, pqnl n,h laIh u isf'
pqnl;ajh laIh ug ;=vq fok m%Odk fya;= lsysmhla my; m oelah yels h'
ld,h $ l,a .; u'
oe WIaK;ajhg ,la u'
m%n, pqnl lafIa;%j,g ,la u'
lmkj,g ,la u'
pqnl n,h ydks jk wdldrh mlaId lsug my; 6'13 l%shdldrlfuys fhfouq'
oHdj | pqNl 87
l%shdldrlu 6'13
wjYH jH(- iar pqnlhla u.ska pqnls; lr .;a iudk jdfka weK ;=kla"
w,afmfk;s" nkaika odylh" h" fldaj w`vqj" m%n, iar pqnlh
l%uh(-
pqnls; lrk ,o hlv weKj, fl<jr w,afmfk;s wi,g <x lr tla tla
weKh fj; wdlIKh jk Wmu w,afmfk;s ixLHdj igyka lr .kak'
rEmfha wdldrhg tla tla weKh ms<sfj<ska"
w& fhka myr lmkh lsu'
wd& ;ka r;a lsu'
b& m%n, pqnlh wdikakfhka tyd fuyd f.k hdu is lrkak'
kej;;a w,afmfk;s wi,g <x lr wdlIKh jk w,afmfk;s m%udK 6'2
j.=fjys igyka lrkak'
6'33 rEmh ;ka r;a 6'34 rEmh 6'35 rEmh m%n, lafIa;%j,g
lsu m%n, lmkj,g ,la lsu ,la u
6'2 j.=j - pqnl n,h ydks jk wdldr
is lrk ,o l%shdj l%shdjg fmr wdlIKh l%shdfjka miq wdlIKh

jQ w,afmfk;s m%udKh jQ w,afmfk;s m%udKh
fhka myr u
r;a lsu
m%n, lafIa;%hlg ,la
lsu
lmkh" WIaK;ajh by< hdu yd m%n, lafIa;%hg ,la u ksid pqnl;ajh laIh
jk nj Tng meye,s jkq we;'f wdldrhg u l,a .;u ksid o pqnl;ajh
laIh f' pqnl;ajh > ld,hla mj;ajd .ekSu iòyd r;au" oe lmk yd
m%n, lafIa;%j,g ,la u is fkdjk fia l%uj;aj pqnl .nvd lr ;eh hq;= h'
88 oHdj | pqNl
iar pqnl .nvd lsu
iar pqnlhl pqnl lafIa;%h is fkdhk fia .nvd lr ;efuka .= l,la
pqnl;ajh mj;ajd .; yels h' ta iòyd uD hlv len,s Nd;fhka 6'36 rEmfha
wdldrhg .nvd lsu isl< yels h'
uD hlv ;yvq
uD hlv ;yvq ,S oKav uD hlv ;yvq
oKav pqnl
6'36 rEmh pqnl .nvd lr we;s wdldrh
iar pqnlj, Nd;

tfkod ;fha fndfyda wjia:dj, iar pqnl Nd; lr we;s WmlrK yuq fjhs'
mejreu 6'1
iar pqnl Nd; lr we;s wjia:d ,ehsia;= .; lrkak'
Tn iòyka l< iar pqnlj, Nd; wjia:d w;r my; oelafjk wjia:d mj;S o
hkak mlaId lrkak'
Yo ldYk hka;% yd iamSlj, l=vd ,s fudagrj, fodr w.= f,i
nE.a iòyd is;=re l%Svd NdKavj, ud,sud hka;%j, oYl

lgqj
oHdj | pqNl 89
mekai,a fmj, YS;lrKfha r|jk jHj, rl:k ljr
6'37 rEmh
iar pqNlj, lsysmhla

wu;r oekqug
fndfyduhla l=vd ,s fudagrj, iar pqnl yd oHq;a pqnl hk foj.hu
mj;S' tfy;a we;e fudagr we;=f<a we;af;a oHq;a pqnl muKs'
iar pqnl
oHq;a pqnl
idrdxYh
pqnl;ajh hkq jH .=Khls'
pqnl iòyd wdlIKh jk jH pqnl jH f,i ye`kaf'
hlv" ksl,a" fl%dah" jdfka yd f*rhs pqnl jH iòyd ksoiqka f'
pqnlhla jgd pqnl n,mEu mj;sk m%foaYh pqnl lafIa;%h f,i yeòkaf'
pqnl lafIa;%hl n,mEu oelaug Nd; lrk l,ams; fLd pqnl n,
fLd f,i yekaf'
pqnl lafIa;%hl Ydj f,i i,lkqfha W;a;r O%ejfha isg olaIsK O%ejh
olajd Ydjhs'
pqnl lafIa;% ms<snò wkdjrKh iòyd ud,sudj jeo.;a fjhs'
pqnlhl pqnl n,mEu nyq,j u mj;sk w.% pqnl O%ej f,i ye`kaf'
90 oHdj | pqNl
mDfhys o pqnl lafIa;%hla mj;S' th N+ pqnl;ajh f,i ye`kaf'
mDh wi, ud,sud lgqjla ;enQ g tys oYlfha W;a;r O%ejh fhduqjk
Ydj mD pqnl lafIa;%fha Ydj hs'
ud,sudj u.ska fmkajkq ,nk W;=r" pqnl W;=r f,i y`kajkq ,nk w;r
th i;H W;=rg uola jhU foiska msysghs'
iar pqnl iEu iòyd jdfka yd f*rhs o ;djld,sl pqnl iEu iòyd
uD hlv o Nd; lrhs'
iar pqnl iEu iòyd iamY l%uh yd oHq;a l%uh Nd; lrhs'
pqnlhl m%n,;dj ld,h" wl WIaK;ajh" oe lmk yd m%n, lafIa;%j,g
,lau hk lreKq u; laIh u ish yels h'
pqnlhla ksjerj .nvd lr ;efuka .= l,la pqnl;ajh mj;ajd .;
yels h'
tfkod ;fha fndfyda wjia:d iòyd iar pqnl iy oHq;a pqnl
Nd; lrhs'
wNHdi
1' my; we;s fofha ysia;eka iòyd W; jpk jryfkka f;dard foh
imQK lrkak'
ûD hlv" pqnl jH" pqnl O%ej" pqnl n, fLd" f*rhs" pqnl lafIa;%h&
pqnl .=K olajk jH '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' f,i ye`kaf' iar pqnl ;ekSu

iòyd fhdod .kakd fyd|u jH f,i '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' o " ;djld,sl pqnl
;ekSug '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' o nyq,j Nd; lrhs' pqnl n, r|d mj;sk m%foaYh
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' kka ye`kaf' pqnl lafIa;%hl l%shd;aul u ksrEmKh
iòyd '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' Nd; lrhs' pqnlhl pqnl;ajh nyq,j u we;s ia:dk
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' f,i y`kajhs'
2' rEmfha olajd we;af;a pqnl wdOdrfhka
jefik mekai,a fmhl o< igykls'
pqnlh mj;skqfha tys mshfkys o ke;fyd;a
fmfhys o hkak mlaId lsug W; l%uhla
iòyka lrkak'
3' mdif,ys oHd.drfha ;snQ merKs oKav pqnl lsysmhla mlaId l< isiqka
msilg tajdfha pqnl n,h wvq we;s nj fmkqKs' tfia ug fya;= h yels
lreKq ;=kla ,shkak'
oHdj | pqNl 91
4' my; oelafjk isu iòyd fya;= oHd;aulj meye,s lrkak'
w&' ksoyfia kQ,lska t,a,k ,o oKav pqnlhl W;a;r O%ejh" mDfha
W;=re foig yeu'
wd&' hlv lene,a,la pqnlhla fj; wdlIKh jk kuq;a ;U lene,a,la
pqnl fj; wdlIKh fkdu'
5' fihla u; ;enQ jdfka l+rla oKav pqnlhla iu. lsysm jrla rgdjlg
iamY lrk ,' tg kslaIKh lrk ,oafoa jdfka l+r fj; w,afmfk;s" l=vd
l len,s wdh wdlIKh jk njhs'
w&'by; isug fya;=j l=ula o@
wd&'by; is l< l%shdj,sh l=uk kulska y`kajhs o@
we&'iar pqnlhla fkdue;sj by; kslaIKh ,nd .ekSu iòyd is
l< yels ;j;a l%uhla bm;a lrkak'
mdNdIsl jpk
pqnl - Magnet
iar pqnl - Permanent Magnet
pqnl lafIa;%h - Magnetic Field
N+ pqnl;ajh - Geomagnetism
ud,sudj - Compass
oHq;a pqnl - Electro Magnet
pqnl O%ej - Magnetic Pole
pqnl jH - Magnetic Materials
jdfka - Steel
f*rhs - Ferrite
uD hlv - Soft Iron
W;a;r O%ejh - North Pole
olaIsK O%ejh - South Pole
92 oHdj | pqNl
7 Odrd oHq;h
ms<snò kq
tfkod Nd; lrk Yla;s m%fNao w;=frka oHq;hg ys jkqfha m%Odk ia:dkhls'
6 iy 7 fY%aKsj, Tn wOHhkh l< lreKq isysm;a lrka 7'1 l%shdldrlfuys
fhfouq'
l%shdldrlu 7'1
wjYH jH (- h<s fldaI folla" ,s mkao n,anhla" iaphla" n,an Odrlhla"
inkaOl l
l%uh (- imhd .;a Wmdx. inkaO lr n,anh ,au iòyd W; mm:hla
ilia lrkak'
wegjqu l%shd;aul lr kslaIKh
lrkak'
Tn ieliQ wegjqu mm: ixfla;
weiqfrka weò olajkak'
Tn iska w`k ,o igyfkys
fldaIfha Ok yd RK w.%
ksjerj igyka lrkak'
n,anh ,aug fya;=j idlPd 7'1 rEmh
lrkak'
iaph ixjD; l< g h<s fldaIfha ksmo jQ Odrdj mm:fhys ikakdhl l
Tiafia .,d hhs' tu Odrdj n,anh ;=<ska .e,Su ksid n,anh ,af'
ixjD; mm:hlska oHq;a wdfrdamK .,d hdu oHq;a Odrdjla f,i ye`kaf'
7'1 oHq;a Odrdj
ikakdhlhla ;=<ska oHq;a Odrdjla .e,Su inkaOj wOHhkh lsu iòyd 7'2
oHdj | Odrd oHq;h ms<snò kq 93

l%shdldrlu 7'2
wjYH jH (- h<s fldaI folla"
iaphla" l=vd ,s fudagrhla"
inkaOl l
l%uh (-
7'2 rEmfha lafjk m mm:h
ilikak'
7'2 rEmh
7'1 j.=fjys wdldrhg Wmdx.
inkaO lrka mm:h l%shd;aul lrkak'
kslaIK igyka lrkak'
7'1 j.=j
mshjr kslaIKh fldaIj, w.% udre l<

g kslaIKh
1&' ,s fudagrh i lsu tla mfilg lerlSu '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
fldaIj, w.% udrelsf isjkafka l=ula o@
Tn ,nd.;a kslaIK u.ska t<h yels ks.ukh l=ula o@
fldaIfha w.% udre l< g ,s fudagrfha p,s; Ydj fjkia f' Bg fya;=j
mm:fhka .,k Odrdf Ydj fjkiau hs'
oHq;a Odrdjla .e,Su iòyd ksYa; Ydjla mj;S'

Odrdj .,kq ,nk iu; Ydj f,i i,lkqfha Ok w.%fha isg RK w.%h
olajd hs'
oHq;a Odrdjl Ydj y`kd .ekSu iòyd ueoka .e,ajfkdagrhla fyda

ueokaj iys; wegrhla $ ,s wegrhla Nd; l< yels h'
7'3 rEmh .e,ajfkdagrh 7'4 rEmh ,s wegrh
94 oHdj | Odrd oHq;h ms<snò kq

Odrdj .,k Ydj ms<snòj ;j rg;a wOHhkh iòyd 7'3 l%shdldrlu is lruq'
l%shdldrlu 7'3
wjYH jH (- ueo kaj iys;
wegrhla fyda ,s wegrhla"
,s fudagrhla" h<s fldaIhla" mA
iaphla
l%uh (-
rEmfha wdldrhg mm:h
ilikak'
mm:h l%shd;aul lr
kslaIKh lrkak' 7'5 rEmh
fldaIfha w.% udre lr kej; kslaIKh lrkak'

tla tla wjia:dj iòyd rEm igyka weò tys Odrdj .,k Ydj i,l=Kq
lrkak'
kslaIK iòyd fya;=j idlPd lrkak'
h<s fldaIfha w.% udre lsf wegrfha oYlh p,kh jk Ydj;a fudagrh
p,kh jk Ydj;a udre jk nj meye,s f'
g fya;=j Odrdj .,k Ydj fjkia uhs'
oHq;a Odrdj uekSu
O fN!;sl rdYSka uekSu is lrhs' ta iòyd O kq tall fuka u O
kq WmlrK o Nd; lrkq ,ef' oHq;a Odrdj o fN!;sl rdYshls' oHq;a Odrdj
ukskqfha flfia oehs fidhd n,uq'
oHq;a Odrdj iòyd fhfok ixfla;h - I
oHq;a Odrdj ukskq ,nk wka; cd;sl tallh - wemshrh
tallfha ixfla;h - A
l=vd Odrdj,a uekSu iòyd Wm tall Nd; lrkq ,ef' tjeks Wm tall folla
yd tajdfha ixfla; my; laf'
,s wemshrh - mA
uhsfl%da wemshrh - A
1000 mA - 1A
1000 A - 1 mA
Odrdj ukskq ,nk WmlrKh - wegrh

+ -
ixfla;h - A
l=vd oHq;a Odrd uekSu iòyd ,s wegrh yd uhsfl%da wegrh hk WmlrK
Nd; l< yels h'

wegrfha yd ,s wegrfha Ok yd RK f,i w.% folla mj;S' fndfyda wjia:dj,
Ok w.%h r;= meyefhka yd RK w.%h l meyefhka jK lr we;'
wegrhla mm:hlg inkaO lsf wegrfha Ok w.%h ,s iemhqf
Ok w.%hg;a wegrfha RK w.%h ,s iemhqf RK w.%hg;a jk fia
w.% ksjer j i l< hq;= h'
Odrdj uekSu iòyd wegrhla fyda ,s wegrhla inkaO lrkqfha
mm:h iu. fY%aKs.;j h'
7'6 rEmh wegrh 7'7 rEmh ,s wegrh

Yd, Odrdjla uekSu iòyd wegrh jeo.;a jk w;r l=vd Odrdjla ksjerj
uek.ekSu iòyd Nd; lrkqfha ,s wegrh hs'
mm:fhka .,k Odrdj uekSu iòyd my; 7'4 l%shdldrlfuys fhfouq'
l%shdldrlu 7'4
wjYH jH (- h<s fldaI
folla" ,s mkao n,an
yhla" n,an Odrlh" mA
inkaOl jhr" wegrh"

,s wegrh A
l%uh (-
n,anh' h<s fldaIh yd
iaph inkaO lr
n,anh ,au iòyd
mm:hla ilikak'
7'8 rEmfha wdldrhg
mm:h ilikak' 7'8 rEmh
mm:h iòyd ,s wegrh inkaO lr n,anh ,af thska .,k Odrdj

ukskak'
,s wegrh inkaO l< mm:h ixfla; u.ska we| olajkak'
,s wegrh fjkqjg wegrh inkaO lr kej; mdGdxl ,nd.kak'

mdGdxl ,nd .ekSu jvd myiq jkafka wegrh inkaO lr we;s g o
,s wegrh i lr we;s g o
Tf ms<s;=r iòyd fya;=j mka;s ldurfha idlPd lrkak'
by; mm:fha .,d .sh Odrdj wemshr tllg;a jvd wvq b;d l=vd Odrdjls' tu
ksid wegrhla Nd;fhka th ueksh fkdyels w;r ,s wegrhla Nd; lsu
iqiq f'
ikakdhlhla ;=<ska oHq;a Odrdjla .e,Su iòyd ;sh hq;= ;j;a idOlhla ms<snòj
ka wms i,ld n,uq'
7'2 Nj wka;rh
h we,a,
fmdl=Kq c,h
h<s
fldaIh
n,anh
c, fmdmh
7'9 rEmh oHq;a Odrdjl .e,Su c,fha Nj Yla;sh weiqka
.Dy w,xlrKh iòyd Nd; lrk h we,a,la iys; fmdl=Kq Tn l we;' tu h

we,a, iòyd c,h imhkafka c, fmdmhla u.ska fmdl=fKa c,h by<g f.k
hdfuks'
fuys wvq Nj Yla;shla iys; fmdl=Kq c,h c, fmdmh u.ska h we,af,a
uqkg f.k hdfuka tu c,hg by< Nj Yla;shla ,nd fohs'
oHq;a mm:hl l%shdj,sh o f wdldrhg u is f' h<s fldaIh u.ska oHq;a
wdfrdamKj,g oHq;a Nj Yla;shla ,nd fohs' RK w.%hg idfmalaIj Ok w.%fha
oHq;a Njh je h' Ok w.%h yd RK w.%h w;r oHq;a Nj fjki Nj
wka;rh fyj;a fjda,ah;dj f,i ye`kaf'
,s Odrdj .,d hkqfha oHq;a Njh je ia:dkhl isg oHq;a Njh wvq ia:dkhla
olajd h'
oHq;a fldaI yd negj, Ok yd RK w.% w;r mj;sk fjda,ah;dj tajdfha
igyka lr we;'

mejreu 7'1
nyq,j Nd; jk ,s fldaI j. yd neg j. yels ;r fidhd .kak'
tajdfha Ok yd RK w.% o fjda,ah;dj o igyka lr we;s whqre kslaIKh
lrkak'
Tng ,enqKq fldaI j. iy tajdfha fjda,ah;d we;=<;a j.=jla ms<sfh,
lrkak'
7'10 rEmh fldaI lsysmhl Nj wka;rh igyka lr we;s whqre
Nj wka;rh uekSu
Nj wka;rh iòyd ixfla;h - V
Nj wka;rh ukskq ,nk tallh - fjda,a
tallfha ixfla;h - V
Nj wka;rh uekSug fhdod .kakd WmlrKh - fjda,a grhhs'
+ -
fjda,a grfhys ixfla;h - V
wegrfha fuka u fjda,a grfha o Ok yd RK

f,i w.% mj;S'
Ok w.%h iòyd r;= jKh o" RK w.%h iòyd l
jKh o fhdod .efka'
ia:dk folla w;r Nj wka;rh uekSu iòyd

mm:h yd iudka;r.;j fjda,agrh i l<
hq;= h'
7'11 rEmh fjda,a grh
wm ks;r Nd; lrk neg yd fldaI lsysmhl fjda,ah;d y`kd .ekSu iòyd 7'5
l%shdldrlu 7'5
wjYH jH (- h<s fldaI lsysmhla" fnd;a; fldaIh"
fjda,agrh" inkaOl l
l%uh (-
Tn imhd .;a fldaI yd negj, fjda,ah;d igyka
lr we;s whqre mlaId lrkak'
rEmh 7'12 wdldrhg ilid .;a mm:hg fldaI fyda V
neg inkaO lrkak'
fjda,agrh wdOdrfhka fldaIfhys fyda negfhys
w.% w;r fjda,ah;dj ukskak'
igyka lr we;s w.h iy uekSf ,enqKq w.h 7'12 rEmh
ikaikaokh lrkak'
Tf kslaIK j.= .; lrkak'
7'2 j.=j
fldaIh $ negh fjda,ah;dj ^9&

h<s fldaIh
Bh w, ixpdhl fldaIh
fnd;a; fldaIh
idudkH h<s fldaIhl fjda,ah;dj 1.5 V muK f' Bh w, ixpdhl fldaI

yhla muK we;s ld neghl w.% w;r Nj wka;rh 12 V muK f'
fjda,agrhla Nd;fhka mm:hl ia:dk folla w;r Nj wka;rh uekSu
iòyd 7'6 l%shdldrlfuys fhfokak'
l%shdldrlu 7'6
wjYH jH (-
h<s fldaI
V
folla" ,s V
mkao n,anhla"
n,an Odrlh"
l=vd ,s
fudagrh" fjda,a
grh" inkaOl 7'13 rEmh
jhr" iaph 7'14 rEmh

l%uh (-
w&'
h<s fldaI fol" iaph" n,anh inkaO lr n,anh oe,au iòyd W;
mm:hla 7'13 rEmfha wdldrhg ilia lrkak'
n,anfhys fofl<jr Nj wka;rh uekSu iòyd ksjerj fjda,agrh
inkaO lrkak'
mm:h l%shd;aul lr n,anh fofl<jr Nj wka;rh uek igyka
lrkak'
tu ieliQ mm:h ixfla; weiqka weò olajkak'
wd&'
n,anh bj;a lr tu ia:dkhg ,s fudagrh i lrkak'
mm:h l%shd;aul lr fudagrfha fofl<jr Nj wka;rh ukskak'
we&'
n,anh yd fudagrh hk fol u i lr mm:h ilikak' ^7'14 rEmh&
fjda,a grh Nd;fhka n,anfhys iy fudagrfhys w.% w;r Nj
wka;rh fjk fjk u ukskak'
fok ,o oHq;a mm:hl w.% folla w;r Nj wka;rh uekSf yelshdj oeka Tn
i;=j we;s nj ksiel h'
tfkod ;fha fndfyda wjia:dj, Odrdfjys yd Njfhys ksjer kq ,nd
.ekSug wjYH f' tjeks wjia:d lsysmhla my; oelaf'
1. ksjdi yd ludka; Yd,dj,g ,efnk fjda,ah;d ksjerj ,ef o hkak
y`kd .ekSu'
2. WmlrK u.ska ,nd .kakd Odrdj uekSu u.ska tajdfha fodaI we;s oehs y`kd
.ekSu'
3. ,s n,d.dr yd ,s ckl hka;%j, ,s wdY%s; kq ,nd .ekSu'
4. ,s WmlrK w;ajehd lsf O Wmdx.j, l%shdld;ajh ksjerj is
f o hkak y`kd .ekSu'
7'15 rEmh ,s WmlrK w;a 7'16 rEmh ,s n,d.dr yd

jehd lsu ,s ckl hka;%j, ,sh uekSu

wu;r oekqug
j;udkfha kk ixLHdxl ;dlaIKfhka ksmojQ b;d ixf fjda,agr
yd wegr Nd;fha mj;S' fjd ixf nfjka b;d by< h' fjdfha mdGdxl
b,lalj,ska mqjrejl igyka f' tu ksid fuu WmlrK Nd;h myiq h'
ixLHdxl ;dlaIKfhka ksmojQ kk fjdaa,a gr yd wegr
7'3 ikakdhlhl m%;sfrdaOh

ikakdhlhl fofl<jr Nj wka;rhla fh g ta u`.ska Odrdjla .,k nj wms
by; kslaIKh lf<uq' ikakdhlfhka .,k Odrdj flfrys n,mdk fjk;a
idOl ;sf oehs ;j rg;a mlaId lruq'
l%shdldrlu 7'7
wjYH jH (- h<s fldaI folla" wegrhla" ,s mkao n,anhla" n,an Odrlhla"
iaphla" tl u .ska yd ^50 cm muK& tl u IalNfhka hq;a hlv" ksfl%da
iy ;U l len,s ;=kla
l%uh (-
rEmfha oelafjk mm: igykg wkqj
wegjqu ilikak'
A yd B ia:dk w;rg imhd .;a f,day l
lene,a, ne.ska ;nka iaph l%shd;aul
lrkak'
kslaIK 7'3 j.=fjys igyka lrkak' 7'17 rEmh
Tf kslaIK iòyd fya;=j mka;s ldurfha
idlPd lrkak'
7'3 j.=j
f,day l j.h n,an ma;sfha iajNdjh wegrfha mdGdxlh

^wemshr&
1' ;U ma;su;aj oe,af '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
2' hlv ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
3' ksfl%da ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

n,anfha ma;sh fjkia ug fya;=j ikakdhl j.h fjkia f mm:fhka
.,k Odrdj fjkia uhs'
fjkia j.fha ikakdhl we;s g oHq;a Odrdj fjkia f'
Bg fya;=j oHq;a Odrdj .e,Sug we;s ndOdj f,dayfhka f,dayhg fjkia uhs'
ikakdhlfhka .,k Odrdj flfrys ta u.ska we;s lrk ndOdj ikakdhlfha

m%;sfrdaOh f,i yekaf'
m%;sfrdaOh oelau iòyd Nd; lrk ixfla;h -R

m%;sfrdaOh uksk tallh -
tallfha ixfla;h -
ikakdhlhl m%;sfrdaOh je jk g thska .,k Odrdj wvq f'
Tf wjOdkhg
mm:hlska .,k Odrdj md,kh lsu iòyd m%;sfrdaOh hk idOlh b;d
m%fhdackj;a f'
ikakdhlhl m%;sfrdaOh fjkia lsfuka thska .,k Odrdj md,kh lr
.; yel'
oHq;a mm:j, Odrdj md,kh lr .ekSu iòyd tajdg i l< yels m
O w.hkaf.ka hq;a m%;sfrdaOl keue;s Wmdx. ksmojd we;'
m%;sfrdaOlj, w.h fndfydag igyka lr we;af;a jK fla; l%uh k
l%uhlg h'
m%;sfrdaOh keue;s fN!;sl .=Kh iys; Wmdx. m%;sfrdaOl f,i ye`kaf' tjeks
Wmdx. lsysmhla my; oelaf'
7'18 rEmh O j.fha m%;sfrdaOl
m%;sfrdaOlh iòyd fhfok mm: ixfla; lsysmhla

idrdxYh
ikakdhlh u.ska oHq;a wdfrdamK .,d hdu oHq;a Odrdjla f,i ye`kaf'
Odrdj ukskq ,nk tallh wemshrh jk w;r ta iòyd wegrh k
WmlrKh Nd; lrhs'
wegrhla inkaO lsf w.% ksjerj i l< hq;= w;r mm:h yd
fY%aKs.;j i l< hq;= f'
mm:hl h ia:dk folla w;r Odrdjla .e,Su iòyd tu ia:dk fol w;r
Nj wka;rhla mej;sh hq;= h'
oHq;a m%Njhl w.% w;r Nj wka;rh tys fjda,ah;dj f,i ye`kaf'
Nj wka;rh ukskq ,nk tallh fjda,a k jk w;r th uekSu iòyd
fjda,agrh Nd; lrhs'
h Wmdx.hla yryd Nj wka;rh uekSug fjda,agrhla inkaO lrkqfha
tu Wmdx.h yd iudka;r.;j h'
ikakdhlhlska oHq;a Odrdjla .e,Sug olajk ndOdj tys m%;sfrdaOh f,i
ye`kaf'
m%;sfrdaOh ukskq ,nk tallh h'
mm:hlska .,k Odrdj fjkia lsug O w.hkaf.ka hq;a m%;sfrdaOl
Nd; l< yels h'
wNHdi
1. my; fofha ysia;eka iòyd W; mo fhdod f.k imQK lrkak'
oHq;a Odrdjla hkq ixjD; mm:hlska .,k
iuQyhls' iEu g u oHq;a Odrdjla .,d hkqfha
je ;ek isg oHq;a Njh ;ek olajd h' fldaIhl
w.%h hkq oHq;a Njh je ia:dkh jk w;r
w.%h oHq;a Njh wvq ia:dkh hs'
2. rEmfha oelafjkafka tla;rd YsIHfhl= n,anhl
fofl<jr Nj wka;rh uekSu iòyd ieliQ wegjquls'
1' wfmalaIs; wruqK bgqlr .ekSu iòyd mm:h iqiq o@
2' Tf ms<s;=r iòyd fya;= olajkak'
3' Tn iòyka l< fodaIh ksjer lr mm:h kej;
w`kak'
4' mm:hla iòyd fjda,agrhla inkaO lsf ie,ls,su;a h hq;=
lreKq folla ,shkak'

3& YsIHfhl= iska ,s fudagrhla u.ska ldfnda
;ehla lrleu iòyd ieliQ mm:hla my;
oelaf'
fuu fudagrfha N%uK f.h wvq lr .ekSu iòyd"
1' mm:fha l=uK .=Kdx.hla je lsu l< hq;= o@
2' th is l< yels l%uhla fhdackd lrkak'
4& tfkod ;fha Nj wka;rh iy Odrdj uekSu jeo.;a jk wjia:d ;=kla
,ehsia;= .; lrkak'
mdNdIsl jpk
Odrdj - Current
oHq;h - Electricity
oHq;a Njh - Electric Potential
fjda,ah;dj - Voltage
m%;sfrdaOh - Resistance
m%;sfrdaOl - Resistor
mm:h - Circuit
ikakdhlh - Conductor
fjda,agrh - Volt Meter
iaph - Switch

8 mod:fha mhdi
8'1 fN!;sl mhdi yd ridhksl mhdi

lvodishla l=vd len,sj,g brkak' ;j;a lvodishla mqiaikak'
8'1 rEmh
fuu mhdi fol w;r fjki Tng meye,s l< yels o@

lvodish len,sj,g brej o" tajd lvodis u h' tneka lvodishla bf tys
ixhq;sh lsis u fjkilg Ndck jkafka ke;'
lvodish len,sj,g bu ksid lvodis fkdjk jH iEula is jQfha ke;' tneka
tu mhdih fN!;sl mhdi k mhdi .Khg wh;a f'
h mod:hl mj;sk iajNdjh fjkilg ,la jqj o" tu mod:fha ixhq;sh
fjkilg ,la fkdjk wkaof mhdih fN!;sl mhdi f,i ye`kaf'
tfy;a lvodish oykh l< g w yd iEfoa' tys lvodisfha ixhq;sh fjkia
kj jH iEula is we;' tjeks wkaof mhdi ridhksl mhdi f,i
ye`kaf'
h mod:hl ixhq;sh fjkia kj jH iEula is jk wkaof mhdi
ridhksl mhdi f,i ye`kaf'
oHdj | mod:fha mhdi 105

fN!;sl mhdij, iajNdjh wOHhkh lsug 8'1 l%shdldrlfuys ksr; fjuq'
l%shdldrlu 8'1
wjYH jH(- lrh" c,h" Kq" f;mdj" iam%S;= ,dmqj$nkaika
odylh
l%uh(-
250 ml lrhla f.k thg c,h 50 mlla muK oukak'
Kq l=vq f;a yekaola muK Bg oud fyd`ka h lrkak'
f;mdjla u; l ,la ;nd lrh ta u; ;nkak'
c,h uqukska u jdIam bj;a jk f;la iam%S;=
,dmqfjka$nkaika odylfhka r;a lrkak'
Tf kslaIK jd;d lrkak'
8'2 rEmh
c,h ish,a, jdIam f' lrh m;af,ys fYaIhla olskakg we;' tu fYaIh c,fha
h ;snQ Kq h' ka meye,s jkafka Kq c,fha h l< g is jkafka fN!;sl
mhdihla njhs'
ridhksl mhdij, iajNdjh mss<snò j wOHhkh lsug my; 8'2 l%shdldrlfuys
ksr; fjuq'
l%shdldrlu 8'2
wjYH jH(- ue.akSish mhla" bmkaoula fyda iam%S;=
,dmqjla
l%uh(-
ue.akSish mhla f.k fyd`ka msis lr.kak'
th ,a,lg w,a,d oykh ug i,iajkak'
Tf kslaIKh jd;d lrkak'
8'3 rEmh
oykhg fmr ue.akSish mfhys f,dayuh iakhla we;' oykfha ma;su;a
,a,la iys; j iq l=vla b;s f' fuys ue.akSishj, ixhq;sh fjkia
kj jHhla iE we;' tneka ue.akSish mh oykh u ridhksl m%;sl%shdjls'
f wdldrhg tfkod ;fha wmg yuqjk mhdi" fN!;sl mhdi yd
ridhksl mhdi f,i j. follg fnh yels h' ta mss<snò j kqu ;yjqre lr
.ekSug 8'1 mejrefuys ksr; fjuq'
mejreu 8'1
my; lafjk mhdi fN!;sl mhdi yd ridhksl mhdi f,i j.
lrkak'
>k b j u c,h jdIaam u or oykh
hlv u, neù lmqre fm;s oykh whsia j u
l .,a len,sj,g leu r;s[a[d lr,la ,au
106 oHdj | mod:fha mhdi
8'2 wjia:d mhdi fN!;sl mhdi f,i
wjia:d mhdi .ek wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSug 8'3 l%shdldrlfuys ksr; fjuq'
l%shdldrlu 8'3
wjYH jH(- lrhla" ka mshkla" nkaika odylh" re ;yvqj" f;mdj" l
," fldajla" re mqkS,hla" lelEre k<" c,h" b lene,a," whka
l%uh(-
j.=fjys olajd we;s m l%shdldrl is lr wod< kslaIK jd;d lrkak'
8'1 j.=j
l%shdldrlu kslaIKh
1' b lene,a, lelErE k<hl oud r;a lrkak'
kslaIKh lrkak' isis,a jkakg yer kej;
kslaIKh lrkak'
2' lrhlg whsia leg f.k r;a lrkak'
kslaIKh lrkak' whsia legh uqukska u c,h
njg yefuka miq j tu c,h ;jrg;a r;a
lrkak' kslaIKh lrkak' c,h kgk wjia:df
lrhg by<ska re ;yvqjla w,a,kak' ^.=re
wdoYkhla f,i is lrkak'&
3' whka leg fldajl oud r;a lrkak' fldajg
;rula by<ska hl=re j re mqkS,hla w,a,kak'
b lene,a,la lelEre k<hl oud r;a l< g b j jkq Tn kslaIKh

lrkakg we;' isis,a jkakg yeh g j b >k jkq kslaIKh l< yels h'
>k jHhla r;a lsf th tla;rd WIaK;ajhl j wjia:djg m;a f'
>k wjia:df mj;sk jHhla j wjia:djg m;au ,hkh f,i ye`kaf'
j wjia:df mj;sk jHhla >k wjia:djg m;au o wjia:d mhdihls' th
ysudhkh f,i ye`kaf'
whsia c,h njg yefrkq Tn kslaIKh lrkakg we;' whsia >k wjia:df mj;sk
jHhls' c,h jhls' >k wjia:df mj;sk jHhla j wjia:djg m;au wjia:d
mhdihls' th y`kajkafka ,hkh kks' tu c,h ;jrg;a r;a lsf jdIam
hkq kslaIKh l< yels h' jHhla jdhqjla njg m;au jdIamSlrKhhs' c,h
kgk wjia:df by<ska ;enQ re ;yvqj u; c, x iEfokq kslaIKh l< yels
h' yqud,h isis,a fuka fufia c, x iEfoa' jdhq wjia:df mj;sk jHhla j
wjia:djg m;au y`kajkafka >kSNjkh kks'

whka leg fldajl oud r;a l< g whka Rcqj u jdhqjla jk nj kslaIKh
lrkakg we;' tu whka jdhqj re mDIaGfha .efgkakg ie,eiajQ g mDIaGh u;
whka iaMl ;sfnkq lsh yels h' whka jdIam isis,a jk g j fkd Rcqj
u >k whka njg mj;kh jk nj ka meye,s jkafka h' h >k jHhla
r;a lsf j wjia:djg m;a fkd jdIam njg m;au wjia:d mhdils' th
y`kajkafka W!jmd;kh ksks'
wjia:d mhdi is jk g ixhq;sh fjkia kj jH iEula is jkafka ke;'
tneka wjia:d mhdi fN!;sl mhdi f'
>k
,
h
k
hk
d;
jm
h
ysu

dh
k
W!
h
>kSNjkh
jdhq j
jdIamSlrKh
8'4 rEmh
8'3 ridhksl mhdi
wm fuf;la wOHhkh lf<a fN!;sl mhdij, iajNdjh ms<snòj h' fN!;sl
mhdi is jk g jHj, ixhq;sfha fjkila is fkdf' tk kj jH iEula
o is fkd f' tfy;a ridhksl mhdi is jk g kj jH iEfoa'
ridhksl mhdij, iajNdjh ms<snòj ;jrg;a wOHhkhg 8'4" 8'5" 8'6 yd 8'7
l%shdldrlj, ksr; fjuq'
l%shdldrlu 8'4
wjYH jH(- f, khsf" lelErE k<hla" nkaika odylhla
l%uh(- lelEre k<hlg f, khsf 1g la muK .kak'

nkaika odylh Nd;fhka lelEre k<h r;a lrkak'
Tf kslaIK igyka lrkak'
iq meye;s f, khsf r;a lsf Uqre meye;s jdhqjla msg jk w;r lelEre
k<fha r;= meye;s l=vla b;s f' f, khsfj, ixhq;sh fjkia kj jH
iE we;s neka fuh ridhksl mhdihls'

l%shdldrlu 8'5
wjYH jH(- fldm i,af*a" hlv weKhla" lelEre k<hla" WIaK;ajudkhla
l%uh(- lelEre k<hlg c,h tl;= lr Bg fldm i,af*a iaMl fhdod
,dks,a meye;s djKhla ms<sfh, lr .kak'
thg msis l< hlv weKh oukak'
fldm i,af*aa djKhg msis l< hlv weKhla uq g djKfha ks,a meyeh
wvq jk nj;a hlv weKh u; yd m;=f,a r;=" Uqre meye;s jHhla ;ekam;a jk
nj;a" WIaK;ajh by< hk nj;a Tn kslaIKh lrkakg we;'
l%shdldrlu 8'6
wjYH jH(- fldm i,af*a djKhla" fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKhla"
mlaId k< folla'
l%uh(-
fldm i,af*a djKh yd fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKh Y% lrkak'
fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKhlg fldm i,af*a djKh tl;= lsf ,d

ks,a meye;s wjlafIamhla iEfok nj kslaIKh l< yels h'
l%shdldrlu 8'7
wjYH jH(- ;kql yhsfrdlaf,dala w, djKhla" iskala len,s" lelEre
k<hla
l%uh(-
lelEre k<hg ;kql yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h iaj,amhla tla lrkak'
thg iskala lene,a,la oukak'
yhsfrdlaf,dala w,hg iskala lene,a,la uQ g iskala lene,a, laIh hk

nj;a jdhqjla msg jk nj;a kslaIKh l< yels h'
by; is lrk ,o l%shdldrl ms<snò wjOdkh fhduq lrkak' ta ieu mhdihl
u kj jH iE we;' ridhksl mhdij, kj jH iEfok nj Tn kgu;a
okshs' by; l%shdldrlj, kj jH iEKq nj ikd: lrk kslaIK y`kdf.k
8'2 j.=j imQK lrkak'

8'2 j.=j
m%;sl%shdj kj jH iEKq njg kslaIK
1' f, khsf r;a lsu r;= meye;s l=vla iEu
Uqre meye;s jdhqjla msgu
2' fldm i,af*a djKhlg hlv
weKhla oud ;eu
3' fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKhlg
fldm i,af*a djKhla tl;= lsu
4' yhsfrdlaf,dala w,hg iskala
lene,a,la u
fuu mfofha g fmr iòyka ridhksl m%;sl%shd wdY%s; j is lrk ,o kslaIK
weiqfrka by; iòyka l%shdldrj, ridhksl m%;sl%shdjla is jQ njg idlaIH
f,i my; kslaIK lah yels h'
jdhq msgu
jKh fjkia u
WIaK;ajh fjkia u ^;dm yqjudrej&
wjlafIam iEu
y`v$ wdf,dalh ksmou
.kaOhla we;s u
h jHhla fyda jH lsysmhla fyda mhdihg ,la fjka kj ixhq;shla iys;
kj jHhla fyda kj jH lsysmhla ksmou ridhksl mhdihla fyj;a ridhksl
m%;sl%shdjla f,i ye`kaf'
ue.akSish jd;fha oykh lsu kej; issysm;a lrkak' ue.akSish meye;s
f,dayuh iakh iys; f,dayhls' th r;a lsf jd;fha we;s Tlaiscka iu.
m%;sl%shd lr iq meye;s l=vla idohs' tu l=v ue.akSish Tlaihs f,i ye`kaf'
ridhksl m%;sl%shdjlg iyNd.s jk jH y`kajkafka m%;sl%shl kks'
ta wkqj by; ridhksl mhdifha m%;sl%shl jkqfha ue.akSish iy Tlaiscka h'
ridhksl m%;sl%shdjl iEfok kj jH y`kAjkafka M, kks'
fuu m%;sl%shdf iEfok M,h ue.akSish Tlaihs h' fuu ridhksl mhdih
wmg my; lafjk wdldrhg jpk ilrKhlska ksrEmKh l< yels h'
ue.akSish + Tlaiscka ue.akSish Tlaihs
f wkqj ridhksl m%;sl%shdjl m%;sl%shl" M, njg m;a f'
hlv u, neù" f,day u,Sk u" jH oykh" fMkash jH rdm;a u" m,;=re
bu" r;s[a[d lr,la msmsu" tkaihsu u`.ska is jk wdydr rKh tfkod
;fha is jk ridhksl mhdi lsysmhls'

ialkaO ixia;s kshuh
Tn ykd .;a ridhksl mhdi fyj;a ridhksl m%;sls%hd is f tAjdg ,la
jk jHj, iuia; ialkaOh fln fjkilg ,la f oehs Tn is;kafkys o@ f
ms<sn| j fidhd ne,Su i|yd 8'8 yd 8'9 ls%hdldrlj, fhfouq'
l%shdldrlu 8'8
wjYH jH(- isyska hlv flòs" iudk hlv l folla"
;sria oKavla
l%uh(-
isyska hlv flòs iudk ialkaO folla fjk fjk
u ,sys,a j isk fia .=<s wdldrhg ilia lrkak'
iudk l len,s folla wdOdrfhka rEmfha 8'5 rEmh
lafjk wkaoug ;sria oKavl tAjd .eg .ikak'
oKav ;sria j iu;=,s; j isk fia wdOdrlhl
t,a,kak' tl hlv fl .=<shlg .sks o,ajkak'
fuys hlv fl r;a meye mq,s= we;s lrka f' tA iu u .sks ,a jQ hlv
fl iys; me;a; my;a f' ta wkqj ks.ukh l< yelafla hlv fl tAjdfha oyk
M,h njg m;a f ialkaOh je we;s nj hs'
l%shdldrlu 8'9
wjYH jH(- .sksl+re ysia lsysmhla" lelEre k<hla
l%uh(-
.skl s r+ e ysia lsym
s hla lelEre k<hlg oukak' tAjd iu k<fha ialkaOh
uek .kak'
k<h jD; ,a,lg w,ajka .skl s r
+ e ysia ,afjk f;la ;ka r;a lrkak'
isi, s a jQ miq j .skl s r
+ ej, oyk M, iys; k<fha ialkaOh ukskk a '
Tf kslaIKh igyka lrkak'
fuys m%;sls%hdjg miq ialkaOh" m%;sls%hdj is ug fmr ialkaOhg jvd wvq we;s
nj kslaIKh l< yels h'
ls%hdldrlu 8'8 ys hlv fl f ialkaOh je ula yd ls%hdldrlu 8'9 ys
.sksl+re ysia f ialkaOh wvq ula fmkajQfha uka o hk .egj fuys Tng
u;= f' by; wjia:dj, jH oykh is lrk ,oafoaa jD; mirj, h' t neka
tu jH m%;sls%hd lsf mirfha we;s iuyr jH iu tl;= ug;a" tfia u oyk
M, mirhg uqod yeug;a bv we;' ialkaOh je ula is jQfha iuyr jH tl;=
u ksid h' ialkaOh wvq ula is jQfha iuyr jH mirhg uqod yeu ksid h'

jD; moaO;sh - moaO;sfhka mirhg;a" mirfhka moaO;shg;a jH yqjudre h
yels moaO;s jD; moaO;s f,i ye`kaf'
ixjD; moaO;sh - moaO;sfhka mirhg;a" mirfhka moaO;shg;a jH yqjudre h
fkdyels moaO;s ixjD; moaO;s f,i ye`kaf'
tneka ridhksl m%;sls%hdjla wdY%s; j Bg iyNd.s jk jHj, iuia; ialkaO
fjkila f hs fidhd ne,Sf msg;ska jH tl;= u fyda jH msg;g hEu fyda
is fkdjk ixjD; moaO;shl fuu mlaIKh l< hq;= h' f lreKq ie,ls,a,g
.kska ie,iq l< 8'10 yd 8'11 ls%hdldrlj, fhfouq'
l%shdldrlu 8'10
wjYH jH(- .sksl+re lsysmhla" lelEre k<hla" rn
nekhla
nekh
l%uh(-
lelEre
ls%hdldrlu 8'9 ixjD; moaO;shl is lsu fuys k<h
i,ld n,uq'
.sks l=re
rEm igyfka fmfkk m .sksl+re iys; lelEre
k<fha lg rn nekhlska jikak' tys ialkaOh 8'6 rEmh
ukskak'
.sksl+re ysia ,afjk f;la k<h m;=, imfhka r;a lrkak'
isis,a jQ miq kej; ialkaOh ukskak'
.sksl+re ysia ,afjk g nekh l%ufhka msfnk wdldrh kslaIKh f'
m%;sls%hdj is f oyk M, bj;a ula is fkd f' tfia u m%;sls%hdjg fmr yd
miq iuia; ialkaOfha fjkila fkdue;s nj o ;yjqre f'
l%shdldrlu 8'11
wjYH jH(- fla;= ma,dial=jla" f,
khsf 1 g, c,h 20 ml, fidah
laf,darhs 1 g, j,k k<hla
l%uh(-
rEmfha m fla;= ma,dial=jlg f,
khsf 1 gla muK f.k c,h 20
mll muK h lr.kak' fidah laf,darhs
mlaIK k<hlg fidah laf,darhs
f, khsf
1 gla muK f.k c,h 5 mll muK h 8'7 rEmh
lr th j,k k<hg oukak'
fidah laf,drhs djKh iys; j,k k<h kQ,lska .eg .id rEmfha
lafjk m f, khsf djKh iys; fla;= ma,dial=j we;=<; wenhl
wdOdrfhka r|jkak'
wenfha .S%ia wdf,am lr fla;= ma,dial=j uqd ;nkak' ilia l< wegjqf
ialkaOh ukskak'
wegjqu fifuka we, lr djK fol Y% ug i,iajkak' bkamiq Tf
kslaIK igyka lrkak'
wegjqf ialkaOh kej;;a uek igyka lrkak'
djK Y% f iq meye;s wjlafIamhla we;s fuka tu wegjqf ridhksl
m%;sls%hdjla is jQ nj ;yjqre f' m%;sls%hdjg fmr yd miq iuia; ialkaOfha
fjkila fkd ue;s nj o mlaIKfha m%;sM, uska ;yjqre f'
O ridhksl m%;sls%hd wdYs%; j by; i|yka wdldrfha mlaIK rdYshla is l<
m%xY cd;sl oHd{ wekagkS ,efjdaish ^1743 - 1794& iska ridhksl m%;sls%hdjlg
iyNd.s jk jHj, ^m%;sl%shlj,& uq ialkaOh m%;sl%shdfjka miq ,efnk M,j,
uq ialkaOhg iudk jk nj m<uq jrg fmkajd fok ,' miq j fuu wkdjrKh
ialkaO ixia;s kshuh jYfhka bm;a lrk ,'
ialkaO ixia;s kshuh ^Law of conservation of mass&
ridhksl m%;sls%hdj, iuia; ialkaOh fjkia fkdf' tk ialkaOh
ixia;sl f'
8'4 oykh
ue.akSish jd;fha oykh f is jkafka ue.akSish jd;fha we;s Tlaiscka
iu. m%;sl%shd lr ue.akSish Tlaihs iEu hs'
oykh i|yd jd;fha we;s Tlaiscka jdhqj wjYH h' jd;fha ;sfnk oyk fmdaIl
jdhqj Tlaiscka f'
oykhg Ndck jk jH fuka u oykh fkdjk jH o we;' oykhg Ndck jk
jH ykajkafka odyH jH kks' oykhg Ndck fkdjk jH wodyH jH f'
odyH jH (- ksoiqka - lmqre fm;s" b" f.kao." iSks" ,dlv" lvodis" ;dr" ms"
fmfg%da,a" N+f;,a
wodyH jH(- ksoiqka - re" je,s" .,a
odyH jH oyk fmdaIl jdhqjla iu. m%;sls%hd lsu oykh hs' oykh k m%;sl%shdf
we;s iqfYaIS ,laIKh jkqfha th ;dm Yla;sh;a wdf,dal Yla;sh;a msg lrka
isjk ridhksl mhdihla u hs'
odyH jHhla oykh i|yd ^Tlaiscka jdhqj iu. m%;sl%shd lsu wdrN u i|yd&
tla;rd WIaK;ajhlg r;a u wjYH h' tu WIaK;ajh jHfhka jHhg fjkia
f' odyH jHh jd;fha oykh u wdrN jk WIAK;ajh ykajkafka tu jHfha
j,k WIaK;ajh ^j,k wxlh& jYfhks'

odyH jH lsysmhl j,k WIaK;ajh ieiù iòyd 8'12 l%shdldrlfuys ksr;
fjuq'
l%shdldrlu 8'12
wjYH jH (- ka mshkla" wdOdrlhla" .skl s r
+ la" lvodis lene,a,la" mqka iaj,amhla"
ue.aki
S h
s
s m lene,a,la" iSks iaj,amhla" i,am lene,a,la
l%uh (- ka mshk wdOdrlhg ilr .kak'
ka mshk u; by; jH ;nkak'
ka mshkg hka nkaika odylhla ;nd r;a lrkak'
ka mshk u; we;s odyH jH .sks .kakd wkqms<sfj< kslaIKh lr igyka
lr .kak'
blaukska .sks .kakd jH wvq j,k WIaK;ajfhka hqla; h'
odyH jHhla" oykh u werfUkafka th tys j,k WIaK;ajh olajd r;a fuka
wk;=rej h'
f wkqj oykh iòyd wjYH m%Odk idOl ;=kla y`kd .; yels h' tu idOl
fufia h'
odyH jHhla ;su
oyk fmdaIlhla ^Tlaiscka& ,eu
odyH jH j,k WIaK;ajhg r;a u
.sks ;%sfldaKh
yis wk;=rla ksid we;s jk .sks .ekSula
ms<snòj Tf wjOdkh fhduq lrkak' tys
is jk ydksh je<elau iòyd .skak ksu is
l< hq;= h' .skakla ksug k .skak we;sug
h
Tl
;dm
fya;= jk idOl .skafkka bj;a l< hq;= h'

ai
sck
.skak we;sug wjYH idOlj, inkaO;dj

a
ksrEmKh lrka weò we;s 8'8 rEmfha lafjk

igyk .sks ;%sfldaKh f,i ye`kaf' tu rEm bkaOk
igyk fyd`ka wOHhkh lrkak'
8'8 rEmh .sks ;%sfldaKh
.skak ksug k .skakg oyk fmdaIlh ,eu
je<elau" j,k WIaK;ajhg m;au j<lajd,Su" tk ;dmh ,eu je<elau yd
dyH jHh bj;a lsu is l< hq;= h'
fndfyda g .sks ksug wm fhdod .kakd l%uh oefjk jHh u;g c,h biSu h'
g wu;rj je,s" f;; f.daks jeks foaj,ska oefjk jHh jeiSu o is lrkq ,ef'
.sks w`.=re u;g c,h bisk g .skak ksf' tfia jkafka c,h .sks w`.=rej,
;dmh Wrd f.k jdIam njg m;a jk g .sks w`.=rej, WIaK;ajh" j,k
WIaK;ajhg jvd my; jefgk neka h'
weùlg .sks weKq gl j hEfuka je<lsh hq;= h' jk g Tlaiscka jdhqj
fyd`ka ,eu ksid .skak ;j;a jOkh f' .skak ksug oyk fmdaIlh jk
jd;h yd .sksf.k we;s jHh;a w;r inkaOh ùg isl< hq;= h' ta iòyd
u fmr<Su" .klu jHhlska isrer wdjrKh lsu l< yels h'
.skakla ksu iòyd tl u l%uh wkq.ukh l< fkdyels h' .skafka iajNdjh
y`kd f.k" iqiq l%uh f;dard .; hq;= f' ksoiqkla f,i ,sh ldkafuka
we;s jk .sks" f;,a oykh fuka we;sjk .sks ksu iòyd c,h Nd;h kqiqiq h'
bkaOk
oykh lsfuka ;dm Yla;sh yd wdf,dal Yla;sh ,nd .ekSug Nd; lrk jH
bkaOk k f'
>k bkaOk i|yd ksoiqka (- or" fmd,af,,s" fmd,algq" b
j bkaOk i|yd ksoiqka (- N+f;,a" fmg%,a" i,a" fmd,af;,a
jdhquh bkaOk i|yd ksoiqka (- lD; fmfg%da,sh jdhqj ^Liquid Petroleum
gas - LP gas&" .,a w`.=re jdhqj" fuf;aka ^j jdhqj&
ieu bkaOkhl u mdfya ldnka iy yhsrcka hk uQ,jH wka;.; h'
bkaOk oykfha ksmofjk M, y`kd .ekSug 8'13 l%shdldrlfuys ksr; fjuq'
l%shdldrlu 8'13
pQIlhg
wjYH jH (- bmkaou" yqkq
hr" lelEre k<h" fnda;,h"
mqk,
S h" fldm i,af*a
l%uh (- c,h
rEmigyfkys lafjk
wdldrhg WmlrK ilia
lr .kak' yqkq hr iys;
lelEre k<h$fnda;,h
bmkaaou ksc,Sh fldm i,af*a yqkq hr
pQIlhg inkaO lr .kak' 8'9 rEmh
bmkaou o,ajd pQIlh
l%shd;aul lrkak' pQIlh l%shd;aul l< g WmlrK yryd mqkS,fha isg
lelEre k<h olajd jd; Odrdj we hhs'

U k<fha ksc,Sh îq mdg& fldm i,af*a we;' lelEre k<h ;=< wjK yqkq
hr we;' bmkaou o,ajd pQIlh l%shd;aul lsfuka miqj iqmdg ksc,Sh fldm
i,af*a" ks,a meyehg yefrk nj Tn kslaIKh lrkq we;' ;jo yqkq hr ls
meye jkq olakg ,efnkq we;'
iqmdg ksc,Sh fldm i,af*a l=vq ks,a meye jkafka U k<h fj; tk c,h
^c, jdIam& ksid h' yqkq hr ls mdg jkafka ldnka vfhdlaihs jdhqj ksid h'
bmkaou oe,afjk g ^b jdIam oykh jk g& ldnka vfhdlaihs jdhqj yd
c,h iEfok nj fuu l%shdldrlfuka wkdjrKh jkafka h'
f wkqj bkaOk oykfha ldnka vfhdlaihs jdhqj yd c,h M, jYfhka ,ef'
bkaOkj, mQK oykh yd wO oykh
oykh iòyd m%udKj;a ;r Tlaiscka jdhqj ôyk fmdaIlh& iemfhk g is
jkafka mQK oykhhs' bkaOkj, ldnka yd yhsrcka hk uQ,jH wvx.= nj Tn
okshs' ldnka mQK oykfhka ldnka vfhdlaihs o' yhsrcka mQK oykfha
c,h o ,ef' mQK oykfhka wl ;dm m%udKhla ksmof'
oykh iòyd m%udKj;a ;r Tlaiscka jdhqj fkd,efnk g is jk oykh
wO oykh f,i ye`kaf' fuys ldnka vfhdlaihs yd c,hg wu;r j
ldnka fudfkdlaihs o" fkdjqKq ldnka wxY= o iEfoa' wO oykfha tu ,af,ka
ksmofjk ;dm m%udKh idfmalaIj wvq h'
bmkao oe,a,
bmkaoula ,af >k b j b njg m;a f'
j b ;srh Tiafia by<g .uka lr jdIam f' hka;ka fmfkk
ndysr l,dmh
fuu b jdIam" Tlaiscka jdhqj iu. m%;sl%shd lr
ma; l,dmh
wdf,dalh yd ;dmh ksmojhs' fuf,i bmkao ,a,
iEfoa'
bmkao ,a, fyd`ka kslaIKh lrkak' tys wma; l,dmh
meye,s j kslaIKh l< yels l,dm ;=kla we;' ndysr l,dmfha
ks,a meye;s fldgi
we;=<;ska msys l,dmh wma; l,dmh f,i ye`kaf'
tys bjdIam wka;.; f' tys WIaK;ajh wfkl=;a
l,dmj,g idfmalaI j wvq h' wma; l,dmhg msg;ska
ma; l,dmh msysghs' tu l,dmfha we;s fkdjqKq 8'10 rEmh
ldnka wxY= .sksh ly meye wdf,dalhla ksl=;a bmkao ,a,
lrhs' fuu l,dmfha WIaK;ajh wma; l,dmfha WIaK;ajhg jvd je h'
ma; l,dmhg msg;ska ,af,a mdofha ks,a meyefhka lsh yels wfkl=;a m%foaYj,
meye,s j fkdfmfkk l,dmhla we;' tu l,dmh ndysr l,dmh ^woDYH l,dmh&
f,i ye`kafjk w;r by< u WIaK;ajh we;af;a tu l,dmfha h'
nkaika oe,a,
woDYH l,dmh
nkaika ,af,a jKh oykh iòyd imhk Tlaiscka
,d ks,a l,dmh
jdhqf m%udKh wkqj fjkia h' Tlaiscka m%udKh wvq
jk g ,a, ly meyehg yefrk w;r m%udKj;a ;r ;o ks,a l,dmh
Tlaiscka ,efnk g ,a, ks,a meyehg yef' tu ks,a wma; l,dmh
meye;s ,a, fyd`ka kslaIKh lsfuka tys l,dm
lò
lsysmhla y`kd .; yels h'
tys uOHfha fkdjqKq jdhqj iys; wma; l,dmh
msysghs' wma; l,dmhg msg;ska ms<sfj<ska ;o ks,a lr j<,a,
meye;s l,dmh yd ,d ks,a meye;s l,dmh msysghs' jdisr
msg;ska u woDYH l,dmh msysgd we;' woDYH l,dmh jd; k<h
;=< mQK oykh is f' mdoh
8'11 rEmh nkaika ,a,
8'5 f,day u,sk u

u;=msg iakhla ;su f,dayj, ,laIKhla nj Tn bf.k f.k we;' f,day jd;hg
jD; j ld,hla ;enQ g tu iakh ke;s hhs' f,dayj, mDIaGfha iajNdjh
fufia fjkia u u,sk u k f' ieu f,dayhla u mdfya u,sk f'
u,sk u ksid hlv u;=msg Uqre meyehg yqre r;= mdg ixfhda.hla iEfoa' fuu
ixfhda.h hlv u, fyj;a u,lv kka ye`kaf' tneka fuh hlv u, neu
f,i yekaf' f,day u,sk u yd hlv u, neu ksid f,dayj, mDIaG Ldokh
ulg ,la jkafka h' fuh f,day Ldokh u kka yekaf' f,day u,sk u
iy hlvj, is jk u, neu ridhksl mhdi f'
hlv u, neù
hlv u, neù iòyd wjYH idOl ms<snòj fidhd ne,Su iòyd 8'14 yd 8'15
l%shdldrlj, fhfouq'
l%shdldrlu 8'14
wjYH jH(- mlaIK k< ;=kla" msis hlv weK lsysmhla" fmd,af;,a iaj,amhla
l%uh(-
mlaIK k<hlg c,h iaj,amhla f.k kgk f;la r;a lrkak' ka tu
c,h msis hlv weKhla oud c,h u; f;,a ;gqjla oukak (A wegjqu&
f;,a ;gqjla oukafka c,h h<s isis,a jk g jd;h h u je<elaug h'

A B C
;j;a mlaIK k< follg we,a
c,h iudk mud f.k tu c,hg
msis hlv weKhla oukak' tla
mlaIK k<hlg f;,a ;gqjla fmd,af;,a
oukak' (B wegjqu&'
wfkla lelErE k<h tf,i u we,a c,h
kegjQ
;nkak (C wegjqu&' c,h
fuu wegjq k lsysmhla
kslaIKh lrkak'
Tf kslaIK jd;d lrkak'
mssis l<
hlv weK
8'12 rEmh
A k<fha hlv weKh u, fkd n`hs' tu k<fha ;sfnkafka kegjQ c,h neka
c,fha h ;snQ jd;h uqukska u bj;a j we;' c,h u;g fmd,af;,a ;gqjla
fhu u`.ska c,h isis,a jk g jd;h h u je<lS we;'
B k<fha ;sfnkafka we,a c,h hs' tneka tu c,fha jd;h we;' c,fhys h jQ
jd;h we;s ksid tu hlv weKh u, n`hs'
C k<fha hlv weK ndysr mirhg jD; j we;' Bg ndysr mirfhka jd;h
,efnk neka u, neu is f' f wkqj hlv u, neu iòyd jd;h wjYH nj
ks.ukh l< yels h'
l%shdldrlu 8'15
b
wjYH jH(- lelEre k<hla" msis hlv weK folla" lsr, wenh
le,aish laf,darhs iaMl$is,sld fc,a hlv weKh
l%uh(-
hlv weK fol je,s lvodisj,ska ueo msis lr
.kak'
rEmfha m tajd lsr, wenhg i lrkak'
lelEre k<hg le,aish laf,darhs iaMl$is,sld
fc,a oud" weK iys; wenh thg i lrkak'
b fhdod k<h jdhqfrdaOl lrkak' le,aish
laf,darhs
fuu wegjqu k lsysmhla kslaIKh lrkak' iaMl$is,sld
Tf kslaIK jd;d lrkak' fc,a
8'13 rEmh
k lsysmhla .; jk g k<fhka msg; we;s weK fldgia u, ne` we;s nj;a
k<h we;=<; we;s weK fldgia u, ne` ke;s nj;a kslaIKh l< yels h'

le,aish laf,darhs iaMl$is,sld fc,a lelEre k<fha we;s jd;fha f;;ukh
wjfYdaIKh lr .kS' wenh jgd b fhu ksid k<h jdhqfrdaOl fuka f;;ukh
iys; jd;h k<h ;=<g we;= u j<lshs' tneka tu k<fha jd;fha c, jdIam
fkdue;s neka k<h we;=<; weK fldgia u, fkd n`hs'
wenfhka fome;a;g isk fia weK i lsfuka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka weKhl
W,a ;=v fyda me;,s ysi fyda u, ne`f fjkila fkdfmkajk nj ;yjqre
lsuhs'
l%shdldrlu 8'16
wjYH jH(- lrhla" mlaId hlv l=vq
k< folla" hlv l=vq lla"
mqka iaj,amhla f;; mqka
f;; mqka
l%uh(
mlaId k< folla .kak' A k<h B k<h
tla k<hl f;; mqka
iaj,amhla ròjkak (A)'
wfkla k<fha f;; mqka
u; hlv l=vq iaj,amhla
oud ròjkak (B)'
lrhlg c,h lla f.k
c,h
tu c,fha by; oelafjk
m A yd B mlaId k<
fol isria j hl=re j 8'14 rEmh
;nkak'
fuu wegjqu ilia lr k lsysmhla kslaIKh lrkak'
kslaIKh igyka lrkak'
B k<fha hlv l=vq u, ne we;s nj o tu k<fhys Wfika mfyka mx.=jla muK

c,h by< ke. we;s nj o olakg ,efnkq we;'
jd;fhys Tlaiscka mud m%;sY;h 21]ls' tk h wjldYhl we;s jd; mudfjka
1$5la muK Tlaiscka f' u, nef Tlaiscka jdhqj jeh jkafka k u, neu
is jk wjldYfha wvx.= jd; mudfjka 1$5la jeh h hq;= h'
B k<fha ;sfnk hlv l=vq u, neu i|yd tu k<fha ;sfnk jd;fha wvx.=
Tlaiscka jdhqj jeh f' jd;fha mudfjka mfyka tlla we;af;a Tlaiscka jdhqj
ksid k<fha Wfika mfyka tlla by<g c, ugu by< hhs' ka meye,s jkafka
hlv u, nef Tlaiscka jdhqj jeh jk nj hs'
hlv u, neu i|yd jd;fha we;s Tlaiscka iy c,h wjYH nj fuu l%shdldrlj,ska
meye,s f'

hlv u, nefuka wdrlaId lr.ekSu
hlv NdKav u, neug ,la jkafka jd;h yd c,h iu. .eug bv m%ia;dj ,o
fyd;a muKs' tneka hlka iE NdKavj, jd;h yd c,h .eu je<elajqjfyd;a
u, ne`fuka wdrlaId f'
8'15 rEmh .e,ajkhsia

l, nd,ahla 8'16 rEmh ;Ska; wdf,am lrk ,o
f.agqjla
hlvj,ska ksudKh lrk ,o .%s,a" f.agq" md, jeks jHj, ;Ska; wdf,am lr
;sfnkq Tn l we;' ;Ska; wf,am lsu hlv u, neù je<elaug nyq,j Nd;
lrk l%uhls' tys hlv" jd;h yd c,h iu. .eu j<lS'
hlvj,ska ;kd we;s hka;% iQ;%j, u, neù je<elau iòyd .%Sia wdf,am lsu o
is lrkq ,ef'
.e,ajkhsia l< hlv NdKav ms<sn|j Tn wid we;' .e,ajkhsia lsf lrkq
,nkafka hlv NdKavj, iskala f,dayh wdf,amkh lsu hs' tu wdf,amh ;rula
iS f.dia tys iuyr ia:dk jd;hg ksrdjrKh jqj o tu hlv NdKav u, fkd
nhs' tneka .e,ajkhsia lsu b;d fyd| wdrlaIK l%uhls' nd,a" jy, fi,s
lrk ;yvq" hlv weK wdh .e,ajkhsia lsfuka wdrlaId lr .; yels h'
ka wdf,am lsu o hlv NdKav u, nefuka wdrlaId lr.kakd ;j;a l%uhls'
ud" ls ms" wdh wiqrd ;nk nka ka nka f,i yekajqj o tajd hlvj,ska
iE nka jk w;r ka mj;skafka wdf,amhla f,i muKs' ka wdf,am l< nka
fufia ka nka f,i idudkH jHjydrfha mj;shs' flfia fj;;a ka wdf,ams;
nkla iS .sh g b;d blaukska u, nhs'
8'6 WodiSkslrKh
w," Niau yd WodiSk jH ms<snòj Tn 7 jeks fY%aKsfha W.;a foa isyshg k.kak'
tu jH ms<snòj lreKq mqklaIKh lsu iòyd 8'17 l%shdldrlfuys fhfouq'

l%shdldrlu 8'17
wjYH jH(- yhsfrdlaf,dala djKh" fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKh"
fidah laf,darhs djKh ^Kq djKh&" mlaIK k<" r;= ,suia" ks,a ,suia"
pH lvodis" msfkda,ama;e,ska
l%uh(-
yhsfrdlaf,dala djKh" fidah
yhsfrdlaihs djKh iy fidah
laf,darhs djKh mlaId k<
;=klg .kak'
fuu djK ;=k u ks,a ,suia len,s
;=klska mlaId lrkak'
fuu djK ;=k u r;= ,suia len,s
;=klska mlaId lrkak'
fuu djK ;=k pH lvodis len,s B C
A
;=klska mlaId lrkak' yhsfv%dlaf,dala fidah fidah
fuu djK ;=kg msfkda,ama;e,ska djKh yhsfrdlaihs laf,darhs
djKh djKh
ka fol ne.ska oukak'
8'17 rEmh
Tf kslaIK j.=.; lrkak'
A djKh ks,a ,suia lene,a, r;= meyehg yrjhs' A djKh r;= ,suiaj,
jK mhdihla we;s fkd lrhs' th pH lvodis lene,a,lska mlaId l<
g 7g wvq w.hla ,ef' msfkd,ama;e,ska oeuQ g wjKj u mj;shs'
B djKhg ks,a ,suia oeuQ g jK mhdihla we;s fkd f' r;= ,suia
oeuQ g ks,a mdg f' pH lvodishla oeuQ g pH w.h 7g je nj fmfka'
msfkda,ama;e,ska oeuQ g frdai meyehla we;s f'
C djKh u.ska ks,a ,suiaj, fyda r;= ,suiaj, meyeh fjkia fkdflf'
pH lvodish jK wxl 7 fmkajhs' msfkda,ama;e,ska oeuQ g jK fjkila
we;s fkd f'
by; kslaIK wkqj A djKh wd,sl nj;a B djKh Ndial nj;a C djKh
WodiSk nj;a y`kd .; yels h'
Niauhlg w,hla tl;= lrk g ljr wkaof mhdihla is f oehs fidhd
ne,Su
Worfha we;s jk w, .;sh iukh lsu iòyd ,ala T*a ue.akSishd hrh ,nd
fok nj Tn wid we;' ,ala T*a ue.akSishd Ndial jHhls' fufia wd,sl
jHhl n,mEu wju lsu iòyd Ndial jHhla ug fya;=j l=ula o@ f ms<snòj
fidhd ne,Sug 8'18 l%shdldrlfuys ksr; fjuq'

l%shdldrlu 8'18
wjYH jH(- lrhla" ka msfmgqjla" ;kql fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKh"
;kql yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h" msfkda,ama;e,ska
l%uh(-
lrhlg ;kql fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKfha 10 ml tla lrkak' thg
msfkda,ama;e,ska ka lsysmhla o tl;= lrkak' bka miqj ka msfmgqjla
u.ska ;kql yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h flka l thg tl;= lrka djKfha
jK mhdih kslaIKh lrkak'
w,h tl;= lsu iu. djKfha frdai meyeh flka l wvq tla;rd
wjia:djl wjK f' ka meye,s jkafka Niauhlg w,hla tl;= lrk
g Niaufha Ndial .=Kh l%ufhka ke;s hk njhs'
a) msfkda,ama;e,ska ka lsysmhla oeuQ

fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKh
b) w,h tl;= lsu ksid ;rula rg
WodiSkSlrKh we;'
c) uqukska u WodiSkSlrKh we;'
8'18 rEmh
fuf,i Niauhlg w,hla tl;= lsf ;a" w,hlg Niauhla tl;= lsf ;a
tajdfha wd,sl yd Ndial .=K wvq jk w;r tla;rd wjia:djl wd,sl yd
Ndial .=K uqukska u ke;s hhs' tu l%shdj,sh WodiSkslrKh f,i y`kajhs'
fidah yhsfrdlaihs hkq Niauhla nj o yhsfrdlaf,dala hkq w,hla nj o
Tn okshs' f foj.h m%;sl%shd lrk g iEfokafka fidah laf,darhs yd c,h
hk WodiSk jH f' fuu w, yd Niau w;r m%;sl%shdj ridhksl mhdihls'
th WodiSkslrK m%;sl%shdjla f,i ye`kaf' tu m%;sl%shd my; lafjk wdldrhg
jpk ilrKhlska lah yels h'
fidah yhsfrdlaihs yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h fidah laf,darhs c,h
idudkH ;fha w, - Niau WodiSkslrKh yuq jk wjia:d lsysmhla ms<sn|j
<g fidhd n,uq'
wdudYfha w, .;sh je jQ g" ,ala T*a ue.akSishd mdkh lrkq ,ef' ,ala
T*a ue.akSishd hkq ue.akSish yhsfrdlaihs keue;s Niauh hs' tu Niauh u.ska
wdudYfha jemqr we;s yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h WodiSk u is f'

ueiaika oIag l< g yqkq wdf,am lsfuka fokdj my j hhs'
ueiaika oIag l< g iug we;= jk I wd,sl h' yqkq hkq
Niauhls' ta u.ska w,h WodiSk f' fokdj my j hkafka
tneks' fonreka oIag l< g we;= jk I Ndial h' tneka
kdls fyda foys hqI jeks wd,sl jHhla wdf,am lsfuka tu I
WodiSk fokdj my j hhs'
wd,sl mig yqkq fhdokq ,ef' yqkq Ndial jHhla neka mfiys
wd,sl ;;a;ajh WodiSk flf'
8'19 rEmh
idrdxYh
mod:fha is jk mhdi fN!;sl mhdi yd ridhksl mhdi
hkqfjka foj.hls'
h mod:hl mj;sk iajNdjh fjkilg ,la jqj o" tu mod:fha ixhq;sh
fjkilg ,la fkdjk wkaof mhdi fN!;sl mhdi f,i ye`kaf'
h mod:hl ixhq;sh fjkia kj jH iEula is jk wkaof mhdi
ridhksl mhdi f,i ye`kaf'
hlv u, neù" f,day Ldokh u" oykh" WodiSkSlrKh ridhksl
mhdij,g ksoiqka f'
,hkh" jdIamSlrKh" W!jmd;kh" >kSNjkh" ysudhkh jeks mhdi
fN!;sl mhdi f'
;dm mhdihla is u" jdhqjla msg u" wjlafIamhla iEu" jK mhdi
is u" WIaK;aj fjkia u hk idlaIH u`.ska ridhksl m%;sl%shdjla is
we;s nj k.; yels h'
m%;sl%shdjg iyNd.s jk jH m%;sl%shl jk w;r tys iEfok jH M, f'
ridhksl m%;sl%shdj, iuia; ialkaOh fjkia fkd f' tk m%;sl%shdjg
iyNd.S jQ m%;sl%shlj, ialkaOh m%;sl%shdjg miq iEfok M,j, ialkaOhg
iudk f'
odyH jH Tlaiscka iu. m%;sl%shd lsu oykh k f'
fndfyda bkaOk mQK oykhg Ndck f ldnka vfhdlaihs yd c,h
iEfoa'
wimQK oykfha ldnka vfhdlaihs yd c,hg wu;rj fkdjqKq
ldnka yd ldnka fudfkdlaihs iEfoa'
mQK oykfha ksmfok ;dm m%udKh wO oykfha ksmfok ;dm
m%udKhg idfmalaIj by< h'
hlv u, neù iòyd Tlaiscka iy c,h wjYH f'
;Ska; wdf,am lsu" .e,ajkhsia lsu yd .%Sia wdf,am lsu jeks l%u u`.ska
u, neù je<elah yels h'
w,hla yd Niauhla tlsfkl m%;sl%shd lrk g" w,fha wd,sl .=K o"
Niaufha Ndial .=K o" ke;s hhs'
w, yd Niau w;r ridhksl m%;sl%shd WodiSkslrK m%;sl%shd f,i ye`kaf'
wNHdi
1& my; m%Yak iòyd we;s ms<s;=re w;=ka ksjer fyda jvd;a .e<fmk ms<s;=r
f;darkak'
1' ridhksl mhdihla fkdjkafka"
1' yqud,h >kSNjkh u hs' 2' ue.akSish oykh u hs'
3' hlv u, neù hs' 4' f,day u,sk u hs'
2' ka wi;H m%ldYh ljrla o@
1' oykh ridhksl m%;sl%shdjls'
2' oykh iòyd Tlaiscka wjYH f'
3' mQK oykh ksid iEfokafka ly mdg ,a,ls'
4' hula oykh iòyd tys j,kdxlh olajd r;a u wjYH f'
3' u, neula olakg fkd,efnkafka l=uk wegjqf we;s hlv weKfhys o@

f;,a f;,a
;gqj ;gqj
kegjQ c,h kegjQ c,h
c,h c,h
1' A 2' B 3' C 4' D

4' iskala lene,a,la" fldm i,af*a djKhlg uQ g we;s jk kslaIKhla
fkdjkafka"
1' iskala lene,a, l%ufhka hu'
2' r;= - Uqre jHhla iskala lene,a, jgd neù
3' iq jYfhka djKh r;a u
4' djKfha ks,a meyeh tf,i u mej;Su
5' A - i,a* B - ue.akSish C - hlv
r;a lsf ridhksl mhdihlg Ndckh jkafka by; jHj,ska l=uk
tajd o@
1' A muKs' 2' A yd B muKs' 3' B yd C muKs' 4' A, B yd C ys h'

2& nkaika ,af,a rEm igykla my; laf'
a) tys A,B,C yd D l,dm k lrkak' D
b) tu l,dm w;ka mQK oykh isjk l,dmh l=ula o@
C
c) nkaika odylfha oykh jk bkaOkh l=ula o@
B
3& wdudYfha w, .;sh je u ksid we;sjk wmyiq;djg
ue.akSishd laISrh (milk of magnesia) mdkh lsu ksfoaY flf' A
a) ue.akSishd laISrh wd,sl o@ Ndial o@
b) ue.akSishd laISrh yd w, w;r m%;sl%shdj ye`kafjkafka
l=uk kulska o@
4& my; iòyka ixisoa flfhka meye,s lrkak'
1' mfiys wd,sl iajNdjh u`.yrjd .ekSug mig yqkq tl;= lrkq ,ef'
2' ;Ska; wdf,am lsfuka hlvj,ska ;ekQ NdKavj, u, nefuka
wdrlaId f'
3' weò isk weùg .sks weKq wjia:djl u kqiqiq h'
mdNdIsl jpk
fN!;sl mhdi - Physical changes
ridhksl mhdi - Chemical changes
u,sk u - Tarnishing
j u - Melting
jdIamSlrKh - Vapourisation
W!jmd;kh - Sublimation
>kSNjkh - Condensation
ysudhkh - Freezing
oykh - Combustion
Ldokh - Corrosion
u,lv lEu - Rusting
WodiSkslrKh - Neutralisation
jD; moaO;sh - Open system
ixjD; moaO;sh - Closed system
m%;sl%shl - Reactants
M, - Products
ialkaO ixia;s kshuh - Law of conservation of mass

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1

fmd,a j;=f msfh weiska oelsh fkdyels ka iuQyhla isk nj wKalaISh

oHdj | laIq kaf.a jeo.;alu 1

nelahd hSia we,a.S fYaIhla jk

,Sr fYaIhla jk hql (Mucor) wend (Amoeba) merish (Paramecium)

uq,a jrg laIq ka kslaIKh lrk ,oafoa

1'3 rEmh wekagka jEka ,Sjkayqla

2 oHdj | laIq kaf.a jeo.;alu

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oHdj | laIq kaf.a jeo.;alu 3

iSks yd hSia iys;

4 oHdj | laIq kaf.a jeo.;alu

1'6 rEmh hSiaj, l%shdld;ajh ksid mdka msmSu is we;s whqre

1'3 laIq ka u.ska ksidg yd ksia l%shdldrlj,g we;s jk n,mEu

laIq ka ksidg m%fhdackj;a fuka u ydksodhl jk wjia:d o ;sf'

laIq kaf.a ys;lr n,mE

y ksid w;S;fha isg wo olajd O ludka; i|yd laIq ka Nd; lrhs' ta

6 oHdj | laIq kaf.a jeo.;alu

m%;sjl T!IO m%;sYla;slrK kdls yd uoHidr wdydrhla f,i

fldfmdaia fmdfydr iEu j jdhq ksIamdokh fldyq ludka;h

laIq kaf.a wys;lr n,mE

oHdj | laIq kaf.a jeo.;alu 7

t<j u; jOkh mdka u; jOkh jk m,;=re u; jOkh

laIq ka ksidg;a" i;=kag;a" fnda. j.dj,g;a O fnda jk frda. idohs'

laIq ka ksid ksidg je<f|k fnda jk frda.

ffjria u.ska - fim%;sYHdj" fvx.=" fmda,sfhda" AIDS ^taia& - m;

fvx.= rla;md; wjia:djla ,dre frda.h ksid iu u; wy iEu

8 oHdj | laIq kaf.a jeo.;alu

c,NS;sldj je<Kq uqL yd l=r frda.h nqre m%odyh

wx.udr frda.hg m;% ;% frda.hg f.dre fld< fldv u frda.hg

laIq ka w mDIAG u; jOkh u ksid tajdg ydks is f'

we u; jOkh f.dvke.s,s ;a;s u; oej u; jOkh

oHdj | laIq kaf.a jeo.;alu 9

i. nelahd laIq ka ldKavhg wh;a f' ^ &

i. ffjria u.ska fndajk frda.hla fkdjkafka ka l=ula o@

ii. laIq ka iska meiSu is lrk wdydr j. fudkjdo'

10 oHdj | laIq kaf.a jeo.;alu

iv. fodfod,a" lejq jeks ,smsv nyq, wdydr u; is jk laIq kaf.a

v. laIq kaf.ka ksidg is jk ys;lr n,mEu l=ula o @

3' fl ms<s;=re imhkak'

oHdj | laIq kaf.a jeo.;alu 11

f.dfn,a,d 6QDLO ll=jd &UDE fl<j,a,d <HOORZQ7XQD

n,a,d 'RJ l=l=<d &RFN iuk,hd %XWWHU\

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12 oHdj | i;a;aj j.SlrKh

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l+ve,a,d fomshka fn,a,d l=rehd

uqyq u, n;al+rd yxf.d,a,d

O ksKdhl u; mokj wmDIaGjxYSka ldKav .; lsfuka Tn o j.SlrKhla

oHdj | i;a;aj j.SlrKh 13

yhsv%d uqyq u, f,dhka

ksvdhd ldKavh my; i|yka ,laIK orhs'

14 oHdj | i;a;aj j.SlrKh

.ev,d l+ve,a,d m;a;EmKqjd 1HUHLV

wefk,svd ldKavh my; i|yka ,laIK orhs'

foayh LKavj,g fn we;' tneka iLKav mKqjka f,i ykajhs'

f.dfn,a,d fomshka fn,a,d nQj,a,d

oHdj | i;a;aj j.SlrKh 15

iuk,hd f.dakqiaid m;a;Ehd biaid

2'9 rEmh wdf;%dfmdavd fYaI lsysmhla

wdf;%dfmdavd ldKavh my; i|yka ,laIK orhs'

foayh u;=msg ndysr iels,a,la we;'

16 oHdj | i;a;aj j.SlrKh

n,hd %OXHQWXQD leianEjd7XUWOH lsUq,d &URFRGLOH