COEFICIENTUL DE CORELATIE

Problema de hidrologie

Doua statii hidrometrice fac, pe parcursul unui an, 100 de masuratori ale nivelului unui rau, in amonte (X) si in aval (Y
Sa se calculeze coeficientul de corelatie dintre valorile obtinute la cele doua statii.

Nivelurile masurate si frecventele acestora, prezentate corelat

X si Y 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4 4.1 4.2 4.3

3.2 1 1
3.3 1 2 1
3.4 2 2 1 1
3.5 3 5 2 1 1 1
3.6 1 4 4 4 1 1 1
3.7 1 1 12 1 2
3.8 1 1 10 3 1
3.9 1 1 12 1 1
4
4.1 2
4.2 1

1 3 9 13 22 29 8 3 5

X Y fx,y Sx Sy dx dy dx*dx dy*dy

3.5 3.2 1 3.5 3.2 -0.5 -0.5 0.219024 0.25

3.6 3.2 1 3.6 3.2 -0.4 -0.5 0.135424 0.25
3.6 3.3 1 3.6 3.3 -0.4 -0.4 0.135424 0.16
3.7 3.3 2 7.4 6.6 -0.3 -0.4 0.071824 0.16
3.9 3.3 1 3.9 3.3 -0.1 -0.4 0.004624 0.16
3.7 3.4 2 7.4 6.8 -0.3 -0.3 0.071824 0.09
3.8 3.4 2 7.6 6.8 -0.2 -0.3 0.028224 0.09
3.9 3.4 1 3.9 3.4 -0.1 -0.3 0.004624 0.09
4.0 3.4 1 4 3.4 0.0 -0.3 0.001024 0.09
3.7 3.5 3 11.1 10.5 -0.3 -0.2 0.071824 0.04
3.8 3.5 5 19 17.5 -0.2 -0.2 0.028224 0.04
3.9 3.5 2 7.8 7 -0.1 -0.2 0.004624 0.04
4.0 3.5 1 4 3.5 0.0 -0.2 0.001024 0.04
4.1 3.5 1 4.1 3.5 0.1 -0.2 0.017424 0.04
4.2 3.5 1 4.2 3.5 0.2 -0.2 0.053824 0.04
3.7 3.6 1 3.7 3.6 -0.3 -0.1 0.071824 0.01
3.8 3.6 4 15.2 14.4 -0.2 -0.1 0.028224 0.01
3.9 3.6 4 15.6 14.4 -0.1 -0.1 0.004624 0.01
4.0 3.6 4 16 14.4 0.0 -0.1 0.001024 0.01
4.1 3.6 1 4.1 3.6 0.1 -0.1 0.017424 0.01
4.2 3.6 1 4.2 3.6 0.2 -0.1 0.053824 0.01
4.3 3.6 1 4.3 3.6 0.3 -0.1 0.110224 0.01
3.7 3.7 1 3.7 3.7 -0.3 0.0 0.071824 0
3.8 3.7 1 3.8 3.7 -0.2 0.0 0.028224 0
3.9 3.7 12 46.8 44.4 -0.1 0.0 0.004624 0
4.0 3.7 1 4 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.001024 0
4.1 3.7 2 8.2 7.4 0.1 0.0 0.017424 0
3.8 3.8 1 3.8 3.8 -0.2 0.1 0.028224 0.01
3.9 3.8 1 3.9 3.8 -0.1 0.1 0.004624 0.01
4.0 3.8 10 40 38 0.0 0.1 0.001024 0.01
4.1 3.8 3 12.3 11.4 0.1 0.1 0.017424 0.01
4.3 3.8 1 4.3 3.8 0.3 0.1 0.110224 0.01
3.6 3.9 1 3.6 3.9 -0.4 0.2 0.135424 0.04
3.9 3.9 1 3.9 3.9 -0.1 0.2 0.004624 0.04
4.0 3.9 12 48 46.8 0.0 0.2 0.001024 0.04
4.2 3.9 1 4.2 3.9 0.2 0.2 0.053824 0.04
4.3 3.9 1 4.3 3.9 0.3 0.2 0.110224 0.04
4.5 3.9 1 4.5 3.9 0.5 0.2 0.283024 0.04
4.4 4.0 1 4.4 4 0.4 0.3 0.186624 0.09
4.5 4.0 1 4.5 4 0.5 0.3 0.283024 0.09
4.3 4.1 2 8.6 8.2 0.3 0.4 0.110224 0.16
4.4 4.1 3 13.2 12.3 0.4 0.4 0.186624 0.16
4.1 4.2 1 4.1 4.2 0.1 0.5 0.017424 0.25
4.5 4.2 1 4.5 4.2 0.5 0.5 0.283024 0.25

100 396.8 370

3.968 3.7
3.5 3.2
3.6 3.2
3.6 3.3
3.7 3.3
3.7 3.3
3.9 3.3
3.7 3.4
3.7 3.4
3.8 3.4
3.8 3.4
3.9 3.4
4.0 3.4
3.7 3.5
3.7 3.5
3.7 3.5
3.8 3.5
3.8 3.5
3.8 3.5
3.8 3.5
3.8 3.5
3.9 3.5
3.9 3.5
4.0 3.5
4.1 3.5
4.2 3.5
3.7 3.6
3.8 3.6
3.8 3.6
3.8 3.6
3.8 3.6
3.9 3.6
3.9 3.6
3.9 3.6
3.9 3.6
4.0 3.6
4.0 3.6
4.0 3.6
4.0 3.6
4.1 3.6
4.2 3.6
4.3 3.6
3.7 3.7
3.8 3.7
3.9 3.7
3.9 3.7
3.9 3.7
3.9 3.7
3.9 3.7
3.9 3.7
3.9 3.7
3.9 3.7
3.9 3.7
3.9 3.7
3.9 3.7
3.9 3.7
4.0 3.7
4.1 3.7
4.1 3.7
3.8 3.8
3.9 3.8
4.0 3.8
4.0 3.8
4.0 3.8
 4.0 3.8
4.0 3.8
4.0 3.8
4.0 3.8
4.0 3.8
4.0 3.8
4.0 3.8
4.1 3.8
4.1 3.8
4.1 3.8
4.3 3.8
3.6 3.9
3.9 3.9
4.0 3.9
4.0 3.9
4.0 3.9
4.0 3.9
4.0 3.9
4.0 3.9
4.0 3.9
4.0 3.9
4.0 3.9
4.0 3.9
4.0 3.9
4.0 3.9
4.2 3.9
4.3 3.9
4.5 3.9
4.4 4.0
4.5 4.0
4.3 4.1
4.3 4.1
4.4 4.1
4.4 4.1
4.4 4.1
4.1 4.2
4.5 4.2

3.96800 3.70000
0.206403 0.217423
5.201678 5.876295

Rx,y 0.695509
CORELATIE

nui rau, in amonte (X) si in aval (Y), fiind obtinute rezultatele din Tabel.

4.4 4.5
2 Chart Title
4
6
13
16 12
10
17 8
16 6 18
1 17 4
Ro
w
1 1 2 2 14
0 w
3 5 Ro
1 10
2 3
1 2 4 5 w
6 7 8 Ro
9 10 11

4 3 Row 10 Row 11 Row 12 Row 13 Row 14 Row 15

Row 16 Row 17 Row 18 Row 19 Row 20
dx*dy fi*dx*dx fi*dy*dY fi*dx*dy

0.234 0.219024 0.25 0.234 Chart Title

0.184 0.135424 0.25 0.184
0.1472 0.135424 0.16 0.1472
0.1072 0.143648 0.32 0.2144 12
0.0272 0.004624 0.16 0.0272 10
0.0804 0.143648 0.18 0.1608 8
0.0504 0.056448 0.18 0.1008 6
18
4 w
0.0204 0.004624 0.09 0.0204 Ro
2 14
-0.0096 0.001024 0.09 -0.0096 0 w
Ro
0.0536 0.215472 0.12 0.1608 1 10
2 3 4 5 w
0.0336 0.14112 0.2 0.168 6 7 8 Ro
9 10 11
0.0136 0.009248 0.08 0.0272
Row 10 Row 11 Row 12 Row 13 Row 14 Row 15
-0.0064 0.001024 0.04 -0.0064 Row 16 Row 17 Row 18 Row 19 Row 20
-0.0264 0.017424 0.04 -0.0264
-0.0464 0.053824 0.04 -0.0464
0.0268 0.071824 0.01 0.0268
0.0168 0.112896 0.04 0.0672
0.0068 0.018496 0.04 0.0272
-0.0032 0.004096 0.04 -0.0128
-0.0132 0.017424 0.01 -0.0132
-0.0232 0.053824 0.01 -0.0232
-0.0332 0.110224 0.01 -0.0332
0 0.071824 0 0
0 0.028224 0 0
0 0.055488 0 0
0 0.001024 0 0
0 0.034848 0 0
-0.0168 0.028224 0.01 -0.0168
-0.0068 0.004624 0.01 -0.0068
0.0032 0.01024 0.1 0.032
0.0132 0.052272 0.03 0.0396
0.0332 0.110224 0.01 0.0332
-0.0736 0.135424 0.04 -0.0736
-0.0136 0.004624 0.04 -0.0136
0.0064 0.012288 0.48 0.0768
0.0464 0.053824 0.04 0.0464
0.0664 0.110224 0.04 0.0664
0.1064 0.283024 0.04 0.1064
0.1296 0.186624 0.09 0.1296
0.1596 0.283024 0.09 0.1596
0.1328 0.220448 0.32 0.2656
0.1728 0.559872 0.48 0.5184
0.066 0.017424 0.25 0.066
0.266 0.283024 0.25 0.266

SSxx Ssyy Ssxy

4.2176 4.68 3.09
0.2064025683 0.217423 0.695509
 18
w
Ro
14
w
Ro
10
w
Ro
10 11

3 Row 14 Row 15
9 Row 20

18
w
Ro
14
w
Ro
10
w
Ro
10 11
Row 14 Row 15
Row 20
 Distributia normala, a lui Gauss, sau gaussiana
Variabila Functia Functia
normala, de dis- de re- Functia densitate de probabilitate, sau de distributie, a variabilei aleatoare normal, normate, z
normata tributie partitie
0.5
f(z)
z f(z) F(z)
0.4

-3 0.004432 0.00135
-2.9 0.005953 0.001866 0.3

-2.8 0.007915 0.002555

-2.7 0.010421 0.003467 0.2
-2.6 0.013583 0.004661
-2.5 0.017528 0.00621 0.1
-2.4 0.022395 0.008198
-2.3 0.028327 0.010724 0.0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-2.2 0.035475 0.013903
-2.1 0.043984 0.017864
-2 0.053991 0.02275
-1.9 0.065616 0.028717 Functia de repartitie a lui z
-1.8 0.07895 0.03593 1.2 F(z0)=P(z<z0)
-1.7 0.094049 0.044565
-1.6 0.110921 0.054799
F(z) 1.0
-1.5 0.129518 0.066807
-1.4 0.149727 0.080757 0.8
-1.3 0.171369 0.0968
-1.2 0.194186 0.11507 0.6
-1.1 0.217852 0.135666
0.4
-1 0.241971 0.158655
-0.9 0.266085 0.18406
0.2
-0.8 0.289692 0.211855
-0.7 0.312254 0.241964 0.0 z
-0.6 0.333225 0.274253 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-0.5 0.352065 0.308538
-0.4 0.36827 0.344578
-0.3 0.381388 0.382089
-0.2 0.391043 0.42074
-0.1 0.396953 0.460172
0 0.398942 0.5
0.1 0.396953 0.539828
0.2 0.391043 0.57926
0.3 0.381388 0.617911
0.4 0.36827 0.655422
0.5 0.352065 0.691462
0.6 0.333225 0.725747
0.7 0.312254 0.758036
0.8 0.289692 0.788145
0.9 0.266085 0.81594
1 0.241971 0.841345
1.1 0.217852 0.864334
1.2 0.194186 0.88493
1.3 0.171369 0.9032
1.4 0.149727 0.919243
1.5 0.129518 0.933193
1.6 0.110921 0.945201
1.7 0.094049 0.955435
1.8 0.07895 0.96407
1.9 0.065616 0.971283
2 0.053991 0.97725
2.1 0.043984 0.982136
2.2 0.035475 0.986097
2.3 0.028327 0.989276
2.4 0.022395 0.991802
2.5 0.017528 0.99379
2.6 0.013583 0.995339
2.7 0.010421 0.996533
2.8 0.007915 0.997445
2.9 0.005953 0.998134
3 0.004432 0.99865
 Pentru diferite probabilitati cunoscute, P, pot fi calculate valorile z0 pentru care P=F(z0)

rmal, normate, z Scoruri z pentru diferite probabilitati cumulate (valori z0 pentru care P=F(z0), z0=NORMSINV(P)
P z0
0 #VALUE!
3
0.01 -2.32635

Scoruri z
0.02 -2.05375 2
0.03 -1.88079
0.04 -1.75069 1
0.05 -1.64485
0.06 -1.55477 0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
0.07 -1.47579
-1 Probabilitate cumulata, P
0.08 -1.40507
0.09 -1.34076 -2
0.1 -1.28155
0.11 -1.22653 -3
0.12 -1.17499
0.13 -1.12639
0.14 -1.08032
0.15 -1.03643
0.16 -0.99446
0.17 -0.95417
0.18 -0.91537
0.19 -0.8779
0.2 -0.84162
0.21 -0.80642
0.22 -0.77219
0.23 -0.73885
0.24 -0.7063
0.25 -0.67449
0.26 -0.64335
z
3 4 0.27 -0.61281
0.28 -0.58284
0.29 -0.55338
0.3 -0.5244
0.31 -0.49585
0.32 -0.4677
0.33 -0.43991
0.34 -0.41246
0.35 -0.38532
0.36 -0.35846
0.37 -0.33185
0.38 -0.30548
0.39 -0.27932
 0.4 -0.25335
0.41 -0.22754
0.42 -0.20189
0.43 -0.17637
0.44 -0.15097
0.45 -0.12566
0.46 -0.10043
0.47 -0.07527
0.48 -0.05015
0.49 -0.02507
0.5 0
0.51 0.025069
0.52 0.050154
0.53 0.07527
0.54 0.100434
0.55 0.125661
0.56 0.150969
0.57 0.176374
0.58 0.201893
0.59 0.227545
0.6 0.253347
0.61 0.279319
0.62 0.305481
0.63 0.331853
0.64 0.358459
0.65 0.38532
0.66 0.412463
0.67 0.439913
0.68 0.467699
0.69 0.49585
0.7 0.524401
0.71 0.553385
0.72 0.582842
0.73 0.612813
0.74 0.643345
0.75 0.67449
0.76 0.706303
0.77 0.738847
0.78 0.772193
0.79 0.806421
0.8 0.841621
0.81 0.877896
0.82 0.915365
0.83 0.954165
0.84 0.994458
0.85 1.036433
0.86 1.080319
0.87 1.126391
0.88 1.174987
0.89 1.226528
0.9 1.281552
0.91 1.340755
0.92 1.405072
0.93 1.475791
0.94 1.554774
0.95 1.644854
0.96 1.750686
0.97 1.880794
0.98 2.053749
0.99 2.326348
1 Err:502
u care P=F(z0)

0 pentru care P=F(z0), z0=NORMSINV(P)

Probabilitate cumulata, P
Exemplu: Problema despre penicilina (din Modelul Temei de Casa)

Foaia de calcul pentru realizarea graficului

Nr. Crt. Clase Marci Frecvente Frecventa Frecventa Scor var.

(al cls. st.) statistice clase st. (nr. valori) simpla cumulata norm. z

i [li - Li) Mi Ni fi Fi zi
- ml ml - - - -
1 376-379 377.5 1 0.020 0.020 -2.05375
2 379-382 380.5 6 0.120 0.120 -1.17499
3 382-385 383.5 7 0.140 0.140 -1.08032
4 385-388 386.5 13 0.260 0.260 -0.64335
5 388-391 389.5 14 0.280 0.280 -0.58284
6 391-394 392.5 5 0.100 0.100 -1.28155
7 394-397 395.5 2 0.040 0.040 -1.75069
8 397-400 398.5 1 0.020 0.020 -2.05375
9 387-400 398.5 1 0.020 0.020 -2.05375
50
 Graficul scorurilor z pentru diferite clase statistice

Se retin marcile, Mi, reprezentate pe abscisa (axa orizontala)

si scorurile variabilei normal normate, zi, pentru ordonata
f(x) = - 0.0135781316x + 3.9406615114
Mi zi R = 0.0297438234 Testarea distributiei normale
mg - 11
377.5 -2.05375 Mi (mg) = (125,3 + 4,1 * zi) mg
Scoruri z

380.5 -1.17499 9 R2 = 0,993

383.5 -1.08032
386.5 -0.64335 7

389.5 -0.58284 5 Marcile claselor, mg

392.5 -1.28155
395.5 -1.75069 3
398.5 -2.05375
-2.05375 1

-167 73 79 85 91 97 10
3
10
9
11
5
12
1
12
7
13
3

-3

Err:502 Err:502
Err:502 Err:502
Err:502 Err:502
Err:502 Err:502
Err:502 Err:502