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Classic Energy Problem in Open Channel Flow
Classic Energy Problem in Open Channel Flow
Classic Energy Problem in Open Channel Flow
1
22 CONSTRICTION IN AN OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW DUE TO SMOOTH NARROWING OF THE CHANNEL WIDTH
Step6: Since ow is frictionless, the specic energy re- 3 Expansion of the channel width
mains conserved both upstream (E/ ) and on the con-
striction (E / ):
in an open-channel ow
Step7: In part (2) of the question, new Width(W / ) = Consider the same channel as above, however in-
1.0 ft which is less than the W . Its a choke and the stead of reducing the width, the width is increased
upstream ow conditions will change. to 6.0 ft.
Step8: New downstream discharge (q3 )on constriction
per unit width: 1. Assuming the transition to be smooth and friction-
Step9: Specic energy of the downstream ow (E / ) will less, What will be the new surface water elevation
be equal to the critical specic energy corresponding to downstream ?
the new (q3 ): 2. Will the upstream ow conditions ever change for
Step10: To nd the new depth upstream and further increase in the width of the channel?
downstream(y1 ), again apply the concept of spe-
cic energy conservation upstream and downstream Solution:
:
Step11: The initial transient discharge downstream
(q ) when the ow just encounters the choke condi-
tions, will be the maximum discharge corresponding to
the original upstream specic energy qmax = 16.4ft/s.
Correspondingly, the initial transient depth (y2 )on con-
striction downstream will be the critical depth given by
:
an algorithm for solving any such similar questions: Top view of channel expansion
energy depth formula, nd out the Step7: In part (ii) of the question, the upward step (Z) is
depth downstream(y2 ).Roughly equal to 4.0 ft which is greater than the Z . Therefore
sketch out the E-y diagram for its a choke. The ow upstream will now need to change
both upstream and downstream its depth to gather extra energy.
and realise that ow will never Step8: The specic energy downstream will be equal to
encounter choke conditions. critical specic energy (E ) corresponding to discharge
per unit width of 10 ft2/s as calculated in step 3 :
Step9: The specic energy upstream :
4 An upward step in an open chan-
Step10: The initial transient discharge (q ) on the
nel ow (rise in the channel bed) step,corresponding to the Original specic energy of the
upstream ow:
An open rectangular channel carrying a discharge
* An algorithm for solving any such similar ques-
of 10 ft2 /s per unit width is owing at a depth of
tions:
6.0 ft. After a certain distance the ow encounters
a smooth step which makes the channel bed rise by
2.0 ft. Calculate the froude number and
nd out whether the ow is sub-
critical or supercritical Find out
1. What will be the depth downstream of the step?
the specic energy upstreamSince
2. For an upward step of 4.0 ft, will the ow prole q remains the same for upstream
remain the same upstream? If not, then what would & downstream, the q curve will be
be the new upstream depth? common to both upstream & down-
stream Draw the E-y sketch and
approximately show the specic en-
Solution: ergies and depths upstream & down-
stream (Safe step) nd the critical
energy corresponding to the given
q When the step is less than (Eu/p
c) , it is not a choke When step
is greater than (Eu/p Ec) ,it is a
choke.
Step1: Since its a downward step, the specic energy The diagram of the ow is depicted below, as well
downstream (E / )will be : as the corresponding E-y diagram. The specic dis-
Step2: Solving for part (ii) of the question, the upstream charge for a channel of 10 ft is calculated below:
depth will never change for further decrease of the bed
depth. Reason being : the specic energy downstream is
always greater than the specic energy upstream. So the
Q 150
downstream conditions will never reach critical conditions. q1 = = = 15.0ft 2 /s
w1 10.0
An algorithm for solving any such similar ques- This corresponds to the blue curve on the e-y dia-
tions: gram. The specic discharge for a channel of 5 ft is
calculated as:
From the given value of q and
depth, nd out the specic energy
of ow upstream(Eu/p) Add the
value of downward step to (Eu/s)to Q 150
q2 = = = 30.0ft 2 /s
obtain specic energy Ed/s) From w2 5.00
specic energy-depth relationship,
nd out the value of depth down- This specic discharge corresponds to the red curve
streamDraw a rough E-y dia- on the E-y diagram.
gram showing the value of calcu-
Step1: Determine the minimum width that can pass the
lated depths and specic energies
current ow. The minimum width where a choke does
both upstream and downtream.
not happen occurs at critical conditions downstream. A
since q remains same both upstream
downwards step acts as an energy gift and therefore in-
and downstream, E-y curve will be
creases energy downstream of the ow.
same for upstream ow as well as
for downstream ow. Step 2:Determine if the current conditions cause a
choked ow.
1. Determine the start of transient downstream ow rate is known as the transient ow rate. The transient
depth. ow rate is lesser in magnitude compared with the ow
rate upstream of the choke, also known as the steady state
2. Determine the start of transient downstream ow rate.
specic discharge.
Since the ow rate through the choke section is reduced,
3. Determine the steady state downstream depth. some volume of water is being prevented from passing
4. Determine the steady state downstream energy. through the choke section causing water to accumulate
just upstream of the choke. When water starts accumulat-
5. Determine the steady state upstream energy. ing, the storage volume, the depth of ow, and the energy
associated with this depth increases. Hence, over time,
6. Determine the steady state upstream depth.
enough water will accumulate upstream of the constric-
tion (obstruction) such that the choke can be overcome
Solution: through the resulting increase in energy enabling the ow
Step1: Determine the start of transient downstream upstream to pass the obstruction without ow reduction.
depth. During this process of energy build up, the transient ow
will approach the steady state ow rate over some period
The start of transient downstream depth occurs as a criti-
of time. The time that the ow takes to overcome the
cal depth where the corresponding start of transient down-
choke is dependent on the storage conditions upstream of
stream energy is critical.
the choke.
Step 2:Determine the start of transient downstream spe-
A choke can happen at various ow transition points in
cic discharge.
an open channel ow. This discussion below presents the
Step 3:Determine the steady state downstream depth. case for a choke at an energy conserving sluice gate in a
Step 4:Determine the steady state downstream energy. rectangular channel.
v12 v2
E1 = + y1 = 2 + y2 = E2
7 Transient ow at a choke in a 2g 2g
rectangular channel Considering the specic energy, E, upstream and down-
stream of the gate for a horizontal channel.
When a choke is present, the amount of energy in the ow The following equation solves for the velocity down-
upstream of the choke is insucient to maintain the ow stream of the gate:
rate downstream; therefore, a choke would cause a re-
duction in ow rate moving through the constriction (ob- ( )
struction) at the section causing the choke. This reduced v2 = 2g E1 y2
8.4 Example Problem 7
( )
q2 = y2 2g E1 y2 = qg = yg 2g h
S = LW y
8.4 Example Problem If the gate is lowered anywhere below the alternate depth
to the upstream ow depth (yalternate=yg=0.73 ft.), then
Consider the scenario for a sluice gate located in a rect- a choke is produced. Therefore, for a sluice gate lowered
angular channel with dimensions as shown in Figure A of to a depth of yg=0.5 ft, produce the results for
length, L=2000.0 ft. and width, W= 1.0 ft. The ow be- Part 1) The steady state energy upstream of the gate,
fore a sluice gate produces a choke is, qss= 10.0 ft^2/s. E , ,
and the depth upstream before the choke, y1 upstream =3.5 P T , , ,
ft. with the specic energy, Eint.=3.63 ft. P T
8 8 CHOKE FLOW AT A SMOOTH SLUICE GATE
Figure D. The stage-discharge curve showing relationship be- One can nd the total time that has elapsed with adding
tween ow depth upstream of the gate and discharge through the each of time steps. Therefore, at the total time at the end
gate. of the second time step is the sum of the rst two time
steps. By the same logic, with an estimate of each time
increment associated with every change in transient ow
. ., , , rate until the time of steady state conditions at the gate,
P T , S , one can determine the total time required to overcome the
P T S . choke.
Solution: For nding the total time after the second time increment,
one needs to answer the following questions:
Part 1) E , , Part 10) What is the new specic energy for the ow up-
: stream of the gate?
Part 11) What is the transient ow through the gate at the
Part 2) Steady state depth upstream of gate, y , , is given end of the second time step?
by the alternate depth equation equation evaluated using Part 12) What is the new change in ow rate between the
steady state owrate: ow upstream and through the gate?
Part 3) Initial ow through the gate, q , , is given by Part 13) What is the new ow depth at the end of the
the evaluating the discharge through the gate as discussed second time step?
above. The energy considered here is the specic energy Part 14) What is the associated change in storage from
upstream of the gate at the instant a choke is produced. the previous time step?
Part 15) What is the time increment for the second time
Part 4)The storage upstream of the gate prior to the onset
step?
of the choke, S , is given by
Part 16) What is the total time at the end of the second
Part 5)The storage upstream of the gate after having time step?
overcome the choke, S , is given by
Solution:
Part 10) To nd the new specic energy for the upstream
ow depth during the second time step, it is important to
8.4.2 Solving for transient conditions during the recognize that the constriction doesnt aect the ow rate
rst time step, ti upstream. Therefore, for the same ow upstream as in
time step 1, the ow depth has increased at the end of
For the same sluice gate choke conditions mentioned the rst time step. Specic energy upstream of the gate
above, produce the results for at the beginning of the second time step, E, , is given
Part 6)The change in ow rate S/t between ow up- by the specic energy equation considering the ow depth
stream of the gate (inow) and ow leaving the gate (out- upstream at the end of the rst time step:
ow) during the rst time step
Part 7)The new ow depth upstream of the gate after the Part 11) To nd transient ow through the gate from the
time increment t end of the rst time step to the end of the second time
Part 8)The associated change in storage, S step,q, one would need to nd the discharge through the
Part 9)The time increment (t) for the change in storage gate after the increase in ow depth upstream:
specied in the rst time step Part 12) The change in ow rate at the end of the second
Solution: time step, S/t , is given by applying continuity:
Part 6)In a 1 ft. wide rectangular channel, the change in Part 13) The ow depth at the end of the second time
ow rate S/t is determined by applying the conti- step upstream of the gate is given by the alternate depth
nuity equation: equation using unit discharge found in Part 11:
9
Part 14) The associated change in storage from the rst 3. Moglen, G.E. (2011) Lecture notes from CEE
to the second time step is given by 4324/5984: Open Channel Flow, Virginia Tech
Part 15) The second time step increment can then be <http://filebox.vt.edu/users/moglen/ocf/index.
given by html>
Part 16) In nding the total time required for the com- 4. Henderson, F.M., 1966. Open Channel Flow,
pletion of the rst two time steps, one would just sum all Prentice-Hall.
time increments
5. Ven Te Chow, Open-Channel Hydraulics,New
Thus, after 88.3 s since the choke was introduced the ow York, 1959, McGraw-Hill.
has increased from 7.10 ft3 /s to 7.16 ft3 /s. Moreover, as
a result of the increase in storage upstream of the gate, 6. Das Madan Mohan, Open Channel Flow, Phi Learn-
the energy has increased from 3.63 ft. to 3.69 ft. ing, 2008
7. http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/
8.4.4 General comments about the transition from earth-atmospheric-and-planetary-sciences/
choke ow 12-090-special-topics-an-introduction-to-fluid-motions-sediment-tra
lecture-notes/ch5.pdf
Calculating the ow characteristics at every time incre-
8. http://udel.edu/~{}inamdar/EGTE215/Open_
ment allows one to study the transient ow conditions;
channel.pdf
this was the aim of the discussion above.
9. http://streams.osu.edu/book/equation_pdf/
After numerous time steps, the depth upstream will Ch8-Equations.pdf
increase to steady state depth, y =6.68 ft. and an
associated steady state specic energy, E = 6.71 ft.
However, for this to happen, the channel upstream
of the gate has to increase in volume by 6353 ft3
from 7000 ft3 . The change in storage with respect to
time is presented in Figure B after having calculated
the ow characteristics at numerous time steps.
9 References
1. M. H. Chaudhry, Open-Channel Flow. New York:
Springer, 2008.
2. K. Subramanya, Flow in open channel.Tata
McGraw-Hill Education, Nov 1, 2001
10 10 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
10.2 Images
File:Cons_choke-new.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Cons_choke-new.png License: CC BY-SA
3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jrajan02
File:Constriction.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Constriction.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contrib-
utors: Own work Original artist: Jrajan02
File:Discharge_vs_stage.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Discharge_vs_stage.jpg License: CC BY-
SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Abenida1
File:E-y_diagram_for_expansion.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/E-y_diagram_for_expansion.
png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jrajan02
File:E-y_diagram_of_constriction_and_downwards_step.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/E-y_
diagram_of_constriction_and_downwards_step.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Gwil222
File:E-y_diagram_of_constriction_and_downwards_step_with_a_choke.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/a/af/E-y_diagram_of_constriction_and_downwards_step_with_a_choke.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work
Original artist: Gwil222
File:E-y_diagram_of_constriction_and_downwards_step_with_minimum_step.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/
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File:E-y_diagram_of_constriction_and_downwards_step_without_a_choke.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
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work Original artist: Gwil222
File:Expansion_in_oc_flow-2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Expansion_in_oc_flow-2.jpg Li-
cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jrajan02
File:Flow_vs_time.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Flow_vs_time.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Con-
tributors: Own work Original artist: Abenida1
File:Open_channel_encountering_a_constriction_and_downwards_step.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/1/12/Open_channel_encountering_a_constriction_and_downwards_step.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Microsoft
paint for a class project Original artist: Gwil222
File:SluiceGate.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/SluiceGate.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contribu-
tors: Own work Original artist: Jrajan02
File:SluiceGate_in_a_one_foot_wide_channel.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/SluiceGate_in_a_
one_foot_wide_channel.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Abenida1
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Contributors: Own work Original artist: Abenida1