Chapter 2 Problems Solutions

2.1 The network input impedance is given by

V 24030
Z 1290 0 j12 R jX
I 20 60
Thus,
R0

X 12
L 31.83 mH
2 60

2.2 The network input admittance is

I 20 60
Y 0.08333 90 0 j 0.08333 G jB
V 24030
Thus,
R 1/ G 1/ 0 (no resistor present)

1 1
L 31.83 mH
B 2 60 0.08333

2.3 If the source voltage and current are in phase, the circuit must appear pure resistive
(resonance condition). Hence,
1
L 0
LC
or
1/ 2

1
1/ LC 11,952.3 rad / s

140 10 6

50 10 6

11,952.3
f 1.9 kHz
2 2

2.4 A copy of the screen display when using csum.m is shown below. The three
components of V were entered as maximum value phasors so that SUM in polar form
gives directly Vm .

1
2.5 (a) It is convenient to assume V on the reference. The two branch impedances are found
as
1 1 1 90
Z1 j 90 265.258 90
C C 120 10 106
Z 2 R j L 10 j 120 0.025 10 j 9.425 13.74243.3

The branch current can now be determined.

V 2400
I1 0.90590 A
Z1 265.258 90

V 2400
I2 17.465 43.3 A
Z 2 13.74243.3

Applying KCL,
I I1 I 2 0.90590 17.465 43.3

12.710 j11.073 16.857 41.06 A

Hence,
I 16.857 A

(b) The power dissipated by R is

PR I 22 R 17.465 10 3050.26 W
2

2
2.6 Problem 2.5 was solved assuming V on the reference. If V shifts by 30 , so does I .
Then, for this problem solution, V 240 30 V and I 16.857 71.06 A .
(a) By [2.55],
S V I * 240 30 16.85771.06 4045.6841.06 VA

(b) The values of average power and reactive power supplied to the circuit are
P VI cos 240 16.857 cos 30 71.06 3050.53 W

Q VI sin 240 16.857 sin 30 71.06 2657.40 VARs

The minute difference (0.18%) between the value of P above and the value of PR in part
(b) of Prob. 2.5 is due to numerical accuracy. With S S , known from part (a), the
power triangle below results.

2.7 (a) The two branch impedances are

j j
Z1 j 265.258 90

C 120 10 106
Z 2 R j L 10 j 120 0.025 10 j 9.425 13.74243.3

The input impedance is

Z
Z1 Z 2

265.258 90 13.74243.3 14.23741.06
Z1 Z 2 j 265.258 10 j 9.425

PF cos Z cos 41.06 0.754 lagging

3
 (b) A power method offers the best approach. The required PF is satisfied if the power
triangle seen by the source has an angle cos 1 0.9 25.84 . The power triangle for
the R-L branch can be drawn.

2 Z 2 43.3

V 2 120
2
S2 VI 2 1047.88 VA
Z 2 13.742

P2 S2 cos 2 1047.88cos 43.3 762.61 W

Q2 S2 sin 2 1047.88sin 43.3 718.65 VARs

The capacitor must add sufficient leading VARs so that

Q
tan
P2

or the reactive power for the source power triangle is

Q P2 tan 762.61tan 25.84 369.32 VARs

Conclude that the reactive power flow to the capacitor branch is

Q1 Q2 Q 718.65 369.32 349.33 VARs

But,
V2
CV 2 Q1
XC

Thus,
Q1 349.33
C 64.35 F
120 120
2 2
V

2.8 (a)
Z 2 R j L 10 j 120 0.025 10 j 9.425 13.74243.3

V I 2 Z 2 8.75 30 13.74243.3

The screen display resulting from solution for V using cratio.m is shown below.

4
(b)
V 120.2413.3 120.2413.3
I1
1 1
90 90 53.052 90
C
120 50 10
6

Using cratio.m , the screen display for I1 solution is

5
2.9 (a) The individual branch currents are found.
V1 1200
Ix 12 30 A
Z x 1030

V2 1200
Iy 12 30 A
Z y 1030

V1 V2 2400
Iz 12 30 A
Zz 2030

Using KCL,
I g I x I y 12 30 12 30 0

I1 I x I z 12 30 12 30 24 30 A

I 2 I y I z 12 30 12 30 24 30 A

(b) The average power supplied by V2 is

P2 V2 I 2 cos 2 120 24 cos 30 2494.15 W

2.10 (a)
V1 1200
Ix 6 30 A
Z x 2030

V2 1200
Iy 12 30 A
Z y 1030

V1 V2 2400
Iz 12 30 A
Zz 2030

I g I x I y 6 30 12 30 6 30 6150 A

I1 I x I z 6 30 12 30 18 30 A

I 2 I y I z 12 30 12 30 24 30 A

(b)
P2 V2 I 2 cos 2 120 24 cos30 2494.15 W

2.11 The screen display from the MATLAB session using delwye.m is below:

6
 The circuit after delta to wye conversion becomes

2.12 Combining the two parallel branches and adding gives

Z1 Z 2 Z Z
Z eq 3 4
Z1 Z 2 Z3 Z 4

Form common denominator and expand to find

Z1 Z 2 Z 3 Z1 Z 2 Z 4 Z1 Z3 Z 4 Z 2 Z 3 Z 4
Z eq
Z1 Z 3 Z1 Z 4 Z 2 Z3 Z 3 Z 4

7
2.13 The resulting MATLAB session yields

2.14 Assume a b c phase sequence.

(a) Based on [2.26],

Ia 120
I ab
3 30 3 30

I ab 6.92830 A

(b) Using [2.63] and Vab I ab 30 ,

PT 3VL I L cos 3 7200 12 cos 30 129.60 kW

2.15 From [2.64] and [2.65] with PT determined from Prob. 2.14,
QT 3 VL I L sin 3 7200 12 sin 30 74.82 kVARs

ST 3 VL I L 3 7200 12 149.65 kVA

The resulting power triangle can now be drawn.

8
2.16 (a)
cos 1 PF cos 1 0.8 36.87

By [2.63],
PT 1000
I 0.868 A
3V cos 3 480 0.8

P 1000 / 3
RL 442.37
I2 0.868 2
P sin
Q 1000 / 3 tan 36.87 250 VARs
cos

Q 250
XL 331.82
I2 0.868 2
Z L RL jX L 442.37 j 331.82 552.9936.87

(b)
I L 3I 3 0.868 1.50 A

2.17 Since the load is balanced, wye-delta conversion of Z L determined in Prob. 2.16 yields
1 1
ZY Z 552.9936.87 184.3336.87
3 3

2.18 pT t van ia vbn ib vcn ic

But,
ic ia ib

9
 Thus,
pT t van ia vbn ib vcn ia ib
van vcn ia vbn vcn ib
vca ia vbc ib

2.19 Let the overall length of the transmission line be of length l meters. If the area of the
single-phase transmission line conductor is A m 2 , then the total conductor volume for
the single-phase transmission line is vol1 2l A m3 , and the power supplied to the load is
P1 VI PF .

The three-phase transmission line operates with one-third the value of current per line as
the single-phase transmission line; thus, for identical current density, the conductor
cross-sectional area is A / 3 . The total conductor volume for the three lines is
vol3 3l A / 3 l A m3 while the power supplied to the load is unchanged with value
PT 3V I / 3 PF VI PF .

2.20 Since the balanced case exists,

a b c
Van Vbn Vcn V

I a I b I c I

Thus, [2.58] can be written as

PT V I cos V I cos V I cos 3V I cos

2.21 Based on [2.38] for a balanced load,

1
ZY Z
3

Thinking of Z in polar form, only the magnitude of the impedance changes under
delta-wye transformation and the phase angle is unchanged.

2.22 pT t van ia vbn ib vcn ic

2V 2 I cos t cos t cos t 120 cos t 120

cos t 120 cos t 120

Use cos x cos y 12 cos x y 12 cos x y .

pT t VI cos 2 t cos cos 2 t 240 cos

cos 2 t 240 cos

10
 pT t 3 VI cos

This is obviously a constant value and equal to total average power.

2.23 (a)
Vab 1200
Ib 24126.87 A
Z 553.13

Vca 120120
Ic 2466.87 A
Z 553.13

3
I a I b I c 2 2496.87 41.5796.87 A
2

(b)
PL Vab I b cos Vab I b Vca I c cos Vca I c

120 24 cos 53.13 120 24 cos 53.13

PL 3456 W

2.24 With the delta closed,

Vab 1200
I ab
Z 553.13
24 53.13 A

PT 3Vab I ab cos

3 120 24 cos 53.13

5184 W

PT 5184
100% 100% 150%
PL 3456

2.25 Since Z bc , divide the numerator and denominator of [2.33] and [2.34] by Z bc to
avoid an indeterminate form. Thus, the wye equivalents of Fig. 2.8a are
Z ab Z ca ZZ Z
Za
Z ab Z bc Z ca Z Z 2

Z ab Z
Zb Z
Z ab Z Z Z
1 ca 1
Z bc Zbc

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 Z ca Z
Zc Z
Z ab Z Z Z
1 ca 1
Zbc Z bc

For a balanced a b c
sequence voltage set,
Vab
Van
3 30
69.28 30

Vbn 69.28 150

Vcn 69.2890

Van 69.28 30
Ia 27.71 83.13 A
Z /2 5
53.13
2

Vbn 69.28 150

Ib 13.86 203.13 A
Z 553.13

Vcn 69.2890
Ic 13.8636.87 A
Z 553.13

2.26 The delta load can be converted to an equivalent wye load, then the parallel elements
combined to form a single element in each branch of the wye where Z a , Z b and Z c are
determined by [2.32] to [2.34].

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 The screen display from the MATLAB session to determine Z a , Z b and Z c using
delwye.m is shown below:

Combining the parallel connected elements,

ZA
Z a Z a

430 2.56522.63 10.2652.63 1.56625.51
Z a Z a 3.464 j 2 2.367 j 0.987 6.5527.12

ZB
Z b Z b

515 5.13022.63 2.53718.77
Z b Z b 515 5.13022.63

ZC
Z c Z c

5 30 5.130 7.37 2.582 18.83
Z c Z c 5 30 5.130 7.37

2.27 With the values for the equivalent delta known from Prob. 2.26, the general wye-delta
conversion using delwye.m gives

13
2.28 The three line voltages are as follows:
Vab Van Vbn

Vbc Vbn Vcn

Vca Vcn Van

Voltage Vab determination by use of csum.m yields

14
 Voltage Vbc determination produces

The resulting screen display from voltage Vca calculation is

20
2.29 ZY 30 . Execution of Tphckt.m produces
3

15
2.30 The instantaneous power seen by the wattmeter is
p t vi 2V1I1 cos t cos t 1 2V3 I1 cos3 t 3 cos t 1
2V1I 3 cos t cos3 t 3 3
2V3 I 3 cos3 t 3 cos 3 t 3 3

Apply the trig identity cos A cos B 12 cos A B 12 cos A B .

p t V1I1 cos 2 t 1 V1I1 cos1
V3 I1 cos 4 t 33 1 V3 I 3 cos 2 t 33 1

V1 I3 cos 4 t 33 3 3 V1I 3 cos 2 t 33 3 3

V3 I 3 cos 3 2 t 23 3 V3 I 3 cos 3 3

The average value of power is given by

1 T
p t dt
T 0
P

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 When integrated over an integer number of cycles of fundamental frequency, all terms of
the expression for p t yield zero except for the second and last terms. The resulting
value of average power determined by the wattmeter is
P V1I1 cos1 V3 I 3 cos 3 3

2.31 (a) The R-L branches of the delta network can be converted to an equivalent wye
network by
1 1
ZY Z 3 j4
3 3
In order for a unity PF to exist, the reactive power supplied by the capacitor of each
phase must equal the reactive power supplied to the inductor of each phase.
2
V
CV2 LY
ZY
or
1
LY LY 4 /120
C 3 1273.2 F
ZY2 R 2 L 2 3 2 4 2

3 3 3 3
(b)
2
480

QT 3 CV2 3 120 1273.2 10 6
3

110.59 kVARs

2.32 Superposition solution is to be used.

Fundamental frequency
Van1 1200 V

Z1 R j L 5 j 120 0.02
9.04756.45

Van1 1200
I a1
Z1 9.04756.45
13.26 56.45 A

I b1 13.26 176.45 A

I c1 13.2663.55 A

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 Third harmonic

Van 3 Vbn 3 Vcn 3 200 V

Z 3 R j 3 L 5 j 360 0.02
23.1677.53

Van3 200
I a 3 I b3 I c3
Z3 23.1677.53
0.863 77.53 A

The line currents are found by transforming the phasor quantities back to the time
domain and adding.
ia t 13.26 2 cos t 56.45 0.863 2 cos 3 t 77.53 A

ib t 13.26 2 cos t 176.45 0.863 2 cos 3 t 77.53 A

ic t 13.26 2 cos t 63.55 0.863 2 cos 3 t 77.53 A

2.33 vab t van t vbn t 120 2 cos t 20 2 cos 3 t

120 2 cos t 120 20 2 cos 3 t

vab t 3 120 2 cos t 30 293.94cos t 30 V

Since balanced conditions exist, the remaining voltages are found by appropriate 120
phase shift.
vbc t 293.94cos t 90 V

vca t 293.94cos t 150 V

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