Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TC9385 2012
TC9385 2012
TCVN 9385:2012
BS 6651:1999
CHNG ST CHO CNG TRNH XY DNG - HNG DN THIT K, KIM TRA V BO
TR H THNG
Protection of structures against lightning - Guide for design, inspection and maintenance
Li ni u
TCVN 9385:2012 c chuyn i t TCXDVN 46:2007 thnh Tiu chun Quc gia theo quy
nh ti khon 1 iu 69 ca Lut Tiu chun v Quy chun k thut v im b khon 2 iu 7
Ngh nh s 127/2007/N-CP ngy 1/8/2007 ca Chnh ph quy nh chi tit thi hnh mt s
iu ca Lut Tiu chun v Quy chun k thut.
TCVN 9385:2012 do Vin Khoa hc Cng ngh Xy dng - B Xy dng bin son, B Xy
dng ngh, Tng cc Tiu chun o lng Cht lng thm nh, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh
cng b.
(b) Ac = 15 x 50 + 2(21 x
40)
+ 2(21 x 15) + x 212
Ac = 4 296 m 2
(c) Ac = 3 x 142 + 2(14 x
30)
Ac = 1 456 m 2
(d) Ac = 7 x 8 + 2(6 x 7) +
x 92
+ 10 (xp x) cho vng
t en.
Ac = 405 m2
(e) Ac = x 402
Ac =5 027 m 2
(f) Ac = 12 x 55 + 2(18 x
55) +
2(18 x 12) + x 182
Ac = 4 090 m 2
(g) Ac = 25 x 60 + 25 x 30 +
6x
60 + 6 x 50 + 6 x 25 + 6
x 25 + 6 x 30 + 6 x 24 +
5/4
x x 62
Ac = 3 675 m 2
(h) Ac = 20 x 30 + 2(4 x 30)
+ 2 (4 x 20) + x 42
+ 20 (xp x) cho vng
t en
Ac = 1 070 m 2
a) Ct n thu st b) Dy thu st
(a) Mt bng vng bo v ti ct nn (b) Mt bng vng bo v ti ct nn
c) Bn ct thu st vi cc gc bo v v vng bo v kt hp
CH DN:
VC: Ct thu st
HC: Dy thu st
ZP: Vng bo v
GL: Ct nn
Hnh chiu B
1. Cc mi c gc dc ln t 45o tr ln ch
yu cu dy thu st nc
2. Cc mi c dim mi cch b nc cha
n 5 m
3)
4)
CH THCH: Cc v d trn minh ha cho nhiu loi mi c kch thc khc nhau. Khi thit k
li thu st mi cn tun th nguyn tc:
- Khng b phn no ca mi cch dy thu st qu 5 m
- Cn m bo kch thc li ti a l 20 m x 10 m
a) B phn thu st v dy xung
b) Cc dy dn st nm di tm lp
CH DN
---- Dy dn i chm
Kim thu st (kim trn khng sn bc, cao 0,3 m) hoc tm kim loi
Hnh 12 - Thu st v dy xung t trong mi dc vi chiu cao di 20 m
CH THCH: Cc dy dn ngang cn c lin kt ti cc v tr giao nhau nh quy nh ti
12.10.4
Hnh 13 - Thu st v dy xung cho cng trnh mi bng
b) Mt bng
c) Vng c bo v
CH THCH: trnh hin tng lan truyn st, khong cch ti thiu gia cng trnh v dy
dn/ct treo dy l 2 m hoc theo 15.2 (ly khong cch ln nht)
Hnh 17 - B phn thu st v vng bo v cng trnh n gin c cha cht d chy n
K hiu
Ct chu lc
Ct chu lc dn in s dng lm dy xung v ni t
Dy xung v ni t bn ngoi
CH THCH 1: Dy xung c th l mt b phn ca kt cu hoc thanh trn, thanh dt t
mt ngoi cng trnh
CH THCH 2: i vi kt cu cao hn 20 m, cc dy xung t cch nhau khng qu 10 m
mt chic
Hnh 18 - Cc cch b tr dy xung cho cc dng cng trnh cao
(dy b tr thm bn ngoi hay s dng b phn dn in ca cng trnh)
Hnh 19 - Chnh lch in p mt t gn ct , thp, tr c cc ni t nhiu cc n
12.9. Lin kt trnh hin tng lan truyn st
Bt c chi tit kim loi trong hoc l mt phn ca kt cu hoc bt c thit b cng trnh c
cc thnh phn kim loi c thit k hoc ngu nhin tip xc vi t nn phi c cch ly
hoc lin kt vi dy xung (Xem iu 17). Tuy nhin, tr phi cc tnh ton 15.2 v cc yu
cu B.2 ch ra rng cn phi lin kt th nhng th c tip xc vi h thng chng st, trc tip
hoc khng trc tip, thng qua cc lin kt kim loi vi kim loi chc chn v tin cy th khng
cn cc dy dn lin kt thm.
Ch dn chung cng p dng cho ton b cc chi tit kim loi ln h ni hoc khng ni vi
t.
C th b qua cc chi tit nh nh cc bn l ca, gi mng bng kim loi hay ct thp ca
cc dm nh n c.
CH THCH: Trong phm vi vn ny, chi tit c coi l ln khi c kch thc mt cnh bt
k ln hn 2 m.
12.10. Lin kt
12.10.1. Quy nh chung
Hu ht cc phn ca h thng chng st c thit k sao cho c th lp va vo trong mt
bng chung. Tuy nhin cc lin kt c s dng kt ni cc b phn lm t kim loi c cc
hnh dng v thnh phn khc nhau do khng th c mt dng chun. Do tnh a dng trong
s dng ca chng v cc nguy c n mn nn cn phi ch ti cc b phn kim loi ca
chng, v d nh phn kt ni v cc b phn c kt ni.
12.10.2. Cc yu cu v c v in
Mt lin kt phi hiu qu c v c v in v c bo v trnh n mn v xm thc trong mi
trng lm vic.
Cc chi tit kim loi bn ngoi trn kt cu hoc l mt phn ca kt cu c th phi tiu tn
ton b dng in do st nh vo n v do lin kt ca cc chi tit vi h thng chng st
phi c tit din khng nh hn tit din ca dy dn chnh. Ngc li, cc chi tit kim loi bn
trong khng d b h hi v lin kt ca n ngoi chc nng cn bng in p th nhiu lm cng
ch ti mt phn cng dng in st. Do cc lin kt bn trong c th c tit din nh hn
tit din dy dn chnh.
12.10.3. D tr cho vic lin kt cc thit b tng lai
i vi mi cng trnh, ti mi ct sn cn phi d tr cho vic lin kt my mc thit b trong
tng lai vi h thng chng st, v d nh lin kt vi thit b kim loi cp gas, nc, h thng
thot nc hoc cc thit b khc tng t. Cc kt cu li in, in thoi hoc ng dy
khc trn cao khng nn lin kt vi h thng chng st m khng c s cho php ca nh chc
trch c thm quyn.
Tuy nhin cch tnh mt khng b nh hng bi hnh dng tit din ngang ca ng kim loi hay
cc chi tit kim loi khc. Khi tnh c m t th in cm VL (kV) pht sinh trong mch minh
ha Hnh 26-a c tnh theo phng trnh (9):
di M
VL T (9)
dt max n
di
Trong l bin thin ln nht ca dng in (kA/s) ngha l 200 kA/s (xem Ph
dt max
lc A.1)
N l s lng dy xung cng chu dng in do st truyn vo.
Khi c nhiu dy xung th khong cch S t dy c st n dy xung gn nht cn phi c
s dng tnh ton.
V D:
Khi s dng phng trnh (6) nu S = 1 m, l = 5 m v n = 4;
0,46 5 log10 (1/ 0,008 )
VL = 200 x
3,5
VL = 240 V
T Hnh 27, khong cch t im cao nht ca mch (c th l mt nhnh ca kt cu kim loi)
n dy xung s phi nh n 0,4 m ti mt v tr nht nh to ra kh nng phng in.
Nhnh ca kt cu kim loi, nu trong khong cch th c hn lin kt vi dy dn xung
cho an ton.
Vi cng trnh c mt bng dng ch nht hoc hnh vung c hn 4 dy xung, dy xung
gc s chu mt in p ln hn mc trung bnh ca tng dng in (i) (ngha l > i/n), do h
s 30 % phi c tnh thm vo in p pht sinh gn dy dn . Ngc li, vng gia ca
cng trnh c rt nhiu dy xung (cch xa dy xung nm gc) gi tr di/dt l thp hn gi tr
c a ra bi s lng dy xung khong 30 % v nguy c lan truyn st l tng i t, vi
gi thit rng cc thit b c lin kt sao cho in tr ca t khng to ra s chnh lch in
th.
15.3. Tnh hung cn thit phi lin kt
(Xem thm Ph lc B.2)
15.3.1. Khi lin kt cc chi tit kim loi lin k vi h thng chng st, cn phi cn nhc k v
cc tc ng c th xy ra ca cc lin kt i vi cc chi tit kim loi c bo v ca-tt.
Cn lu ti cc khuyn co t 15.3.2 n 15.3.11.
15.3.2. Vi cc cng trnh c kim loi dn in lin tc (v d nh mi, tng, sn, v bc hoc
tng bao kim loi) nhng chi tit kim loi ny c th c s dng nh mt b phn trong h
thng chng st vi iu kin s lng v cch b tr ca chi tit kim loi to ra n ph hp vi
vic s dng, nh trong khuyn co iu 11, 12, 13 v 14.
15.3.3. Vi cng trnh n gin ch l mt khung kim loi lin tc, th khng cn phi c b phn
thu st hay dy xung. Khung iu kin m bo tnh lin tc v mt c hc v dn
in.
15.3.4. Mt kt cu b tng ct thp (BTCT) hoc mt kt cu khung BTCT c th c in tr ni
t ca bn thn chng kh nh c th lm phng tin bo v st nh. Nu cc mi ni
c a ra bn ngoi im cao nht ca ct thp trong lc xy dng th vic kim tra c th
c tin hnh xc minh iu ny khi hon thnh cng trnh (xem Hnh 6).
Nu in tr ni t ca khung thp ca cng trnh hoc ct thp trong kt cu BTCT m bo
th cn lp t mt b phn thu st ngang trn im cao nht v lin kt vi khung thp hoc
ct thp.
CH THCH: Trong trng hp c bit ca thp lm lnh nc thng khng lp b phn thu
st.
Khi khng th kim tra theo cch thng thng th nn s dng vt liu chng r lin kt vi
thp hoc ct thp v nn a ra ngoi kt ni vi b phn thu st. Cn trang b b sung dy
xung v b phn thu st nu khi kim tra in tr ni t ca bn thn cng trnh khng tha
mn (xem 13.1)
15.3.5. Khi cng trnh c cc chi tit kim loi khng th lin kt vo mng c tnh dn in lin tc
v n khng hoc khng th c trang b h thng ni t bn ngoi, th s tn ti ca n c
th c b qua. Mi nguy him do cc chi tit kim loi c th gim thiu bng cch cch ly
hon ton cc chi tit kim loi vi h thng chng st, phng n x l cn tham kho cc
khuyn co 15.2.
15.3.6. Khi b phn mi cng trnh c kim loi che ph hon ton hoc mt phn th cn phi
thn trng khi lin kt n vi h thng chng st.
15.3.7. Trong bt c kt cu no, kim loi gn vi mt ngoi hoc nh ra khi tng hay mi m
c khong cch ly n h thng chng st l khng v khng thch hp s dng nh mt
phn ca h thng th cn gn cng trc tip cng tt vi h thng chng st. Nu c chi tit
kim loi no chy gn vi b phn thu st, v d nh ng ng nc chy n b cha nc
trn mi, dy cp, cc ng ng, mng xi, ng dn nc ma v cu thang, v nu cc chi
tit ny chy gn nh song song vi dy xung hoc lin kt vi n, n phi c lin kt cc
im cui nhng khng thp hn im kim tra. Nu cc chi tit ny khng lin tc th mi phn
ca n phi c lin kt vi h thng chng st, khi c cc khong khng cho php th s
tn ti ca cc chi tit kim loi c th b qua.
15.3.8. Khi kim loi trong cng trnh nh khung chung trong nh th, tng bao, cc thit b
my mc m n c kt ni hoc tip xc vi ng ng nc hoc cc thit b c cp in
m bn thn n ni t phi c lin kt n dy xung gn nht bng ng i cng trc tip
cng tt.
15.3.9. Kim loi i vo hoc i ra cng trnh dng c v bc hoc ng dn in, gas, nc,
nc ma, hi nc, kh nn hoc cc thit b khc phi c lin kt cng trc tip cng tt
n cc ni t. im kt ni phi c lm ti v tr m cc thit b i ra hoc vo cng trnh.
Khi cc chi tit kim loi dng l mt phn ca thit b cha ra khong cch ly (xem 15.2), n
phi c lin kt vi phn gn nht ca h thng chng st im cao nht ca thit b v vi
cc khong cch khng vt qu 20 m.
Do cc thit k h thng chng st rt a dng nn khng c khuyn co chnh xc no c
a ra. Tuy nhin, cn phi lu rng c th c vn khi cc ng ng hoc cp c bc
cch nhit hoc cch in. Vi trng hp nh vy, mi lin kt phi c thc hin im gn
nht ni m phn kim loi ca ng hoc cp c l ra. Mi lin kt sau phi c ni vi h
thng ni t bn ngoi cng trnh cng thng cng tt.
15.3.10. iu ny rt c th c p dng trong cng trnh bit lp m cc thit b c kt
ni vi nhau. Tuy nhin, khi cng trnh bao quanh bi cc chi tit bng thp gm mt lot cc chi
tit dng ng ni vi nhau th bn thn n rt c th tr thnh mt im thch hp ni t. i
vi h thng cp in, vic ng dng dy "khng" chung (va l dy bo v, va l dy lm vic,
PEN) l c vn v vic ngt dy trung tnh c th gy dng ti ngc t in cc ni t. iu
c th gy nguy him cho bt c ai ngt mch in cc ni t o th nghim.
H thng kt ni in hnh c th hin trong Hnh 28. Quy tc chung l mi h thng cn c
nh gi v u im ca n v c tho lun vi cc bn c lin quan quyt nh phng
n ph hp.
CH DN:
1. Dy thu st 5. Dy ng 9. Cc ni t
2. Dy xung 6. Dy nc mi 10. Ni t ca h thng in
3. Lin kt gi thanh ng 7. Dy vin mi 11. Lin kt vi khung chung
4. Dy thu st ngang 8. im o kim tra 12. Dy dn quanh chu vi
CH THCH 1: li thu st nn c kch thc 10 x 20 (m). Khong cch cc dy xung xung
quanh chu vi nn l 20 m i vi kt cu thp hn 20 m, l 10 m i vi kt cu cao 20 m tr ln.
Dy dn ngang t mi tr xung nn cch nhau 20 m.
CH THCH 2: Mi kim loi c th s dng lm b phn thu st.
Hnh 29 - Thp v chp nh th
18.2. Cc phng php bo v chng st nh
18.2.1. B phn thu st dng treo
Li thu st nn c treo cao thch hp trn vng cn bo v. Nu ch dng mt dy dn
t nm ngang, gc bo v chp nhn c khng nn qu 30 o (xem Hnh 17).
Nu s dng hai hay nhiu dy dn nm ngang song song nhau, gc bo v thch hp c th ln
ti 45o trong khng gian c bao quanh bi cc dy dn, nhng khng vt qu 30o bn ngoi
khng gian (xem Hnh 30). cao ca dy dn nm ngang nn la chn theo cc gi trong
15.2 (xem Hnh 30); trong trng hp cn cha chc chn, nn tham kho kin chuyn gia. B
phn ca li thu st nn c ni t mt cch ph hp.
C th dng cch khc i vi nhng ni chi ph cho phng php trn l khng hp l v
khng c cc ri ro lin quan ti dng st nh vo b mt ca kt cu cn c bo v, c th
chn la mt trong hai cch lp t sau y:
a) B phn thu st dng treo nh th hin trn Hnh 30 nhng cc gc bo v l 45 o thay v
30o, v 60o thay v 45o;
b) Mt li dy dn nm ngang vi mi mt li 10 m x 5 m hoc nh hn ty theo mc ri
ro, c c nh trn mi ca kt cu (xem Hnh 15).
CH THCH: Mi kt cu ring bit c bo v theo cc cch ny nn c ni vi s dy
xung v cc b phn ni t gp i so vi xut 12.3.
18.2.2. Cc dy dn ng
Mt kt cu hoc nhm cc kt cu c kch thc ngang nh c th c bo v bng mt hoc
nhiu dy dn st ng. Nu s dng mt dy xung, gc bo v tnh ton khng nn qu 30 o.
Nu s dng hai hay nhiu dy xung, gc bo v c th l 45o trong khng gian b gii hn bi
cc dy dn, nhng khng nn qu 30o bn ngoi khng gian . Minh ha v phng php bo
v ny c th hin trn Hnh 31.
18.2.3. Cc kt cu b chn mt phn hay ton b di t
18.2.3.1. Kt cu b chn mt phn di t nn c bo v theo cch tng t nh i vi
kt cu trn mt t.
18.2.3.2. Nu kt cu hon ton nm di mt t v khng c kt ni vi bt k thit b no
trn mt t c th c bo v nh mt li thu st nh trong 18.2.1a, cng vi mng ni t
ca n l hon chnh. Kh nng chn xung in ca t c th c tnh n khi xc nh mc
ri ro ca vic pht tia la in t h thng bo v ti kt cu c bo v, bao gm cc b
phn ph tr ca n. Ti ni su chn lp l thch hp, li thu st c th c thay th bng
mng cc thanh ni t dt c sp xp trn b mt theo li khuyn ca chuyn gia. nhng
ni chp nhn phng php ny, nn b qua cc xut ghp ni cho kim loi, hoc cc dy
dn kim loi a vo kt cu (xem 18.2.4, 18.2.5 v 18.2.6).
18.2.4. Cc cc ni t mch vng
Cc cc ni t ca mi h thng chng st nn c ni vi nhau bng mt cc ni t mch
vng. Cc ni t mch vng ny nn c chn su t nht 0,6 m tr khi c nhng l do
khc, nh cn lin kt ca cc vt th khc ti n, hoc l ra trong trng hp cn o kim
tra. Cc cc ni t mch vng ca cc kt cu k nhau nn c ni vi nhau.
18.2.5. Kim loi trn hoc trong kt cu (xem B.2)
18.2.5.1. Tt c kim loi chnh to ra cc b phn ca kt cu, bao gm ct thp bng kim loi v
cc b phn ph tr bng kim loi c tnh lin tc, nn c ghp cng nhau v ni vi h thng
chng st. Cc kt cu ni nh vy nn c lm t nht ti hai ni (xem Hnh 15) v bt c
ni no c th, nn t cch u nhau khng qu 10 m quanh chu vi ca kt cu.
18.2.5.2. Cc chi tit kim loi bn trong kt cu nn c gn vi h thng chng st (xem 12.9).
18.2.5.3. Vic s dng kho bng thp chuyn dng ni hn cha cc cht n tr nn kh
ph bin. i vi cc kho nh th, vic bo v st thch hp c thc hin bng cch ni t
kt cu t nht hai im.
18.2.6. Dy dn in vo cng trnh
18.2.6.1. Cc dy dn in vo cng trnh d chy n nn a vo trong ng kim loi. V bc
kim loi ny cn c lin tc v in trong ton kt cu; nn c ni t ti im u vo
trong kt cu bn pha h thng dch v ca ngi dng v c gn trc tip ti h thng
chng st (xem Hnh 28). Nn c s tha thun gia cc bn lin quan khi u ni.
18.2.6.2. Ti ni cc dy dn in ni vi mt ng dy cung cp in trn cao, nn chn
mt on cp kim loi hoc bc kim loi c chiu di 15 m c chn su vo gia ng dy
trn cao v im ni vo kt cu (xem Hnh 32). Nn ch ti cc quy nh c lin quan (xem
iu 24). Vic thc hin iu ny mt cch chun xc l quan trng, cn c s thng nht ca
cc bn c lin quan.
CH THCH: St nh c th gy xung in ln trn cc ng dy cp in bn trn. Do ,
nn c b phn hm xung in ti nhng ni cc ng dy cp in bn trn ni vi cp chn
di t. iu ny s cho php phn ln dng in do st gy ra c truyn vo t ti mt
khong cch an ton so vi kt cu.
a) Mt ng
b) Mt bng
c) Mt ng u hi th hin vng bo v
CH THCH 1: Khi dng hai dy thu ngang tr ln, c th dng gc bo v 45 o cho khng gian
bao bi dy. Ch khc gii hn gc bo v l 30o.
CH THCH 2: trnh hin tng phng in gia dy thu v cng trnh, khong cch ly ti
thiu phi l 2 m hoc theo 15.2 ty theo gi tr no ln hn. Khong cch ly ti thiu phi c
m bo v tr vng nht trong mi iu kin.
Hnh 30 - B phn thu st c hai dy thu st treo ngang v vng bo v cho kt cu c
cha cht n hoc cht rt d chy
a) Mt ng
b) Mt bng
Hnh 31 - Cc kim thu st ng ca nh kho cha cht n
18.2.7. Cc ng ng, lan can hoc tng t ni vo cng trnh
Cc ng dn bng kim loi, dy thp, lan can, ng ray tu ha hoc cc bin hng dn
khng lin kt thng in vi t m ni vi cng trnh cha vt d chy, n, cn c gn vi
h thng chng st. Cc vt ny nn c ni t ti im u vo bn ngoi kt cu v ti 2
im xa hn, mt im cch xa 75 m v im kia cch 75 m tip theo. Vic ni t cc lan can
nn c thc hin ti cc im sau:
- im i vo hoc i ra kt cu;
- Cch xa im i vo hoc ra 75 m; ngha l hng vo trong nu l kt cu ngm hoc
hng ra ngoi nu trn mt t;
- Cch xa im i vo hoc ra 150 m hoc bn ngoi kt cu trong trng hp nm pha trn
mt t;
- Cc im cch nhau 75 m khi lp t di mt t.
Cc yu cu ny cng p dng cho cc tuyn b mt trn c s dng cn trc hoc cu trc
lu ng (xem 15.3.9).
ng thng hi c ni t
a) Nh bng vt liu khng dn in c ngten
TV trn mi v b phn k thut lin kt vi
dy xung
b) Cc ni t vng cho nh bng vt liu
khng dn in xy trn nn
c) Nh xy bng c ct ngten TV c
Mt bng th hin h thng chng st in
lin kt ni t v h thng mng lin kt vi
hnh
dy xung
CH THCH: Cn tham kho thm cc iu
sau:
- u ni vi ng cp nc (15.3.9)
- u ni vi ng cp in (15.3.9)
- u ni vi cc b phn nh cao (16.)
- Thu st, Dy xung v Cc ni t (11.; 12.;
v 13.)
d) Cng trnh ln bit lp
Hnh 33 - Bo v st nh cho cc thit b trong nh
20.2. Bo v vt nui trn cnh ng
20.2.1. Thng tin chung
Thit hi v vt nui khi c st nh trong cc cn ma dng ch yu l do cc by n t hp
di gc cy trn cc cnh ng trng hoc quanh cc hng ro bng kim loi khng c ni
t nn b dng in st phng vo ln git cht chng.
Do bn cht ca vic nui th vt nui trn cnh ng khng th loi tr hon ton mi nguy
him, nhng nu mun gim mi nguy him ny th nn thc hin cc bin php phng nga
trong 20.2.2 v 20.2.3.
20.2.2. Ni t
Vi cc hng ro c xy dng bng cc cc kim loi thng ng v cc dy kim loi dn in
lin tc, v d dy thp gai, cc dy c ko cng hoc dy xch, mi on dy lin tc cn
c ni vi cc ct ng bng kim loi t ti cc khong u nhau. Trong trng hp s
dng cc ct bng g hoc b tng, nn ni cc on dy vi cc cc ni t, v d cc cc
ng xung t.
nhng ni t thng xuyn b t, khong cch gia cc ch ni khng nn qu 150 m v
nn gim xung 75 m ni t kh.
20.2.3. Cc khe h cch in
Hng ro kim loi khng nn di lin tc m chia thnh cc on khng qu 300 m bng cch
chn cc cng bng g hoc cc khe h c rng t 600 mm tr ln, c khp kn nh cc
on vt liu khng dn in.
CH THCH: Khng nn s dng dy xch bc bng vt liu do ni kn cc khe h trn.
Ni t cho hng ro ti khe h trn nn b tr cch cc cnh ca khe h t nht l 8 m v mi
pha.
20.3. Hng ro bao quanh cc kt cu c cha cht lng hoc kh d chy
20.3.1. Nt t cc hng ro hon ton bng kim loi
i vi hng ro bao quanh cc v tr nguy him lm hon ton bng kim loi thng khng c
vn g xy ra v cc hng ro c th c ni t nh miu t trong 20.2.2 nhng ti cc
khong cch nhau khng qu 75 m.
20.3.2. Ni t cc hng ro c bc bng vt liu do
Cc lp ph bng vt liu c tc dng bo v tc ng ca thi tit v vic ngt lp bc ni
t cho phn kim loi s tng nguy c n mn, do khng c khuyn khch p dng.
Tuy nhin, loi hng ro ny thng thng c mt li dy thp gai trn cao. Do nn ni
t li thp gai ny ti cc khong khng qu 75 m to thnh b phn thu st bo v hng
ro.
20.3.3. Cc khe cch in
Cc hng ro ch yu dng cho mc ch an ninh nn cc khe cch in c kh nng vi phm
cc yu cu an ninh, do khng c khuyn khch p dng.
21. Cy v cc kt cu gn cy
CH THCH: Cc thng tin thm v cy v kt cu gn cy c th xem trong B.3.
Ch cn bo v cy trnh tc ng ca st nh trong trng hp c bit cn gi gn ci cy
v l do lch s, thc vt hc v mi trng hoc cc ngha tng t khc. Trong cc trng
hp ny, nn thc hin nh sau:
a) Dy xung chnh chy t phn cao nht ca nhnh chnh ca cy ti cc ni t v dy
cn c bo v khi cc ph hng c hc mt t.
b) Nn cp thm cc dy dn nhnh ni ti dy dn chnh cho cc nhnh cy ln.
c) Cc dy dn nn c bn v bc li. Tng din tch mt ct ngang khng nn nh hn
50mm2 i vi ng v nhm. Cc kch thc khng c cho c th v iu s gy phin
toi cho vic la chn gii php dy, nhng quan trng l cc dy dn phi c tnh mm do.
d) Khi gn cc dy dn nn tnh n s pht trin t nhin ca cy v s ung a ca cy do
cc cn gi gy ra.
e) Ni t nn bao gm 2 cc c ng vo t hai pha i din v gn vi thn ca cy.
Nn chn mt cc ni t mch vng bao quanh cc r cy v ni vi cc cc bng hai dy dn
hng tm. Ni t v in tr ni t nn p ng cc iu iu 13.
f) Khi hai hay nhiu cy gn nhau v c kh nng cc cc ni t mch vng bao quanh-ca
chng giao nhau, nn s dng mt cc ni t mch vng chung c ni thch hp vi cc cc
chn di t bao quanh tt c cc gc cy.
g) Khi mt cy bit lp gn mt kt cu, c cao khng vt qu cao ca kt cu th
khng cn chng st cho cy ny. Nu cy cao hn kt cu, khong cch ly sau y gia kt
cu v phn cao nht ca cy c th c xem l m bo an ton:
- i vi cc kt cu thng, khong cch ly bng mt na chiu cao ca kt cu;
- i vi cc kt cu cha cc vt d n hoc kh nng chy cao, khong cch ly bng chiu
cao ca kt cu;
Nu cc khong cch ly ny khng c m bo, cn xem xt ti cc mc ri ro lin quan.
gim ri ro ti mc ti thiu m vn gi li cy, kt cu cn c bo v ph hp vi cc
khuyn co ca tiu chun ny v b phn thu st hoc dy xung nn c sp xp sao cho
c th i gn ti b phn gn nht ca cy.
CH THCH: Khi mt cy khng c chng st, lung in do st nh vo cy c th truyn
qua khong cch hng chc mt, dc hoc di b mt t, tm mt vt dn in tt, v d
ng nc hoc gas, cp in hoc b mt t bo v st ca mt ta nh.
22. Cc cng trnh c ng ten v tuyn truyn thanh v truyn hnh
22.1. Cc ng ten bn trong cng trnh c chng st
Vi cc cng trnh c chng st ph hp vi cc quy nh ca tiu chun ny, c th lp thm
cc ng ten v tuyn truyn thanh v truyn hnh trong nh m khng cn c thm bin php
phng chng khc, min l khong trng gia h thng ng ten, bao gm dy thu v dy dn
xung, v h thng chng st bn ngoi ph hp vi cc gi tr c cho trong iu 15.
22.2. Cc ng ten bn ngoi cng trnh c chng st
Vi cc cng trnh c chng st ph hp vi cc quy nh ca tiu chun ny, c th lp cc
ng ten v tuyn truyn thanh v truyn hnh bn ngoi m khng cn c bin php chng st b
sung nu mi phn ca h thng ng ten, bao gm cc b phn chu lc bng kim loi, trong
vng bo v ca h thng chng st. cc v tr khng p ng iu kin ny, cn c bin php
chng st m bo rng st c th truyn xung mt t m khng gy nguy him cho kt
cu v ngi s dng nh sau:
a) i vi h thng ng ten c lp trc tip ln kt cu c chng st, lung in do st
nh gy ra c tiu tn bng cch ni kt cu gi ang ten vi h thng chng st ti im gn
nht c th ti c bn di v tr lp t ng ten.
b) i vi h thng ng ten lp trn kt cu chng bng kim loi nh ra khi h thng chng
st, dng in do st nh gy ra c tiu tn bng vic kt ni kt cu chng ng ten vi
h thng chng st ti im gn nht c th ti c bn di v tr lp t ng ten.
22.3. Cc ng ten trn kt cu khng c bo v
Trc khi lp t ng ten trn mt kt cu khng c bo v, cn xem xt nhu cu i vi h
thng chng st nh miu t trong iu 7.
22.4. S dng cc in cc t ca h thng chng st
C th s dng in cc t ca h thng chng st cho mc ch ni t h thng ng ten.
23. Cc cng trnh khc
23.1. Lu bt v rp bng vi
23.1.1. Cc lu ln
nhng ni cc kt cu tm ln thuc loi ny c s dng cho cc mc ch trin lm v gii
tr lin quan ti s lng ngi tp trung ln cn c bin php chng st. Ni chung, cc kt cu
nh vy c ch to t cc vt liu khng phi l kim loi v dng bo v n gin nht
thng bao gm mt hoc nhiu b phn thu st nm ngang treo pha trn kt cu v c ni
chc chn xung t.
Phn m rng phi kt cu ca cc b phn chng thng ng cho cc kt cu nh vy, nu
thun tin v kh thi, c th dng h thng thu st nm ngang. Nn duy tr mt khong
trng t 1,5 m tr ln gia dy dn v v bt. Cc dy xung nn c gn bn ngoi kt cu v
c ni vi cc cc trn mt t, cc cc ny li c ni vi mt cc ni t mch vng sao
cho khng tip xc vi ngi s dng.
i vi cc kt cu c khung bng kim loi nn ni nhng phn kim loi xung t mt cch
c hiu qu ti cc im c khong cch ngn hn 20 m dc theo chu vi kt cu.
23.1.2. Cc lu nh
i vi cc lu nh khng c hng dn c th no c, tuy nhin c th tham kho mt s dng
b tr chng st minh ha trn Hnh 34.
23.2. Khung bng kim loi v cc kt cu tng t
i vi cc kt cu nh trn c kch thc ln cn phi c chng st nu ngi c th tip
cn v s dng chng, c bit vi cc kt cu c dng pha trn v trm qua mt phn
ng i chung hoc c dng trong vic xy dng khu gh ngi cng cng th chng cn
c ni t mt cch c hiu qu. Mt phng php n gin trong vic lp ghp cc kt cu
nh vy l lun mt thanh dt kim loi, khng phi nhm, c kch thc mt ct ngang l 20 mm
x 2,5 mm, bn di v tip xc vi cc tm cc b phn thng ng ca khung v ni
xung t ti cc khong cch khng vt qu 20 m.
Vi cc khu gh ngi cng cng, ch c cc thnh phn thuc chu vi ca kt cu cn c ni
t. Cc kt cu bng thp khc, nh kt cu c dng cho cc cy cu dnh cho ngi i b
qua cc con ng chnh, thng c b tr ti cc v tr trng tri d b st nh nn cn phi
c ni t, c bit ti cc im chn cu.
23.3. Cc ct ng ten bng kim loi, cc cn trc thp cao v cc kt cu quay trn v di
ng
Cc ct ng ten v cc dy thp ca chng, cc thp treo n pha v cc kt cu xy dng bng
kim loi tng t khc nn c ni t ph hp vi cc iu a ra ca tiu chun ny.
Cc kt cu cao nh cn trc v cc thit b nng khc c dng trong vic xy dng cc ta
nh, trong cc xng ng tu v trong vic xy lp cng cng nn c b tr ni t. i vi
cc cn trc hoc cc kt cu quay lp trn ray, cn ni t cho ray mt cch hiu qu, tt nht
l ti hai v tr tr nn. Trong cc trng hp c bit, khi c th xy ra ph hy cc tr do st
nh, c th p dng cc bin php b sung v nn tham kho kin chuyn gia.
Ph lc A
(Tham kho)
Cc kha cnh k thut ca hin tng st
A.1. Cng dng in ca mt tia st
Cng dng in ca mt tia st thng nm trong khong t 2 000 A n 200 000 A. Thng
k cc gi tr ny trong thin nhin theo phn b chun logarit nh sau:
-1 % cc tia st nh vt qu 200 000 A
- 10 % cc tia st nh vt qu 80 000 A
- 50 % cc tia st nh vt qu 28 000 A
- 90 % cc tia st nh vt qu 8 000 A
- 99 % cc tia st nh vt qu 3 000 A
Dng in trong hu ht cc tia st nh xung mt t l t cc phn t mang in tch m
trong cc m my dng v nh vy tia st l dng cc ht tch in m t my xung mt t.
Cng c cc tia st t cc phn t mang in tch dng, nhng t thng xuyn hn. V chiu
dng in l dng in mt chiu tng vt trong qung thi gian khng n 10 s i vi tia st
mang in tch m (i vi tia st mang in tch dng thi gian ny di hn kh nhiu), sau
gim dn ti mt gi tr nh, i vi mt tia st n, trong khong thi gian 100 s hoc nh
hn.
tnh ton thit k h thng chng st, ngi ta s dng gi tr dng in st (i max) c cho l
c hi nht sau y:
I max = 200 kA (A.1)
di
= 200 kA/s (A.2)
dt
A.2. in th
Trc khi hin tng phng in xy ra, in th ca khi cu tch in c th c tnh s b
bng cch gi thit in tch Q l 100 C v bn knh ca hnh cu tng ng vo khong 1
km. Do in dung ca c khi vo khong 10-7 F. T cng thc Q = CV, in th tnh c s
vo khong 109 V. iu ny c ngha in p ban u m my l trn 100 MV.
A.3. Cc hiu ng v in
Khi cng dng in b tiu hao qua in tr ca phn cc ni t ca h thng chng st,
n s to ra s tt in p khng v c th lm tng tc thi hiu in th vi t ca h thng
chng st. N cng c th to nn xung quanh cc ni t mt vng c chnh lch in th cao
c th gy nguy him cho ngi v ng vt. Tng t nh vy cng cn phi lu n in
cm t cm ca h thng chng st do on dc ng ca xung in do st gy ra.
tt in p do hin tng trn gy ra trong h thng chng st do s l tng s hc ca
hai thnh phn l in p cm ng v in p khng.
A.4. Hiu ng lan truyn st
im m st nh vo h thng chng st c th c in th b tng cao hn rt nhiu so vi cc
vt th kim loi xung quanh. Bi vy s c nguy c lan truyn st sang cc vt kim loi trn hoc
pha bn trong cng trnh. Nu s lan truyn ny xy ra, mt phn ca dng in do st gy ra
s c tiu hao qua cc thit b lp t bn trong nh ng ng hoc dy dn, v nh vy s
dn n ri ro cho ngi sng trong nh cng nh kt cu cng trnh.
A.5. Hiu ng nhit
Vic quan tm n hiu ng nhit ch gi gn trong vic tng nhit trong h thng dn st.
Mc d cng dng in cao nhng thi gian xy ra l rt ngn nn nh hng v nhit
trong h thng bo v l rt nh.
Ni chung, din tch ct ngang ca dy dn st c chn ch yu sao cho tha mn v bn
c kh, c ngha l n ln gi cho tng nhit trong khong 1 oC. V d nh, vi dy
dn ng c tit din 50 mm2, mt c st nh 100 kA vi thi gian l 100 s s phng t hn
400 J trn 1 m dy dn, dn n tng nhit khong 1 oC. Nu dy dn l thp th tng
ny cng t hn 10 oC.
A.6. Hiu ng c
Khi mt dng in c cng cao c tiu tn qua cc dy dn t song song gn nhau hoc
dc theo mt dy dn duy nht nhng c nhiu gp khc, n s gy ra cc lc c hc c ln
ng k. Do cc im gi h thng dy dn l rt cn thit (Xem Hnh A.1 v Bng A.1).
Bng A.1 - Khong cch cc tr h thng dn st.
Cch b tr Khong cch (mm)
Dy dn nm ngang trn cc mt phng ngang 1 000
Dy dn nm ngang trn mt phng ng 500
Dy dn thng ng t t ln cao 20 m 1 000
Dy dn thng ng t 20 m tr ln 500
CH THCH 1: Bng ny khng p dng cho cc tr l cc b phn ca cng trnh, cc tr
kiu c th c cc yu cu c bit.
CH THCH 2: Cn kho st cc iu kin mi trng v khong cch thc t gia cc tr c
th khc so vi nhng kch thc nu trn.
Mt tc ng c hc khc t st l do s tng cao t ngt nhit khng kh n khong 30
000 oC (30 000 K) v s gin n t ngt khng kh xung quanh ng dn st xung t. y
l do, khi dn in ca kim loi c thay th bi dn ca mt ng vng cung, nng
lng s tng ln 100 ln. Mt nng lng ln nht khong 100 MW/m c th c to ra trong
c phng in xung mt t v sng xung kch gn c phng in ny c th lm trc ngi lp
mi nh.
Tng t nh vy, vi hiu ng lan truyn st ca st trong cc cng trnh, sng xung kch c
th gy ra cc h hi cho kt cu.
CH THCH 1: Kp cho dy dn st cn ch to ring cho ph hp vi dy dn; kch thc a
Hnh e) phi bng chiu dy dy v kch thc b phi bng chiu rng dy cng thm 1,3 mm
( gin n). Dy c tit din trn cn c x l tng t.
CH THCH 2: Tt c cc kp cn c gn chc chn vo kt cu; khng nn dng va
gn.
Hnh A.1 - Thit k in hnh kp c nh dy dn st
Ph lc B
(Tham kho)
Gii thch mt s iu khon ca tiu chun
B.1. Mng ni t v cc ni t
(Xem iu 13 v iu 14)
B.1.1. Hiu ng lan truyn st v vng tim n in p bc ln cn v tr ni t
Nguy c lan truyn st trong cng trnh c h thng chng st v chnh lch in p trong vng
t xung quanh khu vc ni t ph thuc vo in tr ca t. Nguy c lan truyn st cn ph
thuc vo mt s yu t khc c cp A.4. Chnh lch in p khu vc ni t l hm
ca in tr sut ca t. Trong Hnh 19, c st c m phng xy ra trn mt h thng chng
st. Dng st c truyn xung t qua cc cc ni t, in p khu vc ni t tng ln v s
chnh in p tc dng ln cc lp t. C th lm gim s chnh lch in p ny bng cch
ni vng cc cc ni t vi nhau.
Chnh lch in p c th gy nguy him ti tnh mng ca con ngi nu nh n vt qua vi
ngn vn, ti ng vt nu nh vt qua vi trm vn. Do s chnh lch in p ny l hm ca
tch dng in st v in tr ni t ca cc ni t nn hin nhin l vic gim in tr ni t
xung cng thp cng tt tr nn ht sc quan trng. Thc t nn gii hn gi tr in tr ni t
ln nht l 10 bo v cho ngi v ng vt, tuy nhin gi tr ny cng nh th cng tt. Mt
bin php khc khc phc chnh lch in p trn b mt t l chn su cc cc ni t vi
mi cc su t nht l 1 m, v bc lin kt gia dy xung v b phn ni t bng vt liu cch
in chu in p nh thng ti thiu 500 kV nh polyethylene dy 5 mm. Mi nguy c i vi
con ngi trong cng trnh gim i ng k nu nh c sn thay v nn bng t hay .
B.1.2. S dng cc ng ng k thut lm mng ni t
Khng c s dng cc ng ng dn nhin liu vo cng trnh lm mng ni t.
Cc ng ng k thut khc c th c s dng cho h thng chng st bn trong cng trnh
vi iu kin cc im ni phi kim sot d dng.
CH THCH: ng ng cp gas khng c s dng lm cc ni t (xem Hnh 28).
B.1.3. Mng ni t
V d v kch thc cc ni t trong t c in tr sut 100 m nhit 10 oC thng thng
to ra in tr ni t ca mng ni t khong 10 nh sau:
- Cc ni t dng vng khp kn c chiu di khng nh hn 20 m chn su t nht l 0,6 m
di mt t; hoc
- ng ng hoc thanh ng c chiu di mi thanh khng di 1,5 m, tng cng chiu di cc
thanh khng di 9 m;
- Cc thanh b tr hng tm c chiu di khng nh hn 20 m chn su t nht 0,6 m di mt
t, hoc
- B tng ct thp (xem B.1.5).
Cc cc ni t cn c chn su trong mt s trng hp nh c lp st nm di lp cui
si. Khng nn tin cy vo su mc nc ngm. Nc ngm, c bit trong lp si, c th b
rt sch v s khng c tc dng m bo cho in tr ni t thp cho h thng ni t.
in tr ni t gim khng ng k khi gim tit din ca cc m kch thc ln ca cc ni t
cn lm tng gi thnh h thng v gy kh cho thi cng.
V d v quan h gia ng knh cc ni t vi trng lng ca cc di 1,2 m c k
Bng B.1.
Bng B.1 - Quan h ng knh v trng lng ca cc ni t
ng knh d Trng lng m
mm kg
13 1,4
16 2,3
19 3,2
25 5,4
Bng B.1 ch ra rng trng lng ca cc 1,2 m, ng knh 25 mm th nng hn cc 1,2 m
ng knh 13 mm ti 4 ln.
i vi cng loi vt liu trong cng mt loi t th mt thanh cc 4,8 m d = 13 mm hoc 4 cc
1,2 m d = 13 mm cho mt gi tr in tr vo khong 1/3 ca thanh 1,2 m; d = 25 mm.
B.1.4. Trng hp c bit
Cn c s cn nhc c bit i vi cc trng hp sau:
- Hng ro c s dng kim loi (xem 20.3.1);
- Cy ci (xem iu 23);
- Nh nng thn (xem 24.4)
- Cng trnh trn (xem 13.5)
Nu cng trnh trn c chng st theo phng n c cp trong 13.5 v kim loi trong
v trn cng trnh c ni vi h thng chng st nh gii thiu 15.3 th s c c mc
bo v st thch hp cho ngi trong cng trnh. Tuy nhin c th nguy him cho con ngi ra
vo cng trnh khi c st v s chnh lch in p bn ngoi khi st truyn xung h thng chng
st ca cng trnh.
Nu b mt ca t hoc c tnh cht dn in cao trong phm vi khong 30 m n 50 m ti
cng trnh th ni t c m t iu 14 c th c s dng v n c th c ni vi
mng ni t mch vng. Nguy c i vi ngi ra vo gim i mc d khng hon ton b loi
b.
B.1.5. S dng mng b tng ct thp lm b phn ni t
Khi mng b tng ct thp c s dng lm b phn ni t th c th p dng cng thc tnh
gn ng nh sau:
R (B.1)
.1,57. V
trong : R l in tr ni t tnh bng m ();
l in tr sut ca t tnh bng m nhn mt (m);
V l khi tch b tng tnh bng mt khi (m 3).
V D:
ng dng ca cng thc:
5 m3 b tng ct thp trong t 100 m th in tr ni t xp x 10 .
Cc chn mng trong t 100 m c gi tr in tr sau:
0,2 m3 (quy i bng bn cu ng knh 0,9 m) c gi tr in tr R = 30 . Ngha l cn 3 ci
th s t c gi tr yu cu 10 .
0,6 m3 (tng ng 1,4 m bn cu) c R = 20 . Ngha l cn 2 ci th t gi tr 10 .
B.2. Kim loi trong v trn cng trnh cao hn 20 m
(Xem iu 15, iu 16).
B.2.1. Mng dn nc kim loi c hoc khng ni t
Bt c b phn kim loi no trong hoc trn cng trnh khng ni vi h thng chng st nhng
li ni vi t nh cc ng ng cp nc, cp gas, tm kim loi, h thng in u c nguy
c nhim st. Thm ch nhng b phn khng tip xc vi t cng c chnh lch in th gia
chng vi h thng chng st mc d s chnh lch in th ny nh hn so vi trng hp b
phn kim loi c ni t. Nu s chnh lch in th gy ra trong mt thi gian ngn nh
vy gia bt k b phn no ca h thng chng st v cc b phn kim loi gn k vt qu
kh nng chng in p nh thng ca vt liu nm gia chng (c th l khng kh, tng
gch, hoc bt c vt liu no khc) th c th xy ra hin tng lan truyn st. iu ny c th
gy h hng trong thit b, gy chy hoc sc in i vi ngi v vt.
B.2.2. Lin kt ti hai u mng nc kim loi
Lin kt ny phi c thc hin c hai u ca bt c chi tit kim loi no cha ra. Khi kim
loi c th tham gia vo vic tiu tn dng in st nhng phi trnh cc nguy c h hi vt l
hoc thng tn con ngi.
B.2.3. La chn b phn kim loi lin kt
Rt kh la chn b phn kim loi no th lin kt, b phn no th b qua. i vi cc b phn
kim loi di nh ng ng nc, thang my, thang st di th c th d dng quyt nh chng
cn c ni vi h thng bo v chng st ca cng trnh m khng phi tn km nhiu. Tuy
nhin cc b phn kim loi ngn cch ly nh khung ca s ch c th tip t ngu nhin qua
mn nc ma trn b mt kt cu th c th b qua.
Cc cng trnh c ct thp hoc vch bao che kim loi to thnh li kim loi khp kn lin tc
to ra mt trng thi m cc kim loi bn trong khng c lin kt c th c gi thit rng
chng c cng in th vi bn thn kt cu. i vi cc cng trnh nguy c lan truyn st
c gim nhiu v yu cu i vi vic lin kt cng gim i.
B.2.4. Nguy c ca lp ph kim loi mng
Nu bt c mt phn b mt ngoi ca cng trnh no c bao ph bi mt lp kim loi mng,
lp kim loi ny c th c thit k hay ngu nhin to thnh mt b phn dn dng in st
xung t. Dng st c th tch ra khi lp kim loi do cc nguyn nhn nh lp kim loi
khng lin tc hoc tit din lp kim loi qu nh nn n s b chy ra khi dng in st i qua.
C hai trng hp u dn ti hin tng h quang in v d gy chy nu c vt liu d
chy gn. Khuyn ngh l nn trnh cc nguy c nh tia la in ghi trong 15.2.
B.2.5. Dng t cm trong dy xung trong mi lin quan vi chiu cao cng trnh
Khi chiu cao cng trnh tng ln th in p cm khng ti cc ni t c cho l tng bc
km quan trng hn so vi in p t cm ri trn ng dn st.
B.3. Cy v cng trnh gn cy
(Xem iu 21)
iu 21 cp ti gii php chng st cho cy. H thng chng st c thit k bo v an
ton cho cy v gim in p bc nm trong vng chn ng dy dn st, cc ni t. ng
di tn cy khi c ging st l rt nguy him.
Khi b st nh, dng st lan truyn theo nhnh, cnh ti thn cy v c th gy hiu ng lan
truyn st sang cc hng mc cng trnh lin k. Cng phng in ca cy c th ly bng
250 kV/m so vi kh nng khng dng ca khng kh l 500 V/m. Cc s liu ny l c s ca
iu 21 quy nh khong cch ti thiu gia cng trnh v cy.
Khi cng trnh qu gn cy, c nguy c lan truyn st t cy sang cng trnh khi c st th h
thng chng st ca cng trnh cn phi ph vng bo v ln c cy . Nu cy nm trong vng
bo v ca h thng chng st ca cng trnh th cng trnh c coi l an ton.
B.4. Cc cng trnh khc
(Xem iu 23)
B.4.1. Lu tri nh
i vi lu tri nh tun th theo 23.1.1 c th s tn km. Mc d vy, trong vng nhiu st th
nn c bin php chng st. C th l:
a) chng st cho lu tri nh c th s dng mt hoc hai cn kim loi (dng ng lng ng
ten) pha bn ngoi lu, b tr sao cho lu nm trong phm vi c bo v nh 9.2. Chn ca
cc cn kim loi cn c ni vi cc chng ni t t xa lu v cm vo t m. Thm na c
th s dng mt dy kim loi trn t trn mt t xung quanh lu v ni ti chn ca mi cn
kim loi.
b) Trong trng hp lu trong khung kim loi th khung lm vic nh l mt dy dn st.
Khung phi c ni xung t nh hng dn phn a) hai u ca lu.
c) Khi c ging st, i vi lu khng c chng st, th cn phi tm cch loi b in p bc
tc dng ln c th ngi. C th thc hin iu bng cch nm ln trn mt vt kim loi t
trc tip trn t. Nu khng c iu kin nh vy th c th ngi b gi trn mt t v trnh tip
xc vi lu v vi ngi khc.
B.4.2. Sn vn ng
Khi ct n cao b st nh, dng in st truyn xung nn qua chn ct v c th c lng
chnh in p ca t nn t gi thit rng cc lp ng th di nn phn b dng cc
bn cu. Do vi dng trung bnh khong 30 kA v in tr sut ca t 10 3 m, chnh
in p ca t nn s vo khong 50 kV/m trong khong 10 m t chn ct v n thay i t l
nghch vi khong cch v din tch (Hnh 19, Hnh 36).
Vi gi thit , i vi ngi gradient in p khng c vt qu 10 kV/m tng ng vi
khong cch 22 m t chn ct. S dng mt cc ni t thch hp di hnh thc mt li trn
bn knh 10 m c th lm gim ng sut in p xung quanh ct. Thm na c th chng li in
p bc bng cch bc tm cch in bng PVC di lp asphan. trnh tip xc trc tip
vi chn ct c th sn ph keo epoxy dy 5 mm t chn ct ti cao 3 m.
Lu trnh vic tng nhit qu mc gii hn di tc dng ca bc x mt tri s lm gim
gi tr ca lp bo v.
B.5. Cng trnh c hnh dng phc tp
(Xem 11.2.4)
Phng php "hnh cu ln" c m t mc ny c th c s dng nhn bit cc phn
khng c bo v st nh ca cng trnh cao nhiu m un phc tp. Phng php ny da
trn nguyn l qu trnh tip xc ca u tch in st ti cng trnh.
Trc khi xy ra st, u tch in st hng xung t (hnh thnh trn cc m my dng) v
cch nhnh tch in ca n h thp dn. Khi u tch in st h xung th xy ra qu trnh in
ngc du trn mt t (cng hnh thnh u tch in st hng ln trn) v to ra trng
in gia hai mng tch in tri du. Cng ca trng in ny tng dn ti khi ln th
u tch in hng ln pha di phng ln trn gp u tch in st hng xung phng
xung di v to thnh tia st.
Do tia st s nh trn mt t hoc trn cng trnh ti ni m u tch in hng ln c
phng i v do cc u tch in hng ln c phng ln ti cc im c cng in
trng cao nht v c th phng thng ln tri m khng b cn nn chng c th phng theo
bt c hng no gp u tch in st t my phng xung. Mt v d cho hnh nh ny l
st vn nh vo mt bn ca cng trnh cao mc d thng thng n khng nh vo phn
cng trnh nm di gc 45o ca hnh cn t im bo v cao nht ca cng trnh.
Cc im c cng in trng mnh nht trn t hoc cng trnh thng l khu vc gn
nht vi u tch in hng ln trc khi n phng ln. Cc im c khong cch bng nhau t
im cui ca cc u tch in u c cng nguy c b st nh cn cc im xa hn s t b
nguy c st nh hn. Do cc im trn b mt ca hnh cu tng tng c tm nm u
tch in hng ln trc khi xy ra st l cc v tr m u tch in hng ln c th phng
in ln (xem Hnh B.1). Do u tch in ca my dng c th phng xung bt c hng no
nn tt c cc v tr m u tch in ca my dng c th tip cn c c th m phng bng
cch ln mt hnh cu tng tng c bn knh bng chiu di ca bc cui (last step length),
xung quanh cng trnh v thng xung mt t. Khi n tip xc vi cng trnh c th to ra c st
nh v nhng v tr hay b mt nh vy cn phi c b phn thu st nh m t iu 11. Tuy
nhin nu cc b phn ca cng trnh khng c cc im gc nhn hay vt nh ra th b phn
thu st hin hu c th chp nhn c. Nu c cc im gc nhn hay vt nh ra th cn xem
xt b sung thm b phn thu st.
Cng trnh cao c hnh dng n gin c th c chng st nh m t Hnh 22 nhng i vi
cng trnh phc tp cn p dng phng php hnh cu ln ny. Phng php ny cng c th
p dng cho cc cng trnh c b phn thu st t trn cng trnh hoc c cc b phn thu st
treo pha trn. Phng php ny cng c th s dng xc nh vng c bo v st ca bt
c mt thit k h thng chng st no.
Nhn chung kch thc cu cng nh th kh nng bo v chng st cng tt hn nhng s tn
km khi xy lp h thng. C cu c khuyn ngh c bn knh t 20 m n 60 m. Thng
thng nn s dng cu c bn knh 60 m. Cn cu c bn knh 20 m ch nn dng cho cc
cng trnh c nguy c chy cao.
Cc vng gch cho v ct nh cao cn c nh gi xem c cn b phn thu st hay khng.
Trong nhiu trng hp dy xung m bo thu st trn cc cnh cng trnh.
Ph lc C
(Tham kho)
Hng dn chung chng st cho thit b in trong v trn cng trnh
C.1. Thng tin chung
Mc ny a ra nhng hng dn nh gi cc nguy c lm h hi hoc vn hnh sai h thng
thit b in trong hoc trn cng trnh khi b st v hng dn thit k h thng chng st cho
thit b. Vic thc hin cc hng dn trong tiu chun cng c th cung cp mc no
chng li cc e da c ngun gc khc (nh vic ng ngt mch).
H thng chng st thng thng ch c thit k v lp t cho cng trnh. Mc d vy, h
thng thit b cn c tin cy cao hn v n cng i hi mt h thng chng st ring bo
v cho thit b in cng nh cc h thng thng tin d liu.
S phc tp ca st nh vo cng trnh, dng st tng cao trong thi gian ngn km theo cc
hin tng khc l nguyn nhn gy ph hoi thit b, xa d liu. Nguy c ca st c cp
C.4, song cn c nhiu yu t tc ng n vic cn n h thng chng st nh nhu cu:
- Gim thiu cc nguy c chy v sc in;
- Trnh ngng tr hot ng sn xut v thng mi c nh hng n vn kinh t;
- Ngn nga cc tc hi v an ton, sc khe;
- Bo v cc dch v thit yu v an ton, bo chy, thng tin, qun tr cng trnh;
- Trnh phi sa cha tn km cc trang thit b vi tnh.
Cc hng dn ph lc ny mang tnh tng qut, khi p dng cho h thng chng st cn tnh
n cc iu kin thc t. Trong nhng trng hp c bit th cn phi tm kim nhng li
khuyn ca chuyn gia.
Tuy nhin, ngay c khi c h thng chng st th cng khng bao gi hon ton c th chc chn
l an ton cho h thng thit b hay an ton v d liu.
Hnh C.1 minh ha dng st nh vo nh my cng nghip, truyn qua cc b phn ca nh v
i xung t.
CH THCH: Ph lc ny ch dng tham kho, vic tun th ph lc ny khng c ngha l
tun th ni dung tiu chun ny.
C.2. ng dng ca ph lc ny
Khi p dng nhng hng dn ca ph lc ny cn tun theo quy trnh sau:
- Quyt nh xem c cn h thng chng st khng (xem iu 7)
- Nu cu tr li l c th xem xt thit k chng st ri chuyn sang c), nu cu tr li l khng
th chuyn ngay sang c).
- Quyt nh liu c cn phi chng st cho cc thit b in, in t trong hay trn cng trnh
khng (xem C.4, C.5)
- Nu cu tr li cho cu hi c) l c th xem cc ni dung C.3, C.7, C.13; nu cu tr li l khng
th khng xem xt thm.
CH THCH 1: Thng tin c bn lin quan ti cc kha cnh chng st c cho C.8, C.9
CH THCH 2: Cc v d tnh ton c cho C.6, C.10, C.11, C.12.
Hnh C.1 - Cc im st nh vo cng trnh cng nghip c th nh hng n h thng
in t
C.3. Cc yu t c bn v chng st cho h thng in
C.3.1. Mc ri ro
Trc khi thit k h thng chng st cho thit b, cn lu ti h thng chng st c bn cho
cng trnh. Thng tin C.4, C.5 gip cho vic quyt nh c cn phi bo v thit b in hay
khng.
C.3.2. Chng st ca bn thn cng trnh
Khi cn nhc cc phng n phng chng st cho thit b in ca cng trnh th cn xem liu
cng trnh c chng st hoc s c chng st theo tiu chun ny cha.
Loi cng trnh c kh nng chng st l tng l cng trnh c vch bao che bng kim loi cho
tt c cc bc tng v mi, n to ra mi trng dng "phng c cch ly" cho cc thit b
in. Nu nh tt c cc vch bao che v lp ph mi lin kt vi nhau mt cch tha ng th
dng st nh t bt c ch no ca cng trnh s c truyn xung t dng "tm truyn
in" trn b mt cng trnh v xung b phn ni t. Cc cng trnh kt cu thp hoc B tng
ct thp c vch bao che kim loi l cc cng trnh thuc dng ny v nh vy ch cn ch n
vic bo v cc ng cp ngun cp vo cng trnh (Hnh C.2). Cn lu t c khng tr
thp t lin kt gia b phn ni t ca h thng chng st vi cc h thng ng ng khc.
Nn p dng phng php i ng cp in vo nh minh ha Hnh 28 c km theo cc b
phn chn xung nu kt qu tnh ton cho thy cn phi c cc b phn ny.
Cng trnh xy dng bng b tng ct thp hoc bng khung thp khng c vch bao che kim
loi th dng st c th truyn bn trong cc ct. Hng dn i vi ni lp t my tnh v h
thng dy dn c cho C.7.2.
Nu nh vt liu xy dng cng trnh ch yu l kim loi th c th xp cng trnh c nguy c cao
(xem iu 18) v b tr h thng chng st tng cng (xem C.7.1).
Nhn chung cn lp t cc thit b chng qu p cng gn ti cc im kt ni ra/vo cng trnh
cng tt.
Hnh C.2 - Cc dng chng st c lin quan ti thit b in t
Hnh C.17 - in cm
C.9.3. Xng dng t st nh trc tip
Cc c st nh trc tip ti ng dy in hoc h thng in cng nh cc u sensor hoc
tip khng (xem Hnh C.11) c th xng dng gy ph hy. y l nguy c cn phi c tnh
n vi vic dy dn i bn ngoi c chiu di ln. Vic i dy trong cc ng bo h s lm hn
ch ng k tc hi. in p rt cao ca s xng in gy ph hoi cc b phn khc ca h
thng, nh tia la in.
l mt phn lin quan ti cc b phn nh ra ngoi cng trnh. B tr chng hp l th trnh
c tc hi (xem C.7.4).
C.9.4. Ni trng in
mnh ca trng phi c tnh n trn ton b din tch st nh trc khi hnh thnh c
nh khi m gi tr ca chng t ti ngng ngn c ca khng kh (xp x 500 kV/m).
S hnh thnh gii thot im thay i trng xp x 500 kV/m.s c th xy ra. Hiu ng ca
mi s thay i thng l khng n gin khi bo v chng chng li hiu ng dn v cm st.
C.9.5. in p do xung in t t st (lemp) gy ra
Xung in t t st (lemp) c sinh ra lin quan ti hin tng in t khc gi l xung in t
nguyn t (nemp). C hai im khc nhau quan trng trong di v cng ca hai hiu ng
sinh ra, t nemp sinh ra xung tng nhanh hn nhiu (thi gian tng khong 10 ns) vi bin
t qung v nemp ch nh hng ti vi h thng xung phng x. So vi st th xung ny v
cng nh. St nh xung cng trnh hay t gn thc ra khng sinh ra xung in t t st
nhng to ra v nguyn tc mt cp t trng t gn nhau v sinh ra in p t cm (v in
p cm khng) nh m t C.9.1 v C.9.2.
Cc xung trng in cm ng st trong cng trnh c cha thit b in t thng l khng
ng k. Trong trng hp hn hu cc ng dy bn ngoi c th b h hi tr phi chng
c ni lin mch hoc c che chn st.
Ni chung tc dng xu nht ca xung in t t st c phng nga bng cch p dng cc
bin php chng st nh trc tip. St nh trc tip sinh ra xung sc mnh hn l xung in
t t st v bo v chng st nh trc tip vn l quan trng nht, bo v chng xung in t
t st ch l th yu.
C.9.6. Mc khng ch xung (TCL) nguyn tc gii hn xung thit k ca thit b (ETDL)
i vi s hot ng ca thit b in t th mi trng xung quanh lu di hay tm thi u
c thit k h thng bo v va an ton v kinh t, ng thi c ni t.
Tiu ch ngn xung dng hay xung in p c a vo khi th h thng. y l mc xung ln
nht cho php h thng vn hot ng, khng b h hi (gi l gii hn xung thit k ca thit b
ETDL). Trng hp st gi tr ny l N vn ca xung m khng gy ph hy thit b. Gii hn
xung thit k ca thit b bng N vn. Khi lp t thit b th cn chc chn rng xung trong h
thng ti thit b l P vn khng cao hn gi tr N vn ca thit b. (cho php s dng h s iu
chnh trong tnh ton). P vn gi l mc khng ch xung, cn hiu N-P vn gi l bin an ton.
xc nh mt thit b bo v chng xung qu in p cn kim sot in p xung trong vng
mc khng ch n l in p cho i qua vi mc xp x mc thit lp. Khi lp thit b th phi
m bo mc khng ch xung ca thit b phi ph hp, thit b c an ton trong h thng,
ng thi lu ni t cho thit b.
Mt khc cn lu ngn nga in p cm khng, t cm ng k trong bn thn thit b.
C.9.7. Cc nguyn tc bo v
Cc ni dung C.9.1, C.9.2, C.9.3, C.9.4 v C.9.5 cp c ch pht sinh dng in t st. Ngoi
tr trng hp ng ten, thit b c bo v chng li in p cm khng, t cm ca st hoc
tc dng ti cng trnh s c bo v khi trng in v xung st.
Vic dng st xng vo thit b phi c ngn nga bi n l nguyn nhn s ph hoi nghim
trng (C.7.4).
Yu t chnh trong tm quan trng ca in p cm khng, t cm l c hai u c xng vi
in tr khng ngun thp t nng lng xng cao hn nhiu ln so vi xung in t ca st. V
th cng hay in p cm khng, cm ng cung cp cc thng s c bn cho vic nh gi
v ch dn cho thit b bo v.
H thng chng st c th bo v chng li in p cao t st nh.
thit b chng st t c thnh cng th cc iu kin sau phi c tha mn:
a) S tn ti. Thit b bo v c th cu c ton b h thng khi xung in p cao thuc
phm vi ca n.
b) Mc khng ch xung. S bo v phi c tc dng mc khng ch xung, thp hn mc xung
thit k ca thit b. Thit b bo v chng qu in p ni ti ng dn ni t c th tng
ng k mc khng ch xung tc dng.
c) Tng thch h thng. Bt c dng bo v no c thm vo phi khng ph v s hot
ng chung ca h thng ang c bo v.
S quan tm quan tm bo v phi c lu i vi h thng truyn d liu tc cao.
C.10. V d tnh ton in p cm ng trong thit b
V d tnh ton in p cm ng bao gm c vic s dng lp bc nh l b phn ni t ca
ng cp nhiu si ri ti cng trnh.
Ly v d c tuyn 100 ng cp bc nhm, mi ng cp gm 65 si ng knh 1 mm vi
in tr sut 3 x 10-8 m, cp di 100 m.
in tr ca mi ng cp s l:
xL (3,0 10 8 100)
R 59 m
A 65 0,0012 0,25
trong :
l in tr sut
L l chiu di cp
A l din tch tit din ca lp bc
i vi 100 cp chy song song mi cp chu 1 phn trm dng tng l 100 kA t phng my
tnh ti thit b, dng trong mi cp l 1 kA.
Bi th in p chung c tnh:
V =RxI
= 59 x 10-3 x 1 x 103
= 59 V
Trong thc t, dng phn b trong cc cp l khng u nhng vi s c mt ca cp tip a
chy song song, cng nh l cp ngun cng c bc th dng trong cp ca thit b s khng
vt qu 1 kA vi bin ln.
C.11. V d tnh ton vic bo v li trong ca cp ng trc
V D:
Vi 20 m cp bc c ni hai u, 10 % cng dng st i qua cp v bc cp c in tr
l 5 /km.
i vi c st 200 kA th in p sinh ra c tnh:
V=RxI
= 0,1 x 200 x 103 x 0,1
= 2 000 V
i vi c st 20 kA th in p sinh ra c tnh:
V=RxI
= 0,1 x 20 x 103 x 0,1
= 200 V
in p cm khng ny c dn hon ton ti dy bn trong.
Nu nh cp c t trong mng cp th dng in s chy trong mng cp. Trong trng hp
ring ch c 10 % cng chy trong cp m thi.
i vi c st 200 kA th in p sinh ra c tnh:
V=RxI
= 0,1 x 200 x 103 x 0,1 x 0,1
= 200 V
i vi c st 20 kA th in p sinh ra c tnh:
V=RxI
= 0,1 x 200 x 103 x 0,1 x 0,1
= 20 V
S ph hy ng cp c th xy ra hoc khng theo cc v d sau:
- Nu nh ng cp l ng dn ca radio n ng ten th in p ln hn 2 000 V cng kh
c th gy ph hy;
- Nu nh ng cp l mt phn ca ng truyn mng my tnh, in p 2 000 V c th gy
h hi, in p 200 V hoc 20 V c th khng;
- Nu ng cp l ng ni RS232 th ch chu c 20 V, in p 200 V hay 2 000 V u c
th gy h hi.
C.12. V d tnh ton in p cm ng trong dy dn
V D:
Hnh 13 cho thy cc gi tr tng i ca dng trong cc cp ring l dc theo hoc bn trong
ng (bnh) hoc cc ng dn thng thng. Nh thy, dng l hm ca v tr tng i ti
thp hoc cc b phn kim loi khc. Gi tr ca in p cm ng xp x cc v tr thay i c th
c tnh bng cng thc sau:
i vi cp c bo v bi mng, tng dng l 400 A, thp cao 30 m v in tr sut ca cp
l 10 /m:
Tng in tr = 30 x 10 x 10-3
= 0,3
in p cm ng chung:
V=RxI
= 0,3 x 400
= 120 V
i vi cp c bo v trong mng cp v trong ng v tng dng bng 100 A
in p cm ng chung:
V=RxI
= 0,3 x 100
= 30 V
i vi cp i trong bnh hoc trong xi lanh kim loi th in p cm ng l khng ng k
C.13. Thit b bo v chng xung, v tr lp t v th
C.13.1. V tr lp t
C.13.1.1. Gii thiu chung
Nh xung chnh c m t l dao ng in p 1,2/50 s sinh ra trong cng trnh, cng
dng in c th c gim bt. N c m t bi ba loi v tr C, B, v A. Loi C l t bng
in cp vo, loi B l t mng phn phi chnh, loi A l t pha ph ti tiu th.
Trong cc v tr a ra trn, mc nghim trng ca xung c tnh n l s tng dn theo
nguy c ri ro tng cao. iu ny c m t l bi i lng mc ph hy h thng xut
pht t vic nh gi ri ro.
C.13.1.2. Cp truyn tn hiu d liu
Tt c cc thit b chng xung ng truyn d liu u thuc loi v tr C nh l mt ci lm
gim thp xung in p 10/700 s c dng tng ng vi xung ca ng d liu khng
c lm gim nh bi ng cp vng tng t nh xung chnh.
C.13.1.3. Ngun chnh
C.13.1.3.1. Loi v tr C
Thit b bo v chng xung c lp t cc v tr nh sau y th thuc loi C:
- Trn u cp ca ngun vo bng phn phi;
- Trn u ti i ra;
- Pha ngoi cng trnh.
C.13.1.3.2. Loi v tr B
Thit b bo v chng xung c lp t cc v tr nh sau y th thuc loi B:
- Trn h thng phn phi, gia bn ph ti t bng phn phi chnh ti v pha cp ti cc u
ni, cm;
- Trong thit b;
- Pha ph ti ca cm, cu ch khng qu 20 m so vi loi v tr C.
C.13.1.3.3. Loi v tr A
Thit b bo v c lp pha ph ti t cu ch, cm vi khong cch ni trn 20 m so vi
loi C.
C.13.2. mnh xoay chiu i din cho thit b qu in p th nghim
Mc xp x ca php th c cho trong cc bng C.8, C.9, C.10 cho cc loi v tr khc nhau v
mc th ca thit b bo v chng qu p trong php th.
Bng C.8 - Loi v tr (trc)
Mc th in p (kV) Dng (A)
Thp 2 166,7
Trung bnh 4 333,3
Cao 6 500
Bng C.9 - Loi v tr B (trc)
Mc th in p (kV) Dng (kA)
Thp 2 1
Trung bnh 4 2
Cao 6 3
Bng C.10 - Loi v tr C (trc)
Mc th in p (kV) Dng (A)
Thp 6 3
Trung bnh 10 5
Cao 20 10
C.13.3. Th thit b bo v qu in p
My pht th cho loi v tr B v C l my pht xoay chiu lin hp, c th pht c in p
1,2/50 s v dng xoay chiu 8/20 s. i vi loi v tr A, mt b ngn khng cm ng u ra
c lp gii hn dng gi tr hp l. Dng ngn s khng nh hn 8/20 s.
Phng php th i vi thit b chng qu p c cp iu 23 ca UL 1449:1985.
C.13.4. Cng xoay chiu i din cho ngng th ng d liu
Mc th hp l c la chn theo Bng C.11 cho th v thit b c chn.
Bng C.11 - Loi v tr C (ng d liu)
Mc th Dng th xung cao Th xng qua in p
kA in p (kV) Dng (A)
Thp 2,5 1,5 37,5
Trung bnh 5 3 75
Cao 10 5 125
C.13.5. Th nghim thit b chng qu in p ng truyn d liu
C.13.5.1. Php th sng xung dng cao
My pht sng hn hp m t C.13.3 l ph hp cho cc php th ny.
Phng php th cho trong 5.6 ca tiu chun ITU-T K.12 (2000).
C.13.5.2. Th xng qua in p
Phng php th tham kho trong 23.3 ca UL 1449:1985.
C.13.6. Thng tin c cung cp bi nh sn xut cho sn phm thit b chng qu in
p
C.13.6.1. Thng tin v dng xung
Nh sn xut thit b c yu cu cung cp cc thng tin v dng xung nh sau:
- in p xng, nh l 850 V, tt c cc ch , th 6 kV, 1,2/50 s, 3 kA 8/20 s;
- Ch bo v, v d nh ng ni t, ng ni trung tnh, trung tnh ti t i vi trc hay
ng ti ng hay ng ti t i vi cp d liu;
- Dng xung cc i, v d nh 20 000 A , 8/20 s;
CH THCH: Gi tr th i vi thit b l thc ch khng dng gi tr l thuyt.
Lm yu h thng. Nu nh thit b ny lm yu s hot ng ca h thng sau khi b xung i
qua th tt c cc hiu ng ca n phi c ghi r.
ng ng ng cp gas c s dng nh thit b chng qu in p c ni tt vi ngun
chnh th n b ngn mch khi hot ng. Dng in cng ln i qua c th ph hy ng
cp in cng nh ng ng cp gas.
C.13.6.2. Thng tin trng thi tnh
Nh sn xut thit b chng qu in p c yu cu cung cp cc thng tin dng tnh nh sau:
- in p lm vic;
- in p lm vic ti a;
- Dng h;
- Ch s dng;
- Cc yu t lm yu h thng.
- Bt c yu t no c th gy nh hng, v d nh:
- Tr khng trn mch;
- in dung phn nhnh;
- rng di tn;
- T s sng in p;
- H s phn x.
C.13.7. My pht sng hn hp
C.13.7.1. Gii thiu chung
S n gin ca my pht minh ha Hnh C.18
Gi tr cc thnh phn vi phn Rs1, Rs2, Rm, Lr v Cc c xc nh khi my pht mang mt xung
in p 1,2/50 s, v mt xung dng 8/20 s ti mch ngn, ngha l my c tr khng hiu
qu l 2 .
thun tin th mt tr khng u ra hiu qu c nh ngha cho my pht xung da trn
vic tnh ton t s ca in p cc tr mch h v dng cc tr ngn mch. Mt my pht nh
th c in p m l 1,2/50 s v dng ngn mch l 8/20 s c coi l my pht xoay chiu
lin hp.
Bng C.12 - nh ngha thng s xoay chiu 1,2/50 s
Theo BS 923-2 Theo BS 5698-1
Ph lc D
(Tham kho)
Mt s v d tnh ton
D.1. V d tnh ton xc sut st nh tng hp
V D 1:
Mt bnh vin thuc tnh Nam nh cao 10 m v chim mt din tch l 10 x 12 (m). Bnh vin
xy dng vng ng bng, khu vc c t cng trnh khc hoc cy xanh c chiu cao tng
ng. Kt cu cng trnh bng B tng ct thp vi mi khng phi bng kim loi.
xc nh rng liu c cn n h thng chng st hay khng, tnh h s ri ro tng hp nh
sau:
a) S v st nh trn 1 km 2 trong 1 nm: Trn c s bn mt st nh cho Hnh 2 v
hng dn 7.2 xc nh c gi tr Ng l 8,2 ln st nh xung t trn 1 km 2 trong mt
nm.
b) Din tch thu st: S dng cng thc (1) 7.2, din tch thu st Ac (m2) c tnh nh sau:
Ac = LW + 2LH + 2WH + H2
= (70 x 12) + 2(10 x 10) + 2(12 x 10) + ( x 100)
= 840 + 1 400 + 240 + 314
= 2 794 m 2
c) Xc sut st nh: S dng cng thc (2) trong 7.2 xc sut st nh trong mt nm, p l:
P = Ac x Ng x 10-6
= 2 794 x 8,2 x 10-6
= 22,9 x 10-3
d) S dng cc h s iu chnh: Cc h s sau ln lt c p dng:
- H s A = 1,7
- H s B = 0,4
- H s C = 1,7
- H s D = 1,0
- H s E = 0,3
Tch cc h s = A x B x C x D x E
= 1,7 x 1,0 x 1,7 x 2,0 x 0,3
= 0,35
Xc sut st nh tng hp l: 22,9 x 0,35 x 10-3 = 8,0 x 10-3
Kt lun: Cn lp t h thng chng st.
D.2. V d tnh ton v lin kt cc chi tit kim loi vi h thng chng st
Di y l v d tnh ton quyt nh c hay khng lin kt cc chi tit kim loi vi h thng
chng st.
V D 2:
Tnh hung: mt ng thp c thng ng c b tr cch dy xung ca h thng chng st 2
m c lp t chung c cao 15 m ti th x Bc Ninh, trong 1 nm c 8,2 ln st nh
xung/km2. Din tch ca ta nh l 40 x 20 (m) (xem Hnh D.1).
p
4 10 3
p0 10 5
= 27 x 102
= 2 700
V p ln hn 100p0 nn gi thit dng in st ln nht l 200 kA (xem Hnh 25).
p p
CH THCH: Vi gi tr nh hn 100, cng dng in s l 100 log10 nh th
p0 p0
hin trong Hnh 25.
in p gia h thng chng st v ng ni t chiu cao 12 m. C 2 trng hp xy ra, vi
ng kim loi c lin kt v vi ng kim loi khng lin kt vi cc ni t, nh sau:
A) ng lin kt vi cc ni t. in p khng c th c b qua v in p gia h thng
chng st v ng ni t bng in p t cm (V = V L).
Gi thit c 6 dy xung (n = 6), mi dy xung c kch thc 25 x 3 (mm), bn knh hiu dng r e
= 0,008 m, chiu di mch l = 12 m v S = 2 m, nu cc gi tr ny c a vo phng trnh
(4) v (6) th VL c tnh nh sau:
0,46 log10 2 / 0.008
VL = 200 x 103 x 12 x = 440 kV
6
Theo Hnh 27, khong cch 0,85 m l cn thit, cng vi 30 % khi tnh n v tr gc s ra tng l
1,1 m. Khong cch thc t l 2 m, do vic lin kt l khng cn thit im cao nht ca
ng.
B) ng ni t nhng khng lin kt ng v cc ni t. Tng in p duy tr bi h thng chng
st (V) c tnh nh sau:
V = VR + VL
Trong
VR l in p khng pht sinh trong h thng mng ni t.
VL c ly gi tr nh trong trng hp a) m VR c tnh thm vo nh sau:
200 10 3
VR = x 10 x 6 (do mi cc ni t c th c mt in tr () l n x 10)
6
VR = 2 MV
V = 2+0,44 = 2,44 MV
T Hnh 27, khong cch 6 m l cn thit vi in p nh trn v do ng cn c lin kt
vi h thng chng st im cao nht hoc thp nht kh in p khng. Phn tnh ton
trn chng t in p to ra bi hiu ng lan truyn st ph thuc ch yu vo s lng dy
xung v ln in tr t.
Khi khong cch 2 m (bng khong cch ly S) c s dng nh gi in p phng in t
Hnh 27, n c ngha l c ly gn nht ca chi tit kim loi kt ni vi ng n cc chi tit kim loi
kt ni vi dy xung l 2 m. Nu ng c khong cch ly 2 m vi dy xung nh trong trng
hp ny nhng thm vo n c nhnh i gn vi im cao nht ca dy xung trong phm vi
1 m, th khong cch 1 m phi c kim tra theo Hnh 27 vi in p do st to ra bo m
rng c khong cch ly thch hp.
Ph lc E
(Tham kho)
Hng dn s dng bn mt st trn lnh th Vit Nam
(Ch gii ca Vin Vt l a cu - C quan ban hnh Bn mt st trn lnh th Vit
Nam)
ly gi tr mt st ti mt im trc tin phi xc nh ta , tn gi ca im trn bn
. Sau tm hiu v tr tng i ca im cn xc nh vi v tr cc trm kh tng. Gi tr
mt st tra theo Bng E.1. Cc a danh y l tn tnh thnh ph v tn trm kh tng.
Khi ly mt st cng xa cc im t trm kh tng th chnh xc cng gim. Trong
trng hp im cn ly mt st khng c trong bng th xem trn bn (Hnh 2). Cc mc
ng mc c s dng trn bn ny l:
ng ng mc 1,4 3,4 5,7 8,2 10,9 13,7
CH THCH:
- Khu vc ng ng mc > 8,2 th gi tr mt st c coi l t 8,2 n 10,9.
- Khu vc ng ng mc < 8,2 th gi tr mt st c coi l t 5,7 n 8,2.
- Khu vc ng ng mc > 13,7 th gi tr mt st c coi l t 13,7 n 16,7.
cc hi o khng c tn bng di, mt st c th ly dao ng t 2,5 n 7.
Bng E.1 - Mt st trn lnh th Vit Nam
TT Tnh, Thnh ph a im Mt st
(Tn trm kh tng) (S ln/km2/nm)
1 An Giang Chu c 4,5
2 Bnh nh Quy Nhn 4,7
3 Bnh Dng Khng c s liu trm Xc nh theo bn
4 Bnh Phc ng Ph 14,9
5 Bnh Thun Phan Thit 7,9
6 B Ra Vng Tu Vng Tu 7,1
7 Bc Cn Bc Cn 8,6
8 Bc Giang Bc Giang 7,5
9 Bc Ninh Khng c s liu trm Xc nh theo bn
10 Bc Liu Bc Liu 11
11 Bn Tre Ba Tri 11,4
12 C Mau C Mau 11,9
13 Cao Bng Cao Bng 9,2
14 Cn Th Cn Th 9,2
15 Nng Nng 7,3
16 k Lk Bun M Thut 13
17 c Nng c Nng 12,2
18 ng Nai Xun Lc 10,6
19 ng Thp Cao Lnh 12,4
20 Gia Lai P-ly Cu 9,4
21 H Giang Bc Quang 10,2
22 H Giang H Giang 10,5
23 H Nam H Nam 8,9
24 H Ni H Ni 8,9
25 H Ty Sn Ty 9,1
26 H Tnh H Tnh 8,2
27 H Tnh K Anh 6,1
28 Hi Dng Hi Dng 8,2
29 Hi Phng Ph Lin 9,0
30 Hng Yn Hng Yn 7,6
31 Ha Bnh Ha Bnh 10,1
32 Khnh Ha Cam Ranh 3,7
33 Khnh Ha Nha Trang 3,2
34 Kin Giang Ph Quc 7,3
35 Kin Giang Rch Gi 12,2
36 Kon Tum Kon Tum 6,8
37 Lm ng Lt 8,3
38 Lo Cai Sa Pa 7,3
39 Lo Cai Lo Cai 8,4
40 Lng Sn Lng Sn 8,4
41 Lai Chu Lai Chu 8,8
42 Lai Chu Tun Gio 6,5
43 Long An Mc Ha 16,2
44 Nam nh Nam nh 7,4
45 Ngh An Qu Chu 12,4
46 Ngh An Qu Hp 10,2
47 Ninh Bnh Ninh Bnh 6,5
48 Ninh Thun Phan Rang 1
49 Ph Th Vit Tr 9,1
50 Ph Yn Tuy Ha 3,4
51 Qung Bnh Tuyn Ha 9
52 Qung Nam Tam K 7,9
53 Qung Ngi Qung Ngi 7,4
54 Qung Ninh C T 6,4
55 Qung Ninh Mng Ci 10,1
56 Qung Ninh Ung B 9,2
57 Qung Tr ng H 7,2
58 Sn La Qunh Nhai 8,4
59 Sn La Sn La 10,3
60 Sc Trng Sc Trng 9,3
61 Ty Ninh Ty Ninh 13
62 Thi Bnh Thi Bnh 5,1
63 Thi Nguyn Thi Nguyn 8,7
64 Thanh Ha Thanh Ha 8
65 Tha Thin Hu Hu 9,8
66 Tha Thin Hu Nam ng 13,6
67 Tha Thin Hu A Li 10
68 Tin Giang M Tho 11,4
69 Tp. H Ch Minh Tp. H Ch Minh 12
70 Tr Vinh Cng Long 13,1
71 Tuyn Quang Tuyn Quang 9,3
72 Vnh Long Khng c s liu trm Xc nh theo bn
73 Vnh Phc Tam o 7,9
74 Vnh Phc Vnh Yn 8,3
75 Yn Bi Yn Bi 9,7
CH THCH: S liu trong Bng E.1 v bn c th khng khp nhau do s liu trn bn
c trung bnh ha v lm trn.
MC LC
1 Phm vi p dng
2 Ti liu vin dn
3 Thut ng v nh ngha
4 Quy nh chung
5 Chc nng ca h thng chng st
6 Vt liu v kch thc
7 S cn thit ca vic phng chng st
8 Vng bo v
9 Cc lu khi thit k h thng chng st
10 Cc b phn c bn ca h thng chng st
11 B phn thu st
12 Dy xung
13 Mng ni t
14 Cc ni t
15 Kim loi trong hoc trn cng trnh
16 Kt cu cao trn 20 m
17 Cng trnh c mi che rt d chy
18 Nh cha cc vt c kh nng gy n hoc rt d chy
19 Nh
20 Hng ro
21 Cy v cc kt cu gn cy
22 Cc cng trnh c ng ten v tuyn truyn thanh v truyn hnh
23 Cc cng trnh khc
24 S n mn
25 Lp dng kt cu
26 Dy in trn cao
27 Kim tra
28 o c
29 Lu tr h s
30 Bo tr
Ph lc A (tham kho): Cc kha cnh k thut ca hin tng st
Ph lc B (tham kho): Gii thch mt s iu khon ca tiu chun
Ph lc C (tham kho): Hng dn chung chng st cho thit b in trong v trn cng trnh
Ph lc D (tham kho): Mt s v d tnh ton
Ph lc E (tham kho): Hng dn s dng Bn mt st trn lnh th Vit Nam