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Evaluation of Cross Curves of Fishing Vessels at The Preliminary Design Stage
Evaluation of Cross Curves of Fishing Vessels at The Preliminary Design Stage
Abstract
The prediction of ship stability during the early stages of the design process is very important
from the point of a vessels safety. Hence, in this study, a formula is presented to estimate
cross curves of fishing vessels to predict initial stability at the preliminary design stage. For
this purpose, 175 fishing vessel forms have been generated from Doust trawler hull series.
The predictive technique is established by regression analysis of systematically varied fishing
vessel series data. The mathematical model is constructed as a function of main design para-
meters such as length to beam ratio LWL/BWL, beam to draft ratio BWL/T, moulded depth to draft
ratio D/T and block coefficient CB. This prediction is also used to determine the effect of
specific hull form parameters and load conditions on the stability of the fishing vessel. Some
basic considerations on how the proposed method can be applied to a new fishing vessel are
presented. 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Nomenclature
ai, bij, cijk Regression coefficients of KN
BWL Moulded breadth at design waterline
BM The transverse metacentric radius
CB Block coefficient
* Corresponding author.
0029-8018/99/$ - see front matter 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 0 2 9 - 8 0 1 8 ( 9 8 ) 0 0 0 3 8 - 9
980 H. Ylmaz, A. Kukner / Ocean Engineering 26 (1999) 979990
1. Introduction
on design parameters for cargo ships at certain heeling angles. Pal used a similar
method as given in this study to develop a mathematical model for computation of
cross curves of fishing vessels at the preliminary design stage.
The prediction of ship stability at the preliminary design stage is very difficult
since the initial stability of a ship cannot be easily predicted without knowing the
ships hull form and her centre of gravity initially. In this context, at the initial
stage of design, stability cross curves (KN T)a function of ship draft, transverse
metacentre above centre of buoyancy (BM) and centre of buoyancy above moulded
base (KB)are estimated by using approximate statistical methods. As can be seen
from the geometrical features of an inclined ship given in Fig. 1, the GM (metacentric
height) and GZ values can be written in terms of the above-mentioned quantities
and heel angle () as follows:
GM KB BM KG KM KG
GZ KN KG sin
The values of KB, BM and (KN ) for fishing vessels have been modeled in
terms of hull form parameters to obtain GM and (GZ ) by means of suggested
approximate expressions for KG and KG/D.
A number of fishing vessels have been derived from Doust Optimum trawler series
for the regression modelling of stability calculations. These newly generated fishing
vessel series contain 175 different trawler hull forms to cover appropriate ranges of
the design parameters, all of which have been derived from four parent forms. The
main purpose of generating 175 hull forms is to obtain a sufficient number of sample
stability data for reliable statistical evaluation. A typical geometry of a Doust fishing
vessel hull is shown in Fig. 2.
The parameter range of the Doust series is as follows:
4.400 LWL/BWL 5.800
2.00 BWL/T 2.600
0.582 CP 0.650
The above range of parameters was extended to take into consideration other fish-
ing vessel design parametric ranges:
3.000 LWL/BWL 6.000
2.000 BWL/T 3.000
0.582 CP 0.650
1.250 D/TC 3.500
where D/TC is the moulded depth to draft ratio. Some fishing vessel series covering
the above ranges are given in Table 1.
Table 1
The various parameter intervals for some fishing vessel series
To make the design easier for these fishing vessel series, the relationship between
the prismatic coefficient CP and the block coefficient CB has been established by
means of regression analysis as follows:
CB 1.40923*CP2.0107 (1)
where CP varies between 0.582 and 0.650. Therefore, Eq. (1) yields the CB design
intervals as:
0.475 CB 0.593
The generation of fishing vessels is achieved with constant ship length of 25.0 m
and their stability calculations are used in the regression analysis. 175 new ships are
generated from the Doust trawlers, incrementing the LWL/BWL ratio by 0.5. For each
LWL/BWL ratio, the BWL/T value is varied by 0.25 increments, and then for each BWL/T
ratio the prismatic coefficient (CP) is incremented by 0.017.
The stability computations for the extended Doust vessels are performed by com-
mon stability software based on the mathematical modelling of hull shape by means
of cubic spline curves. The results obtained from the implementation of the software
are used to establish approximated stability expression.
Since the (KN ) values have been modeled in terms of design parameters, it
is necessary to use the values of KN in non-dimensional form. Hence, the KN values
should be non-dimensionalised by dividing the moulded beam BWL which is one of
the most effective design parameters in a vessels stability calculations. At the begin-
ning of the regression modelling, the (KN ) curve has been fitted for the fifth
degree polynomial by using polynomial regression with the error of 1.0 2.0%
as follows:
where is the heel angle in radians and ai is the polynomial coefficient which is
determined by the application of the least-squares method. In order to determine ai
coefficients as a function of design parameters influencing transverse stability, the
following multiple linear regression model can be used:
5 5
ai bij Xj (3)
i1 j0
where Xj is the jth design parameter and bij is the coefficient of the jth design para-
meter for the ith coefficient of the polynomial expression, ai. The selection of design
parameters (Xj, j 1, 2, , 5) can be made by systematic trial in which a parameter
984 H. Ylmaz, A. Kukner / Ocean Engineering 26 (1999) 979990
or combination of some parameters should give the highest possible correlation with
the computed righting arm curve defined by (KN ) values. The selected para-
meters used in this study are given in the following forms:
X0 1
X1 BWL/T
X2 CB
X3 (BWL/T)2
X4 (CB)2
X5 (BWL/T)CB
It is assumed that the draft is changed under different loading conditions. There-
fore, the bij coefficients given in Eq. (3) have been determined at each loading con-
dition. The other design parameter variations with the loading condition have been
considered as constant since it is difficult to carry out at the initial design stage.
Thus, the variations of bij coefficients are defined with the freeboard variation (D/TC)
only. For the inclusion of loading variation, the following third degree polynomial
regression with maximum error of 2% was used:
5 5 3
where is D/TC.
The regression coefficients (cijk) obtained from the stability analysis of systematic
trawler fishing vessel series are given in Table 2. Using these coefficients, one can
easily compute the righting arm curve for a given set of the design parameters.
Using the same analogy and trawler fishing hull data as mentioned above for the
calculation of the (KN ) values, the values of centre of buoyancy above moulded
base (KB) and transverse metacentric height above buoyancy (BM) can be calculated
from the following expressions:
KB 0 1T 2CB (5)
BM 0 1(BWL T 2 1
) 2CB 1
(6)
where i and i (of which i 0, 1, 2) are regression coefficients. The selection of
the design parameters used in Eqs. (5) and (6) has been made by a systematic trial,
which looks for the correlative parameters with the (KB) and (BM) values evaluated
from hydrostatics computation of generated vessels. To take the different loading
conditions on Eqs. (5) and (6) into account, the regression coefficients should be
written in terms of draft change. Thus, the draft ratio (T/TC) is used in the expressions
of coefficients given in Table 3.
H. Ylmaz, A. Kukner / Ocean Engineering 26 (1999) 979990 985
Table 2
The list of the computed regression coefficients
Table 3
i and i coefficients for the computation of KB and BM values.
3. Application
The presented mathematical model can be applied to predict the stability parti-
culars of a proposed or new fishing vessel, whose hull design parameters should be
in the range of given values. A fishing vessel from the BSRA series was chosen as an
example. The principal dimensions of the vessel are given below. The computation
procedure for the righting arm curve (KN ) of a proposed fishing vessel should
be as follows:
3.1. Calculation
KB 0 1T 2CB
BM 0 1(BWL2T 1
) 2C1
B
TC
1
T
The KM values of the actual and suggested method computation results for the
sample fishing vessel are shown in Fig. 5.
4. Conclusions
The present method and the computational tool given in this paper can be success-
fully applied to the calculation of a fishing vessels form stability at the preliminary
H. Ylmaz, A. Kukner / Ocean Engineering 26 (1999) 979990 989
design stage. The accuracy of the method is based on the hull form parameters as
given previously. It is seen from the computational results that the present method
gives very high accuracy for Doust vessels series, and for the different hull forms and
parameters such as BSRA fishing vessel series the level of error is still acceptable. If
the approximate value of KG is given for a fishing vessel, the initial and static
stability calculation of the vessel can be carried out at the preliminary design stage.
One of the other important results of this study is to obtain the appropriate design
parameters by using the present methods stability particulars. This gives the designer
an idea for obtaining suitable design parameters to predict the highest performance
of fishing hull from the point of view of vessel stability.
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