Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin

Khoa Cng ngh thng tin

B mn Cng ngh phn mm

NHP MN LP TRNH
ThS. ng Bnh Phng
dbphuong@fit.hcmus.edu.vn

CC KHI NIM C BN
V LP TRNH

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Ni dung

1 Cc khi nim c bn

2 Cc bc xy dng chng trnh

3 Biu din thut ton

4 Ci t thut ton bng NNLT

Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh

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Cc khi nim c bn

Lp trnh my tnh
Gi tt l lp trnh (programming).
Ngh thut ci t mt hoc nhiu thut ton
tru tng c lin quan vi nhau bng mt
ngn ng lp trnh to ra mt chng trnh
my tnh.
Thut ton
L tp hp (dy) hu hn cc ch th (hnh
ng) c nh ngha r rng nhm gii
quyt mt bi ton c th no .
Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh
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Cc khi nim c bn

V d
Thut ton gii PT bc nht: ax + b = 0
(a, b l cc s thc).
u vo: a, b thuc R
u ra: nghim phng trnh ax + b = 0
Nu a = 0
b = 0 th phng trnh c nghim bt k.
b 0 th phng trnh v nghim.
Nu a 0
Phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = -b/a

Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh

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Cc tnh cht ca thut ton

Bao gm 5 tnh cht sau:

Tnh chnh xc: qu trnh tnh ton hay cc
thao tc my tnh thc hin l chnh xc.
Tnh r rng: cc cu lnh minh bch c
sp xp theo th t nht nh.
Tnh khch quan: c vit bi nhiu ngi
trn my tnh nhng kt qu phi nh nhau.
Tnh ph dng: c th p dng cho mt lp
cc bi ton c u vo tng t nhau.
Tnh kt thc: hu hn cc bc tnh ton.
Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh
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Cc bc xy dng chng trnh

Xc nh vn Biu din bng:

- bi ton Ngn ng t nhin
Lu - S khi
La chn M gi
phng php gii
Xy dng
thut ton/ thut gii
Ci t
chng trnh
Li c php Hiu chnh
Li ng ngha chng trnh
Thc hin
chng trnh
Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh
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S dng ngn ng t nhin

u vo: a, b thuc R
u ra: nghim phng trnh ax + b = 0
1. Nhp 2 s thc a v b.
2. Nu a = 0 th
2.1. Nu b = 0 th
2.1.1. Phng trnh v s nghim
2.1.2. Kt thc thut ton.
2.2. Ngc li
2.2.1. Phng trnh v nghim.
2.2.2. Kt thc thut ton.
3. Ngc li
3.1. Phng trnh c nghim.
3.2. Gi tr ca nghim l x = -b/a
3.3. Kt thc thut ton.

Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh

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S dng lu - s khi

Khi gii hn
Ch th bt u v kt thc.

Khi vo ra
Nhp/Xut d liu.

Khi la chn
Ty iu kin s r nhnh.

Khi thao tc
Ghi thao tc cn thc hin.

ng i
Ch hng thao tc tip theo.

Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh

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S dng lu - s khi

Bt u

Nhp a, b
(h s ca phng trnh bc nht)

Sai ng
x b / a a = 0?

Xut Sai ng Xut

Xut
b = 0?
"Phng trnh c nghim x" "Phng trnh v nghim" "Phng trnh v s nghim"

Kt thc

Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh

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S dng m gi

Vay mn ngn ng no (v d Pascal)

biu din thut ton.
u vo: a, b thuc R
u ra: nghim phng trnh ax + b = 0
If a = 0 Then
Begin
If b = 0 Then
Writeln Phng trnh v s nghim
Else
Writeln Phng trnh v nghim
End
Else
Xut Phng trnh c nghim x = -b/a

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Ci t thut ton bng C/C++

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
int nA, nB;
printf(Nhap a, b: );
scanf(%d%d, &nA, &nB);
if (bA == 0)
if (nB == 0)
printf(Phng trnh VSN\n);
else
printf(Phng trnh VN\n);
else
printf(x = %.2f\n, (float)-nB/nA);
}
Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh
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Bi tp

1. Thut ton l g? Trnh by cc tnh cht

quan trng ca mt thut ton?
2. Cc bc xy dng chng trnh?
3. Cc cch biu din thut ton? u v khuyt
im ca tng phng php?
Cho v d minh ha.

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Bi tp

4. Nhp nm sinh ca mt ngi.

Tnh tui ngi .
5. Nhp 2 s a v b.
Tnh tng, hiu, tnh v thng ca hai s .
6. Nhp tn sn phm, s lng v n gi.
Tnh tin v thu gi tr gia tng phi tr, bit:
a. tin = s lng * n gi
b. thu gi tr gia tng = 10% tin

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Bi tp

7. Nhp im thi v h s 3 mn Ton, L, Ha

ca mt hc sinh. Tnh im trung bnh ca
hc sinh .
8. Nhp bn knh ca ng trn. Tnh chu vi v
din tch ca hnh trn .
9. Nhp vo s xe ca bn (gm ti a 5 ch s).
Cho bit s xe ca bn c my nt?
10.Nhp vo 2 s nguyn.
Tnh min v max ca hai s .

Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh

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