Nhập môn Công nghệ phần mềm PDF

Nhp mn Cng ngh phn mm
Bin tp bi:
Phm Th Qunh
Nhp mn Cng ngh phn mm
Bin tp bi:
Phm Th Qunh
Cc tc gi:
Phm Th Qunh
Phin bn trc tuyn:

http://voer.edu.vn/c/fb584480
MC LC
1. Phn mm l g?
2. Vn v tnh chuyn nghip v ng quy tc
3. Mt s m hnh pht trin phn mm
4. Cc hot ng trong quy trnh phn mm
5. Qun l d n
6. Mt s yu cu v nhp mn cng ngh phn mm
7. Yu cu ca ngi s dng
8. Ti liu c t yu cu
9. Phn tch kh thi
10. Pht hin v phn tch yu cu
11. nh gi yu cu
12. Lp k hoch qun l yu cu
13. Cc m hnh Qun l
14. M hnh ng x v my h thng
15. M hnh d liu
16. M hnh i tng,h thng,ng x v tha k
17. Phng php hng cu trc
18. Cc vn v thit k kin trc
19. T chc h thng v cc m hnh
20. Phn r h thng v phn r i tng
21. Cc chin lc iu khin
22. Cc kin trc tham chiu
23. Thit k giao din ngi dng
24. Quy trnh thit k giao din ngi dng
25. Ci tin v bo tr phn mm
26. Cc quy trnh ci tin phn mm
27. Kim th phn mm v quy trinh
28. Kim th h thng ,kim th tch hp v kim th c lp
29. Cc phng php kim th
30. Thit k cc trng hp kim th
31. T ng kim th
Tham gia ng gp
1/105
Phn mm l g?
Khi nim
Phn mm l cc chng trnh my tnh v nhng ti liu lin quan n n nh: cc yu

cu, m hnh thit k, ti liu hng dn s dng Do , chng ta thy rng c im
ca phn mm l tru tng v v hnh.
Cc sn phm phn mm c chia thnh 2 loi:
- Sn phm i tr (Generic Product): c pht trin bn ra ngoi th trng, i

tng ngi s dng l tng i a dng v phong ph. Nhng sn phm phn mm
thuc loi ny thng l nhng phn mm dnh cho my PC.
- Sn phm theo n t hng (Bespoke Product hoc Customised Product): c pht

trin cho mt khch hng ring l theo yu cu. V d: Nhng h thng phn mm
chuyn dng, h tr nghip v cho mt doanh nghip ring l
Mt phn mm mi c th c to ra bng cch pht trin cc chng trnh mi, thay

i v iu chnh cc h thng phn mm i tr hoc ti s dng li cc phn mm
tn ti.
Cng ngh phn mm l g?
Cng ngh phn mm l nhng quy tc cng ngh (engineering discipline) c lin quan
n tt c cc kha cnh ca qu trnh sn xut phn mm.
Cc k s phn mm nn tun theo mt phng php lun c h thng v c t chc

trong cng vic ca h. ng thi, h nn s dng cc cng c v k thut thch hp
vi vn cn gii quyt, cc rng buc v ti nguyn sn c.
S khc bit gia cng ngh phn mm v khoa hc my tnh?
Khoa hc my tnh cp ti l thuyt v nhng vn c bn; cn cng ngh phn

mm cp ti cc hot ng xy dng v a ra mt phn mm hu ch.
Khi s pht trin ca phn mm tr ln mnh m th cc l thuyt ca khoa hc my

tnh vn khng ng vai tr l nn tng hon thin cho cng ngh phn mm.
2/105
S khc bit gia cng ngh phn mm v cng ngh h thng?
t vn
- Hc vin bao gi nghe nhc ti Cng ngh h thng hay cha?
- Hy trnh by mt s vn c lin quan n Cng ngh h thng.
- Cng ngh phn mm c phi l Cng ngh h thng khng?
Cng ngh h thng (hay cn gi l k ngh h thng) lin quan ti tt c cc kha cnh
ca qu trnh pht trin h thng da my tnh bao gm: phn cng, phn mm, v cng
ngh x l. Cng ngh phn mm ch l mt phn ca quy trnh ny, n c lin quan ti
vic pht trin h tng phn mm (software infrastructure), iu khin, cc ng dng v
c s d liu trong h thng.
K s h thng phi thc hin vic c t h thng, thit k kin trc h thng, tch hp
v trin khai.
Quy trnh phn mm l g?
t vn
- Hy cho bit sn xut mt phn mm, ngi ta phi thc hin nhng cng vic no?
Quy trnh phn mm l mt tp hp cc hnh ng m mc ch ca n l xy dng v

pht trin phn mm. Nhng hnh ng thng c thc hin trong cc quy trnh phn
mm bao gm
- c t: c t nhng g h thng phi lm v cc rng buc trong qu trnh xy dng

h thng.
- Pht trin: xy dng h thng phn mm.
- Kim th: kim tra xem liu phn mm tho mn yu cu ca khch hng.
- M rng: iu chnh v thay i phn mm tng ng vi s thay i yu cu.
Nhng loi h thng khc nhau s cn nhng quy trnh pht trin khc nhau. V d, h
thng thi gian thc yu cu phi hon thnh c t h thng trc khi chuyn sang giai
on xy dng n. Nhng vi h thng thng mi in t, chng ta c th va c t
va xy dng chng trnh mt cch ng thi.
3/105
Tuy nhin, nu chng ta khng s dng mt quy trnh pht trin h thng thch hp th
c th lm gim cht lng ca h thng v tng chi ph xy dng.
M hnh quy trnh pht trin phn mm l g?
M hnh quy trnh pht trin phn mm l mt th hin n gin ca mt quy trnh phn
mm, v n c biu din t mt gc c th.
Sau y l mt s v d v m hnh quy trnh pht trin phn mm:
- M hnh lung cng vic (workflow): m t mt chui cc hnh ng cn phi thc

hin.
- M hnh lung d liu (data-flow): m t lung thng tin.
- M hnh Vai tr/Hnh ng (Role/action): ch ra vai tr ca nhng ngi lin quan

trong quy trnh phn mm v nhim v ca tng ngi.
Ngoi ra, cn c mt s m hnh quy trnh chung cng c xut nh:
- M hnh thc nc (waterfall)
- M hnh pht trin lp li (Iterative development)
- M hnh cng ngh phn mm da thnh phn (Component-based software

engineering).
Cc chi ph trong cng ngh phn mm
t vn
- xy dng mt h thng phn mm chng ta phi u t cho nhng hng mc no?
- Tt c cc h thng phn mm c cng cc hng mc chi ph hay khng? Ti sao?
xy dng mt h thng phn mm, chng ta thng phi u t mt khon ngn sch
kh ln. Theo thng k cho thy, chi ph cho vic xy dng phn mm chim mt phn
ng k ca GNP tt c cc nc pht trin.
Chi ph phn mm thng chim phn ln chi ph ca c h thng my tnh. Chi ph

phn mm trn my PC thng ln hn chi ph phn cng. Chi ph phn mm dnh cho
vic bo tr phn mm thng ln hn chi ph xy dng phn mm. i vi nhng h
thng hot ng trong thi gian di, th chi ph bo tr thng ln gp nhiu ln so vi
chi ph xy dng.
4/105
Xp x 60% chi ph l chi ph xy dng v 40% l chi ph kim th. i vi nhng phn
mm lm theo yu cu ca khch hng, chi ph m rng thng vt qu chi ph xy
dng.
Chi ph bin i tu thuc vo tng loi h thng c xy dng v cc yu cu v c

im ca h thng nh: hiu nng v tin cy ca h thng.
Vic phn b chi ph cng ph thuc vo m hnh pht trin h thng c s dng. Sau
y l bng so snh chi ph ca 3 m hnh ph bin nht, thng c s dng:
M hnh thc nc:
Chi ph ca cc pha c t, thit k, ci t, tch hp v kim th c xc nh mt

cch ring r.
M hnh pht trin lp li
Khng th phn bit r chi ph cho tng pha trong quy trnh.
Chi ph c t gim v y l c t bc cao.
Ti mi bc lp, cc pha trong quy trnh xy dng h thng c thc hin li nhm
thc hin cc yu cu h thng khc nhau tng bc lp.
Sau khi thc hin ht cc bc lp, phi c chi ph kim th ton b h thng.
5/105
M hnh cng ngh phn mm hng thnh phn
Chi ph ph thuc nhiu vo vic tch hp v kim th h thng.
Ngoi chi ph xy dng, chng ta cn phi mt phn ln chi ph phc v cho vic
thay i phn mm sau khi n c a vo s dng. Chi ph ci tin phn mm thay
i ph thuc vo tng loi phn mm.
Cc phng php cng ngh phn mm l g?
Phng php cng ngh phn mm bao gm cc m hnh h thng, cc k php, quy
tc, hng dn thit k v quy trnh xy dng phn mm mt cch d dng, m bo
cht lng cao v chi ph hiu qu.
Mt s phng php cng ngh phn mm c xut nh: Phn tch hng cu
trc - tp trung vo vic xc nh cc chc nng c bn ca h thng; phng php
hng i tng - tp trung vo vic nh ngha cc i tng v s cng tc gia chng
...
6/105
CASE (Computer-Aided Software Engineering)
Cc h thng CASE thng c s dng h tr cc hot ng trong quy trnh xy

dng phn mm. C hai loi CASE:
- Upper-CASE: cng c h tr cc hot ng u tin nh c t yu cu v thit k.
- Lower-CASE: cng c h tr cc hot ng sau nh lp trnh, g li v kim th.
Th no l mt phn mm tt?
t vn
- Bn c thng xuyn s dng phn mm khng?
- Theo bn, th no l mt phn mm tt?
Phn mm phi p ng cc chc nng theo yu cu, c hiu nng tt, c kh nng bo
tr, ng tin cy, v c ngi s dng chp nhn.
- Kh nng bo tr: phn mm phi c iu chnh v m rng tho mn nhng yu

cu thay i.
- Mc tin cy: phn mm phi c tin cy, bo mt v chnh xc.
- Hiu qu: phn mm khng nn s dng lng ph ti nguyn ca h thng.
- Kh nng c chp nhn: ngi s dng phi chp nhn phn mm. iu c ngha
l n phi d hiu, s dng c v tng thch vi cc h thng khc.
Thch thc i vi cng ngh phn mm?
t vn
- Nu quan tm n s pht trin ca cng ngh phn mm, bn hy cho bit nhng
thch thc m cng ngh phn mm phi i mt.
Cng ngh phn mm trong th k 21 phi i mt vi rt nhiu thch thc to ln. Vi

mi thch thc ny, chng ta phi c nhng gii php c th.
- Khng ng nht: pht trin cc k thut xy dng phn mm gii quyt s khng
ng nht v mi trng thc hin v nn tng h tng.
7/105
- Chuyn giao: pht trin cc k thut nhm dn ti vic chuyn giao phn mm ti
ngi s dng nhanh hn.
- tin cy: pht trin cc k thut chng minh rng phn mm c ngi s dng
n tin tng.
8/105
Vn v tnh chuyn nghip v ng quy
tc
t vn
- Theo bn, p ng c cc yu cu cng vic mt k s phn mm phi tho mn

c nhng yu cu g?
Quy trnh xy dng phn mm c thc hin trong mt mi trng chuyn nghip v
i hi tun th cc nguyn tc mt cch chnh xc. Do , nhng k s phn mm phi
coi cng vic ca h l trch nhim to ln, ch khng n thun ch l vic ng dng
k thut.
K s phn mm phi ng x trung thc v cch lm ca h phi rt chuyn nghip v

ng quy tc. Trong phn ny, chng ta s trnh by mt s nguyn tc cn thit m mt
k s phn mm phi thc hin.
- S tin cn: k s phn mm phi to c s tin cn t pha nhn vin v khch hng.
- Nng lc: k s phn mm khng nn trnh by sai kh nng ca mnh, khng nn

nhn nhng cng vic vt qu kh nng ca mnh.
- Cc quyn v ti sn tr tu: k s phn mm nn quan tm v cc ti sn tr tu c

bo h nh: bng sng ch, quyn tc gi m bo rng tt c ti sn tr tu ca
nhn vin v khch hng u c bo h.
- Lm dng my tnh: k s phn mm khng nn s dng cc k nng ca mnh

gy nh hng ti ngi khc. Lm dng my tnh c th c hiu l nhng vic tm
thng (V d: chi in t trn my tnh ca ngi khc) n nhng vn nghim
trng (V d: pht tn virus).
Vn v tnh chuyn nghip v ng quy tc i vi k s phn mm quan trng ti

mc mt s t chc M hp tc pht trin bn Code of Ethics gm 8 quy tc
lin quan n ng x v cch ra quyt nh ca cc k s phn mm chuyn nghip.
9/105
Mt s m hnh pht trin phn mm
Mt s m hnh
Gii thiu
M hnh pht trin phn mm l mt th hin tru tng ca quy trnh phn mm. N
biu din cc c t v quy trnh t nhng kha cnh c th; do , n ch cung cp mt
phn thng tin v quy trnh phn mm.
Phn sau y s trnh by nm m hnh pht trin phn mm ph bin thng c s

dng:
- M hnh thc nc
- M hnh xy dng tin trin
- Cng ngh phn mm da thnh phn
- M hnh pht trin lp li, tng thm
- M hnh xon c
Mc tiu
- Phi hiu r nm m hnh pht trin phn mm c bn.
- Phn bit c s khc nhau gia cc m hnh; u v nhc im ca tng m hnh.
- Bit r i vi loi h thng no th nn p dng m hnh pht trin no cho ph hp.
M hnh thc nc
Cc pha ca m hnh thc nc bao gm:
- Phn tch v xc nh cc yu cu
10/105
- Thit k h thng v phn mm
- Ci t v kim th n v
- Tch hp v kim th h thng
- Vn hnh v bo tr.
Trong m hnh thc nc, nm pha trn phi c thc hin mt cch tun t; kt thc
pha trc, ri mi c thc hin pha tip theo. Do , nhc im chnh ca m hnh
thc nc l rt kh khn trong vic thay i cc pha c thc hin. Gi s, pha
phn tch v xc nh yu cu hon tt v chuyn sang pha k tip, nhng lc ny li
c s thay i yu cu ca ngi s dng; th ch cn cch l phi thc hin li t u.
Cho nn, m hnh ny ch thch hp khi cc yu cu c tm hiu r rng v nhng

thay i s c gii hn mt cch r rng trong sut qu trnh thit k. Tuy nhin, trong
thc t c rt t nhng h thng nghip v c cc yu cu n nh.
M hnh xy dng tin trin
M hnh xy dng tin trin da trn tng xy dng mt mu th ban u v a

cho ngi s dng xem xt; sau , tinh chnh mu th qua nhiu phin bn cho n khi
tho mn yu cu ca ngi s dng th dng li.
C hai phng php thc hin m hnh ny:
11/105
- Pht trin thm d: mc ch ca n l lm vic vi khch hng v a ra h
thng cui cng t nhng c t s b ban u. Phng php ny thng bt u thc
hin vi nhng yu cu c tm hiu r rng v sau , b sung nhng c im mi
c xut bi khch hng. Cui cng, khi cc yu cu ca ngi s dng c tho
mn th cng l lc chng ta xy dng xong h thng.
- Loi b mu th: mc ch l tm hiu cc yu cu ca h thng. Phng php ny

thng bt u vi nhng yu cu khng r rng v t thng tin. Cc mu th s c
xy dng v chuyn giao ti cho ngi s dng. T , ta c th phn loi nhng yu
cu no l thc s cn thit v lc ny mu th khng cn cn thit na. Nh vy, mu
th ch c tc dng lm sng t yu cu ca ngi s dng.
Tuy nhin, nhc im ca m hnh xy dng tin trin l: thiu tm nhn ca c quy
trnh; cc h thng thng hng cu trc ngho nn; yu cu cc k nng c bit (V
d: cc ngn ng to ra mu th nhanh chng).
M hnh xy dng tin trin ch nn p dng vi nhng h thng c tng tc mc

nh hoc va; trn mt phn ca nhng h thng ln; hoc nhng h thng c thi gian
chu k tn ti ngn.
Cng ngh phn mm da thnh phn
M hnh ny da trn k thut ti s dng mt cch c h thng; trong h thng

c tch hp t nhiu thnh phn ang tn ti hoc cc thnh phn thng mi COTS
(Commercial-off-the-shelf).
12/105
Cc trng thi chnh ca quy trnh bao gm:
- Phn tch thnh phn sn c
- iu chnh yu cu
- Thit k h thng vi k thut ti s dng
- Xy dng v tch hp h thng
M hnh pht trin lp li, tng thm
M hnh ny c xut da trn tng thay v phi xy dng v chuyn giao h

thng mt ln th s c chia thnh nhiu vng, tng dn. Mi vng l mt phn kt
qu ca mt chc nng c yu cu.
Cc yu cu ca ngi s dng c nh th t u tin. Yu cu no c th t u tin

cng cao th cng trong nhng vng pht trin sm hn.
13/105
T , chng ta c th thy r mt s u im ca m hnh pht trin tng vng:
- Sau mi ln tng vng th c th chuyn giao kt qu thc hin c cho khch hnh
nn cc chc nng ca h thng c th nhn thy sm hn.
- Cc vng trc ng vai tr l mu th gip tm hiu thm cc yu cu nhng

vng tip theo.
- Nhng chc nng ca h thng c th t u tin cng cao th s c kim th cng

k.
M hnh xon c
Trong m hnh xon c, quy trnh pht trin phn mm c biu din nh mt vng
xon c. Cc pha trong quy trnh pht trin xon c bao gm:
- Thit lp mc tiu: xc nh mc tiu cho tng pha ca d n.
- nh gi v gim thiu ri ro: ri ro c nh gi v thc hin cc hnh ng gim

thiu ri ro.
- Pht trin v nh gi: sau khi nh gi ri ro, mt m hnh xy dng h thng s c

la chn t nhng m hnh chung.
- Lp k hoch: nh gi d n v pha tip theo ca m hnh xon c s c lp k

hoch.
14/105
15/105
Cc hot ng trong quy trnh phn mm
Cc hot ng
Gii thiu
Trong quy trnh phn mm gm 4 hot ng c bn. Nhng hot ng ny bao gm:
- c t: cc chc nng ca h thng v nhng rng buc khi vn hnh h thng cn

phi c xc nh mt cch y v chi tit.
- Thit k v ci t: phn mm c xy dng phi tho mn c t ca n.
- nh gi: phn mm phi c nh gi v thm nh m bo rng n tho mn

tt c cc yu cu.
- Ci tin: phn mm cn phi ci tin v iu chnh ph hp vi nhng thay i v

yu cu h thng.
Vi mi m hnh khc nhau th cc hot ng ny cng c t chc theo cc cch

khc nhau. V d, trong m hnh thc nc, chng c t chc mt cch tun t. Trong
m hnh tin trin, cc hot ng ny c th gi ln nhau. Trong cc phn tip sau y,
chng ta s nghin cu c th tng hot ng.
Mc tiu
- Xc nh r nhng cng vic no cn phi lm trong quy trnh pht trin phn mm.
- Tng cng vic c thc hin c th ra sao
- Phi nh mt iu rng: khi xy dng bt k phn mm no, chng ta u phi thc

hin bn cng vic trn. Tuy nhin, vi vic s dng cc m hnh pht trin phn mm
khc nhau th trnh t thc hin cc cng vic trn cng khc nhau.
c t phn mm
16/105
t vn
- Cng vic u tin cn phi lm trong qu trnh xy dng phn mm l g?
- Tm quan trng ca vic c t phn mm.
c t phn mm (hay cn gi l k thut xc nh yu cu) l quy trnh tm hiu v

nh ngha nhng dch v no c yu cu v cc rng buc trong qu trnh vn hnh
v xy dng h thng.
Quy trnh xc nh yu cu bao gm bn pha chnh:
- Nghin cu kh thi: Nghin cu kh thi gip xc nh nhng yu cu ca ngi s

dng c tho mn nhng cng ngh hin ti hay khng. V gc kinh doanh, nghin
cu kh thi nhm xc nh h thng a ra c mang li li nhun khng. Vic nghin
cu kh thi nn c thc hin mt cch nhanh chng v khng qu tn km. Kt qu
ca vic nghin cu kh thi s xc nh c nn tip tc xy dng h thng na hay
khng.
- Phn tch v rt ra cc yu cu: y l quy trnh a ra cc yu cu h thng thng

qua mt s phng php nh: quan st h thng hin ti, phng vn v tho lun vi
ngi s dng, phn tch nhim v, phn tch ti liu hoc h thng c Trong pha
ny, chng ta c th phi xy dng mt hoc nhiu m hnh h thng v cc mu th.
- c t yu cu: Pha ny s t liu ho nhng thng tin thu thp c. C hai loi yu
cu cn c xc nh:
* Yu cu ca ngi s dng: l nhng yu cu bng ngn ng t nhin b sung thm

cho cc biu ca cc dch v m h thng cung cp v cc rng buc vn hnh ca
n. Kiu yu cu ny c vit bi ngi s dng.
* Yu cu h thng: l nhng ti liu c cu trc m t chi tit v cc chc nng, dch

v v cc rng buc vn hnh ca h thng. Yu cu h thng s nh ngha nhng g
cn phi xy dng, cho nn n c th tr thnh bn hp ng gia khch hng v nh
thu.
- nh gi yu cu: pha ny s kim tra li cc yu cu xem chng c ng thc t hay

khng, c thng nht khng, c y khng. Nu pht hin ra li th ta phi chnh sa
cc li ny.
17/105
Thit k phn mm v ci t
t vn
- B qua giai on thit k, sau khi c t v phn tch yu cu, c th thc hin ci t
h thng ngay c khng?
- Vai tr ca bn thit k i vi giai on ci t l g?
Thit k phn mm l qu trnh thit k cu trc phn mm da trn nhng ti liu c

t. Hot ng thit k bao gm nhng cng vic chnh sau:
- Thit k kin trc: Cc h thng con cu thnh ln h thng cn xy dng v mi quan

h gia chng c xc nh v t liu ho.
- c t tru tng: vi mi h thng con, phi c mt bn c t v cc dch v ca n

v nhng rng buc khi n vn hnh.
- Thit k giao din: vi mi h thng con, cc giao din ca n vi nhng h thng con
khc phi c thit k v t liu ho.
- Thit k thnh phn: cc dch v cung cp cho cc thnh phn khc v cc giao din
tng tc vi chng phi c thit k.
18/105
- Thit k cu trc d liu: cu trc d liu c s dng ci t h thng phi c
thit k mt cch chi tit v c th.
- Thit k thut ton: Cc thut ton c s dng cung cp cc dch v phi c

thit k chi tit v chnh xc.
Ci t l quy trnh chuyn i t ti liu c t h thng thnh mt h thng thc, c

th vn hnh c v phi loi b cc li ca chng trnh.
Lp trnh l mt hnh ng c nhn, khng c quy trnh lp trnh chung. Ngi lp trnh
phi thc hin mt s kim th pht hin ra li trong chng trnh v loi b n trong
quy trnh g li.
nh gi phn mm
t vn
- Sau khi ci t phn mm, chng ta c th chuyn giao ngay cho ngi s dng c
khng?
- Vai tr ca vic nh gi phn mm l g?
nh gi phn mm hay cn gi l thm tra v nh gi (V&V - Verification and

validation) c s dng ch ra rng h thng thc hin theo ng cc c t v
tho mn mi yu cu ca khch hng.
19/105
nh gi phn mm bao gm cc cng on: kim tra, xem xt li, v kim th h thng.
Kim th h thng tc l cho h thng thc hin trn nhng trng hp c d liu tht
c ly t ti liu c t h thng. Quy trnh kim th gm cc pha sau:
- Kim th thnh phn (n v): cc thnh phn c kim th mt cch c lp, thnh
phn c th l mt chc nng hoc mt i tng hoc mt nhm cc thc th gn kt
vi nhau.
- Kim th h thng: kim th ton b h thng.
- Kim th chp thun: kim th trn d liu ca khch hng kim tra h thng c
p ng tt c cc yu cu ca khch hng hay khng.
Khi chuyn giao h thng cho khch hng th quy trnh kim th beta s c thc hin.
Khch hng s thng bo cc li cho i d n. Nhng li ny s c chnh sa v tip
tc kim th beta hoc chuyn giao thc s cho khch hng.
Ci tin phn mm
t vn
- Sau khi chuyn giao phn mm cho khch hng, th mi cng vic kt thc cha?
- Ci tin phn mm lm g?
- Ti sao khng xy dng h thng mi m li ci tin h thng c?
Khi cc yu cu h thng thay i theo s thay i ca cc yu cu nghip v th phn

mm phi ci tin v thay i h tr khch hng. Thng thng chi ph bo tr v
ci tin thng t hn nhiu so vi chi ph xy dng phn mm.
20/105
21/105
Qun l d n
nh ngha v qun l d n
t vn
- xy dng c mt h thng phn mm thnh cng, cn thit phi qun l d n
- Da trn hiu bit ca mnh, hy cho bit qun l d n l g?
- Qun l d n phn mm c ging qun l cc d n khc khng?
Qun l d n phn mm l mt phn quan trng ca cng ngh phn mm. Nu qun
l tt th cha chc d n thnh cng, nhng nu qun l ti th chc chn d n s
tht bi. D n tht bi khi phn mm chuyn giao chm hn so vi k hoch, chi ph
ln hn d tnh, v khng tho mn cc yu cu ra.
Qun l d n phn mm c lin quan ti nhng hot ng nhm m bo chuyn giao

phn mm ng thi hn, ng k hoch v ph hp vi cc yu cu ca t chc pht
trin phn mm.
Qun l d n phn mm c mt s c trng khc bit so vi cc loi d n khc:
- Sn phm l v hnh. Sn phm c kh nng thay i linh ng.
- Cng ngh phn mm khng c tha nhn nh mt quy tc cng ngh c trng thi
chun mc nh cc ngnh cng ngh khc.
- Quy trnh pht trin phn mm khng c chun ho.
- Nhiu d n phn mm l nhng d n ch lm mt ln.
Qun l d n l mt yu cu cn thit v pht trin phn mm lun phi tho mn cc

rng buc v k hoch v chi ph c xc nh bi t chc pht trin phn mm.
Ngi qun l d n phi chu trch nhim lp k hoch v theo di qu trnh thc hin
d n.
Cc hot ng qun l
t vn
- Nhng cng vic phi lm trong Qun l d n l g?
22/105
- Hy tho lun v nhng cng vic . Cho bit cng vic no l quan trng nht.
Cc hot ng qun l d n bao gm:
- Vit k hoch d kin: y l mt cng vic kh phc tp. N m t mc tiu ca d

n, phng php thc hin, c lng thi gian v chi ph
- Lp k hoch d n: lin quan n vic xc nh cc hnh ng, cc mc thi gian v

cc sn phm c to ra.
- Tnh chi ph d n
- iu hnh v xem xt li d n: ngi qun l phi gim st quy trnh thc hin d n,
so snh quy trnh v chi ph thc t vi k hoch nh. Nu iu hnh tt, ngi qun
l d n c th pht hin v khc phc c nhng ri ro tim tng.
- La chn v nh gi c nhn. Vic la chn nhn vin thch hp cho mt d n l rt

kh khn. Khi la chn i d n, ngi qun l d n c th gp phi mt s vn
sau: ngn sch ca d n khng tr cho nhng nhn vin c mc lng cao, khng
c c nhng nhn vin c kinh nghim v trnh thch hp, t chc mun ch nh
mt s nhn vin mi tham gia vo d n ...
- Vit bo co v trnh by.
Tuy nhin, ngy nay chng ta c rt nhiu k thut v cng c c s dng h tr

cho vic qun l d n phn mm.
Lp k hoch d n
Mc tiu
- Hiu r tm quan trng ca vic lp k hoch d n
- Phi bit rng ng vi mi hot ng trong qu trnh pht trin phn mm, chng ta s
phi c mt bn k hoch ring.
- Nm c cu trc ca mt bn k hoch d n pht trin h thng phn mm.
Lp k hoch d n c th l hot ng tn nhiu thi gian nht trong qu trnh qun l

d n. N lit k cc hnh ng t pha khi to cho n khi a ra c h thng. K
hoch phi c theo di thng xuyn, nht l khi c nhng thng tin hoc nhng yu
cu mi xut hin.
23/105
Trong qu trnh thc hin d n, chng ta c nhiu loi k hoch c xy dng h
tr cho k hoch chnh ca d n phn mm nh: k hoch cht lng, k hoch thm
tra, k hoch qun l cu hnh, k hoch bo tr, k hoch pht trin nhn s
Cu trc ca bn k hoch d n gm:
- Phn gii thiu: m t cc mc tiu ca d n v cc rng buc gy nh hng ti vic

qun l d n.
- T chc d n: m t cch t chc ca i d n, bao gm nhng ai v nhng nhim

v g.
- Phn tch ri ro: m t nhng ri ro c th xy ra, d bo khi no chng xy ra v

xut chin lc gim ri ro.
- Cc yu cu v ti nguyn phn cng v phn mm: xc nh nhng phn cng v

phn mm no cn thit cho qu trnh thc hin d n.
- Bng thng k cng vic: xc nh cc cng vic, tng mc thi gian v kt qu ca

tng cng vic.
- Lch biu ca d n: lch biu cho thy s ph thuc gia cc hnh ng, thi gian c
tnh t ti mc v phn cng cng vic cho tng ngi. Mc l im cui ca mt
hnh ng trong quy trnh. V d, trong m hnh thc nc cho php ta nh ngha cc
mc ca tin trnh mt cch r rng.
- Cc k thut iu hnh v bo co
24/105
Lch biu ca d n
Mc tiu
- Phi hiu r lp lch biu d n l lm g?
- Nm c mt s quy tc v cc gi khi lp lch biu
- C kh nng p dng biu ct, s mng xy dng lch biu
- C th s dng mt s cng c h tr lp lch biu nh: M.Excel, M.Project
Lp lch biu d n l mt trong nhng cng vic kh khn nht i vi ngi qun l
d n. Ngi qun l phi chia d n thnh nhiu nhim v, c lng thi gian v ti
nguyn cn thit hon thnh tng nhim v.
Khi lp lch biu, ngi qun l nn t chc cc cng vic song song s dng ti u
lc lng lao ng v ti thiu ho s ph thuc ln nhau gia cc nhim v trnh s
chm tr khi mt nhim v phi i nhim v khc hon thnh.
Cht lng ca lch biu ph thuc vo hiu bit v kinh nghim ca ngi qun l. Tuy
nhin, khi lp lch biu chng ta phi ch ti cc vn sau:
- Vic c lng mc kh ca mt vn no v xc nh chi ph gii quyt

n l rt kh khn.
- Kh nng sn xut khng tng ng vi s lng ngi lm vic trong mt nhim v.
- B sung thm ngi vo d n s lm cho n chm hn v giao tip trong d n tr ln

qu ti.
- Nhng s vic xy ra ngoi mong i.
25/105
Chng ta s dng cc k php ho minh ho cho lch biu ca d n. S dng biu
gip ta thy r cch chia d n thnh nhiu nhim v. Cc nhim v khng nn qu
nh, chng nn c thc hin trong vng mt hoc hai tun.
V d
Gi s c mt lot cc hot ng Ti, thi gian thc hin tng hot ng v s ph thuc
ln nhau gia cc hot ng c lit k nh bng di y. Hy thc hin cc yu cu
sau:
1.Xy dng mng cc hot ng
2. Xy dng biu nhm biu din cc hot ng theo dng thi gian
3. Biu phn cng cng vic
Kt qu thc hin v d
Mng Theo Theo

hot ng thi gian cng vic
26/105
Qun l ri ro
Mc tiu
- Phi hiu c ri ro lun lun c th xy ra trong d n v khng th lng trc

c
- Nm c mt s loi ri ro thng gp
- Bit c cc hot ng cn thc hin trong qun l ri ro.
Qun l ri ro lin quan ti vic xc nh ri ro v lp ra cc k hoch ti thiu ho

nh hng ca chng ti d n.
Sau y l mt s loi ri ro thng gp trong qu trnh pht trin h thng phn mm:
- Ri ro ca d n c nh hng ti lch biu v ti nguyn ca d n
- Ri ro ca sn phm nh hng ti cht lng hoc hiu nng ca phn mm s c

xy dng.
- Ri ro thng mi s nh hng ti t chc xy dng phn mm.
qun l ri ro, chng ta cn phi thc hin cc hot ng sau:
- Pht hin ri ro: Pht hin cc loi ri ro c lin quan n: cng ngh, con ngi, t
chc, cc yu cu, c lng.
- Phn tch ri ro: nh gi cc kh nng xy ra ri ro v tnh nghim trng ca n nu

n xy ra.
- Lp k hoch ri ro: Xem xt tng ri ro v pht trin chin lc qun l n. Bao

gm cc chin lc nh: phng trnh - gim kh nng xy ra ri ro, ti thiu ho - gim
nh hng ca ri ro, k hoch bt ng - k hoch ny dnh cho khi ri ro xy ra.
- Kim sot ri ro: nh gi tng ri ro c xc nh mt cch thng xuyn xc

nh kh nng n c th xy ra hay khng v cng ng thi nh gi mc nh hng
ca n. Nhng ri ro chnh nn c tho lun ti cc cuc hp qun l tin trnh.
27/105
28/105
Mt s yu cu v nhp mn cng ngh
phn mm
Yu cu h thng
Gii thiu
Cc yu cu ca h thng phn mm thng c chia thnh ba loi: yu cu chc nng,

yu cu phi chc nng v yu cu min ng dng. Tuy nhin, trong thc t chng ta rt
kh phn bit ba loi yu cu ny mt cch r rng.
Mc tiu
- Tm hiu v cc yu cu h thng v c im ca chng
- Phng php xc nh cc yu cu h thng
- Nm r cc k thut c t yu cu h thng v bit cch p dng nhng k thut ny

mt cch thch hp.
V d
Trong chng ny, chng ta s s dng mt v d v h thng th vin xc nh cc

loi yu cu.
H thng th vin (LIBSYS) cung cp mt giao din n gin lu CSDL v cc bi

bo trn cc th vin khc nhau. Ngi s dng c th tm kim, download v in nhng
ti liu ny.
Yu cu chc nng
t vn
- xy dng mt h thng c th dng c thc s, trc ht n phi t c yu

cu g?
- Yu cu chc nng c phi l quan trng nht khng?
- Nu ta khng xc nh y , r rng cc yu cu chc nng th s xy ra chuyn g?
29/105
Yu cu chc nng m t h thng s lm g. N m t cc chc nng hoc cc dch v
ca h thng mt cch chi tit.
c im ca yu cu chc nng:
- Tnh mp m, khng r rng ca cc yu cu: Vn ny xy ra khi cc yu cu khng

c xc nh mt cch cn thn. Cc yu cu mp m c th c ngi xy dng v
ngi s dng hiu theo nhiu cch khc nhau.
- Tnh hon thin v nht qun: V nguyn tc, yu cu phi cha tt c cc m t chi
tit v khng c s xung t hoc i ngc gia cc yu cu. Tuy nhin, trong thc t
rt kh c th t c iu ny.
Xc nh cc yu cu chc nng ca LYBSYS
- Ngi s dng c th tm kim tt c CSDL hoc mt tp con ca CSDL.
- H thng s cung cp nhng giao din thch hp ngi s dng c ti liu.
- Tt c nhng ho n m ngi s dng ng k in sao ti liu c mt m duy nht.
Yu cu phi chc nng
t vn
- Nu h thng ch tho mn nhng yu cu chc nng th cha?
- V d h thng khng tin dng i vi ngi s dng th sao?
- Yu cu phi chc nng bao gm nhng vn g?
Yu cu phi chc nng khng cp trc tip ti cc chc nng c th ca h thng.

Yu cu phi chc nng thng nh ngha cc thuc tnh nh: tin cy, thi gian p
ng, cc yu cu v lu tr v cc rng buc ca h thng nh: kh nng ca thit b
vo/ra, giao din
Mt s yu cu phi chc nng cn c lin quan n quy trnh xy dng h thng. V d:

cc chun c s dng, cc cng c CASE, ngn ng lp trnh
Cc yu cu phi chc nng c th l hn ch hn nhng yu cu chc nng. Nhng nu

n khng c tho mn th h thng s khng s dng c.
Cc yu cu phi chc nng xut hin l do yu cu ca ngi s dng, rng buc v

ngn sch, cc chnh sch ca t chc s dng h thng, yu cu tng thch gia phn
30/105
cng v phn mm v cc tc nhn ngoi khc. Do , chng ta c th phn loi cc yu
cu phi chc nng nh sau:
- Cc yu cu v sn phm xc nh ng x ca sn phm nh: hiu nng, kh nng s

dng, tin cy ca sn phm
- Cc yu cu v t chc: cc yu cu ny c ly t nhng chnh sch v quy tc ca

khch hng hoc t chc s dng h thng.
- Cc yu cu ngoi: c xc nh t cc tc nhn ngoi ca h thng.
Xc nh cc yu cu phi chc nng ca LIBSYS
- Yu cu v sn phm: LIBSYS phi c ci t bng HTML m khng c frame

hoc Java applets.
- Yu cu v mt t chc: Quy trnh xy dng h thng v cc ti liu chuyn giao phi

tho mn cc quy tc c nh ngha trong XYZCo-SP-STAN-95.
- Yu cu ngoi: H thng khng c l cc thng tin c nhn ca khch hng.
31/105
Ni chung, chng ta rt kh xc nh chnh xc v rt kh thm tra nhng yu cu phi
chc nng mp m. Do , trong ti liu c t yu cu, ngi ta thng b sung cc
mc tiu. Mc tiu rt hu ch i vi ngi pht trin h thng khi n truyn ti c
nhng mong mun ca ngi s dng h thng. Cn vi nhng yu cu phi chc nng
c th thm nh c l nhng yu cu c th kim th mt cch khch quan.
Tuy nhin, trong nhiu trng hp thng xy ra xung t gia cc yu cu phi chc
nng i vi nhng h thng phc tp.
Cc mc tiu v yu cu phi chc nng c th thm nh c ca LIBSYS
- Mc tiu ca h thng l d s dng i vi nhng ngi s dng c kinh nghim v

c t chc sao cho ti thiu ho c li.
- Cc yu cu phi chc nng c th thm nh c: Nhng ngi s dng c kinh

nghim c th s dng c tt c cc chc nng ca h thng ch sau hai ting tp
hun. Sau kho hun luyn ny, s li chng trnh gy ra bi ngi s dng l khng
qu hai li mt ngy.
Yu cu min ng dng
t vn
- Yu cu i vi i pht trin h thng?
- Cc yu cu v lnh vc ng dng ca h thng th thuc vo loi no trong hai loi

trn trnh by?
Yu cu min ng dng c xc nh t min ng dng ca h thng v phn nh cc

thuc tnh v rng buc ca min ng dng. N c th l yu cu chc nng hoc phi
chc nng.
Nu yu cu min ng dng khng c tho mn th c th h thng s khng lm vic

c.
Sau y l mt s vn lin quan n yu cu min ng dng:
- Kh nng c th hiu c: cc yu cu c biu din di ngn ng ca lnh vc

ng dng.
- n : Cc chuyn gia c hiu bit v lnh vc ca h nhng h khng bit cch xy

dng nhng yu cu min ng dng mt cch r rng, mang tnh k thut.
32/105
Yu cu v min ng dng ca LIBSYS
- Giao din ngi dng chun cho tt c cc CSDL u da trn chun Z39.50.
- V vn bn quyn nn mt s ti liu phi xo ngay khi va chuyn n.
- Ph thuc vo yu cu ca ngi s dng, nhng ti liu c th c in ngay trn

server v chuyn n cho ngi s dng hoc gi n cho my in mng.
Mt s k thut c t yu cu h thng
Gii thiu
Ni chung, ngn ng t nhin thng c s dng vit c t yu cu h thng

cng nh yu cu ca ngi s dng. Tuy nhin, yu cu h thng thng chi tit hn
yu cu ca ngi s dng nn c t bng ngn ng t nhin thng gp mt s vn
sau:
- Khng r rng: Ngi c v ngi vit yu cu phi gii thch cc t theo cng mt
ngha. Ngn ng t nhin c bn cht l mp m nn t c yu cu trn l rt kh
khn.
- Qu mm do: vi cng mt vn nhng c nhiu cch khc nhau c t.
- Thiu kh nng m-un ho: cu trc ca ngn ng t nhin khng tng xng vi
cu trc ca cc yu cu h thng.
V nhng l do ny m c t bng ngn ng t nhin thng gy kh hiu. Do ,

chng ta c th s dng mt s phng php c trnh by trong cc phn sau c
t yu cu.
c t bng ngn ng hng cu trc
S dng ngn ng hng cu trc s yu cu ngi vit c t tun theo nhng mu

c nh ngha trc. Tt c cc yu cu u c vit theo chun v cc thut ng
c s dng c th b hn ch.
u im ca phng php ny l t c mc din t cao nht ca ngn ng t

nhin nhng mc ng nht li b lm dng trong cc c t.
33/105
c t da biu mu (Form-based)
c t da biu mu nh ngha cc chc nng hoc thc th, m t u vo v ni xut

pht ca n, m t u ra v ni n s n. c t da biu mu ch r nhng thc th
cn thit, cc iu kin trc v sau (nu thch hp), cc nh hng ca chc nng.
Biu trnh t
Biu trnh t biu din trnh t cc s kin xy ra khi ngi s dng tng tc vi h
thng. Nu ta c biu ny t u n cui th ta s thy c th t ca cc hnh
ng c thc hin.
34/105
Yu cu ca ngi s dng
t vn
- Yu cu ca ngi s dng c c coi ging nh yu cu h thng hay khng?
- Yu cu ca ngi s dng l chc nng hay phi chc nng hay c hai?
Yu cu ca ngi s dng nn m t nhng yu cu chc nng v phi chc nng

ngi s dng c th hiu c chng m khng cn phi c nhng kin thc v cng
ngh mt cch chi tit.
Yu cu ca ngi s dng c nh ngha bng cch s dng ngn ng t nhin, bng

hoc biu n gin. Tuy nhin, chng ta s gp phi mt s kh khn khi s dng
ngn ng t nhin:
- Khng r rng: Tnh chnh xc rt kh t c nu ti liu kh c.
- Yu cu ln xn: cc yu cu chc nng v phi chc nng khng r rng.
- Ln ln gia cc yu cu: cc yu cu khc nhau c th c din t cng vi nhau.
Do , vit yu cu ca ngi s dng ta nn p dng mt s quy tc sau:
- a ra mt nh dng chun v p dng n cho tt c cc yu cu.
- Bt buc s dng ngn ng mt cch thng nht
- nh du nhng phn quan trng trong cc yu cu.
- Trnh s dng nhng t ng mang tnh chuyn mn, k thut.
35/105
Ti liu c t yu cu
Ti liu
t vn
- Sau khi xc nh cc yu cu h thng v yu cu ca ngi s dng h thng th

tip tc lm g?
- Cu trc ca mt ti liu c t yu cu h thng phi bao gm nhng ni dung g?
Ti liu c t yu cu l nhng yu cu chnh thc v nhng g cn phi thc hin bi

i pht trin h thng.
Ti liu c t yu cu nn bao gm c cc nh ngha v yu cu ca ngi s dng v

c t yu cu h thng.
Ti liu c t yu cu khng phi l ti liu thit k h thng. N ch thit lp nhng g

h thng phi lm, ch khng phi m t r lm nh th no.
Ti liu c t yu cu da theo chun IEEE
1. Gii thiu
1.1. Mc ch ca ti liu yu cu
1.2. Phm vi ca sn phm
1.3. Cc nh ngha, t vit tt
1.4. Cc tham chiu
1.5. Tng quan v ti liu yu cu
2. M t chung
2.1. Gii thiu chung v sn phm
2.2. Cc chc nng ca sn phm
2.3. c im ca ngi s dng
36/105
2.4. Cc rng buc
2.5. Gi thit v cc ph thuc
3. c t yu cu: bao gm cc yu cu chc nng, phi chc nng, min ng dng v

giao din.
4. Ph lc
5. Ch mc
37/105
Phn tch kh thi
Mc tiu
- Xc nh r vai tr ca phn tch kh thi
- phn tch kh thi, chng ta phi thc hin nhng cng vic g
- Nm c mt s gi khi phn tch kh thi
i vi tt c cc h thng mi, quy trnh xc nh yu cu thng bt u bng vic

phn tch kh thi. Thng tin u vo phn tch kh thi l cc yu cu nghip v, m
t s b v h thng, cch thc h thng h tr cc yu cu nghip v. Kt qu ca vic
phn tch kh thi l mt bo co quyt nh c nn xy dng h thng xut hay
khng.
Phn tch kh thi thng tp trung vo:
- Xc nh h thng c ng gp vo mc tiu ca t chc hay khng
- Kim tra xem h thng c th c xy dng bng cch s dng cng ngh hin ti v
ngn sch cho php.
- Kim tra xem liu h thng c c tch hp vi cc h thng khc ang s dng hay
khng.
Thc hin phn tch kh thi da trn vic nh gi thng tin, la chn thng tin v vit
bo co.
Nhng cu hi thng c t ra phn tch kh thi:
- Nu h thng khng c ci t th sao?
- Vn x l hin ti nh th no?
- H thng xut gip c g?
- Vn v tch hp l g?
- Cng ngh mi cn dng l g? Cn c nhng k nng g?
- Nhng li ch m h thng mang li?
38/105
Pht hin v phn tch yu cu
Mc tiu
- Nhim v ca vic pht hin v phn tch yu cu l g?
- Hiu r m hnh xon c trong quy trnh pht hin v phn tch yu cu
- Cc k thut c s dng pht hin v phn tch yu cu
Trong pha pht hin v phn tch yu cu, nhn vin k thut v khch hng cng hp
tc xc nh min ng dng, cc dch v m h thng cung cp, hiu nng ca h
thng, cc rng buc vn hnh ca h thng
y, chng ta c mt khi nim mi l stakeholder. Stakeholder l nhng ngi tham

d vo d n xy dng h thng: ngi s dng cui, ngi qun l, k s, chuyn gia
lnh vc, V d, trong h thng ATM gm cc Stakeholder sau: khch hng ca ngn
hng, i din ca cc ngn hng khc, ngi qun l ngn hng, nhn vin ngn hng,
qun tr CSDL, qun l bo mt, phng marketing, k s bo tr phn cng v phn
mm, ngi iu hnh ngn hng.
Tuy nhin, vic pht hin v tm hiu yu cu ca stakeholder, chng ta thng gp kh

khn v nhng nguyn nhn sau:
- Stakeholder khng bit nhng g m h tht s mong mun.
- Stakeholder m t cc yu cu theo thut ng ca h.
- Nhng stakeholder khc nhau c th c cc yu cu xung t nhau
- Nhng yu t t chc v quyn lc c th nh hng ti cc yu cu h thng.
- Cc yu cu c th thay i trong sut qu trnh phn tch. Nhng stakeholder mi c

th xut hin v mi trng nghip v c th thay i.
Do , ngi ta thng s dng m hnh xon c trong quy trnh pht hin v phn tch
yu cu.
39/105
Trong quy trnh ny bao gm cc hot ng sau:
- Pht hin yu cu: tip xc vi cc stakeholder pht hin ra cc yu cu ca h. Cc

yu cu min ng dng cng c pht hin bc ny.
- Phn loi v sp xp yu cu: nhm cc yu cu c lin quan ln nhau v t chc chng

thnh nhng nhm gn kt vi nhau.
- Sp th t u tin v iu chnh cc yu cu xung t: khi c nhiu stakeholder th cc

yu cu ca h cng c nhiu xung t. Hot ng ny nhm nh th t u tin ca
cc yu cu, pht hin v gii quyt xung t gia cc yu cu.
- T liu ha yu cu: yu cu c t liu ho v l u vo ca vng k tip trong m

hnh xon c.
Pht hin yu cu l quy trnh thu thp nhng thng tin v h thng c xut v h
thng ang tn ti xc nh cc yu cu h thng v yu cu ca ngi s dng. Ta
c th ly thng tin ny t cc t liu, stakeholder, v bn c t ca nhng h thng
tng t. Chng ta giao tip vi stakeholder thng qua phng vn hoc quan st v c
th s dng kch bn v mu th gip pht hin yu cu.
40/105
nh gi yu cu
Mc tiu
- Hiu r tm quan trng ca vic nh gi cc yu cu
- Nm c phi kim tra cc yu cu nhng kha cnh no
- Hiu c mt s k thut c s dng nh gi yu cu
nh gi yu cu c lin quan n vic gii thch cc yu cu c nh ngha trong

h thng. V chi ph cho vic gii quyt cc li c lin quan ti yu cu s rt cao cho
nn vic nh gi yu cu l v cng quan trng.
Trong qu trnh nh gi yu cu, chng ta phi kim tra cc yu cu nhng kha cnh
sau:
- Hp l: H thng c cung cp cc chc nng m h tr tt nht cho cc yu cu ca

ngi s dng hay khng?
- Nht qun: c yu cu no xung t nhau hay khng?
- Hon thin: tt c cc yu cu ca khch hng c xc nh y cha?
- Hin thc: cc yu cu c th c ci t vi mt ngn sch v cng ngh cho trc?
- Xc thc: cc yu cu c th c kim tra hay khng?
Cc k thut nh gi yu cu sau y c th c s dng n l hoc hn hp:
- Xem xt li cc yu cu: phn tch cc yu cu mt cch h thng.
- Mu th: S dng cc m hnh h thng kim tra cc yu cu
- To ra cc trng hp kim th
41/105
Lp k hoch qun l yu cu
K hoch
Mc tiu
- Nm r quy trnh qun l yu cu
- Khi yu cu thay i, cn phi bit thc hin nhng thao tc g.
Qun l yu cu l quy trnh qun l s thay i ca cc yu cu trong qu trnh pht

hin yu cu v pht trin h thng.
Cc yu cu thng khng y v khng ng nht. l do mt s nguyn nhn

sau:
- Nhng yu cu mi xut hin trong quy trnh khi cc yu cu nghip v thay i v

khi chng ta c hiu bit su hn v h thng s xy dng.
- cc khung nhn khc nhau s c cc yu cu khc nhau v do thng xut hin

cc mu thun.
- Th t u tin t cc khung nhn khc nhau cung thay i trong sut qu trnh pht
trin h thng.
- Mi trng nghip v v mi trng k thut ca h thng cng thay i trong c trnh

xy dng.
Cc yu cu lu di l nhng yu cu n nh k tha t nhng hnh ng chnh ca

khch hng. V n c th k tha t nhiu m hnh min ng dng khc.
Cc yu cu thay i l nhng yu cu d b thay i trong qu trnh xy dng hoc khi

h thng c a vo s dng.
Quy trnh lp k hoch qun l yu cu:
- Xc nh yu cu: cch xc nh tng yu cu
- Qun l thay i: xc nh cc hot ng tip theo khi yu cu thay i.
- Cc chnh sch tm vt: lng thng tin v mi quan h gia cc yu cu cn phi c

lu gi. Thng thng, n cp ti quan h gia ti nguyn v bn thit k h thng.
42/105
* Tm vt ngun: l nhng lin kt t cc yu cu ti stakeholder a ra nhng yu cu
.
* Tm vt yu cu: l mi lin h gia cc yu cu c lp nhau.
* Tm vt thit k: l nhng lin kt t yu cu cho ti thit k.
- H tr CASE tool: s dng cc cng c h tr qun l yu cu thay i. CASE tool

thng h tr nhng chc nng nh:
* Lu tr yu cu: cc yu cu c qun l mt cch bo mt v c lu trong kho

d liu.
* Qun l thay i: quy trnh qun l thay i l quy trnh lung cng vic m cc trng
thi c th c nh ngha v lung thng tin gia cc trng thi l t ng.
* Qun l vt - t ng tm kim mi lin kt gia cc yu cu.
Chng ta nn p dng tt c cc kh nng thay i c th cho tt c cc yu cu. Cc

pha chnh ca hot ng ny bao gm:
- Phn tch vn v c t thay i: tho lun v cc vn yu cu v nhng thay i

c th xy ra.
- Phn tch thay i v chi ph: nh gi nh hng ca s thay i trn cc yu cu

khc.
- Ci t thay i: iu chnh ti liu ca cc yu cu v nhng ti liu khc phn

nh s thay i .
43/105
Cc m hnh Qun l
Cc m hnh h thng
Gii thiu
Cc yu cu ca ngi s dng thng c vit bng ngn ng t nhin nhng

ngi khng c kin thc v mt k thut c th hiu c n. Tuy nhin, nhng yu
cu h thng chi tit phi c m hnh ho. M hnh ho h thng gip cho ngi phn
tch hiu r cc chc nng ca h thng.
Ta c th s dng cc m hnh khc nhau biu din h thng t nhiu kha cnh khc
nhau.
Trong chng ny, chng ta s tm hiu v mt s m hnh ho h thng.
Mc tiu
- Hiu c m hnh ho h thng l g? V ti sao phi m hnh ho h thng.
- Phn bit c cc m hnh h thng.
- C kh nng la chn v ng dng cc m hnh h thng vo tng trng hp c th
M hnh ng cnh
t vn
- Khi xem xt mt vn , bao gi chng ta cng mun c ci nhn tng th v vn

.
- M hnh ng cnh cho thy nhng thnh phn ct li ca h thng.
Trong qu trnh pht hin v phn tch yu cu, chng ta nn xc nh phm vi h thng,
tc l phn bit ci g l h thng v ci g l mi trng ca h thng. iu ny s gip
gim chi ph v thi gian phn tch.
Khi xc nh phm vi ca h thng, hot ng tip theo ca quy trnh phn tch l
nh ngha ng cnh ca h thng v s ph thuc gia h thng vi mi trng ca n.
Thng thng, m hnh kin trc n gin ca h thng s c to ra trong bc ny.
44/105
V d: m hnh ng cnh ca h thng ATM
M hnh kin trc m t mi trng ca h thng, nhng khng ch ra quan h gia cc

h thng khc nhau trong mt mi trng. V vy, ngi ta thng s dng thm m
hnh tin trnh hoc m hnh lung d liuh b tr cho n.
M hnh tin trnh biu din tt c cc tin trnh c h thng h tr. M hnh lung
d liu c th c s dng biu din cc tin trnh v lung thng tin i t tin trnh
ny ti tin trnh khc.
45/105
M hnh ng x v my h thng
M hnh ng x
Gii thiu
M hnh ng x c s dng m t ton b ng x ca h thng. C hai kiu m

hnh ng x l:
- M hnh lung d liu: biu din cch x l d liu trong h thng v
- M hnh my trng thi: biu din cch p ng ca h thng vi cc s kin xy ra.
Hai m hnh ny biu din nhng gc nhn khc nhau, nhng c hai u cn thit m
t ng x ca h thng.
M hnh lung d liu
M hnh lung d liu c s dng m hnh ho quy trnh x l d liu ca h

thng. M hnh ny s biu din cc bc m lung d liu phi tri qua trong h thng
t im u ti im cui.
M hnh lung d liu m hnh ho h thng t gc mt chc nng. Vic tm vt v

t liu ho quan h gia d liu vi mt quy trnh rt c ch i vi vic tm hiu ton
b h thng.
M hnh lung d liu l phn ct li ca rt nhiu phng php phn tch. N cha cc
k php rt d hiu i vi khch hng.
46/105
V d: M hnh lung d liu ca chc nng x l n hng
M hnh my trng thi
M hnh my trng thi m t p ng ca h thng vi cc s kin bn trong v bn

ngoi ca n. M hnh my trng thi biu din cc trng thi ca h thng v cc s
kin gy ra s dch chuyn trng thi.
M hnh my trng thi biu din cc trng thi ca h thng l cc nt v s kin l cc

cung ni gia cc nt . Khi c mt s kin xy ra, h thng s dch chuyn t trng
thi ny sang trng thi khc.
Biu trng thi l mt biu trong UML v c s dng biu din m hnh my
trng thi. Biu trng thi cho php phn tch mt m hnh thnh nhiu m hnh con
v m t ngn gn v cc hnh ng cn thc hin ti mi trng thi. Ta c th v cc
bng m t mi quan h gia trng thi v tc nhn kch hot.
47/105
M hnh d liu
Gii thiu
M hnh d liu c s dng m t cu trc logic ca d liu c x l bi h

thng. Thng thng, chng ta hay s dng m hnh thc th - quan h - thuc tnh
(ERA) thit lp cc thc th ca h thng, quan h gia cc thc th v thuc tnh ca
cc thc th. M hnh ny c s dng trong thit k CSDL v thng c ci t
trong cc CSDL quan h.
V d m hnh d liu ca LIBSYS
Tuy nhin, m hnh d liu thng khng chi tit. Cho nn, chng ta c th s dng t
in d liu lm cng c b tr. T in d liu l danh sch tt c cc tn gi c s
dng trong cc m hnh h thng. c th l cc thc th, quan h v cc thuc tnh
u im ca t in d liu l: h tr qun l tn v trnh trng lp tn, lu tr kin

thc mt cch c t chc kt ni pha phn tch, thit k v ci t.
48/105
V d: t in d liu ca LIBSYS
49/105
M hnh i tng,h thng,ng x v tha
k
M hnh i tng
Gii thiu
S dng m hnh ng x hay m hnh d liu thng rt kh m t cc vn c lin

quan n th gii thc. M hnh i tng gii quyt c vn ny bng cch kt
hp ng x v d liu thnh i tng.
M hnh i tng c s dng biu din c d liu v quy trnh x l ca h thng.

N m t h thng da theo thut ng cc lp i tng v cc quan h ca n. Mt lp
i tng l s tru tng ho trn mt tp cc i tng c thuc tnh v phng thc
chung.
M hnh i tng phn nh cc thc th trong th gii thc c vn dng trong h

thng. Nu ta cng c nhiu thc th tru tng th vic m hnh ho cng kh khn.
Pht hin cc lp i tng l mt quy trnh rt kh khn khi tm hiu su v lnh vc

ca ng dng. Cc lp i tng thng phn nh cc thc th lin quan ti min ng
dng ca h thng.
Cc m hnh i tng bao gm: m hnh tha k, m hnh kt hp v m hnh ng x.

Trong phn tip theo, chng ta s tm hiu tng loi m hnh ny.
M hnh tha k
M hnh tha k t chc cc lp i tng theo mt cu trc phn cp. Cc lp nh

ca cu trc phn cp phn nh nhng c trng chung ca tt c cc lp. Cc lp i
tng tha k nhng thuc tnh v phng thc ca cc lp cha ca n n c th b
sung nhng c im ca ring n.
Thit k lp phn cp l mt quy trnh kh phc tp, ta nn loi b s trng lp gia cc

nhnh khc nhau.
50/105
V d: cu trc phn cp ca lp Library trong LIBSYS
51/105
V d: cu trc phn cp ca lp User trong LIBSYS
Cu trc a tha k: lp i tng c th tha k t mt hoc nhiu lp cha. Tuy nhin,

iu ny c th dn ti s xung t v ng ngha khi cc thuc tnh/phng thc trng
tn cc lp cha khc nhau c ng ngha khc nhau.
V d: lp Talking book tha k t hai lp Book v Voice recording.
52/105
M hnh kt hp
M hnh kt hp biu din cch cu to ca mt lp t cc lp khc. M hnh kt hp

tng t nh quan h hp thnh (part-of).
V d: M hnh kt hp
i tng t c to thnh t nhiu i tng khc nh: ca, bnh xe ...
M hnh ng x
M hnh ng x m t tng tc gia cc i tng nhm to ra mt s ng x c th

ca h thng m c xc nh nh l mt ca s dng.
Biu trnh t hoc biu cng tc trong UML c s dng m hnh ho tng
tc gia cc i tng.
V d
M t ca s dng Rt tin ca h thng ATM.
53/105
54/105
Phng php hng cu trc
Gii thiu
Ngy nay, phng php hng cu trc rt t khi c s dng do khng cn ph hp

vi cc h thng ln. Tuy nhin, trong gio trnh ny, chng ti vn trnh by phn ny
hc vin c ci nhn mang tnh tng quan v vn ny.
Cc phng php hng cu trc u cung cp framework m hnh ho h thng mt

cch chi tit. Chng thng c mt tp hp cc m hnh c nh ngha trc, quy
trnh a ra cc m hnh v cc quy tc, hng dn c th p dng cho cc m
hnh.
Tuy nhin, cc phng php hng cu trc thng c mt s nhc im sau:
- Khng m hnh ho c cc yu cu h thng phi chc nng
- Khng cha nhng thng tin xc nh liu mt phng thc c thch hp vi mt

vn a ra hay khng.
- To ra qu nhiu ti liu
- M hnh ho h thng qu chi tit v kh hiu i vi ngi s dng.
CASE workbenches l tp hp cc cng c c thit k h tr cc quy trnh xy

dng h thng phn mm nh phn tch, thit k v kim th.
CASE tools h tr m hnh ho h thng l mt cng c quan trng ca phng php

hng cu trc. Sau y l mt s CASE tool thng c s dng:
- Son tho biu
- Cng c phn tch m hnh v kim tra
- Ngn ng truy vn
- T in d liu
- Cng c to v nh ngha bo co
- Cng c nh ngha form
55/105
- B dch
- Cng c to m lnh t ng
56/105
Cc vn v thit k kin trc
Thit k kin trc
Gii thiu
Sau khi xc nh v phn tch yu cu h thng, chng ta chuyn sang pha thit k v ci
t h thng. Thit k kin trc h thng l giai on sm nht trong quy trnh thit k
h thng. Thit k kin trc cung cp cho chng ta bn c t v kin trc h thng, bao
gm nhng h thng con no, tng tc vi nhau ra sao, framework h tr iu khin
tng tc gia cc h thng con nh th no
Mc tiu
- Thit k kin trc l g v c im ca chng. ng thi, xem xt mt s m hnh

kin trc h thng thng c s dng.
- Cc phng php t chc h thng
- Cc phng php phn r h thng con thnh cc m-un.
- Thy c mi quan h gia cc phng php t chc h thng v cc phng php

phn r h thng.
- Cc chin lc iu khin h thng
- Gii thiu mt s m hnh kin trc tham chiu
Thit k kin trc l g?
t vn
- Cng vic u tin ca giai on thit k h thng l g? Ti sao?
Quy trnh thit k nhm xc nh cc h thng con cu to ln h thng xut v

framework gip iu khin cc h thng con v giao tip gia chng c gi l quy
trnh thit k kin trc. Kt qu ca quy trnh thit k ny l bn c t v kin trc phn
mm.
57/105
Thit k kin trc l pha sm nht trong quy trnh thit k h thng. Thit k kin trc
thng c thc hin song song vi mt s hnh ng c t. N bao gm c vic pht
hin cc thnh phn chnh ca h thng v giao tip gia chng.
Nu chng ta c c bn thit k kin trc r rng th ta s thy c cc u im ca

n trong nhng hot ng sau:
- Giao tip gia cc stakeholder: kin trc h thng thng c s dng lm tm im

ca cc bui tho lun gia cc stakeholder.
- Phn tch h thng: tc l phn tch xc nh liu h thng c tho mn cc yu cu

phi chc nng ca n hay khng.
- Ti s dng vi quy m ln: kin trc c th c ti s dng trong nhiu h thng.
Cc c im ca kin trc h thng:
- Hiu nng: hn ch cc thao tc phc tp v ti thiu ho giao tip.
- Bo mt: s dng kin trc phn lp vi nhiu kim sot cht ch cc lp su hn.
- An ton.
- Sn dng.
- C kh nng bo tr.
Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh thit k kin trc c th xy ra cc xung t v mt kin trc
nh sau:
- S dng nhiu thnh phn ln s tng hiu nng nhng gim kh nng bo tr.
- Nu d liu b d tha th s ci thin tnh sn dng nhng lm cho vic bo mt kh

khn hn.
- Hn ch cc thuc tnh c lin quan n tnh an ton c ngha l nu c nhiu giao tip
th s lm gim hiu nng.
Thit k kin trc l mt quy trnh sng to cho nn s phc bit ca quy trnh ny ph
thuc vo tng loi h thng c xy dng. Tuy nhin, cc quy trnh thit k u da
trn nhng quyt nh sau:
- Kin trc ng dng chung c c s dng li hay khng?
58/105
- H thng s c phn tn nh th no?
- Nhng phong cch kin trc no l thch hp?
- H thng s c phn r thnh nhng m-un no?
- Chin lc iu khin no s c s dng?
- Cch nh gi thit k kin trc
- Kin trc s c t liu ho nh th no?
Hn na, cng cn phi ch rng cc h thng c cng min ng dng c th c cc

kin trc chung phn nh nhng khi nim lin quan n min ng dng . ng
thi, cc dy chuyn sn xut phn mm c xy dng quanh kin trc nn tng cng
vi cc bin i tu thuc vo yu cu ca khch hng. Do , kh nng ti s dng li
kin trc h thng l rt cao.
Sau y l cc m hnh kin trc c bn:
- M hnh cu trc tnh: m t cc thnh phn h thng chnh.
- M hnh quy trnh ng: biu din quy trnh cu trc ca h thng.
- M hnh giao din: nh ngha tp hp cc giao din ca h thng con
- M hnh quan h: biu din quan h gia cc h thng con.
- M hnh phn tn: biu din cch ci t cc h thng con trn my tnh.
59/105
T chc h thng v cc m hnh
T chc h thng
Gii thiu
T chc h thng phn nh chin lc c bn c s dng cu trc h thng. Trong

qu trnh thit k kin trc h thng, hot ng u tin phi thc hin l xy dng m
hnh t chc h thng. C 3 phng php t chc h thng thng c s dng:
- Kho d liu dng chung
- Server v cc dch v dng chung (client-server)
- Phn lp hoc my tru tng
cc phn tip theo, chng ta s tm hiu chi tit ba phng php t chc h thng ny.
Mc tiu
- Nm c ba phng php xy dng m hnh t chc h thng
- Tm hiu chi tit tng phng php v nh gi u/nhc im ca chng
- C kh nng vn dng trn h thng c th
Kho d liu dng chung
Cc h thng con phi trao i d liu v lm vic vi nhau mt cch hiu qu. Vic
trao i d liu c thc hin theo hai cch:
- D liu chia s c lu CSDL trung tm hoc kho d liu v c tt c cc h

thng con truy nhp.
- Mi h thng con bo tr CSDL ca chnh n v truyn d liu mt cch tng minh

cho cc h thng con khc.
Nu s lng d liu dng chung rt ln th m hnh kho d liu dng chung thng
c s dng ph bin nht. u im ca m hnh ny l:
- y l phng php hiu qu chia s s lng ln d liu.
60/105
- Cc h thng con khng cn quan tm ti nhng hot ng lin quan n d liu nh:
sao lu, bo mt, v c b qun l trung tm thc hin nhim v ny.
Tuy nhin, vic s dng kho d liu dng chung cng c mt s nhc im sau:
- Tt c cc h thng con phi chp nhn m hnh kho d liu.
- Vic ci tin d liu rt phc tp v tn km
- Kh phn tn mt cch hiu qu
- Khng c gii hn cho cc chnh sch qun l c th.
M hnh client server
M hnh kin trc client-server l mt m hnh h thng trong h thng bao gm mt

tp hp cc server cung cp dch v v cc client truy nhp v s dng cc dch v .
Cc thnh phn chnh ca m hnh ny bao gm:
- Tp hp cc server s cung cp nhng dch v c th nh: in n, qun l d liu
- Tp hp cc client truy nhp n server yu cu cung cp dch v.
- H thng mng cho php client truy cp ti dch v m server cung cp.
Client phi bit tn ca server v cc dch v m server cung cp. Nhng server th
khng cn xc nh r client v hin ti c bao nhiu client. Client to ra mt yu cu
ti server v ch server tr li.
u im ca m hnh client - server l:
- Phn tn d liu r rng
- S dng cc h thng c kt ni mng mt cch hiu qu v chi ph dnh cho phn

cng c th r hn.
- D dng b sung hoc nng cp server
Nhc im ca m hnh client - server l:
- Khng phi l m hnh d liu dng chung nn cc h thng con c th s dng cc t

chc d liu khc nhau. Do , vic trao i d liu c th khng hiu qu.
- Qun l mi server khng thng nht, d tha.
61/105
- Khng ng k tn v dch v tp trung. iu ny lm cho vic tm kim server hoc
cc dch v rt kh khn.
M hnh phn lp
M hnh phn lp t chc h thng thnh nhiu lp v mi lp cung cp mt tp cc

dch v. Mi lp c th c coi nh mt my tru tng (abstract machine) m ngn
ng ca my c nh ngha bi cc dch v m lp cung cp. Do , m hnh ny
thng c s dng m hnh ho giao din (interface) ca h thng con.
M hnh phn lp h tr pht trin cc h thng con theo kiu tng vng nhiu lp
khc nhau. Khi giao din ca mt lp thay i th ch nhng lp lin k n mi b nh
hng.
62/105
Phn r h thng v phn r i tng
Phn r h thng
Gii thiu
Sau khi cu trc h thng c la chn, ta cn phi xc nh phng php phn r

cc h thng con thnh cc m-un.
H thng con l mt h thng c th vn hnh mt cch c lp, c th s dng mt

s dch v c cung cp bi cc h thng con khc hoc cung cp dch v cho cc h
thng con khc s dng.
M-un l mt thnh phn h thng cung cp cc dch v cho cc thnh phn khc,
nhng n thng khng c coi nh l mt h thng ring r, c lp.
C hai cch phn r cc h thng con thnh cc m-un:
- Phn r hng i tng: h thng c phn r thnh cc i tng tng tc vi

nhau.
- Pipeline hng chc nng hoc lung d liu: h thng c phn r thnh cc m-
un chc nng chu trch nhim chuyn i thng tin u vo thnh kt qu u ra.
Mc tiu
- Phn bit c hai khi nim: h thng con v m-un
- Nm c hai phng php phn r h thng v nh gi u/nhc im ca tng

phng php.
Phn r hng i tng
M hnh kin trc hng i tng cu trc h thng thnh mt tp hp cc i tng

gn kt lng da trn cc giao din c nh ngha.
Phn r hng i tng lin quan ti vic xc nh lp i tng, cc thuc tnh v

phng thc ca n. Khi ci t lp, cc i tng s c to ra t cc lp ny v c
mt s m hnh iu khin c s dng kt hp cc phng thc ca i tng.
u im ca m hnh hng i tng:
63/105
- i tng c gn kt lng nn khi thay i cch ci t chng c th khng nh
hng ti cc i tng khc.
- i tng phn nh thc th trong th gii thc.
- Cc ngn ng lp trnh hng i tng c s dng rng ri.
<
Tuy nhin, khi giao din ca i tng thay i c th gy ra nhng vn ht sc kh

khn v rt kh biu din cc thc th phc tp trong th gii thc nh l cc i tng.
V d: cc i tng trong h thng x l ho n
Pipeline hng chc nng
M hnh pipeline hng chc nng hoc m hnh lung d liu l quy trnh chuyn i
thng tin u vo thnh kt qu u ra. Vic chuyn i thng tin u vo thnh kt qu
u ra c th c thc hin tun t hoc song song. D liu c x l trong quy trnh
c th l ring l hoc theo l.
u im ca m hnh:
- H tr ti s dng quy trnh chuyn i
- Cung cp ti liu giao tip vi stakeholder
- D dng b sung thm quy trnh chuyn i mi.
- D dng thc hin, k c vi h thng tun t hoc song song.
64/105
Tuy nhin, m hnh ny yu cu phi c nh dng d liu chung truyn qua cc
pipeline v rt kh h tr cho cc tng tc hng s kin.
V d: M hnh lung d liu ca h thng x l ho n
65/105
Cc chin lc iu khin
Gii thiu
Cc m hnh cu trc h thng c lin quan ti cch phn r h thng thnh nhiu h
thng con. h thng lm vic tt, ta phi iu khin c cc h thng con; cho nn,
cc dch v ca chng phi c thc hin ng ch v ng thi im.
C 2 loi chin lc iu khin:
- iu khin tp trung: mt h thng con chu trch nhim kim sot, khi to hoc dng
cc h thng con khc.
- iu khin hng s kin: mi h thng p ng vi cc s kin xy ra t cc h thng

con khc hoc t mi trng ca h thng.
Mc tiu
- Gii thch c ti sao phi thit lp chin lc iu khin h thng?
- Nm c cc chin lc iu khin h thng v nh gi chng.
iu khin tp trung
H thng con iu khin chu trch nhim qun l vic thc hin ca cc h thng con
khc.
Chin lc iu khin tp trung gm 2 loi m hnh:
M hnh gi - tr li (call-return)
Gm cc th tc con c sp xp phn cp, th tc iu khin nm nh ca cu trc

phn cp v di chuyn dn xung di. M hnh ny thng c p dng cho cc h
thng tun t.
66/105
M hnh qun l
Thng p dng cho cc h thng song song. Mt thnh phn h thng iu khin vic
khi to, ngng, hoc cng tc vi cc quy trnh h thng khc.
iu khin hng s kin
M hnh lan truyn (Broadcast)
Trong m hnh lan truyn, s kin c lan truyn ti tt c cc h thng con. Bt k h

thng no nu c th bt c s kin ny th s x l n.
67/105
M hnh ny c hiu qu i vi vic tch hp cc h thng con trn nhiu my tnh
khc nhau trong cng mt mng.
Cc h thng con phi ng k nhng s kin m n c th bt. Khi nhng s kin ny

xy ra, iu khin s c truyn cho h thng con c th bt c s kin . Nhng
quy tc iu khin khng c gn vi s kin v b bt s kin. Cc h thng phi
quyt nh s kin no l s kin m n ng k. Nhng n khng cn phi bit khi
no s kin s c bt.
M hnh hng ngt (Interrupt-driven)
M hnh hng ngt c s dng trong cc h thng thi gian thc trong cc ngt
c pht hin bi b bt ngt (interrupt handler) v c truyn cho mt s cc thnh
phn khc x l.
Cc kiu ngt v b bt tng ng c nh ngha trc. Mi kiu ngt c gn vi

mt v tr nh v mt b chuyn mch a ngt ti b bt tng ng ca n.
M hnh ny cho php p ng rt nhanh, nhng lp trnh kh phc tp v kh nh gi.
68/105
69/105
Cc kin trc tham chiu
Gii thiu
Mc d cc h thng c cng mt min ng dng c khc nhau v chi tit nhng kin
trc chung ca n kh ging nhau. Do , khi xy dng mt h thng mi, ta c th s
dng li kin trc ca h thng tng t tn ti.
C 2 loi m hnh kin trc cho mt min ng dng c th:
- M hnh chung: l s tru tng ho t mt s cc h thng thc v bao hm cc thuc

tnh quan trng ca cc h thng ny. M hnh chung l m hnh bottom-up.
- M hnh tham chiu: l m hnh tru tng ho v l tng. Cc m hnh tham chiu
thng k tha t nhng nghin cu v min ng dng hn l t cc h thng ang tn
ti. M hnh tham chiu l m hnh top-down. M hnh tham chiu c s dng nh
mt phn c bn ci t h thng hoc so snh vi cc h thng khc. N ng vai
tr l mt m hnh chun nh gi cc h thng khc.
70/105
Thit k giao din ngi dng
Thit k
Gii thiu
Chng ta phi lun nh mt nguyn tc quan trng khi xy dng mt h thng phn
mm, l: ngi s dng khng quan tm n cu trc bn trong ca h thng, n
gin hay phc tp; ci m h c th nh gi c v cm nhn c chnh l giao din
tng tc gia h thng v ngi s dng. Nu ngi s dng cm thy giao din khng
thch hp, kh s dng th rt c th h s khng s dng c h thng; cho d h thng
c p ng tt c cc chc nng nghip v m h mun. V nh vy, d n ca chng
ta s tht bi.
V tm quan trng ca giao din ngi dng, nn chng ta c c mt chng ni v

chng. Trong chng ny, chng ta s nghin cu nhng vn sau:
- Cc yu t lin quan n giao din ngi dng
- Quy trnh xy dng giao din ngi dng
Giao din ngi dng
Gii thiu
Giao din ngi dng cn phi c thit k sao cho ph hp vi k nng, kinh nghim
v s trng i ca ngi s dng n.
Ngi s dng h thng thng nh gi h thng thng qua giao din hn l chc nng
ca n. Giao din ca h thng ngho nn c th khin ngi s dng to ra cc li ht
sc nghim trng. l l do ti sao nhiu h thng phn mm khng bao gi c s
dng.
Mc tiu
- Nm c s nh hng ca ngi s dng ti giao din
- Mt s nguyn tc khi thit k giao din ngi dng
- Phn loi cc kh nng tng tc gia ngi v my thit k giao din cho ph hp
71/105
- Bit cch biu din thng tin cho ph hp vi ngi s dng
Tc nhn con ngi trong thit k giao din
Mt nhn t quan trng nh hng ti qu trnh thit k giao din chnh l ngi s
dng h thng. Do , chng ta phi tm hiu mt s c im ca ngi s dng c
lin quan n giao din h thng:
- Kh nng nh tc thi ca con ngi b hn ch: con ngi ch c th nh ngay khong

7 loi thng tin. Nu ta biu din nhiu hn 7 loi, th c th khin ngi s dng khng
nh ht v gy ra cc li.
- Ngi s dng c th gy ra li: khi ngi s dng gy ra li khin h thng s hot

ng sai, nhng thng bo khng thch hp c th lm tng p lc ln ngi s dng v
do , cng xy ra nhiu li hn.
- Ngi s dng l khc nhau: con ngi c nhng kh nng khc nhau. Nhng ngi
thit k khng nn ch thit k giao din ph hp vi nhng kh nng ca chnh h.
- Ngi s dng thch cc loi tng tc khc nhau: mt s ngi thch hnh nh, vn
bn, m thanh
Cc nguyn tc thit k giao din
Thit k giao din phi ph thuc vo yu cu, kinh nghim v kh nng ca ngi s
dng h thng.
Ngi thit k cng nn quan tm n nhng gii hn vt l v tinh thn ca con ngi
v nn nhn ra rng con ngi lun c th gy ra li.
Khng phi tt c cc nguyn tc thit k giao din u c th c p dng cho tt c

cc giao din. Sau y l cc nguyn tc thit k giao din:
- S quen thuc ca ngi s dng: giao din phi c xy dng da trn cc thut
ng v cc khi nim m ngi s dng c th hiu c hn l nhng khi nim lin
quan n my tnh. V d: h thng vn phng nn s dng cc khi nim nh th, ti
liu, cp giy m khng nn s dng nhng khi nim nh th mc, danh mc
- Thng nht: h thng nn hin th mc thng nht thch hp. V d: cc cu lnh v

menu nn c cng nh dng
- Ti thiu ho s bt ng: nu mt yu cu c x l theo cch bit trc th ngi

s dng c th d on cc thao tc ca nhng yu cu tng t.
72/105
- Kh nng phc hi: h thng nn cung cp mt s kh nng phc hi t li ca ngi
s dng v cho php ngi s dng khi phc li t ch b li. Kh nng ny bao gm
cho php lm li, hi li nhng hnh ng nh xo, hu
- Hng dn ngi s dng: nh h thng tr gip, hng dn trc tuyn
- Tnh a dng: h tr nhiu loi tng tc cho nhiu loi ngi s dung khc nhau. V
d: nn hin th phng ch ln vi nhng ngi cn th.
Tng tc gia ngi s dng v h thng c chia thnh 5 loi sau:
- Vn hnh trc tip
- La chn menu
- in vo biu mu (Form)
- Ngn ng ra lnh
- Ngn ng t nhin
Biu din thng tin
Biu din thng tin c lin quan ti vic hin th cc thng tin trong h thng ti ngi
s dng. Thng tin c th c biu din mt cch trc tip hoc c th c chuyn
thnh nhiu dng hin th khc nh: dng ho, m thanh
Thng tin cn biu din c chia thnh hai loi:
- Thng tin tnh: c khi to u ca mi phin. N khng thay i trong sut phin
v c th l dng s hoc dng vn bn.
- Thng tin ng: thay i trong c phin s dng v s thay i ny phi c ngi
s dng quan st.
Cc nhn t nh hng ti vic hin th thng tin:
- Ngi s dng thch hin th mt phn thng tin hay quan h d liu?
- Gi tr ca thng tin thay i nhanh nh th no? S thay i c cn phi th hin

ngay lp tc hay khng?
- Ngi s dng c phi thc hin cc hnh ng p ng vi s thay i khng?
73/105
- C phi l giao din vn hnh trc tip khng?
- Thng tin dng vn bn hay dng s? Cc gi tr quan h c quan trng khng?
- Biu din digital hay analogue?
Nu chng ta cn hin th s lng ln thng tin th nn trc quan ho d liu. Trc

quan ho c th pht hin ra mi quan h gia cc thc th v cc xu hng trong d
liu. V d: thng tin v thi tit c hin th di dng biu , trng thi ca mng
in thoi nn c hin th bi cc nt c lin kt vi nhau.
Chng ta thng s dng mu trong khi thit k giao din. Mu b sung thm mt chiu
na cho giao din v gip cho ngi s dng hiu c nhng cu trc thng tin phc
tp. Mu c th c s dng nh du nhng s kin ngoi l.
Tuy nhin, khi s dng mu thit k giao din c th gy phn tc dng. Do , chng
ta nn quan tm ti mt s hng dn sau:
- Gii hn s lng mu c s dng v khng nn lm dng vic s dng mu.
- Thay i mu khi thay i trng thi ca h thng
- S dng mu h tr cho nhng nhim v m ngi s dng ang c gng thc hin.
- S dng mu mt cch thng nht v cn thn.
- Cn thn khi s dng cc cp mu.
Khi ngi s dng tng tc vi h thng, rt c th xy ra li v h thng phi thng

bo cho ngi s dng bit li g xy ra hoc c chuyn g xy ra vi h thng.
Do , thit k thng bo li v cng quan trng. Nu thng bo li ngho nn c th
lm cho ngi s dng t chi hn l chp nhn h thng.
V vy, thng bo li nn ngn gn, xc tch, thng nht v c cu trc. Vic thit k
thng bo li nn da vo k nng v kinh nghim ca ngi s dng.
V d: Giao din thng bo li
Trong h thng qun l bnh vin, y t phi nhp h s bnh nhn. Trong khi nhp, y t
qun tn bnh nhn.
1. Thit k giao din thng bo li.
2. Cho bit cc tiu chun nh gi mt giao din tt?
74/105
Quy trnh thit k giao din ngi dng
Quy trnh thit k
Gii thiu
Thit k giao din ngi dng l mt quy trnh lp li bao gm s cng tc gia ngi
s dng v ngi thit k. Trong quy trnh ny gm 3 hot ng c bn:
- Phn tch ngi s dng: tm hiu nhng g ngi s dng s lm vi h thng.
- Lp mu th h thng: xy dng mt tp cc mu th th nghim
- nh gi giao din: th nghim cc mu th cng vi ngi s dng.
Mc tiu
- Hiu c quy trnh thit k giao din ngi dng
- Nm c chi tit tng hot ng trong quy trnh thit k giao din ngi dng
- Vi mi hot ng, chng ta c rt nhiu cch thc hin. Do , phi c kh nng

la chn phng php no l thch hp nht cho tng hon cnh c th.
75/105
Phn tch ngi s dng
Nu ta khng hiu r nhng g ngi s dng mun lm vi h thng, th ta s khng

th thit k c mt giao din hiu qu.
Phn tch ngi s dng phi c m t theo nhng thut ng ngi s dng v
nhng ngi thit k khc c th hiu c.
Cc ng cnh m ta m t thao tc trong l mt trong nhng cch m t phn tch

ngi dng. Ta c th ly c rt nhiu yu cu ca ngi s dng t .
Cc k thut phn tch:
- Phn tch nhim v: m hnh ho cc bc cn thc hin hon thnh mt nhim v.
- Phn tch nhim v phn cp.
- Phng vn v trc nghim: hi ngi s dng v nhng g m h lm. Khi phng vn,
chng ta nn da trn nhng cu hi c kt thc m. Sau , ngi s dng cung cp
nhng thng tin m h ngh rng n l cn thit; nhng khng phi tt c cc thng tin
l c th c s dng. Ngoi ra, chng ta c th thc hin phng vn vi c nhm
ngi s dng, iu cho php ngi s dng tho lun vi nhau v nhng g h lm.
- M t: quan st ngi s dng lm vic v hi h v nhng cch m khng c bit

ti. Nn nh rng c nhiu nhim v ca ngi s dng thuc v trc gic v rt kh
m t v gii thch chng. Da trn k thut ny ta c th hiu thm v cc nh hng
x hi v t chc tc ng ti cng vic .
Lp mu th giao din ngi dng
Mu th cho php ngi s dng c c nhng kinh nghim trc tip vi giao din.
Nu khng c nhng kinh nghim trc tip nh vy th khng th nh gi c kh
nng c th s dng c ca giao din.
Lp mu th l mt quy trnh gm 2 trng thi:
- Lp cc mu th trn giy.
- Tinh chnh mu th v xy dng chng
Cc k thut lp mu th:
76/105
- Mu th hng nguyn mu: s dng cng c nh Macromedia Director xy dng
mt tp hp cc nguyn mu v mn hnh. Khi ngi s dng tng tc vi chng th
mn hnh s thay i hin th trng thi k tip.
- Lp trnh trc quan: s dng cc ngn ng c thit k cho vic pht trin nhanh nh
Visual Basic.
- Mu th da Internet: s dng web browser v script.
nh gi giao din ngi dng
Ta nn nh gi bn thit k giao din ngi dng xc nh kh nng ph hp ca

n. Tuy nhin, vic nh gi trn phm vi rng tn nhiu chi ph v khng th thc hin
c i vi hu ht cc h thng.
Cc k thut nh gi n gin:
- Trc nghim li cc phn hi ca ngi s dng
- Ghi li qu trnh s dng mu th ca h thng v nh gi n.
- La chn nhng thng tin v vic s dng d dng v cc li ca ngi s dng.
- Cung cp m lnh trong phn mm thu thp nhng phn hi ca ngi s dng mt
cch trc tuyn.
77/105
Ci tin v bo tr phn mm
Ci tin phn mm
Gii thiu
Thay i phn mm l mt iu khng th trnh khi v nhng l do sau:
- Nhng yu cu mi s xut hin khi s dng phn mm
- Mi trng nghip v thay i
- Cc li phn mm cn phi sa cha
- My tnh v cc thit b mi c b sung vo h thng
- Hiu nng hoc tin cy ca h thng phi c ci thin.
Tuy nhin, vn quan trng l chng ta phi thc hin v qun l cc thay i i vi
h thng phn mm tn ti. V chng ta phi thy c tm quan trng ca vic ci
tin phn mm:
- Cc t chc thng u t mt lng vn kh ln vo cc h thng phn mm ca h.

Cho nn h c quyn i hi phi s hu mt h thng hon ho.
- bo tr gi tr s hu ca t chc, h phi thay i v ci tin h thng.
- Ngn sch phn mm chnh trong cc cng ty ln thng dng cho vic ci tin cc h
thng tn ti hn l pht trin mt h thng mi.
Ngi ta thng s dng m hnh xon c ci tin h thng phn mm.
78/105
Mc tiu
- Hiu c vai tr ca vic bo tr phn mm
- Nm c cc vn lin quan n bo tr: phn loi, phng php, chi ph bo tr
- Hiu c mt s quy trnh v cc chin lc ci tin phn mm
Bo tr phn mm
Mc tiu
- Bo tr phn mm l lm g?
- Ti sao phi bo tr?
- Phn bit r cc kiu bo tr phn mm
- Nm c cc yu t nh hng ti chi ph bo tr, nhm gim chi ph khi p dng

trong thc t.
Bo tr phn mm chnh l hot ng chnh sa chng trnh sau khi n c a

vo s dng.
Bo tr thng khng bao gm nhng thay i chnh lin quan ti kin trc ca h thng.
Nhng thay i trong h thng thng c ci t bng cch iu chnh nhng thnh
phn ang tn ti v b sung nhng thnh phn mi cho h thng.
Bo tr l khng th trnh khi v:
79/105
- Cc yu cu h thng thng thay i khi h thng ang c xy dng v mi trng
thay i. V vy, h thng c chuyn giao c th khng tho mn cc yu cu ca n.
- Cc h thng c gn kt cht ch vi mi trng ca n. Khi h thng c ci t

trong mt mi trng nht nh n s lm thay i mi trng v v vy s thay i
cc yu cu ca h thng.
- Cc h thng phi c bo tr nu chng mun l nhng phn hu ch trong mi

trng nghip v.
Phn loi cc kiu bo tr:
- Bo tr sa li: thay i h thng sa li nhng khim khuyt nhm tho mn yu

cu h thng.
- Bo tr tch hp h thng vo mt mi trng vn hnh khc
- Bo tr b sung hoc chnh sa cc yu cu chc nng ca h thng: chnh sa h

thng sao cho tho mn cc yu cu mi.
Chi ph bo tr thng ln hn chi ph xy dng gp t 2 n 100 ln ph thuc vo

tng ng dng. Chi ph bo tr b nh hng bi c tc nhn k thut v phi k thut.
Nu bo tr cng nhiu, s cng lm thay i cu trc phn mm v do s lm cho

vic bo tr cng tr ln kh khn hn. Phn mm c tui th cng cao th cng phi cn
chi ph cao hn (v s dng cc ngn v chng trnh dch c )
Cc nhn t nh hng n chi ph bo tr:
80/105
- S n nh ca i d n: chi ph bo tr s gim nu nhn vin trong i d n khng
thay i.
- Nhng trch nhim cam kt: ngi xy dng h thng c th khng cam kt trch
nhim bo tr cho nn khng c g bt buc h phi thit k li cho cc thay i trong
tng lai.
- K nng ca nhn vin: nhn vin bo tr thng khng c kinh nghim v hiu bit
v min ng dng ca h b hn ch.
- Tui th v cu trc chng trnh: khi tui th v cu trc chng trnh b xung cp
th chng cng tr ln kh hiu v thay i nhiu.
D on bo tr
D on bo tr c lin quan ti vic nh gi nhng phn no ca h thng c th gy

ra li v cn nhiu chi ph bo tr.
Kh nng chu c s thay i ph thuc vo kh nng bo tr ca cc thnh phn b

nh hng bi s thay i . Thc hin cc thay i c th lm hng h thng v gim
kh nng bo tr ca n.
Chi ph bo tr ph thuc vo s lng cc thay i v chi ph thay i ph thuc vo

kh nng bo tr.
D on thay i
D on s lng cc thay i c th xy ra v tm hiu mi quan h gia h thng v

mi trng ca n.
S thay i yu cu h thng c lin quan cht ch ti s thay i ca mi trng. Trong

, cc nhn t nh hng ti mi quan h ny bao gm:
- S lng v phc tp ca cc giao din h thng
- S lng cc yu cu bt n nh c tnh phn cp
- Cc quy trnh nghip v ca h thng.
Ta c th d on bo tr thng qua vic nh gi phc tp ca cc thnh phn h

thng. phc tp ph thuc vo:
- phc tp ca cu trc iu khin
81/105
- phc tp ca cu trc d liu
- Kch thc ca i tng, phng thc v m-un.
Ngoi ra, ta c th s dng cc php o quy trnh nh gi kh nng bo tr.
- S lng cc yu cu cn bo tr sa li.
- Thi gian trung bnh cn thit phn tch nh hng
- Thi gian trung bnh ci t mt yu cu thay i.
- S lng cc yu cu cn gii quyt.
82/105
Cc quy trnh ci tin phn mm
Cc quy trnh
Mc tiu
- Nm c mt s quy trnh ci tin phn mm c bn
- Bit c cc chin lc ci tin h thng
- C kh nng p dng cc quy trnh ci tin ny trn nhng h thng thc.
Cc quy trnh ci tin phn mm ph thuc vo:
- Kiu phn mm cn bo tr
- Quy trnh pht trin phn mm c s dng
- K nng v kinh nghim ca cc stakeholder.
Cc xut thay i l nh hng ci tin h thng. Pht hin thay i v ci tin

c thc hin trong vng i h thng. Cc hnh v sau y th hin mt cch khi
qut cc quy trnh ci tin h thng.
83/105
Trn y l nhng quy trnh c bn. Tuy nhin, vi cc yu cu thay i khn cp, ta c
th ci t chng nay m khng cn phi tri qua tt c cc pha ca quy trnh cng ngh
phn mm. Nhng yu cu thay i khn cp thng xy ra khi:
- Nu c mt li h thng nghim trng xy ra v cn phi sa cha.
- Nu nhng thay i v mi trng ca h thng gy ra nhng hiu ng khng mong

i.
- Nu s thay i v mt nghip v yu cu phi c p ng nhanh.
ci tin h thng hin c, ngi ta xut bn chin lc c bn:
- Tch h thng v chnh sa cc quy trnh nghip v
- Tip tc bo tr h thng
- Bin i h thng bng cch ti k ngh nng cp kh nng bo tr ca n.
84/105
- Thay th h thng bng mt h thng mi
Vic la chn chin lc ci tin h thng ph thuc vo cht lng h thng v gi tr

nghip v ca n.
Cc loi h thng hin c c phn loi da trn tiu ch cht lng v gi tr nghip
v m n mang li nh sau:
- Cht lng thp v gi tr nghip v thp: nhng h thng ny nn c tch ra.
- Cht lng thp v gi tr nghip v cao: nhng h thng ny c gi tr nghip v cao

nhng chi ph bo tr kh ln. Ta nn ti k ngh hoc thay th bi mt h thng thch
hp
- Cht lng cao v gi tr nghip v thp: thay th bng cc thnh phn COTS
- Cht lng cao v gi tr nghip v cao: tip tc s dng v bo tr h thng theo cch
thng thng.
Vic nh gi gi tr nghip v c thc hin t nhiu khung nhn khc nhau. Phng
vn cc stakeholder khc nhau v i snh kt qu thu c. Cc stakeholder thng l:
- Ngi s dng cui
- Khch hng ca doanh nghip
- Ngi qun l dy chuyn sn xut
- Ngi qun l cng ngh thng tin
- Ngi qun l cao cp
nh gi cht lng h thng thng qua:
- Quy trnh nghip v: quy trnh nghip v h tr cho cc mc tiu nghip v nh th

no?
- Mi trng h thng: mi trng h thng c hiu qu nh th no v chi ph bo

tr n.
- Kh nng ng dng: cht lng ca ng dng?
o h thng, chng ta c th thu thp d liu nh lng to ra bn nh gi v

cht lng ca h thng.
85/105
- S lng cc yu cu thay i ca h thng
- S lng cc giao din ngi dng khc nhau
- S lng d liu c s dng trong h thng.
Ti k ngh h thng (System re-engineering)
Mc tiu
- Nm r ti k ngh h thng l g? u v nhc im ca n.
- Quy trnh ti k ngh h thng
- Phn bit forward-engineering v re-engineering
Ti k ngh h thng l k thut cu trc li hoc vit li mt phn hoc ton b h

thng c tha k m khng thay i cc chc nng ca n.
Ti k ngh gip gim ri ro v trong qu trnh xy dng phn mm mi ri ro c th

xy ra l kh cao v gip gim chi ph.
M hnh sau y gip phn bit forward v re-engineering:
Quy trnh ti k ngh bao gm cc hot ng sau:
- Dch m ngun: chuyn m lnh thnh ngn ng mi.
- K ngh ngc: phn tch chng trnh tm hiu n.
- Ci thin cu trc chng trnh
86/105
- M-un ho chng trnh: t chc li cu trc chng trnh
- Ti k ngh d liu: thu dn v cu trc li d liu h thng
Cc nhn t nh hng ti chi ph ti k ngh:
- Cht lng ca h thng c ti k ngh
- Cc cng c h tr ti k ngh
- Mc m rng cn thit ca vic chuyn i d liu
- Nhng nhn vin c k nng v ti k ngh h thng
87/105
Kim th phn mm v quy trinh
Kim th phn mm
Gii thiu
Kim th l mt pha khng th thiu c trong qu trnh pht trin h thng. Kim th
gip cho ngi xy dng h thng v khch hng u thy c rng h thng mi
tho mn yu cu ra hay cha.
Mc tiu
- Nm c quy trnh kim th phn mm
- Tm hiu chi tit v kim th thnh phn v kim th h thng; cc phng php c
s dng.
- C kh nng thit k cc trng hp kim th v s dng cc cng c gip t ng

kim th
Quy trnh kim th
t vn
- Sau khi xy dng xong phn mm, c th chuyn giao ngay cho khch hng khng?
- Ti sao phi kim th?
- Hy tho lun v quy trnh kim th.
Sau khi ci t h thng, chng ta phi kim th chc chn rng h thng tho
mn tt c cc yu cu ra. Quy trnh kim th gm hai pha:
- Kim th thnh phn: kim th tng thnh phn ring bit. Do ngi xy dng thnh
phn t thc hin. Vic kim th c k tha t kinh nghim ca ngi xy dng n.
- Kim th h thng: kim th mt tp cc thnh phn c tch hp vi nhau to ra

h thng hoc h thng con. Thng thng do mt i kim th c lp thc hin. Vic
kim th da trn ti liu c t h thng.
88/105
Mc ch ca quy trnh kim th:
- Kim th hp l: chng minh cho ngi xy dng v khch hng thy c phn
mm tho mn yu cu hay cha. Kim th thnh cng cho thy h thng vn
hnh nh mong i.
- Kim th khim khuyt: pht hin li hoc nhng khim khuyt ca phn mm thy
c ng x ca n c chnh xc hoc ph hp vi ti liu c t ca n hay khng.
V mt l thuyt, chng ta phi kim th h thng mt cch cn k th mi khng nh

c chng trnh khng cn khim khuyt. Tuy nhin, trong thc t khng th kim
th mt cch cn k c.
Cc chnh sch kim th nh ngha mt phng php thng c s dng la chn

cch kim th h thng:
- Tt c nhng chc nng c truy nhp qua menu cn phi kim th
- Cc chc nng kt hp c truy nhp thng qua cng mt menu cng phi c kim
th.
89/105
- Nhng ni ngi s dng phi nhp thng tin u vo th tt c cc chc nng phi
c kim th vi nhng u vo chnh xc hoc khng chnh xc.
90/105
Kim th h thng ,kim th tch hp v
kim th c lp
Kim th h thng
Mc tiu
- Nm c quy trnh kim th h thng
- Th no l kim th tch hp? Cc phng php thc hin.
- Th no l kim th c lp? Cc phng php thc hin.
Kim th h thng bao gm tch hp cc thnh phn to ra h thng hoc h thng con;
sau , kim th h thng c tch hp. Kim th h thng gm 2 pha:
- Kim th tch hp: i kim th truy nhp vo m lnh ca h thng. H thng cn

kim th c coi nh cc thnh phn tch hp vi nhau.
- Kim th c lp: i kim th s kim th h thng y chuyn giao, coi h

thng nh mt hp en.
Kim th tch hp
Kim th tch hp bao gm vic xy dng h thng t nhng thnh phn ca n v kim
tra xem c vn g xy ra t cc tng tc gia cc thnh phn. C hai cch tch hp
h thng:
- Tch hp t trn xung: xy dng khung ca h thng v a cc thnh phn vo trong

n.
- Tch hp t di ln: tch hp cc thnh phn c s, sau b sung thm cc thnh

phn chc nng.
n gin hoa vic xc nh li, h thng nn c tch hp tng vng.
91/105
Cc phng php kim th tch hp:
- nh gi kin trc: kim th tch hp t trn xung thch hp pht hin ra cc li

trong kin trc h thng.
- Minh ho h thng: kim th tch hp t trn xung cho php biu hin h thng mt
cch gii hn nhng pha ban u ca qu trnh xy dng h thng.
- Kim th ci t: d dng hn vi kim th tch hp t di ln.
- Kim th quan st: cc vn ca tt c cc phng php. C th b sung thm cc

m lnh quan st cc mu th.
Kim th c lp
Gii thiu
Mc ch chnh ca kim th c lp nhm tng tin cy ca nh cung cp, m bo

h thng tho mn cc yu cu ca n.
Kim th c lp c th l kim th hp en hoc kim th chc nng; tc l ch da

trn ti liu c t h thng, ngi kim th khng c nhng hiu bit v vic ci t h
thng.
V d: Kim th hp en
92/105
Chng ta c th a ra cc hng dn kim th cho i kim th. Hng dn kim th
l nhng gi cho i kim th gip h la chn mu th nhm pht hin ra khim
khuyt ca h thng.
- La chn cc u vo sao cho h thng c th a ra tt c cc thng bo li.
- Thit k u vo sao cho vng nh m b trn.
- Lp li nhiu ln cng mt u vo hoc mt chui cc u vo.
- p h thng to ra nhng kt qu khng hp l.
- Buc cho cc kt qu tnh phi qu ln hoc qu nh.
Ngoi ra, chng ta c th s dng ca s dng hoc biu tun t h tr cho qu

trnh kim th. Ca s dng c th l phn c bn a ra nhng mu th h thng. N
gip xc nh cc thao tc kim th v gip thit k cc ca s dng c yu cu.
Km theo biu tun t tng ng, chng ta s s dng cc u ra v u vo ca n
to ra cc mu th.
Kim th c lp c th bao gm kim th cc thuc tnh r nt ca h thng nh hiu

nng v tin cy.
Kim th hiu nng bao gm vic lp k hoch cho mt tp hp cc mu th v ti trng

ca n c th tng ln nhanh chng cho n khi hiu nng ca h thng l khng th
chp nhn c.
Kim th p lc th nghim h thng trn ti trng thit k ti a ca n. p lc h

thng thng gy ra nhng khim khuyt ca h thng.
93/105
Kim th p lc h thng xc nh nhng ng x li, gip kim tra nhng li khng th
chp nhn c ca cc dch v hoc d liu. Kim th p lc thch hp vi nhng h
thng phn tn.
94/105
Cc phng php kim th
Kim th thnh phn
Gii thiu
Kim th thnh phn (hay cn gi l kim th n v) l quy trnh kim th cc thnh

phn ring l trong h thng. y l mt quy trnh pht hin ra cc khim khuyt. Thnh
phn c kim th c th l:
- Chc nng hoc phng thc ca i tng.
- Lp i tng vi nhng thuc tnh v phng thc.
- Thnh phn kt hp vi cc giao din c nh ngha trc truy nhp ti cc chc

nng ca n.
Mc tiu
- Nm c cc vn lin quan n kim th thnh phn
- Hai phng php kim th thnh phn l: kim th lp i tng v kim th giao
din.
- Ghi nh cc gi khi kim th thnh phn
Kim th lp i tng
Kim th lp i tng nhm kim tra mc hon thin ca lp, bao gm:
- Kim th tt c cc thao tc c gn vi i tng.
- Thit lp v kim tra tt c cc thuc tnh ca i tng.
- Thc nghim tt c cc trng thi c th ca i tng
K thut tha k gy kh khn cho vic thit k kim th lp i tng v thng tin
c kim th khng c hn ch.
Trong qu trnh kim th lp i tng, chng ta cn phi xc nh cc trng hp kim

th i vi tt c cc phng thc ca i tng. ng thi, s dng m hnh trng thi
xc nh chui dch chuyn trng thi v chui cc s kin gy ra s dch chuyn .
95/105
Kim th giao din
t vn
Mc ch ca kim th giao din l pht hin cc li ca giao din hoc nhng gi

thit khng hp l v giao din. Kim th giao din c bit quan trng trong pht trin
hng i tng khi cc i tng c nh ngha bi cc giao din ca n.
Giao din gm cc loi sau:
- Giao din tham s: d liu c truyn t th tc ny ti th tc khc.
- Giao din b nh dng chung: cc th tc hoc hm s dng chung khi b nh.
- Giao din th tc: h thng con cha mt tp cc th tc cc h thng con khc gi

ti.
- Giao din truyn thng ip: cc h thng con yu cu cc dch v t nhng h thng
con khc.
Cc loi li thng xy ra i vi giao din bao gm:
- Lm dng giao din: mt thnh phn gi ti cc thnh phn khc v gy ra li trong

khi s dng giao din ca n.
- Khng hiu r giao din: thnh phn c gn vi cc gi thit v ng x ca n vi

thnh phn c gi, nhng thnh phn ny li sai.
96/105
- Li v thi gian: cc thnh phn gi v thnh phn c gi thao tc vi tc khc
nhau v nhng d liu c li c truy nhp.
Hng dn kim th thnh phn:
- Thit k cc mu th vi nhng tham s gi ti th tc c gi c gi tr cn bin.
- Lun lun kim th cc tham s con tr vi con tr null.
- Thit k nhng mu th sao cho c th gy ra li trn thnh phn.
- Thit k kim th p lc trn cc h thng truyn thng ip
- Trong nhng h thng c b nh lm chung, nn bin i th t m trong cc thnh

phn tng tc vi nhau.
97/105
Thit k cc trng hp kim th
Mc tiu
- Ti sao phi thit k cc trng hp kim th?
- C kh nng hiu v p dng cc phng php thit k trng hp kim th.
Thit k cc trng hp kim th (u vo v u ra) c s dng kim th h

thng. Mc ch ca thit k trng hp kim th l to ra mt tp hp cc mu kim
th c kh nng nh gi hiu qu v pht hin khim khuyt.
Cc phng php thit k cc trng hp kim th:
- Kim th da trn cc yu cu: Mt nguyn tc ca k thut xc nh yu cu l nhng

yu cu ca h thng phi c kh nng kim th. Kim th da trn yu cu l k thut
kim th hp l, trong ta phi xem xt tng yu cu v a ra mt tp cc mu th
cho nhng yu cu .
- Kim th phn hoch: D liu u vo v kt qu u ra thng ri vo cc lp khc

nhau, trong tt c cc thnh vin ca lp u c quan h vi nhau. Mi lp ny
thng l mt phn hoch hoc mt min ng dng m chng trnh chy theo mt cch
thch ng vi tng thnh vin ca lp. Cc trng hp kim th c la chn t nhng
phn hoch ny.
- Kim th hng cu trc (hoc kim th hp trng): Kim th hng cu trc a ra

cc trng hp kim th da theo cu trc chng trnh. Nhng hiu bit v chng
trnh c s dng xc nh cc trng hp kim th b sung.
- Kim th ng i: Mc tiu ca kim th ng i nhm m bo rng tp hp cc

mu th trn tng ng i qua h thng s c thc hin t nht mt ln. im bt
u ca kim th ng i l biu lung chng trnh, gm cc nt biu din cc
nhnh ca chng trnh v cc cung biu din lung iu khin.
98/105
T ng kim th
Gii thiu
Kim th l mt pha c chi ph kh cao. Chng ta c kh nhiu cc cng c h tr kim

th gip gim thi gian v chi ph. Phn ny s gii thiu mt s loi cng c h tr t
ng kim th.
- Qun l kim th: gip qun l cc chng trnh kim th nh lu vt d liu kim
th, cc kt qu mong mun
- B to d liu kim th
- Oracle: to ra cc d on v kt qu kim th
- B so snh file: so snh kt qu ca cc chng trnh kim th
- B to bo co
- B phn tch ng: b sung m lnh cho chng trnh m s ln thc hin ca mi
cu lnh.
- B gi nh
99/105
Tham gia ng gp
Ti liu: Nhp mn Cng ngh phn mm
Bin tp bi: Phm Th Qunh
URL: http://voer.edu.vn/c/fb584480
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Phn mm l g?
Cc tc gi: Phm Th Qunh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/e7887c82
Module: Vn v tnh chuyn nghip v ng quy tc

URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/0f087761
Module: Mt s m hnh pht trin phn mm

URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/243ca3cb
Module: Cc hot ng trong quy trnh phn mm

URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/7cc1ff63
Module: Qun l d n
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/eb4928a4
Module: Mt s yu cu v nhp mn cng ngh phn mm

URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/65e662bd
100/105
Module: Yu cu ca ngi s dng

URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/aa516279
Module: Ti liu c t yu cu
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/8ec19c6e
Module: Phn tch kh thi

URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/abc34eb9
Module: Pht hin v phn tch yu cu

URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/503a5c56
Module: nh gi yu cu
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/1a227435
Module: Lp k hoch qun l yu cu

URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/cbdbf358
Module: Cc m hnh Qun l

URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/00d9a213
101/105
Module: M hnh ng x v my h thng
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/a904f0ba
Module: M hnh d liu

URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/8ed90335
Module: M hnh i tng,h thng,ng x v tha k

URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/58c05a8f
Module: Phng php hng cu trc

URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/ca3686de
Module: Cc vn v thit k kin trc

URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/ae88851b
Module: T chc h thng v cc m hnh

URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/2f200196
Module: Phn r h thng v phn r i tng

URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/f6cdaa3f
Module: Cc chin lc iu khin
102/105
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/56047c40
Module: Cc kin trc tham chiu

URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/c9416b54
Module: Thit k giao din ngi dng

URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/21e8a521
Module: Quy trnh thit k giao din ngi dng

URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/e15854d5
Module: Ci tin v bo tr phn mm

URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/c321dc36
Module: Cc quy trnh ci tin phn mm

URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/a15f0407
Module: Kim th phn mm v quy trinh

URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/a3a68952
Module: Kim th h thng ,kim th tch hp v kim th c lp

103/105
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/47c20c25
Module: Cc phng php kim th

URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/5eac4108
Module: Thit k cc trng hp kim th

URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/355eb7f3
Module: T ng kim th
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/1f842c44
104/105
Chng trnh Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam
Chng trnh Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam (Vietnam Open Educational Resources
VOER) c h tr bi Qu Vit Nam. Mc tiu ca chng trnh l xy dng kho
Ti nguyn gio dc M min ph ca ngi Vit v cho ngi Vit, c ni dung phong
ph. Cc ni dung u tun th Giy php Creative Commons Attribution (CC-by) 4.0
do cc ni dung u c th c s dng, ti s dng v truy nhp min ph trc
ht trong trong mi trng ging dy, hc tp v nghin cu sau cho ton x hi.
Vi s h tr ca Qu Vit Nam, Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam (VOER) tr thnh

mt cng thng tin chnh cho cc sinh vin v ging vin trong v ngoi Vit Nam. Mi
ngy c hng chc nghn lt truy cp VOER (www.voer.edu.vn) nghin cu, hc
tp v ti ti liu ging dy v. Vi hng chc nghn module kin thc t hng nghn
tc gi khc nhau ng gp, Th Vin Hc liu M Vit Nam l mt kho tng ti liu
khng l, ni dung phong ph phc v cho tt c cc nhu cu hc tp, nghin cu ca
c gi.
Ngun ti liu m phong ph c trn VOER c c l do s chia s t nguyn ca cc

tc gi trong v ngoi nc. Qu trnh chia s ti liu trn VOER tr ln d dng nh
m 1, 2, 3 nh vo sc mnh ca nn tng Hanoi Spring.
Hanoi Spring l mt nn tng cng ngh tin tin c thit k cho php cng chng d
dng chia s ti liu ging dy, hc tp cng nh ch ng pht trin chng trnh ging
dy da trn khi nim v hc liu m (OCW) v ti nguyn gio dc m (OER) . Khi
nim chia s tri thc c tnh cch mng c khi xng v pht trin tin phong
bi i hc MIT v i hc Rice Hoa K trong vng mt thp k qua. K t , phong
tro Ti nguyn Gio dc M pht trin nhanh chng, c UNESCO h tr v c
chp nhn nh mt chng trnh chnh thc nhiu nc trn th gii.
105/105

Nhập môn Công nghệ phần mềm PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Nhập môn Công nghệ phần mềm PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Nhp mn Cng ngh phn mm

Phin bn trc tuyn:

Phn mm l cc chng trnh my tnh v nhng ti liu lin quan n n nh: cc yu

Cc sn phm phn mm c chia thnh 2 loi:

- Sn phm i tr (Generic Product): c pht trin bn ra ngoi th trng, i

- Sn phm theo n t hng (Bespoke Product hoc Customised Product): c pht

Mt phn mm mi c th c to ra bng cch pht trin cc chng trnh mi, thay

Cng ngh phn mm l g?

Cc k s phn mm nn tun theo mt phng php lun c h thng v c t chc

S khc bit gia cng ngh phn mm v khoa hc my tnh?

Khoa hc my tnh cp ti l thuyt v nhng vn c bn; cn cng ngh phn

Khi s pht trin ca phn mm tr ln mnh m th cc l thuyt ca khoa hc my

- Hc vin bao gi nghe nhc ti Cng ngh h thng hay cha?

- Hy trnh by mt s vn c lin quan n Cng ngh h thng.

- Cng ngh phn mm c phi l Cng ngh h thng khng?

Quy trnh phn mm l g?

Quy trnh phn mm l mt tp hp cc hnh ng m mc ch ca n l xy dng v

- c t: c t nhng g h thng phi lm v cc rng buc trong qu trnh xy dng

- Pht trin: xy dng h thng phn mm.

- M rng: iu chnh v thay i phn mm tng ng vi s thay i yu cu.

M hnh quy trnh pht trin phn mm l g?

Sau y l mt s v d v m hnh quy trnh pht trin phn mm:

- M hnh lung cng vic (workflow): m t mt chui cc hnh ng cn phi thc

- M hnh lung d liu (data-flow): m t lung thng tin.

- M hnh Vai tr/Hnh ng (Role/action): ch ra vai tr ca nhng ngi lin quan

Ngoi ra, cn c mt s m hnh quy trnh chung cng c xut nh:

- M hnh thc nc (waterfall)

- M hnh pht trin lp li (Iterative development)

- M hnh cng ngh phn mm da thnh phn (Component-based software

Cc chi ph trong cng ngh phn mm

- xy dng mt h thng phn mm chng ta phi u t cho nhng hng mc no?

- Tt c cc h thng phn mm c cng cc hng mc chi ph hay khng? Ti sao?

Chi ph phn mm thng chim phn ln chi ph ca c h thng my tnh. Chi ph

Chi ph bin i tu thuc vo tng loi h thng c xy dng v cc yu cu v c

M hnh thc nc:

Chi ph ca cc pha c t, thit k, ci t, tch hp v kim th c xc nh mt

M hnh pht trin lp li

Chi ph c t gim v y l c t bc cao.

Chi ph ph thuc nhiu vo vic tch hp v kim th h thng.

Cc phng php cng ngh phn mm l g?

Cc h thng CASE thng c s dng h tr cc hot ng trong quy trnh xy

- Upper-CASE: cng c h tr cc hot ng u tin nh c t yu cu v thit k.

- Lower-CASE: cng c h tr cc hot ng sau nh lp trnh, g li v kim th.

- Bn c thng xuyn s dng phn mm khng?

- Theo bn, th no l mt phn mm tt?

- Kh nng bo tr: phn mm phi c iu chnh v m rng tho mn nhng yu

- Mc tin cy: phn mm phi c tin cy, bo mt v chnh xc.

- Hiu qu: phn mm khng nn s dng lng ph ti nguyn ca h thng.

Thch thc i vi cng ngh phn mm?

Cng ngh phn mm trong th k 21 phi i mt vi rt nhiu thch thc to ln. Vi

- Theo bn, p ng c cc yu cu cng vic mt k s phn mm phi tho mn

K s phn mm phi ng x trung thc v cch lm ca h phi rt chuyn nghip v

- Nng lc: k s phn mm khng nn trnh by sai kh nng ca mnh, khng nn

- Cc quyn v ti sn tr tu: k s phn mm nn quan tm v cc ti sn tr tu c

- Lm dng my tnh: k s phn mm khng nn s dng cc k nng ca mnh

Vn v tnh chuyn nghip v ng quy tc i vi k s phn mm quan trng ti

Phn sau y s trnh by nm m hnh pht trin phn mm ph bin thng c s

- M hnh xy dng tin trin

- Cng ngh phn mm da thnh phn

- M hnh pht trin lp li, tng thm

- Phi hiu r nm m hnh pht trin phn mm c bn.

- Phn bit c s khc nhau gia cc m hnh; u v nhc im ca tng m hnh.

- Bit r i vi loi h thng no th nn p dng m hnh pht trin no cho ph hp.