ရိုးရာမှသည် ခေတ်သစ်သို့ ဗဂျီအောင်စိုး

BudKwifyHkESdyfxkwfa0cGifhjyKvufrSwf trSwf (572)
1978 rwfv 8 &uf

pmtkyfpmwrf;pme,fZif; (rsufESmzHk;)
cGifhjyKvufrSwf trSwf (493) 1978 rwfv 24 &uf
(a&cH) cGifjhyKvufrSwf (493)u
(493)u? 1978 arv 2 &uf
yHkESdyfjcif; ... yxrtBudrf

1978? *sLvdkifv
tkyfa& ... 2000
rsufESmzHk;yef;csD ... A*sD atmifpdk;
tzHk;dkuf ... cifarmif&DESifhom;rsm;
wefzdk; ... 10 usyf
xkwfa0ol/ OD;atmifpdk;(A*sD atmifpdk;) (02188)
A*sD pmay? trSwf 11? o*F[vrf;
ausmufajrmif;? &efukefNrdKU/
yHkESdyfol/ a':rrav; (01984)
(cifarmif&DESifhom;rsm;yHkESdyfwdkuf)
trSwf 1? pyg,fNcH 3vrf;? vSnf;wef;
urm&Gwf? &efukefNrdKU/
NzefYcsDol/ cifarpDpmayjzefYcsDa&;
trSwf1? pyg,fNcH 3 vrf;? vSnf;wef;
urm&Gwf? &efukefNrdKU/
cif a rpD
pmay
cifarpDpmayjzefYcsDa&;
trSwf 1? pyg,fNcH 3 vrf;? vSnf;wef;
urm&Gwf? 7efukefNrdKU/
zHk;-31802
usaemfh vufOD;q&muG,fvGefol
yef;csDq&mBuD; OD;vSabmftm;
pmtkyfi,fjzifh
OD;cdkufuefawmhyg\
A*sD a tmif p d k ;
a'gufwmvGifatmif\trSmpm
EdkifiHwum tEkynmvuf&monf acwfopf tEkynm

vuf&mjzpf\/ yx0Dajrjyifay:&Sd wdkif;EdkifiHrsm;u wlnD
aomtajccHay:wGif usio hf ;kH aom vuf&m[efukd Edik if w
H um
tEkynmvuf&m[kqdkonf/ acwfopftEkynm vuf&mrSm
umvydkif;udk taMumif;jyK ajymqdkjcif;jzpf\/ tEkynm
onfwdkY\ umvtavQmuf ajymif;vJwwfaom tEkynm
'eaMumifhjzpfonf/
ta&SUwdkif; tEkynmjzpfap? taemufwdkif; tEkynmjzpf
ap? trsKd;om;tEkynmjzpfap? wpfOD;csif;tEkynmjzpfap?
vlUtzJGUtpnf;udk taMumif;jyKvsuf vlYtzJGUtpnf;udkyif
tusKd;jyKaom tEkynmomjzpf&ayrnf/ vlUtzJGUtpnf;rS
uif;uGm rnfonfhtEkynmrS Mum&SnfpGm &Sifoefae&ef
taMumif;r&Sdyg/
A*sDpmay
vlUtzJGUtpnf;wGif pD;yGm;a&;pepf? vlrIa&;pepf ? t
wwfynmwdkYonf trmcHrsm;jzpf\/ ,if;trmcHrsm;tay:
rSm'ew&m;ESifh tEkynmwdkY&SifoefMu&onf/ zl;iHkMu&
onf? yGifhoD;Mu&onf/ toD; tyGifhwdkYyifvQif t
csdefwefaomf a<uusajrc&\/ yifrajrBuD;udk ajrqDajrvTm
wdk;yGm;a&; tusKd;jyKonf/ rsKd;qufjyefUyGm;ap&jyefonf/
tEkynmoD;? tEkynmyGifhwdkYonf vlUtzJGUtpnf;udk wzef
jyefvSeftusKd;jyKap&onf/
tEkynm&Sif\ wpfOD;csif;tEkynmonf yxrtqifhwGif
]]tEkynmonf-tEkynmtwGuf}} [la<u;aMumfoHESifht
nDusOf;ajrmif;aom t0ef;t0dkif; &SifoefvdkvQif&Sifoef
Edkif\/ 'kwd,tqifh rdrdEdkifiHESifhtrsKd;\*kPf? Zmwdrmef
udkjrifhwifay;Edkif&ef BudK;yrf;Ekdifonf/ xdktEkynmonfwdkY
onf ]]tEkynmonf jynfoltwGuf}} [k a<u;aMumfEkdifay
onf/ twpJGrxm;? ynmonfwdkY\ rmefrmeryg vlom;
pifppf\tusKd;jyKa&;udkom a&SUIaom tEkynm&Sifonf
arwm? *kPm? rk'dwm oabmudkom wifjyvdk\/ vlom;
wdkU\ kef;uef&aomb0\ 0efwmudkomta&;ay; wifjy\/
vl0g? vljzL? vlrJ? vleD[lrjrif? tvkyform;? v,form;?
wd,? yl&do[lom trsm;udk NcHKiHkom jrifonf/ ol
wdkY\'ku? olwdkY\aomu? olwdkY\qE? olwdkY\a0'emudk
om taMumif;jyK wifjyaom tEkynm&Sifrsm;um; ]]tEk
ynmonf vlom;twGuf}} [k a<u;aMumfMuonfh EdkifiHw
A*sDpmay
umtEkynmonfrsm;jzpfayonf/ tEkynm&SifoHk;rsKd;p
vHk;onf vlUtzJGUtpnf;tm; ynmay;jcif;? azsmfajzjcif;
ESifhokwyGm;apjcif; paom wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifMu
onfcsnf;jzpf\/ tusKd;jyKvdk&m vlUtzJGUtpnf;\ yrmP
omuJGjym;ayonf/
]]dk;&myef;csD}} [lonf ]]trsKd;om;yef;csD}} [kq&mA*sD
atmifpdk;u qdkvdkonfr[kwfay/ dk;&mESifhacwfopfyef;csD[k
ajymqdkvdkufjcif;onf tcsdefumvydkif;tavQmuf ajymif;vJ
aeaom tEkynmjzpfpOf\ tpydkif;ESifh tqHk;ydkif;udkom &nf
nTef;onf/ twdwfacwfwavsmuf bdk;? ab;? bD? bif ? t
pOfuxm;&SdcJhaom tEkynmvuf&mudk dk;&mtEkynm[kqdk
vdkonf/ *syefEdkifiHwGif*syefdk;&m yef;csD&Sd\/ jrefrmwGif
vnf;jrefrmhdk;&m yef;csD&Sdonf/ jyifopfwGifvnf; dk;&m
yef;yk&Sdonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGifvnf; jrefrmhdk;&myef;ykvuf&m
&Sdonf/ tD*spfwGif dk;&mydokumvuf&m &Sd\/ jrefrmwGif
vnf; jrefrmhdk;&m Adokumvuf&m&Sdayonf/
dk;&mtEkynmvuf&mwdkif;onf xdkpOfucH,lcJhaom cH,l
csufrsm;udk az:xkwfjycsufrsm; jzpfcJhonf/ xdkpOfuoGefoif
xm;aom bmoma&;? xdkacwfvlrIa&;tm; taMumif;jyKcJh
aom v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;wGif tajccHaom pD;yGm;a&;wdkY
tay:wGiw f nfroDS nf/ ESpq
f ,f&mpkEpS w
f iG f wd;k wufaomEdik if H
BuD;rsm;\ pD;yGm;a&;rSm pufrIvkyfief;jzpfcJhonf/ vlrIa&;rSm
A*sDpmay
EdkifiHwumvsifjrefpGm ul;vl; qufqHEkdifrI tay:wGif jzpf
xGef;vmonf/ tEkynmtawG;tjrifrsm;onf odyHavmurS
pl;prf;csuf\ &v'frsm;? pufrIodyH\ jzpfEkdifpGrf;tm;tay:
wGif &yfwnfvmonf/ xdkYaMumifhtEkynm vuf&mrsm;
az:xkwfcsuf ( Expression ) rsm;vnf; ajymif;vJvm
onf/ ajymif;vJvmaom tEkynmudk acwfopftEkynm
( M o d e r n A r t ) [k vG , f v G , f ac:Mu\/ pif p pf
tpOfajymif;vJaeonfh umvrsOf;aMumif;&SnfBuD;\ aemuf
qHk; tydkif;wGif jzpfay:aeaom tEkynmuddk qdkvdkonf/
acwfNydKif tEkynm ( C o n t e m p o r r a r y A r t ) [k wcsKdU
jyef qdkonf/
acwfopftEkynmonf odyHudkajcukwf,lxm;onf/ qdk
&S,fvpf0g'ppfppfudk odyHenf;usaom qdk&S,fvpf0g'[l
t"dym,fzGifhxm;onf/ odyHynmonf vlrsKd;ra&G;? EkdifiH
ra&G;? tom;ta&mifra&G;ay/ urmhta&SUjcrf; taemuf
jcrf;[l a'opGJvnf; rxm;yg/ wom;wnf; usaom
obm0w&m;udkxm;onf/ tEkynmbufwGifvnf; tvm;
wlpGm tpOfrSefuefaom xkoGif? kyfoGif? tvif;? ta&mif?
[if;vif;? xkxnfponfh rlvblwj'yfrsm;udk udkifwG,fvsuf
az:xkwfcsufrsm;udk wifjyMuonf/
tajccHtusqHk;aom j'yfrsm;udk udkifwG,fMu zefwnf;
cJhMuaomfvnf; odyHynmrSmuJhodkY &v'frSmwlnDpGm rxGuf
A*sDpmay
vmay/ zef w D ; ol v l o nf od y H y p n f ; r[k w f ? puf k y f r
[kwfjzpfygonf/ vl\rsufaph tpHkjzifh kyf0wKypnf;rsm;
dkufcwfNyD;xGufvmaom tvif;a&mifwef;udk apmaeaom
apwodwfjzifh vufcHvdkufjcif;aMumifh odjrifrI tmkHay:
xG u f \ / apaeaom apwod w f w G i f Munf h o l \ aemuf
aemufutod? tawGUtBuHK? cH,lcsuf&SdaeNyD; jzpfonf/ xdkY
aMumifh tEkynmonf wpfa,muf\cHpm;csuf a0'emESifh
tjcm;wpfa,muf\ a0'emrS jcm;em;onf/ xdu k o hJ yYkd if vuf
&mzefwD;cJh&m uJGjym;&\/
bdk;ab;bDbiftpOftqufu tawG;tjrifjzifh wDxGif
zef w D ; vQif tEk y nmvuf & m[ef ay:xG u f a yvd r f h r nf /
aocsmaom ta[mif ; ud k wG , f w mvd k j cif ; rS m raocsm
aomtopfudk pdwfrcs jzpfonf/ topfudk jrifwkdif; ruf
armpdwf<uonf/ odkUaomf ta[mif;ESifh vJ&awmhrnfqdkjyef
awmh topf t ay:wG i f pd w f c s,H k M unf r S jzpf E d k i f o nf /
topf\ twGif;o@mef tjyifo@mefwdkYudk ajcajcjrpfjrpf
ukyfrdwG,frd&efrSm topf\ taMumif;t&yfrsm;udk &SmazGpl;
prf ; NyD ; rS od E d k i f a yvd r f h r nf / ,if ; tod r sm;u acwf o pf
tEkynmwDxGifa&;qJGa&;udk taxmuftuljyKayvdrfhrnf/
wdk;wufNyD; EdkifiHrsm;wGif tEkynmausmif;? tEkynm
odyHESifh tEkynmwuodkvfrsm; &SdMuonf/ omrmeftxuf
wef ; ausmif ; rsm;yif tEk y nmbmom&yf u d k pepf w us
A*sDpmay
tiftm;xkwf oifMum;ydkYcsonf/ avhusifh&onf/ a0
zef&onf/ tEkynmordkif;? tEkynm'e? tEkynmt
wwfwdkYudk pepfwusavhusifhMu&onf/ tEkynm tajc
cdkifvQif A&rf;Awmvkyfrnfholrsm; ae&mr&Edkifay/
acwf o pf t Ek y nmod k Y OD ; wnf v S K yf & S m ;rI B uD ; rsm;onf
Oa&mywdkufwGif 19 &mpkESpf ukefvkeD;wGif jzpfcJhonf/ jref
rmEkdifiHwGif oDaygrif;vufxufu jzpf\/ jrefrmEdkifiHudkvdkeD
vufatmuf a&mufaecsed w f iG w
f avQmufv;kH onf Oa&mywGif
tEkynmopftwdk;wufqHk;umv jzpfaecJh\/ udkvdkeDacwf
jrefrmEdkifiHrS ynmawmfoifrsm; Oa&myodkY oGm;a&mufoif
,lcJhMuonf/ xdkpOfutm;NydKifvmaom acwfopftEkynm
&yfudk pdwf0ifpm;cGifh&cJh[ef rwlay/ xdkq&mBuD;rsm; tjyef
wGif o,f,lvmaom awmf0if[efyef;csD? ausmif;BuD;xGuf
[ef yef;csDvuf&mrsKd;udk jrefrmEdkifiH udkvdkeDacwfwavQmuf
vHk; a&yef;pm;aecJhayonf/ xdkpHjyKcH&ol q&mBuD;rsm;udk
taMumif;jyK ,aeYwdkif ]]qDaq;udkifrS yef;csDq&mppfrSef
onf}} [laom cH,lcsufrsKd; pJGaeoltrsm; &Sdaeao;onf/
udvk ekd aD cwfwiG f Edik if w
H um tEkynmtqifrh aDS tmif tEk
ynmwuodkvf oif,lcJhMuolrsm;teuf jrefrmAdokumBuD;
OD;omxGef;vnf; wpfOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf/ OD;omxGef;rSm
a&aq;yef;csDaumif;oljzpfonf/ olUa&aq;yef;csDum;udk
,Ofaus;rI0efBuD;Xme? yef;csDtEkynmjycef;? yef;qdk;wef;
A*sDpmay
vrf;wGif csdwfjyxm;onf/ q&mA*sDatmifpdk;onf enf;
pepfusaom tEkynmawG;jrifrIudk q&mBuD;xHrS &vdkuf
onf / aemif t cg ol o nf ]]pE d e d a uwef } } tEk y nm
ausmif;wGif oif,l&ef ynmawmfoiftjzpf oGm;&onf/
xdkausmif;rSm tdEd,EdkifiH\ uAsmq&m tausmftarmf
&mbifj'mewf w*dk;\ ausmif;jzpfavonf/
q&mA*sDatmifpdk;onf acwfopfyef;csDudk jrefrmEdkifiH
wGipf wif a&;qJo G rl sm;teuf wpfO;D jzpf\/ pmtkyrf mS ol\
cH,lcsufjzpfonf/ acwfrDSaom dk;&m[efudk acwfrrSDaom
dk;&m[efrS cJGxGuf&ef BudK;yef;cJhonf/ acwfrrSDaom jrefrmh
yef;csDavmuudk acwfrDSaom jrefrmhyef;csDavmuodkUa&muf
apcsif o l j zpf o nf / qE E S i f h apwemud k pmtk y f u
oufaoxlaeNyD/
yef;csDoufwef;wavsmufwGif twwfynmydkif; enf;
trsKd ; rsKd ; ud k prf ; oyf a &;qJ G c J h b l ; aomf v nf ; d k ; &mrS o nf
acwfopfodkY[laom ol\&yfwnfcsufudk rnfonfhtcgrS
azmufjyefcJhol r[kwfay/ uRefawmfwdkY ausmif;om;b0
uyif o l U uAsm ok y f a zmf y ef ; csD r sm;ud k pJ G v rf ; cJ h \ / em;
vnfum;r[kwf? wky&ef BudK;pm;cJh\/ 'gayr,fh pepfESifh
'erS rodwm? b,frSmwk &ygvdrfhrvJ/
taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm yef;csD? yef;yk? Adokum ynm
rsm;onf puKtmkHudk t&if;cHaom tEkynmjzpfaMumif;?
wckwnf;aom rlukd tajccH&aMumif;? wuov kd af &mufrS od&
A*sDpmay
onf/ uRefawmf Adokumwpfa,muf jzpfvmawmhrS q&m
A*sDatmifpkd;udk vludk,fwdkif oduRrf;cGifh&cJhonf/ EkdifiHwum
tEkynmjywdkufBuD;udk uRefawmfudkf,fwdkif oGm;a&mufavh
vmcGifh&awmhrS dk;&myef;csD? acwfopfyef;csD? dk;&myef;yk?
acwfopfAdokumvuf&m ponfwdkYudk uJGuJGjym;jym; odjrifcJh&
onf/ jywdkufrsm;udk acgufa&rsm;pGmyif a&mufcJhonf/
acwfopfyef;csDrsm;\ rlvum;csyfrsm;udk MunfhIcJhzl;onf/
aemiftcgq&m A*sDatmifpdk;ESifh &efukefpufrIwuodkvf Adok
um XmewGif vkyfazmfudkifbufjzpfvm&aomtcg q&m\
'eudk aumif;pGm oabmayguf&onf/
,ckawmh ]]dk;&mrSonf acwfopfodkY}} [laom aqmifyk'f
udk udkifpJGxm;ol a&mif;&if;jzpfvmMuygNyD/ pmtkkyfonf
q&mh\ apwem? q&mh\ rSwfausmufjzpfav&m uRefawmh
tm; Adokumwa,muftaejzifh trSma&;ay;yg&ef wm0ef
ay;tyfvmojzifh pdwftm;xufoefpGmjzifh a&;vdkuf&yg
onf/
a'gufwm vGifatmif
AdokumXme
&efukef pufrIwuodkvf/
A*sDpmay
A*sDatmifpdk;\ trSm
12-5-51 ckESpf jrefrmdk;&myef;csDjyefvnfqef;opfa&;
aumf r D w D \ yef ; csD j yyJ G w G i f Ou X BuD ; rd e f Y c G e f ; onf y if
usaemftdEd,jynf ba*gvfe,fpHwdeDauweft&yf&Sd urm
ausmfpmqdk uAsmu0dBuD; a'gufwm &mbifj'mewfw*dk;\
0dom&bm&wDwuodkvfausmif;awmfBuD;odkY tdEd, trsKd;
om;yef;csD jyefvnfqef;opfa&;ESifh ta&SUwdkif;dfk;&myef;csD
rsm;udkavhvmqnf;yl;apcGifh&&ef tcGifhta&;w&yfudk ay:
aygufvmapcJhygonf/ 4if;rdefYcGef;tqdkudk &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;
&SmazG jyefvnfazmfjyvdkuf&ygonf/
]]uRefawmfwdkY&JU &nf&G,fcsufudk &Sif;jyyg&ap? yef;csD
qdkwJhynmudk vlwdkif;Mum;bl;aomfvnf; 4if;ynm&JU av;
eufyHkudk odwJhvltawmf&Sm;ygw,f? trSefrSmawmh 'DynmeJU
uif;NyD; b,folrS raeEdkifbl;? bmaMumifhvJqdkawmh vljzpf
vmvQif b,folrqdk ynmwwfzdkYvdkygw,f/ ynmwwfzdkYqdk
A*sDpmay
wmvJ tEkynmac:wJh okckrynmrwwfbJeJU rwwfEdkifyg
bl;? okckrynmomvQif vl&JUobm0tavsmuf jzpfwwf
ay:wwf w J h aysmf j cif ; ? &T i f j cif ; ? 0rf ; ajrmuf j cif ; ? 0rf ;
enf;jcif;? pdww f jkd cif;? om,mMunfE;l jcif; pwJh (Emotions )
ADZpdwfrsm;udk vdkovdk&atmif jyKjyifay;Ekdifygw,f/ 'gh
aMumifh wu,fhynm tqifhtwef; jrifhcsif&if okckrynmjrifh
bdvYk ykd gw,f/ tEkynm&JU oabm[m pdwu f kd vSKy&f mS ;Ekid w
f ,f?
qJGiifEdkifygw,f/ 'ghaMumifhvJ tvuFmqdkif&m tEkynm
(Fine Arts) 0gPdZtEkynm (Commercial Arts) vufrI
tEkynm (Industrial Arts ) qdkvdkY cJGjcm;NyD;? urmrSm
wGifwGifus,fus,fBuD; yef;csDynmudk olUae&meJUol okH;ae
Muygw,f/ uRefawmf 'DtaMumif;udk txl;csJUxGifNyD; tpD
&ifrcHvdkygbl;/ 'gayrJh vlwdkif; yef;csD&JU rIdif;rdaeyHkuav;
awmh xyf N yD ; ajymyg&ap? bmvJ q d k a wmh tvS t yud p
uav;ygbJ? rvScsifwJhvl r&Sdygbl;/ vScsifw,fqdkwmu
0wfrI? pm;rI? aerI? xdkifrI tm;vHk;udk qdkvdkygw,f/ 'Dudptm;
vHk;[m yef;csDtEkynmtm;vHk; ouf0ifaeygw,f/ awG;
Munfh&if ay:ygvdrfhr,f/
'Davmuf ta&;BuD;wJh ynmw&yf[m tcktcg tawmf

bJ wdrfjrKyfaeygw,f/ jyefvnfazmfxkwfzdkY vdkvmygw,f/
azmfxkwfwJh tcgrSmvnf; pepfwus azmfxkwfzdkY vdkyg
w,f/ 'ghaMumifh &nf&G,fcsuf (3) ck xm;ygw,f/ yxr
A*sDpmay
&nf&G,fcsufu a&S;u uRefawmfwdkYrSm &SdcJhwJh yef;csDudkazmf
xk w f z d k Y y gbJ / bmaMumifhvJqdkawmh Armhtavhtx? [ef
trlt&m? Armyef;csDq&m t,ltq? Armhyef;csD0dOmOfawG
ygwJh Armhum;ppfppfjzpfvdkYygbJ/ tcka&;MuwJh um;awG
Munfhr,fqdk&if b,fenf;eJYa&;a&;ArmhtawG;tac:tavh
tx tenf;trsm;uif;uGmaewmawGU&ygw,f/ taemuf
EdkifiH&JU ta&mifeJU "avhxHk;pHawG vTrf;aewmawGU&ygw,f/
tckacwfa&;enf;[m tawmfbJ wdk;wufygw,f/ a&;enf;
b,favmufaumif;aumif;? tajccHoabm uif;uGmae&if
taqmuftOD;aqmufwJhtcg tkwfjrpfrcdkifovdk ysufpD;
vG,frSmygyJ/ tkwfjrpf&SdwJh a&S;vuf&mrsm; awGUEdkifwmu
awmh ausmufpm? aypm ? a&S; bk&m;ykxdk; ? *lausmif;pwJh
ae&mawGrmS ygbJ tJ'Dtkwfjrpfudk azmfxkwfNyD;rSom a&S;jref
rmyef;csDudk rlwnfNyD; acwfjrefrmhyef;csDudk zefwD;zdkUqdkwJh
'kwd,&nf&G,fcsuf xm;ygw,f/ zefw;D wJah e&mrSm wcsKUd u
a&S;a&;enf;twdkif; acwftjzpftysufrsm;udk a&;&if tqifh
twef;jrifhwJh jrefrmhyef;csDjzpfvmr,fvdkY ,HkMunfMuw,f/
'g[m rSefoifhoavmuf rSefygw,f/ tukefrrSefygbl;/
uRefawmf&JU tjrifuawmh 'gavmufeJU rvHkavmufao;bl;
vdkY qdkcsifygw,f/ bmaMumifhvJqdk&if a&S;a&;enf;eJUqdk&if
ta&mifjynfhpHkatmif ryg&Sdwm rsm;ygvdrfhr,f/
'gaMumif h uRef a wmf w d k Y & J U t,l t quawmh jref r m
yD o bd k Y e J U wd k ; wuf w J h yef ; csD u m;jzpf z d k Y [ mu a&S ; tpOf
A*sDpmay
tvmudkrazsmufbJ? acwfeJY avsmfatmif BuHzefbdkYeJU? a&;
enf; taumif;qHk;jzpfbdkY ta&;BuD;w,fvdkY ,lqygw,f/
( Synthesis Old and Modern Art ) jzpfzdkY qdkvdkygw,f/
'DvdkjzpfNyD;&if a&;rJhtaMumif;u tvGefta&;BuD;ygw,f/
atmufusaemufus jzpfaewJh vlxkudk 'DynmeJU zGifhEdkif&yg
vdrfhr,f/ 'DvdkzGifhEkdif&if 'kwd,&nf&G,fcsuf atmifjrifyg
vdrfhr,f/
wwd, &nf&G,fcsufuawmh ta&SUwkdif; taemufwdkif;
yef;csDvdkY rcJGjcm;bJ? yef;csDynmudk "r"d|mefjrifhwifbdkYygbJ?
urmhyef;csDudk rSDEdkifbdkY yg0ifbdkY tvkyfygbJ/ uRefawmfwdkY&JU
wdk;wufwJh yef;csDq&mrsm; a&;&rJh tcsuftvufawG[m
uRefawmfwdkY trsKd;om;wpfOD;eJUom oufqkdifwJh udprjzpfap
&bJ urmt0Srf;eJY oufqkdifrJhudpjzpf&r,f? a&;enf;[mvJ
b,fvlrsKd;rqdk em;vnfEdkifwJh a&;enf;jzpf&r,f/ taMumif;
t&m jzpf&r,f/ 'ghaMumifh yef;csDq&mrsm;? tawmfavh
usifhbdkU vdkygw,f/ txl;ojzifh vl&JU tcsKd;tpm;obm0eJU
avmu taMumif;ygbJ/ xyfwvJvJ tBudrfBudrfa&;rSom
atmifjrifEdkifygw,f/
urmhtqifhtwef;rSD[mvJ a&;enf;[m pdwfudk tck
xufvSKyf&Sm;Ekdifap&ygr,f/ pkwfcsufrsm;[mvJ rao&yg
bl;/ &TifNyD; touf0ifwJh pkwfcsufrsm; jzpf&ygvdrfhr,f/
ta&mifqdk&ifvJ ta&mifpHkpHkvifvif a&m&Suful;oef;yHkrsm;
A*sDpmay
ay:vG i f N yD ; av"gwf y gbd k Y vd k y gw,f / tarS m if t vif ; ?
t&yfta&mif tzGifhtydwf tcsdwftquf rsm;pGmvdkygw,f/
'grS (Form) vdkY qdkwJh tEkynm&JU lyyHko@mef pHk&ygvdrfh
r,f/ 'Dtjyif a&;wJh taMumif;t&mvJ rsm;pGmvdkygw,f}}
pojzifh ajymqdkrdefYMum;cJhbl;ojzifh jrefrmdk;&mrSonf acwf
opf o d k Y [l a om pd w f q E t vQif ay:ayguf c J h & ayonf /
4if;jyif q&maZmf*sD? q&mrif;ok0Pf? q&mEG,fpdk;wdkY\ tqdk
trdefYudk qufvuf emMum;cJhrd&jyefonfrSmvnf; ...
(1) jrefrmrIwGif tu&ma&;jcif;ESifh yef;csDaq;a&;jcif;
twwfESpfrsKd;onf (a&;jcif;) a0g[m&udk okH;pJGyHk
om wlonfr[kwf? vkyfief;ESifh vkyfenf;vnf;
wlavonf/ Oyrm-tu&ma&;&m oHk;pJG&aom
unpf? uefYul? pkwf? acgifwHwdkYudk yef;csDaq;a&;
&mvnf; oH;k onfukd od&onf/ tu&ma&;&moH;k pJG
&aomrif? [oFmjy'g;? a&Tpaom aq;rnfrsm;udk
yef;csDaq;a&;rIvnf; oHk;onfudk od&onf/
wzef yef;csDaq;a&; twwfonfyef;&ef? yef;yk?
yef;wdrf? yef;wOf;? rSefpD? a&Tcsnfxdk; aiGcsnfxdk;p
aomtwwfynmrsm;ESifh vkyfief;t&m vkyfenf;t
&mwdkYwGif rwlaomfjim;vnf; oabmt&mwGifum;
wlonfudkawGU&onf/ Oyrm - yef;&efq&mudkifaom
yef;ykq&mxkaom? yef;wdrfq&mvkyfaom? yef;wOf;
q&moGef;aom? rSefpDq&mpDaom? a&Tcsnfxdk;aiGcsnf
A*sDpmay
xd;k q&mxd;k aom taMumif;t&mudyk if yef;csq D &mu
vnf;a&;wwfonf/
wzefyef;cs?D yef;ykpaom ynmonfwo Ykd nf uacs
onfwdkY\ Zmwf[eftrlt&mwdkYudkxk a&;xkjyKvkyf
wwfMuonfudkvnf; awGU&onf/
wzefjrefrmha&S;dk; yef;csDynmonfwdkYonf t
rsm;tm;jzifh rsOf;ESifhomvQif rdrdwdkY\ tawG;tBuH
udk azmfjydk;&dSonfudk awGU&onf/ yk*H *lausmif;
bk&m;tcsKdUwGif usefao;aom yef;csDaq;a&; um;
rsm; pmtkyfrsm;wGif awGU&aom yef;csDvuf&mrsm;
onf taxmuftxm;rsm;jzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifh jrefrmha&S;dk; yef;csDynmudkjyefvnf
azmfxkwfvdkvQif (1) tu&ma&;enf;? (2) yef;&ef
yef;ykq&mwdkY\enf; (3) uacsonfwdkY\ [eftrlt
&m? (4) a&S;yef;csDq&mwdkY\ rsOf;a&;aq;jc,fenf;?
(5) jrefrmhAdokumvuf&mwdkYudk tav;jyK*kpdkufNyD;
vQif yef;csDq&mwdkYavhvm a&;qJGoifhMuayonf[k
qdkMuygonf/
wGif uRefawmfwdkYwGif jrefrmhdk;&myef;csD [efopf&SmyHk
awmfta&;wGif pdwftm;opf tm;rmefrsm; wuf<uzHGUNzdK;vm
um....
A*sDpmay
uJhodkY q&mBuD;rsm;\ rdefYqdkcsufoGefoifnTefMum;jyorI
rsm;udk OD;xdyfyefqifum tdEd,jynfEdkifiHawmftpdk;&\aus;
Zl;jzifh a&S;tdEd,,Ofaus;rIrsm; xGef;um;ay:xGuf&ma'
orsm;odkY avhvma&;c&D;xGufcJhNyD;onfh aemuf tjyefwGif
uRefawmfwdkYEdkifiHtwGif;rS jrefrmhdk;&mtEkynm xGef;um;
aomae&m tESHUtjym;wdkUodkY EdkifiHawmftpdk;& p&dwfrsm;jzifh
qufvuf avhvmc&D;xGuf&if; ta&SUwdkif;yef;csDqdkif&m t
Ekynm taMumif;t&mwdkYudk q&mtoD;oD;wdkYxHrS ynma&
Ed k Y a omuf p d k Y c J h & ygojzif h omref d k ; d k ; t&yf o m;rsm; em;
vnfoabmaygufatmif BudK;pm;a&;om;azmfjy vdkuf&
jcif;rQomjzpfygaMumif;/
xk d Y a Mumif h ? pmtk y f u av;onf tif r wef e uf e J v S
aomordkif; pmtkyfrsKd;r[kwfbJ jrefrmhdk;&m yef;csDtEkynm
jyefvnfqef;opfa&; pdwfyg0ifpm;rdMuaom uRefawmfwdkY
jrefrmvli,fwdkY twGufvnf; avhvmzwfIEdkifMuap&ef t
xl;&nfnTef;rdygaMumif;? udpwGif pdwfyg0ifpm;Muaom
rnfonfhyk*KdvfrsKd;udkrqdk vdkwmudkjznfhpGwf rvdkwmudky,f
zsufEdkif&ef wifjyaqG;aEG;csufrsm;udk dk;om;pGm vufcHyg
rnfhtaMumif; yefMum;tyfygonf/
av;pm;pG m jzif h
A*sD a tmif p d k ;
A*sDpmay
tud k Y t wG u f tEk y nmpmwapmif
ajrcspfol
(armf'efw&m;udk cHpm;oHk;oyfjcif;)
tudk
El ; nH h p d k a t;wJ h rd k ; n&J U ud k , f e H U uav;[m yif h o uf
uav;awGcsaebdkYyJ aumif;vSygw,f/ 'DvdkcspfcifESpfouf
zG,f vGrf;armwozG,f rdk;nwdkif;rSm uRefawmfwdkY tudkeJU
aqG;aEG;cJh&wJh twdwfrdk;na[mif;av;awGudk jyefajymif;
owd&aepNrJygtudk 'DnvJrdk;oufavuav; cyfrIefrIef&JU
cHkrifp&m cHpm;rI&ifcGifrSm tEkynmtaMumif;awG uRef
awmf wdkY aqG;aEG;jzpfMujyefw,f/ pHkwumaphatmif uRef
awmfwdkY ajymaewJhtxJrSm armf'efyef;csDtaMumif;? txl;
ojzifh armf'efyef;csDrSm obm0 tcef;u@taMumif;awG
A*sDpmay
ygw,ftudk uRefawmfwdkY ajymjzpfMuwmudk uRefawmfjyef
ajymyghr,ftudk/
uRefawmfwdkY ajymMuwmu (N a t u r e ) ac:wJh yuwd
obm0&JU trSefw&m;eJU twfac:wJh tEkynm&JU trSef
w&m;wdkY[m wpfckESifhwpfck o[mZmwusatmif jyKrlMu&if;
wpfck&JU wefbdk;udkvJ wpfcku xdef;uGyfjznfhpGufay;wwfwJh
oabmygyJtudk wpfenf;ajym&if obm0&JU obm0eJY tEk
ynm&JU obm0[m tcsif;csif; tjyeftvSef aqmufwnf
ay;MuyHkudkygtudk/ tify&uf&Sif;epfawG&JU apmapmydkif;
umvwkef;uawmh 'Dudp[m tawmf awG;aecJhygw,f/
tEkynm&JU tESpfom&eJY jrifrIqdkif&m obm0&JU tESpfom&
'DESpfckeJY ywfoufwJh zGifhqdkcsuftcsif;csif;[mvJ wla,mif
a,mif? rwla,mifa,mif jzpfaecJhygw,f/ tvif;aA'
(Optic) qdkif&m jy|mef;csufawGeJU pnf;jcm;&ifjzifh jzpfEdkif
aumif ; &J U vd k U vJ BuD ; BuD ; us,f u s,f awG ; cJ h M uygw,f /
aemufydkif;usawmh obm0w&m;&JU obm0ujzifh ra0
0g;bl;/ tEkynm&JU obm0uom axGjym;wmqdkNyD; tEk
ynm&JU obm0bufukd wpfzufowfzv d u
kd Mf ujyefa&m 'Dxuf
'D a emuf y d k i f ; usrS o m tEk y nm&J U aqmuf w nf r I u d k a &m
obm0w&m;&JU aqmufwnfrIudkyg qwl wef;bdk;xm;NyD;
avhvm vdkufpm;cJhMujyefwm r[kwfvm;tudk/
tify&uf&Sif;epfawGeJU tvif;aA'tay:rSm tm;jyKrI
awG taemufwdkif; kyfpHktEkynm&JU tpOftvmtkwfjrpf
A*sDpmay
[m kyv f ;kH yef;yk (Sculptural ) oabmrSm ZmwfjrKyw f ,fvYkd
cH,lxm;wmawG? 'gawGudk yxrqHk;ta&;rpdkufyJ zDvmjyK
vdkufwmuawmh usLbpfZif; (Cubism) yJvdkY tudk cPcP
ajymbl;w,f/ 'gudkbJ uRefawmfwdkY nu xyfajymaerdMu
jyefw,f udka&U/
usLbpfZif;[m toGifo@mefawG&JU ESpfzufjriftvSudk
oHk;bufjrifb0 &atmif vkyfcJholygyJ? tJovdkb0xkuav;
wck arG ; ay;&mrS usLbpf Z if ; [m tif y &uf & S i f ; epf a wG
udik w
f ,
G cf w hJ hJ tvif; (Light ) qdw k meJY tvif;qkid &f moabm
qdkwmawGudk bmrS odyfajymraebJeJU arG;vdkufwmygtudk
tJ o vd k bmrS r ajymayrJ h usLbpf Z if ; [m k y f x k k y f < u
buf u Munf h & if v J uH k v k H j ynf h 0 NyD ; om; jzpf a ecJ h y gw,f /
'Dxufta&;ygwmu usLbpfZif;[m tjriftmkHeJY zrf;
,lvdkYr&Edkifwm rSeforQudkvnf; bmurS ra&;jc,fcJhjcif;
ygyJ ? tud k a jymcJ h o vd k y J usLbpf Z if ; [m ur m h k y f 0 w K
ypnf;awGtm;vHk;&JU rsufESmjyifawG tom;vTmawGudk wppD
cGmcsvdkufNyD; tJ'Dtom;vTm (Skin) awGudk yef;csDum;
jyifnD&JU tjyefYtay:rSm wom;wnf; jym;vdkuf wifjyvdkuf
wmygbJ / 'D v d k e J U k y f p H k t Ek y nm[m tjrif t mk H ouf
a&mufEdkifpGrf; &SdorQ e,fy,ftwGif;rSm cdkifrmuspfvpf
vmcJ h k H r u xd a wG U prf ; oyf E d k i f r I ( Tactile ) qd k w meJ Y
ywfoufvm&if ESpfaygif; ig;&meD;yg; usD;vefYpmpm;armf
armfMunfhaecJh&wJh kyfvHk;yef;ykawG&JU MoZm&dyfBuD;udkvJ
A*sDpmay
taemufyef;csD tEkynmom arhEdkifpGrf; &Sdvmwmr[kwf
vm;tudk? vl&JU jrifvTm (Retina) rSm t&dyfrxifEdkifwJh
tkyfrJh [if;vif;jyifu tm;aysmYcsdeJUwJh pdwful;kyfyHkrSef
orQudkvJ usLbpfZif;[m pGefUcGmcJhw,fwJh tudk/
rdk;n&JU vGwfvyfrI[m ydkNyD;us,fajymvmwmeJU trQ
uRefawmfwdkU&JU aqG;aEG;0dkif;uav;[mvJ ydkvdkUpnfyifvmcJh
ygw,f/ ywf0ef;usifrSm rdk;pufuav;awG a<uaewJh toHudk
awmif uRefawmfwdkU trIrxm;Edkiftm;ygbl;/
pdwZyef;csDvdkU ac:aeMuwJh (Abstract Art )b0udk
ckvdk twnfhtvif; jzpfjzpfajrmufajrmufa&mufvmwmeJU
trQ ]]kyfyHkawG&JU [mwdae&m? yuwdceqdkwm r&Sdawmh
bl;/ pHkkyfvHk;yHk (Model ) taeeJUvJ b,f[mudkrS rjyEdkif
awmhbl;/ tajc ajymif;jyMum;pHEIef;awGom &Sdawmhw,f}}
qdkNyD; obm0w&m;bufuvdkvdkeJU ajymwJhvlawG ay:vm
ygw,f/ 'g[m obm0&JU tEky#daomr*dwm*udk raus
nufvdkY ajymwmvm;? rjrif&JvdkY ajymwmvm;awmh rod
bl;/ tudkajymovdkygbJ? tJ'Dyef;csDw&m;uawmh obm0
ususbJ qufpD;aecJhygw,ftudk? b&uf (Braque) eJY yDum
qdk (Picasso) wdkY[m 0dkift&ufcGufudk a&S;dk;BuD;twdkif; yHkwl
ul;rqJGMubJ ]]obm0w&m;[m a'gifvdkuf (Vertical) udk
a&SmufwwfyD; tvsm;vdkuf (Horizontal) udkom oGm;wwf
w,f}} qdkwJh obm0&JU obm0udk vuf&if;xm;NyD; 'g&JU
A*sDpmay
22 w A*sDatmifpdk;
rsKd;wl qifuJG (Analogy) udk yef;csDrSm xnfhqJGcJhygw,f/
tJovdkobm0&JU yuwdoabmawGudk tEkynmrSm tjyefY
tESHUcH,lwmu wbufodyHynmbufjcrf;u cHpm;wkefYjyefrI
(Sensibility) enf;opfawGeUJ vnf; csuu f u
kd v
f ufuukd f jzpfchJ
yga&mhvm; tudk/
wu,fawmh t&ifht&ifa&S;q&mBuD;rsm;[m kyfvHk;
yef;yk(Scuptural) &JU[efawGudk olwdkY&JU yef;csDum;awGrSm
vufrvTwf&Jwm[mvJ ,kwduswJhtaMumif;awmh &Sdygvdrfh
r,ftudk? bmbJajymajym yef;yk[mokkyfrSef (Realism) o
abmudk jrifapw,fvdkY ,lqxm;wmvJygr,f/ NyD;awmh tJ'D
tv,facwfvGefumv&JU tjrifrSm ]][if;vif;jyif (Space)
[lonfus,fajym vyf[maome,fy,f? tMunfhcH0wKt
qJGcH0wK (Object) rsm;onf xdkr&Sde,fy,ftwGif;u t&Sd
ae&mrsm;}} vdkY pJGNrJrSwfydkufxm;wmudk tudk&JU? tJ'DrSmwif
acwfopfyef;csDeJU t,ltqa&;&m uGmoGm;NyDaygh? acwfopf
yef;csDrSmu [if;vif;jyifqdkwm jywfrJhwmBuD; (Continum)
tpOftwef;BuD;yJ 'DtmkHpOfwef;BuD;udk tqJGcH tMunfhcH
0wKrsm;uajymif;apw,f? auG;apw,f? 'gayrJh'Dvdkajymif;
apwm? auG;apwm[m 'DtpOfwef;BuD;udk jzwfypfvdkuf
wmr[kwfbl;? bmaMumifhvJqdkawmh 'DtMunfhcH? tqJGcH?
tqJGcH0wKrsm;udk,fu [if;vif;jyifBuD;&JU tajymif;tawG;
ay:rlwnfNyD; jzpfwnf&vdkYygw,f? [if;vif;jyifeJU tMunfhcH
A*sDpmay
dk;&mrSonfa acwfopfodkY w 23
tqJGcH0wKwdkY[m acwfopfyef;csD&JUtjrifrSm 'Dvdktnrn
oGm;aeMuwm r[kwfvm;tudk/
'Dae&mrSmtudk p ae aemufaeavh&SdwJh yef;ykq&mav;
u0ifjznfah jymygw,ftud/k tJ'u D tjywfru hJ if;wJh [if;vif;
jyifqdkwJh tpOfwef;BuD;[m t&m0wK (Thiugs) tcsif;
csif;udkaygif;pyf ay;w,f csKyfoDay;w,fwJh olUudkxdawGU
bdkYrvG,fayrJh jrifodbdkUawmhvG,fygw,f/ [kwfygw,ft
udk? 'gudktm;vHk;ubJ vufcHMuygw,f/ wenf;ajym&&if
t&m0wKawGudk qufay;w,fqdkwJh [if;vif;jyifBuD;[m
aemufq;kH olu, kd w
f ikd b
f J tqJcG pH ak ygif;j'yfBu;D (Total object)
jzpfoGm;NyD; pdwZyef;csD (Abstract Painting) uzrf;udkifjc,f
a&;bdkY BudK;pm;wmvJ tJ'D[if;vif;jyifqdkwJh pkaygif;j'yf
BuD;tvHk;pHk j'yfBuD;r[kwfvm;tudk/
tify&uf&Sif;epf awGudk,fwdkifvJ [if;vif;jyifeJU ywf
oufwJh 'Dtjrif? 'Dt,lrsKd; r&Sdbl;rajymEdkifygbl; tudk? bm
aMumifhvJqdkawmh olwdkYum;awG&JU ta&mif,ufvkyfrIrSm 'Do
abmawGaqmifaewm awGU&wwfvdkYygbJ? yef;csDum;rsuf
ESmjyifwpfckvHk;u t&m0wKawG[m nDnGwfrQwwJh ajyjypfrI
rsKd;eJU uspfvpfpkpnf; aeMuygw,f/ 'DajyjypfnDnGwfwJh kyf
0wKawG&UJ rsuEf mS jyifaMumifh Munfo h [
l mavxJu ta&mifqkd
wJh xif&aom e,fy,fudkaumif;pGm azmufxGif; EkdifcJhw,f
r[kwfvm;tudk? t&ifa&S;vuf&mrsm;rSmawmh 'De,fy,f[m
A*sDpmay
24 w A*sDatmifpdk;
Munfholudk yef;csDum;ay:u wifjyrIypnf;awGeJU tvSrf;
uGma0;apcJhygw,f/ tJ...okyfcJGusLbpfZif; (Analytical
Cubism) tqifhusawmh t&m0wKawG&JUae&m[m ydkNyD; wd
usoGm;ygNyD? olwdkYudkMunfh&if olwdkY[mywf0ef;usif [if;
vif;jyifxJudk wpfsckcsif; cJG0ifoGm;vdkufMu NyD;awmh pkNyD;jyef
xGufvmvdkufMuqdkwJh oabmudk jrifae&ygw,f/ aemuf
qHk;rawmhrsufESmjyif (Surface) BuD;wpfckvHk;onfomvQif
yHkao trmcJBuD;jzpfoGm;NyD; um;&JUrsufESmjyifeJU Munfhol&JU
jzefYusufrqHk;wJh tjrife,fy,f (Visual Field) wdkY[moGm;
NyD; wxyfwnf;jzpfaeawmhwmayhg? 'Dawmh kyf0wKawGeJU
'DrsufESmjyefudktpu kkyfpHk[if;vif;jyif (Pictorial Space)&JU
nDnGwfrIoabmtjzpfeJYjrifae&mu tckawmhtjriftpOf
wef; (V.sual Continum) &JU nDnw G rf o
I abmtjzpfeuYJ Reaf wmf
wdkY ydkrdkjrifvmcJhygw,f/ 'DtcgrSm tkyfum;jyifwckvHk;onf
tjriftmkH tvkH;pHkudk xyf[yfxm;jcif; qdkwma&m? tkyf
um;jyifBuD;udk tMunfhcHkyf0wKBuD; wckwnf;tjzpf owf
rSwfxm;&if; xdkkyf0wKBuD;onf [if;vif;jyifqdkaom kyf
0wKBuD;omjzpfonf qdkwmudkygodvdkY vmcJhygw,ftudk?
'Denf;tm;jzifh tEkynmeJY obm0w&m;wdkY[m wckeJYwck
o[Zmwusatmif ajyjypfacsm rGwfatmif qufqHxdef;
uGyfvmcJhMuw,f/ 'g[mjzifh acwfopfyef;csDeJU obm0
w&m;wdkY&JU tnrn a&GUvsm;rIw&m;jzpfw,fvdkY uRefawmf
jrifygw,ftudk/
A*sDpmay
'g[mobm0azmfrIeJY ywfoufvdkY usLbpfZif;uwqifh
pdwZyef;csDac:wJh (Abstract Art) udk vufqifhurf; ay;
vdkufwJhtarGygbJ/ pdwZyef;csD[m'Dwm0ef 'DtarGawGudkr
xrf;&GufEdkifbl;? aemufqHk; tify&uf&Sif;epf awGavmufrS
raz:jyEkdifbl;qdk&if obm0&JU nDnGwfrIeJY aygif;pnf;rIt
ajccH ed,mrBuD;udk em;rvnf&musrSmbJ? olU&JU tEkynm
[mvJ wefqmqifrGef;rHrI (decoration) tqifhavmufom
&SdNyD; tudkajymavh&Sdovdk obm0rygvdkY av;rSmr[kwf
bl;?aygh&Syf BuHKvSDaersmyg? wu,fvdkYrsm; 'DwefqmqifrI
oufoufavmufrSmbJ &yfwnfoGm;r,fqdk&ifawmh tEky#d
avmrkyfobm0 tk#fjrpfrJhwJh ]wefbdk;ysuftEkynm} w
&yftaeeJY vlxk&JU pGefYypfrIudkcH&vdrfhr,f 'DvdkbJuRefawmfwdkY
awmh aumufcsufcsvdkufrdMuygw,f/ 'g[mjzifh nuuRef
awmfwdkYtm;vHk;&JU aemufqHk;&ifcHkoHygbJtudk/
rdk;n[m wpxufwpodyfonf;us,f0ef;vmjyefygw,f/
rJarSmifeufIdif;vmygw,f? uRefawmfwdkY[m va&mifrjyuf
Mu,fa&mifrvufwJh aumif;uif&JUrsufESmudkMunfhNyD; NydKifwl
NyH K ;rd M uygw,f / [k w f w ,f ? uRef a wmf w d k Y & J U tNyH K ;[m
auseyfwJhtNyHK;...ayghyg;oGm;wJhtNyHK;...MunfEl;vef;qef;
NyHK;...tEkynmNyHK;.../
tudk&Tifvef;csrf;ajrhygap
tudkUnd
ajrcspfol
A*sDpmay
26 w A*sDatmifpdk;
nDESifhtjcm;aom nDi,frsm;twGuf pmwtkyf

tudkYnDajrcspfol -
nDav;&JU tEkynmpmwapmifeJYawmh tudkwdkY&JU qdkvdk
&if ; t"d y m ,f u d k tjcm;tjcm;aom nD i ,f r sm; oabm
aygufcsifrS aygufMur,f/
'gaMumifh ydkrdkvdkY &Sif;vif;wifjycsifwmeJY 'D ]dk;&mrS
onfacwfopfodkY} qdkwJh pmtkyfudk tudkY ]]AcsDpmay}} ubJ
a&;om;xkwfa0vdkufygw,f/
'Dwtkyfuawmh wufued (vufawGUtwwfynmydkif;)
qdkif&mawmh r[kwfao;ygbl;/ tawG;tac:ydkif;&JU ordkif;
aMumif; tenf;tusOf;av;rQomjzpfaMumif;udkvJ tudk0ef
cHygw,f/ tudkt&ifu a&;om;cJhbl;wJh r*Zif;awGxJu
aqmif ; yg;av;rsm;ud k y g pk a ygif ; xnf h o G i f ; az:jyxm;yg
w,f/
tJ ' gud k nD a v;wd k Y zwf I N yD ; awmh tjcm;tjcm;aom
nDi,frsm;ESifhtwl aqG;aEG;a0zefrIudk tudkvufcHyghr,f/
A*sDpmay
rSm;wmyg&ifvJ jyifqifyghr,f/ jznfhpGwfoifhwmudk jznfhpGuf
ay;EdkifMuygw,fqdkwmudk arwm&yfcH&if;... 21 &mpkodkY
(odyH? twwfynm? tEkynm oHk;rsKd;udk yl;aygif;
21&mpk tEkynmvrf;aMumif;0,f twl,SOfwGJ csDwuf
MuygpdkY)
vli,fyef;csDq&mwdkif;udk
cifrifav;pm;aom tudk
AcsD a tmif p d k ;
A*sDpmay
28 w A*sDatmifpdk;
trSwf (1) dk;&myef;csD

ta&SUurmwvTm;wGif aomfvnf;aumif;? taemuf
urmwGif aomfvnf;aumif;? yef;csDavmuwGif
(Traditional) d;k &m yef;csED iS hf (Non - traditional) d;k &m vGef
yef;csDtydkif;[l u@ydkif; cJGjcm; &Edkifygonf/
ESpfrsKd;ESpfpm;vHk;yif pdwf0ifpm;bG,f&m aumif;vSyg onf/
usaemh taeESifhvnf; ESpfrsKd;pvHk;udk ESpfcsKduf vufvSrf;
rSDoavmuf ESpfrsKd;pvHk;udk avhvmrdyg\/
dk;&mvGef yef;csDoabmrSm awmfvSefaom tawG;tac:
rsm;? vGwfvyfpGm pOf;pm;a&;qJGaom oabmrsm;? yk*vdu
t,ltqrsm; jyif;xefwwf a&;enf;a&;[ef? a&;p&m
taMumif;rsm;rSmvnf; rsm;jym;axGjym;vSojzifh usaemf
wrifcsefvSyf xm;cJh&NyD; dk;&myef;csDtaMumif;avmuf om
a&;om;vdkygonf/ tb,fhaMumifh cifAsm;dk;&m yef; csDudk
a&;om;vd k o enf ; [k q&mwpf a ,muf u usaemh u d k
ar;vmcJhaomf ]]vlwdkif;ESifh eD;pyfvdkYygcifAsm}} [kom ajz
A*sDpmay
Mum;vdkygonf/ taMumif;rlum; dk;&myef;csDonf omref
jynfolwdkY\ todkif;t0ef;rS xGufay:vmaom vlwdkif;
twGuf zefwD;rI tEkynm ypnf;jzpf jzpf ygonf/
(A traditional art is the creative expression of a society)
&Sif;pGmqdk&vQif dk;&myef;csDonf dk;om;onf? vlwdkif;ESifh
qdkifonf? vlrsKd;udk udk ,fpm;jyKonf/ *syefjynfrSmqdkvQif
*syefdk;&m yef;csD? w&kwfjynfrSmqdkvQif wkwfdk;&myef;csD?
jrefrmjynfrSmqdkvQif jrefrmhdk;&myef;csD&SdouJhodkY urmay:&Sd
wdkif;jynftoD;oD;wGif rdrdwdkY vlrsKd; bmompdkuf tvdkuf
dk;&mrsm; tcdkiftrm &SdMuavonf/
dk;&myef;csDonf vlrsKd;\ ,Ofaus;rItpOfBuD;ESifh wom;
wnf;ygvmNyD;? wdkif;jynf\ a&ajrobm0 bmomtawG;
tac:wdkY\ taiGUtoufrsm;jzifh xHkrTrf; aeayonf/
xdkYjyif dk;&myef;csDonf vufrI twwfynm (Crafts
manship) ESifhvnf; uif;uGm r&ay/
xdkYaMumifhvnf; dk;&myef;csDonf (Art) tEkynmESifh
(Crafts) vufrIynmESpfrsKd; aygif;pyfxm;jcif;[k qdkMu
ayonf/
pifppf (Traditional) dk;&m[k qdk&m yef;csD ? yef;yk? Adok
umwdkYudk yl;wJGawGUjrifwwfbdkYvnf; vdkygonf/
a&S;a&S;tcgu qdkvQif twwfoHk;rsKd;pvHk;udk dk;&m
orm;wdkif;u wwfuRrf;avh&Sdygonf/ dk;&mjrwfEdk;olwdkY
A*sDpmay
30 w A*sDatmifpdk;
onf toufti,fq;kH aom vlwikd ;f oH;k pGaJ eonfh yef;uefcu G f
a,mufrsm;rS tp ? tBuD;us,fqHk;aom taqmuftOD;
rsm;txdjyKvkyf zefwD;Mu&m ESvHk;om;u tEkynmap
wem tjynfht0 cGeftm;&Sdaeygonf/ bmomw&m; udk;uG,f
,HMk unfrI apwemxufoefojl zpfNy;D bmomw&m;\ wefc;kd
awmfteE (Spritual and the power of divine) pdwf
ydkif;qdkif&m ,HkMunfrIrsm;jzifh tvkyfvkyfoGm;Mu&ygonf/
xdkYtwGuf ESvHk;om;u apwemaMumifh OmPfqef;Mu,f
&ygonf/ OmPfqef;Mu,fojzifhvnf; uHqef;Mu,fonf
[k dk;&morm;wdkYqdkdk;&Sdygonf/
dk;&myef;csDonf urmOD;tp a&S;ya0oPD ESpfaygif;
ajrmufrsm;pGm *latmif;vlrsm;&SdpOfuyif vufqifhurf;vm
aom oabmudkaqmifygonf/
( Prmitive Man) aS ; ausmuf e H & H r sm;ay:wG i f a &;qG J
cJ h a om yef ; csD r sm;? xd k v l r sm;xk v k y f c J h a om yef ; yk r sm;ud k
avhvmygu dk;&m\oabmudk awGUSdEdkifayrnf/
4if;wdUk ,HMk unfu;kd uG,&f mtaejzifh wefc;kd awmfiS rf sm;?
ewfrsm; ponfwdkU\ yHkyef;o@mefudk oauFw trsdK;rsdK;
xkvkyf udk;uG,fxm;Muonfudk4if; odkUwnf;r[kwf 4if;wdkUaeY
pOf zrf;qD;pm;aomufMuaom om;dkif;wd&dpmefwdkU\ yHk
oPmef trsdK;rsdK;udk ,ckacwfaq;pD&ifonfh oabmrsKd;jzifh
,Mwmacs"gwf d k u f b d ouJ h o d k Y ausmuf e H & H r sm;ay:wG i f
A*sDpmay
a&;qJGxm;cJhMuonfrsm;udk awGUjrifjcif;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;
(Tradition Art) dk;&myef;csDonfvnf;aumif; (Primitive
Art ) ESihf (Magic) wdoYk nf a&S;vlw\Ykd yef;csrD S tpjyKvmonf
[k qdkEdkifayrnf/
wGif dk;&myef;csD (Symbolism) oauFw oabm
trsm;qHk;yg0ifvsuf&Sdonfudkvnf; uRefawmfwdkY owdjyK&
ayvdrfhrnf/
xkdYjyif dk;&myef;csD apmifhpnf;tyfonfh abmifrsm;?
pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;? jy|mef;csufrsm; owfowfrSwfrSwf&Sd
onfudkvnf; awGU&ayonf/ tawG;opf tjrifopform;
rsm;twGufrl tcsufonf rsm;pGmrS zDvmusaeayonf/
dk;&myef;csDq&monf obm0udkavhvmonf? obm0
rS em,lonf? qnf;yl;onf/ odkY&mwGif obm0udk yHkwlul;
csjcif;r[kwfyJ? yef;csDq&m\ pdwfwGif xif[yf vmonfh
cHpm;rI tmkHkyfudk tEkynm oabm ouf0ifvmatmif
oauFwrsm;jzifh wifjya&;qJGavh&Sdygonf/
odkY wifjy&m rdrdvlrsKd;? rdrdywf0ef;usif? rdrdbmom
"avhxHk;wrf;rS jy|mef;xm;aom taiGUtouf? taoG;
ta&mif tuGefYtnGefY t,ltqwdkYjzifh a0qmaeatmif
wifjyjcif; jzpfayonf/
wdkif;jcm;ESifh tquftoG,frsm;vmaom ,aeY EdkifiH
wumwGif d;k &myef;cspd ifppfw\Ykd ae&mrSm wpwpEGr;f e,fae
A*sDpmay
32 w A*sDatmifpdk;
ayonf/ Oyrm a&S;u *syefdk;&myef;csD[k qdkvQif jrifkHrQESifh
*syefyef;csD[k odEdkifcJhaomfvnf; ,ck wjznf;jznf; taemuf
,Ofaus;rI tjzmjzmwd\ Yk vTr;f rd;k jcif;? wpfp wpfp cHpm;&aom
tcgwG i f taemuf w d k i f ; [ef r sm;om *syef y ef ; csD u m;
rsm;wGif awGU&wwfNyD;? *syefyef;csDum;rsm;[l qdk&efcuf
cJ vmacsNyD/
enf;ESifESif wdkif;jynftoD;oD;wdkYwGifvnf; rdrdwdkYdk;&m
,Ofaus;rI"avhrsm;rSm ysufjym;pjyKvmwdkif;? wdkif;wpfyg;\
,Ofaus;rIrsm; vTrf;rdk;jcif;udk cH&vsuf&Sdonfudk awGUjrifEdkif
ayonf/
a&S;acwfESifh ,ckacwfvnf; rwlEdkifyg/ a&S;vlrsm;onf
rdrdaexdkif&m wdkif;jynf\ jy,*fvuPmrsm; jzpfMuaomf
vnf ; ,ck a cwf o nf rd r d b mvl r sKd ; qd k o nf u d k rd r d u d k , f
wdkif rajymEdkifaom acwfyifjzpfonf./
rnfodkYyifjzpfap dk;&myef;csD? dk;&mtEknmudk jrwfEdk;
olrsm;url rsKd;cspfpdwfjzifh tepfemcH xdef;odrf;oGm;aeMu
rnf[k xifygonf/
jrefrmhdk;&myef;csDudk pdwf0ifpm;rdolrsm;twGuf vrf;dk;
a[mif;wGif qifhumxGif qdkbdouJhodkY acwfESifh ,SOfaom
tawG ; tac:jzif h d k ; &mud k avh v mEd k i f M uap&ef tcsuf
tcsKdUudk wifjy&ayonf/
A*sDpmay
jrefrmhdk;&m yef;csDudk avhvm&mwGif
(u) a&S;q&mwdkY\ tu&ma&;enf;/
(c) a&S;q&mwdkY\ rsOf;a&;aq;jc,fenf;/
xdkYjyif uacsonfwdkY\ [eftrlt&mrsm;ESifh a&S;yef;&H?
yef;ykq&mwdkY\ enf;rsm;udkyg twk,lavhvm&ygonf/
avhusifhcef;rsm;taejzifhvnf; vlkyfyHk (trsKd;tpm;) udk
ususee avhvm&ayonf/ jrefrmonf jrefrmtcsKd; a&S;
uyif &S d y gonf / Oyrm rsuf E S m qd k v Qif rsuf E S m w0uf ?
abmif;w0ufqdkuJhodkYyif jzpfNyD; ? qHxHk; t0wftpm; toHk;
taqmifrsm;rS p tajccHAdokum ynm&yfrsm;udkyg avh
usifhcef;,l vuf[ef ? ajc[ef ? trlt&m trsKd;rsKd; udk,f
[efaexm;rsm;yg tao;pdwfavhvm&ygonf/
4if;jyif a& ? ajr? av? rD;? "mwfBuD; av;yg;wdkYjzifh
zJGUpnf;xm;tyfaom a&ajrawmawmif? opfyif yef;yif
rsm;onf ol U rl E S i f h o l & S d a eojzif h avh v m qnf ; yl ; tyf y g
onf/
jrefrm'DZdkif;rsm;udkrl -
(1) ausmufpm
(2) aypm
(3) ,Gef;xnf
(4) rSefpDa&Tcs
(5) yef;wdrf? yef;wOf;
(6) yef;yk
A*sDpmay
34 w A*sDatmifpdk;
(7) yef;&H
(8) a&T c snf ? aiG c snf x d k ; tEk y nmwd k Y w G i f avh v m
Edkifayonf/ Zmwfedygwfawmf? &mZ0ifwdkYrS tp ? ,if;wdkYESifh
pyfvsOf;aom xD;oHk; ? eef;oHk;[efrsm;udkvnf; ywfywf
eyfeyf avhvmtyfayonf/ xdkYjyif [efopfudk wnfaxmif
&ef [efa[mif;udk &SmazGavhvm pdppfMu&avonf/ xdkdokdY
&SmazGavhvm pdppfMuaomtcg yk*HjynfrS aq;a&;um;
rsm;? rEav;acwfqDu qif;oufvmaom yk&ydk'fjzLrsm;
wGif &Sdonfh rSifa&;tkyf? aq;a&;tkyfrsm; ,Gef;xnf
trsKd;rsKd;wGifyg&Sdaom aus;iSufwd&pmefrSp Zmwfedygwf
kyfpHkrsm; wefaqmif;jy'fwdkYwGif xkvkyfqif,ifxm;aom
yef;qJGyef;awmif twGefYtwufu Ekwfcsufrsm; ponfwdkYudk
tvG,fwulyif awGU& jrif&avonf/ tqdkyg a&S;uvuf
&mtppfrsm;ESifh a&S;vuf&mppfrS aygufyGm;vmaom tpOf
tvmraysmufuG,fao;onfh vuf&mrsm;udk tajcjyKum
trsKd;om; [efopfudkwnfaxmifvQif jzpfEdkifbG,ftaMumif;
&Sdonf[k ynmonfrsm;u ,HkMunf udk;pm;Muavonf/
odkY,HkMunfudk;pm;Muonftwdkif;vnf; yef;csDum;trsm;udk
trsKd;om; yef;csD[efopftjzpfESifh a&;qJGNyD; a&;qJGqJ? a&;
qJGvwHUjzpfonfudk awGU&ayonf/ trsKd;om;wdkY tm;&ESpf
oufzG,f udpBuD;w&yfaywnf;/
t&mwGif ta&SUwdkif; ,Ofaus;rI tEkynm&yfBuD;
rsm; ul;vl; qufoG,f aygufyGm;ysHUESHUcJhaom ordkif;udk
A*sDpmay
oHk;oyfoifhayonf/ tdEd, ,Ofaus;rItEkynm&yf trsKd;
rsKd;onf ajrmufodkYvm;aomf wdAufjynf? ygupwefjynf?
rGef*dkvD;&m;jynfwdkYodkY4if;? ta&SUodkYvm;aomf? w&kwfjynf?
*syefjynf? udk&D;,m;jynf ? jrefrmjynf ? ,dk;',m;jynf?
uarmZjynf? tif'dkeD;&Sm;uRef;pkrsm;odkY4if;? awmifodkYvm;
aomf oD[dk|fuRef;odkY4if; ysHUESHUoGm;cJhNyD;/ wzef wkwfjynf
rsm;rS tEkynm&yfrsm;udk tdEd,om;rsm;u jyefvnfxl
axmif,lMu wdkwao avhvmvdkufpm; jyKpkMujyefonf
udkvnf; awGU&onf/
4if;aemuf Oa&mywdkufom;rsm; ta&SUjynfodkYvma&muf
tkyfpdk;MuaomtcgwGifrl NAdwdoQ ,Ofaus;rI tEkynm&yf
tenf;i,fonf tdEd,jynf? jrefrmjynf oD[dk|fuRef;? yoQL;
uRef;qG,fwdkYodkY ul;vmvTrf;rdk;avonf/ jyifopf tEkynm
onf jyifopfydkif tif'dkcsKdif;em;udk vTrf;rdk;onf/ 'wfcsf
vlrsKd;wdkY\ ,Ofaus;rI tEkynmonf tif'dkeD;&Sm;uRef;pk
rsm;udk vTrf;rdk;onf/ xdkodkY tdEd, tEkynm Oa&my tEk
ynmrsm; 0ifa&mufvTrf;rdk;cdkufwGif wdkif;&if;om; rddk;zvm
tEkynm &yfBuD;rsm;rSm uG,fywdrf aumoGm;&ravmuf
cHvdkufMuayonf/ xdkodkY wkdif;&if;om; tEkynm &yfrsm;
wdkif;&if;jynf&if;wGif wdrfaum&ravmuf cHae&cdkufwGif
Oa&mywdkufom; yef;csDynm&Sif tcsKdUonf wkwfyef;csD?
*syefyef;csDwdkYudk avhvmMuum olwdkY\ Oa&my tEkynm
vuf&mwdkYwGif ta&SUwdkif;tm&Svuf&mwdkYudk BudK;Mum; BudK;
A*sDpmay
36 w A*sDatmifpdk;
Mum; xnfhoGif;um vuf&mopfudk zefwD;Muonf/ Oa&my
wdkuf rsufarSmufacwf yef;csDum;rsm;udkavhvmvQif ta&SU
wdkif; tEkynmESifh tvGefeD;pyfonfudk awGU& ta&SUwdkif;
tEkynm\ tawG;tac: t,ltqrsKd;udkvnf; trsm;t
jym; awGUEdkifonf[k qdkMuavonf/
odkYjzifh tEkynmonf rsm;onf wpfjynfu wpfjynfudk
vTrf;rdk; dk;&mvuf&mrsm; wdrfaum yaysmuf&onftxd
jzpfcJhMu&aomfvnf;? rnfonfh EdkifiHjcm; ya,m* rsKd;\
taESmuft,SufrsKd;udkrQ rcHpm;&bJ rdrdzmom wpfbmom
wnf; qdwfqdwfNidrfNidrfh tpOfrjywf pcef;ac:onfh t&yf
om; tEkynm&yfrsKd;um; ae&mwdkif;wGif &Sdayonf/ tdEd,
emrnf a usmf yef ; csD q &mBuD ; wpf O D ; jzpf o l *sref d G K if ;
(Jaminiroy) \ yef;csDum;rsm;rSm 4if; (folk Art) udk
trsKd;om;[efopfjzifh xkwfaz: a&;qJGjcif;jzpf rsm;pGm
emrnfausmfMum; ESpfoufolrsm;avonf/
jrefrmjynfwGif t&yfom;tEkynm&yfudk bk&m;aps;
awGUjrifEkdifayonf/ a&Twd*Hkapmif;wef;&Sd ukefpHkqdkifrsm;wGif
zdk;0&kyfuav;udkawGU&rnf/ xdktkyfuav;rsKd;udk uREfkyfwdkY
\ bdk;ab;bDbifrsm;vnf; awGUcJh&NyD? cspfcJh&NyD ? upm;cJh
NyD? opfom;ESifhvkyfaom aZmf*sDkyfuav;rsm;vnf; &Sdao;
\/ tuseDuav; 0wf EIwfcrf;arT;? rkwfqdwfarT; rsm;udk
xm;onf/ BudK;qJGwwfvQif awmifa0S;uav; xrf;umu
A*sDpmay
jyEdkifonf/ yg;pyfNyJum udkufrnfh[ef jyifaeaom usm;kyf
udkvnf; uREfkyfwdkY cspfcifwkef;yif? ajcav;zufESifh Zufudk
vSKyfEdkifonfh jrif;kyfuav;vnf; &Sdao;onf/ xdktkyfrsm;
atmuf cif;usif;xm;aom uyfaus;? uGrf;nyf? zvm;?
cG u f ? Zuemwd k Y u d k Munf h y gOD ; ? ol w d k U tay:rS m yef ; cuf
yef;EG,ftajymuftpufrsm;udk vSypGm az:xm;onf/
onfvnf; t&yfom;tEkynm&yf jzpfonf/ tqif;oPmef
tajymuftuGuf ta&;tcif;wdkYudkom awGU&onf r[kwf
ao;? aq;a&mif pyfyHk [yfyHkudkvnf; awGUEdkifao;onf/
jrif;kyfrSm tjzL twGefYtvdrf tauGUtaumuf rsufvHk;
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A*sDpmay
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1/ Natural environment
2/ Man-made environment
3/ Landscape Architecture
4/ Townscape Architecture
5/ Physical Environment
6/ Architectural Atmosphere
A*sDpmay
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7/ Architectural spirli
8/ Ideals
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a&Tydef;wdkYjzifh jc,fo ydokum tm0goudk zefwD; Mu\/
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A*sDpmay
62 w A*sDatmifpdk;
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avmif;BuD;rsm;onf Adokum0ef;usiftwGuf ta&;ygMu
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aMu;pnfoH ? aMu;armif;oH? wdkYonf Adokum tm0got
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0ef a usmif ; ? em*0ef a usmif ; ? a0|K0ef a usmif ; ? [l a om
ausmif;awmfwdkY\? trnfrsm;tm; axmufIkHrQjzifh odEdkif
onf/ xdkaemuf Adokumvuf&m? Adokum tm0gorsm;udk
zefwD;&mwGif xkoGif;? [if;vif;? ta&miftqif; ? teHU?toH
wdkYa&mpyf zJGUpnf; ay;wwfaMumif; em;vnf Ekdifygonf/
txufaz:jyyg vG,fulpGm xdawGUjrifodvsuf tmkH
cHpm;Edkifjcif;tjyif Adokum vuf&m "rtmkHjzifh omxd
awGUcHpm;Edkifaom tjcif;t&mrsm; &Sdygao;onf/ a,bl
,stm;jzifh Adokum [if;vif;cGifudk rsufaphESifh jrifawGUod
A*sDpmay
Edkif\/ udk,fvSKyf&Sm;rIjzifh odEdkif\/ pifppf,if;udk "rtmkH
jzifh ? odjcif;rSom tjynfht0odjrifjcif;rnfayonf/ Adokum
0dnmOfonf Adokum[if;vif;cGif &Sdaeaom ? us,f0ef;jcif;
tvif;tarSmif&jdS cif;? ta&miftaoG;&Sjd cif;? tat;tyl&jdS cif;
tqif;teYH&Sdjcif;ESifh ? toHAvH &Sdjcif;wdkY aygif;pyfa&m
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onf/
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zefcGufESifh a&wdkY\ Oyrmudk aqmif&vQif a&ESifhwlaom[if;
vif;cGif tus,ft0ef;udk zefcGuf\ yrmP BuD;jcif;? us,f
jcif;? edrfhjcif;? jrifhjcif;? wdkYu owfrSwfonf/ ,if; zefcGuf
wGif;ua&onf Munf vifonf/ aemufusdonf [laom
tjcif;t&mudk zefcu G o
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trsm;u az:jyEdkifonf/ [if;vif;cGifvnf; xdkYtwlyif
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a&mif t0ga&mif? teDa&mif? ponf?h wpfcck jk zpfygu twGi;f &Sd
a&onf zefcGuf\ ta&mifudkvdkuf ta&miftrsKd;rsKd; jrif
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&ygonf/ zefcGuftwGif;&Sd a&\tyl&Sdefonf zefcGuf\
tyl&Sdefyifjzpfonf[k ,lqEdkifonf/ [if;vif;cGufwGifvJxdkY
twlyjl cif;? at;jcif;? jzpfapEdik o f nf/ enf;jzifh t&G,yf rmP
A*sDpmay
64 w A*sDatmifpdk;
tvif;tarSmif ta&miftaoG; ? tat; tyl ? wdkYonf
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aomxkxnf wnfEkdif&ef rsufESmjyifrsm;yrmP? tvif;&&Sd
rItaoG; ta&mifwdkYaMumifhjzpf&ayonf/ yg0ifa&maESmae
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vsuf xGufvmaom &vm'fonf ,if;[if;vif;cGif\udk,f
ydkift&nftaoG; jzpfayonf/ ,if;udk,fydkif t&nftaoG;
onf wDxGifzefwD;ol Adokum\ t&nftjcif;udk vdkufuJG
jym;ayonf/
Adokum0dOmOfonf twGif;[if;vif;cGif4if;? tjyifxk
xnf4if; [if;vif;ESifh xkxnfaygif;pyfjcif;aMumifhjzpfay:
vmaom &vm'f4if; wnfonf[k qdkEdkifygonf/ odkYaomf
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vkyfol Adokum ESifhydkif&Sif tygt0if jrefrmvlrsKd;wrsKd;\
pdwf"gwf? "avhpdkufESifh tjrifhjrwfqHk; b0&nfrSef;csuf
rsm;ESifhtnD ay:aygufonf [lvnf; qdkEdkifonf/
jrefrm wdkif;&if;om;wdkYonf uHkvHk<u,f0avatmif pk
aqmif;Muyg\/ "eOpmudk pkaqmif;kHrQru ukodkvftxk
txnfrsm;udkvnf; pkaqmif;Muao;onf/ ,aeYwdk;wufzHGU
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a';&Sif;? taxmuftyHhrsm; EdkA,fqkrsm; ay;urf;pGefYBuJ\/
A*sDpmay
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ay:vdkrItwGuf pGefYBuJjcif;wrsKd;jzpfaMumif;? odomonf/
xdkuJhodkY xl;jcm;aom vkyfief;rsKd;wdkYonfyif taemuf,Of
aus;rIxGef;um;&m pufrIEdkifiHBuD;rsm;&Sd jynfolw&yfvHk;\
vkyf&yfvnf; r[kwfao;ygay/
A*sDpmay
66 w A*sDatmifpdk;
ed*Hk;
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jzifh ay:ayguf&aom trsKd;jzpfonf/ Adokum 0ef;usif
onfkyfavmu0ef;usif jzpfygonf/ ydokumtm0goonf
,if;Adou k m0ef;usirf S ay;vdu
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Adokum0ef;usifudk yuwd obm00ef;usifESifh a&mpyfvsuf
vlom;twGuf taumif;qHk; zefwD; ay;Mu &onf/ ,if;
Adokumtm0gowGif Adokum0dOmOf vSKyf&Sm;ae&onf/
Adokum 0dOmOfonf vlwrsKd;\ pD;yGm;a&;pepf? vlrIa&;
pepf? EkdifiHa&;pepfESifh vlxk\ b0cH,lcsufay:wGif &Sifoef
aygufyGm;aeayonf/ tem*wf jrefrmEdkifiH\ Adokum0dOmOf
onf ,aeYjrefrm vlrsKd;wdkY\ pD;yGm; vlrI EdkifiHa&; pepfay:
wGif tajccH ajymif;vJygvdrfhrnf/ ,aeY vSKyf&Sm;aeaom
jrefrmAdokum rsm;onf rdrdwdkYvlrsKd;\ twdwfrS aumif;
A*sDpmay
aom tESpo f m&rsm;? rsuaf rSmufacwf\ wd;k wufaeaom vlrb I 0
ajymif;vJaeaom jzpfpOfrsm;udk em;rvnf oabmrayguf
cJhvQif jrwfEdk;bG,faumif;aom jrefrmh Adokum 0dOmOfonf
tem*wf umvwGif csKyfNidrf;oGm;Edkifygonf/
,if;uJhokdY rvdkvm; tyfaom tem*wfAdokum tajc
taersKd;odkY rusa&muf&avatmif uREfkyfwdkY jrefrmAdokum
vli,frsm;onf ppfrSefaom jrefrm Adokum 0dOmOfudk jrif
atmifIwwfatmif BudK;pm;&ayrnf/
jrifNy;D rSom aemufwpfqifh zefw;D Edik rf nf jzpfay&m? jrefrm
Adokum tppfjzpf&ef rsm;pGm BudK;yrf;Mu&ayOD;rnf/
A*sDpmay
68 w A*sDatmifpdk;
jyef v nf qef ; opf v maom td E d , yef ; csD

wdkif;jynftoD;oD;ESifh vlrsKd;wdkif;wGif rdrdwdkY\ oufqdkif
&m ,Ofaus;rI "avhxHk;pH tEkynm ponfwdkY &SdpNrJ jzpf
avonf/ rdrdvlrsKd;\ ,Ofaus;rI tEkynm&yfrsm;ay:odkY
tjcm;vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;\ tmPm ,Ofaus;rI ponfwdkY vTrf;rdk;
vmrnfudk rnfonfhvlrsKd;rQ rcH&yfEkdifay/
rdrdwdkY trsKd;om;,Ofaus;rI tEkynm ponfwdkY rwdrf
aum ryaysmufap&ef trsKd;om;wm0ef wpf&yftaeESifh
xdef;odrf;&rnf jzpfayonf/
ArmjynfwGif tcsKdUu a&S;Armh,Ofaus;rI tEkynm
&yfrsm;ESifh Armh trsKd;om;yef;csD[k qdkvQifyif acwfrrSD
awmhbl;/ (atmuf) oGm;NyD[k a0zefMuonf/ Armhyef;csD
ppfppf r&Sdygbl;? b,frSmvJ jyprf;yg? ponfjzifh oa&mfMu
onf/ pma&;olum; Arm trsKd;om;yef;csD jyefvnfqef;
A*sDpmay
opfa&;udk BudK;yrf;aeaomolwOD; r[kwfaomfvnf; rdrdt
rsKd;om; yef;csD[efopfudkrl rsm;pGm vdkvm;ayonfh/ Armh
trsKd;om;yef;csD jyefvnf qef;opfa&;ESifh ywfouf vGef
cJhonfESpf 20 cefYurl tawmfuav;yif vSKyfvSKyf&Sm;&Sm;
a&;Mu om;Muonfudk pme,fZif;rsm;wGif awGUvdkuf&ay
onf/ odkY&mwGif ,aeYum; vSKyf&Sm;rI enf;yg;aeonf/
xd k Y a Mumif h Armh d k ; &m[ef r sm; jyef v nf qef ; opf a &;
twGuf taxmuftyHh &&SdEdkif&ef rdrdwdkY\ trsKd;om; ,Of
aus;rI tEkynm &yfrsm;ESifh a&S;a[mif; yef;csD ? yef;yk?
yef;awmh? yef;warmhrsm;udk pepfwus jyefvnf avhvm
aqG;aEG;rIrsm; jyKvkyf&ef vkdtyfvsuf &Sdayonf/
xdkYjyif b0 ,Ofaus;rI ESDEG,f&mjzpfaom ta&SUtm&S
EdkifiHrsm;rS yef;csD tEkynm&yfrsm;udkvnf; *CeP avh
vmqnf;yl;oifhvSayonf/
tdEd,jynf ,Ofaus;rIpepfonf ArmjynfodkY trsm;qHk;
0ifa&mufvQuf &Sdonfudk a&S;OD; yk*Hjynfbk&m; vdkPf*lrsm;
twGif;rS eH&Haq;a&;um;rsm;udk axmufI odomEkdifay
onf/
xdkYtwGuf tdEd,yef;csD jyefvnfqef;opfvmyHkudkavh
vmjcif ; tm;jzif h Armh y ef ; csD j yef v nf qef ; opf a &;wG i f
rsm;pGmtusKd;aus;Zl; jzpfEkdifayonf/
tdEd,yef;csD jyefvnfqef;opfcJhonfh &mZ0ifudk Munfh
vQif vGefcJhaom ESpfig;q,fausmfrQavmufu pcJhonf[k qdk
A*sDpmay
70 w A*sDatmifpdk;
&ayrnf/ tdEd,jynfwGifvnf; ArmjynfrSmuJhodkY e,fcsJUNAdwd
oQwdkY\ taemufwdkif; ,Ofaus;rIrsm; wpfpxufwpfp vTrf;
rdk;vmcJhonfh tcsdefrSp a&S;vGefcJhaom c&pfawmf rzGm;rD
yxr&mpkrS at'D 7 &mpktwGif; Ak'omoemawmf xGef;
um; pOf Ak'bmom &[ef;awmfrsm; a&;qGJ oGm;cJhaom
tm*sefwm vdkPf*lrsm; twGif;rS eH&Haq;a&; um;rsm;ESifh
wuG r[mar'ifwdkU\ r*dkvf yef;csDum;rsm;? [dELvlrsdK;
wdkY\ &m&SyGwf yef;csDum;rsm; ponfh tdEd,yef;csDrSm ESpf
aygif ; tawmf t wef M umrQ wd r f j rKyf c J h & ayonf / od k Y & m
wGif tEd,jynf e,fcsJUt*Fvdyf qefUusifa&; trsdK;om;
pdwf"gwfrsm; vIdif;wHydk; x<uvmonfh tcsdefwGif tdEd,
yef;csD jyefvnfqef;opfa&; vkyfief;onfvnf; pwifvIyf
&Sm; vmayawmhonf/
xd k t csd e f w G i f bef * gvD uAsmq&mBuD ; a'guf w m
&mbif j'mewfw*dk;onfvnf; urmt&yf&yfodkU vSnfhvnf
jyefa&muf vmNyD;onfhaemuf 4if;\ajr;rsm;&Sdaom qefwef
auweft&yfwGif 0D[m&bm&wD trsKd;om; wuodkvfudk
wnfaxmifavonf/ 4if;\ aqGrsKd;om;csif;rsm;xJrS yef;csD
q&mBuD; wpfOD;jzpfol a'gufwm tmbifj'mewfw*dk; onf
vnf; umvuwm;tpdk;& yef;csD ausmif;tkyfBuD;jzpfol
t*FvdyfvlrsKd; tDbm;[mb,fvf\ tBuHay;csuf twdkif;
4if;wwfodem;vnfNyD;aom taemufwdkif; yef;csDa&;enf;
A*sDpmay
pHepfudk tmkHrpdkufawmhbJ tdEd,yef;csD jyefvnfqef;opf
a&;udk tm;xkwfBudK;yrf;avawmhonf/
a&S;a[mif; tm*sefvdkPf*ltwGif;rS eH&Haq;a&; um;
rsm;udk4if;? wdrfjrKyfaeaom [dEL&m&SyGwf ? r[maA'if
yef;csDum;rsm;udkyg jyefvnf&SmazG avhvmoifMum; av
awmhonf/ wGifrS a&S;tdEd, trsKd;om;yef;csD\ eufeJ
odrfarGUaom tawG;tac:rsm;ESifhwuG a&;qJGyHkenf;pHepf
rsm;udkyg awGUjrif&&Sd vmayawmhonf/ xdkrQomrubJ t
xufazmfjyNyD; ouJhodkY ta&SUtm&Swdkif; wkwf ? *syef ?
wd b uf p onf h E d k i f i H r sm;rS yef ; csD a &;enf ; t&yf & yf w d k Y u d k
qnf;yl; oifMum;NyD;onfhaemuf rvdktyfonfukd y,fvdk
tyfonfhtcsufrsm;udk aumufEIwf a&G;cs,fNyD;vQif tdEd,
yef;yk ponf ynm&yfrsm;ESifh aygif;pyf ,aeY tdEd,
yef;csDudk azmfxkwfcJhavonf/
tdEd, trsKd;om;yef;csDonf tdEd,jynf\ 0dnmOf? tdEd,
yef;csDta&;onf tdEd, trsKd;om; ta&;[laom ESvHk;
oGif;rIjzifh wpfrsKd;om;vHk; oufqdkif&m XmetoD;oD; wdkYrS
yk*dKvftoD;oD;wdkYyg 0dkif;0ef;ulnD BudK;yrf;aqmif&Guf cJhMu
ojzifhom rQurmu tdEd,yef;csDum;tm; dkaoav;
pm;&aomtqifhodkY a&muf&SdcJhjcif; jzpfayonf/ xdkodkY BudK;
yrf;&m bkHabtpdk;& yef;csDausmif;om; tcsKdUtm; tdEd,
tpdk;&uvnf; taxmuftyHh aMu;aiGrsm;udkay;um 10
ESpfwmrQ Muatmif tm*sefwm vdkPf*ltwGif;rS a&S;a[mif;
A*sDpmay
72 w A*sDatmifpdk;
eH & H a q;a&; um;rsm;ud k avh v mul ; qJ G apk H o mru
ausmufpmXmerSvnf; a&mifpHk"gwfyHkrsm;ESifh kyf&Sifum;
rsm;dkuful;xm;avonf/
,aeY tdEd,yef;csDonf tdEd,jynf wpfjynfvHk;wGifjyefYESHU
xGef;um;vsuf &SdkHomrubJ taemufOa&my? tar&duef
ponfh wdkif;EdkifiHBuD;rsm;ESifhwuG ta&SUtm&S EdkifiHtoD;oD;
wdkYwGif tdEd,trsKd;om; yef;csDjyyJGBuD;rsm;udk usif;yjyKvkyf
NyD;pD;cJhavNyD/ tdEd, yef;csDordkif;opfwGif urmuyg tod
trSwfjyK&onfh yef;csDausmfBuD; wpfOD;um; -
*smreD&KdG i;f ESihf a'gufwmEkEv mbdpYk q
f o kd nfh yk*Kd vBf u;D onf
um;tmbifj'mewfw*dk;\ wynfh&if;csmjzpf\ pma&;olwdkY
\ tdEd,yef;csDoifausmif;wGif tBuD;tuJ yk*dKvfBuD;wpfOD;
jzpfcJhkHomrubJ ,aeYtdEd, trsKd;om;yef;csDudk a&SUwef;rS
acgif;aqmifcJhonfh yk*dKvfBuD;vJjzpfcJhayonf/
tdEd,yef;csD &mZ0ifwGifvnf; xdyfwef;yef;csDq&mBuD;
wpfOD;vnf;jzpfojzifh jynfoltrsm;uvnf; MunfnKdav;
pm;jcif;cH&aom yk*dKvfBuD;jzpfavonf/ tmbifj'mewfw*dk;
ESihf eEmvmbdpk w f Ykd - 2OD;pvH;k rSm uG,v f eG t f edp a&mufcahJ vNyD
4if;wdkY\ae&mwGif ,aeYtdEd,vli,f yef;csDq&mrsm;u
tdEd,yef;csDtm; ae&m,l acgif;aqmifvQuf &Sdonfudktm;
wufzG,f&m awGU&avonf/
pma&;ol cspfjrwfEdk;aom *smreD&GdKif;qdkonfh yef;csD
q&mBuD;\ yef;csDum;rsm;rSm jrif&onfh vlwdkif;\ pdwf
A*sDpmay
ESpfvHk;udk wkefvSKyfaponfomru tHhMocsD;usL;rqHk; &Sd&
onf/ q&mBuD;onf tdEd, trsKd;om;yef;csDtm; trsKd;
om;[efrysufap&bJ tdEd,trsKd;om;yef;csD[efopf (0g)
acwfopfyef;csDenf; (Modern Art) jzifh a&;qJGaz:jyavh&Sd
ayonf/ 4if;onf trsKd;om;yef;csD a&;qJGenf;udk tmbif
epfj'mewfw*dk;ESifh eEmvmbdkYpfwdkYuJhodkY aumif;rGefpGm a&;qJG
Edkifaomolyif jzpfaMumif;udk ol\a&SUOD;ydkif;yef;csDum;rsm;
udk avhvmjcif;jzifh odomvSonf/
q&mBuD;onf aemufydkif; aus;vuf awm&Gm rsm;rS
aus;vuf t&yfom;rsm; b0 okyfazmf um;rsm;udk4if;
aus;vuft&yfom; yef;csDyef;yk enf;rsm; (FOLK ART )
udkrSD; a&;qJGum acwfopftdEd, trsKd;om;yef;csDu@opf
wpf&yfudk zefwD;cJhavonf/ xdkYaMumifhvnf; tdEd,trsKd;
om;[efyg acwfrSD yef;csDum;rsm;udk tdEd, omruurm
t&yf&yfrS tEkynm jrwfEdk;olrsm;uyg BudKufESpfoufjcif;
jzpfavonf/
A*sDpmay
74 w A*sDatmifpdk;
a&S ; d k ; td E d , \ rD e D a &;csm;yef ; csD a usmf r sm;

tdEd,rDeDa&csm; (Indian Miniature) ac: tdEd,
yef;csDum;ao;rsKd;onf taemufwdkif; qDaq;um;csyfBuD;
wcsyfuJhodkY r[kwfrlbJ wBudrfvQif vlwa,mufESpfa,muf
om MunfhIcHpm;Ekdifaom kyfyHkcsyfjzpfavonf/ jrefrmyk&ydkuf
yef;csDESifh qifqifwlavonf/ tdEd,yef;csDum;BuD;rsm;
(Paintings) uvnf; wjznf;jznf; t&G,fi,f ajcEkdifvuf
Edkif to,f& tjyK&vG,faom yHkpHrsKd;a&;vmaomtcg
]]&m*spfpwefeD}} yef;csDum; BuD;xJwGif a&maESmawGU&ouJhodkY
yef;csDum;BuD;yHkpHudkvnf; rDeDa&;csm;xJwGif a&maESmvsuf
awGU&wwfavonf/
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NyD ; aomtcg eE m vmonf tmbif e if j 'if o if a om t
wef;udk qufwufcJhavonf/
xdkausmif; eEmvmwwfaepOf wpfaeY odyHynm&Sif

*s*ef'fpf&fE&mbdkYpfonf ESrjzpfol ed0doD[ESifhtwl ausmif;
odkYvmvnfavonf/ e0doDwrSm eEvm vuf&mrsm;udk
tvGefoabmus ESpfoufoGm;avonf/ eEvmudkvnf;
tm;onfhtcsdef rdrdwdkYtdrfodkY tvnftywfvm&ef csuf
csif;zdwfac:cJhonf/ e0doDw\ qet&eEmvmonf tdEd,
\ [dEDESifhAk'0g'D '@m&Drsm; (Indan Myths of Hindors
A*sDpmay
98 w A*sDatmifpdk;
and Buddhists) okyfazmfum;udk a&;qJGcJhonf/ eEmvm
oifwef; rNyD;ao;cifyif tmbif eyfj'mewfonf yef;csD
ausmif;ESifh tquftoG,f jywfoGm;cJhonf/ 1977 ckESpf
wGif tmbifeifj'mewfonf ta&SUwdkif; yef;csDtEkynm
toif;udk uvuwm; pwifxlaxmifcJhonf/ xdktcsdefwGif
eEvmonf ola&;qJGaom oD0&Sefwd yef;csDum;twGuf
qk t jzpf l y D 500 txd &&S d c J h o nf / xd k a iG j zif h eE v m
onftdEd,jynfawmifydkif;wcGifudk tEkynm c&D;onft
jzpfvSnfhvnfcJhavonf/ eEmvmonf aus;vufyef;csD
orm;rsm;ESifh tcsdefMumMum aexdkifavh vmcJhojzifh aus;
vufdk;&m yef;csDq&mrsm;\ [eftwdkif; aumif;aumif;a&;
qJGEdkifcJhonf/ oifwef;rSavhvmrI jynfhpHk olUq&m tmbif
eifj'mewfxH a&mufoGm;aomtcg eEmvmxHrS kk'g
upf&Sdemum;udk olUq&mudk,fwdkif rufrufarmarm awmif;
,loGm;cJhavonf/
1910 ckESpfwGif av'd[m&if[rf;onf tm*sefwm&Sd
eH&Hyef;csDrsm;udk ul;,l&ef tdEd,odkYa&mufvmonf/ ed0dod
w\ wdkufwGef;csuft& eEvmESifhtwl tmbifeifj'm
\vuf&if; wynfhoHk;OD;jzpfMuonfh tmppfulrm;a[m'g;?
AifowufyESifh qrfr&efj'mewfykywmwkdYonf av'D[m,if
[rf;\ vkyfief;wGif 0ifa&mufulnD a&;qJGcJhavonf/ av'D
[m,if[rf;\ tzJGUwGif olwdkYtjyif ,lEdkufwufuif;'rf;rS
A*sDpmay
yef;csDausmfrsm;vnf; yg0ifcJhavonf/ tm*sefwm&SdtdEd,
*E0if vuf&mrsm;udk xdkodkY xdawGUvdkuf&onfrSm olwdkYtzdkY
tjrifopf twdkif;twmopfrsm; yGm;rsm;apcJhNyD; olwdkYtm;
vHk;\ vuf&mrsm;vnf; BuD;rm;pGmMoZmoufa&mufrI&SdcJh
avonf/
rMumrDyif eEmvmonf umvuwm;&Sb d pYkd o
f yd w
H uov kd f
wGif eH&Hyef;csDrsm;udk avhvmqnf;yl;cJhavonf/ xdkeH&H
yef;csDwdkY\ tajccHZmwfoGm;rsm;rSm r[mbm&wxJrSaumuf
Ekwfcsufrsm;jzpfayonf/ 1913 ckESpfwGifrl tmbifeifj'm
ewf\qEt& eEmvmonf *sKd&mqefudk (w*dk;) t&yf&Sd
0dpdw&ausmif;wGif yef;csDq&mtjzpf0ifa&muf trIxrf;av
onf/ xdkausmif;wGifyif eEvmonf *syefyef;csDq&mt
rsm;tjym;ESifh &if;ESD;cifrifrI&oGm;avonf/ xdktxJwGif
eEvmtxl; cifrifav;pm;aom *syefyef;csDausmfrsm;rSm
tdkumol&m? wdkifuD[D&Sd'gesifh uifydkat&D wdkYjzpfMuav
onf / 1917 ck E S p f w G i f onf uif y d k a t&D E S i f h twl
yl&Dudke&wfESifh tjcm; pdwf0ifpm;bG,f yef;csDa'orsm;odkY
c&D;vSnfhcJhjyefavonf/
&S e f w D e d a uwef & S d umvbm0emod k Y eE v mud k a c:,l
olrSm&mbifeifj'mewfyif jzpfonf/ odkYjzifh &Sefwdedau
wefonf 1919 ckESpf ? pufwifbmv 19 rSp olacgif;
A*sDpmay
100 w A*sDatmifpdk;
csoGm;onfhumvtxd yef;csDausmfBuD;\ tEkynmyg&rDyGm;
rsm;&m ae&mwpfckjzpfcJhavawmhonf/
1921 ckESpf *EDBuD;\ ryl;aygif;a&; vSKyf&Sm;rIonf
vnf; yef;csDausmfBuD;\ pdwfudkvSKyf&Sm;apcJhonf/ xdkt
csdefrSp eEvmonf *EDBuD;\ cg'DESifhcsmcg;udk twuf
<uqHk;axmufcHol jzpfcJhavonf/ ryl;aygif;a&; vSKyf&Sm;
tH k < urI B uD ; onf eE v m\ ud k , f p d w f E S p f y g;ud k rtm;r
vyfatmif jzpfcJhonf[kyif qdkEdkifavonf/ 1921 ckESpf
wGif *GgvD,m tmPmydkifrsm;\ vdkvm;csuft& b*fESifh
&rf * wf & S d eH & H y ef ; csD r sm;ud k eE m vm ul ; ay;&jyef o nf /
b*f t &yf & S d xd k e mrnf a usmf eH & H a q;a&;rsm;rS m vH k ; 0
eD ; yg;yif r I H 0 g;ysuf j y,f p jyKaecsd e f j zpf o nf xd k t <uif ;
tuseftEkynm &wemrsm;udk eEmvm? tppfa['g ESifh
ql&rfj'mewfbm;wdkYonf tm;xkwful;,l cJhMujcif; jzpfav
onf/ xdkYaMumifhvnf; b*fa&S;a[mif; vuf&m tarGrsm;
udk ,cktcg uRefawmfwdkY xifxif&Sm;&Sm; jyefjrifae&jcif;
jzpfavonf/
1924 ckESpf&mbifj'ewfw*dk;? wkwf? *syefESifhta&SU
awmiftm&S EdkifiHrsm;odkY vSnfhvnfpOf eEmvmvnf; vdkuf
ygcJhavonf/ a&S;a[mif;,Ofaus;rI tarGtESpfBuD;rm;
aom xdkEdkifiHrsm;udk vSnfhvnfcGifh&jcif;onf eEmvmtzdkY
A*sDpmay
xdkEdkifiHrsm;\ ,Ofaus;rIESifh vlrIb0udk eufIdif;pGmod&Sdap
cJhavonf/
*EDBuD;\ tBuHjyKcsuft& umv0d[mrS rdrd\wynfh
rsm;ESifhtwl yef;csDjyyJGwpfckudk vyfuaemif; usif;yonfh
1935 ckESpfwGif tdEd, trsKd;om; uGef*&uf zGifhvSpfjyo
cJhavonf/ 1936 ckESpf jyKvkyfonfh azmifyguGef*&uf
4if;? 1937 ckESpf [m&Dyl& uGef*&uf4if; eEmvmonf
aus;vufa'ors &onfh 0g;rsm;? Budrfrsm;udk uRrf;usifpGjyK
vkyf uGef*&uf tcrf;tem; taqmufttHkBuD;rsm;udk
vuf&majrmufatmif wnfaqmufay;cJhayonf/ olrGrf;rH
ay;cJhonfh xdktcrf;tem; taqmufttHkrsm;rSm tdEd,
aus;vuf[efudk rSefuefpepfuspGm tajcwnf aqmufvkyf
ay;cJhjcif;jzpfavonf/ xdkYaMumifhvnf; vGwfvyfa&;&aom
tcsdef tdEd,EdkifiH tajccH Oya'rlMurf;BuD;udk okyfazmf
a&;qJGay;&ef arwm&yfcHjcif; cHcJh&avonf/
A*sDpmay
102 w A*sDatmifpdk;
eEmvmonf touft&G,f &vmaomtcg jynfolt

aygif;u tdE, d tEkynm u@wpfcw k iG f ol\pGr;f aqmifcsuf
rsm;udk todtrSwfjyKaomtm;jzifh *kPfjyK csD;jrifhrIrsm;
tBurd Bf urd jf yKcMhJ uayonf/ bem&wf [dEw D uov
kd uf qdv
k Qif
1950 ckESpf eEmvmudk (pmayyg&*lbJGU) csD;jrifhcJhMuonf/
1951 ckESpf eEmvmonf umv0d[mrS tNidrf;pm; ,lcJhay
onf/ odkYaomf 0d[mbm&wDwuodkvfu &moufyef*kPfxl;
aqmif ygarmutjzpf csD;jrifhcefYtyfcJhjyefonf/ 0d[mbm
&wDausmif;wkdufuyif eEmvmudk 1952 ckESpf tufqd
ukwrbJGU csD;jrifhcJhjyefonf/ 1955 ckrl tdEd, tpdk;&udk,f
wdkifu olUudk y'rApf[l&Sef (Padma Vikhushan) bJGUcsD;jrifh
cJo
h nf/ vmvpfumv tu,f'rDtoif;Bu;D uvnf; eEmvm
A*sDpmay
udk awmf0iftoif;0iftjzpf cefYtyfcJhonf/ 1957 ckESpf
umvuwm;wuodkvfu &Sefwdedauwefausmif;wGif tcrf;
tem;jzifh 'Dvpf (D. Litt) bJGUtyfESif;cJhonf/ 1958 ckESpf
olUtEkynmpGrf;&nfudk *kPfjyKaomtm;jzifh 'g'gbDetdk*dk
*sDtxdrf;trSwfqk csD;jrifhcJhMuonf/
jynfoljynfom;aumif; wpfa,muf taejzifh eEmvm\
b0tpOfwGif wdkif;jynftay: cspfpdwf? wm0efodpdwfwdkYrSm
vnf; rjywfuyfwG,fvsuf &SdcJhonf/ umvuwm; orw
aumvdyf ausmif;om;b0uyif eEmvmonf &S&Sdtl'dbif'dk
\ wynfh&if;jzpfonfh awmfvSefa&;orm; 'Dbmb&mwbm
ql;ESifh &if;ESD;yl;aygif;cJhol jzpfonf/ bmb&m wonf
aemufydkif;wGif &S&Sd&mr&JuoQem vrf;pOform;jzpfum qGm
rdy&mhemeef' trnfjzifh xif&Sm;ol jzpfavonf/ 'Dbmb
&mb? e0dodw&mbifj'mewf? tdkumul&mESifh *EDBuD;wdkYonf
eE v mb0wG i f xif & S m ;aom trS w f t om;rsm; jzpf M u
onf/
A*sDpmay
104 w A*sDatmifpdk;
*syef yef;csaD usmf 'edu ynm&Sif tdu k mul&monfEikd if H

wpfck\ tEkynmonf xdkEdkifiH\ 0dnmOfudk azmfxkwfEdkifpGrf;
&Sd&rnf[laom t,ltqudk pJGNrJ qkyfudkifcJhol jzpfonf/
olUtzdkYqdkvQif olUEkdifiH*syef\ okyfrSefudk olUEdkifiH tEk
ynmjzifh csdefxdk; zrf;,laecJhol jzpfonf/ tdEd,EdkifiH\ tEk
ynmjzifh csdefxdk; zrf;,laecJhol jzpfonf/ tdEd,EdkifiH\ &o
cHpm;EdkifpGrf; (Aesthetic Sensibility) tm;aysmhvQif tm;
aysmhonfhtavsmuf tdEd,EdkifiH\ vlrIb0onfvnf; xd
cdkufrI cH&vdrfhrnf[k tdkumul&m ,lqxm;onf/ tdEd,yef;
csDtEkynm\ twuftus a&pD;aMumif;udk zrf;udkifvdkufyg
vmol eEmvmbdkUpfonfvnf; olUtEkynmtjrifudk tdkum
ul&m\ t,ltqa'gifhrS rjywf&yf vSKyf&Sm;cJholjzpfonf/
olonf wpf&Gm0if wpf&GmxGuf yef;csD c&D;quf tdEd,\
A*sDpmay
0dnmOfudk rdrd&& qkyfqkyfcJcJ vdkuf&SmaecJholjzpfaMumif; xif
&Sm;vSonf/ eEmvm\ zefwD;rI tEkynmxJwGif tdEd, [l
aom t0ef;tvsm;BuD; wckvHk;onf b0 opm [laom
pkwfcsufjzifh awmufy0if;vuf aecJhayonf/ xdkodkYjzpf&jcif;
rSm yuwd dk;om;rSefuefaom twGif;om; taMumif;t&m
rsm;aMumif h r [k w f ol \ taerS e f a om b0tm;aMumif h
yifjzpfavonf/
tEkynmorm;\ jzpfpOfudk qifhoHk;qifhcJG jrifMunfh
Edkifonf/ yxr tqifhrSm or rQwrI &Sdaom tqifh (As-
similation) jzpfonf/ xdt k csed x
f t kd qifh tEkynm&Sif onf
tjcm;Ed k i f i H t oD ; oD ; vl r sKd ; toD ; oD ; \ a&;[ef E S i f h
"avhpdkufrsm;udk rjywfxdawGU cHpm; pkaqmif;aeqJjzpf\/
A*sDpmay
106 w A*sDatmifpdk;
'kwd,tqifhrSm xdkodkYaom tajccHay:wGif rdrdukd,fydkif

[efudk wifjyjcif;jzpfonf/ rdrdESvHk;om;twGif; &if;ESD;cJhMu
orQonf zefwD;rIyHkpHtjzpf xl;xl;jcm;jcm; xGufvmaom
umvjzpfayonf/ wwd,ESifhaemufqHk; tqifhonf rdrd
tZwrS av;jrwfzG,f 0dnmOfrSef xGufvmaom umvjzpf
onf/ xdkzefwD;rIonf rdrdyk*vduESifhom oufqdkifaom oD;
jcm; t&nftcsi;f oabmr[kwb f J a,bk,s aqmifvm aom
t&nftaoG;rsKd;jzpfonf/ rdrdapwem ESifh a0'emtpGef;
a&mufrSom oD;jcm;oabm aqmifoGm;wwfaom umv
rsKd;jzpfavonf/ tEkynm&Sif tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm yxr
tqifhausmf 'kwd,tqifha&mufvQif a&SUquf rwufyJ
&yfoGm;avh&Sdonf/ xdkodkYjzpf&jcif;rSm olwdkYonf rdrdwdkY
tEkynmpsmefudk xyfxyfum ausmhae4if;? zefwD;rIOmOf
pHkudk wHkYumwHkYum qJGaewwf4if; jzpf\/ eEmvm\ zef
wD;rIyg&rDrSmrl tNrJwrf; vef;qef;aeonf/ opfvGifae
A*sDpmay
onf/ aemufjyefvSnfhrI r&Sd/ olUwynfhrsm;udkvnf; ajymavh
&Sdonf/ ]]yef;csDjzpfjzpf? b,ftEkynmrSmyJjzpfjzpf udk,fydkif
[efwpf&yfudk wifvdkufcsvdkufeJY rNidrfrouf vkyfae&if tJ'g
[m tEkynmorm;usqHk;awmhrJh edrdwfyJ? rMumbl; tJ'D
yk*KdvfusawmhrSmyJ/ xdkyk*KdvfrsKd;\ zefwD;EdkifrIrSm uspfvpfrI&Sd
awmhrnfr[kwf/ pGrf;tm;&Sdaom tEkynmorm;\ vkyf&yf
wdkif;onf tNrJwrf; a&SUudk opfoGm;&ayrnf/ twwfynm
t&4if;? e*dak e[eft&4if; tEkynmonfaemufjyefMunfjh cif;
rsKd;r&SdEdkifacs/ tEkynmorm;ppfppf\ wuJh t&nftaoG;
rSmvnf; xdkqef;opf wDxGif&ef EdI;Mum;xufjrufaejcif;
wnfayonf/ rnfol\[ef rnfol\vuf&mudkrS rSDjirf;ae
&ef rvdkacs/ xdkodkY rSDcdka&;qJGjcif;onf tjcm;ol\ t<uif;
tusefudk aemufvdkufaejcif;rQom jzpfayonf/ tcsuf
wdkYrSm eEmvmonf olUwynfhrsm;tm; bwpf&GUHap;kyf?
csdyfkyf?opfxGif; ? vDEdk? pmaq;yHkponfh vufrIynm&yf
rsm;udk rjywfxdawGU vkyfudkifaeMu&efvnf; EdI;aqmfavh&Sd
onf/ vufrIynm&yfrsm; rdrdvufudk aoG;aejcif;onf
yef;csDum; BuD;pGmaom tm;udk jzpfaponf[k eEmvm
,HkMunfonf/
A*sDpmay
108 w A*sDatmifpdk;
eEmvmyef;csDum;rsm;\ t"du aomhcsufrSm ol\Edkif

eif;aom yHkqJGynm (drawing) jzpfonf/ wdus tm;
aumif;aom ol\vdik ;f rsm;rSm a&S;tmqD&, D rf? odrYk [kwt
f ,f
vdk&m\ acsmajyaomyef; (Low relief sculptural) rsm;ESifh
qifonf[k qdk&ayrnf/ olUum;rsm;rS abmfwDqJvD\ vdkif;
rsm;udkvnf;trSwf&aponf[k qdk&ayrnf/
eEmvmonf b0ESifh tdEd,\ dk;&m tarGtESpf tay:
jrwfEdk;jcif;? udk;pm;jcif;? ,HkMunfjcif; tm;BuD;onf/ olUw
ynfhrsm;udkvnf; pdwfrsm; jyefYyGm;&ef tcgrvyf vIHUaqmf
cJhonf/ umv0d[m\ tBuD;tuJtaejzifh olUwynfhrsm;
A*sDpmay
udk OD;aqmifum evef'gESifh &m*smvft&yfrsm;odkY txyfxyf
ac:jyavh&Sdonf/ xdkt&yfrsm;rSm Ak'\ jzpfpOfrsm;jzifh
ysHUrTef;aeaom t&yfrsm; jzpfojzifhvnf; xdkrQ olav;pm;
wefzdk;xm;aejcif;jzpfonf/ &m*smvf&GmodkY ola&muf&Sdae
cdkufwpfnaewGif olESifhtwl wynfhwpfOD;jzpfonfh &mAifj'm
ewfcsmua&mAmwDvnf; &Sad eonf/ &Gmvrf;rwGiv f nf;vli,f
trsm;tjym;upm; aeMuonf/ olwnf;cdk&m tdrfrsufESmpm
wGif tzdk;tdkwpfOD;rSm &mrCPpmtkyfudk zwfaeonf/ trsKd;
orD;wpkum; a&tdk;ukd,fpDjzifh a&wGif;rS jyefvmMuonf/
xdktcsdefwGif eEmvmu olUwynfhudk odkY ajymjyonf/
]]uJwynfhjrifMunfhprf;? wpfcgu Ak'&Sifawmf <ucJhwJh 'D&Gm
uav;rSm a[m'Dvrf;ay:rSm Ak'<ujref;awmf rlcJhw,f/
a[m'DOypmawGrSm Ak'em;aeawmfrlcJhw,f/ t&G,foHk;yg;
twGuf jrwfw&m;udk a[m'Dae&mrsm;rSm a[mMum;cJhw,f
wynfh}}
eEmvmonf olUwynfhrsm;udk rdrdywf0ef;usiftm; *k
"rxm; avhvmcHpm;&ef rjywf ajymMum;cJhonf/ rdrdwdkY
ywf0ef;usif a&;p&mtaMumif;rsm; rjywfoGifoGif pD;qif;
aeaMumif; ta&;BuD;onfrSm pl;prf;wwfzdkY em;vnfcH,l
wwfbdkY jrwfEdk;cspfcifwwfbdkYomjzpfaMumif; oifjycJhonf/
opfyifwpfyifukd em;vnfojd rifvvkd Qif xdo
k pfyifuakd eYnrjywf
avhvmMunfhIaebdkYomvdkaMumif; ajymMum;cJhonf/ tdEd,
yef;csDa&;[efESifh ywfoufvnf; ]]'kdY[m t&m0wKawGudk
A*sDpmay
110 w A*sDatmifpdk;
wdkYpdwfrsufvHk; tmkHyGm;MunfhwmyJ/ tJ'Dypnf;udkxufatmif
jyefvSefoHk;oyfMunfhI&wmbJ/ tJ'Dypnf;udkMunfhvdkYtJ'gudk
cifwG,fwJh pdwfuav;jzpf vm&if 'gwdkYeJY MunfhrIatmifjrif
wmyJaygh/ 'g[m wdkYtdEd,enf;vrf;yJ? taemufeJYrwlbl;/
olwu Ykd tJ'aD &SUrSmxkid rf ,f? Ny;D awmh jrif&wJh kyo
f @mefBu;D udk
rwlwlatmif a&;r,f qJGr,faygh? 'gu olwdkY&JUenf;}} [k
ajymcJhonf/
A*sDpmay
acwfNydKif taemufwdkif;yef;csDESifh ywfoufvnf; eEm

vmu ]]olwdkY&JU tEkynmu trsm;od (Universal) jzpf&rJh
tpm; todjrifh (Intelleclual) yk*dKvfrsm; cHpm;a&;om;
a&SUIaew,fvdkY uRefawmfqdkcsifygw,f/ wpfenf;ajym&&if
ol w d k Y [ m ES v H k ; om;rsm;twG u f r[k w f y J OD ; acgif ; rsm;
twGuf jzpfaew,f/ ESvHk;om;udk tajcrjyKbJ tEkynm
[m b,frSm ESvHk;om;udk dkufcwfapEkdifyghrvJ? ESvHk;om;udk
rodbl;? ESvHk;om;uvJ rvmbl;qdk&if tEkynm[m trsm;
cHpm;EdkifbkdY rvG,fygbl;}} [l ajymcJhonf/ armf'efyef;csDESifh
ywfouf yef;csDq&m ab&rfeD,dk*D\ tar;udk eEmvmu
qufvufajzMum;cJh&m ]]ckcsdefrSmawmh zuf&SifvdkygyJ? uRef
awmfwdkYqDu yef;csDorm;trsm;pk[m taemufEdkifiH armf
'efyef;csDqdkwmudk yHkwlul;qJGaeMuw,f/ olwdkYudk,fwdkifbJ
A*sDpmay
112 w A*sDatmifpdk;
bmaMumifh 'DvdkqJG&w,fqdkwm *CeP odMu[efrwlbl;/
ar;vdkuf&ifawmh BudKufvdkYygvdkY r,kwfrvGef ajzMuvdrfh
r,f/ BudKufkHoufouf qdkwmavmufuawmh odyf[kwfwJh
tajzr[k w f y gbl ; / uRef a wmf h oabmuawmh ol w d k Y u d k
trsm;pkvlxkeJY ywfoufaeapcsifw,f/ 'DvdkrS r[kwf&if
olwdkY&JU tEkynmudkvJ vlxku b,fem;v,fyghrvJ/ ckawmh
olwdkY[m trsm;pkem;vnfEdkifatmif udk,frqJGEdkif&if udk,fh
udkudk,fvdrfNyD; udkYdkUum;,m;yHkawG ? yHkrus yef;rusyHkawG
qJGvmMua&m? oabmu vrf;ray:uvlawGvdk udkf,fhc&D;
tou tou oGm;aewmbJ? wpfa,mufeJY wpfa,mufvJ
trIrJhtrSwfrJh aygh/ 'gayr,fh tJ'DxJrSm udk,futa&;w,l
ysLiSmwJh rsufESmxm;rsKd; xm;Edkif&if udk,fhudktm;vHk;uvJ
jyef*kjyKMurSmyJ? yef;csDrSmvJ tJ'D vdkyJaygh? wu,fawmh
olwdkYvkyfaewmawGvJ &Sif;ygw,f/ aiGqdkwJh[m &atmif
pwefYawGvkyfaewJh oabmygbJ}} [k &Snfvsm;pGm ajym
Mum;cJhonf/ yDumqdkudk ESpfoufrI&Sdr&Sd tar;udk eEvmu
]]BudKufw,f ajym&rSmyJ? tJ'Dynm&SifrSm taMumif;t&m
awmh 'gavmufr&Sdygbl;/ olUrSmyHko@mef (Form) &Sdw,f/
tJ'DyHkoPmefxJrSm tawG; (Idea) eJY OmP (Rasa) &Sdw,f/
olUum;awGudk OmPeJYom em;vnfEdkifw,f? taMumif;
t&mtaeeJYMunfhvdkYr&bl;}} [k ajzcJhonf/
A*sDpmay
Oa&myodkY oGm;aom eEmvmwynfh&if; &mAifj'mewfcsm

u&mAmwDonf qDaq;um;rsm; prf;oyfa&;qJGaeavonf/
olcajrm q&meEmvm BudKufrSBudKufyghrvm; pdk;&drfae&Sm
onf/ eEmvmu ]]ighrSm b,folUudkrS twif;tMuyf csKyf
aESmifcsifwJhpdwfrsKd;r&Sdbl;? yef;csDum;wum;[m tEkynm
yDowJh aq;a&mifrsOf;vdkif; tcdkiftrmeJY aoaooyfoyf&Sd
w,fqdkNyD;wmygyJ? a&aq;eJY qJGqJG ? qD;aq;eJYyJ qJGqJG? w&kwf
[efoHk;oHk;? tdEd,[efoHk;oHk;? taemufwdkif; [efyJ,l,l?
ta&;BuD;wm yef;csDydobdkYygbJ? yk'yHka&;a&; ? c&pfawmfyHk
a&;a&;? ydk;aumif rTm;aumif yHkyJa&;a&; ? ay&Gufa&;a&;
xef;&Gufa&;a&; tEkynmyDobdkYygyJ}} [k ajymcJhonf/
A*sDpmay
114 w A*sDatmifpdk;
olUvufatmufwGif aeYpOfuREfkyfrSm tmcs,eEmvmESifh
rMumcP awGUqHkESD;aESmcGifh&cJhonf/ eEmvm\ dk;om;ajzmifh
rwfrIESifh yGifhvif;azmfa&GrIwdkYrSm awGUolwdkif;\ cifrifpdwfudk
nGwfEl;aponf/ eEmvmonf olUtjrif olUtawG;udk rxdef;
rcsef rSefuef&Jwif;pGm ajymwwfolvnf;jzpfonf/ wpfcgu
udpwckESifh ywfouf olESifhuREfkyf rausrvnfjzpfMuonf/
]]tdEd,\vrf;aMumif;}} (March of India) [laom pme,f
Zif;wckwGif tmbifeifj'mewfBuD;\ yef;csDum;tcsKdU yHkESdyf
xnfh&eftwGuf olUxHoGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ oluumv0d[mrS
pkaqmif;xm;aom tmbifeifj'mewf\ rnfonfhyef;csD
um;udkrQ toHk;jyK&ef cGifhrjyK[k tjyif;txef jiif;qefae
onf/ uREfkyfu tmr0Em trsKd;rsKd;cHonf/ tjcm;uwdu
0wfrsm; ajymqdkvnf; trsKd;rsKd; awmif;Munfhonf/
odkYaomfeEmvmrSm jiif;y,fNrJ jiif;y,fcJhonf/ aemufqHk;
wGifuREfkyfudkwnf NidrfaomtoHjzifh ]]tEkynmudkajrmuf
yifhbdkYtvkyf[m oifeJYrqdkifygbl;? oifhudk csD;ajrmufbdkY
omtvkyfvkyfyg}} [l ,wdjywfajymonf/
xdak eY naeydik ;f wGif uREykf rf w
d af qG yef;csq
D &m atrm'DEiS hf
uREfkyf &SefwdedauwefrS jyefvmaomtcg eEmvmESifh xyf
awGUonf/ olonf uREfkyfwdkYxH ajcvSrf; usJBuD;rsm;jzifh
avQmufvmonf/ pdwfvSKyf&Sm;aom toHjzifh eEmvmonf
]]armif&ifwdkY b,fuvmwmvJ udk,fjzifh&Smvdkuf&wmuGm}}
A*sDpmay
[kajymonf/ uREfkyfuvnf; ]]uRefawmfh q&m &S&Drlwl;'D
qDoGm;aecJhygw,f}} ]]aumif;uGm ? uJ...'dkYumv b0em
oGm;&atmif? yDSL;r,fudkawmif igajymxm;w,f}} uREfkyf
tawmfyiftHh MooGm;onf/ oluRefawmfhudkESpfodrfh ac:ae
onfrsm;vm;[k oHo,jzpfrdonf/ oludk,fwdkifuyifumv
0d[modkY uREfkyfwkdYudk ac:aqmifoGm;onf/ ausmif;odkYa&muf
aomtcg pm&GufvdyfwckudknTefum ]]udkif;MunfhMuprf;yg
tHk;uGm}} [k ajymvdkufonf/
1947 ckEpS wf iG f tm&Swpfwu kd v
f ;kH qdik &f m yef;csjD yyJt
G wGuf
um;rsm;pkaqmif;&ef &SefwdedauwefodkY uREfkyf a&mufoGm;
aomtcg jrpfudk wdwdusus a&;xm;onfh wkwfyef;csD
um;vdyfvdkcsifaMumif; q&meEmvmudk ajymrdonf/ ]][kwNfyD
rif;aemufwpfcg &Sefwdedauwefvm&if & &apr,f/ tcsdef
eJeJawmhapmifhtHk;}} [kqdkonf/ tmbifeifj'mewf yHkrsm;
awmif;rdonft h &Sed f &Sad eao; uREykf &f ifxJ q&meEmvmudk
yHkawmif;&onfrSm r&GHUr&Jjzpfaeao;aMumif; 0efcHygonf/
odkYaomf olonf umv0d[m q&mwpfOD; jzpfol &S&Dtm&mem
csm yg*lrJvfESifh tjcm;wynfhBuD;wpfOD; tultnDjzifh wkwf
yef;csDum;vdyfuav;wckudk nifompGm xkd;xnfhay;onf/
eEmvm olUtwdkif;twmjzifh ol&ifhusufajymifajrmuf
aomvuf&if;wynfh wNyHKwaxG;&SdcJhonf/ odkYwap q&m
BuD;eEmvm\ twwfynmESifh tawG;tac:udk tjynfht0
A*sDpmay
116 w A*sDatmifpdk;
tarG qufcHEdkifonfh wynfh[lrl jzpfjzpf ajrmufajrmuf
uREfkyfwdkY rawGUao;ay/ eEmvmonf tdEd, tEkynmc&D;
wGifnD;xdefxGef;vif;cJhayaom Mu,fajymifBuD;jzpf\/ xdk
Mu,fajymif twGufudkrl *dkPf;&,f *Pe&,f ausmif;&,f
oifwef;&,f[l zGifhvSpfrxm;cJhay/
A*sDpmay
ta&S U ES i f h t aemuf
jymvJh Munfvifaom aumif;uifjyifudk aemufcH cs,f

&Dyef;rsm; zl;yGifhaeaom ta&SUwdkif; *syefjynfrS zl*sD&mr
awmifyHk yef;csDum;csyfuav;wcsyf\ 1900 jynfh jyifopf
yef;csDtiftm;pk vSKyf&Sm;rIordkif;wGif xif&Sm;ta&;ygcJhyHkrSm
taemufwdkif; Oa&mytify&uf&Sif; yef;csD rarG;zGm;rD oaE
wnfpumvwGif jyifopfrS q&mAif*dk;onf txyfxyftcg
cg wzefwvJvJ 4if;yef;csDum;csyfudk acR;NydKufNydKufusrQ
ul;qJG aeavonf/ xkdYtjyif 4if;ul;qJGcJhaom *syefopf
xGif; a&mifpHkyef;csDum;wcsyfjzpfaom [Ddk&SD*D\ ]] tk[pd
wHwm;BuD;}} \yHkudk azmfjyvdkufygonf/
xdkYtwl q&maygufa*g*Gif? q&mbdkewf? qm'D*wfpf
ponfwdkUuvnf; tirf;r& vufvSrf;rD&m &EkdiforQ ta&SU
wdkif;yef;csDum;rsm; vdkufvefpkaqmif;&if;? 4if;wdkY\yef;csD
A*sDpmay
118 w A*sDatmifpdk;
um;rsm; twGif;odkY ta&SUwdkif;[efrsm;udk ul;,la&;qJGxnfh
oG i f ; aecsd e f u m; (1870) 19 &mpk aemuf y d k i f ; tcsd e f
avmufwGifjzpfayonf/
4if;wdkYrQavmuf BudK;pm;yrf;pm; avhvmenf;em,l
aeMuaom ta&SUwdkif;yef;csDum;rsm;onfum; uRefawmf
,cifwpfcgu aqmif;yg; a&;cJhaom (Ukiyo-e) tlcD,dk
ath*syef a&mifpHkopfxGif; yef;csDum;csyfrsm;yif jzpfayonf/
4if;tcsed t f cgonf Oa&my yef;csaD vmuwGif (Japonism)
*syefopfxGif; yef;csDtvTrf;rdk;cHae&aom tjrifhqHk;tcsdefydkif;
yifjzpfovdk *&dwfNAdwdefrS ]]q&m0Spfpvm}} uvnf; wddk&SD*D\
]]trukeD\ ncsrf;csdefcg}} yef;csDum;csyfudk rSD; ol\xif
&Sm;aom (Nocturne) yef;csDum;BuD;udk zefwD;vdkufav
onf/
Oa&myrS q&mAif*;kd wdYk vlpu k vnf; wvSKyv f KS yf w&G&jG zifh
q&mBuD; [Ddk&SD*D\ ]]wdkudkuf'dkY IarQmfcif; 53}} yef;csDum;
csyfrsm;wGif rsm;pGmrS pdwf0ifpm;aeMuay\/
]]wdkudkuf'dkIarQmfcif; 53}} yef;csDum;rsm;rSm tD'dk,ck
(wdkusKd) rS usKdwdkodkYoGm;aom c&D;&Snfvrf;rBuD;wavQmufrS
pcef; 53 ckudk pcef;wpfckvQif yef;csDum;wpfcsyfcsif; zefwD;
a&;qJGxm;aom q&mBuD; ]][Ddk&SD*D}} \ vuf&m rGefrsm;yif
jzpfay\/
A*sDpmay
]]tD'dkdk*ef}} rsm;u usKdwdkbk&ifrif;jrwfxHawmfodkY jrif;
rsm;udk vufaqmif yPmawmfrsm;taejzifh qufovdkuf
aomtzJGUESifh ygvmaom [Ddfk&Sd*Du vrf;c&D;wavQmuf
oljrifawGUorQaom Icif; toG,foG,fwdkYudk a&;qJGrSwfwrf;
wifcJhojzifh [Ddk&SD*D\ ]]wdkudkuf'dkIarQmfcif; 53}} yef;csD
um;csyfrsm; jzpfay:vmcJh&ay\/
[Ddk&SD*D yef;csDum;csyfrsm;wGif IarQmfcif;yef;csDum;csyf
rsm;[kqdkaomfvnf; IarQmfcif; tvSoufoufrQ r[kwfyJ
xdak cwfxt kd cguvkyo f m;jynfowl \
Ykd b0udk rsujf cnfrjywfyJ
t&Sdudkt&Sdwdkif; dk;om;pGm a&;qJGwifjy&mwGif pmempdwf?
Muif e monf h pd w f r sm;jzif h [moav;rsm;yif &H z ef & H c g
aESmxdkacwf xdktcgumvrsKd;wGif &,foGrf;aoG;xm;onf
udkvnf; awGUwwfygonf/
txl;ojzifh xdkyef;csDum;csyfrsm;wGif yg&Sdaom kyfyHk
taxGaxGwdkYrSm tNrJwrf; touf0if vSKyf&Sm;aebdouJhodkY
&Sdawmh\/
A*sDpmay
120 w A*sDatmifpdk;
vkyfom;jynfol[k qdkvdkufonfESifh v,form;? tvkyf

orm;rsm;omru bk&m;zl;vmaom rdom;pk\ aysmfjrL;
zG,f&mtoG,foG,frSp twif;'vMurf; jrLqG,fwwf
aom xdkacwfujynfhwefqmrav;wdkY\ okyfo@mefrsm;udk
pdwf0ifpm;bG,f&m vlkyfyHkrsm;jzifh jynfhaeayawmhonf/
A*sDpmay
]]opmonfom tvSw&m;}} [laom t,ltqudk pJGNrJ
vufcH,HkMunfaom [Ddk&SD*Donf xdkacwf xdktcg ajcjref
awmf (xdktcsdefu ta&;wBuD;pmcRefawmfrsm;udk wpfae&mrS
wpfae&modYk ajcukef okwu f m ajy; quf&ol) vkyo f m;wd\
Yk
b0udk okyfazmf&myif [moav;rsm;yg&Sdatmif a&;qJG
aomyHkrSm ajcjrefawmfvkyfom;wpfa,mufrSm ajcrjrefbJ
zsif;&dzifhwJGpGm vrf;avQmufvmyHk? wpfa,mufuvnf; vrf;
ab;xdkif aq;vdyfSLaeyHkpojzifh &,foGrf;aoG;xm;yHkwdkYrSm
q&mAif*dk;wdkY q&maygvfa*:*GifvlpkwdkY w[m;[m; &,fae
MurnfrSm rvJGwnf;/
]]xdkudkuf'dkpcef; 53}} udk okyfazmf&mvnf; q&mBuD;
[Ddk&SD*Donf owif;pm? *sme,form;wpfa,muf\ tjrifrsKd;
tjynfht0ukdvnf; ol\ yef;csDum;rsm;u ajymjyaeyg
onf/
[Ddk&SD*D\ yef;csDvuf&mrsm;onf (Three Dimentional)
oHk;bufjrif xkx,fjzifh a&;qJGvdkonfxuf tvsm;ESifhteH
rsOf;a&;aq;jc,f (tm&Senf;) udk ydkrdk tm;xm;a&;qJGvsuf
tmkHjrif (Impession) udkvnf; oD;jcm;ay;xm;onfudk awGU
jrifrdygonf/ (azmfjyvdkonfrsm;udk tdk;qHk; okyfazmfwwf
onfrmS tku, d akd th yef;csq
D &mwd\Yk "avhyifjzpfawmh onf/
xdkYjyif EdkifiHjcm; 'wfcsf ponfwkdYrS 0ifa&mufvmaom
aMu;jym;ay:wGif yHkxGif;xm;onfh yHkESdyfyef;csDum;rsm;rS
A*sDpmay
122 w A*sDatmifpdk;
taemufwdkif; teD;ta0;pepfudkvnf; taMutvnfavh
vmqnf;yl; [Ddk&SD*D\ yef;csDum;rsm;wGif xnfhoGif;a&;
qJGxm;ayonf/) xdkYaMumifhyif (Impressionist) tmkHjrif
yef;csDq&m Aif*dk;wdkYvlpk tBudKufawGU twk,lcJhMujcif;yifjzpf
ayvdrfhrnf[k xifrdygonf/
tD ' d k v rf ; rrsm;ay:rS jynf h w ef q mrrsm; aetd r f r sm;
twGif;rS jynfhwefqmrrsm;\ yHkwltacsmtvSrsm;? a*&Sm;
trsKd;orD;tvS? umqluDjyZmwf okkyfaqmifrsm;\ yHkwl
rsm;udkom a&;qJGcJhaom yef;csDrsm;uJhodkY [Ddk&SD*DESifh [dkuk
qdkif;wdkYuJhodkY vkyfom;jynfolwdkY\ b0vSKyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk w0
BuD;okyfazmf a&;qJGcJhaom yef;csDq&mBuD;rsm;onf ]]tkud
,dkath}} yef;csDu@wGif &Sdwwfygao;onfudk avhvmawGU
&Sdrdygonf/
yef;csq D &mwpfO;D a&;qJaG om yef;csu D m;wpfcsyrf mS a&;qJo
G l
yef;csDq&m\ ESvHk;om;aMu;rHk jyifozG,fyif jzpfayonf/
q&mBuD; [Ddk&SD*Donf tD'dkNrdKUwGif 1797 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;
touf 62 ESpf ? 1858 ckESpfwGif uG,fvGefcJhygonf/
q&mBuD; [Ddk&SD*DuG,fvGeftedpa&mufNyD; aemufwGifum;
17 &mpk 19 &mpktwGif; xGef;um;pnfyifvmcJhaom ]]tk,dk
ath}} yef;csD[efonfvnf; q&mBuD;ESifhtwl csKyfNidrf;arS;
rSefcJhavonf/
xdkYtwl ta&SUudkcspfcJhMuaom q&mAif*dk;wdkYvnf; uG,f
vGefcJhayNyD/ ESvHk;om;jzifh a&;cJhMuaom olwdkY\yef;csdum;
A*sDpmay
rsm;om uRefawmfwdkYtwGuf jrwfEdk;av;pm; p&mrsm;tjzpf
xm;&pfcJhawmhonf/
q&mBuD; [Ddk&SD*Donf ta&SUwdkif; *syefjynf\ trsKd;om;
[ef yef;csDq&mBuD; jzpfovdk q&mAif*dk;wdkYrSmvnf; taemuf
\ tEkynmvuPm jzpfcJhMuonf/
,cktcgwGifum; q&mAif*dk;wdkY\ taemufurmwGif
ESvHk;om;ae&m pufrIESifh OD;aESmufrsm;u vTrf;rdk;ae&m,l
aeMuavNyD/
jymvJhaom aumif;uifjyifudk aemufcH cs,f&Drsm;zl;
yGifhaom zl*sD&mrawmif yef;csDum;csyfuav;onfvnf;
taemufrS w&dyf&dyfwufvmaom 20 &mpkpufkH rD;cdk;xk
Mum; ydk ydk rIefarS;vmcJhacsNyDwnf;/
A*sDpmay
124 w A*sDatmifpdk;
1880 ckESpfrsm;twGif; *syefyHkESdyfESifh jyifopf

yef ; csD
t"dutm;jzifh (Japonaiserie) ESifh (Japonism) wdkY uJG
jym;yHkudk cJGjcm;wifjy&rnfjzpfayonf/ xdkESpfck uJGjym;yHkudk
cdkifcdkifrmrm em;vnfonfESifhtrQ 1880 ESpfrsm;\ tjzpf
tysufokyf o@mefudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; odjrifEkdifMurnf[k
,lqaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
pifppf (Japonaiserie) qdkaom pum;onf vlodrsm;NyD;
aom a0g[m& jzpfonfh (chinoiserie) ESifh oabmxm;jcif;
twlwl jzpfonf/ wkwfESifh *syef[laom a'oomvQif
uJGayonf/ (Japonaiserie) \ t"dyg,frSm *syef\tEkynm
txH;k tzJUG ? tqift,if t,ltqwdYk wG,Nf ijd cif;yifjzpfav
onf/ odkYaomf xdkodkYwG,fNidonfh rdrd\qEydkif;udk rdrdwdkY\
yGifhxGufjcif; r&Sday/ (Japonism) rSmrl *syefvuf&m awGU&
A*sDpmay
aom oabmxm;rsm;udk taemufwdkif; tEkynmtwGif;odkY
vufawGU aygif;pyfoGwfoGif;jcif;yif jzpfavonf/ xdkodkY
rdrdcHpm; awGUaom *syef[efrsm;udk rdrd\vuf&mwGif xnfh
prf;jcif;jzifh tajccHtaMumif;t&m twGif;om;t&? Oa&my
yef;csDoabmudk jypfy,fr&aom taemufwkdif;yef;csDq&m
tzdkY rdrdESifh rdrdqEydkif;wdkY aumif;aumif;BuD; tm;NydKifcJh&av
awmhonf/
trsm;odMuonfhtwdkif; *syefudprsm;ESifh *syefavmuudk
pdwf0ifpm;rI t&Sdeft[kefBuD;onfh jyifopfjynf 1850
ckESpfrsm; aemufydkif;ESifh 1860 ckESpf tydkfif;rsm;wGif tBuD;
tus,f d k u f c wf c J h a vonf / (apmapmyd k i f ; umvrsm;u
t*FvdyfESifh pydef) *syefyHkESdyfyef;csDrsm;udk jyifopfyef;csDq&m
rsm; yxrqHk; MunfhcGifhBuHKBudKufonfhyJGrSm 1862 ckESpfwGif
jzpfavonf/ xdkESpf yJ&pf&Sd *syefypnf;rsm; a&mif;onfh
(Porte Chinoise) rS *syefyHkESdyfum;rsm;jyocJhavonf/ jyif
opfyef;csu D m;rsm; (Japonaiscrie) rS (Japonism) tqifu h kd
wpfqifhwdk;ajymif;vJvmonfrSm 1860 ckESpfrsm; tv,fydkif;
umvta&mufwiG f jzpfayonf/ txl;ojzifh xdo k w
Ykd pfqifw
h ;kd
ajymif;vJvmjcif;udk 0Spfpwvm\ um;rsm;wGif xifxif
&Sm;&Sm;jyEkdifayonf/ jyifopfyef;csDavmu&Sd 0SpfpwvmESifh
acwfNydKif yef;csDorm;rsm;\ vuf&mrsm;wGifvnf; xdktcsif;
t&mudk awGUEkdifayonf/
A*sDpmay
126 w A*sDatmifpdk;
(Japonism) tqifhxd wdk;qJGvmrIESifh ywfouf urmh
yef;csDa0zefa&;q&mrsm; qJGxkwfjyocJhonfh 1860 ckESpf
rsm;twGif; *syefyef;csDtoGiftjyifygaom um;rsm;udk jyef
vnfavhvmoifhayonf/ xdktoGiftjyif w0ufcefYonf
jyifopfyef;csDavmuodkY 1850 ESifh 1870 Mum;umvwGif
rnfonfhenf;jzifhrqdk pdrfh0ifNyD;jzpfonf[k a0zefa&;q&m
trsm;pku qdkMuonf/
*syefwdkY\ ]]yHko@mefuJwifjyrI}} rsKd;udk tif*&D;\um;
rsm;wGif awGUEdik af vonf/ t&dyu f kd toH;k jyKvsuf wpfum;vH;k
\ o@mefudk aqmif,lEdkifonfh *syefoabmudk tif*&DwGif
omru 'GrfrD;,m;wGifvnf; awGUEdkifayonf/ ]]zJGUpnf;jcif;}}
qdkif&m tcsKd;rnDrI}} oabmudk 0Spfpvm\ ]]*Dwcef;r}}
(1860) um;wG i f awG U Ed k i f a yonf / xd k Y j yif a';*g;\
apmapmydkif;vuf&mrsm;wGifvnf; awGUEdkifavonf/ ]]xHk;pHr
[kwfaom jrifuGif;}} a&G;cs,frIoabmudk 0Spfpvmum;rsm;
wGif4if;? xdktcsdefu jyifopf"gwfyHk rsm;wGif4if; ? awGUEdkifay
onf/ zvufwkef;wdkY\ uJGvJGrIoabmudkrl bdk'if\um;rsm;
ESifhrdkae;\ apmapmydkif; vuf&mrsm;wGif awGUEdkifjyef av
onf/
a0zefa&;q&mrsm; wifjyMuaom usefoHk;yHkwpfyHk toGif
tjyifrsm;rSmrl Japoniserie tqifhrS uRHxGufp[k qdkEdkif
aomum;rsm; jzpfavonf/ 4if;wdkY\ *syef twGif;om;
A*sDpmay
taMumif;t&mtay: yHkaorSDjirf;MurIrSmrl pdwf0ifpm;p&m
aumif;vSayonf/
txufuyHkrsm;ESifh oD;oefYcJG jyEkdifaom jyifopfum;
rsm;rSm Japonism tqifhodkY jynfhjynfh00 a&mufNyDum;
rsm;jzpf M uavonf / xd k u m;rsm; ,if ; od k Y j zpf a Mumif ; ud k
tcsufav;csufwnf;jzifh jyEdkifavonf/ yxrtcsufrSm
OD;wnf&m a&GUvsm;rIESifhuGefwdkt&nf tcsif;jzpfavonf/
xdka&GUvsm;rIonf um;\jyifnDudk vHk;0rsOf;NydKifpepf oHk;jcif;
tm;jzif h k y f y H k w d k Y \ av;yH k o H k ; yH k tjrif (od k Y r [k w f )
a&SUydkif;tjrif Frontal View udk ab;apmif;tjrif Profile
View tjzpfodkY a&maESmoGm;apaom a&GUvsm;rI jzpfav
onf/ 4if;wdkYonf kyfyHkwdkY\ jzefYcif;rIudk ydjym;oGm;apNyD;
xdkydjym;rIudk ydwfum;\ ydjym;rIESifh aygif;pyfay;vdkufav
onf/ 'kwd,tcsufrSm El;nHhqyfaom tem;owfrsOf;
rsm;jzif h k y f y H k r sm;ud k ay:vG i f a pjcif ; yif jzpf a vonf /
enf;tm;jzifh wifjyrIonf ydjym; ydkoefYvmavonf/
wwd,tcsurf mS kyyf akH y: xifapaom aemufct H wGi;f om;
tao;pd w f r I e f ; csuf r sm;ud k avsmh c sjcif ; jzpf a vonf /
odkYtm;jzifh aemufcHum;onf omref tqifhcHom jzpf
oGm;aponf/ 4if;onf kyfyHk\ wnf&Sdjcif;udk ydk jyif;xef
aponf ? tm;aumif ; aponf / k y f y H k & S d aomh c suf t yd k i f ;
tcsKdUudk jznfhpGwf tjrifcH e,frsm;twGif; a&mufoGm;ap
A*sDpmay
128 w A*sDatmifpdk;
jcif;jzifh ydk odyfonf;apcJhonf/ xkdodkYaom kyfyHkESifh
aemufcHum; qufoG,frIonf yef;csDum;\ wnfaqmufrI
wpfcv k ;kH udk tvTmxyfrsm; Superanposed Layers \tpDtrH
wpfct k jzpfoYkd avQmch svu
kd af vonf/ wcsed w
f nf;rSmyifaemuf
cHum;onf kyfyHkudk MunfholxHodkY wGef;ay;vdkufavonf/
aemufqHk;tcsufrSm *syeftEkynm ypnf;rsm;\ &Sifoef
aom*sDMoarx&D yHko@mefESifh yef;csDum;tzJGUtpnf;wdkY\
tpyft[yf tzJGUtxHk;yifjzpfavonf/
tcsufrsm;\ aomhcsuf Oyrmtjzpf 1863-64
0Spfpvm a&;qJGcJhaom ]]a<uxnfajru rif;orD;av;}}
um;ud k wif j yEd k i f a yonf / um;wG i f 0S p f p vmonf
Japonaiserie rS Japonism odYk odoo d mom ajymif;oGm;ayonf
xdkum;ESifh wcsdefwnf; ay:aygufcJhaom rmae;\um;
rsm;wGifvnf; xdktcsif;t&mudk awGUjrifEkdifayonf/ ol\
]]vrf;ay:utqdkawmf}} um;wGif a*&Sm;r,f\ MunfhyHk
IyHkonf wuJh *syefppfppf jzpfaomfvnf; Japonaiserie
abmif x J o m 0if a eayonf / uG e f w d k v d k i f ; rsm;rS m *syef
yH k E S d y f o abmxuf tif * &D ; pf v d k i f ; rsm; yd k q ef a ecJ h a om
aMumifhjzpfayonf/ rmae;\ 1864 qJGaom yef;csD
um;usrSom Japonism tjzpf qdkprSwf jyKEdkifavonf/
um;wGif a&S;q&mBuD;rsm;\ yHkpHrsm; txl;ojzifh q&m
BuD;awwD,rf\ yHkpHa&maeonf[k qdkEdkifaomfvnf; um;
A*sDpmay
rsufESmjyifwGif xif;aeaom vufwef;rsm;url pepfopf
wpfckjzpfrSef; odomayonf/ tjznfhcHjrifuGif;udkvnf; aygh
yg;oGufvufaom yHkMurf;rsm;cHum a&;xm;jcif;aMumifh
xdkjrifuGif;onf kyfyHktaemuf&Sd tMunfhcHe,f\ tpdwf
tydkif;wpfckrQom jzpfaMumif; ay:vGifaponf/ xdkYtjyif
yHkoPmefESifh ta&mifrsm;uvnf; kyfyHkudk *syeftEkynm
ypnf;wdkY\ xkxnfrsKd;&atmif BudKpm;xm;aMumif; odom
ayonf / 1860 ck E S p f r sm; tv,f y d k i f ; a';*g;a&;qJ G
aomyHkwlrsm;wGifvnf; tvm;wl Japonism taxmuf
txm;rsm;udk &SmawGUEdkifayonf/ xdkum;rsm;\ aemufcH
a&;qJGrIESifh rsufESm trlt&m a&;csufwdkYu Japonism rSef;
odomaponf/ txl;ojzifh xdktcsdefu a&;qJGaomyifv,f
Icif;um; rsm;onf Japonism tqifhodkY ajymif;vJrIjywf
jywf o m;om; ajymjyEd k i f a om um;rsm;jzpf M uonf /
tcsufudk 0Spfpvm\ Batter Sea-Beach 1864 rmae;\
Bullet of Boulonge Harbour 1864 um;rsm;udk
Munfhjcif;jzifh odEkdifayonf/ rmae;\ apmapmydkif; yifv,f
Icif;vuf&mrsm; MoZmvGrf;rdk;cH&onf[k qdkEdkifaom rdkae;
\ tpdrf;a&mifvIdif; yef;csdum;wGifvnf; ywf0ef;usifa&xk
\ tao;pdwf rIef;csufrsm;u rSdefaeNyD; avSESifh &GufwdkYu
jym;vdkuf xifay:aejcif;u Japonism tqifhxJ 0ifae
aMumif; jyaeayonf/
xd k Y a Mumif h NcH K ajymvQif 1860 ck E S p f tv,f y d k i f ;
A*sDpmay
130 w A*sDatmifpdk;
umvrsm;twGif; Japonism yGifhvif; xGef;um;vmjcif;
rS m tk H E S i f h u sif ; ES i f h tod k u f t NrH K ay:ayguf vmjcif ; [k
qd k E d k i f a yonf / xd k t csuf u d k ur m h y ef ; csD a0zef a &;
q&mrsm;tuJcwf yk*Kdvfrsm;uvnf; wnDwnGwfwnf;
owfrSwfNyD; jzpfavonf/
aqmif ; yg;wG i f 1880 ck E S p f r sm;twG i f ; *syef t Ek
ynm\ vTrf;rdk;rItaMumif;a&;&ef jzpfaomfvnf; ,ckuJhodkY
1860 ckESpfumvup jyefaumufae&onfrSm taMumif;
&Sad yonf/ yxrtcsurf mS Japonaiserie rS Japonism tqifh
odkY ul;ajymif;jcif;tpOfudk jyef iHkrdap&ef jzpfavonf/
'k w d , tcsuf r S m 1860 ck E S p f r sm;twG i f ; ay:ayguf c J h
aom xkd Japonism um;rsm;onf 1880 ckESpfrsm;twGif;
ay:aygufcJhaom tify&uf&Sif; epfum;rsm;\ t&if; rlv
taMumif;w&m;rsm;tjzpf pdrfh0ifywfoufaeaomaMumifh
jzpfavonf/
xdkYaMumifh jzpfpOfudk jyefaumuf twdkNcHK;ajym&vQif
1860 ck E S p f r sm; tv,f y d k i f ; umvtwG i f ; 0S p f p vm\
Japonism um;rsm;onf wpfpw kH pfcak omtqifo h Ykd owfowf
rSwfrSwfa&muf&SdNyD;aom vuf&mrsm;[k aumufcsufcsEkdifav
onf/ 4if;ESifh acwfNydKif Japonism um;rsm; tm;vHk;udkvnf;
xdkodkYyif a,bk,sNcHKajymEdkifavonf/ xdkpOfumv 1860
ckESpfrsm;u yJ&pfwGif&Edkifaom *syefyHkESdyfum;rsm;rSm aps;
A*sDpmay
aygaygjzifh pD;yGm;jzpfa&mif;Muaom t&nftaoG;Ekonfh
um;rsm; jzpfavonf/ tdkuD,dkath q&mBuD;rsm;\ vuf&m
ajrmufum;rsKd;rsm; r[kwfMuacs/ rmae;\ ]]ZdkvmhyHkwl}}
um;xJwGif awGU&aom eH&Hay:&Sd yHkESdyfyef;csDum;rSm tlwm
rmd\ k um;r[kwb f J 19 &mpk ol\aemufvu kd f wpfO;D rQomjzpf
aom 'kw, d uleu D \D vuf&momjzpfayonf/ xdpk Ofu yJ&pf
yef;csDorm;rsm; xdawGU&aom tlwmrmdk\ tEkynmrSm
xdu k o hJ Ykd wpfqifyh ef;csu
D m;rsm;rS wpfqifh xdawGUqufq&H aom
tEkynmjzpfavonf/ xdkYtwl *syefyef;csDudkvnf; 1860
ckESpfrsm; tv,fydkif; yJ&pfyef;csDorm;rsm;onf xdkodkYaom
yHkESdyfum;rsKd;rsm;rSwpfqifh vSrf;Munfh&jcif;om jzpfavonf/
rnfodkYyifjzpfap 1865 ywf0ef;usifwGif tajcwnfcJhaom
Japonism onf xdk&mpktqHk;usrS aumif;pGm tm;aumif;
vTrf;rdk;EkdifcJhjcif; jzpfavonf/ 1870 a';*g;\ ]]r'rfurl;}}
qdkvQif a,bk,sNcHKiHkajymrSom *syef yHkESdyfabmifxJ 0ifEkdif
aom vuf&m jzpfaeayonf/
xdk 1870 ckESpfrsm;umvw0dkufwGif quf &Sdaeaom
Japonism udk txD;usef yef;csDum;rsm;wGif ydkrdkawGU&av
onf/ xdktaMumif;t&m trsKd;tpm;rsm; udk,fuvnf;? xdk
Japonism oabmESifh ydkrdk ajyjypf vdkufzufvSayonf/
1872ckESpf a';*g;\ Portrait of Hortense Valpircon rS
prmae;\ ]],yfawmifrsm;ESifh rdef;r}} (1871 - 74)
ponfwdkYonf ES,fum;rsm; jzpfMuavonf/ um;rsm;
A*sDpmay
132 w A*sDatmifpdk;
&Sd ,yfawmiftcif;tusif;rsm;wGif awGU&aom ta&SUwdkif;
yH k p H t vS u xl ; jcm;pG m ay:vG i f a eayonf / xd k t vS
xdktcs,fta&;wdkYrSm ,cif 0Spfpvm\ ]]rif;orD;av;}} um;
wGifvnf; taemufwdkif;om;wdkY wyfrufcJhMubl;aom ta&SU
wdkif;yHkpH tuGufrsKd;rsm;yif jzpfavonf/ EdkifiHjcm; zuf&Sif
rsm;udk wyfrufvG,fMujcif;ESifh ta&SUwdkif; tvSqif,ifrI
yom'uvnf; zrf;pm;EdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;wdkYu um;rsm;ay:
vGifoGm;apjcif; jzpfayvdrfhrnf/
xdkYtwl rdkae;\ 1876 ckESpf ]]*syef0wfpHkESifh um;rD;vf}}
wGif kyfyHkrsm;a&;csuf/ kyfyHkESifh ywf0ef;usif [if;vif;e,f
quf E G , f c suf w d k Y r S m 1860 ck E S p f r sm; tv,f y d k i f ; umv
Japonism tqifhtwkdif;yif jzpf ydk xl;jcm;vmonf[k
rajymEdkifay/ odkY&mwGif xdktxJwGif Japonaiserie yg yg0if
aeayao;onfudkvnf; awGU&ayonf/ rdkae;onf xdktcsuf
udk tjynfht0vTwf oHk;xm;yHk &avonf/ Oa&my txm
t& MunfhomIomaom *syefqefonfh 0wfpHkudk txl;tm;
pdkufa&;qJGxm;onfudk awGU&avonf/ xdkYxuf xl;jcm;onfh
Japonaiserie udkvnf; um;wGif awGU&ayao;onf/
um;\ aomhcsufrSm qmrldkif;ESifh *syef0wfpHk\ oD;oefY
xl;jcm;aerIyif jzpfavonf/ tjcm;tjcm;aom *syef0wf
pH k w d k Y x uf xl ; jcm;aom 0wf p H k o nf y if um;\
tndKUyifjzpfavonf/ *syef a&;&m yg&*lwpfOD;onf 0wf
pHkudk jrifkHESifh 0wfpHk\ aeYpJGESifh Zpfjrpfudk wdwdusus
A*sDpmay
ajymEdkifrnfh 0wfpHkrsKd; jzpfavonf/ ,yfawmifwdkY\ tvS
txH;k tzJUG uvnf;,yfawmif wpfcck si;f pD\ xl;jcm;rItaMumif;
udk oD0&Dt& cJGcJGjcm;jcm; ajymEdkifrnfh tqift,ifrsKd; jzpf
avonf/ *syeftEkynm tqifwefqmrSm tcsdefumvjy
t0wftpm; jzpfajrmufoGm;onfhtwGuf yef;csDjywdkufxJwGif
trSww f q H yd Ef iS hf aeYp&GJ &J 0J 0hH hH u
kd Ef ydS cf sw
d q
f EGJ ikd af vonf/ onf
yif Japoniserie \ 'kwd, tqifh[kac:aumif; ac:Ekdifay
onf/ tcsufwGif rdkae;\ um;ESifh a&;EGm;\ ]]r'rfcsyif
vD;,m;ESifh olUuav;rsm;}} um;udk tBuD;tus,fjcm;em;
oGm;avonf/ a&;EGm;onf Japonism wGif pdwf0ifpm;rI&Sd
olr[kwfacs/ xdkYaMumifhvnf; ol\um;xJwGif yg0ifaom
*syef y p n f ; rsm;rS m vl r I j y,k * f t jzpf o m qJ G x m;aMumif ;
odomvSayonf/
quf v uf avh v moif h o nf r S m 0S p f p vm\ ]]nOf h

aw;oH}}um; jzpfonf/ 4if;aemufydkif; ydk tqifhjrifhvm
aom Japoniserie um;rsm;tm;vH k ; ud k ud k , f p m;jyKEk d i f
avmufjzpfavonf/ xdkum;rsm;tm;vHk;\ t"duZpf
jrpfrSm*syef Icif; ESifh yifv,fjrifuGif; yef;csDausmfBuD;
[Ddk&SD*Dyif jzpfavonf/ [Ddk&DS*D\ vuf&mrsm;xJwGif yg
aom oabmxm;ESifh qJGyHk qJGvufudk vef'eftaMumif;t&m
ESiahf ygif;um 0Sppf vm\ um;rsm;wGif awGUEkid af vonf/ odjYk zifh
um;rsm;wGif *syefESifh vef'eftaMumif;t&m aygif;pyf
A*sDpmay
134 w A*sDatmifpdk;
xm;aom psmefESifh cHpm;rIrsKd;udk uRefawmfwdkY awGUxdEdkif
avonf/
1880 vG e f umvrsm; a&muf v maom tcgwG i f r l
Japoniserie ESifh Japonism udkvnf; uJGuJGjym;jym; odvmMu
NyD;jzpfavonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaom *syefyef;csDausmf
BuD;rsm;ESifh ywfouf wpfOD;pDtaMumif;udk aumif;pGmcJGjcm;
jrifvmMu jzpfonf/ taemufyef;csD yHkESdyfrsm;rSmvnf;xdk
vuf&mausmfrsm;\ xl;jcm;rI uJGjym;rIudk odomapaom
yef;csDyHkESdyfrsm; us,fus,fjyefYjyefY cefYcefYnm;nm; xkwfvkyf
jzefYcsdEdkifNyD jzpfavonf/
,cif 60 vGefumvrsm;twGif; tajccHwdk;wufrI jzpf
pOfw&m;udkvnf; ,ckumvESifh,SOf jyefvnfaumufMunfh
EkdifNyD jzpfonf/ xdkpOfu Japonaiserie onf ,ck Japonism
ay:aygufa&;twGuf rvJGraoG &SdcJh&aom umvwpf&yf
tqifhwpf&yf jzpfonf[laom todudk &cJhMuNyD jzpfonf/
Japonaiserie onf Japonism udk wpwp qJGac:vmum
ol U ae&mrS e f u d k ay;cJ h y H k v nf ; jrif v m BuNyD jzpf o nf /
Japonaiserie ESifh Japonism ESpf&yfpvHk;onfvnf; aemuf
xyfajcwpfvrS ;f pDwufcMhJ uNyjD zpfonf/ Japonaiserie ajcvSr;f
opfrSm oD;jcm;pHjyyHkrsm;udk tajccHaom ajcvSrf;jzpfonf/
xdyk rkH sm;udk oD;jcm; pHjyyHrk sm;udk tajccHaom ajcvSr;f jzpfonf/
xdkyHkrsm;udk oD;jcm;[efpdkufrsm;udk pepfwus zufwG,fxm;
onfah jcvSr;f jzpfonf/ xdt Yk wl wpfzufwiG v f nf; Japonism
A*sDpmay
onf wu,fh *syefyef;csDq&mBuD;rsm;\ xl;jcm;aom vuf
&mpifppfrsm;ay:wGif tajccHjyKNyD; vSrf;vdkufaomajcvSrf;
jzpfavonf/ odkYjzifh xkdyef;csD q&mBuD;rsm;\ yHkESdyfyef;csD
um;rsm;wGif awGUaom zJGUpnf;yHkrsKd;? wifjyyHkrsKd;wdkYudk pJGruf
zG,f&m a&;jc,fvmcJhMuayonf/
xkd 80 vGeu f mvrsm;wGif ay:xGe;f vmcJah om ajcvSr;f opf
Japonaiserie vuf&mudk O'g[kPf;tm;jzifh oDtdkAif*dk;xH
wGif&Sdonfh 1884 ckESpf ]]ESpfopful;u'fjym;}} wGif awGU&SdEdkif
avonf/ xdktxJwGifygonfh ykjym;jym;ESifh&,fp&mvkyfxm;
aom *syefOD;acgif;rsm;rSm [dkudkqdkif;\wynfh wpfOD;OD;
vuf & mud k rS D ; onf [ k ,l q &ayonf / xd k Y t wl 1882
rmae;\aEGOD;um;wGif awGU&aom jrufcif;rsm;yef;csDrsm;
rSmvnf; *syefIcif; MoZmrsm;vTrf;rdk;onf[k tydkifwGufEdkif
ayonf/ umv Japonism \ t&nftaoG;udkvnf;
tJz&ufpwDAif\ tqifhedrfh vuf&mtcsKdUwGif aumif;
aumif;jyEdik af vonf/ (wpfqifeh rd v hf uf&m[k qdx k m;&jcif;rSm
Oyrm aqmifrnfhpepf Japonism udk,fpm;jyK wefbdk;&Sd
aejzpf o nf ) / 70 ES p f v G e f u mv[k owf r S w f E d k i f a om
pwDAif\ ]]*syef0wfpHk}} um;wGif yg&Sdonfh ta&SUwdkif;
t0wftpm;rsm;udMk unfv h Qif tao;pdwf *kwpdu k af &;qJx G m;
onf u d k awG U &ayrnf / xd k t a&S U wd k i f ; t0wf t pm;wG i f
ygonfhyef;EG,f yef;cufuav;rsm; EJGUvsaeyHkutp tm;
vHk;onf qif,ifxm;aom rdef;rysKduav;\ txD;usefEdkifrI
A*sDpmay
136 w A*sDatmifpdk;
tdyfrufqefrIudk tjynfht0 azmfusL;xm;Edkifonf/ ydk
pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;aom vuf&mrSm pwDAif\ um;jzpf
aom ]]tjym0wfpHk}} yifjzpfonf/ xdkum;onf 1888 ckESpf
0ef;usifw0dkufu a&;qJGaomum;[k rSef;q&onf/ xdkum;
wGif *syef toHk;taqmifrsm;udk crf;vHk;jynfh awGUEdkifonf/
xdkxufxl;jcm;onfrSm um;xJwGif awGU&aom *syef[ef*syef
ypnf;rsm;ESifh um;wGifygaom rdef;rysKdwdkY\ uJGjym;NyD;rS
'GefwJGnDnGwfoGm;rIyif jzpfonf/ um;udk avhvmjcif;
jzifh*syef tqifwefqm aemufcHxm; vlyHk a&S;jc,fxm;
aom um;rsm;\ oD;jcm; Japonism twdkif;twmudk aumif;
pGm avhvmEdkifayonf/
1880 ckESpf aemufydkfif;wGif Japonism xnfh qJGaom
tify&uf&Sif;epf yef;csDq&mrSm taotcsm avhvmvQif
ESpfOD;xufrenf;acs/ xdkESpfOD;udkvnf; tenf;qHk; rdkae;ESifh
a';*g;[l &J&JxkwfjyEdkifavonf/ ESpfOD;pvHk;onf 70
vGefESpfrsm;umvuyif rdrdwdkY\ um;rsm;udk tpGrf;ukefjyo
jcif;jzifh Japonism tqifhudk aumif;pGm vGefajrmufcJhMuNyD;
jzpfavonf/ umv a&mufaomtcgwGifrl 60 vGef
umvavmufxJu prf;oyfcJhMuaom rdrdwdkY Japonism vuf
pGrf;udk wdk; wwfvSrf;cJhMuNyD; jzpfayonf/
rdk;ae;onf vGefcJhaom apmapmydkif; 15 ESpf tESpf 20um
vxJuyif *syefyHkESdyftawmfrsm;rsm; udk,fydkifpkaqmif;ae
A*sDpmay
oljzpfonf/ olUvuf&mrsm; Japonism 0ifvmonfrSm rl
1882 aemufydkif; umvrSmom jzpfavonf/ 1865 ckESpf
avmufxJu pcsifcsif jzpfaecJhaom rdrd\ vuf&mrsm;udk
,ckrSjyefaumufonf[k qdkEdkifaomfvnf; ta&mifrsufESm
jyif 'DZdkif;yHk&dyftem;aMumif;wdkYrSm ,cifxufydkxl;jcm;vGwf
vyfcJhNyD;jzpfavonf/ xkdYaMumifhvnf; ol\ ]]awmifcg;yef;
uvrf;}} yef;csDum; (1882 ck) udkMunfhvQif a&SUrsufESm
pmyHk&dyfrsm; xif&Sm; tm;aumif;aom uGefwdkrsOf;rsm;
jzifhvSKyfaeonfudk awGUEkdifavonf/ uGef'dkrsKd;rSm cGeftm;
opfw&yfjzpf ydk dk;om;vG,fulNyD; ydkvnf;tcsKd;udkuf
oefYpifonf/
odaYk om uGew f rkd sm;aMumifh yHpk BH u;D wpfcv
k ;kH onf rsuEf mS
jyifqDodkY vHk;0<uwufvmcJhNyD; ydkuspfvpfvm ydkvnf;
xkxnftusnDvmcJhavonf/ um;rStpNyKNyD; rdkae;onf
1884 rS 1885 ck u mvtxd qJ G a om um;rsm;onf
Mum;tqifhwefbdk;rsm;udk vHk;0azsmufcJhum ydkjrifh ydkqJG
tm;jyif;aom t"duta&mifrsm;udk tESHUtpyfoHk;vmcJhay
onf/ odkYaom ta&mifrsm;udk oHk;jcif;jzifh IarQmfcif;
wGif;&SdtquftxHk;rSm ydkoefum uspftm;aumif;cJhay
onf/ tpdwftydkif;tm;vHk;onf csKyfdk;wpfckxJwGif NrJpGmoD
xm;ouJhodkY jzpfcJhavonf/ odkYjzifhum;\a&SUrsufESm pm
BuD;wpfckvHk;rSm tkyfjyifnDqDodkY jrifhwuf vmcJhayonf/
A*sDpmay
138 w A*sDatmifpdk;
1880 ck E S p f o d k Y a &muf a omtcg um;rsm;\ a&S U rsuf E S m
pmonf tkyfnDESifhtNydKif jrifuGif;tjzpfodkY tom;Muvm
cJhNyD; jzpfavonf/ odkYwdk; wufxGef;um;vmrIonf rdkae;
\ Japonism oHk;rItxGuftxdyf a&mufvmjcif;[k qdkEdkif
ayonf? ol\ IarQmfcif;um;rsm; rSmvnf; tzJGUtpnf;
t&a&m? tcif;tusif;t&yg q&mBuD;[dkudkqdkif;\wu,fh
yHkESdyfyef;csDtppfrsm;ESifh cRwfpGwfwlvmcJhNyD; jzpfavonf/
a'*g;udk MunfhvQifvnf; 1883 ckESpf a*smhyDwpfwGif
jyKvkyfaom *syefvuf&mjyyJGonf olUtwGuf tvGefta&;
ygcJhavonf/ olUudkomr[kwf zdk&drf;udkyg dkufcwfcJhaMumif;
udk 1884 ckESpfzdk&drf;\ ]]wHigonf}} udkMunfhu odom
ayonf/ um;wGif kyfyHkrsm;ESifh a&rsufESmjyif xdawGUrI
rsm;uwpfbuf? tkyjf yifnD wpfcv k ;kH uwpfbuf? xdEk pS b
f uf
wdkYudko[Zmwjzpfatmif eD;a0;pepfudk uRrf;usifpGmoHk;
xm;onfudk awGU&ayonf/ kyfyHkrsm;rSmvnf; a';*g;a&;qJG
aomyHkrsm;ESifh tvGefwlvSonfudk awGU&ayrnf/ onfwdkY
udkaxmuf xdktcsdefuzdk&drf;onf a';*g;\ ajcvSrf;rsm;
udk taemfjrifaeNyD;jzpfaMumif; odomayonf/ 1885 ck
ESpwf iG f a';*g;a&;qJaG om ]]vufbuf&nfy}GJ } um;wGif Munfyh g
uvnf; txufuum;twdkif;yif eD;a0pepfudk vSypGmoHk;
xm;aMumif; awGU&ayvdrfhrnf/ xdkum;rSm vGefcJhaom 8ESpf
cefYum;udk jyefpm;xm;aom (Etching) um;jzpfumoGuf
vufaom a'gifhjzwfrsOf;rsm;jzifh eD;a0;pepfudk tuste
A*sDpmay
upm;xm;avonf/ um;xJu tqdkawmfav;udk eudk,f
Etching wGif rawGU&aom ae&mrS&&Sad om vdi
k ;f rsm;udk upm;
ay;xm;cJhavonf/
1880 vGefumvrsm;udk jyifopfyef;csDu@ wpfckvHk;udk
NcHK ajymbdkY&eftwguf a*:*GifESifh Aif*dk;wdkY ESpfOD;ukdom
uRefawmfwdkY Munfhp&musefawmhonf/
olwdkYESpfOD;vnf; OD;pGm Japonaiserie tqifhudk oGm;Mu
&onfomjzpfonf/ olw\ Ykd Japonaiserie tqifo
h nfrakd e;ESihf
a';*g;wdkYxufyif 10 ESpfaemufusao;onf/ olwdkYonf
xdktkyfpkwGif t&G,foufwrf;tm;jzifh rsm;pGm i,fojzifh
xdkodkYaemufusaejcif; jzpfayonf/ Japonism tqifhudk
vnf; olwdkYESpfOD;onf olwdkYxuf BuD;&ifhaom rdkae;ESifha';
*g;ESpfOD;xuf 5 ESpfcefY aemufMu 0ifcJh&avonf/ xdkodkYt
csdefaemufusrIudk xnfhoGif;qifjcifjcif;jzifh xdkESpfq,fpkESpf
twGuf *syefyHkESdyfrsm; tygt0if tify&uf&Sif;epfZif;um
vESiyhf ikd ;f tify&uf&iS ;f epfZif; acwfaESmif;umvwdo
Yk nfacwf
NydKifrwdrf;r,drf; oGm;cJhaMumif; uRefawmfwdkY cefYrSef;Edkifay
onf/ xdkumvESpf&yfwdkY\ OD;wnfa&TUvsm;&m wdkYrSmvnf;
xdkodkYyif tNydKifozG,f jzpfcJhavonf/
70 vGefumvrdkae;\ um;rsm;xJwGif Japonaiseria
0ifum;wum; xkwfjyEkdifouJhodkYyif a*:*Gif\ apmapm
A*sDpmay
140 w A*sDatmifpdk;
ydik ;f vuf&mrsm;xJrS Japonaiserie Oyrm jywum;uduk Reaf wmf
wdkY jyEkdifayonf/ xdkum;rSm 1885 ckESpfavmufwGif a*:
*GifqJGaom ]]jrif;acgif;\oufNidrfyHk}} jzpf xdkum;xJwGif
*syefcav;kyfwpfckESifh ta&SUwdkif; ,yfawmifav;ESpfckyg&Sd
avonf/ xdkum;xJwGifyg&Sdaom pm;yJGay:&Sd pmtkyfu
av;yGifhaeyHkrSm um;xJ&Sdkyfj'yf tm;vHk;onf tdrfrufxJ
ajrmaeouJhodkY ajrmaeaprnfh 0dnmOfrJh urmav;wckudk
zGifhvdkufouJhodkY &SdvSayonf/
a*:*Gif\yxrqHk; Japonism t&dyf ta&mifygonfh
yef;csDum;rsm;udk 1887 ckESpf ]]rmwDeD IarQmfcif;rsm;}}
wGifawGU&avonf/ xdktxJwGif ,cktcg tD'ifbm'fjywdkuf
wGif &Sdaeonfh ]]IarQmfcif;}} um;ESifh ]]yifv,furf;eHab;rSm}}
um;wdkYonf xif&Sm;onf/ xdkyef;csDum;wdkYwGif awGU&aom
tcsif;t&mrSm ,cif 2 ESpf 3 ESpfcefYu rdkae;\ um;rsm;
wGif awGYcJh&aom tcsif;t&mrsm;ESifh qifayonf/ yxr
um;wGif a&SUrsufESmpm wckvHk;onf jym;aeNyD; ta&mif
,SufrIrSm tNrdwfyef;rsm;ozG,f ajyjypf nDnGwfxm;av
onf/ 'kwd,um;wGif opfyifrsm;? kyfyHkrsm; ? avSrsm;
zJGUpnf;xm;yHkrSm *syef taiGUtoufrsm;jzifh xHkrTrf;aeay
onf/ 1880 ckESpf apmapmydkif; b&pfwefeDwGif qJGaom
]]vli,frsm;eyef;vHk;jcif;}} um;wGifrl a*:*Gif\ Japonism
xufoefrIrSm vHk;0 ay:vmcJhayawmhonf/ taMumif;
A*sDpmay
t&mudk a&;xm;aom a*:*Gif\ yHkrSmrl ESpfrsKd; uJGaeay
onf/ 'kwd,rludk xdkESpfZlvdkifvwGif a&;aom pmwpfapmif
xnfhoGif; azmfjycJhavonf/ ESpfrsKd;pvHk;&Sd cEmaA' xl;jcm;
rI r sm;rS m apmapmyd k i f ; u a*:*G i f "gwf y H k d k u f u l ; xm;
aom b&mbl'g&Sd *syef kyfxkrsm;tay: trSDo[J jyKxm;
avonf/ odkYwap 'kwd,ESifh yHkao;uav;onf aemufydkif;
wGif [dkudkqdkif;\ rif*Gm;wGifygaom ]]eyef;orm;rsm;}}
ykHum;udk twkjyK a&;cs,fvdkufonf[kvnf; qdkEkdifavonf/
[dkudkqdkif;\ xdkyHkrsm;onf 1880 pufwifbm a&;qJG
aoma*:*Gif\ ]]rw&m;tjrif}} um;xJygonfh *sufaumh
ESifh ewfkyfwdkYtwGuf rSD&mjirf;&m yHkrsm;jzpfonfrSm aocsm
ayonf/ odkYjzifh apmapmydkif; oHk;vcefYuyif odkY*syef
yHkrsm;prf; wkaejcif;onfyif Japonism xJ 0if&eftwGuf
a*:*Gif\ ueOD;ajcvSrf;rsm;[k owfrSwf &NyD jzpfav
onf/
onfhaemuf 1889 ckESpfwGif a&;qJGaomol\ ]]tJvf
tef*,f}} wGifvnf; a*:*Gifonf [dkudkqdkif;BuD;udk vdkufwk
jyef o nf / oD t d k A if * d k ; onf *syef M oZmud k OD ; acgif ; yd k i f ;
txm;todk tjc,fta&; txl;toHk;jyK&m txm;todk
oabm\ t"duZpfjrpfrSm [dkudkqdkf;\ ]]yHkjyifw&m}} yg
aom]]&,faeaom [efe,m}} rS &&Sdjcif; jzpfEkdifonf/ a*:
*Gifonfvnf; kyfyHkudk jzwfawmuf xm;odkjcif; oabmjzifh
A*sDpmay
142 w A*sDatmifpdk;
Japonism udk trsm;BuD;&,lEkdifcJhavonf/ wu,fpifppf
[dkudkqdkif;yHkwGif oHk;xm;aom [efrSm tcsKd;tpm; axmf
avmfuefYvefYjzpfatmif wrifoufouf vkyfxm;jcif; jzpf
ojzifh [ef oabmudk,ljcif;jzifh Japonism r[kwfbJ
Japonaiserie odkY aemufqkwfoGm;jcif;rQomjzpfonf[k qdkvdk
uvnf; qdkEdkifayonf/
Japonaiserie ESifh Japonism [laom *syef MoZmESpf&yf
yl;aygif; qufEG,fxm;onfh oabmudk 1889 ckESpf a*:
*Gif\ ]]*syefyHkESdyfwpfckESifhoufNidrf}} um;wGifvnf; aumif;pGm
awGUEdkifavonf/ xdkyHkxJygaom yHkESdyfrSm 1880 ckESpfu
*syefrif;om;wpfOD;udk qJGxm;aom yHkESdyfjzpfEkdifonf/ um;
xJwGifygaom rif;om;u vuf0Jvuf eH&Hudkyif jrL;oGm;
atmif uvdxm;ovdk jzpfayonf/ pdwful;rSm xl;jcm;pGm
wnfNidrfaeaom [moudk zefwD;wwfonfh *syefwdkY\ pdkuf
ay:wGif tajccHxm;jcif; jzpfayonf/ trSefpifppf odkY
jrL;atmif jzpfaejcif;rSm xdkrif;om;\ tMunfhxuf yef;csD
um;wjyifvHk;udk tqDtai: tpyft[wf rwnfhrIjzifh
&Tifjyaeatmif zefwD;xm;onfh yef;tdk;rsm;\ txm;todk
aMumifhyif jzpfavonf/ pm;yJGxdyfydkif; jrifhwufaejcif;ESifh
a&SUrsufESmpm pm&Gufrsm; acRcsxm;jcif; wdkYurlum;udk
Japonism abmifxJ0ifaponf/ tcsufrsm;onf [if;
vif;jyifESifh yHkoPmefqdkif&m t&jzpfaom tcsif;t&mrsm;
jzpf 1885 ckESpfu a';*g;\ *syefMoZm vuf&mrsm;
A*sDpmay
ESifhoGm;qifayonf/ ql&ef ]]ydkqD,pf}} um;rS vuf0Jatmuf

ajcwGif xl;jcm;aeaom rsOf;vTmrsm;ESifhvnf; oGm;qif
avonf/
a*:*Gif\ Japonaiserie tay: pdwfxufoefrIrSm um
vwdkawmif; dk;&Sif;onf/ Aif*dk;\ Japonaiserie abmif
tay:tm;wufoa&m&SdrIrSm xl;xl;axGaxG vGefuJonf[k
qdk&rnf/ olonf *syefyHkcsyfrsm;udk EktDerfwGif aepOfuyif
pdwfyg0ifpm;cJhum tefY0yf&Sd ol\ pwl'D,dkwGif wpp pk
aqmif;vmcJhonf/ yJ&pfwGifaexdkifaom umvwGifrl *s
yefum;rsm;onfol\ tEkynmpsmefudk BuD;rm;pGm vIHUaqmf
&mrsm; jzpfcJhawmhonf/ olESifhol\nDwdkYonf xdktcsdefwGif
um;rsm;udk tajrmuftrsm; 'vMurf;pkaqmif;um jyyJGwck
yifvkyfcJhayonf/
1887 ckESpfwGif Aif*dk;onf *syefyHkESdyfoHk;ckudk yHkwlyGm;
a&;qJGcJhavonf/ xdkoHk;ckteufESpfckrSm xif&Sm;ausmfMum;
vSonfh vuf&mausmfyef;csDq&mBuD; [Ddk&SD*D\um;rsm;
udkul;xm;onfh ]]wHwm;}} ESifh ]]ZD;yGifhO,smOf}} wdkYjzpfMu
avonf/ ZD;yGifhO,smOfudk xyful;jcif;oabmjzifh cH,lcJh
aomfvnf; xGufvmaomyHkwGif Aif*dk;udk,fydkif uGefYjrL;rI
rsm;awGUEdkifayrnf/ xdkYtwl ]]wHwm;}} wGifvnf; Aif*dk;\
vuf&mudk rGef;rH NyD;om; awGUEdkifayrnf/ wwd, ul;,l
aomyHkrSm ]]tdktD&rf}} jzpf *syefudk &nfnTef;xkwfa0onfh
A*sDpmay
144 w A*sDatmifpdk;
1886 ckESpf ]]yJ&pfkyfpHk}} rsufESmzHk;rS jzpfavonf/ 4if;
um;wGifvnf; xyful;pepfjzifh yGm;xm;onfudk awGUEkdifay
onf/ xdkum;atmufydkif;wGif awGU&aom zm;rsm;rSm oDtdk
xHwGif&Sdonfh [Ddk&SD*D\ opfwGif;wpfckrS &&Sdjcif;jzpfum
vuf0Jzuf&Sd BudK;MumiSufrsm;rSmvnf; yHkESdyfwckrS &&Sdjcif;jzpf
avonf/ yHEk ydS w f u kd u
f Akd if*;kd onf aemufxyfvnf; rMumcP
toHk;jyKwwfonf/
yxr yef;csDum;ESpfckwGif Aif*dk;onf abmf'gvdkif;rsm;
udk *syef[ef,lum wDxGifcJhjcif; jzpfavonf/ ol\vkyfyHk
enf;tqifhqifhrSm aqG;aEG;zG,f&m aumif;vSayonf/ [Ddk&SD
*D r[kwfyJ tjcm; yef;csDq&mwpfOD;OD; vuf&m jzpfonfh
]][d k & S D 0 g&m\ tjrif & S p f c k } } um;ay:wG i f xd k ; xm;aom
uA n f ; pmrsm;ud k Aif * d k ; ,l o H k ; xm;aMumif ; xif & S m ;vS
onf/ um;\trnf [dk&SD0g&m topf[laompmwef;
xkwfa0aom wdkuftrnfESifhvdyfpmwdkYudk txift&Sm;awGU
&NyD; Aif*dk;\ um;ESpfum;vHk;wGifvnf; pmwrf;? wdkuf
trnfwdkYudk txift&Sm; xnfhxm;onfudk awGUMu&ayrnf/
ZD;yGifhO,smOfum; trnf? pmwrf;rSvJG useftcsuf
rsm;rS m xd k y ef ; csD r S ul ; ajymif ; ajym&ef cuf a ejyef o nf /
odkYr[kwfvQifvnf; Aif*dk;um;uyif ul;,lNyD;rS oD;jcm;
t"dyg,fxGufatmif vkyfvdkufoavm qdkonfrSmrl 0d0g'
ruJ G j zpf & avonf / ]]wH w m;}} um;rl xd k u m;rS tcsuf
rsm;yifjyef ay:vGifaejyefonf/
A*sDpmay
*syeftu&mrsm;udk rodyJESifh *syefvuPm tm;vHk;
vdkvdkudk odomatmif pmrsm;udk Aif*dk;xnfhoGif;a&;om;
Ed k i f o nf r S m txl ; rS w f o m;bG , f aumif ; vS a yonf /
odkYaomfwpfck&SdonfrSm odkYpmrsm;udk xnfhaz: jcif;jzifh
olvuf&mrsm;onf 0pvm\ ]]aemhwrf;}} um;uJhodkYyif
Japonaiserie abmifxJudk 0ifoGm;apawmhonf/ pifppft
rSwfvuPm? qdkonfrsm;rSm cdkifNrJaom t"dyg,fr&Sdonfh
jyif yHkESdyfrsm;ESifhvnf; yHkaowdBuDqufEG,f ajymqdk r&
aomaMumifh xdkvuPmrsm;udk yef;csDum; xnfhjcif;rSm
tvSwefbdk;ESifh twl wefbdk; oufoufrQom jzpfapcJhay
onf/
1887 ckESpfAif*dk;\ ]]yDumwefa0;yHkwl}} um;rsm;rSm
vnf; Japonaiserie jy um;wpfum; jzpfayonf/ xdkyHkwl
um;aemufzufwGif qJGxm;aom *syefyHkESdyfrsm;rSm vuf0J
zufatmufqHk; [dkudkqdkif;\ ]]eHuf*kPf&Sdef}} v,sfmtxuf
zuf [Ddk&SD*D\ wdkudkif'dktwJGrS ]]tuf&SD,mul&SD}} vusfm
atmufzuf td&k , D rf? txuftv,fwnfw h nfh wdu k ikd 'f t
kd
wJGrS [m&mESifh cyfqifqifwlaeonfh ]]zl*sD,mrum;Icif;}}
rsm;jzpfavonf/ wefa*;aqmifxm;aom OD;xkyftv,f
wnfhwnfhrS awmifxGufrsm; xdk;xGuf xifay:aeatmif
jyKvkyfa&;qJGxm;onfrSm wefa*;\ yHkESdyf yef;csDum;tay:
pdwf0ifpm;jcif;udk cyfaomaomuvdxm;csuf jzpfayrnf/
A*sDpmay
146 w A*sDatmifpdk;
xdkyHkESdyfum;rsm;udk aemufcHtjzpf cs,fjyxm;jcif;rSm yef;csD
um;twG u f tul w ef b d k ; jzpf a pk H r ubJ wef a *;ud k
*syefyef;csD q&mrsm;uJhodkYyif dk;om;az:a&G yGifhvif;onfh
uk e f o nf B uD ; wpf O D ; rS e f ; ay:vG i f a pvd k jzpf a yonf /
]]wH w m;}}um;wG i f trS w f v u P m tem;owf r sm;u
wdrf;xm;ovdk ta&miftudkif twG,fESifh txm;todkrsm;
uvnf; um;txJ&dS wefa*;\ *kPu f kd xde;f xm;ay onf/
um; vG e f c J h a om 1876 ck E S p f u rd k a e;\ ]]*syef
0wfpHkESifhumrDvD}} ESifhvnf; wefbdk;csif;oGm;qifavonf/
trsm;url 1888 ckESpftwGif; Aif*dk;\ um;rsm;onf

Japonism tqifhodkY vHk;0ajymif;oGm;apaom vuf&mjzpf
Muonf[k owfrSwfajymqdkMuonf/ pifppf xkdESpftwGif;
vuf&mrsm;rSm rQtxd r[kwfao;acs/ ]]yGifh'Dvef*vdGKuf}}
um;rsKd ; qd k v Qif t"d u oabmoG m ;aom *syef j zpf
[ef&Sdum;taeESifhrl Japonism qifwldk;rSm; wpfcsyfom
jzpfavonf/ tcsdefwGif olyJ&pfwGifMunfh&aom *syef
yHkESdyfrsm;tay: Aif*dk;\ psmefyGm;oabmxm; ,lrIrSmtm;
odyfraumif;vSao;acs/ *syefyef;csD q&mausmfBuD;rsm;
rdrdIarQmfcif;um;rsm;udk a&;qJG&m cHpm;yHk trsKd;rsKd;udk
omAif*dk;taejzifh pHjyKcJGjcm; Munfhaecsdef jzpfEkdifonf/ xdk
1885 ckESpf Aif*dk;\ qJGyHkqJGenf;udk jyefMunfhu olonf
yHko@mefrsm;udk rsufESmjyifodkY wufEdkiforQ a&mufvm
A*sDpmay
atmif <uvmatmif qJGaeNyDjzpf\ tem;owf cJ&mrsm;
rSm <u ay:vGifaeonf/
a&;qJGyHk pepfwpfckvHk;rSm obm0udk tMurf;xnfjrefjref
ay:a&;twGuf OD;wnfxm;onf/ cEmudk,fta&mifrsm;
oHk;&rnfqdkvQif tajzmht&ifhrSm jyefYESHUqif;onf/ xdkt
a&mifudk atmufcHpuLtjzLrS <uatmif a&G;cs,frIef;onf/
odkYaomf tcsufrsm;onf Aif*dk;udk Japonism tqifhodkY
a&mufapaom enf;opfvrf;opfrsm;[k ajym r&acs/
yxrtcsufrSm qJGyHkqJGvufonf yJ&pfqJGenf; tOD;tp
Embroy [lom ajymEdkif jzpfonf/ 'kwd, tcsufrSm
qJGyHk qJGenf;rsm;onf vGefcJhonfh 1860 vGef tv,f
ydkif;umvrsm;u *syefyHkESdyf MoZmatmufwGif rDvufa&;
cJhaom Icif;avhvmcsufrsm;ESifh tvGefoGm;wlaejzpfay
onf/ Aif*dk;onf rDvuf\ vuf&mrsm;udk olUnDjycef;wGif
awGUaumif; awGUoGm;EdkifcJhonf/ xdkYaMumifhvnf; 1888
ol\[if;vif;jyifESifh uGefwdkrsOf;qdkif&m Japonism udk,f
ydkif;oD;jcm; &SdEkdifaomfvnf; 1860 ESpfvGefrsm;u rDvuf\
a&;csufrsm;tay: jyefvnfyGm;,lonftqifhxufrl ydkxl;
jcm;Ekdifp&m r&SdaMumif;udkrl uRefawmfwdkY ajymEdkifayonf/
quf ajymEdkifonfrSm *syefESifhywfouf Aif*dk;\t
jrifyifjzpfonf/ *syefESifhywfouf Aif*dk;\ zGifh[qdkcsuf
rsm;onf NcHKMunfhvQif ol\udk,fydkif tjrifppfppf[k ajym
A*sDpmay
148 w A*sDatmifpdk;
&efcufonf/ xdkajymqdkcsufrsm;rSm yk*Kdvfa&; yHko@mef
t& tjcm;olrsm;ESifh uJGvJGaumif; uJGvJGaernfjzpfaomfvnf;
*syefum;rsm;tay: wefbdk;jzpfrI cGeftm;jzifh MunfhrIwdkYrl
ol\tjrif ol\ajymqdkcsufqwdkYonf/ tenf;qHk; olzwf
xm;aom ol z wf a eaom tEk y nmES i f h ywf o uf o nf h
aqmif ; yg;rsm;? a0zef a &;rsm;tay: tm;jyKajymqd k a e
jcif;omjzpfayonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh 1884 ckESpf 'l&uf\
*syeftEkynm pmwrf;onf4if;? qifjrL&,fqif;\ *syef
tEkynm *sme,fonf4if;? olUtjrif\ tm;jyK&mrsm; jzpf
ayonf/ *syefudkdk;om; a&S;usaom vlUtzJGUtpnf;wpfck
tjzpf jrifxm;aom ol\a,bl,stjrifonfyif pmayrS
dkufcwfvmaom tjrifjzpfayonf/ xdktjrifudk txl;ojzifh
vdkwD\ ]]a':*Erm}} 0wKrS trsm;qHk; &Edkifp&m jzpfay onf/
ajym&vQif Aif * d k ; \ um; tm;vH k ; *syef I j rif e nf ; ES i f h
Japonism wdkYudk wckESifhwck o[Zmwusatmif a&;cs,f
xm;onf[kvnf; rqdkomacs/ xdkESpfck aygif;pyfawGU&aom
um;udk xkwfjy&vQif 1888 ckESpfrdk;OD; Aif*dk;a&;cJhaom
opfawmfyifum;udk jy&ayrnf/ um;wGif tvGeftqifh
jrifhonfh Iaxmifhudk oHk;xm;avonf/ opfyif\ t&dyfrsm;
udky,f tkyfjyifnDodkYK a&mufatmif qJG,lxm;onf/ opf
yif\ tyGifhtcdkifwpfckpD oD;jcm;ywfvnfuGefwdkrsm;udk xnfh
ay;xm;onf/ odkYaomf xl;jcm;csufrsm;onfhum; wpfck
vH k ; \ aygh a ygh y g;yg; vef ; qef ; aerI a tmuf w G i f pk o G m ;
A*sDpmay
onf/ iHkoGm;onf/ uspfvpfoGm;onf[k rqdkEdkifacs/ tb,f
aMumifhqdkaomf opfyifudkvnf; aemufodkUtwefi,f vJNydK
ra,mifqJGxm;aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ 1888 ckESpfaemufqHk;
vrsm;txd Aif*dk;\ wdk;wufrIvrf;aMumif;rSm ol\eudk,f
ayg <u,f0rIADZESifh ,ckolawGUxm;aom obm0udk aygif;
pyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkESpfaemufqHk;ydkif; tcsdefwGifrlum;
Aif*dk; wifjyrIydkif;qdkif&mESifh taqmufttHk oabmonf
*syeftEkynmrS&aom psmefjzifh vHk;0tm;opfodkY ajymif;cJh
NyDjzpfonf[k qdkEdkifonf/
]]tmvDpdrf;}} onf a*:*Gifa&mufvmNyD; Edk0ifbmv

wGiq f aGJ om Aif*;kd \ vuf&mjzpfonf/ xdu
k m;onfyif txuf
jycJhaom t&nftaoG;ESpfrsKd; aygif;pyfjyrItwGuf txif
&Sm;qH;k Oyrmjy um;jzpfEidk of nf/ um;udk Munfjh cif;tm;jzifh
]]0lApfESifh *syefaygif;zufxm;aom tm*sDqD,rf yef;csDt
aMumif;t&mudk rdrdaumif;aumif; ausmfMum;vmcJhNyDjzpf
aMumif;}} a<u;aMumfaeonfh a*:*Gif\ [efudkjrifovdk
]]'GefrD,m}} \ vuf&mrsm;tm; rdrd uRrf;0ifygaMumif;?
Aif*dk;u ajymaeouJhodkYvnf; &SdvSonf/ yodkY qdkap um;
wGifygaom uGefwdkvdkif;rsm;\ wJGtifonf4if;? OD;wnf
&m jrefEIef;onf4if; Japonism wGif ygaMumif;udkrl txif
u& azmfnTef;aeayonf/ xdkodkY Japonism jzpfaMumif;
aocsmatmif wifjy&vQif ]]tmvDpdrf;}} um;onf*syef
A*sDpmay
150 w A*sDatmifpdk;
tEkynm*sme,fwGif yg0ifaom udkif*wfql'dk yHkESdyfwpfckrS
t&nftaoG;rsm;ESifh vHk;0,SOfajym? ,SOfMunfh ? taot
csm&Ekdifjcif;yif jzpfavonf/ xdkyHkESdyfrsm;xJrS jzpfEkdifonf
rSm 1889 arvwGif olUtcef;xJ awGU&aom rdkEdkdkbl\
]]ref;'&drf;}} um;yif jzpfavonf/ um;udk Aif*dk;onf
]]bif;\pmtkyfxJrS yHkBuD;wck}} [k rSwfcsufa&; pkaqmif;
xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ trSefrSm yHkBuD;udk jyifopft"dyg,f
jzifhtzwfrSm; trSwfrSm; oGm;rdjcif;jzpfwef&monf/ pifppf
rSm a&;qJGolrSm rdkEdkdkblr[kwfbJ xdktxJ a&;xm;onf
rSm]]umuDrdkEdk-rdkEdkdkblausmif; 17 &mpk ESpftqHk;}} wpfckom
jzpfayonf/
txuf a z:jyyg yH k E S d y f u m;csyf u av;ud k Aif * d k ; onf
1888'kwd, ESpf 0ufydkif;twGif; &&Sdjcif; jzpfEkdif&m xdkum;
uav;rS MoZmonf Aif*dk;tay: wpdrfhpdrfh BuD;rm;cJh&mrS
ol\ ]]tmvDpdrf;}} um;wGif;&Sd Japonism rsm;onf
um;\taiG U touf r sm; &,l d k u f c yf j cif ; jzpf a yvd r f h
rnf/ xdkYtjyif xdkum;csyfonf Aif*dk;\ tjcm; aemuf
ydkif;vuf&mrSeforQ\ psmefudk xl;xl;jcm;jcm; pdk;rdk;xm;Edkif
jcif;jzpfonfh *syefvuf&m wpf&yfyifjzpfavonf/
*syef yef;csD taqmuftwnfoabmudk aumif;pGm,l

a&;qJGxm;aom Aif*dk;\ tjcm;wum;rSm 1888 ckESpf
'DZifbmapmapmumvwGif qJGcJhonfh ]]ysKd;BuJol}} yifjzpf
A*sDpmay
avonf/ um;rSmvnf; tmkHcHpm;csuf oufoufay:
tajccH Aif*dk; prf;oyfxm;aom um;om jzpfayonf/
um;wGif Japonism taejzifh vufqkwfvufudkif t
axmuftxm; jyEkdifaom tcsufrsm;rSm opfyif\yifpnf
BuD; ESpfckESifhyGifh um;aeaom ae0ef;BuD;udk jzwfaeonfh
ysKd;BuJol\ t&dyfo@mefwdkYyif jzpfavonf/
1889 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGifrS kwfw&uf csufcsif;qdk

ovdk 0ifdk;pGef;onf Japonaiserie tqifhudk pdwftm;
avsmhpGm jyeful;oGm;jyefonf/ xdkumvwGif ola&;onfh
oufNidrf um;wpfcsyfjzpfaom ]]ueef;ESpfaumif}} onf t
aMumif;t&mt& *syeftEkynm*sme,f 'kwd,wJG (1888)
ckESpfwGifygaom [dkudkqdkif;\ ueef;ESifh a&arSmfyifrsm;
um;udk rSDjcif;jzpfonfrSm xif&Sm;avonf/ xdkYtwl xdk
tcsdefyif qJGoGm;aomol\ ]]*syefyHkESdyfum;rsm;ESifh rdrdyHk}}
yef;csDum;rSmvnf; Japonaiserie trsKd;tpm;omjzpfonf/
um;wGif rnfonfh*syefyHkESdyfudk Aif*dk;,loHk;xm;onfrSmrl
trsm;odNyD;jzpfonf/ um;rSm tEkynm *kPfajrmufvS
onfr[kwfbJ ay:jyLvmjzpfaom *syefkyfyHkrsm;udk pyf[yf
oHk;xm;jcif;omjzpfayonf/ um;xJwGifMunfhyguzl*sD,m
rrD ; awmif avS u av;wpif ; ES i f h wH w m;wck ? yef ; rsm;
oufwefYrsm;? BudK;Mumrsm;ESifh ,yfawmif udkif&yfaeaom
]]ref'&drf;}} ponfwdkY yg0ifonfudk awGU&ayonf/ Aif*dk;
A*sDpmay
152 w A*sDatmifpdk;
tzkdY kyfyHkrsm;udk pkoHk;xm;jcif;rSm *syef vlrIb0udk
NcHKiHkay:vGifaponf[k xifaomaMumifhjzpfavonf/ um;
xJwGif yHkESdyfyef;csDudk olUOD;acgif;\ nmbufwGif jc,fjyxm;
onf/ odkYjzifhum;\ oabmoGm;udkom NcHKMunfholum;
tmkHpdkufvdkufEkdifNyD; yHkESdyfrl&if;\[efudk *kpdkufcsdefr&awmh
ay/ txl;ojzifh Aif*dk;onf xdkum;olUOD;acgif;\ wpfbuf
jcrf;wGif&Sdaom *syefjynfjy yHkESdyfum;ESifh tjcm;wpfbufwGif
yef;csDa&;qJGaom oHk;acsmif;axmufuav;wckudk ,SOfjy
tm;,lxm;ayonf/ wenf;ajym&vQif *syefyHkESdyfuav;
udkaemufcHxm;vdkufjcif;jzifh Aif*dk;onf rdrdpdwful;aeaom
tdyfrufurmESifh wu,fh yuwdurmudk rodrom ,SOfjy
vdkufjcif;vnf; jzpfayonf/
xdok Ykd Japonaiserie odYk ajcvSr;f wpfvrS ;f jyefqw

k cf NhJ y;D aemuf
ydkif;umv rdrdb0 ed*Hk;ydkif;tcsdef a&mufaomtcgwGifrl
Aif*;kd tbdYk tjynfth pHq
k ;kH tqifh wpfenf;ajym&vQif Japonism
jynfhjynfh00tqifhodkYaumif;pGm 0ifa&mufcJhNyD;jzpfayonf/
umvtwGi;f ol\atmifjrifrrI sm;rSm wu,fh yifu, kd af &;
ESifh yk*vducHpm;csuf ppfppfrsm;tjzpf wefbdk;&SdvSayonf/
1890 ck E S p f azaz:0g&D v wG i f a&;qJ G a om ]]Aef ' gyif } }
um;rSmumv\ tpudkjyaom OD;qHk;um; jzpfayonf/
tHhMoavmufatmif xufjrufoefY&Sif;vSaom xdkum;Aif*dk;
onf aemufcHudk *syefaemufcHrsm;uJhodkYyif ndKUtm;&Sdonfh
A*sDpmay
tjymuav;rsm; rIef;ay;xm;onf/ xdkYaemuf tyGifhtcdkif
rsm;udkrl oefYpifMunfjraom tjzLa&mifuav;jzifh jyefxdef;
ay;xm;avonf/ xdkESpfrdk;OD;ESifh aEGumv wavQmufvHk;
wGif*syef tEkynmuay;aom tarG? txl;ojzifh [dkudk
qdkif;ESifh [Ddk&SD*DwdkY\ kuaA'qdkif&m tjrifynmrsm;rS&
aom aus;Zl;w&m;rsm;udk jyefvnfxkwfjyefonfh taejzifh
xl;jcm;aom vuf&mrsm;udk Aif*dk;qJGcJhavonf/ yrmtm;
jzifh xdkESpf rdk;OD;wGif qJGcJhaom ]]*rkef;tif}} um;qdkvQif
Aif*dk;onf tyifrsm;\ tqpftydkif;wdkif;udk teD;uyf *C
eP avhvm tao;pdwfqJGxm;onfrSm aocsmayonf/
xdkum;onf 1888 arvxkwf ]]*syeftEkynm}} *sme,f
wGifygaom *syefrifa&; ]]jrufcif;}} yHkrsm;ESifh 4if;*sme,f
wGifygaom ]]bGrfydk\yef;rsm; (1800)}} ESifh4if;? tvGef
EdIif;,SOfMunfhoifhonfh um;rsm; jzpfavonf/ Aif*dk;onf
udk,fwdkifvnf; xdkyHkESdyfESifhywfouf 1888 ckpufwifbm
vwGif csD;rGrf;ajymqdkcJhNyD; 1889 ck arv ta&mufwGifrl
olUtcef; xdkjrufcif;yHkESdyfum; csdwfqJGxm;onf udkawGU&
avonf/ xdkyHkESdyfum;ESpfckteuf 'kwd,yHk (bGrfydk\yef;
rsm;) rS m k u a A'avh v mrI wef b d k ; BuD ; aom yH k j zpf a y
onf / xd k y H k x J w G i f y gaom aZmf r T m ;yG i f h r sm;onf yH k x J
rjrif&aomtjrpfrsm;rSm &Sifoefvef;<uaeyHkrSm tm;&p
&maumif;vSayonf/ xdkyHkESdyfESpfckonfyif Aif*dk;twGuf
tl A m a&;qJ G a om ]]*sKH e m;&G u f r sm;}} um;ud k jzpf a pcJ h
A*sDpmay
154 w A*sDatmifpdk;
onf [ k q d k & ayrnf / (xd k u m;rjzpf r S D Mum;tqif h tjzpf
yHkMurf;ESpfum;udk 1890 ZGefvwGif qJGcJh ao;onf qdk\)
ZGefvukefwGifrl aemufcHoHk; ]]tjzL0wfESifh rdef;uav;}}
um;udk Aif*dk;a&;qJGcJhayonf/ xdkyHkwGif&Sd aemufcHum;wGif
rdef;rysKda&m aemufcHyifrsm;yg Japonism xJ 0ifaeay
awmhonf/ a&SUvlyHkESifh aemufcHtyifwdkY\ tpyft[yf
onf*syeftjrif? *syefoabmESifhoGm; udkufnDaeayawmh
onf/
tcsd e f a pmpG m aoaom tEk y nmorm;tzk d Y aocgeD ;
tcsdefwGif vuf&m txGuf txdyf a&mufwwfonf[k
trsm;ajymprSwf jyKwwfMuonf/ xdktcsufrSefrrSef rod
aomfvnf; txufqdkcJhaom pum;rsKd;ESifh tjcm;umv
ydkif;wGif a&;om;aom um;wdkYt& ajym&vQif Aif*dk;twGuf
rl xdkpum;'ufxd rSefaeayonf/ Aif*dk;\ tEkynmESifh
ywfouf &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; aumufcsufpJG&ef cufaeol
rsm;yif xdkumvydkif;qJGaom um;rsm;udkrl tvGefEl;nHhodrf
arGUonf? oG,fEJGUacsmarGUonf? tHhMoavmufatmif uAsm
qefonf[k rSwfcsufcsMuavonf/
Aif*dk;ESifh a*:*GifwdkYESpfOD;pvHk;wdkY Japonism jzpfpOfrsm;
wGifumv twdkif;twmt& qufEG,f wlnDrIrsm;vnf;
&SdMuonf/ ESpfOD;pvHk;yif &EdkiforQaom yHkESdyfum;rsm;udk
oD;jcm;pHjyyHkrsm;tay: ajccHum rdrdwdkY\ Japonism udk
arG;jrLcJhMu&onf/ xdkodkY arG;jrLa&;qJG&mwGifvnf; ueOD;
A*sDpmay
umv wpfESpf ESpfESpfrSm prf;oyfrI tqifh tpysKd;tqifhrsm;
jzpfMu xdktqifh xdkumvrsm; vGefajrmufNyD;rS opfqef;
aom orl[ oabmaqmifaom Synthesis &vm'fopf
tqifhopfodkY a&mufMu&jcif; jzpfavonf/
ESpfOD;pvHk;twGuf Japonism jzpfpOfumv 1880 ckESpf
rsm; ukefqHk;umeD; or,jzpfayonf/ txufwpfae&mwGif
qdkcJhonfhtwdkif; olwdkYESpfOD;\ Japonism umvonf rdkae;
ESifha';*g;wdkYxufrl q,fckESpf w0ufcefY aemufuscJhay
onf/
1880 ckESpfrsm;twGif; ay:aygufcJhonfh jzpfpOfMurf;
udkrQavhvmcJhNyD;vQif 90 vGefESpfrsm;\ apmapmydkif;
umvwGif qufvuf ay:aygufcJhonfh bGefESpfESifh ar&D
uufqufpfponfwdkY\ Japonism taMumif;udkvnf; &Sif;
vif;pGm jrifEkdifvdrfhrnf[k xifygonf/ bGefESpfonf 1891
ckESpfwGif Japonism um;wum;jzpfatmif ]]acG;ykESpfaumif}}
udka&;qJGcJhonf/ bGefESpfESifh [if;vif;jyifESifh uGefwdkt&nf
tcsif;jy ]]*syef yHkESdyfESifhoufNidrf}} yef;csDum;\ tarGudk
cH,lcsJUxGif qJGcJhMuavonf/ ar&DuufqufqdkvQif 90 ckESpf
tpydkif;yif ]]oefYpifjcif;}} uJhodkYaom yHkESdyfyef;csDum;
trsm;tjym; a&;qJ G c J h & m ol U um;rsm;rS m tud k f i f t wG , f
ta&;tcs,f? tzJGUtxHk;tm;vHk; *syefvuf&mtwdkif; jzpf
avonf/ ol\ yHkESdyfum;rsm;rSm Aif*dk;\ ]]tjzL0wfrdef;
A*sDpmay
156 w A*sDatmifpdk;
uav;}} um;ESifh oabmoGm;jcif; wlavonf/ 1894 ckESpf
ta&muf wvlpDavmh x&ufonf cJjzifh iSufyHkrsm; a&;qJG&m
xdkyHkrsm;rSmvnf; tvdktavQmufyif [dkudkqdkif;BuD;\ a&;
csufa&;vuf abmifxJ0ifoGm;ayawmhonf/
tcsuf rsm;udk axmufI acwfopfyef;csDu@wGif
ta&SUwkdif; dk;&m yef;csDonf rnfrQjrifhrm; ta&;ygonfh
ae&mwGif yg0ifaeonfudk odomxif&Sm;ygonf/
dk;&m *syef yHkESdyfyef;csDenf;wl tjcm;aom ta&SUtm&SrS
yg;&Sif;yef;csD? tdEd,yef;csD? wkwfyef;csD ponfwdkYuvnf;
taemufwdkif;om;wdkY\ yef;csDrsufaphudk zGifhay;cJhojzifh
acwfopfyef;csDudk avhvma&;qJGvdkolwdkif;onf tarGudk
qufcHxdef;odrf; aygif;pyfvsuf vrf;dk;a[mif;wGif qifhum
wGif vdkvQifBuHq enf;vrf;&qdkbdouJhodkY rdrdwdkY\ udk,fydkif
vuf & m [ef o pf y sm;ud k &S m azG a wG U &S d a&;qJ G E k d i f M uygap
ownf;/
A*sDpmay
]]tk c d k t d k a th } }
(rdrdvlrsKd;udk cspfolonf rdrdwdkY\ dk;&m; ,Ofaus;rIudk

apmifha&Smuf xdef;odrf;avh &Sdonf/
rdrdwdkY\ dk;&m,Ofaus;rIudk jrwfEdk;wwfolvnf; rdrd
wdkY\vlrsKd;udk cspfolrnfay\/)
td E d , jynf &S e f w d e d a uwef a 'o ]]0d o m&-b&wd } }
wu o d k v f ausmif ; 0if ; &S d a om (umv-b0em) yef ; csD
&dyfomonf tdEd,trsKd;om; dk;&m yef;csDyef;yk ynm&yf
rsm;ESifhwuG ? ta&SUwdkif;dk;&m yef;csDyef;yk ynmrsm;udk
qnf;yl;avhvm jzefYjzL;ay;aomae&m av;yifjzpfonf/
yef;csDausmif;wGif oifMum;&aom bmom&yfwpfck
jzpf o nf h ]]opf v S D ; aqmuf x G i f ; }} (Wood Cut) twwf
ynmwGif yg0ifonfh tydkif;wpfydkif;rSm Ukiyo E Print (tkcd
tdkath) *syefa&mifpkH opfxGif;yef;csD taMumif;yif jzpf
onf/
A*sDpmay
158 w A*sDatmifpdk;
]]tkcdtdkath}} a&mifpHkopfxGif; yef;csDtaMumif;udk ajym
vQif ]]tkcdtdkath}} yef;csDtaMumif;rSp jzpfzsm; cH&yg
rnf/
]]tkcdtdkath}} yef;csDrSm a&S;yef;csDq&mBuD;wdkpm-umEdk
paomolrsm; a&;qJGcJhaom rif;crf;rif;em; ? eef;wGif;rif;pdk;
&mZmwdkY ywf0ef;usiftaMumif;t&mrsm;ESifh rwlbJ? dk;dk;om;
om; omrefvkyfom;jynfolwdkY\ aeYpOfb0udk a&;qJG azmf
jyaom oabm&Sdygonf/ 4if;yef;csDum;csyfwdkYrSm dk;dk;
a&;aq;a&mifpHk um;csyfrsm;yifjzpf ]]tkcdtdkath}} a&mifpHk
opfxGif;yef;csDrSm 4if;yef;csDum;csyfrsm;rS wpfqifh qifhyGm;
vmaom Prints (yHkESdyfyef;csD) taMumif;yif jzpfygonf/
*syefopfxiG ;f yHEk ydS yf ef;csD (Japanese wood block prints)
onf rsm;pGm us,f0ef; &Snfvsm;aom orkdif;jzpfpOfrsm;
jzifh ]]wkwfopfxGif;yef;csD}} rS wpfqifh ay:aygufvmcJh&
jcif;yif jzpfayonf[k qdkygonf/
A*sDpmay
,ck wifjycsufrSm 16 &mpk tydkif; uGufuGufuav;wGif

(wkwfopfxGif; yef;csD) ESifh vHk;0 jcm;em;vmonfh *syef
a&mifpHk opfxGif;yef;csD vSKyf&Sm;rIordkif;xJrS wpfaMumif;ESpf
aMumif;rQom a&;om;vdkufjcif; jzpfygonf/
a&;om;vdkonfh apwemrSm uRefawmfwdkYtwGuf twk
,lvdkvQif ,lEkdifaumif;aom tcsuftvuf erlemav;rsm;
&Sdwefaumif;&monf[k ,lqrd jzpfygonf/
A*sDpmay
160 w A*sDatmifpdk;
xdkYjyif 4if; ]]tkcdtdkath}} yHkESdyfyef;csDonf uRefawmfwdkY
,ckr*Zif;rsm;wGif okyfazmfkyfyHkrsm; a&;qJGyHkESdyfazmfjyMu
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A*sDpmay
174 w A*sDatmifpdk;
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A*sDpmay
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A*sDpmay
176 w A*sDatmifpdk;
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A*sDpmay
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A*sDpmay
178 w A*sDatmifpdk;
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A*sDpmay
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A*sDpmay
180 w A*sDatmifpdk;
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A*sDpmay
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[k qdkEkdifonf/
A*sDpmay
182 w A*sDatmifpdk;
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A*sDpmay
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A*sDpmay
184 w A*sDatmifpdk;
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abmayguf&rSef;rod jzpfawmhonf/ acwfopf tEkynm
A*sDpmay
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A*sDpmay
186 w A*sDatmifpdk;
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A*sDpmay
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A*sDpmay
188 w A*sDatmifpdk;
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A*sDpmay
odkYwapvnf; okH;bufjrif yHkqJGynmonf wbufaom
rsufvHk;jzifh Munfh jrif&aom jrifuGif;rsKd;xuf vGefuJrjy
Edkifay/ [if;vif;-umv oabmrSmrl ESpfbufaom rsufvHk;
ru oHk;ckaom rsufvHk;ESpfpHkaom rsufvHk;jzifh jrif&aom
jrifa,mifrSm;csuf rsKd;udk azmfxkwf ay;pGrf;Edkifayonf/
xdkYaMumifh wpfcgw&H [if;vif;-umvonmod oabmudk
av;bufwdkif;jzifh az:jycsuf[l ajymqdk wwfMuonf/
yef;ykq&monf rlvuwnf;u tvQm; teHESifh txk
(0g) tjrifh[l oHk;bufwdkif;yg0ifaom ypnf;udk udkif
wG,fvQuf tEkynmvuf&m zef;wD;Muonf/ odkYwapvnf;
yef;ykq&monf tjrifopf tEkynmonmodudk (0g) [if;
vif;umvoabmudk cH,lvsuf olUvuf&mudk zefwD;Edkifay
onf/ yef;ykq&monf yef;csDvuf&mwGif oHk;aom jrifa,mif
rSm;csufoabmudkvnf; olUvuf&mwGif a&mpGwf wifjywwf
ovdk Adokumynm\ [if;vif;a&GUoabmudkvnf; ,liif
oHk;pJGao;onf/
Adokum tEkynmonfwdkY\ vuf&mrsm; onfvnf;
[if;vif;-umvonmodudk awGUjrifvmNyD;onfh aemufydkif;
twdwfumv onmodvrf;a[mif;rS jywfjywfom;om;
cJGxGufcJhayonf/ pifppftm;jzifh &mpkESpfwdkif;wGif jzpfay:
A*sDpmay
190 w A*sDatmifpdk;
avhr&Sdaom onmodtopfwpfrsKd;udk uREfkyfwdkY\ ESpfq,f
&mpk tpwGif awGUjrifvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
ed*Hk; / / [if;vif;-umv onmodudk oabmayguf
vufcHvmEdkif&ef rdrdudk,fwdkif avhvm&efrSwpfyg; tjcm;
enf;vrf;r&Sday/ EIdif;,SOfNyD; em;vnfaumif;onf r[kwf
ay/ pmay\ t&omrGefudk cHpm;MunfEl; Edkif&eftwGuf
pmwwfzdkYvdktyfayonf/ xdkenf;wl acwfopftEkynmvuf
&mwdkYudk MunfhIMunfEl;Ekdif&ef tjrifopf tEkynmonmod
udk em;vnfoabmayguf xm;rSom jzpfEdkifygvdrfhrnf/
tjrifopf tEkynmonmodudk rodem;rvnfbJ rsuf
arSmufacwf tEkynmvuf&mudk MunfhIaeygvQif ]]ewfwdkY
ykqdk;wdrfrD;cdk;}} udk jrifawGU[efaqmifaeMuaom ynm&Sd
rsm;ES,fom jzpfaeMuayvdrhfrnf/ ,ckacwfpdwZ yef;csD
q&mtac:cH a eMuol t csKd U rS m [if ; vif ; -umvoabm
udkaumif;pGm oabmraygufao;bJ &SdaeaMumif;udk 0rf;
enf;bG,fawGUjrifae&ao;onf/ tjrifopf tEkynmonm
od (0g) [if;vif;onmodudk tajccHaom yef;csD? yef;yk
Adokum vuf&mrsm;\ &oudk cHpm;MunfEl;vdkygrl rdrdudk,f
wdkifu vdkvdkcsifcsif BudK;pm;xm;rS em;vnfEdkifrnf jzpf
aMumif;wifjy vdkuf&ygonf/
,aeYaemufqHk; acwfopfyef;csD\ &nf&G,fcsufyef;wdkif
onfum; yef;yk? AdokumwdkYESifhtwl [if;vif;-umvo
A*sDpmay
onmodudkrS onfpsifyef;csDtxd us,f0ef;eufIdif;vmavNyD
jzpfaMumif; ed*Hk;pum; a&;om;azmfjyvdkuf&ayonf/
pmtkyf\ tpwGif azmfjycJhonfhtwkdif; rsufpdtmkHjzifh
cH , l & aom tEk y nm&yf r sm;rS m yef ; csD ? yef ; yk ? Ad o k u m
vuf&mwdjYk zpfonf/ wpfcwk nf;aom rlvtpwGif &yfwnfae
Muonf/ [if;vif;-umvonmodwGif tm;vHk; wlnDpGm
ajymif;vJ wdk;wufvmcJhonf/ tEkynm\ umvtavsmuf
ajymif ; vJ w wf a om tawG ; tjrif a Mumif h quf v uf
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vnf; trsKd;om;\ oEmefum;aysmufuG,f oGm;rnfr[kwf
ay/ xdef;odrf;bdkYrSm jrefrmwdkif;&if;om; tEkynmonf
wdkif;\ wm0efjzpfayonf/
(a'gufwm vGifatmif)
A*sDpmay
192 w A*sDatmifpdk;
aemufqufwJG
A*sD a tmif p d k ; \ acwf o pf y ef ; csD t ay: cH , l c suf
(jynfolUyef;csD)
usaemfArmjynfrS qdkAD,ufk&Sm;odkY rxGufcGm&ao;rSD

qdkAD,uf oHkH;rSae ,Ofaus;rI rdwftzJGU0ifwdkYtm; {nfhcH
EIwfqufyJGwpfck usif;y\/ xdk{nfhcHyJGwGif qdkAD,ufoHkH;rS
yk*Kdvfrsm;u armfpudkrS w&uf*sDaumhzf yef;csDjywdkufBuD;ESifh
vDeif*&ufrS a[rEefeef;awmf jywdkufBuD;rsm;ESifhwuG k&Sm;
yef;csDjywdkufBuD;rsm;taMumif;udk ajymjyxm;ojzifh xdkjy
wdkufBuD;rsm;odkY oGm;a&mufMunfhIvdkvSayNyD/
Armjynfum; qdkAD,ufyef;csD tEkynm taMumif;udk
od&Sdavhvmol enf;yg;vSao;onf/ ArmjynfrS yef;csDq
&mrsm;u NAd w d o Qyef ; csD E S i f h yef ; csD q &mrsm; taMumif ;
avmufom od&SdMuayonf/ Oa&mywdkufrS yef;csDq&mrsm;
ESifh ,ckacwfopfyef;csD q&mrsm; taMumif;udkyif od&Sd
avhvmolrsm;pGmrS enf;yg;vsuf&Sdayao;onf/
A*sDpmay
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enf;tusOf; od&Sd&awmh uRefawmfwdkYrSm qdkAD,ufk&Sm;wdkY\
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ay/ uRefawmfudk,fwdkifvnf; qdkAD,ufyef;csDESifh ywfouf
aumif;pGm ravhvmbl;ojzifh qdkAD,uf yef;csDq&mrsm;ESifh
awGUqHkavhvm&ef vGefpGmrS pdwftm;xufoef aeayNyD/
qdkAD,uf ,leD,HwGif y|rOD;qHk; av,mOfysHrS qif;ouf
&yfem;&aom tlyufeDpwefwuf&SfuifhNrdKUodkY a&mufvQifyif
yxrOD;qHk; tlyufeDpwefrS qdkAD,ufjynfolU yef;csDq&mwdkY
onf vma&mufawGUqHk BuKd qv kd su&f adS yonf/ od&Yk mwGif 4if;wdYk
ESifhum; acwrQomawGUqHk&NyD; armfpudkNrdKUodkY qufvufxGuf
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odkYaomf qdkAD,ufajray: a&muf&Sdjcif;vQifyif owdxm;
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csdwfqJGxm;aom yef;csDum;BuD;rsm;udk MunfhIjcif;tm;jzifh
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wlatmif a&;qJG azmfjyxm;onf[kom rSwf,lrd\/ odkY&m
wGif txl;owdjyKrdonfrSmum; ,aeYvuf&Sd qdk&S,fvpfp
epfatmufrS vlUabmifwdk;wuf vSKyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk azmfjy
xm;aom taMumif;t&mrsm;ESifh IarQmfcif;um;csyfrsm;
jzpfaMumif;yifwnf;/
A*sDpmay
194 w A*sDatmifpdk;
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qdkAD,uf yef;csDq&mrsm;onf 4if;wdkY\ uGefjrLepfygwD
acgif ; aqmif BuD ; rsm;tm; rnf r Q av;pm;,H k M unf v suf
&Sdonfudk em;vnf&ayonf/ xdkaemuf armfpudkwGif txuf
wef;ausmif;BuD; ESpfausmif;ESifh tv,fwef;yef;csDausmif;
ESpfausmif; &SdouJhodkY tjcm;jynfe,f toD;oD;wGifvnf;
oufqdkif&m a'otvdkuf yef;csDtEkynm oifausmif;rsm;
zGifhvSpfoifMum;ay;aeaMumif;vnf; od&avonf/ 4if;jyif
( Union of Soviet Artists) qd k A D , uf , l e D , H yef ; csD o r*
udkarmfpudkwGif zGifhvSpfxm;NyD;vQif 4if;or*rSae yef;csD
jyyJG? a[majymyJG yef;csDum;ta&mif;t0,fponfh yef;csD
t&mES i f h ywf o uf o nf h tusKd ; aus;Zl ; cH p m;cG i f h r sm;ud k
wm0efcH aqmif&Gufay;aeavonf/ (jrefrmEdkifiHrS yef;csD
yef ; yk aumif p D u J h o d k Y qd k E d k i f y gonf / ) yef ; csD q &mrsm;
\tcGifhta&;onf tjcm;tvkyform;rsm;uJhodkY tusKd;
cHpm;cGifh rsm;udk tpdk;&xHrS &&Sdojzifh 4if;wdkYonf ( Art
Workers) yef ; csD tvk y f o rm;rsm; tjzpf *k P f , l v suf
azmfjyyg yef;csDor*0ifrsm; jzpfMuavonf/
4if;yef;csDor*wGif yef;csD&HyHkaiG (Artist Fund) tjzpf
yef;csDum; 0,folrsm;xHrSaomf4if; ? tpdk;& xHrSaomf4if; ?
4if;wdkY0,f,laom yef;csDum;bdk;aiGtjyif 10 &mcdkifEIef;
A*sDpmay
yef;csDq&m&HyHkaiGodkY xnfh0ifMu&avonf/ 4if;&HyHkaiGum;
yef;csDq&mrsm; twGuf rusef;rm tem;,l&ef twGuf
aomf4if;? aq;? pkwfponfh ud&d,mrsm; r0,fEdkifaom
yef;csDq&mrsm;tm; 4if;ypnf;rsm; xkwfay;Edkif&ef ponfh
taMumif;wdkYtwGufom xm;&Sdjcif;jzpfayonf/
4if;jyif qdkAD,uf,leD,HwGif xl;jcm;onfh tcsufwcsuf
um; yef;csDjyyJGrsm;trsKd;rsKd;&Sdonfhteuf (Travelling Art
Exhibiton) e,fvSnfh yef;csDjyyJGrsm;udk NrdKUodkY ra&muf&Sdvm
Ed k i f a om aus;&G m rsm;&S d tvk y f o rm;? v,f o rm;rsm;t
wGufv,fuGif;? pufkHrsm;wnf&Sd&m aus;&Gmrsm;odkY a&muf&Sd
atmif vdkufvH yef;csDyef;ykrsm; zGifhvSpfjyojcif;yif jzpfay
onf/ xdkYtwGuf qdkAD,uf,leD,H&Sd vlxktbdkYum; yef;csD
tEkynm\ t&omudk wjznf;jznf; cHpm;&wwfMuavNyD/
tu,f'rD yef;csDausmif;BuD;rsm;wGif trsKd;om; tEk
ynmokawoe vkyfief;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;EdkifiHrsm;\ tEk
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qdkAD,uf,leD,HwGif tjcm;aom pmay-*Dw ponfhtEk
ynm&yfrsm;wGifuJhodkY yef;csD bufwGifvnf;? xl;cRefaom
yk*Kdvfrsm;tm; ESpfpOfpwmvifqktjzpf csD;jrifhcJhavonf/
pumvif qk&aom yk*dKvfrSm k&Sm;aiG lb,f waomif;
wdwd&&Sdavonf/ 4if;jyif 'kwd,twef;pm;ESifh wwd,wef;
pm;wdkYtm;vnf; qkaiGrsm; csD;jrifhonf/
A*sDpmay
196 w A*sDatmifpdk;
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aemuf 1 2 ES p f M umrS zJ G U pnf ; cJ h & onf [ k od & S d & avonf /
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awGUqHk&mwGif tjcm;yef;csD q&mBuD;jzpfaom tDAgaemhESifh
ZlaumhwdkYtjyif reDZmwdkYudkyg awGUqHkcJh&ayavonf/ tDAm
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wckudk jyKvkyfjyoxm;onfudk od&Sd&avonf/ 4if;wdkYtjyif
emrnfausmf umwGef;q&mBuD; oHk;OD;jzpfaom ulu&DeDpD
(4if;t"dym,frSm yef;csDq&m oHk;OD;\ trnfudk pkaygif;
xkd;xm;jcif;jzpfonf) qdkonfh yef;csDq&mBuD;rsm;ESifh awGU&Sd
cJh&avonf/
4if;umwGef;q&mBuD; oHk;OD;um; qdkAD,uf,leD,H wGifom

ruyJ tjcm;aom Fine Art yef ; csD q &mBuD ; rsm;enf ; wl
urmwGif xif&Sm;aom yk*dKvfrsm; jzpfMuayonf/ 4if;wdkY
a&;qJGaom umwGef;rsm;xJwGif okH;OD;pvHk;twlwl a&;qJG
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&Sd&ef wpfOD;pD\ emrnftp? pum;vHk;rsm;udkvnf; aygif;
ulu&DeDpD[k a&;xdk;jcif;jyKMu\/ 4if;wdkYum; umwGef;wGif
pmvHk;pmom;rsm; ygonfudk ESpfNcdKufolrsm; r[kwfojzifh
pmrygbJ vlem;vnfEdkfifap&ef txl;BudK;pm;Muonf/
A*sDpmay
NyD;cJhaom urmppftwGif;u 4if;wdkYoHk;OD;ESifh tjcm;
wynfhrsm; yl;aygif; aejcif;&&Sdonfh owif;rsm;udk kyfyHk
ydkpwmrsm;jzifh csufjcif;yif owif;rsm; azmfjyay;ojzifh
vltrsm; rsm;pGm ESpfNcdKuf Muonf[k od&avonf/ 4if;wdkY
oHk;OD; yl;aygif; a&;qJGxm;aom Fine Art yef;csDum;
BuD;wpfcsyfudk armfpudkNrddKU&Sd w&uf*sDaumhzf jywdkufBuD;wGif
pma&;ol awG U &S d & avonf / 4if ; um;BuD ; rS m rsm;pG m yif
vlrsm;\ csD;usL;ESpfNcdKufjcif;udk cH&ayonf/
4if;yef;csDum;BuD;tm; qDaq;jzifh a&;qJGxm;NyD;vQif
[pfwvm\ aemufqHk;aeY[k trnfay;xm;avonf/ 4if;
wdEYk iS hf aomf4if;? tjcm;yef;csyD ef;rsm;ESihf aomf4if;? awGUqHak qG;
aEG;Mu&m 4if;wdkYu ajymqdkonfrSm rdrdwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\
wdkif;jynfudk qdk&S,fvpfpepfopfjzifh xlaxmifae&onfhtcsdef
rdkY tEkynmonf jynfolUtwGufudk jzpfapvdkNyD; qdk&S,fvpf
vlabmifopf wnfaqmuf&mwGif rdrdwdkYtaejzifh wpfwyf
wtm; ulnDtm;ay;aecsdefwGif pnf;pepfabmifxm;vkyf
aqmif&rnfjzpfojzifh taemufwdkif; yDumqdkrmwd(pf) uvD;
ponfhyef;csDq&mrsm;\ yef;csDum;rsm;uJhodkY pdwaA'yef;csD
um;rsm;udk vufrcHEdkifao;aMumif;udk ajymMuavonf/
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pmtkyfudk xkwf,lvmNyD;vQif vlxkem;rvnfEdkif? rcHpm;Edkif
onfhtaMumif;tcsufrsm;udk udk;um; ajymqdkoGm;av
A*sDpmay
198 w A*sDatmifpdk;
onf/ odkY&mwGif raumif;bl;[lum vHk;0rajymyg/ 4if;
wdkYum; yHkum;wum; jzpfajrmufvm&ef rnfrQyif BudK;yrf;&
onf h t aMumif ; rsm;ud k y g zm&maumh p wD \ 0w K wyk ' f
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udkoma&G; xkwfoHk;pJGonfhtaMumif; ajymjyavonf/ 4if;wdkY
oHk;OD;um; 4if;wdkYa&;qJGNyD;onfh yHkrsm;udk rdrdukd,fwdkifa0zef
rauseyfao;? tm;vHk;0dkif;0ef; a0zefNyD;rS auseyf
Muonf/
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tqifhjrifhtaMumif;udkyg xnfhoGif; ajymqdk&if; ,ckvuf&Sd
qdkAD,uf,leD,H yef;csDq&mrsm;vnf; rsm;pGmtusKd;cHpm;
cGifh&Sdygonf[k qdkavonf/ armfpudkNrdKUwGif yef;csDtoHk;
taqmifypnf;rsm;udk aps;EIef;oufompGm a&mif;csaom
yef;csDor*rS OD;pD; yef;csDypnf;a&mif;0,fa&; qdkifwpfqdkif
odkY uRefawmfudk,fwdkifyif oGm;a&mufNyD; yef;csDypnf;tcsKdU
udkyif 0,f,lcJhao;onf/
4if;qdkif 0,f,lol rsm;jym;vGef;vSonfhtjyif yef;csDq
&mBuD;rsm;ESifh vufoifyef;csDq&mwdkY\ vuf&myef;csDum;
rsm;udkom a&mif;csavonf/ vli,fyef;csDq&mwdkY vuf&m
rsm;rSmrlum; txl;wvnf tm;ay;0,f,lMuygonf/
txufaz:jyyg yef;csDor* (Artis Farm) rS xkwfay;
onfhaq;pkwfwH? um;csyfponfhtjyif a&;qJGonfhtcgwGif
A*sDpmay
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onfxufaumif;&ef rlwnfa&;qJG&avonf/
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aumfrw D w D rYkd w
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wifpm;ac:a0:jcif; cH&avonf/
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k&Sm;tEkynmwdkufrSm 19 &mpktpydkif; avmufrSp wnf
aqmufcJhojzifh 4if;jywdkufrSm k&Sm;wdkY\ dk;&m tEkynm
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tdkufAg;aemhzfponf yk*dKvfrsm;\ yef;csDum;rsm;udk awGU&Sd
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wGif yg0ifcJholjzpfNyD; BudK;rdefYtay;cH&um towfcHcJh&av
onf/
4if;yef;csDjywdkufBuD;wGif acwftoD;oD;udk okyfaz:jy
aom yef;csDtcef;aygif; rsm;pGm&Sdonf/ bmoma&;xGef;
A*sDpmay
200 w A*sDatmifpdk;
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a&;t,ltq okyfazmfaom yef;csDum;rsm;om jzpfMu
avonf/ 19 &mpk tv,fydkif;avmufrS yef;csDq&myda&mhzf
\ yef;csDum;wpfum;qdkvQif xdkacwfavmufu c&pf,mef
bk e f ; BuD ; rsm;\ azguf j yef c suf u d k az:jy xm;avonf /
tjcm;tcef;rsm;wGifrl k&Sm;IarQmfcif; yef;csDum;oufouf
xm;avonf / tjcm;tjcm;aom tcef ; rsm;wG i f yef ; yk
yef;csDum;rsm;jzifh jynfhESufvsuf&Sdavonf/
4if;k&Sm;yef;csD jywdkufrSwpfyg; a&S;Zmbk&ifrsm; pHjref;&m
aqmif;&moD eef;awmfBu;D onf ,ckqAkd , D uftpd;k &vufxuf
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