kefal05.

qxd 23/01/2001 10:00 AM Page 95

5
-

, -
.
, .

95
kefal05.qxd 23/01/2001 10:00 AM Page 96

Josef Alberts (, 1888-1976).

: , , 1959.
Solomon R. Guggenheim, .

96
kefal05.qxd 23/01/2001 10:00 AM Page 97

5.1
2.20, -
.
(.1) , - 1
.
, , -
.
-
(.2), -
(.3).
2

5.2

3
.
,
// //.

:
(i) .
(ii) . 4
(iii) .
i), ii)
, (. 5). :
^ ^
B1 = 1 = ( ).
.
^ ^
B2 = 2 = ( ).
, , =
^ ^ ^ ^
= . = = = + .
5
iii)
, . :

97
kefal05.qxd 23/01/2001 10:00 AM Page 98

=
^ ^
B1 = 1 = ( ).
^ ^
1 = 1 = ( ).
, , , =
=.

I
6
-
.

I

(.7).

7 (.8) ,
. -
-

,
(.9).

8 ()
:

:
(i) .
(ii) .
(iii) .
(iv) .
9
. -
,
,
.
(i) = = (.10).
, ,
^ ^
= , = . B1 = 1 =
^ ^
B2 = 2 = , // //,
10
.

98
kefal05.qxd 23/01/2001 10:00 AM Page 99

(ii) // = (.10).
^ ^
, = , B1 = 1 = .
, (i), -
.
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
(iii) = = B = = (.11) +B++= 4z
2 + 2 = 4z + = 2z. , 11
^ ^ ^ ^
+ = 2z, // + B = 2z, // ,
.
(iv) = = (.12).
, .
, (i), // //, -
.
12

5. :
1. - i) .
, ;
ii)
.
iii)
.
iv)
.
( x ).

1. .
^
. = .
2. .
2. ,
; = , -
3. . .
3. , -
, . :
i) .
ii) , .
4. . -
.
4. -

.
, = .

1. (AB = A) -
. // (

99
kefal05.qxd 23/01/2001 10:00 AM Page 100

) // ( ). , = = .
+ = . i) ,
2. ii) , , .
. // ( ). 2.
//. =
3. . , = .
^
= = . = 90.
, - 3. .
. =
4. . - = . ,
.
, = = . 4. ( = ) -
i) = , .
ii) , . = . .
5. 5. , -
, ,
. .
,

1. , , ;
, , -

-
,
. -
: , .

5.3

.

,
( ),
.

13
.

100
kefal05.qxd 23/01/2001 10:00 AM Page 101

.
(.14).
^ ^
( = = 90, ,
= ), = .

, - 14
:
(i) .
(ii)
.
(iii) .
(iv) .

(i) .
ii) = . -
( = , = , ),
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
= . + = 2z, = = 1z. ,
.
(iii) ,
4z. 15
(iv) , .

5.4


.

. 16

(i) .
ii) .

. ,

^ ^
. ^ .
^ ^ ^
B . 17

101
kefal05.qxd 23/01/2001 10:00 AM Page 102

, -
:
(i) .
(ii)
.
(iii) o-
.
(iv) -
.

(i) (ii) .
(iii) ^.
,
. E,
, ^. ,
= . .
(iv) ^.
18 ( -
), .

5.5

.
, :
(i) .
(ii) .
(iii) .
(iv) , ,
.
19

,
.

102
kefal05.qxd 23/01/2001 10:00 AM Page 103

,
:
(i)
.
(ii) -
.
(iii) .
(iv)
.
(v)
.
(vi) .

5. x :
1. i)
i) , ii) , iii) , .
;
i) ii)
.
iii)
.

ii) iv) .

1. AE^
^AB. .
iii)
2.
B = 2A. , -
, .
3. -
,
.
2. 4. -
: , -
i) ii) .
3. - 5. .
; , = = = .
i) ii) iii) .
4. 6. . , ,
, , ,
: , = = = .
i) ii) .
iii)

103
kefal05.qxd 23/01/2001 10:00 AM Page 104

1. , 1. ^ = 45.
. ,
.
. ( ).
2. , - .
, = . - 2. ^. -
^
, -
i) = , ii) ^. = .
3. , 3. : i)
.

, -
(
.
), ii)
4. ,
, - , (
. ).

5.6

I


.

, ,

(.20). // = }} .
2
EZ = .
, -
. = // , = // , = .
, :
20 (i) // //

(ii) = 2 = = }} .
2
I

,
-
.

104
kefal05.qxd 23/01/2001 10:00 AM Page 105

(.21). .
. Z
, ,
// . ,
, ,
. . 21

I
()
,
.

1, 2, 3
1 , , -
, (.22). 2 -
1, 2, 3 , , , -
= . 22
// .
, = (1) = (2).
// .
, = (3).
(1), (2) (3) = .

1 2
= , 1 2.

1 2,

1 2 , M = = }} .
2
, 1 2,
23

+ = = , M = = }} .
2
-
(// = , // = ), // 1, 2. ,
.

105
kefal05.qxd 23/01/2001 10:00 AM Page 106

:
-
1 2
1 2,
.
1 2.

1

.

, , , ,
, , . -
.
(.24). -

, = // }} (1).
2 24

= // }} (2).
2
(1) (2) = // , .

(.24).
24

2
-
(.25).

x -
, , .
, ,
. , . 105,
= = . 25

106
kefal05.qxd 23/01/2001 10:00 AM Page 107

5.7

2
}} .
3

. .
^ ^ ^ ^
1 + 1 < + < 2z,
.
, i)
2
, = ii) = }} .
3
i) = . -
26

, E = // }} (1).
2

= // }} (2).
2
(1) (2) // // , -
(3).
, = .
, , -
( ) .
ii)

= = }}, = }} = 2.
2 2
(1) (3)

= }} = }} = 2.
2 2
(2) (3) = 2. , -
,

. -
= + = 2 + = 3. .
1 2 -
= }} , = }} . -
3 3
-
2 2
= }} = }} . .
3 3
107
kefal05.qxd 23/01/2001 10:00 AM Page 108

:
-
2
}} .
3
5.8

,
, ,
.

, ,
, -
(.27).
,
: = = , = = =
= .
, ,
.

27

.

, . -
, ,
(.28). , , ,
. ,
, , -
( , )
. ,
, -
.
28 .

-
, - , , ,
, - ,
,
. .

108
kefal05.qxd 23/01/2001 10:00 AM Page 109

.. , -
.
, ,
.

5.9

29



.

^
( = 90)

(.30). = }}.
2
.
, // .
^, ^. , -

, = , = }} .
2
30
, :

,
.

(.31).
^
= }}, .
2
^ ^
= }} = , 1 = (1)
2
^ ^
= , 2 = (2).
^ ^ ^ ^
(1) (2) 1 + 2 = + , 31
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
z, 2 = 2z
= + . + + = 2z z = 1z
z.

109
kefal05.qxd 23/01/2001 10:00 AM Page 110

30, -
.

^ ^
( = 90) = 30 (.32).

= }} .
2
^ ^
32 = 30, = 90 30 = 60. -
^
= }} = . 2 = = 60,
2

. = = }}.
2

, = }}
2
^
(.33), = 30.


33 , = }} = = (
2

= }}). ,
2
^ ^
= 60. = 90 60 = 30.
A
2. .
1. x y.

3.
;
4. -
= .

110
kefal05.qxd 23/01/2001 10:00 AM Page 111

^
5. ( = 90) ,
;
= }} .
2
.
7.
= .
,
1.
, - i) = , ii) = }} .
2
^
. 8. = 30
2. . ,
, , . :
.
3. . i) = , ii) = }} .
3
, M = . 9. ,
^
4. ( = 90) . ,
^
= 30. , , - , ^.
=. 10.
5. = , = . . -
^ (),
6. ( = 90). - . ;
. - ;
^, . -
^.
^ ^
7. ( = 90) = 30
^ ^
, . - 1. > .
= . , -
^ ^ ^
. E Z = .
^
2. ( = 90)
^
^ . = 15, = }}
1. ( = 90) 4
. (: ).
.
i) , , 3. -
^ ^ ,
= = 90.
, .
ii) ,
//.
^ ^
= }}. 4. = 2 < 90
4
2. . = .
.
. -
5. <,
, = }}. .
4
^ ^ ^ , :
3. ( = 90) >
i) // ,
.
^ ^ ^
= . ii) = }} ,
2
4. , , - ^
, ^
iii) = }} .
. 2
5. , , - 6. ,
, .
. =.
6. , . , .

111
kefal05.qxd 23/01/2001 10:00 AM Page 112

7. - . ,
, :
^ i) = ,
, :
i) . ii) ^,
ii) . iii)
^
8. ( = 90) .

5.10

-
.
(.34)
.

.
-
.
34


.

, , :
+
i) // , ii) = }} .
2

( // ) (.35),
. -

. :
//,

= }} (1).
2
35 //,

= }} (2).
2

i) // , ( ).

112
kefal05.qxd 23/01/2001 10:00 AM Page 113

ii) (1) (2)

+
+ = }} + }} = }} .
2 2 2

-

.

(.35).
, (.36),
// , 36

= }} (3).
2
, -
, // , .
(1) (3) :

= }} }} = }} ( > ).
2 2 2

5.11

37

.

, :
(i) .
(ii) O .
38
(i) (// =).
.
^ ^ ^ ^
( = = 90, = = = ), = .
^ ^ ^ ^
+ = 180 + = 180 ( -
^ ^
), = .
(ii) (. 39) ( = ,
^ ^
= ), = . 39

113
kefal05.qxd 23/01/2001 10:00 AM Page 114

, -
.
(i) .
(ii) .

:
(i) -
,
(ii) -
.

(i) (//)
. ,
^ ^ ^ ^
1 = 1 = ( ).
(ii) ,
.
//. , - 40
, .

2.
1. x, y, . ;
3. ;
;
4. : A = 5x,
^
= 3x A = 60. :

i) 10x ii) 11x iii) 12x

iv)13x v)14x
.

1. (//)

114
kefal05.qxd 23/01/2001 10:00 AM Page 115

. , - .
, - 7. ,
, , , ,
. .
2. 8. (//) = 3AB ,
(AB = A), .
. .
3. (//) ;
. , , , , 3
, , , 9. (//) = }} .
2
. , , , ,
4. .
. , , ,
. = .
5. (//) < 10. , , , , -
. -

= = }} .
2 ,
6. + + + = 4.

.


1. (//) = + .
= }} . ^ ^
-
2
.
^ ^
2. = = 90
= 2. ,
1. (//) ^ ^
. = 3 .
^
= 90.
3. -

2. (AB = A)
. , ,
.
,

= ( > ).
, = . ^
^ ^ ^ 4. ( = 90) ,
3. = = 90 = 120.
. -
= 2 = ,
.
.
3 ^
4. , = }} , .
. 8
^ 5. (//) < ,
, = 90.
.
5. - i) =
(//) , = ,
. ^. 3
6. . , , ii) , = }} .
4
, , -

115
kefal05.qxd 23/01/2001 10:00 AM Page 116

5.12

(4.5 5.7 - 5.8)
,

, -

-
.
(, - , -
.) :
- . -
- (,) -

( 4.2).
.
.

, -
.
. -
.
.
.

ENIKE
^
1. ( ) = 60, , , -
, , , . :
= . i) ,
^
2. 1 , 2 ii) HE,
1. ^2. 2 iii) ,
^ ^
, , 1 iv) = 3.
5.
, = 2, -
^ ^ . , , , ,,
= 3 . , -
3. < , + + = 3.
6. ( = )
, = }}.
2 . ^. ,
:
^
, . i) //,
: ii) AH^BE, .
7. .
i) = }} .
2 -
ii) . .
4. =2, , -
^
> 60 (AE ^B). .

116
kefal05.qxd 23/01/2001 10:00 AM Page 117

8. . , :
i) , , ,
, = }} .
4 ii) = }} ( > ).
2
, a . : iii) ,
a , .
i) OZ = }} , 10. ,
3
ii) . .
9. -
. , , .

1. ,

.
;

2. 4 . , -
; .
3. ,
. .
i) iv)
ii) v)
iii) vi)
4. . ,
(: -
).

, .
, ;

117
kefal05.qxd 23/01/2001 10:00 AM Page 118

-
.
-
, ,
.
. , , -
, , ( 1):

( )

(

)

( )

( ) ( )

(
)

1:

() ,
, . -
() , ..
() , ( 2).
.

( )

( )

( )

( )

2:

118
kefal05.qxd 23/01/2001 10:00 AM Page 119

-
, - . -
. -
. - , -
. , -

: ,
, , ..
( -.
), -
. , . -
( - -
) ,
( 3).
.
, 16 . -
, (1569) (Petrus Ramus
, - Pierre de la Ramee) ( 4).
. , ,
. .

3:

4:

119
kefal05.qxd 23/01/2001 10:00 AM Page 120

120