Test1.......................................................................................................................................................

Passage1--Volatility Kills ........................................................................................................ 2

Passage2-Changes in Air ..................................................................................................... 10

Passage3--The History of the Invention of Plastics.................................................... 19

Test2..................................................................................................................................................... 29

Passage1-Crisis! Fresh Water .............................................................................................. 29

Passage2--The beginning of intelligence ...................................................................... 45

Passage3--Implication of False Belief Experiments 2 ................................................ 58

Test 3 ................................................................................................................................................... 70

Passage1-The dugong: sea cow() ............................................................................. 70

Passage2--Sunny Days For Silicon ................................................................................... 83

Passage3-Researcher on the Tree Crown ....................................................................... 94

Test4...................................................................................................................................................103

Passage1-Lighting Up The Lies........................................................................................103

Passage2-Can Scientists tell us: What happiness is? ...............................................116

Passage3-THE GAP of INGENUITY 2 ..............................................................................127

Test1

Passage1--Volatility Kills
You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13 which are based on Reading
Passage below.

Despite gun battles in the capital of Chad, rioting in Kenya and galloping
A inflation in Zimbabwe, the economics of sub-Saharan Africa arc, as a whole, in
better shape than they were a few years ago. The World Bank has reported
recently that this part of the continent experienced a respectable growth rate of
5.6 percent in 2006 and a higher rate from 1995 to 2005 than in previous
decades. The bank has given a cautious assessment that the region may have
reached a turning point. An overriding question for developmental economists
remains whether the upswing will continue so Africans can grow their way out
of a poverty that relegates some 40 percent of the nearly 744 million in that
region to living on less than a dollar a day. The optimism, when inspected more
closely, may be short-lived because of the persistence of a devastating pattern
of economic volatility that has lingered for decades.

In reality, African countries grow as fast as Asian countries and other

B developing countries during the good times, but afterward they see growth
collapses, comments Jorge Arbache, a senior World Bank economist. How to
prevent collapses may be as important as promoting growth. If these collapses
had not occurred, he observes, the level of gross domestic product for each
citizen of the 48 nations of sub-Saharan Africa would have been a third higher.

The prerequisite to prevent the next crash are not in place, according to a World
C Bank study issued in January. Is Africa's Recent Growth Robust? The growth
period that began in 1995, driven by a commodities boom spurred in particular
by demand from China, may not be sustainable, because the economic
 fundamentalsnew investment and the ability to stave off inflation, among
other factorsare absent. The region lacks the necessary infrastructure that
would encourage investors to look to Africa to find the next Bengaluru
(Bangalore) or Shenzhen, a November report from the bank concludes. For sub-
Saharan countries rich in oil and other resources, a boom period may even
undermine efforts to institute sound economic practices. From 1996 to 2005,
with growth accelerating, measures of governancefactors such as political
stability, rule of law, and control of corruptionactually worsened, especially
for countries endowed with abundant mineral resources, the January report
notes.

Perhaps the most incisive analysis of the volatility question comes from Paul
D Collier, a longtime specialist in African economics at the University of Oxford
and author of the recent book The Bottom Billion. He advocates a range of
options that the U.S. and other nations could adopt when formulating policy
toward African countries. They include revamped trade measures, better-
apportioned aid and sustained military intervention in certain instances, to avert
what he sees as a rapidly accelerating divergence of the worlds poorest,
primarily in Africa, from the rest of the world, even other developing nations
such India and China.

Collier find that bad governance is the main reason countries fail to take
E advantage of the revenue bonanza that results from a boom. Moreover, a
democratic government, he adds, often makes the aftermath of a boom worse.
Instead of democracy disciplining governments to manage these resource
booms well, what happens is that the resource revenues corrupt the normal
functioning of democracyunless you stop (them from) corrupting the normal
function of democracy with sufficient checks and balances, he said at a talk in
January at the Carnegie Council in New York City.

Collier advocates that African nations institute an array of standards and codes
F to bolster governments, one of which would substitute auctions for bribes in
apportioning mineral rights and another of which would tax export revenues
adequately. He cites the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which took in $200
million from mineral exports in 2006 yet collected only $86,000 in royalties for
its treasury. If a nation gets these points right, he argues, it's going to develop.
If it gets them wrong, it won't.

To encourage reform, Collier recommends that the G8 nations agree to accept

G these measures as voluntary guidelines for multinationals doing business in
Africa companies, for instance, would only enter new contracts through
auctions monitored by an international verification group. Such an agreement
would follow the examples of the so-called Kimberley Process, which has
effectively undercut the trade in blood diamonds, and the Extractive Industries
 Transparency Initiative, in which a government must report to its citizens the
revenues it receives from sales of natural resources.

These measures, he says, are more important than elevating aid levels, an
H approach emphasized by economist Jeffrey D. Sachs of Columbia University
and celebrity activists such as Bono. Collier insists that first Angola receives
tens of billions of dollars in oil revenue and whether it gets a few hundred
million more or less in aid is really second-order.

Questions 1-4
Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-C) with opinions or
deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-C in boxes 1 -4 on your answer sheet.
NB you may use any letter more than once

A Jeffrey D. Sachs
B Paul Collier
C Jorge Arbache

1. An unexpectedly opposite result

2. Estimated more productive outcomes if it were not for sudden economic

downturns

3. A proposal for a range of recommended instructions for certain countries to

narrow the widening economic gap

4. An advocate for a method used for a specific assessment

Questions 5-9
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false
 NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

5. The instability in economy in some African countries might negatively impact

their continuing growth after a certain level has been reached.

6. Collier is the most influential scholar on the study of volatility problem.

7. Certain African governments levy considerable taxes on people profiting greatly

from exportation.

8. Some African nations' decisions on addressing specific existing problems are

directly related to the future of their economic trends.

9. Collier regards Jeffrey D. Sachs' recommended way of evaluating of little

importance.

Questions 10-13
Summary
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using No
More than Three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your
answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.

According to one research carried by the World Bank, some countries in Africa may
suffer from 10 due to the lack of according preconditions. They experienced a
growth stimulated by 11 , but according to another study, they may not keep
this trend stable because they don't have 12 which would attract investors. To
some countries with abundant resources this fast-growth period might even mean
something devastating to their endeavor. During one specific decade accompanied by
13 as a matter of fact, the governing saw a deterioration.


A :

B Jorge Arbache

D Paul Collier

E Collier

F Collier

G Collier G8

H Collier

Question 1-6

1 Bad governance E E
Main reason

2 Prevent collapse B B Jorge Arbache

A third higher


C Jorge
Arbache
3 Revamped trade measures D D Paul Collier




Advocate F F Paul Collier
4 Standards
codes Paul
Collier
5 Devastating pattern A A



6 The most incisive analysis D D Paul Collier
incisive




A
2006
5.6%1995 2005


7 4400
40% 1

Jorge Arbache

B

48

C
1995

11



1996 2005

Paul Collier
D The Bottom Billion

Collier
E


Collier
F
2006
2 8600

Collier G8
G

Jeffery D. Sachs
H Bono Collier

Version 20106
1 B 2 C 3 B

4 B 5 TRUE 6 NOT GIVEN

7 FALSE 8 TRUE 9 NOT GIVEN

a commodities necessary
10 the next crash 11 12
boom infrastructure
growth
13 accelerating
Passage2-Changes in Air
A federal ban on ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), to conform with
A the Clean Air Act, is, ironically, affecting 22.9 million people in the U.S. who
suffer from asthma, Genetic inhaled albuterol, which is the most commonly
prescribed short-acting asthma medication and requires CFCs to propel it into
the lungs, will no longer be legally sold after December 31, 2008. Physicians
and patients are questioning the wisdom of the ban, which will have an
insignificant effect on ozone but a measurable impact on wallets: the
reformulated brand-name alternatives can be three times as expensive, raising
the cost to about $40 per inhaler. The issue is even more disconcerting
considering that asthma disproportionately affects the poor and that according
to recent surveys, an estimated 20 percent of asthma patients are uninsured.

"The decision to make the change was political, not medical or scientific," says
B pharmacist Leslie Hendeles of the University of Florida, who co-authored a
2007 paper in the New England Journal of Medicine explaining the withdrawal
and transition. In 1987 Congress signed on to the Montreal Protocol on
Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer, an international treaty requiring the
phasing out of all nonessential uses of CFCs. At that time, medical inhalers were
considered an essential use because no viable alternative propellant existed. In
1989 pharmaceutical companies banded together and eventually, in 1996,
reformulated albuterol with hydrofluoroalkane.

The transition began quietly, but as more patients see their prescriptions change
C and costs go up, many question why this bail must begin before generics become
available. At least one member of the FDA advisory committee, Nicholas J.
Gross of the Stritch-Loyola School of Medicine, has publicly regretted the
decision, recanting his support and requesting that the ban be pushed back until
2010, when the first patent expires.

Gross notes that the decision had nothing to do with the environment Albuterol
D inhalers contributed less than 0.1 percent of the CFCs released when the treaty
was signed. "Lt's a symbolic issue" Gross remarks. Some skeptics instead point
to the billions of dollars to be gained by the three companies holding the patents
on the available HFA-albuterol inhalers, namely Glaxo-SmithKline, Schering-
Plough and Teva. Although the FDA advisory committee recognized that the
expenses would go up, Hendeles says, it also believed that the companies would
help defray the added costs for individuals, Firms, for instance, had committed
to donating a million HFA inhalers to clinics around the country. According to
Hendeles, GlaxoSmithKline did not follow through, although Schering-Plough
and Teva did. GlaxoSmithKline did not respond to requests for comment.
 The issue now, Hendeles says, is that pharmaceutical-grade CFCs are in short
E supply, and the public faces the risk of a shortage of albuterol inhalers if the
FDA does not continue promoting the production of HFA inhalers. He posits
that even costs of generics would go up as CFCs become scarcer. Gross
disagrees, saying that the inhaler shortage and the closure of CFC manufacturing
plants are a result of the ban.

The HFA inhalers also have encountered resistance because some asthmatics
F insist that they do not work as well as the CFC variety. But, Hendeles says, the
differences are in the mechanics and maintenanceunlike CFC inhalers, the
HFA versions must be primed more diligently and rinsed to accommodate the
stickier HFA formulation. They also run out suddenly without the warning with
a CFC inhaler, that the device is running low. "Pharmacists may not tell people
of these things, and the doctors don't know," Hendeles says.

The main public health issue in this decision may be the side effects of the
G economics, not the drug chemistry. Multiple studies have shown that raising
costs leads to poorer adherence to treatment. One study discovered that patients
took 30 percent less amtiasthma medication when their co-pay doubled. In the
ease of a chronic disease such as asthma, it is particularly difficult to get people
to follow regular treatment plans. "Generally speaking, for any reason you dont
take medication, cost makes it more likely that you do not, comments Michael
Chernew, a health policy expert at Harvard Medical School.

Such choices to forgo medication could affect more than just the patients
H themselves. "For example," Hendeles points out, "in a pregnant mother with
untreated asthma, less oxygen is delivered to the fetus, which can lead to
congenital problems and premature birth." And considering that the disease
disproportionately strikes the poor, what seemed to be a good, responsible
environmental decision might in the end exact an unexpected human toll.
 Question 14-18
Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-C) with opinions or
deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-C in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
NB you may use any letter more than once

A Nicholas J. Gross
B Michael Chernew
C Leslie Hendeles

14. Put forward that the increase in the price of drugs would contribute to the
patients' negative decision on the treatment.
15. Spoke out a secret that the druggists try to hold back.
16. Pointed out that the protocol itself is not concerning the environment.
17. Demonstrated that the stop of providing alternatives for CFCs would worsen
rather than help with the situation.
18. In public repented of his previous backing up of the prohibition proposal.

Question 19-22
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?
In boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

19. It took almost a decade before the replacement drug for the asthma therapy was
ultimately developed by the joint effort of several drug companies.
20. One of the FDA committee members had a decisive impact on the implement of
the ban on chlorofluorocarbons.
21. As a matter of fact, the emitted chlorofluorocarbons in asthma treatment took up
quite an insignificant amount at the time when the pact was reached.
22. The HFA and CFC inhalers have something different regarding the therapeutic
effect.
 Question 23-27
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using No More
than Three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in
boxes 23-27 on your answer sheet.

American people with asthma would be impacted by...23...about chlorofluorocarbons

which would consume the ozone layer. The usually used...24...would be considered
illegal because it needs the propelment of...25.... The...26...would cost the patients
considerably more money. Impoverished people are far more likely to Suffer from
asthma and what makes it even worse is that some of them are in...27...condition.
Changes in Air ()

A. CFCs
B. Hendeles
C. Gross
D. Gross
E. Hendeles CFCs
Gross
F. Hendeles HFA inhalers

G.
H. Hendeles


Question 14-18
Question 19-22
Question 23-27

14 negative decision G
negative
decision

15 druggists try to hold F may not tell
back (Pharmacists may not tell people of
these things)
16 environment D not concerning the environment
had nothing to do with the environment

17 worsen H worsen could affect more than just

18 In public repented C In public repented has publicly

regretted
19 replacement drug B B
1987 1996 a decade
20 committee C committee member
members had a decisive impact
on the implement,

21 an insignificant D quite an insignificant amount D
amount less than 0.1 percent
22 different F the differences are in the mechanics
and maintenance in the
mechanics and maintenance regarding
the therapeutic effect
23 about A on ozone-depleting
chlorofluorocarbons chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
24 usually used A usually used A most
which,
commonly prescribed
which Generic inhaled
albuterol
25 propelment A propelment A to propel
propel CFCs
26 more money A more money A three
times as expensive the
reformulated brand-name alternatives
the,
reformulated brand-name alternatives

27 Impoverished A impoverished people A
people the poor; makes it even worse even
more disconcerting,
uninsured (condition)


CFCs
A 2290 albuterol
CFCs
2008 12 31

40

20%

B Leslie Hendeles 2007 Leslie Hendeles
1987


1989 1996

C
FDA Stritch-Loyola Nicholas J. Gross

2010

Gross CFCs
D CFCs 0.1%
Gross
HFA Glaxo-SmithKline, Schering-
Plough Teva Hendeles FDA

100 Hendeles Schering-
Plough Teva Glaxo-SmithKline Glaxo-SmithKline

Hendeles CFCs FDA HFA

E (CFCs)
Gross
(CFCs)
 HFA (CFCs)
F Hendeles (CFCs)
HFA CFC
HFA
Hendeles

G
30%

Michael Chernew

Hendeles

H

Version 20104
14 B 15 C 16 A

17 C 18 A 19 TRUE

20 NOT GIVEN 21 TRUE 22 FALSE

23 a federal ban 24 generic 25 CFCs/

inhaled chlorofluorocarbons

albuterol

26 reformulated 27 uninsured

brand-name

alternatives
Passage3--The History of the Invention of
Plastics
You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 14-27 which are based on Reading
Passage below.

Natural polymers include such familiar substances as silk, rubber, and cotton.
A Plastics are artificial polymers. Plastics are used on a daily basis throughout the
world. The word plastic is a common term that is used for many materials of a
synthetic or semi-synthetic nature. The term was derived from the Greek
plastikos, which means "fit for molding." Plastics are a wide variety of
combinations of properties when viewed as a whole. They are used for shellac,
cellulose, rubber, and asphalt. We also synthetically manufacture items such as
clothing, packaging, automobiles, electronics, aircrafts, medical supplies, and
recreational items. The list could go on and on and it is obvious that much of
what we have today would not be possible without plastics.

In the early part of the twentieth century, a big boom

B occurred in polymer chemistry when polymer materials
such as nylon and Kevlar came on the scene. Much of
the work done with polymers focuses improvement
while using existing technologies, but chemists do have
opportunities ahead. There is a need for the
development of new applications for polymers, always
looking for less expensive materials that can replace
what is used now. Chemists have to be more aware of
what the market yearns for, such as products with a
green emphasis, polymers that break down or are
environmentally friendly. Concerns such as these have
brought new activity to the science arena and there are
always new discoveries to be made.
The evolution of the chemistry behind plastics is mind numbing, and the uses
C for plastics are endless. In the Middle Ages, when scientists first started to
experiment, plastics were derived from organic natural sources, such as egg and
blood proteins. It wasn't until the 19th and 20th centuries that the plastics we
know today were created. Many Americans will recognize the name Goodyear,
it was Charles Goodyear who began the modern-day plastic revolution when he
vulcanized rubber in 1839, paving the way for the tire. Prior to his discovery,
products made with rubber did not hold up well in warm temperatures or
climates. Rubber is only one source of plastic, however, and three key inventors
followed Good year's path and took plastic from a nearly unusable hard
substance to the invaluable man-made resource it is today.
 The son of a brass lock manufacturer, Alexander Parkes was born in
D Birmingham, England in 1813. Parkes was raised around metal fabrication. In
his first job he worked as an apprentice at Birmingham's brass foundry, owned
by Samuel S. Messengers and Sons. Parkes switched his attention from brass
work to electroplating when he went to work for George and Henry Elkington.
It was there Parkes developed his inventive spirit.
Parkes first patent, awarded in 1841, dealt with
electroplating delicate items such as flowers, but
throughout his career Parkes reportedly held more
than 80 patents on his works with both metals and
plastics. Parkes is credited with inventing the first
man-made plastic, which he patented as Parkesine
in 1856. Parkes introduced this combination of
nitrocellulose and solvents to England in 1862 at the
London International Exhibition. While Parkesine itself did not prove to be a
successful material in its original formulation, it was too flammable, it laid the
groundwork for successful derivative materials from future inventors. One of
those inventors being John Wesley Hyatt.

What Alexander Parkes started, John Wesley Hyatt took to the next level. Hyatt
E was born in Starkey, New York in 1837, and patented several hundred
inventions. Hyatt's link to plastics comes in the form of the game of billiards
Billiard balls were originally made of ivory, a commodity that was in steep
decline in the 1800s. Most likely inspired by the $10,000 reward being offered,
Hyatt took on the challenge of finding a substitute material to manufacture
billiard balls. Hyatt's experiments began with a combination of Parkes'
Parkesine, a solid form of nitrocellulose, and another English inventor,
Frederick Scott Archer's, discovery of liquid nitrocellulose. Hyatt combined to
two to create celluloid, which he patented in 1870.

Celluloid was used for numerous products, including billiard balls for Hyatt's
F own company rather than his former employer. Celluloid also produced false
teeth, combs, baby rattles, and piano keys. Despite its replacement by newer
synthetic materials in today's marketplace. Hyatt's patented version of celluloid
is still used to produce ping-pong balls. There is no doubt that the invention of
celluloid was the next important rung in the plastic manufacturing ladder,
including the use of celluloid in film production.
 Much like Parkes' invention led to Hyatt's success, Hyatt's celluloid influenced
G Leo Baekeland. This Belgium-born chemist paved the way for George Eastman,
of Eastman Kodak, to build the photographic empire we know today. Born in
1863, Baekeland's first invention was Velox, a paper which allowed photographs
to be taken in artificial light. Eastman purchased the Velox process from
Baekeland for a reported $750,000 in 1899. Baekeland used that money to fund
his own in-home laboratory.

Baekeland moved his experiments from

H photography paper to synthetic resins, and
invented Bakelite, a combination of phenol and
formaldehyde in 1907. Bakelite was officially
patented in 1909. Bakelite was a hard, yet
moldable, plastic, and was considered the product
that led the world into the Age of Plastics.
Bakelite was used in everything from buttons to art deco furniture to television
sets. While these items are made from different types of materials today,
Bakelite is still used in the production of items such as car brakes and
materials used in the space shuttle.
 Questions 14-18
Use the information in the passage to match the inventors, chemists or companies
(listed A-F) with opinions or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes
14-18 on your answer sheet.

A Alexander Parkes
B Charles Goodyear
C John Wesley Hyatt
D Frederick Scott Archer
E Leo Baekeland
F George Eastman

14 Invested a considerable amount of money in buying a technique which had a huge

impact on the success of his well-known business.

15 Invented a chemical formula which was successful only in a lab experimental stage
yet marked the beginning of an important era.

16 Had a lab sustained by his own capital.

17 In the motivation of an attractive financial incentive, successfully created a

succedaneum based on the work accomplished by chemists prior to him.

18 Established a famous business on auto parts.

Questions 19-22
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
19 Silk, cotton as well as plastics have something in common.
20 There are sometimes conflicts between what the chemists are trying on and what
the markets are driving for.
21 The majority of Alexander Parkes' patents lie in two major fields.
22 The importance of celluloid has completely faded out of in commercial use
because of the occurrence of other alternative products.

Questions 23-27
Summary
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using No More
than Three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in
boxes 23-27 on your answer sheet.

Alexander Parkes, a well-known chemist, was brought up in an industrial city

surrounded by 23 . He began his work by learning in a 24 in his hometown
and later fostered his 25 during his time working for other employers. He started
his journey of getting over 80 patents on the field of 26 ever since then.
Although his most important invention Parkesine, made up of 27 and
regarded as the first artificial plastic did not get a big success because of some short
comings, Parkes had paved the road for other coming scientists in the plastic chemistry.


The History of the Invention of Plastics

A
B


C
D
Parkes Parkesine

E Hyatt Parkes
celluloid
F


G Hyatt
Baekeland velox
H Baekeland Bakelite

Question 14-18
LIST OF HEADINGS

14 buying a G Baekeland
technique Eastman
impact on Eastman
success of his $750,000 Baekeland velox
business F
15 successful only D Parkes Parkesine
in experiment
stage Parkesine
beginning of an
important era A
16 lab his own G Baekeland velox
capital
E
17 attractive E Parkes Parkesine Hyatt
financial
incentive $10,000 Hyatt
succedaneum
based on the C
work
accomplished
by chemists
prior to him
18 famous C Goodyear
business auto
part auto parts
B

Question 19-22
STATEMENT

19 silkcotton A silkcotton

TRUE

20 chemists are B
trying on
markets are
driving for

NOT GIVEN
21 Parkes patent, D Parkes
two major fields 80
TRUE
22 importance of F
celluloidfaded
out of
occurrence of
other
alternative FALSE
products

Question 23-27
SUMMARY

23 metal D brought up brought
fabrication up=raised D
metal
fabrication

24 brass foundry D D
apprentice
Birmingham
25 invention spirit D
developed=raised D
George and Henry
26 metals and D 80 D
plastics his works with both metals and plastics

27 nitrocellulose D Parkesine D
and solvents Parkes Parkesine
Parkesine combination of nitrocellulose and
solvents


A
plastikos,

C
19 20
Goodyear,
Charles Goodyear 1839


Goodyear

Alexander Parkes 1813

D Parkes
Samuel S.Messengers Parkes
George and Henry Elkington
Parkes Parkes 1841
Parkes
80 Parkes
1856 Parkesine
Parkes 1862
Parkesine

John Wesley Hyatt
 John Wesley Hyatt Alexander Parkes
E Hyatt 1837 Starkey, Hyatt
19
Hyatt $10,000
Hyatt Parkes
Parkesine Frederick Scott Archor
Hyatt 1870

Hyatt
F
Hyatt

Parkes Hyatt Hyatt

G LeoBaekeland George Eastman
Baekeland
1863 Velox,
Eastman 1899 $750, 000 Baekeland
Velox, Baekeland

Baekeland 1907
H 1909

Version 20109
14 F 15 A 16 E

17 C 18 B 19 TRUE

20 NOT GIVEN 21 TRUE 22 FALSE

metal
23 24 brass foundry 25 invention spirit
fabrication
metals and
26 27 nitrocellulose and solvents
plastics
Test2

Passage1-Crisis! Fresh Water

You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage below.

A As in New Delhi and Phoenix, policymakers worldwide wield great powerhow water

resources are managed. Wise use of such power will become over increasingly
important as the years go by because the world's demand for freshwater is currently

overtaking its ready supply in many places, and this situation shows no sign of abating.

B That the problem is wellsix people, more than a billion, suffer inadequate access to safe
freshwater. By -known makes it no less disturbing: today one out of

2025, according to data released by the United Nations, the freshwater resources of more
than half the countries across the globe will undergo either stressfor example, when
people increasingly demand more water than is available or safe for use or outright
shortages. By midcentury as much as three quarters of the earth's population could face
scarcities of freshwater.

C Scientists expect water scarcity to become more common in large part because the

world's population is rising and many people are getting richer (thus expanding
demand) and because global climate change is exacerbating aridity and reducing supply in

many regions. What is more, many water sources are threatened by faulty waste disposal,

releases of industrial pollutants, fertilizer runoff and coastal influxes of saltwater into

aquifers as groundwater is depleted.

D Because lack of access to water can lead to starvation, disease, political instability and even
armed conflict, failure to take action can have broad and grave consequences. Fortunately,
to a great extent, the technologies and policy tools required to conserve existing
freshwater and to secure more of it are known among which several seem particularly
effective. What is needed now is action. Governments and authorities at every level have
to formulate and execute concrete plans for implementing the political, economic and
technological measures that can ensure water security now and in the coming decades.

E The world's water problems requires, as a start, an understanding of how much freshwater

each person requires, along with knowledge of the factors that impede supply and increase

demand in different parts of the world. Malin Falkenmark of the Stockholm International

Water Institute and other experts estimate that, on average, each person on the earth

needs a minimum of 1,000 cubic meters (m3) of water .The minimum water each person

requires for drinking, hygiene and growing food. The volume is equivalent to two fifths of

an Olympic-size swimming pool.

F Much of the Americas and northern Eurasia enjoy abundant water supplies. But several

regions are beset by greater or lesser degrees of "physical" scarcity whereby demand
exceeds local availability. Other areas, among them Central Africa, parts of the Indian
subcontinent and Southeast Asia, contend with "economic" water scarcity, where lack of
technical training, bad governments or weak finances limit access even though sufficient
supplies are available.

G More than half of the precipitation that falls on land is never available for capture or
storage because it evaporates from the ground or transpires from plants; this fraction is
called green water. The remainder channels into so-called blue-water sourcesrivers,
lakes, wetlands and aquifersthat people can tap directly. Farm irrigation from these free-
flowing bodies is the biggest single human use of freshwater. Cities and industries consume
only tiny amounts of total freshwater resources, but the intense local demand they create
often drains the surroundings of ready supplies.
H Lots of Water, but not always where it is needed one hundred and tencubic kilometers of
precipitation, nearly 10 times the volume of Lake Superior, thousand falls from the sky
onto the earth's land surface every year. This huge quantity would be enough to easily
fulfill the requirements of everyone on the planet if the water arrived where and when
people needed it. But much of it cannot be captured (top), and the rest is distributed
unevenly (bottom). Green water (61.1% of total precipitation*): absorbed by soil and
plants, then released back into the air; unavailable for withdrawal. Blue water (38.8% of
total precipitation*): collected in rivers, lakes, wetlands and groundwater; available for
withdrawal before it evaporates or reaches the ocean. These figures may not add up to
100% because of rounding. Only 1.5% is directly used by people.

I Waters run away in tremendous wildfires in recent years. The economic actors had all
taken their share reasonably enough; they just did not consider the needs of the natural
environment, which suffered greatly when its inadequate supply was reduced to critical
levels by drought. The members of the Murray-Darling Basin Commission are now
frantically trying to extricate themselves from the disastrous results of their misallocation
of the total water resource. Given the difficulties of sensibly apportioning the water supply
within a single nation, imagine the complexities of doing so for international river basins
such as that of the Jordan River, which borders on Lebanon, Syria, Israel, the Palestinian
areas and Jordan, all of which have claims to the shared, but limited, supply in an extremely
parched region. The struggle for freshwater has contributed to civil and military disputes
in the area. Only continuing negotiations and compromise have kept this tense situation
under control.
 Questions 1-5

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-
5 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false

NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

1. The prospect for the need for the freshwater worldwide is obscure.

2. To some extent, the challenge for the freshwater is alleviated by the common recognition.

3. Researchers arrive at the water crisis based on persuasive consideration of several factors.

4. The fact that people do not actually cherish the usage of water also contributes to the water
scarcity.

5. Controversy can't be avoided for adjacent nations over the water resource.

Questions 6-10

The reading Passage has eleven paragraphs A-I Which

paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-I, in boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet
NB you may use any letter more than once

6. the uneven distribution of water around the world

7. other factors regarding nature bothering people who make the policies
8. joint efforts needed to carry out the detailed solutions combined with various aspects
9. no always-in-time match available between the requirements and the actual rainfall
10. the lower limit of the amount of freshwater for a person to survive
 Questions 11-13

Summary
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using No More than
Three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on
your answer sheet.

Many severe problems like starvation and military actions etc. result from the shortage of water

which sometimes for some areas seems 11 because of unavailability but other regions

suffer other kind of scarcity for insufficient support. 12 of the rainfall can't be achieved

because of evaporation. Some other parts form the 13 which can be used immediately.

Water to irrigate the farmland takes a considerable amount along with the use for cities and

industries and the extended need from the people involved.

CrisisFresh Water

E 1

G 3

H 3

Questions 1-5:

True/False/Not Given

F need for A for 1
1
freshwater demand F
freshwater 2


3
A

4




5
currently

prospect




F common B 1
2
recognition That the problem is
well-known
F
2 B



3 no less

T Reseachers C 1
3
arrive at Scientists
expectbecause..and
becausewhats more
T
2 C
Scientists expect
water scarcity to
become more
common in
large part
specific conclusionbesed
on becauseseveral
factors
becauseand
because..whats more
3 tips

Not Water C 1
4
Given scarcity Scientists expect
water scarcity to
become Not Given
2 C
water scarcity
1
gettiing richer 2 global
climate change 3faulty
waste disposal 4industrial
pollutants 5 fertilizer
runoff 6saltwater water
into aquifer


 T Adjacent I 1
5
nations which borders onall T
of which have claims to 2I Given
the shared the difficuliteswithin a
single nation...imagine the
complexitiesfor
international
river basins such as

Given



which heve claims
to
the shared
struggle for freshwater
only

Questions 6-10:

Matching


F Uneven H 1
6
H distribution
Is 2 Matching
distributed
unevently
3 H


But Much of it
cannot be
captured(top),and the
rest is distributed
unevenly(bottom).
4 F

Much of

abundant But





Uneven distribution
5H
precipitation

water
I Other factors 1
7
Regarding nature Needs
Of 2 other factors
Natural
environme
nt
I
 wildfire


3

wildfire

didnt
consider


regarding
nature


bothring
D Joint efforts D 1
8

at
every 2 D
level


Joint efforts t
every
level
Detailed solutions
Concrete plans
Aspects

political,economic
and ,technological
 H No always-in- H 1
9
time
rainfall Not always
wherewh 2 Rainfall
ere and
when rainfall

H not
always
No always-in-time

3 H





if+arrivedwhere
and when

But


G Lower limit E 1
10
amount a
for a Person minimum
of. 2 Amountfor a
Person E


lower limit

a minimum of..

1000

Questions 11-13:

Summary

F
11 But

some
areasbecause of
unavailability but other F
reginsinsufficient
support
physical scarcity
economic
scarcity



seems

Rainfall evaporation G Rainfall H
12



evaporation G

because it
evaporates
never available for
capture or
storage never
available for
cant be
achieved

 Some other parts G Some other parts
13
Used immediately
rainfall to irrigate the
farmland G
Farm irrigation
from G


people
can tap directly
Used immediately

B 1
6
2025

E
Malin
Falkenmark 1000

H 10
110000

)

61%*
38.8%*
 100% 1.5%

Version 20110
1 FALSE 2 FALSE 3 TRUE

4 NOT 5 6
TRUE F
GIVEN
7 I 8 D 9 H
capture or
10 E 11 physical 12
shortage
13 blue-
water
Passage2--The beginning of intelligence
You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage
below.

A No one doubts that intelligence develops as children grow older. Yet the concept of

intelligence has proved both quite difficult to define in unambiguous terms and
unexpectedly controversial in some respects. Although, at one level, there seem to be
almost as many definitions of intelligence as people who have tried to define it, there is
broad agreement on two key features. That is, intelligence involves the capacity not only
to learn from experience but also to adapt to one's environment. However, we cannot
leave the concept there. Before turning to what is known about the development of
intelligence, it is necessary to consider whether we are considering the growth of one or
many skills. That question has been tackled in rather different ways by
psychometricians()and by developmentalists.

B The former group has examined the issue by determining how children's abilities on a wide
range of tasks intercorrelate, or go together. Statistical techniques have

beenexplained by one broad underlying capacity, general used

to find out whether the patterns are best

intelligence, or by a set of multiple, relatively separate,
special skills in domains such as verbal and visuospatial ability.
While it cannot be claimed that everyone agrees on what the results mean, most people
now accept that for practical purposes it is reasonable to suppose that both are involved.
In brief,

the evidence in favourpeople who are superior (or inferior) on one type of task tend also to be
superior of some kind of general intellectual capacity is that

(or inferior) on others. Moreover, general measures of intelligence tend to have

considerable powers to predict a person's performance on a wide range of tasks requiring
 special skills. Nevertheless, it is plain that it is not at all uncommon for individuals to be
very good at some sorts of task and yet quite poor at some others.

C Furthermore the influences thatthose that affect other skills.

This approach to investigat affect verbal skills are not quite
the same as ing intelligence is based

on the related changes show that this is not the only, or nature of
the task involved, but studies of age-

necessarily the most important, approach. For instance, some

decades ago, Horn and Cattell argued for a differentiation
between what they termed 'fluid' and
'crystallised' intelligence. Fluid abilities are best assessed by
tests that require mental manipulation of

abstract symbols. Crystallisedenvironment in which we live and past experience of similar

tasks; they may be abilities, by contrast, reflect knowledge of the assessed by tests of

comprehension and information. It seems that fluid abilities peak in early adult life,

whereas crystallised abilities increase up to advanced old age.

D Developmental studies also show that the interconnections

between different skills vary with age. Thus in the first year
of life an interest in perceptual patterns is a major
contributor to cognitive abilities, whereas verbal abilities are
more important later on. These findings seemed to suggest
a substantial lack of continuity between infancy and middle
childhood. However, it is important to realize that the
apparent discontinuity will vary according to which of the
cognitive skills were assessed in infancy. It has been found
that tests of coping with novelty do predict later intelligence.
 These findings reinforce the view that young children's
intellectual performance needs to be assessed from their
interest in and curiosity about the environment, and the
extent to which this is applied to new situations, as well as
by standardised intelligence testing.

E These psychometric approaches have focused on childrens

increase in cognitive skills as they grow

older. Piaget ( ) brought about a

revolution in the approach to cognitive development
through his arguments (backed up by observations) that the
focus should be on the thinking processes involved rather
than on levels of cognitive achievement. These ideas of
Piaget gave rise to an immense body of research and it
would be true to say that subsequent thinking has been
heavily dependent on his genius in opening up new ways of
thinking about cognitive development. Nevertheless, most
of his longer provides an appropriate basis for thinking
about cognitive development. concepts have had to be so radically revised, or rejected, that
his theory no
To appreciate why that is so, we need to focus on some rather different elements of
Piagets theorising.

F The first element, which has stood the test of time, is his view

that the child is an active agent of learning and of the

importance of this activity in cognitive

development. Numerous studies have shown how

infants actively scan their environment; how they

prefer patterned to non-patterned objects, how they

choose novel over familiar stimuli, and how they

explore their environment as if to see how it works.

Children's questions and comments vividly illustrate

 the ways in which they schemes of what they know and

trying out their are constantly constructing

ideas of how to fit new knowledge into those schemes or deciding that the schemes need
modification. Moreover, a variety of studies have shown that active experiences have a
greater effect on learning than comparable passive experiences. However, a second
element concerns the notion

that the development proceeds through a series of be gone through step-by-step, in a set

order, each of which is characterized by a separate stages that have to particular

cognitive structure. That has turned out to be a rather misleading way of thinking about

cognitive development, although it is not wholly wrong.

 Questions 14-17

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

Write your answers in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet

14 Most researchers accept that one feature of intelligence is the ability to A change our
behaviour according to our situation.
B react to others' behaviour patterns.
C experiment with environmental features.
D cope with unexpected setbacks.

15 What have psychometricians used statistics for?

A to find out if cooperative tasks are a useful tool in measuring certain skills
B to explore whether several abilities are involved in the development of intelligence
C to demonstrate that mathematical models can predict test results for different skills
D to discover whether common sense is fundamental to developing children's abilities

16 Why are Horn and Cattell mentioned?

A They disagreed about the interpretation of different intelligence tests.
B Their research concerned both linguistic and mathematical abilities.
C They were the first to prove that intelligence can be measured by testing a range of
special skills.
D Their work was an example of research into how people's cognitive skills vary with age.

17 What was innovative about Piagct's research?

A He refused to accept that children developed according to a set pattern.
B He emphasised the way children thought more than how well they did in tests.
C He used visually appealing materials instead of traditional intelligence tests. D He
studied children of all ages and levels of intelligence.
 Questions 18-22

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 31-
36 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement is true

NO if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

18 A surprising number of academics have come to the same conclusion about what the term
intelligence means.

19 A general test of intelligence is unlikely to indicate the level of performance in every type
of task.

20 The elderly perform less well on comprehension tests than young adults.

21 We must take into account which skills are tested when comparing intelligence at different
ages.

22 Piaget's work influenced theoretical studies more than practical research.

Questions 23-26

Complete the summary using the list of words, A-1, below.

Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.

Researchers investigating the development of intelligence have shown that 23 skills

become more significant with age. One good predictor of 24 intelligence is the degree to

which small children are 25 about their surroundings and how much interest they show on

finding themselves in an 26 setting.

 A adult B practical C verbal

D spatial E inquisitive F uncertain

G academic H plentiful I unfamiliar

A
B
C

D

E Piaget

F : Piaget



Question 14-26

14 One feature, A A
ability
Two key , adapt,
features, environment A
Not change behavior, situation
onlybut A
also, to
adapt to
ones
environment
15 Psychometricians, B B
Statistics, for Statistical
techniques, B
Explained by to explore, several abilities
B

16 Why, Horn, C C Horn

Cattell For instance, Cattell,
Studies of
agerelated
changes
D vary with age

D
17 Innovative, E E focus on thinking
Piaget research Revolution, processes rather than on levels of
His argument achievements,

B the way
 children thought more than how
well they did
B

18 Number of A A
academics, Yet, concept,
same difficult to come to the same conclusion,
conclusion,
define,
term NO
controversial
19 General test, B B
unlikely, level General
of measures, wide
performance,
range of tasks,
every type of YES
nevertheless,
task
good and
yet
poor
20 Elderly, C C
comprehension Fluid ability peak
test, less in early adult,
than, whereas,
young adults crystallised
ability increase
to old age elderly perform less well on
comprehension,
NO
21 Which skills, D D
comparing at Studies show,
different ages Interconnections,
Different
skills, vary YES
with age
22 Piagets work, E E Piaget
theoretical
study, more
than,
 practical NOT GIVEN
research

23 Skills, D D
more
significant, age

whereas verbal abilities
are more important later on
C

24 Good predictor, D D
degree, small
children tests of coping
with novelty do predict later
intelligence, later
adult
A
25 Small D D
children, young childrens from their
surroundings
interest in and curiosity about the
environment, interest and
curiosity inquisitive
E
26 And, how D D and the
much, extent to
setting new situations, new
unfamiliar
I


.


31 ,27

( 28 ,32

Horn Cattell

(peak in
(advanced)
29 33
D



later)


37-40

E
thought)did) 30 )



35 NOT
GIVEN

F
36

discredited

Version 20113
14 A 15 B 16 D

17 B 18 NO 19 YES

20 NO 21 YES 22 NOT GIVEN

23 C 24 A 25 E

26 I
Passage3--Implication of False Belief
Experiments 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage
below.

A A considerable amount of research since the mid 1980s has been concerned with what has
been termed children's theory of mind. This involves children's ability to understand that
people can have different beliefs and representations of the world -a capacity that is shown
by four years of age. Furthermore, this ability appears to be absent in children with autism.
The ability to work out what another person is thinking is clearly an important aspect of
both cognitive and social development. Furthermore, one important explanation for
autism is that children suffering from this condition do not have a theory of mind (TOM).
Consequently, the development of children's TOM has attracted considerable attention.

B Wimmer and Perner devised a false belief task' to address this question. They used some
toys to act out the following story. Maxi left some chocolate in a blue cupboard before he
went out. When he was away his mother moved the chocolate to a green cupboard.
Children were asked to predict where Maxi will look for his chocolate when he returns.
Most children under four years gave the incorrect answer, that Maxi will look in the green
cupboard. Those over four years tended to give the correct answer, that Maxi will look in
the blue cupboard. The incorrect answers indicated that the younger children did not
understand that Maxi's beliefs and representations no longer matched the actual state of
the world, and they failed to appreciate that Maxi will act on the basis of his beliefs rather
than the way that the world is actually organised.

C A simpler version of the Maxi task was devised by Baronof criticisms that younger

children may have been affected by the complexity -Cohen to take account and too
much information of the story in the task described above. For example, the child is shown
two dolls, Sally and Anne, who have a basket and a box, respectively. Sally also has a marble,
which she places in her basket, and then leaves to take a walk. While she is out of the room,
Anne takes the marble from the basket, eventually putting it in the box. Sally returns, and
the child is then asked where Sally will look for the marble. The child passes the task if she
 answers that Sally will look in the basket, where she put the marble; the child fails the task
if she answers that Sally will look in the box, where the child knows the marble is hidden,
even though Sally cannot know, since she did not see it hidden there. In order to pass the
task, the child must be able to understand that another's mental representation of the
situation is different from their own, and the child must be able to predict behavior based
on that understanding. The results of research using been fairly consistent: most normally-
developing children are unable to pass the tasks until around age four.

D Leslie argues that, before 18 months, children treat the world in a literal way and rarely

demonstrate pretence. He also argues that it is necessary for the cognitive system
to distinguish between what is pretend and what is real. If children were not able to do
this, they would not be able to distinguish between imagination and reality. Leslie
suggested that this pretend play becomes possible because of the presence of a de-coupler
that copies primary representations to secondary representations. For example, children,
when pretending a banana is a telephone, would make a secondary representation of a
banana. They would manipulate this representation and they would use their stored
knowledge of 'telephone' to build on this pretence.

E There is also evidence that social processes play a part in the development of TOM. Meins

and her colleagues have found that what they term mindmindedness in maternal speech

to six-month old infants is related to both security of attachment and to TOM abilities.

Mindmindedness involves speech that discusses infants' feelings and explains their

behaviour in terms of mental states (e.g. you're feeling hungry).

F Lewis investigated older children living in extended families in Crete and Cyprus. They
found that children who socially interact with more adults, who have more friends, and
who have more older siblings tend to pass TOM tasks at a slightly earlier age than other
children. Furthermore, because young children are more likely to talk about their thoughts
and feelings with peers than with their mothers, peer interaction may provide a special
impetus to the development of a TOM. A similar point has been made by Dunn, who argues
that peer interaction is more likely to contain pretend play and that it is likely to be more
challenging because other children, unlike adults, do not make large adaptations to the
communicative needs of other children.
G In addition, there has been concern that some aspects of the TOM approach
underestimate children's understanding of other people. After all, infants will point to
objects apparently in an effort to change a person's direction of gaze and interest; they can
interact quite effectively with other people; they will express their ideas in opposition to
the wishes of others; and they will show empathy for the feelings of others. All this
suggests that they have some level of understanding that their own thoughts are different
to those in another person's mind. Evidence to support this position comes from a variety
of sources. When a card with a different picture on each side is shown to a child and an
adult sitting opposite her, then three year olds understand that they see a different picture
to that seen by the adult.

H Schatz studied the spontaneous speech of threechildren used mental terms, and used

them in circumstances where there was a -year-olds and found that these contrast

between, for example, not being sure where an object was located and finding it, or

between pretending and reality. Thus the social abilities of children indicate that they are

aware of the difference between mental states and external reality at ages younger than

four.

I A differentchildren use 'simulation'. This involves putting yourself in the other person's

explanation has been put forward by Harris. He proposed that position/ and then frying to

predict what the other person would do. Thus success on false belief tasks can be

explained by children trying to imagine what they would do if they were a character in the

stories, rather than children being able to appreciate the beliefs of other people. Such

thinking about situations that do not exist involves what is termed counterfactual

reasoning.
 Questions 27-33
Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-G) with opinions or deeds below.
Write the appropriate letters A-G in boxes 27-34 on your answer sheet.

A. Baron-Cohen
B. Meins
C. Wimmer and Perner
D. Lewis
E. Dunn
F. Schatz
G. Harris

27. Giving an alternative explanation that children may not be understanding other's belief.
28. found that children under certain age can tell difference between reality and mentality
29. designed an experiment and drew conclusion that young children under age of 4 were unable
to comprehend the real state of the world
30. found that children who gets along with adults often comparatively got through test more
easily
31. revised an easier experiment rule out the possibility that children might be influenced by
sophisticated reasoning.
32. Related social factor such as mother-child communication to capability act in
TOM
33. explained children are less likely tell something interactive to their mother than to their
friends
 Questions 34-40
Summary
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using No More than
Three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 34-40 on
your answer sheet.

In 1980s, researches are designed to test the subject called 34 that if children have the

ability to represent the reality. First experiment was carried out on this subject on a boy. And

questions had been made on where the how ran find the location of the 35 But it'

excessive 36 . So second modified experiment was conducted involving two dolls, and

most children passed the test at the age of 37 . Then Lewis and Dunn researched 38

children in a certain place, and found children who have more interaction such as more

conversation with 39 actually have better performance in the test, and peer interaction is

40 because of consisting pretending elements.



A.
B. Wimmer Perner


C. Baron-Cohen

D. Leslie 18

E. Meins

F. Lewis

G. TOM

H. Schatz

 I. Harris

Question 27-40

27 Alternative I Alternative
explanation explanation,
I different explanation
Harris
G
28 Tell H H
difference
between ...aware of the difference between
Reality and mental states
mentality
and external reality.
 Schatz
F

29 Comprehend B B
real state of
the world ...matched the actual state of the world
and they failed to appreciate that...rather
than the way that the world is actually
organized.
Wimmer and Perner
C
30 Along with F F
adults
interact with
aldults...
Lewis
D
31 Easier C C
experiment simper version
Baron-Cohen
A
32 Social; TOM E
E

there is also evidence that social process
play a part
in the development of TOM.

Meins.
B
33 Mother; F
friends
Dunn: A similar
point has been made by Dunn, who argues
that peer interaction is more likely to
 contain petend play and taht is likely to be
more challenging becauser....
E

34 Subject A
called A
childrens
theory of mind. called
termed
childrens
TOM/TOM/theory of
mind/ childrens theory of mind
35 First; find B first


chocolate
36 Accused; C
excessive C
accused criticism
excessive
too much
information
37 Second; C
Passed; age C

four/4
38 Lewis and F F
Dunn; researched investigated
researched

older
39 Interaction F F
interact with
more adults adults
 40 Peer F
interaction Peer
interaction
morechallenging

A 1980

theory of mind(TOM)

TOM

B Wimmer Perner
Maxi

22
Maxi 4

15 Maxi
Maxi
Maxi Maxi

C Maxi
Baron-Cohen 17,23
Sally Anne Sally
Anne
Sally
Sally
Sally
 Sally



4 24

D Lislie

18

Lislie

E Mein 6
TOM
TOM 18

F Lewis
Crete Cyprus
TOM
162526

TOM Dunn


17,27

G TOM -

H Schatz

3 ,

14

I Harris

Version 20306
27 G 28 F 29 C

30 D 31 A 32 B

Theory of

33 E 34 35 chocolate
mind/TOM/Childrens

TOM
 36 information 37 four/4 38 older
39 adults 40 more challenging

Test 3

Passage1-The dugong: sea cow()

Dugongs are herbivorous mammals that spend their entire lives in the sea.
Their close relatives the manatees also venture into or live in fresh water.
Together dugongs and manatees make up the order Sirenia ()
or sea cows, so-named because dugongs and manatees are thought to have
given rise to the myth of the mermaids or sirens () of the sea.

A The dugong, which is a large marine mammal which, together with

 the manatees, looks rather like a cross between a rotund dolphin and
a walrus. Its body, flippers and fluke resemble those of a dolphin but
it has no dorsal fin. Its head looks somewhat like that of a walrus
without the long tusks.

B Dugongs, along with other Sirenians whose diet consists mainly of

sea-grass; and the distribution of dugongs very closely follows that
of these marine flowering plants. As seagrasses grow rooted in the
sediment, they are limited by the availability of light. Consequently
they are found predominantly in shallow coastal waters, and so too
are dugongs. But, this is not the whole story. Dugongs do not eat all
species of seagrass, preferring seagrass of higher nitrogen and lower
fibre content.

C Due to their poor eyesight, dugongs often use smell to locate edible
plants. They also have a strong tactile sense, and feel their
surroundings with their long sensitive bristles. They will dig up an
entire plant and then shake it to remove the sand before eating it.
They have been known to collect a pile of plants in one area before
eating them. The flexible and muscular upper lip is used to dig out
the plants. When eating they ingest the whole plant, including the
roots, although when this is impossible they will feed on just the
leaves. A wide variety of seagrass has been found in dugong stomach
contents, and evidence exists they will eat algae when seagrass is
scarce. Although almost completely herbivorous,they will
occasionally eat invertebrates such as jellyfish, sea squirts, and
shellfish.

D A heavily grazed seagrass bed looks like a lawn mown by a drunk.

Dugongs graze apparently at random within a seagrass bed, their
trails meandering in all directions across the bottom. This is rather an
inefficient means of removing seagrass that results in numerous small
tufts remaining. And this is where the dugongs derive some
advantage from their inefficiency. The species that recover most
 quickly from this disturbance, spreading out vegetatively from the
remaining tufts, are those that dugongs like to cat. In addition, the
new growth found in these areas tends to be exactly what hungry
dugongs like.

E Dugongs are semi-nomadic, often travelling long distances in search

of food, but staying within a certain range their entire life. Large
numbers often move together from one area to another. It is thought
that these movements are caused by changes in seagrass availability.
Their memory allows them to return to specific points after long
travels. Dugong movements mostly occur within a localised area of
seagrass beds, and animals in the same region show individualistic
patterns of movement.

F Recorded numbers of dugongs are generally believed to be lower

than actual numbers, due to a lack of accurate surveys. Despite this,
the dugong population is thought to be shrinking, with a worldwide
decline of 20 per cent in the last 90 years. They have disappeared
from the waters of Hong Kong, Mauritius, and Taiwan, as well as
parts of Cambodia, Japan, the Philippines and Vietnam. Further
disappearances are likely. (In the late 1960s, herds of up to 500
dugongs were observed off the coast of East Africa and nearby
islands However, current populations in this area are extremely small,
numbering 50 and below, and it is thought likely they will become
extinct. The eastern side of the Red Sea is the home of large
populations numbering in the hundreds, and similar populations are
thought to exist on the western side. In the 1980s, it was estimated
there could be as many as 4,000 dugongs in the Red Sea. The Persian
Gulf has the second-largest dugong population in the world,
inhabiting most of the southern coast, and the current population is
believed to be around 7,500. Australia is home to the largest
population, stretching from Shark Bay in Western Australia to
Moreton Bay in Queensland. The population of Shark Bay is thought
to be stable with over 10,000 dugongs.)
G Experience from various parts of northern Australia suggests that
Extreme weather such as cyclones and floods can destroy hundreds
of square kilometres of seagrass meadows, as well as washing
dugongs ashore. The recovery of seagrass meadows and the spread
of seagrass into new areas, or areas where it has been destroyed, can
take over a decade. For example, about 900 km2 of seagrass was lost
in Hervey Bay in 1992, probably because of murky water from
flooding of local rivers, and run-off turbulence from a cyclone three
weeks later. Such events can cause extensive damage to seagrass
communities through severe wave action, shifting sand and reduction
in saltiness and light levels. Prior to the 1992 floods, the extensive
seagrasses in Hervey Bay supported an estimated 1750 dugongs.
Eight months after the floods the affected area was estimated to
support only about 70 dugongs. Most animals presumably survived
by moving to neighbouring areas. However, many died attempting to
move to greener pastures, with emaciated carcasses washing up on
beaches up to 900km away.

H If dugongs do not get enough to eat they may calve later and produce
fewer young. Food shortages can be caused by many factors, such as
a loss of habitat, death and decline in quality of seagrass, and a
disturbance of feeding caused by human activity. Sewage, detergents,
heavy metal, hypersaline water, herbicides, and other waste products
all negatively affect seagrass meadows. Human activity such as
mining, trawling, dredging, land-reclamation, and boat propeller
scarring also cause an increase in sedimentation which smothers
seagrass and prevents light from reaching it. This is the most
significant negative factor affecting seagrass. One of the dugong's
preferred species of seagrass, Halophila ovalis, declines rapidly due
to lack of light, dying completely after 30 days.

I Despite being legally protected in many countries, the main causes

of population decline remain anthropogenic and include hunting,
 habitat degradation, and fishing-related fatalities.
Entanglement in fishing nets has caused many
deaths, although there are no precise statistics. Most
issues with industrial fishing occur in deeper waters
where dugong populations are low, with local
fishing being the main risk in shallower waters.

Questions 1-4

Summary
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage,
using no more than two words from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.

Dugongs are herbivorous mammals that spend their entire lives in the sea.

Yet Dugongs are picky on their feeding seagrass, and only chose seagrass

with higher 1 and lower fibre. To compensate for their poor eyesight,
 Questions 5-9
Do the following statements agree with the information given in
Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

5 The dugong will keep eating up the plant completely when they begin
to feed
6 It takes more than ten years for the re-growth of seagrass where it has
been only grazed by Dugongs.
7 Even in facing food shortages, the strong individuals will not compete
with weak small ones for food.
8 It is thought that the dugong rarely return to the old habitats when they
finished plant.
9 Coastal industrial fishing poses the greatest danger to dugongs which
are prone to be killed due to entanglement.

Questions 10-13
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A
NUMBER from the passage for each answer.

10 What is Dugong in resemblance to yet as people can easily tell them

apart from the manatees by the fins in its back?
11 What is the major reason as Dugongs travelled long distances in herds
from one place to another?
12 What number, has estimated to be, of dugong' population before the 1
992 floods in Hervey Bay took place?
13 What is thought to be the lethal danger when dugongs were often
trapped in?

Dugong: sea cow

Question 1-4
summary

1 Seagrass with B
higher... Dugongs do not eat all species of seagrass, preferri
lower fibre ng seagrass of higher nitrogen and lower fibre cont
ent.
nitrogen
2 Poor eyesight C Due to their poor eyesight ...
due to their They also have a strong tactile sense, and feel their
 poor eyesight... surroundings with their long sensitive bristles.

sensitivebristles

3 All directions D Dogongs graze apparently at random within a seagr
across the sea at random with ass bed, their trails meandering in all directions acr
bed in a seagrass be oss the bottom.
d
4 Prefer eating D The species that recover most quickly from this dist
the newly urbance, spreading out vegetatively from the remai
grew seagrass ning tufts, are those that dugongs like to eat. In
addition, the new growth found in these areas tends
to be exactly what hungry dugongs like.

Question 5-9

5 Keep eating C
up the plant When eating th They will dig up an entire plant and then shake it to
completely ey ingest the w remove the sand before eating it....
hole plant, incl When eating they ingest the whole plant, including
uding the roots the roots, although when this is impossible they wil
, although whe l feed on just the leaves.
n this is imposs will dig up an entire plant and shake in to remov
ible they will fe e the sand before eating it ...
ed on just the l when eating they ingest the whole plant
eaves. including the roots..... although
TRUE
6 Ten years G G
re-growth of The recovery of Extreme weather....can destroy....seagrass meadow
seagrass seagrass mead s....The recovery of seagrass meadows and the spre
grazed by ows and the sp ad of seagrass into new areas, or areas where it has
dugongs read of seagras been destroyed, can take over a decade.
s into new area 4 D
s, or areas whe The species that recover most quickly from this dist
re it has been d urbance, spreading out vegetatively from the remai
estroyed, can t ning tufts, are those that dogongs like to eat.
ake over a deca 10
de. G 10
FALSE
7 Food H if strong individuals. not
shortage dugongs do not given
strong individ get enough to
uals eat they may
calve later and
produce fewer
young.
8 Rarely return E Their memory allows them to return to specific poi
to the old nts after long travels. rarely
habitats Their memory semi-
allows them to nomadic FALSE
return to specif
ic points after l
ong travels.
9 Greatest I despite being legally protected in many countries,
danger despite being the main causes of population decline remain
entanglement legally anthropogenic and include hunting, habitat
protected in degradation, and fishing-related fatalities.
many
countries, the
main causes of
population
decline remain
anthropogenic
and include
hunting,
habitat
degradation,
and fishing-
related
fatalities.

Question 10-13

10 Resemblance A Its body, flippers and fluke resemble

its body, flipper those of a dolphin but it has no dorsal fin.
s and fluke rese
mble
those of a dolp
hin but it has n
 o dorsal fin.

11 Reason E
travelled long It is thought th It is thought that these movements are caused b
dinstance at these move y changes in seagrass availability.
ments are caus
ed by changes i
n seagrass avail
ability.
12 1992 G 1992 Hervey Bay
Hervey Bay Prior to 1750 Prior to
prior to=befo prior to=before the 1992 floods, the extensive
re the 1992 f seagrasses in Hervey Bay supported an estimated 1
loods, the exte 750dugongs.
nsive seagrasse
s in Hervey Bay
supported an e
stimated 1750d
ugongs.
13 Lethal danger I
Entanglement i
n fishing nets h Entanglement in fishing nets has caused many deat
as caused many hs, although there are no precise statistics.
deaths, althou
gh there are no
precise statisti
cs.
Entanglement

trap in lethal
danger
caused many d
eaths

A dolphin,
10

B


nitrogen 1

C sensitive bristle
2

D trails 3
tuft 4

5

food shortage,
E


11 8

F 90
 20%

1960 500
50

1980 4000

7500
10000

G

1992 Hervey
3 900

1992 Hervey
1750 12 8
70

900

H





Halophila ovalis, 30
7

I
9


fishing net
13

 Version 20503
1 Nitrogen 2 sensitive 3 trails

bristles

4 tufts 5 TRUE 6 FALSE

7 NOT GIVEN 8 FALSE 9 NOT GIVEN

seagrass
10 Dolphin 11 availability/Food
12 1750
(shortage)/Seagrass
shortage

13 Fishing net

Passage2--Sunny Days For Silicon

You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 14-26 which are based on Reading
Passage below.

The old saw that "the devil is in the details" characterizes the kind of needling
A obstacles that prevent an innovative concept from becoming a working
technology. It also often describes the type of problems that must be overcome
to shave cost from the resulting product so that people will buy it. Emanuel
 Sachs of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has struggled with many
such little devils m his career-tong endeavor to develop low-cost, high-
efficiency solar cells. In his latest effort, Sachs has found incremental ways to
boost the amount of electricity that common photovoltaics (PVs) generate from
sunlight without increasing the costs. Specifically, he has raised the conversion
efficiency of test cells made from multi-crystalline silicon from the typical 15.5
percent to nearly 20 percenton par with pricier single-crystal silicon cells.
Such improvements could bring the cost of PV power down from the current
$1.90 to $2.10 per watt to $1.65 per watt. With additional tweaks, Sachs
anticipates creating within Four years solar cells that can produce juice at a
dollar per watt, a feat that would make electricity (rum the sun competitive with
that from coal-burning power plants.

Most PV cells, such as those on home rooftops, rely on silicon to convert

B sunlight into electric current. Metal interconnects then funnel the electricity out
from the silicon to power devices or to feed an electrical grid. Since solar cells
became practical and affordable three decades ago, engineers have mostly
favored using single-crystal silicon as the active material, says Michael Rogol,
managing director of Germany- based Photon Consulting. Wafers of the
substance are typically sawed from an ingot consisting of one large crystal that
has been pulled like taffy out of a vat of molten silicon. Especially at first, the
high-purity ingots were left over from integrated-circuit manufacture, but later
the process was used to make PV cells themselves, Rogol recounts. Although
single-crystal cells offer high conversion efficiencies, they are expensive to
make. The alternatives- multi-crystalline silicon cells, which factories fabricate
from lower-purity, cast ingots composed or many smaller crystalsarc cheaper
to make, but unfortunately they arc Jess efficient than single-crystal cells.

Sachs, who has pioneered several novel ways to make silicon solar cells less
C costly and more effective, recently turned his focus to the details of multi-
crystalline silicon cell manufacture. The first small improvement concerns the
little silver fingers that gather electric current from the surface of the bulk
silicon," he explains. In conventional fabrication processes, cell manufacturers
use screen-printing techniques ("like high-accuracy silk-screening of T-shirts,"
Sachs notes) and inks containing, silver particles to create these bus wires. The
trouble is that standard silver wires come out wide and short, about 120 by 10
microns, and include many nonconductive voids. As a result, they block
considerable sunlight and do not carry as much current as they should.

At his start-up companyLexington, Mass- based 1366 Technologies (the

D number refers to the flux of sunlight that strikes the earth's outer atmosphere:
1.366 watts per square meter)Sachs is employing "a proprietary wet process
that can produce thinner and taller" wires that are 20 by 20 microns. The slimmer
bus wires use less costly silver und can be placed closer together so they can
 draw more current from the neighboring active material, through which free
electrons can travel only so far. At the same time, the wires block less incoming
light than their standard counterparts.

The second innovation alters the wide, flat interconnect wires that collect
E current from the silver bus wires and electrically link adjacent cells.
Interconnect wires at the top can shade as much as 5 percent of the area of a cell.
"We place textured mirror surfaces on the faces of these rolled wires. These little
mirrors reflect incoming light at a lower angle--around 30 degrees-so that
when the reflected rays hit the glass layer at Lire top, they stay within the silicon
wafer by way of total internal reflection, Sachs explains. (Divers and snorkelers
commonly see this optical effect when they view water surfaces from below.)
The longer that light remains inside, the more chance it has to be absorbed and
transformed into electricity.

Sachs expects that new antireflection coatings will further raise multi-crystal
F line cell efficiencies. One of his firm's future goals will be a switch from
expensive silver bus wires to cheaper copper ones. And he has a few ideas
regarding how to successfully make the substitution. "Unlike silver, copper
poisons the performance of silicon PVs," Sachs says, "so it will be crucial to
include a low-cost diffusion barrier that stops direct contact between copper and
the silicon." In this business, it's always the little devilish details that count.

The cost of silicon solar cells is likely to fall as bulk silicon prices drop,
G according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration and the industry
tracking firm Solarbuzz. A steep rise in solar panel sales in recent years had led
to a global shortage of silicon because production capacity for the active
material lagged behind, but now new silicon manufacturing plants are coming
online. The reduced materials costs and resulting lower system prices will
greatly boost demand for solar-electric technology, according to market watcher
Michael Rogol of Photon Consulting.

Questions 14-18
Use the information in the passage to match the people or companies (listed A-C) with
opinions or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-C in boxes 14-18 on your
answer sheet.
NB you may use any letter more than once
 A. Emanuel Sach
B. Michael Rogol
C. Solarbuzz

14. Gives a brief account of the history of the common practice to manufacture
silicon batteries for a long time.

15. Made a joint prediction with another national agency.

16. Established an enterprise with a meaningful name.

17. Led forward in the solar-electric field by reducing the cost while raising the
efficiency.

18. Expects to lower the cost of solar cells to a level that they could contend with the
traditional way to generate electricity.

Questions 19-22
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
19. The Achilles heel of single-crystal cells is the high cost.

20. The multi-crystalline silicon cells are ideal substitutions for single-crystal cells.

21. Emanuel Sachs has some determining dues about the way to block the immediate
contact between an alternative metal for silver and the silicon.

22. In the last few years, there is a sharp increase in the demand for solar panels.

Questions 23-27
Summary
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using No
More than Three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your
answers in boxes 23-27 on your answer sheet.

Emanuel Sachs made two major changes to the particulars of the manufacture 23.
One is to take a 24 in the production of finer wires which means more current
could be attracted from the 25 . The other one is to set 26 above the
interconnect silver bus wires to keep the incoming sunlight by 27 .

Sunny Days For Silicon


Sunny Days For Silicon
A Emanuel Sachs

B
C
D Sachs
E
F
G

Question 14-18
matching

14 B
three decades
Since solar history of the common practice to
cells became manufacture silicon batteries for a long time
practical Micheal Rogol
Three B B
decades ago

15 Is likely to fall made a joint prediction with another national

Will boost the G , agency joint prediction
demand G


c
D
16 Start up a D
company- established an enterprise with a meaningful
Lexington name
A
develop A Sachs
17 Low- A Low-cost,high-efficiency
cost,high- solar cells
efficiency Led forward in the solar-electric field by reducing
solar cells the cost while raising the efficiency
A
C
18. Conventional Sachs
surface C Expects to lower the cost of solar cells to a level
Novel ways that they could content with the traditional way to
generate electricity
A

Question 19-22
T/F/NG

19. Pricier single- A , A Sachs

crystal silicon
 cells

Cost of power The Achilles heel of single-crystal cells is the high
down cost
True
B
20. Unfortunately B But
Less efficient
The multi-crystalline silicon cells are ideal
substitutions for single-crystal cells

False
Sachs
21. trouble
Not carry as C troubleEmanuel Sachs has
much current some determining clues about the way to block the
as they immediate contract between an alternative metal
should for silver and the silicon
Not given

22. Boost the G In the
demand last few years, there is a sharp increase in the
demand for solar panels?
True

Question 23-27
summary
 Sach
Pioneer silicon solar cells
23. Novel the manufacture of multi-
Ways C crystal line silicon cells manufacture
manufacture multi-crystal line silicon cells

24 production of finer wire

Thinner and D produce thinner and taller wires
taller wires proprietary wet process
proprietary wet process
25 more current could be attracted
Draw more D fromdraw more current from
current
neighboring active material
26 The second the other one is to the
innovation E second innovation
place set above placeon
Textured minor surfaces
27 Reflected rays keep the incoming sunlight by
Stay within E reflected rays
incoming sunlight .keep staying
Total internal reflection



A
Emanuel
Sachs
Emanuel Sachs
PV
15.5%
20%
$1.90 $2.10 $1.65
Sachs
$1

B Photon
Consulting Michael Rogol 30


Rogol

Sachs
C


T Sachs
120 10

Lexington Technologies
D 1366 Sachs
20*20

E
5%Sachs
 30

Sachs
F
Sachs

Solarbuzz
G

Photon Consulting Michael Rogol

Version 21109
14 B 15 C 16 A

17 A 18 A 19 TRUE

20 FALSE 21 NOT GIVEN 22 TRUE

23 multi-crystalline 24 proprietary wet 25 neighboring

silicon cell process active material

26 textured mirror 27 Total internal

surfaces reflection
Passage3-Researcher on the Tree Crown
You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 14-26 which are based on Reading
Passage below.

The forest canopy-the term given to the aggregated crowns of trees in a forest-is thought
A to host up to 40 per cent of all species, of which ten per cent could be unique to the
forest roof. "We're dealing with the richest, least known, most threatened habitat on
Earth," says Andrew Mitchell, the executive director of the Global Canopy Programme/
a collection of groups undertaking research into this lofty world. "The problem with
our understanding of forests is that nearly all the information we have has been gleaned
from just two meters above the soil, and yet we're dealing with trees that grow to heights
of 60 meters, or in the case of the tallest redwood 112 meters. It's like doctors trying to
treat humans by only looking at their feet."

Tropical rainforest comprises the richest of ecosystems, rivalled only by coral reel for
B its diversity and complex interrelationships. And a great deal of that diversity lives up
in the canopy-an estimated 70-90 per cent of life in the rainforest exists in the trees;
one in ten of all vascular plants are canopy dwellers; and about 20-25 per cent of all
invertebrates are thought to be unique to the canopy.

The first Briton to actually get into the canopy may have been Sir Francis Drake who,
C in 1573, gained his first glimpse of the Pacific Ocean from a tall tree in Darien, Panama.
However, the first serious effort to reach and study the canopy didn't begin until 1929.
The Oxford University Expedition to British Guiana, led by Major RWG Hingston, still
ended up help of locals when it came to building an observation platform. It was a
successful expedition all the same, despite the colony's acting governor getting stuck
high up on a winched seat during a visit. In terms of canopy access, the French have
proved themselves to be excellent innovators, taking things further with the
development of 'lighter-than-air platforms -balloons and related equipment, to you and
me. Francis Halle; from the Laboratoire de Botanique Tropicale at Montpellier
University took to a balloon in the mid-1980s in order to approach the canopy from
above. His work in French Guiana was inspired by the use in Gabon of a tethered
helium balloon by Marcel and Annette Hladick. Halle went one further by using a small
purpose-built airship-a cigar-shaped balloon with propellers to aid manoeuvrability.
"We suddenly had a mobile system that could move around the treetops; there was no
other means of doing this," says Mitchell.

From this, two balloon-dependent features have developed: the radeau or raft, and the
D luge or sledge. The raft is a 'floating' platform, employed by French academics Dany
Cleyet-Marrel and Laurent Pyot and is essentially an island in the treetops. Made of
kevlar mesh netting and edged with inflated neoprene tubes, it rests on top of the
canopy, allowing sampling (mostly of plants and insects) to take place at the edges of
 the platform, and can stay in position for several days. The luge, on the other hand, is
an inflated hexagon similar to a traditional balloon basket but with a hole in the bottom
covered with Kevlar mesh. Such techniques aren't without their problems, however,
"balloons can cover larger areas, especially for collection purposes, but they are
extremely expensive- Jibe raft alone cost 122,000 [euro] (86,000 [pounds sterling]) in
2001], nut very effective because you can only reach the tops of the trees, and are highly
dependent on the weather, " says Dr Wilfried Morawetz, director of systematic botany
at the University of Leipzig. Balloons can usually only be used in the early morning
for two to four hours. Last time, we could only fly three times during a whole week."
Given these factors, it comes as no surprise that operations involving these balloons
numbered just six between 1986 and 2001.

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama. Smith had the idea of using a static
E crane to get into the treetops. Un-tethered balloons may allow widely distributed sites
to be sampled, but cranes allow scientists to study an area of at least a hectare from soil
to canopy throughout the year, year after year. "Cranes beat any other access mode.
They are cheap, reliable and fast. In two minutes I can reach any point in our forest,
which is essential for comparative measurements across species," says Professor
Christian Korner of the University of Basel. Korner is using a static crane in a unique
carbon dioxide-enrichment experiment in Switzerland, in an attempt to discover how
forests might respond to the global increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (see Swiss
canopy-crane carbon experiment, right). For reasons of convenience, cranes are
generally situated close to cities or a research center. Leipzig University has a crane not
far from the town, the Location allowing scientists to study the effect of city pollutants
on forests. In order to increase the amount of canopy a crane can access, some have
been mounted on short rail tracks. In "1995, Dr Wilfried Morawetz was the first to use
this technique, installing a crane on 150 meters of track in Venezuelan rainforest. In
my opinion, cranes should be the core of canopy research in the future," he says.

It appears that the rest of the scientific community has now come around to Mitchell's
F way of thinking. "I think most scientists thought him mad to consider such a complex
field station at first," says internationally respected 'canopist' Meg Lowman, the
executive director of the Marie Selby Botanical Gardens. "However, we've all come to
realize that a combination of methods, a long-term approach to ecological studies and
a collaborative approach are the absolute best ways to advance canopy science. A
permanent canopy field station would allow that to happen." With A dedicated group
of canopy scientists working together and a wide range of tools available for them to
get into the treetops, we're now finally on our way towards a true understanding of the
least-known terrestrial habitat.
 Questions 14-18

The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-F

Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-F, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet

9. The Scientific significance for committing canopy study.

10. The first academic research attempt mentioned to get to the top canopy.

11. The overview idea of forest canopy and the problem of understanding the forests.

12. A recognition for a long term effect and cooperation.

13. An innovation accessing to treetop which proved to be an ultimate solution till

now.

Questions 19-22
Summary
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using No
More than Two words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers
in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.

Scientists keep trying new methods to access to the canopy of the treetop. Though
early attempt succeeded in building an observation platform yet the help from the
19 was imperative; further innovators made by the French who built a platform
with equipment by using 20 . Later, the floating platform of 21 is
serving as an island in the treetops. Then finally, there came the next major
breakthrough in Panama. Scientists applied 22 to access to the treetops,
which are proved to be the center of canopy research in today and in the future.
 Questions 23-27
Use the information in the passage to match the category (listed A-F) with opinions or
deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 23-27 on your answer sheet.

NB you may use any letter more than once

D. Sir Francis Drake

E. Wilfried Morawetz
F. Dany Cleyet-Marrel
G. Francis Halle
H. Christian Korner
I. Alan Smith

23. Scientist whose work was inspired by the method used by other researchers.

24. Scientist who made a claim that balloon could only be used in a limited frequency
or time.

25. Scientist who initiated a successful access mode which is cheap and stable.

26. Scientist who had committed canopy-crane experiment for a specific scientific
project.

27. Scientist who initiated the use of crane on the short rail tracks.


Researcher on the Tree Crown

A
B
C
D
E
F

Question 14-27

14 Scientific B 1 B
significance
2,3,4
70%~90%

20%~25%

B

B
15 The first, C 1 C the first Briton to actually get
research into the canopy may have seen Sir Francis Drake
whoin 1573 gained his first glimpse of the Pacific
Ocean from a tall tree in Darien Panama

the first academic research
C
16 Overview A 1
problem 2 A
the
problem with our understanding of forests is that
nearly all the information we have has been gleaned
from just two meters above the soil and yet were
dealing with trees that grow to height of 60
meters

A
17 Effect and F 1,2 F
cooperation


F
18 Innovation E 3 E
accessing cranesCranes
ultimate beat any other access mode They are cheap
solution reliable and fast In two minutes i can reach any
point in our forest which is essential for
comparative measurements across species
professor Christian Korner says
in my opinion cranes
should be the core of canopy research in the future
innovation accessing

E
19 Early C 3 19
attempt C C
succeeded
locals
20 The French C French
C lighter-
than-air platforms balloons and related
equipment
balloons
21 Floating D 2 D the raft is a floating
platform platformemployed by......
raft/rafts

22 breakthrough E 2 E

staticcrane/ cranes

23 inspired C C Francis Halle.......his work was

inspired by the use in......
D

24 balloon C balloon C balloons can

cover larger areas especially for collection
purposes but they are expensive.......because you
can only reach the tops of the trees and are highly
dependent on the weather says Wilfried
Morawets
B
25 Initiated a E E ....Smith had
successful the idea of using a static crane to get into the
Access mode treetops
F
26 Committed E E
canopy-crane Christian Korner
experiment E

27 Crane rail E E
tracks Dr Wilfried Morawetz
B


40%
A 10% Global Canopy
Programme Andrew Mitchell

2
60
112

B
70%-90%
20%-25%

Sir Francis Drake

C 1573 Darien
1929 Major RWG Hingston




Montpellier
Francis Halle 1980
Marcel Annette Hladic
Halle
Mitchell

D Danny CleyetMarrel Laurent Pyot




Dr Wilfried Morawets

Jibe 122,000 86000 2001

 2-4 3
1986 2001

Smithsonian Tropical Research

E Institute Alan Smith

Basel Christian
Korner

Christian Korner




1995 Dr Wilfried Morawets
Venezuelan 150

Mitchell
F Madie Selby Botanical Gardens Meg Lowan
Mitchell

Version 21119
14 B 15 C 16 A

17 F 18 E 19 locals

20 balloons 21 raft/rafts 22 (static)

crane/cranes

23 D 24 B 25 F

26 E 27 B
Test4

Passage1-Lighting Up The Lies

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading
Passage below.

Last year Sean A. Spence, a professor at the school of medicine at the University
A of Sheffield in England, performed brain scans that showed that a woman
convicted of poisoning a child in her care appeared to be telling the truth when
she denied committing the crime. This deception study, along with two others
performed by the Sheffield group, was funded by Quickfire Media, a television
production company working for the U.K.'s Channel 4, which broadcast videos
of the researchers at work as part of a three-part series called "Lie Lab." The
brain study of the woman later appeared in the journal European Psychiatry.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) purports to detect mendacity by

B seeing inside the brain instead of tracking peripheral measures of anxietysuch
as changes in pulse, blood pressure or respiration measured by a polygraph.
Besides drawing hundreds of thousands of viewers, fMRI has pulled in
entrepreneurs. Two companiesCephos in Pepperell, Mass., and No Lie MRI in
Tarzana, Calif.claim to predict with 90 percent or greater certitude whether
you are telling the truth. No Lie MRI, whose name evokes the casual familiarity
of a walk-in dental clinic in a strip mall, suggests that the technique may even be
used for risk reduction in dating.

Many neuroscientists and legal scholars doubt such claimsand some even
C question whether brain scans for lie detection will ever be ready for anything but
more research on the nature of deception and the brain. An fMRI machine tracks
blood flow to activated brain areas. The assumption in lie detection is that the
brain must exert extra effort when telling a lie and that the regions that do more
work get more blood. Such areas light up in scans; during the lie studies, the
illuminated regions are primarily involved in decision making.
 To assess how fMRI and other neuroscience findings affect the law, the Mac-
D Arthur Foundation put up $10 million last year to pilot for three years the Law
and Neuroscience Project. Part of the funding will attempt to set criteria for
accurate and reliable lie detection using fMRI and other brain-scanning
technology. I think it's not possible, given the current technology, to trust the
results, says Marcus Raichle, a neuroscientist at the Washington University
School of Medicine in St. Louis who heads the project's study group on lie
detection. But its not impossible to set up a research program to determine
whether thats possible. A major review article last year in the American Journal
of Law and Medicine by Henry T. Greely of Stanford University and Judy Illes,
now at the University of British Columbia, explores the deficiencies of existing
research and what may be needed to move the technology forward. The two
scholars found that lie detection studies conducted so far (still less than 20 in all)
failed to prove that fMRI is effective as a lie detector in the real world at any
accuracy level.

Most studies examined groups, not individuals. Subjects in these studies were
E healthy young adultsmaking it unclear how the results would apply to
someone who takes a drug that affects blood pressure or has a blockage in an
artery. And the two researchers questioned the specificity of the lit-up areas; they
noted that the regions also correlate with a wide range of cognitive behaviors,
including memory, self- monitoring and conscious self-awareness.

The biggest challenge for which the Law and Neuroscience Project is already
F funding new researchis how to diminish the artificiality of the test protocol.
Lying about whether a playing card is the seven of spades may not activate the
same areas of the cortex as answering a question about whether you robbed the
corner store. In fact, the most realistic studies to date may have come from the
Lie Lab television programs. The two companies marketing the technology are
not waiting for more data. Cephos is offering scans without charge to people who
claim they were falsely accused if they meet certain criteria in an effort to get
scans accepted by the courts. Allowing scans as legal evidence could open a
potentially huge and lucrative market. We may have to take many shots on goal
before we actually see a courtroom. says Cephos chief executive Steven Laken.
He asserts that the technology has achieved 97 percent accuracy and that the
more than 100 people scanned using the Cephos protocol have provided data that
have resolved many of the issues that Greely and Illes cited.
 But until formal clinical trials prove that the machines meet safety and
G effectiveness criteria, Greely and Illes have called for a ban on non-research
uses. Trials envisaged for regulatory approval hint at the technical challenges.
Actors, professional poker players and sociopaths would be compared against
average Joes. The devout would go in the scanner after nonbelievers. Testing
would take into account social setting. White liesno, dinner really was
fantasticwould have to be compared against untruths about sexual
peccadilloes to ensure that the brain reacts identically.

There potential for abuse prompts caution. The danger is that peoples lives can
H be changed in bad ways because of mistakes in the technology, Greely says.
The danger for the science is that it gets a black eye because of this very high
profile use of neuroimaging that goes wrong. Considering the long and
controversial history of the polygraph, gradualism may be the wisest course to
follow for a new diagnostic that probes an essential quality governing social
interaction.
 Question 1-7
Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-D) with opinions or
deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-D in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
NB you may use any letter more than once

A Henry T. Greely &Judy Illes

B Steven Laken
C Henry T. Greely
D Marcus Raichle

1 The possibility hidden in a mission impossible

2 The uncertain effectiveness of functional magnetic resonance imaging for
detecting lies
3 The hazard lying behind the technology as a lie detector
4 The limited fields for the use of lie detection technology
5 Several successful cases of applying the results from the lie detection technology
6 Cons of the current research related to lie-detector tests
7 There should be some requested work to improve the techniques regarding lie
detection
 Question 8-10
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 8-10 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

8 The lie detection for a convicted woman was first conducted by researchers
in Europe.

9 The legitimization of using scans in the court might mean a promising

and profitable business.

10 There is always something wrong with neuroimaging.

Question 11-13
Summary
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using No More
than Three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in
boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.

It is claimed that functional magnetic resonance imaging can check lies by observing
the internal part of the brain rather than following up 11 to evaluate the
anxiety as 12 does. Audiences as well as 13 are fascinated by this
amazing lie-detection technology.
-lighting the lies

A:Sean A. Spence

B:fMRI
C: fMRI

D: fMRI Henry T.
Greely Judy Illes fMRI
E:fMRI Henry T. Greely
Judy Illes
F:fMRI
fMRI
G:fMRI

H:Henry T. Greely fMRI


Question 1-7
List of opinions and deeds

1 Possibility possibility
Impossible possible impossible
not possible
MR
D.

2 Uncertain Uncertain accuracy

Effectiveness effectiveness effective
the two scholars
the two scholars HTG
JI.
A.

3 Hazard Hazard dangertechnology

Technology scienceas a
lie detector

HTG
C.
4 Limited Limited non-researchHTG
JI
fMRI
limited.
A.

5 Successful Successful accuracy

Technology technology ST

B

6 Cons Cons questionHTG JI

C

7 Requested Requested banuntil

Improve improveHTG JI

improve

Question 8-10
Statements agreement

8 A convicted woman woman
convicted. Europe England
T.

9 Legitimization allowing
legalpromising profitable
potentially huge and lucrative.
T.

10 Always fMRI



F.

Question 11-13
summary

11 Internal insiderather than
instead offollowing up
tracking track
anxiety
peripheral measures

12 following up
peripheral measures
polygraph.
polygraph

13 Audiences viewersas well as

besides viewer
entrepreneur.
entrepreneur


Sean A. Spence
A

Quickfire Media Quickfire
Media 4

fMRI
B :

Pepperell Cephos
Tarzana No Lie MRI
90%No Lie MRI

D 1,000


Marcus Raichle

Henry T. Greely
Judy Illes

( 20)



E

F
7


Cephos

Cephos Steven Laken
97%
100 Cephos
Greely and Illes

Greely Illes
G

Greely
H





Version 19102
1 D 2 A 3 C

4 A 5 B 6 A

7 A 8 TRUE 9 TRUE
peripheral
10 FALSE 11 measures
12 a polygraph

13 entrepreneurs
Passage2-Can Scientists tell us: What happiness
is?
Economists accept that if people describe themselves as happy, then they are
A happy. However, psychologists differentiate between levels of happiness. The
most immediate type involves a feeling; pleasure or joy. But sometimes
happiness is a judgment that life is satisfying, and does not imply an emotional
state. Esteemed psychologist Martin Seligman has spearheaded an effort to
study the science of happiness. The bad news is that we're not wired to be happy.
The good news is that we can do something about it. Since its origins in a
Leipzig laboratory 130 years ago, psychology has had little to say about
goodness and contentment. Mostly psychologists have concerned themselves
with weakness and misery. There are libraries full of theories about why we get
sad, worried, and angry. It hasn't been respectable science to study what happens
when lives go well. Positive experiences, such as joy, kindness, altruism and
heroism, have mainly been ignored. For every 100 psychology papers dealing
with anxiety or depression, only one concerns a positive trait.

A few pioneers in experimental psychology bucked the trend. Professor Alice

B Isen of Cornell University and colleagues have demonstrated how positive
emotions make people think faster and more creatively. Showing how easy it is
to give people an intellectual boost, Isen divided doctors making a tricky
diagnosis into three groups: one received candy, one read humanistic statements
about medicine, one was a control group. The doctors who had candy displayed
the most creative thinking and worked more efficiently. Inspired by Isen and
others, Seligman got stuck in. He raised millions of dollars of research money
and funded 50 research groups involving 150 scientists across the world. Four
positive psychology centres opened, decorated in cheerful colours and furnished
with sofas and baby-sitters. There were get-togethers on Mexican beaches
where psychologists would snorkel and eat fajitas, then form "pods" to discuss
subjects such as wonder and awe. A thousand therapists were coached in the
new science.

But critics are demanding answers to big questions. What is the point of defining
C levels of happiness and classifying the virtues? Aren't these concepts vague and
impossible to pin down? Can you justify spending funds to research positive
states when there are problems such as famine, flood and epidemic depression
to be solved? Seligman knows his work can be belittled alongside trite notions
such as "the power of positive thinking". His plan to stop the new science
floating "on the waves of self- improvement fashions" is to make sure it is
anchored to positive philosophy above, and to positive biology below.
 And this takes us back to our evolutionary past. Homo sapiens evolved during
D the Pleistocene era (1.8 m to 10,000 years ago), a time of hardship and turmoil.
It was the Ice Age, and our ancestors endured long freezes as glaciers formed,
then ferocious floods as the ice masses melted. We shared the planet with
terrifying creatures such as mammoths, elephant-sized ground sloths and sabre-
toothed cats. But by the end of the Pleistocene, all these animals were extinct.
Humans, on the other hand, had evolved large brains and used their intelligence
to make fire and sophisticated tools, to develop talk and social rituals. Survival
in a time of adversity forged our brains into a persistent mould. Professor
Seligman says: "Because our brain evolved during a time of ice, flood and
famine, we have a catastrophic brain. The way the brain works is looking for
what's wrong. The problem is, that worked in the Pleistocene era. It favoured
you, but it doesn't work in the modem world."

Although most people rate themselves as happy, there is a wealth of evidence to

E show that negative thinking is deeply ingrained in the human psyche.
Experiments show that we remember failures more vividly than successes. We
dwell on what went badly, not what went well. Of the six universal emotions,
four anger, fear, disgust and sadness are negative and only one, joy, is positive.
The sixth, surprise, is psychologist Daniel Nettle, author of Happiness, and one
of the Royal Institution lecturers, the negative emotions each tell us "something
bad has happened" and suggest a different course of action.

What is it about the structure of the brain that underlies our bias towards
F negative thinking? And is there a biology of joy? At Iowa University,
neuroscientists studied what happens when people are shown pleasant and
unpleasant pictures. When subjects see landscapes or dolphins playing, part of
the frontal lobe of the brain becomes active. But when they are shown
unpleasant images a bird covered in oil, or a dead soldier with part of his face
missing the response comes from more primitive parts of the brain. The ability
to feel negative emotions derives from an ancient danger-recognition system
formed early in the brain's evolution. The pre-frontal cortex, which registers
happiness, is the part used for higher thinking, an area that evolved later in
human history.

Our difficulty, according to Daniel Nettle, is that the brain systems for liking
G and wanting are separate. Wanting involves two ancient regions the amygdala
and the nucleus accumbens that communicate using the chemical dopamine to
form the brain's reward system. They are involved in anticipating the pleasure
of eating and in addiction to drugs. A rat will press a bar repeatedly, ignoring
sexually available partners, to receive electrical stimulation of the "wanting"
parts of the brain. But having received brain stimulation, the rat eats more but
shows no sign of enjoying the food it craved. In humans, a drug like nicotine
produces much craving but little pleasure.
 In essence, what the biology lesson tells us is that negative emotions are
H fundamental to the human condition, and ifs no wonder they are difficult to
eradicate. At the same time, by a trick of nature, our brains are designed to crave
but never really achieve lasting happiness.

Question 14-20
The reading passage has seven paragraphs A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-H, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.

14 An experiment involving dividing several groups one of which received positive

icon

15 Review of a poorly researched psychology area

16 Contrast being made about the brains action as response to positive or negative
stimulus

17 The skeptical attitude toward the research seemed to be a waste of fund

18 a substance that produces much wanting instead of much liking

19 a conclusion that lasting happiness are hardly obtained because of the nature of
brains

20 One description that listed the human emotional categories

 Question 21-25
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no
more than four words from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 21-25 on your answer sheet.

A few pioneers in experimental psychology study what happens when lives go well.
Professor Alice divided doctors, making a tricky experiment, into three groups: beside
the one control group, the other two either are asked to read humanistic statements about
drugs, or received 21... The latter displayed the most creative thinking and worked
more efficiently. Since critics are questioning the significance of the 22for both
levels of happiness and classification for the virtues. Professor Seligman countered in
an evolutional theory: survival in a time of adversity forged our brains into the way of
thinking for what's wrong because we have a23

There is bountiful of evidence to show that negative thinking is deeply built in the
human psyche. Later, at Iowa University, neuroscientists studied the active parts in
brains to contrast when people are shown pleasant and unpleasant pictures. When
positive images like24are shown, part of the frontal lobe of the brain becomes
active. But when they are shown unpleasant image, the response comes from 25of
the brain.
 Question 26
Write your answers in boxes 26 on your answer sheet.
Choose the correct letter. A, B, C or D.

According to Daniel Nettle in the last two paragraphs, what is true as the scientists can
tell us about happiness

A Brain systems always mix liking and wanting together.

B Negative emotions can be easily rid of if we think positively.
C Happiness is like nicotine we are craving for but get little pleasure.
D The inner mechanism of human brains does not assist us to achieve durable
happiness.


A :
B :
C :
D :
E :
F :
G :
H :

Question 14-26

14 Three groups B 2 B
2
positive icon candy
B
15 Ignoredonly A A

ignored 100 only one
concerns a positive trait ignored/only/a
poorly researched
A
16 Structure of F 1 F
the brain structure of brain
brain action
F
17 Critics, big C 1 C B
question critics, big question, what
is the point of
skeptical attitude
C
18 Wanting, G 1 G wanting liking
liking 1 wanting
liking
G
19 Brick of H 2 H
nature conclusion H 2
brick of nature, nature of
brains
H
20 Six universal E E
emotion human emotional categories
E

21 Candy B B Into
three groups: one received candy, one
candy

22 What is the C Since critics

point of C 2 what is the point of defining
defining levels of happiness and classifying the virtues
define definition
23 Professor D D 3 Professor Seligman says: because
Seligman, our brain evolved during a time of ice, flood and
adversity famine, we have a catastrophic brain
Professor Seligman
adversity ice
flood famine catastrophic
brain
24 Pleasant E 3 E 3 pleasant and unpleasant picture
picture
landscapes and dolphins playing
positive image pleasant
picture landscapes and dolphins playing
25 Unpleasant E 4 E
images pleasant picture unpleasant
image(picture) comes from more
primitive parts of the brain
more primitive parts
26 Separate, EGH A : G brain system for liking and
deeply wanting are separate mix together
ingrained,
wanting and B : E
liking, lasting :
happiness negative thinking is deeply ingrained in the human
psycheDeeply ingrained be easily rid
of
C G drug like nicotine produces
much craving but little pleasure
G
happiness wanting satisfaction
nicotine
wanting pleasant
happiness
D H our brain are designed to
crave but never really achieve lasting happiness


D


.
A

Martin Seligman

130 Leipzig



100

Alice Isen
B
Isen
3

Isen Seligman
150 50 4

fajitas
"

C

Seligman

180 1
D




Seligman

E
6 4
6
Daniel Nettle

Daniel Nettle
wanting and liking
G

H

:

Version 19104
14 B 15 A 16 F

17 C 18 G 19 H

20 E 21 Candy 22 definition

23 a catastrophic 24 landscapes or 25 (more)

brain dolphins primitive parts

playing

26 D
Passage3-THE GAP of INGENUITY 2
Ingenuity, as I define it here, consists not only of ideas for new technologies like
A computers or drought-resistant crops but, more fundamentally, of ideas for
better institutions and social arrangements, like efficient markets and competent
governments.

How much and what kinds of ingenuity a society requires depends on a range
B of factors, including the society's goals and the circumstances within which it
must achieve those goalswhether it has a young population or an aging one,
an abundance of natural resources or a scarcity of them, an easy climate or a
punishing one, whatever the case may be.

How much and what kinds of ingenuity a society supplies also depends on many
C factors, such as the nature of human inventiveness and understanding, the
rewards an economy gives to the producers of useful knowledge, and the
strength of political opposition to social and institutional reforms.

A good supply of the right kind of ingenuity is essential, but it isn't, of course,
D enough by itself. We know that the creation of wealth, for example, depends not
only on an adequate supply of useful ideas but also on the availability of other,
more conventional factors of production, like capital and labor. Similarly,
prosperity, stability and justice usually depend on the resolution, or at least the
containment, of major political struggles over wealth and power. Yet within our
economics ingenuity often supplants labor, and growth in the stock of physical
plant is usually accompanied by growth in the stock of ingenuity. And in our
political systems, we need great ingenuity to set up institutions that successfully
manage struggles over wealth and power. Clearly, our economic and political
processes are intimately entangled with the production and use of ingenuity.

The past centurys countless incremental changes in our societies around the
E planet, in our technologies and our interactions with our surrounding natural
environments have accumulated to create a qualitatively new world. Because
these changes have accumulated slowly, Its often hard for us to recognize how
profound and sweeping they've. They include far larger and denser populations;
much higher per capita consumption of natural resources; and far better and
more widely available technologies for the movement of people, materials, and
especially information.
 In combination, these changes have sharply increased the density, intensity, and
F pace of our inter actions with each other; they have greatly increased the burden
we place on our natural environment; and they have helped shift power from
national and international institutions to individuals and subgroups, such as
political special interests and ethnic factions.

As a result, people in all walks of life-from our political and business leaders to
G all of us in our day-to-daymust cope with much more complex, urgent, and
often unpredictable circumstances. The management of our relationship with
this new world requires immense and ever-increasing amounts of social and
technical ingenuity. As we strive to maintain or increase our prosperity and
improve the quality of our lives, we must make far more sophisticated decisions,
and in less time, than ever before.

When we enhance the performance of any system, from our cars to the planet's
H network of financial institutions, we tend to make it more complex. Many of the
natural systems critical to our well-being, like the global climate and the oceans,
are extraordinarily complex to begin with. We often can't predict or manage the
behavior of complex systems with much precision, because they are often very
sensitive to the smallest of changes and perturbations, and their behavior can
flip from one mode to another suddenly and dramatically. In general, as the
human-made and natural systems we depend upon become more complex, and
as our demands on them increase, the institutions and technologies we use to
manage them must become more complex too, which further boosts our need
for ingenuity.

The good news, though, is that the last century's stunning changes in our
I societies and technologies have not just increased our need for ingenuity; they
have also produced a huge increase in its supply. The growth and urbanization
of human populations have combined with astonishing new communication and
transportation technologies to expand interactions among people and produce
larger, more integrated, and more efficient markets. These changes have, in turn,
vastly accelerated the generation and delivery of useful ideas.

Butand this is the critical "but"we should not jump to the conclusion that
J the supply of ingenuity always increases in lockstep with our ingenuity
requirement: While it's true that necessity is often the mother of invention, we
can't always rely on the right kind of ingenuity appearing when and where we
need it. In many cases, the complexity and speed of operation of today's vital
economic, social, arid ecological systems exceed the human brains grasp. Very
few of us have more than a rudimentary understanding of how these systems
work. They remain fraught with countless "unknown unknowns," which makes
it hard to supply the ingenuity we need to solve problems associated with these
systems.
 In this book, explore a wide range of other factors that will limit our ability to
K supply the ingenuity required in the coming century. For example, many people
believe that new communication technologies strengthen democracy and will
make it easier to find solutions to our societies' collective problems, but the
story is less clear than it seems. The crush of information in our everyday lives
is shortening our attention span, limiting the time we have to reflect on critical
matters of public policy, and making policy arguments more superficial.

Modern markets and science are an important part of the story of how we supply
L ingenuity. Markets are critically important, because they give entrepreneurs an
incentive to produce knowledge. As for science, although it seems to face no
theoretical limits, at least in the foreseeable future, practical constraints often
slow its progress. The cost of scientific research tends to increase as it delves
deeper into nature. And science's rate of advance depends on the characteristic
of the natural phenomena it investigates, simply because some phenomena are
intrinsically harder to understand than others, so the production of useful new
knowledge in these areas can be very slow. Consequently, there is often a critical
time lag between the recognition between a problem and the delivery of
sufficient ingenuity, in the form of technologies, to solve that problem. Progress
in the social sciences is especially slow, for reasons we don't yet understand; but
we desperately need better social scientific knowledge to build the sophisticated
institutions todays world demands.
Complete each sentence with the appropriate answer, A, B, C, or D

Write the correct answer in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.

27 The definition of ingenuity

28 The requirement for ingenuity
29 The creation of social wealth
30 The stability of society

A depends on many factors including climate.

B depends on the management and solution of disputes.
C is not only of technological advance, but more of institutional renovation.
D also depends on the availability of some traditional resources.

Question 31-33
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
Write your answers in boxes 31-33 on your answer sheet.

31 What does the author say about the incremental change of the last 100 years?

A It has become a hot scholastic discussion among environmentalists.

B Its significance is often not noticed.
C It has reshaped the natural environments we live in.
D It benefited a much larger population than ever.

32 The combination of changes has made life.

A easier
B faster
C slower
D less sophisticated
 33 What does the author say about the natural systems?

A New technologies are being developed to predict change with precision.

B Natural systems are often more sophisticated than other systems.
C Minor alterations may cause natural systems to change dramatically.
D Technological developments have rendered human being more independent of
natural systems.

Question 34-40
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 34-40 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement is true

NO if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

34 The demand for ingenuity has been growing during the past 100 years.

35 The ingenuity we have may be inappropriate for solving problems at hand.

36 There are very few who can understand the complex systems of the present world.

37 More information will help us to make better decisions.

38 The next generation will blame the current government for their conduct.

39 Science tends to develop faster in certain areas than others.

40 Social science develops especially slowly because it is not as important as natural

science.
The Gap of Ingenuity2

2

A :
B :

C :

D :

E :


F :

G :
H :

I :

J :


K :

L :


Question 1

Matching 4 C A D B
(3 ) B B C
T/F/NG 7 T T T F NG T F

1 Ingenuity A Ingenuity, as I define it here, consists not only of
ideas for new technologies like computers or
drought-resistant crops but, more fundamentally, of
ideas for better institutions and social
arrangements, like efficient markets and competent
governments.
2 requirement B How much and what kinds of ingenuity a society
requires depends on a range of factors,
including, an easy climate or a pushing one,
whatever the case may be.
3 creation of D We know that the creation of wealth, for example,
wealth depends not only on an adequate supply of useful
ideas but also on the availability of other, more
conventional factors of production, like capital and
labor. conventional factors = traditional resources
4 stability D Similarly, prosperity, stability and justice usually de
pend on the resolution, or at least the containment
, of major political struggles over wealth and power
.
5 incremental E "incremental change of the last 100 years"
change of the E Because
last 100 years these changes have accumulated slowly, it's often
hard for us to recognize how profound and sweeping
they've.
6 combination of F "combination of changes" F
changes In combination, these
changes have sharply increased the density,
intensity, and pace of our inter actions with each
other
7 Natural systems H "Natural systems" H
, because they are often very
sensitive to the smallest of changes and
perturbations, and their behavior can flip from one
mode to another suddenly and dramatically.
8 Demand for I The good news, though, is that the last century's st
Ingenuity unning changes in our societies and technologies h
ave not just increased our need for ingenuity;

9 ingenuity J we can't always rely on the right kind of

ingenuity appearing when and where we need it.

10 Understand J Very few of us have more than a rudimentary

systems understanding of how these systems work.

11 Many K explore a wide range of other factors that will limit

information our ability to supply the ingenuity required in the
coming century.

12 Next
generation
blamecurrent
government
conduct
13 science L 6

L 6 , and science's rate of
advance ...


14 social sciences L Progress in the social sciences is especially slow, for
reasons we don't yet understand.





D
,


,

I .

K ,
.

L


,



:

Version 18502
27 C 28 A 29 D

30 B 31 B 32 B

33 C 34 YES 35 YES

36 YES 37 NO 38 NOT GIVEN

39 YES 40 NO