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Structural Design of Pergola With Airfoil Louvers
Structural Design of Pergola With Airfoil Louvers
Introduction: Materials:
The materials and its properties used in the pergola are
mentioned here. All structural steel shall have fy
nominal yield strength of as specified below and
having similar chemical composition and mechanical
properties to those specified in BS 4360 [5] for the
specified grade of steel. Grade 43 (BS 5950) [6, 7],
Modulus of Elasticity E= 210000 MPa
Allowable stresses: Strength Py = 275 Mpa (for t
16mm), Poisson Ratio =0.3, Shear Modulus G=E/
(2(1+ )), Coefficient of thermal expansion
=12x10-6/0C
Aluminum extrusions used 52i54 alloy to Structural
Use of Aluminum BS 8118 Part 1: 1991 [8, 9]
Modulus of Elasticity E= 70000 Mpa, Allowable
stresses: Bending Po = 160 Mpa, Axial Pa= 175 Mpa,
Shear Pv=95 Mpa, Density of Aluminum (KN/m3)
=27, Coefficient of thermal expansion = 23x10-6
Figure 1: Sectional view of the louvers
IJASGE 040301 Copyright 2015 BASHA RESEARCH CENTRE. All rights reserved
MUHAMMAD TAYYAB NAQASH
The louvers are connected to the Aluminum plate. The Loading Considered for the Design Purpose:
adopted Aluminum plate is not enough to satisfy the Louvers, Aluminum plate, steel tube, the deal load is
limit states; therefore it is reinforced with a steel tube calculated by the software (SAP 2000) [2]. The wind
(200 x 100 x 6) and therefore a composite section is load of 1.2 KN/m2 as per British Standards [1, 10, 11]
adopted in the SAP 2000 numerical model. In order to is calculated. The calculated wind load was quite less
avoid any galvanic reaction between the two materials, than the one adopted for the design, furthermore,
3mm EPDM sheet is provided. The section adopted in needless to mention that wind can blows through the
the numerical model is not taken into account the louver, so quite low wind can be consider for the
existence of the EPDM sheet and is shown in Fig 3. design of the louvers. Thermal loadings
C/S Airfoil blades are extruded in grade 6063- T6 The thermal loading is an indirect loading and in Qatar
Aluminium alloy as shown in Fig 4. for such long spans are considerable, therefore, they
are assumed as described here.
Assume temperature variation = 35 C. Maximum
Length of Aluminum plate equals 4,000mm (as three
plates are provided for all the length). Coefficient of
thermal expansion () of Aluminum material is 23x10-
6
.
L = x L x L = 23x10-6 x35x4000 = 3.2 mm. In the
case of Aluminum, the expansion is more critical than
that of steel material, therefore gap (minimum 5mm)
are provided to accommodate thermal expansion and
contraction, and hence temperature load is not
accounted for in the analysis. In the case, if gap will
not be provided, stresses due to temperature need to be
Figure 3: Louver profiles verified prior to the installation.
When designing Aluminum structures to British
This tube is considered only to produce the dead load Standards, the relevant load factors are specified in BS
of the louver and to apply linear load on the louver so 8118: Part 1: Clause 3.2.3 Factored loading [8], [9].
to create SAP 2000 model. The properties shown in According to Clause 3.2.3 the overall load factor f is
Fig 5 are for vertical Tube but as it is rotated at 45 0 in calculated as follows:
the numerical model, therefore will represent the
geometric properties of the Louver which are installed f f1 f 2
inclined. Where f1 and f2 are partial load factors and their
values can be found in Tables 3.1 and 3.2 of BS 8118.
For standard design situations with the imposed load
or wind action giving the most severe loading action
on the structure or component.
Overall load factors according to BS 8118:
Serviceability Ultimate
Loads
Limit State Limit State
Dead Load 1.0 1.2
Imposed Load 1.0 1.33
Wind Load 1.0 1.2
In contrast to BS 8118, the load factors for designing
Aluminum structures are given in the Eurocode 0, BS
EN 1990 [12, 13] and its National Annex. Further it is
seen that design loads generated with the procedure of
Eurocode 0 generates higher values for the design
Figure 4: Adopted equivalent tube for louver actions for the ULSs [14].
Design Criteria: The design load combinations in the present case are
Ultimate Limit State: the various combinations of the load cases for which
Aluminum 160 MPa [8, 9] the model needs to be checked. Since, curtain walls
Steel 275 MPa consist of Aluminum material therefore, according to
Serviceability Limit State: the BS 8118 code, they are assumed subjected to dead
Aluminum deflection = Span/175, and Steel deflection load (DL), and Wind load (WL), and the following
= span/200. load combinations may need to be considered.
1.2 DL
1.2 DL 1.2 WL
Figure 10: End details (bracket) Shear capacity of M12 SS bolt equals to 26.22 KN
Since 10Kn is the total shear acting, therefore the Since, the main tube is quite long, therefore a sleeve
adopted M10 SS screws at 500mm C/C are safe in connection at 6m is proposed.
transferring the shear forces from the Aluminum plate Lever arm equals (500-60-60-134/2) = 313mm,
to the Main Steel tube. Therefore, net shear from the moment on the bolts
equals 21.4/0.313 = 68.7 KN, Induced shear equals 1.1 Therefore, the shear capacity of 4 bolts with 2 shear
KN, Total shear = 68.7 + 1.1 = 69.5 KN. Factored planes = 4x2x26.22 = 209.76 KN > 81 KN ---- Hence
shear = 69.5 x 1.4/1.2 = 81 KN Safe.
Using 4 M12 SS through bolts on one side, the shear
capacity of one bolt with a single shear plan as
calculated in the previous section equals 26.22 KN
6 which then satisfy the acceptance criteria both for [7] BS 8188-1, "Structural use of aluminium, Part 1:
ULS and SLS Code of Practice for Design," British Standard,
Use stainless steel M12 countersunk bolts 1991.
Use 8mm thick MS S275 grade, sleeve plates and [8] BS 8188-2, "Structural use of aluminium, Part 2:
sleeve tube Specification for materials, workmanship and
Use M12 chemical anchors protection," British Standard, 1991.
[9] BS 6399-1, "Loading for buildings, Part 1: Code
References of practice for dead and imposed loads," British
[1] BS 6399-2, "Loading for buildings, Part 2: Code Standard, 1996.
of practice for wind loads," British Standard, 1997 [10] BS 6399-3, "Loading for buildings, Part 3: Code
[2] CSI SAP V15, "Integrated Finite Element of practice for imposed roof loads," British
Analysis and Design of Structures Basic Analysis Standard, 1988.
Reference Manual," Computers and Structures, [11] EN-1991-1-1, "Eurocode 1, Actions on structures
Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA, 2002. - Part 1-1: General actions - Densities, self-
[3] prEN 13474-2, "Glass in building- Design of weight, imposed loads for buildings," in European
glass panes-Part 2: Design for uniformly Committee for Standardization, CEN, ed. 36 B-
distributed loads," European Standard, 2000.4] 1050, Brussels, 2004.
prEN 13474-3, "Glass in building - [12] EN-1990, "Eurocode 0, Basis of structural
Determination of the strength of glass panes - Part design," in European Committee for
3: General method of calculation and Standardization, CEN, ed. 36 B-1050, Brussels,
determination of strength of glass by testing," 2002.
European Standard, 2009. [13] Ulrich Muller., Introduction to Structural
[4] BS 4360, "Specification for Weldable Structural Aluminium Design: Whittles Publishing, 2011.
Steel," British Standard, 1990. [14] N. S. Trahair, et al., The Behaviour and Design of
[5] BS 5950-1, "Structural use of steelwork in Steel Structures to EC3 4E: Taylor & Francis,
building," British Standard, 2000. 2008.
[6] BS 5950-2, "Specification for materials,
fabrication and erection Rolled and welded
sections," British Standard, 2001.