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Tortuosity
Tortuosity
Tortuosity
Tortuosity
Tortuosity is a property of curve being tortuous (twisted; having many
turns). There have been several attempts to quantify this property.
Tortuosity is commonly used to describe diffusion in porous media,[1]
such as soils and snow.[2]
Tortuosity in 2-D
Subjective estimation (sometimes aided by optometric grading
scales[3]) is often used. A tortuous river (meander of Nowitna River,
Alaska)
The most simple mathematic method to estimate tortuosity is arc-chord
ratio: ratio of the length of the curve (L) to the distance between the
ends of it (C):
Arc-chord ratio equals 1 for a straight line and is infinite for a circle.
Another method, proposed in 1999,[4] is to estimate the tortuosity as integral of square (or module) of curvature.
Dividing the result by length of curve or chord has also been tried.
In 2002 several Italian scientists[5] proposed one more method. At first, the curve is divided into several (N) parts
with constant sign of curvature (using hysteresis to decrease sensitivity to noise). Then the arc-chord ratio for each
part is found and the tortuosity is estimated by:
Tortuosity in 3-D
Usually subjective estimation is used. However, several ways to adapt
methods estimating tortuosity in 2-D have also been tried. The methods
include arc-chord ratio, arc-chord ratio divided by number of inflection
points and integral of square of curvature, divided by length of the
curve (curvature is estimated assuming that small segments of curve
are planar).[9] Another method used for quantifying tortuosity in 3D
has been applied in 3D reconstructions of solid oxide fuel cell cathodes
where the Euclidean distance sums of the centroids of a pore were
divided by the length of the pore.[10]
References
[1] Epstein, N. (1989), On tortuosity and the tortuosity factor in flow and diffusion through porous media, Chem. Eng. Sci., 44(3), 777 779.
(http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1016/ 0009-2509(89)85053-5)
[2] Kaempfer, T. U., M. Schneebeli, and S. A. Sokratov (2005), A microstructural approach to model heat transfer in snow, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
32, L21503, (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1029/ 2005GL023873)
[3] Richard M. Pearson. Optometric Grading Scales for use in everyday practice. Optometry Today, Vol. 43, No. 20, 2003, ISSN 0268-5485
(http:/ / www. optometry. co. uk/ uploads/ articles/ e022e939c23ddd43951691b84a1efa90_pearson20031017. pdf)
[4] William E. Hart, Michael Goldbaum, Brad Cote, Paul Kube, Mark R. Nelson. Automated measurement of retinal vascular tortuosity.
International Journal of Medical Informatics, Vol. 53, No. 2-3, p. 239-252, 1999 (http:/ / www. cs. sandia. gov/ ~wehart/ Papers/ 1997/
HarGolCotKubNel97-amia. ps. gz)
[5] Enrico Grisan, Marco Foracchia, Alfredo Ruggeri. A novel method for automatic evaluation of retinal vessel tortuosity. Proceedings of the
25th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS, Cancun, Mexico, 2003 (http:/ / ieeexplore. ieee. org/ xpls/ abs_all.
jsp?isnumber=28608& arnumber=1279902& count=267& index=227)
[6] M. Mchler, Very smooth nonparametric curve estimation by penalizing change of curvature, Technical Report 71, ETH Zurich, May 1993
(ftp:/ / ftp. stat. math. ethz. ch/ Research-Reports/ 71. ps. gz)
[7] Patasius, M.; Marozas, V.; Lukosevicius, A.; Jegelevicius, D.. Evaluation of tortuosity of eye blood vessels using the integral of square of
derivative of curvature // EMBEC'05: proceedings of the 3rd IFMBE European Medical and Biological Engineering Conference, November
2025, 2005, Prague. - ISSN 1727-1983. - Prague. - 2005, Vol. 11, p. [1-4]
[8] Gommes, C.J., Bons, A.-J., Blacher, S. Dunsmuir, J. and Tsou, A. (2009) Practical methods for measuring the tortuosity of porous materials
from binary or gray-tone tomographic reconstructions. American Institute of Chemical Engineering Journal, 55, 2000-2012 (http:/ / orbi. ulg.
ac. be/ bitstream/ 2268/ 19609/ 1/ 2009 AIchE tortuosity. pdf)
[9] E. Bullitt, G. Gerig, S. M. Pizer, Weili Lin, S. R. Aylward. Measuring tortuosity of the intracerebral vasculature from MRA images. IEEE
Transactions on Medical Imaging, Volume 22, Issue 9, Sept. 2003, p. 1163 - 1171 (http:/ / ieeexplore. ieee. org/ xpls/ abs_all.
jsp?arnumber=1225850)
[10] Gostovic, D., et al., Three-dimensional reconstruction of porous LSCF cathodes. Electrochemical and Solid State Letters, 2007. 10(12): p.
B214-B217. (http:/ / scitation. aip. org/ journals/ doc/ ESLEF6-ft/ vol_10/ iss_12/ B214_1. html)
[11] Watanabe, Y. and Nakashima, Y. (2001) Two-dimensional random walk program for the calculation of the tortuosity of porous media.
Journal of Groundwater Hydrology, 43, 13-22 (http:/ / staff. aist. go. jp/ nakashima. yoshito/ programs/ rw2d. txt)
[12] Gommes, C.J., Bons, A.-J., Blacher, S. Dunsmuir, J. and Tsou, A. (2009) Practical methods for measuring the tortuosity of porous materials
from binary or gray-tone tomographic reconstructions. American Institute of Chemical Engineering Journal, 55, 2000-2012 (http:/ / orbi. ulg.
ac. be/ handle/ 2268/ 19609)
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