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Languages of the Philippines and Philippine languages

There are between 120 and 170 languages in the Philippines archipelago spoken by the
respective Filipino ethno-linguistic nation or ethnic group. Most of them have several
varieties (dialects), totaling over 300 across the archipelago. In the 1930s in an act of
cultural hegemony, the government imposed the use of the Tagalog language as the
national language.[20][26]Visayan languages (also called Bisaya or Binisaya) are widely
spoken throughout the Visayas and in most parts ofMindanao. Ilokano is the lingua
franca of Northern Luzon excluding Pangasinan. Zamboangueo Chavacano is
the official language of Zamboanga City and lingua franca of Basilan.
Filipino and English are the official languages of the country for purposes of
communication and instruction.[3]Consequently, English is widely spoken and
understood, although fluency has decreased as the prevalence of Tagalog in primary
and secondary educational institutions has increased.

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Religion

he Philippine Statistics Authority in October 2015 reported that 80.58% of the total Filipino population
were Roman Catholics, 10.8% were Protestant and 5.57% were Islamic.[27] Although the 2012
IRF[clarification needed] reports that an estimate by the National Commission on Muslim Filipinos (NCMF) in
2011 stated that there were then 10.3 million Muslims, or about 10 percent of the total population
however this is yet to be proven officially.[28] In 2000, according to the "World Values Survey", 1.8%
were Protestant Christians and 10.9% were then irreligious.[29][dubious discuss] Other Christian
denominations include the Iglesia ni Cristo (one of a number of separate Churches of
Christ generally not affiliated with one another), Philippine Independent Church (more commonly
called the Aglipayan Church), Members Church of God International, and The Church of Jesus
Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Minority religions include Buddhism,Hinduism,
and Judaism. Roman Catholics and Protestants were converted during the four centuries of Western
influence by Spain, and the United States. Under Spanish rule, much of the population was
converted to Christianity.
Orthodox Christians also live in Philippines. Protestant Christianity arrived in the Philippines during
the 20th century, introduced by American missionaries.
Other religions include Judaism, Mahayana Buddhism, often mixed with Taoist beliefs, Hinduism,
and Sikhism. Animism andPaganism are also followed.
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Sustainable Development[edit]
Recognizing the need to tackle the environment issues as well as the need to sustain development
and growth, the Philippines came up with the Sustainable Development Strategy.[20] The nation for
the Sustainable Development Strategy includes assimilating environmental considerations in
administration, apposite pricing of natural resources, conservation of biodiversity, rehabilitation of
ecosystems, control of population growth and human resources development, inducing growth in
rural areas, promotion of environmental education, strengthening citizens participation, and
promoting small to medium-sized enterprises and sustainable agricultural and forestry
practices.[21] One of the initiatives signed in part of the strategy was the 1992 Earth Summit.
Upon signing the 1992 Earth Summit,[22] the government of Philippines has been constantly looking
into many different initiatives to improve the environmental aspects of the country.

Environmental protection[edit]
Currently, the Philippines' Department of Environment and Natural Resources has been busy
tracking down illegal loggers and been spearheading projects to preserve the quality of many
remaining rivers that are not yet polluted.

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Air Pollution[edit]
Due to industrial waste and automobiles, Manila suffers from air pollution,[14][15] affecting 98% of the
population.[16]Annually, the air pollution causes more than 4,000 deaths.[17] Ermita is Manila's most air
polluted district due to open dump sites and industrial waste.[18] According to a report in 2003,
The Pasig River is one of the most polluted rivers in the world with 150 tons of domestic waste and
75 tons of industrial waste dumped daily.[19]

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Elections[edit]
Main article: Elections in the Philippines
Elections are administered by the Commission on Elections (COMELEC). The elected officials are
the president, vice president, members of Congress, regional governors and assemblymen,
provincial governors, vice governors and board members, city and municipal mayors, vice mayors
and councilors, and barangay (village) chairmen and councilors. Elections are for fixed terms. All
elected officials have three-year terms, except for the president, vice president and senators, which
are six years. All terms begin and end on June 30 of the election year.
Elections above the barangay level are held every three years since 1992 on the second Monday of
May, all positions are disputed except for president and vice president; presidential and vice
presidential elections are held every six years since 1992. Single-winner elections are done via
the plurality voting system: the candidate with the highest number of votes is elected. Multiple-winner
elections, except for representatives elected the party-list system, are done via plurality-at-large
voting. Each voter has x votes, with the x candidates with the highest number of votes being elected.
For representatives elected the party-list system, a party that won at least 2% of the national vote
wins one seat, with additional seats, but not exceeding three seats, depends on the number of votes
it received. If the number of sectoral representatives does not reach 20% of the membership of the
House of Representatives, parties with less than 2% of the vote are given a seat each until the 20%
membership is filled

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independent era[edit]
Main articles: History of the Philippines (19461965) and History of the Philippines (19651986)

President Manuel Roxas' inauguration as the first president of an independent Philippines.

Roxas succumbed to a heart attack in 1948, allowing Vice President Elpidio Quirinoto rule the
country for the next six years, after winning in 1949. Quirino's Liberal government was widely seen
as corrupt, and was easily beaten by his former Defense secretary Ramon Magsaysay in the 1953
election. Magsaysay, who oversaw the surrender of the long-running Hukbalahap rebellion would not
complete his term, dying in a plane crash in Cebu; Vice President Carlos P. Garcia succeeded him,
won the 1957 election, and implemented a "Filipino First" policy and an austerity program. Garcia
was defeated by his Vice President, Diosdado Macapagalof the Liberal Party, in 1961. Macapagal
initiated a return to a system of free enterprise not seen since the Quirino administration. However,
Macapagal's policies faced a stiff opposition in Congress, where the Nacionalistas hold the majority.
Macapagal was defeated in 1965 by Senator Ferdinand Marcos.
Marcos' infrastructure projects was the feature policy of his term, he was the first president to be
reelected, in 1969, although the election was tainted by violence and allegations that Marcos used
the treasury to fund his campaign. However, significant protests, such as the First Quarter Storm,
the communist and Moro insurgencies, and civil unrest, heightened. This made Marcos in 1972
declare martial law and suspend the constitution. A new constitution calling for a semi-
presidential government was approved in 1973, but Marcos still ruled by decree until 1978, when
the Interim Batasang Pambansa was elected. However, opposition groups, whose leaders mostly
had already left in exile, boycotted the election, and Marcos still allowed martial law to continue.
Marcos did end martial law in 1981, but opposition groups still boycotted the 1981 presidential
election, which Marcos easily won.
Opposition leader Benigno Aquino, Jr. was slain upon his return to the country in 1983. By this time,
the government was marred by alleged rampant corruption and allegations of human rights
violations. The opposition participated in the 1984 parliamentary election and won several seats, but
not enough to topple Marcos' KBL. To counter growing opposition, Marcos called a snap election in
1986, the opposition nominated Benigno's widow Corazon as their candidate. Marcos was declared
the winner, but the opposition refused to accept the result, alleging that the election was rigged.
The People Power Revolution drove Marcos from power, and Aquino became president. Aquino
ruled by decree in 1987 when a new constitution restoring the presidential system was approved. In
the ensuing legislative election, the administration parties won most of the seats in Congress.

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Executive

Executive power is implemented by the government under the leadership of the president which is
President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo wherein her party affiliation is under Kampi or Lakas-CMD. President
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was appointed as president last January 20, 2001 and has been reelected last
May 2004 elections. Her term will then end this coming May 2010 elections. The President functions as
both the head of state, the head of government tand the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines. The president is elected by popular vote to a term of 6 years. The president, then, appoints
and may fire her cabinet members whom she officiates over. The executive seat of government is
managed officially from Malacaang Palace which is also the official residence of the president which is in
the capital City of Manila. The President may no longer run for re-election, unless he or she becomes
president through constitutional succession and has served for no more than 4 years as president.

The second highest official, Vice-President Noli de Castro wherein his party affiliation is Lakas-CMD or
Independent, which is also elected by popular vote last June 30, 2004. The vice-president is second in
line to succession should the president resign, been impeached or die in office. The vice-president is
usually a member of the president's cabinet but not always. If there is a vacancy in the position of Vice
President, the President will appoint any member of Congress which is usually a party member as new
Vice President. The appointment will be validated by a three-fourths vote of Congress voting separately.

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2. Legislative

The bicameral Philippine legislature wherein members of both are elected by popular vote, the two
chamber Congress, consists of the following:

a. Senate

Senate or Senado or upper chamber consists of 24 seats wherein one-half are elected every three years
and members elected at large by popular vote to serve six-year terms. They can be reelected but they are
no longer eligible to run for a third consecutive term. The Senate is elected at large. Elections for Senate
was last held on 14 May 2007 and next to be held in May 2010.

b. House of Representative

House of Representatives or Kapulungan ng mga Kinatawan or lower chamber consists of 212 members
representing districts plus 24 sectoral party-list members and members elected by popular vote to serve
three-year terms. The Constitution prohibits the House of Representatives from having more than 250
members. 206 are elected from the single-member districts. The remainder of the House seats are
elected for sectoral representatives elected at large through a complex "party list" system, hinging on the
party receiving at least 2% to 6% of the national vote total. The upper house is located in Pasay City,
while the lower house is located in Quezon City. The district and sectoral representatives are elected with
a term of three years. They can be re - elected but they are no longer qualified to run for a fourth
consecutive term. The House of Representatives may decide on to pass a resolution for a vacancy of a
legislative seat that will pave way for a special election. The winner of the special election will serve the
unfinished term of the previous district representative and will be considered as one elective term. The
same rule applies in the Senate however it will only apply if the seat is vacated before the regular
legislative election. Elections for House of Representatives was last held on 14 May 2007 next to be held
in May 2010.

3. Judicial

The judiciary branch of the government is headed by the Supreme Court, which has a Chief Justice which
is Reynato Puno as its head and 14 Associate Justices, all selected by the president on the
recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council and they shall serve until 70 years of age. Court of
Appeals which is Sandigan-bayan is a special court for hearing corruption cases of government officials.