Math 1024 Final

Math 1024 Final, Spring 2011

(1) Compute the sum of convergent infinite series.

P 1
1. n=1 p .
n(n + 1)( n + 1 + n)
P 1
2. p n=1 .
n(n + 1)
 
P 1
3. n=2 log 1 2 .
n
P n n2 2n
4. n=1 (1) .
(n + 1)3n+1
(2) Study the absolute and conditional convergence. Assume p, q > 0.
Z 2
dx
1. .
0 (1 cos x)p
Z +
sin x
2. dx.
0 log x
Z +
1
3. (x x 1)dx.
0
P
4. n=1 (
n
n 1).
(n + a)p
(1)n
P
5. .
(n + b)q
(3) Find the center of mass of the part of the cardioid r = 1 + sin outside the unit circle
x2 + y 2 = 1.
(4) Find the Fourier series of extension of sin x on [0, p] to a periodic function of period
1
p. Then use the evaluation of the series at 0 to find the sum of the series
P
n=1 2 .
n a2
(5) Let f (x) be an increasing function on [a, b] satisfying f (x) x, f (a) = a, f (b) = b.
Let A be the area between f (x) and the diagonal. Let B be the volume of the solid
of revolution of f (x) with respect to the x-axis. Let C be the volume of the solid of
revolution of f (x) with respect to the y-axis.
1. Find the volume of the solid of revolution of f (x) with respect to the line y = c.
2. Find the volume of the solid of revolution of f (x) with respect to the line x = c.
3. Find the volume of the solid of revolution of f (x) with respect to the diagonal.

Answer to Math 1024 Final, Spring 2011

(1.1) By

1 1 n+1 n 1 1
=p = p = ,
n n + 1 + (n + 1) n n(n + 1)( n + 1 + n) n(n + 1) n n+1
we get the partial sum
n
X 1 1 1
p = .
k=1
k(k + 1)( k + 1 + k) 1 n+1

Therefore
X 1
= 1.
n=1
n n + 1 + (n + 1) n
n P1
(1.2) By lim p = 1 and the divergence of , the series diverges.
n(n + 1) n
(1.3) The partial sum is
n n
k2 1
   
X 1 Y 132435 (n 1)(n + 1) n+1
log 1 2 = log 2
= log 2 2 2
2
= log .
k=2
k k=2
k 2 3 4 n 2n

Therefore  
X 1
log 1 2 = log 2.
n=2
n
(1.4) We have
+
1 X
= xn , |x| < 1.
1 x n=0
Taking derivative, we get
+
1 X
= nxn1 , |x| < 1.
(x 1)2 n=1
Multiplying x and taking derivative, we get
 0 X +
x
= n2 xn1 , |x| < 1.
(x 1)2 n=1

Multiplying x and integrating, we get

Z x  0 +
t X n2 n+1
t dt = x , |x| < 1.
0 (t 1)2 n=1
n+1

Thus
 n+1 Z 2  0
X
n n2 2n 1 X n2 2 1 3 t
(1) = = t dt
n=1
(n + 1)3n+1 2 n=1 n + 1 3 2 0 (t 1)2

2 !
1 0 23
Z   Z 0
t 1 t
= td =
2 dt
2 32 (t 1)2 2 23 1 23 (t 1)
2

Z 1 !
22
 2 
1 t+1 1 2 5 3
= 2 dt = 2 + log 1 +
2 5 53 t2 2 5 3 5
1 5 7
= log .
2 3 25
(2.1) The integral is improper at 0+ and 2 . Since the integrand is positive, the conver-
gence is the same as absolute convergence.
x2p p (2 x)2p
We have limx0+ = 2 and lim x2 = 2p . Therefore the
(1 cos x)p Z 1 (1 cos
Z 2x)p

dx dx
convergence is the same as the convergence of 2p
and 2p
. This is true
0 x 21 (2 x)
if and only if 2p < 1.
sin x
(2.2) The integral is improper at +. It is proper at 1 since limx1 = . It is also
log x
sin x
proper at 0 because limx0 = 0.
Z b log x
1
The integral sin xdx is bounded, and is decreasing and converges to 0 as
a log x
x +. By the Dirichlet test, the improper  integral
 converges.

 sin x   sin x 
If we take the absolute value, then  
  x  for x > 1. By the argument of

Z +  log
 x
 sin x 
Example 6.1.3, the integral  x  dx diverges. Therefore by the comparison test,
 
Z +   1
 sin x 
the integral  log x  dx diverges.
 
0 Z +
sin x
We conclude that dx converges conditionally.
0 log x
1
(2.3) The integral is improper at +. Moreover, by x x > 1 for x > 1, the convergence is
the same as absolute convergence.
  
1 log x log x log x
For big x, we have x 1 = e x x 1 = +o
. Therefore the convergence
Z + Z x+ x
1 log x
of (x x 1)dx is the same as the convergence of dx. Since the later one
0 0 x
Z +
1
diverges, we see that (x x 1)dx diverges.
0
1
(2.4). Since logx x is decreasing and converges to 0 as x +, we see that x x 1 =
log x
e x 1 is also decreasing and converges to 0 as x +. By integral comparison test,
Z +
P 1
n=1 ( n 1) converges if and only if (x x 1)dx converges. By (2.3), we see that
n

P 0
n=1 ( n
n 1) diverges.
(n + a)p
(2.5) For the series to converge, we must have limn+ = 0. This means p < q.
(n + b)q
(n + a)p
In this case, we also know that is decreasing for big n. By the Leibniz test, the
(n + b)q
(n + a)p
series (1)n
P
converges for p < q.
(n + b)q
For the absolute series, we have

(n + a)p
(n + b)q
lim = 1.
1
nqp
P 1
By the comparison test, the absolute series converges if and only if converges,
nqp
which means q p > 1.
(n + a)p
We conclude that (1)n
P
absolutely converges when q p > 1 and condi-
(n + b)q
tionally converges when 1 q p > 0.
(3) The part of the cardioid corresponds to [0, ] and is symmetric with respect to
the y axis. Therefore the center of mass lies on the y-axis (or has x-coordinate zero).
We have p
ds = r2 + r02 d = 2(1 + sin )d.
The length of the part of the cardioid is

Z Z p Z
2 p Z
2
ds = 2(1 + sin )d = 2(1 + cos )d = 2 cos d = 4 2.
0 0 2 2 2
On the other hand,

Z Z p Z
2 p
yds = (1 + sin ) sin 2(1 + sin )d = (1 + cos ) cos 2(1 + cos )d
0 0 2
Z  
2 1 + cos 2
= 2 cos + cos d
2 2 2
Z  
2 3 1 1 1 5 1 3
= cos + cos + cos + cos + cos d
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 2
24

1 3 1 5
= 4 sin + sin + sin = 2.
2 2 5 2 5
2

Therefore the y-axis of the center of mass is

24
2 6
y = 5 = .
4 2 5

(4) If p is not numtiple of 2, the coefficients are

1 p 1 cos p
Z
a0 = sin xdx = ,
p 0 p
2 p 1 p
Z Z      
2n 2n 2n
an = sin x cos xdx = sin + 1 x sin 1 x dx
p 0 p p 0 p p
   
2n 2n
1 1 cos p + 1 p 1 cos p 1 p
= 2n 2n
p p
+1 p
1
1 cos p 1 cos p 2p(1 cos p)
= = ,
2n + p 2n p 4n2 2 p2
2 p 1 p
Z Z      
2n 2n 2n
bn = sin x sin xdx = cos 1 x cos + 1 x dx
p 0 p p 0 p p
   
2n 2n
1 sin p
1 p sin p
+ 1 p
= 2n 2n

p p
1 p
+ 1
sin p sin p 4n sin p
= = 2 2 .
2n p 2n + p 4n p2
The Fourier series is
 
1 cos p X 1 2n 2n
sin x + 2p(1 cos p) cos x 4n sin p sin x , 0 < x < p.
p n=1
4n2 2 p2 p p

2k
If p = 2k is a multiple of 2, then sin x = sin x is the Fourier series of sin x on [0, p].
p
 The function satisfies the condition of Theorem 8.21 everywhere. Taking the value of
x = 0, we get f (0+ ) = sin 0 = 0, f (0 ) = sin p. Therefore

sin p 1 cos p X 2p(1 cos p)
= + .
2 p n=1
4n2 2 p2
By
p p
sin p 2 sin cos
= 2 2 = cot p ,
1 cos p p 2
2 sin2
2
we get

X 2p 1 1 p
= cot .
n=1
4n2 2 p2 p 2 2
Letting p = 2a, we get

X 1 1 1 a cot a
= 2 cot a = .
n=1
n2 a 2 2a 2a 2a2

(5) We have
Z b Z b Z b
2
A= (f (x) x)dx, B= f (x) dx, C= x2 df (x).
a a a

Thus
b
b 2 a2
Z
f (x)dx = A + ,
a 2
and Z b Z b
2 2 3 3
C = b f (b) a f (a) 2xf (x)dx = (b a ) 2xf (x)dx.
a a
The volume of the solid of revolution of f (x) with respect to the line y = c is
Z b Z b Z b Z b
2 2
(f (x) c) dx = f (x) dx 2c f (x)dx + c2 dx
a a a a
b 2 a2
 
= B 2c A + + c2 (b a)
2
= B 2cA c(b2 a2 ) + c2 (b a).
The volume of the solid of revolution of f (x) with respect to the line x = c is
Z b Z b Z b
2 2
(x c) df (x) = x df (x) + (2cx + c2 )df (x)
a a a
Z b
2 x=b
= C + (2cx + c )f (x)|x=a + 2cf (x)dx
a
b 2 a2
 
2 2
= C + (2cb + c )b (2ca + c )a + 2c A +
2
2 2 2
= C + 2cA c(b a ) + c (b a).
 The volume of the solid of revolution of f (x) with respect to the diagonal is
b 2 b b
1 + f 0 (x)
 Z 
f (x) x
Z Z
2 2
dx = (f (x) x) dx + (f (x) x) df (x)
a 2 2 2 2 a a

For the first part,

Z b Z b
2
(f (x) x) dx = (f (x)2 2xf (x) + x2 )dx
a a
1 2
= B + C (b3 a3 ) + (b3 a3 ) = B + C (b3 a3 ).
3 3
For the second part,
Z b Z b
2
(f (x) x) df (x) = (f (x)2 2xf (x) + x2 )df (x)
a a
Z b Z b Z b
2 2
= f (x) df (x) xdf (x) + x2 df (x)
a a a
Z b Z b
1 3 b 2 b 2
= f (x) |a xf (x) |a + f (x) dx + x2 df (x)
3 a a
1 3 2
= (b a3 ) (b3 a3 ) + B + C. = B + C (b3 a3 ).
3 3
Therefore the volume is
Z b  2
f (x) x 1 + f 0 (x)
 
1 2 3 3 B+C 2 3
dx = B + C (b a ) = (b a3 ).
a 2 2 2 3 2 3

Math 1024 Final, Spring 2013

(1) Determine convergence.

Z +
1. ( 2 arctan x)p dx.
0
Z +  
2 1
2. sin x + dx.
0 x
(2) Determine convergence (p, q > 0). For the convergent ones, specify absolute or condi-
tional.
P 1
1. .
(log n)p log n
P p(p + 1)(p + 2) (p + n) n
2. r .
q(q + 1)(q + 2) (q + n)
(3) Consider the region R outside the cardioid r = 1+cos and inside the circle r = 3 cos .
Let L be the line connecting the intersection of the two curves. Write the integral that
computes the volume of the solid obtained by revolving R around L. You do not need to
calculate the integral.
L

(4) Find the surface area of the intersection of two round solid cylinders of radius 1 in
orthogonal position (see Figure 3.33 on page 239).

(5) For 0 < a < , consider

( (
1, if 0 x < a, 1, if 0 x < a,
f (x) = g(x) =
0, if a x ; 0, if a x 2.

The function g(x) appeared in Example 4.5.1.

1. Directly compute the Fourier coefficients of the even extension of period 2 of f (x).

2. What do you get if you evaluate the Fourier series of the first part at x = ?

3. What do you get by applying Parsivals identity to the first part?

4. Use the first part to derive the Fourier series of g(x).

Answer to Math 1024 Final, Spring 2013

(1.1) Let y = 2
arctan x. Then

+ 0
yp
Z Z Z
2
p p p
( 2 arctan x) dx = (2y) d cot y = 2 dy.
0
2
0 sin2 y
The original integral is improper at +, which translates into the new integral being
improper at 0+ . By
yp
sin2 y
lim+ p2 = 1.
y0 y
Z
2
the convergence is the same as the convergence of y p2 dx, which is the same as p > 1.
0
(1.2) The integral is improper at +.
Z +
We may prove the divergence of sin2 xdx by Cauchy criterion:
0
Z (n+1) 4 Z (n+1) 4  2
2 1
sin xdx > dx = .
n+ 4 n+ 4 2 4

We just need to slightly modify the idea. The key is to find a (slight smaller) interval on
which the following is satisfied
1
< x + < (n + 1) .
n +
4 x 4

For n + < x < (n + 1) , we have
3 3
1 1 1
n + < n + + < x + < (n + 1) + .
4 3 x x 3 x
1 12
So it is sufficient to have + < , which is the same as x > . By x > n, it is
3 x 4
12
sufficient to have n > , or n 2.

1
So for n 2, we have n+ < x < (n+1) implying n+ < x+ < (n+1) ,
3 3 4 x 4
so that Z (n+1)   Z (n+1)  2
3 1 3 1
sin2 x + dx > dx = .
n+ 3 x n+ 3 2 6
The Cauchy criterion fails and the integral diverges.
1 1
(2.1) We claim that p log n
< 2 . The inequality is the same as n2 < (log n)p log n .
(log n) n
By taking log, the inequality is the same as 2 log n < p(log n) log(log n), or the same as
2 < p log(log n). The last inequality holds for big n.
1 1
Therefore p log n
< 2 for big n. By the comparison test and the convergence of
(log n) n
P 1 P 1
, the series converges.
n2 (log n)p log n
The convergence is absolute because the terms are non-negative.
an p+n
(2.2) We have = r converging to r. By the ratio test, the series absolutely
an1 q+n
converges for |r| < 1 and diverges for |r| > 1.
 Now suppose r = 1. Then
 
an p+n qp 1
= =1 +o .
an1 q+n n n
Because all terms are non-negative, there is no conditional convergence. [The following is
similar to Example 4.2.8]
If q p > 1, then pick t satisfying q p > t > 1, and we have
    1
an qp 1 t 1 nt
=1 +o <1 +o =
an1 n n n n 1
(n 1)t
P 1 P
for big n. By the ratio test and the convergence of t
, we conclude that an converges.
n
If q p < 1, then we have
  1
an qp 1 1 n
=1 +o >1 =
an1 n n n 1
n1
P1 P
for big n. By the ratio test and the divergence of , we conclude that an diverges.
n
P q1 n
If q p = 1, then the series is r and diverges for r = 1.
q+n
Now consider r = 1. The series is alternating and the absolute convergence is the
same as r = 1. [The following is similar to Example 4.3.4]
If q p > 0, then |an | is decreasing. Like before, pick t satisfying q p > t > 0, and
we have
1
|an | nt
<
|an1 | 1
(n 1)t
1
for big n. Since t converges to 0, this implies that |an | converges to 0. By the Leibniz
Pn
test, the series an converges.
P If q p 0, then |an | is increasing and therefore does not converge to 0. Therefore
an diverges.
We conclude that the series absolutely converges for |r| < 1, or |r| = 1 and q p > 1.
The series conditionally converges for r = 1 and 1 q p > 0. Otherwise the series
diverges.
(3) The line L is x = 43 . The circle on the right of L is
h i
x = 3 cos2 , y = 3 cos sin , , .
3 3
The cardioid on the right of L is
h i
x = (1 + cos ) cos , y = (1 + cos ) sin , , .
3 3
 We may use the shell method for calculating the volume of revolution. This means
3
  x 4 from L, with height 2|y|. Note that each
that a section is the cylinder of distance
cylinder is parameterized by 0, 3 . (We will have double counting if negative is
included.) Moreover, the distance between the cylinders is |x|. However, as goes from
0 to 3 , x is decreasing. Therefore we should really use x for the distance between the
cylinders.
We conclude the formula for the volume of the solid of revolution is
Z  
3 3
2 x 2y(dx)
0 4

for the revolutions of both the circle and the cardioid. The volume of the difference is
Z  
3
2 3
2 3 cos 2(3 cos sin )(d(3 cos2 ))
0 4
Z  
3 3
2 (1 + cos ) cos 2((1 + cos ) sin )(d((1 + cos ) cos ))
0 4
Z
3
= [2 33 (4 cos2 1) cos2 sin2 (4 cos2 + 4 cos 3)(1 + cos )(1 + 2 cos ) sin2 ]d
0
Z
3
= [2 33 (4 cos2 1) cos2 (2 cos + 3)(2 cos 1)(1 + cos )(1 + 2 cos )] sin2 d
0
Z
3
= [2 33 cos2 (2 cos + 3)(1 + cos )](4 cos2 1) sin2 d
0
Z
3
= [2 33 cos2 (2 cos + 3)(1 + cos )](4 cos2 1) sin2 d
0
Z
3
= (52 cos2 5 cos 3)(4 cos2 1) sin2 d.
0

(4) The surface consists of four identical pieces. Each piece is part of the cylinder. Con-
sider the pieces on the right, which we may unwrap to become a region in the plane. Let

be the angle in the circular direction, such that the piece ranges from = to = .
2 2
Then the straight line (section) at angle is from cos to cos . (In the picture in the
lecture note on page 239, x = sin , and the height 1 x2 = cos .) Moreover, the
distance between the straight lines is given by . Therefore the area of one piece is
Z
2
2 cos d = 4.
2

The total area is 4 4 = 16.

 cos

= =
2 2
2
2

(5.1) Let h(x) be the even extension. Its Fourier coefficients are
Z
1
Z
1 a
a0 = h(x)dx = f (x)dx = ,
2 0
Z Z
2 a
Z
1 2 2
an = h(x) cos nxdx = f (x) cos nxdx = cos nxdx = sin na,
0 0 n
bn = 0.

We get

a X 2
h(x) + sin na cos nx.
n=1 n
(5.2) The function h(x) is continuous at and satisfies the condition of Theorem 4.5.4,
with h() = 0. Therefore evaluation gives us

a X 2 a X 2
0= + sin na cos n = + (1)n sin na.
n=1 n n=1 n

This implies

X sin na a
(1)n = .
n=1
n 2
(5.3) The Parsevals identity tells us

a2 X 4
Z
2a 1 2
= |h(x)| dx = 2 2 + 2 2
sin2 na.
n=1
n

This means
X sin2 na a( a)
= .
n=1
n2 2
(5.4) By shifting h(x) to the right by distance a, we get
(
1, if 0 x < 2a,
h(x a) =
0, if 2a x 2.
We also have

a X 2
h(x a) + sin na cos n(x a)
n=1 n

a X 2
= + sin na(cos na cos nx + sin na sin nx)
n=1 n

a X 1
= + (sin 2na cos nx + (1 cos 2na) sin nx).
n=1 n

On the other hand, g(x) is obtained from h(x a) by substituting 2a by a. Therefore

a X 1
g(x) + (sin na cos nx + (1 cos na) sin nx).
2 n=1 n

This is the Fourier series in Example 4.5.1.

Math 1024 Final, Spring 2015

(1) Determine the absolute convergence, conditional convergence, or divergence.

 qn
P log n
1. 1p , p, q > 0.
n
n(n1)
P (1) 2
2. , p > 0.
np + (1)n
(2) Determine the absolute convergence, conditional convergence, or divergence.
Z +  
1
1. sin x + dx.
0 x
Z +  
1 1
2. sin x + dx.
0 x x
Z 1
log(1 x) 2
(3) Use power series to argue that dx = . Then further explain that
Z + 0 x 6
ydy 2
= .
0 ey 1 6
(4) Extend the function sin x on interval (0, p) to even and odd functions of period 2p.
Find the Fourier series of the two extensions. Then use the two Fourier series to derive
the Fourier series of the following functions

1. f (x) = sin x on (0, p), f (x) = 0 on (p, 0), f has period 2p.

2. g(x) = sin x on (p, 0), g(x) = 0 on (0, p), g has period 2p.
 Answer to Math 1024 Final, Spring 2015

(1.1) By
qn   
 2 2
log n 2 (log n) +o (log n)
log n log n qn p +p
1p = eqn log(1p n ) = e n n2 n2

n
   
(log n)2 (log n)2 2 (log n)2
qp log nqp2 n
+o n 1 qp2 (lognn) +o n
=e = pq e ,
n
and  
(log n)2 (log n)2
qp2 n
+o n
lim e = 1,
 qn
P log n P 1
the series 1p converges if and only if converges. This means pq > 1.
n npq
Because all terms are positive, the convergence is absolute.
(1.2) The series has two positive terms followed by two negative terms, and the terms
converge to 0. Therefore the (absolute or conditional) convergence of the series is the
same as the series
 
X
k
X
k 1 1
(1) ak = (1) +
(2k)p + 1 (2k + 1)p 1

obtained by combining two consecutive terms of the same sign. Since ak is decreasing and
converges to 0, the series converges by the Leibniz rule.
ak
ak , by lim 1 = 2p1 , the series
P P
For the absolute value series ak converges if and
np
P 1
only if converges, which means p > 1.
np
We conclude that the series converges absolutely for p > 1 and conditionally for
0 < p 1.
(2.1) The integral is improper at +.
For x > and x 2n, 2n + 5 , we have 0 <
20 1

x
< 20
and
 
1 h i h i 1 1
x + 2n, 2n + + = 2n, 2n + , sin x + .
x 5 20 4 x 2
By taking sufficiently large n, we get the following: For any B, there are a = 2n > B
and b = 2n + 5 > B, such that
Z b   Z 2n+ 5
1 1
sin x + dx dx = .
a x 2n 2 5 2
This shows that the integral fails the Cauchy criterion and diverges.
 Alternative 1. For big b > 0 and a = b1 , we have
Z b   Z a   Z 1  
1 1 1 1 1
sin x + dx = sin +y d = 2
sin y + dy
1 x 1 y y a y y
Z 1   Z 1   
1 1 1
= sin y + dy 1 2 sin y dy
a y a y y
Z 1   Z 1    
1 1 1
= sin y + dy sin y d y
a y a y y
Z 1      
1 1 1
= sin y + dy + cos 1 cos a .
a y 1 a
For b +, we have a 0+ . Then
Z b   Z 1    
1 1 1
lim sin x + dx = sin y + dy + 1 lim+ cos a .
b+ 1 x 0 y a0 a
  Z +  
1 1
Since lima0+ cos a diverges, we conclude that sin x + dx diverges.
a 1 x
Alternative 2. We have
Z   Z Z
1 1 1
sin x + dx = sin x cos dx + cos x sin dx
x x x
Z Z
1 1
= cos d cos x + sin d sin x
x x
Z Z
1 1 1 1 1 1
= cos cos x + 2
cos x sin dx + sin sin x + 2
sin x cos dx
x x x x x x
  Z  
1 1 1
= cos x + + 2
sin x + dx.
x x x
   Z +
1 1  1 1
By  2 sin x +
 2 , the convergence of dx and the comparison test,
Z +x  x 
 x 1 x2 
1 1 1
2
sin x + dx converges. Since limx+ cos x + diverges, we conclude
1 x
Z +  x  x
1
that sin x + dx diverges.
1 x
(2.2) The integral is improper at 0+ and +.
By        
1
 sin x + 1 1 sin x =  1 2 cos x + 1 sin 1  1 ,
  
x x x   x 2x 2x  x2
Z + Z  
1 1 1
and the absolute convergence of dx, the improper integral sin x + dx
1 x2 Z 1 x x
1
(absolutely or conditionally) converges if and only if sin xdx (absolutely or condi-
Z 1 x
1
tionally) converges. Since we know sin xdx conditionally converges, we conclude
Z 1 x 
1 1
that the improper integral sin x + dx also conditionally converges.
1 x x
 Z 1  
1 1
For the integral sin x + dx that is improper at 0+ , we use the change of
0 x x
1
variable y =
x
Z 1   Z 1   Z +  
1 1 1 1 1 1
sin x + dx = y sin +y dy = sin y + dy,
0 x x + y y2 1 y y
Z 1   Z 1    Z +   
1 1   1  1 1 1 
 sin x +  dx = y sin + y  2 dy =  sin y +  dy.
x x   y y  y y 
0 + 1
Z 1  
1 1
So the (absolute or conditional) convergence of sin x + dx is the same as the
Z + 0 x  x
1 1
(absolute or conditional) convergence of sin x + dx. By what we just argued,
1 x x
Z 1  
1 1
sin x + dx conditionally converges.
0 x x Z  
1 1
We conclude that sin x + dx conditionally converges.
0 x x
Alternative.
Z +   Z +   Z +  
1 1 1 1 x 1
sin x + dx =
d cos x + = d cos x +
2 x x 2 x 1 x12 x 2 x2 1 x
 + Z +  
x 1 1 x
= 2 cos x + + cos x + d 2
x 1 x 2 x x 1
  2Z + 2  
2 1 x +1 1
= 2 cos 2 + cos x + dx.
2 1 2 2 (x2 1)2 x
 2 Z + 2
x2 + 1
 
 x +1 1  x +1
By  2

2
cos x + 2 2
and the convergence of dx, we
(x 1) Z x  (x 1) 2 (x2 1)2
+ 
1 1
conclude that sin x + dx converges. Similar argument can be applied to the
2 x x
Z 1  
2 1 1
convergence of sin x + dx.
0 x x
1
(3) Integrating the geometric series n
P
n=0 x = , we get
1x

X xn
log(1 x) = , |x| < 1.
n=1
n
This implies

log(1 x) X xn1
= , |x| < 1.
x n=1
n
Integrating again, we get
x
log(1 t) xn
Z X
dt = 2
, |x| < 1.
0 t n=1
n
Since the right side converges at x = 1, by Theorem 4.4.4, we get
Z x Z 1
X 1 X xn log(1 t) log(1 t)
2
= lim 2
= lim dt = dt.
n=1
n x1
n=1
n x1 0 t 0 t
2
On the other hand, in Examples 4.5.9 and 4.5.10, the left side is . Therefore
Z 1 6
log(1 x) 2
dx = .
0 x 6
Let y = log(1 x). Then x = 1 ey and
Z 1 Z log 0+ Z + Z +
log(1 x) y y y y ydy
dx = y
d(1e ) = y
e dy = y
.
0 x log 1 1e 0 1e 0 e 1
Z +
2 ydy 2
Since the left side is , we conclude that = .
6 0 ey 1 6
(4) The even and odd extensions are
( (
sin x, on (0, p) sin x, on (0, p)
Fe (x) = , Fo (x) = = sin x on (p, p).
sin x, on (p, 0) sin x, on (p, 0)
The even extension has
Z p
1 p 1 p 1 cos p
Z Z
1
a0 = Fe (x)dx = Fe (x)dx = sin xdx = ,
2p p p 0 p 0 p
Z p
2 p
Z
2 2n 2n
an = Fe (x) cos dx = sin x cos dx
2p p 2p p 0 2p
1 p
Z      
n n
= sin 1 + x + sin 1 x dx
p 0 p p
   
n n
1 1 cos 1 + p
p 1 cos 1 p
p
= +
p 1 + np
1 np

1 (1)n cos p 1 (1)n cos p 2p(1 (1)n cos p)

= + = .
p + n p n p2 n2 2
We get the Fourier series

1 cos p X 1 (1)n cos p n
Fe (x) + 2p 2 2 2
cos x, x (p, p).
p n=1
p n p
The odd extension has
Z p
2 p
Z
2 2n 2n
bn = Fo (x) sin dx = sin x sin dx
2p p 2p p 0 2p
1 p
Z      
n n
= cos 1 x cos 1 + x dx
p 0 p p
   
n n
1 sin 1 p sin 1 + p
=
p

p
= (1)n 2n sin p .
n n
p 1 p 1+ p p2 n2 2
We get the Fourier series

X (1)n n n
Fo (x) 2 sin p 2 2 2
sin x, x (p, p).
n=1
p n p

Then we further get Fourier series

1
f (x) = (Fe (x) + Fo (x))
2
 
1 cos p X 1 n n n n
+ p(1 (1) cos p) cos x + (1) n sin p sin x ,
2p n=1
p2 n2 2 p p
1
g(x) = (Fe (x) + Fo (x))
2
 
1 cos p X 1 n n n n
+ p(1 + (1) cos p) cos x + (1) n sin p sin x .
2p n=1
p2 n2 2 p p