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c2 Updating Sessions GIS PDF
c2 Updating Sessions GIS PDF
Introduction to GIS
Structuring of geographic information
Pierre BAZILE
1
Territories, Environment, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Joint Research Unit Cemagref - CIRAD - ENGREF
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Requests Information
INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
INFORMATION INFORMATION
BASE PROCESSOR
EXTERNAL
UNIVERSE Data, rules, and Actions
constraints of the Personnel
external universe
Outputs
2 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
3 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
INFORMATION INFORMATION
BASE PROCESSOR
Personnel
Semantic
Inputs data Software: DBMS
model
Computer
4 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
5 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Duality of Geographical
Information:
Graphical information:
The geographical objects,
their localization, their
topological relationships
Thematic information:
The descriptors of these
objects, of these localizations
semantic data
0 500 Metres
N
6 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Semantic
Semantic Spatial
Spatial
database
database representation
representation
Point
Link
Tables Entities Entities Line
Surface
Relationship Relationships
Continuous
Adjacency
Inclusion
Proximity
Path
7 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
8 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION
route
btiment lac
9 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
SPAGHETTI
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y +
Line: Id,
x0,y0 1 2
x1,y1
x2,y2
.-------- 4 5 6
xn,yn
P1 P2
Surface: Id, x1,y1 x2,y2
x2,y2 x3,y3
x0,y0 x5,y5 x6,y6
x1,y1 x4,y4 x5,y5
x2,y2 x1,y1 x2,y2
--------
xn,yn
(x0,y0) Data redundancy
Undefined relationships
10 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y + N1
11 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
SURFACE TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
N1
Point: Id,x,y +
L1 1 L2 2 L3
12 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SPAGHETTI MODEL
Entities
point: x, y coordinates
line: list of x,y coordinates corresponding to nodes
sometimes polygons: set of x,y coordinates, forming a loop: the first coordinate
couple = last coordinate couple
The spaghetti mode produces a visual effect of polygons but, most often, no polygon
entity is stored
No spatial relationships between objects
unjoined arcs unclosed polygons
polygons cannot form a surface
intersections without nodes at the crossing of two arcs
Adjacent polygons that overlap or separated by blanks
Appearence Reality
13 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
TOPOLOGICAL MODEL
Managing the connectedness and
contiguity of objects
2 types of topology:
Planar topology
Network topology
Topological entities:
With permanent storage of the topology
e.g.: ArcInfo coverage
Taking into account only when editing (creating, updating); this data
is called pseudo-topological.
e.g.: shp (ArcView) or tab (MapInfo)
With defined topological rules, varying depending on context
e.g.: feature class within feature dataset in a geodatabase (ArcGIS)
14 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
3 Weak
2 Hybrid/Integrated
STRUCTURING
Identifier Attributes of the
+2 surface
1 Layer -- Table
+1
2
+3
3
15 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER PRESENTATION
N (orientation) dx Size of the cell
(geometrical resolution)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 dy
extent
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
in Y or 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 Identifier
rows 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 id attribute
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 Wheat
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 Grapevine
3 Forest
extent in X or columns
Origin (X,Y)
16 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
17 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER REPRESENTATION:
LINES AND POINTS
1
1 1 1 1
1
2 3
2 3 3 3 2
2 3 3
2
18 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER REPRESENTATION:
CONTINUOUS DATA
11.4 11.5 11.6 11.8 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.4 12.2 12.0 Direct representation of the
variable
11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.0
Associated data: statistical
11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.1 11.9 summary
11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6 13.0 13.1 12.6 12.3 12.1
11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8 13.0 13.2 12.7 12.4 12.0
12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.4 13.6 13.1 12.7 12.4
12.5 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.2 13.7 13.9 13.6 13.2 12.6
19 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
1
Identifier Attributes of the
1 1 1
line
1
2 3
1 STRUCTURING
2 3 3 3
2 3
2
2
3 Layer -- Table
20 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Map (scanned)
Orthophotography
Digital Elevation Model
21 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR/RASTER CONVERSIONS
FROM VECTOR TO RASTER: RASTERIZATION
22 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Vector:
Objects +- structured
Information with low or no redundancy (depending on the structuring)
Link with external databases
Complementarity raster-vector
23 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Definition:
Constant ratio between lengths measured on the map and the
corresponding lengths measured on the land.
Expression:
Algebraic expression = scale ratio
map at 1:25,000
Graphical expression by a scale bar representing the ratio
Semantic confusion
24 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
25 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
2 dimensions of accuracy:
resolution = size of an elementary pixel
localization accuracy: localization error
26 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Hardwares
Data
Key-element of
Softwares
any GIS project
70 to 80 % of
total project costs
Methods
Users
27 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
28 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Which use ?
To use or extract information from this document
As based map (illustration or filling)
To take measurements
To analyze simultaneously several information plans (spatial
analysis)
Whatever use, consider :
Precision of imported data Information
to be stored
Level of detail
in metadata
Reference system used (compatibility with local database)
Data property (copyright)
29 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
30 / 30
METIER Graduate Training Course no. 2 Montpellier - February 2007
Introduction to GIS
Structuring of geographic information
Pierre BAZILE
1
Territories, Environment, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Joint Research Unit Cemagref - CIRAD - ENGREF
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Requests Information
INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
INFORMATION INFORMATION
BASE PROCESSOR
EXTERNAL
UNIVERSE Data, rules, and Actions
constraints of the Personnel
external universe
Outputs
2 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
3 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
INFORMATION INFORMATION
BASE PROCESSOR
Personnel
Semantic
Inputs data Software: DBMS
model
Computer
4 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
5 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Duality of Geographical
Information:
Graphical information:
The geographical objects,
their localization, their
topological relationships
Thematic information:
The descriptors of these
objects, of these localizations
semantic data
0 500 Metres
N
6 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Semantic
Semantic Spatial
Spatial
database
database representation
representation
Point
Link
Tables Entities Entities Line
Surface
Relationship Relationships
Continuous
Adjacency
Inclusion
Proximity
Path
7 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
8 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION
route
btiment lac
9 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
SPAGHETTI
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y +
Line: Id,
x0,y0 1 2
x1,y1
x2,y2
.-------- 4 5 6
xn,yn
P1 P2
Surface: Id, x1,y1 x2,y2
x2,y2 x3,y3
x0,y0 x5,y5 x6,y6
x1,y1 x4,y4 x5,y5
x2,y2 x1,y1 x2,y2
--------
xn,yn
(x0,y0) Data redundancy
Undefined relationships
10 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y + N1
11 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
SURFACE TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
N1
Point: Id,x,y +
L1 1 L2 2 L3
12 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SPAGHETTI MODEL
Entities
point: x, y coordinates
line: list of x,y coordinates corresponding to nodes
sometimes polygons: set of x,y coordinates, forming a loop: the first coordinate
couple = last coordinate couple
The spaghetti mode produces a visual effect of polygons but, most often, no polygon
entity is stored
No spatial relationships between objects
unjoined arcs unclosed polygons
polygons cannot form a surface
intersections without nodes at the crossing of two arcs
Adjacent polygons that overlap or separated by blanks
Appearence Reality
13 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
TOPOLOGICAL MODEL
Managing the connectedness and
contiguity of objects
2 types of topology:
Planar topology
Network topology
Topological entities:
With permanent storage of the topology
e.g.: ArcInfo coverage
Taking into account only when editing (creating, updating); this data
is called pseudo-topological.
e.g.: shp (ArcView) or tab (MapInfo)
With defined topological rules, varying depending on context
e.g.: feature class within feature dataset in a geodatabase (ArcGIS)
14 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
3 Weak
2 Hybrid/Integrated
STRUCTURING
Identifier Attributes of the
+2 surface
1 Layer -- Table
+1
2
+3
3
15 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER PRESENTATION
N (orientation) dx Size of the cell
(geometrical resolution)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 dy
extent
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
in Y or 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 Identifier
rows 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 id attribute
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 Wheat
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 Grapevine
3 Forest
extent in X or columns
Origin (X,Y)
16 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
17 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER REPRESENTATION:
LINES AND POINTS
1
1 1 1 1
1
2 3
2 3 3 3 2
2 3 3
2
18 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER REPRESENTATION:
CONTINUOUS DATA
11.4 11.5 11.6 11.8 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.4 12.2 12.0 Direct representation of the
variable
11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.0
Associated data: statistical
11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.1 11.9 summary
11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6 13.0 13.1 12.6 12.3 12.1
11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8 13.0 13.2 12.7 12.4 12.0
12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.4 13.6 13.1 12.7 12.4
12.5 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.2 13.7 13.9 13.6 13.2 12.6
19 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
1
Identifier Attributes of the
1 1 1
line
1
2 3
1 STRUCTURING
2 3 3 3
2 3
2
2
3 Layer -- Table
20 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Map (scanned)
Orthophotography
Digital Elevation Model
21 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR/RASTER CONVERSIONS
FROM VECTOR TO RASTER: RASTERIZATION
22 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Vector:
Objects +- structured
Information with low or no redundancy (depending on the structuring)
Link with external databases
Complementarity raster-vector
23 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Definition:
Constant ratio between lengths measured on the map and the
corresponding lengths measured on the land.
Expression:
Algebraic expression = scale ratio
map at 1:25,000
Graphical expression by a scale bar representing the ratio
Semantic confusion
24 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
25 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
2 dimensions of accuracy:
resolution = size of an elementary pixel
localization accuracy: localization error
26 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Hardwares
Data
Key-element of
Softwares
any GIS project
70 to 80 % of
total project costs
Methods
Users
27 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
28 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Which use ?
To use or extract information from this document
As based map (illustration or filling)
To take measurements
To analyze simultaneously several information plans (spatial
analysis)
Whatever use, consider :
Precision of imported data Information
to be stored
Level of detail
in metadata
Reference system used (compatibility with local database)
Data property (copyright)
29 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
30 / 30
METIER Graduate Training Course no. 2 Montpellier - February 2007
Introduction to GIS
Structuring of geographic information
Pierre BAZILE
1
Territories, Environment, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Joint Research Unit Cemagref - CIRAD - ENGREF
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Requests Information
INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
INFORMATION INFORMATION
BASE PROCESSOR
EXTERNAL
UNIVERSE Data, rules, and Actions
constraints of the Personnel
external universe
Outputs
2 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
3 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
INFORMATION INFORMATION
BASE PROCESSOR
Personnel
Semantic
Inputs data Software: DBMS
model
Computer
4 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
5 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Duality of Geographical
Information:
Graphical information:
The geographical objects,
their localization, their
topological relationships
Thematic information:
The descriptors of these
objects, of these localizations
semantic data
0 500 Metres
N
6 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Semantic
Semantic Spatial
Spatial
database
database representation
representation
Point
Link
Tables Entities Entities Line
Surface
Relationship Relationships
Continuous
Adjacency
Inclusion
Proximity
Path
7 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
8 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION
route
btiment lac
9 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
SPAGHETTI
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y +
Line: Id,
x0,y0 1 2
x1,y1
x2,y2
.-------- 4 5 6
xn,yn
P1 P2
Surface: Id, x1,y1 x2,y2
x2,y2 x3,y3
x0,y0 x5,y5 x6,y6
x1,y1 x4,y4 x5,y5
x2,y2 x1,y1 x2,y2
--------
xn,yn
(x0,y0) Data redundancy
Undefined relationships
10 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y + N1
11 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
SURFACE TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
N1
Point: Id,x,y +
L1 1 L2 2 L3
12 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SPAGHETTI MODEL
Entities
point: x, y coordinates
line: list of x,y coordinates corresponding to nodes
sometimes polygons: set of x,y coordinates, forming a loop: the first coordinate
couple = last coordinate couple
The spaghetti mode produces a visual effect of polygons but, most often, no polygon
entity is stored
No spatial relationships between objects
unjoined arcs unclosed polygons
polygons cannot form a surface
intersections without nodes at the crossing of two arcs
Adjacent polygons that overlap or separated by blanks
Appearence Reality
13 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
TOPOLOGICAL MODEL
Managing the connectedness and
contiguity of objects
2 types of topology:
Planar topology
Network topology
Topological entities:
With permanent storage of the topology
e.g.: ArcInfo coverage
Taking into account only when editing (creating, updating); this data
is called pseudo-topological.
e.g.: shp (ArcView) or tab (MapInfo)
With defined topological rules, varying depending on context
e.g.: feature class within feature dataset in a geodatabase (ArcGIS)
14 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
3 Weak
2 Hybrid/Integrated
STRUCTURING
Identifier Attributes of the
+2 surface
1 Layer -- Table
+1
2
+3
3
15 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER PRESENTATION
N (orientation) dx Size of the cell
(geometrical resolution)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 dy
extent
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
in Y or 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 Identifier
rows 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 id attribute
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 Wheat
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 Grapevine
3 Forest
extent in X or columns
Origin (X,Y)
16 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
17 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER REPRESENTATION:
LINES AND POINTS
1
1 1 1 1
1
2 3
2 3 3 3 2
2 3 3
2
18 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER REPRESENTATION:
CONTINUOUS DATA
11.4 11.5 11.6 11.8 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.4 12.2 12.0 Direct representation of the
variable
11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.0
Associated data: statistical
11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.1 11.9 summary
11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6 13.0 13.1 12.6 12.3 12.1
11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8 13.0 13.2 12.7 12.4 12.0
12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.4 13.6 13.1 12.7 12.4
12.5 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.2 13.7 13.9 13.6 13.2 12.6
19 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
1
Identifier Attributes of the
1 1 1
line
1
2 3
1 STRUCTURING
2 3 3 3
2 3
2
2
3 Layer -- Table
20 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Map (scanned)
Orthophotography
Digital Elevation Model
21 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR/RASTER CONVERSIONS
FROM VECTOR TO RASTER: RASTERIZATION
22 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Vector:
Objects +- structured
Information with low or no redundancy (depending on the structuring)
Link with external databases
Complementarity raster-vector
23 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Definition:
Constant ratio between lengths measured on the map and the
corresponding lengths measured on the land.
Expression:
Algebraic expression = scale ratio
map at 1:25,000
Graphical expression by a scale bar representing the ratio
Semantic confusion
24 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
25 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
2 dimensions of accuracy:
resolution = size of an elementary pixel
localization accuracy: localization error
26 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Hardwares
Data
Key-element of
Softwares
any GIS project
70 to 80 % of
total project costs
Methods
Users
27 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
28 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Which use ?
To use or extract information from this document
As based map (illustration or filling)
To take measurements
To analyze simultaneously several information plans (spatial
analysis)
Whatever use, consider :
Precision of imported data Information
to be stored
Level of detail
in metadata
Reference system used (compatibility with local database)
Data property (copyright)
29 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
30 / 30
METIER Graduate Training Course no. 2 Montpellier - February 2007
Introduction to GIS
Structuring of geographic information
Pierre BAZILE
1
Territories, Environment, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Joint Research Unit Cemagref - CIRAD - ENGREF
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Requests Information
INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
INFORMATION INFORMATION
BASE PROCESSOR
EXTERNAL
UNIVERSE Data, rules, and Actions
constraints of the Personnel
external universe
Outputs
2 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
3 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
INFORMATION INFORMATION
BASE PROCESSOR
Personnel
Semantic
Inputs data Software: DBMS
model
Computer
4 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
5 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Duality of Geographical
Information:
Graphical information:
The geographical objects,
their localization, their
topological relationships
Thematic information:
The descriptors of these
objects, of these localizations
semantic data
0 500 Metres
N
6 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Semantic
Semantic Spatial
Spatial
database
database representation
representation
Point
Link
Tables Entities Entities Line
Surface
Relationship Relationships
Continuous
Adjacency
Inclusion
Proximity
Path
7 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
8 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION
route
btiment lac
9 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
SPAGHETTI
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y +
Line: Id,
x0,y0 1 2
x1,y1
x2,y2
.-------- 4 5 6
xn,yn
P1 P2
Surface: Id, x1,y1 x2,y2
x2,y2 x3,y3
x0,y0 x5,y5 x6,y6
x1,y1 x4,y4 x5,y5
x2,y2 x1,y1 x2,y2
--------
xn,yn
(x0,y0) Data redundancy
Undefined relationships
10 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y + N1
11 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
SURFACE TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
N1
Point: Id,x,y +
L1 1 L2 2 L3
12 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SPAGHETTI MODEL
Entities
point: x, y coordinates
line: list of x,y coordinates corresponding to nodes
sometimes polygons: set of x,y coordinates, forming a loop: the first coordinate
couple = last coordinate couple
The spaghetti mode produces a visual effect of polygons but, most often, no polygon
entity is stored
No spatial relationships between objects
unjoined arcs unclosed polygons
polygons cannot form a surface
intersections without nodes at the crossing of two arcs
Adjacent polygons that overlap or separated by blanks
Appearence Reality
13 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
TOPOLOGICAL MODEL
Managing the connectedness and
contiguity of objects
2 types of topology:
Planar topology
Network topology
Topological entities:
With permanent storage of the topology
e.g.: ArcInfo coverage
Taking into account only when editing (creating, updating); this data
is called pseudo-topological.
e.g.: shp (ArcView) or tab (MapInfo)
With defined topological rules, varying depending on context
e.g.: feature class within feature dataset in a geodatabase (ArcGIS)
14 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
3 Weak
2 Hybrid/Integrated
STRUCTURING
Identifier Attributes of the
+2 surface
1 Layer -- Table
+1
2
+3
3
15 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER PRESENTATION
N (orientation) dx Size of the cell
(geometrical resolution)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 dy
extent
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
in Y or 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 Identifier
rows 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 id attribute
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 Wheat
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 Grapevine
3 Forest
extent in X or columns
Origin (X,Y)
16 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
17 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER REPRESENTATION:
LINES AND POINTS
1
1 1 1 1
1
2 3
2 3 3 3 2
2 3 3
2
18 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER REPRESENTATION:
CONTINUOUS DATA
11.4 11.5 11.6 11.8 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.4 12.2 12.0 Direct representation of the
variable
11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.0
Associated data: statistical
11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.1 11.9 summary
11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6 13.0 13.1 12.6 12.3 12.1
11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8 13.0 13.2 12.7 12.4 12.0
12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.4 13.6 13.1 12.7 12.4
12.5 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.2 13.7 13.9 13.6 13.2 12.6
19 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
1
Identifier Attributes of the
1 1 1
line
1
2 3
1 STRUCTURING
2 3 3 3
2 3
2
2
3 Layer -- Table
20 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Map (scanned)
Orthophotography
Digital Elevation Model
21 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR/RASTER CONVERSIONS
FROM VECTOR TO RASTER: RASTERIZATION
22 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Vector:
Objects +- structured
Information with low or no redundancy (depending on the structuring)
Link with external databases
Complementarity raster-vector
23 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Definition:
Constant ratio between lengths measured on the map and the
corresponding lengths measured on the land.
Expression:
Algebraic expression = scale ratio
map at 1:25,000
Graphical expression by a scale bar representing the ratio
Semantic confusion
24 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
25 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
2 dimensions of accuracy:
resolution = size of an elementary pixel
localization accuracy: localization error
26 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Hardwares
Data
Key-element of
Softwares
any GIS project
70 to 80 % of
total project costs
Methods
Users
27 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
28 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Which use ?
To use or extract information from this document
As based map (illustration or filling)
To take measurements
To analyze simultaneously several information plans (spatial
analysis)
Whatever use, consider :
Precision of imported data Information
to be stored
Level of detail
in metadata
Reference system used (compatibility with local database)
Data property (copyright)
29 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
30 / 30
METIER Graduate Training Course no. 2 Montpellier - February 2007
Introduction to GIS
Structuring of geographic information
Pierre BAZILE
1
Territories, Environment, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Joint Research Unit Cemagref - CIRAD - ENGREF
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Requests Information
INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
INFORMATION INFORMATION
BASE PROCESSOR
EXTERNAL
UNIVERSE Data, rules, and Actions
constraints of the Personnel
external universe
Outputs
2 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
3 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
INFORMATION INFORMATION
BASE PROCESSOR
Personnel
Semantic
Inputs data Software: DBMS
model
Computer
4 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
5 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Duality of Geographical
Information:
Graphical information:
The geographical objects,
their localization, their
topological relationships
Thematic information:
The descriptors of these
objects, of these localizations
semantic data
0 500 Metres
N
6 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Semantic
Semantic Spatial
Spatial
database
database representation
representation
Point
Link
Tables Entities Entities Line
Surface
Relationship Relationships
Continuous
Adjacency
Inclusion
Proximity
Path
7 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
8 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION
route
btiment lac
9 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
SPAGHETTI
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y +
Line: Id,
x0,y0 1 2
x1,y1
x2,y2
.-------- 4 5 6
xn,yn
P1 P2
Surface: Id, x1,y1 x2,y2
x2,y2 x3,y3
x0,y0 x5,y5 x6,y6
x1,y1 x4,y4 x5,y5
x2,y2 x1,y1 x2,y2
--------
xn,yn
(x0,y0) Data redundancy
Undefined relationships
10 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y + N1
11 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
SURFACE TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
N1
Point: Id,x,y +
L1 1 L2 2 L3
12 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SPAGHETTI MODEL
Entities
point: x, y coordinates
line: list of x,y coordinates corresponding to nodes
sometimes polygons: set of x,y coordinates, forming a loop: the first coordinate
couple = last coordinate couple
The spaghetti mode produces a visual effect of polygons but, most often, no polygon
entity is stored
No spatial relationships between objects
unjoined arcs unclosed polygons
polygons cannot form a surface
intersections without nodes at the crossing of two arcs
Adjacent polygons that overlap or separated by blanks
Appearence Reality
13 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
TOPOLOGICAL MODEL
Managing the connectedness and
contiguity of objects
2 types of topology:
Planar topology
Network topology
Topological entities:
With permanent storage of the topology
e.g.: ArcInfo coverage
Taking into account only when editing (creating, updating); this data
is called pseudo-topological.
e.g.: shp (ArcView) or tab (MapInfo)
With defined topological rules, varying depending on context
e.g.: feature class within feature dataset in a geodatabase (ArcGIS)
14 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
3 Weak
2 Hybrid/Integrated
STRUCTURING
Identifier Attributes of the
+2 surface
1 Layer -- Table
+1
2
+3
3
15 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER PRESENTATION
N (orientation) dx Size of the cell
(geometrical resolution)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 dy
extent
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
in Y or 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 Identifier
rows 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 id attribute
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 Wheat
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 Grapevine
3 Forest
extent in X or columns
Origin (X,Y)
16 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
17 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER REPRESENTATION:
LINES AND POINTS
1
1 1 1 1
1
2 3
2 3 3 3 2
2 3 3
2
18 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER REPRESENTATION:
CONTINUOUS DATA
11.4 11.5 11.6 11.8 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.4 12.2 12.0 Direct representation of the
variable
11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.0
Associated data: statistical
11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.1 11.9 summary
11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6 13.0 13.1 12.6 12.3 12.1
11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8 13.0 13.2 12.7 12.4 12.0
12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.4 13.6 13.1 12.7 12.4
12.5 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.2 13.7 13.9 13.6 13.2 12.6
19 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
1
Identifier Attributes of the
1 1 1
line
1
2 3
1 STRUCTURING
2 3 3 3
2 3
2
2
3 Layer -- Table
20 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Map (scanned)
Orthophotography
Digital Elevation Model
21 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR/RASTER CONVERSIONS
FROM VECTOR TO RASTER: RASTERIZATION
22 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Vector:
Objects +- structured
Information with low or no redundancy (depending on the structuring)
Link with external databases
Complementarity raster-vector
23 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Definition:
Constant ratio between lengths measured on the map and the
corresponding lengths measured on the land.
Expression:
Algebraic expression = scale ratio
map at 1:25,000
Graphical expression by a scale bar representing the ratio
Semantic confusion
24 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
25 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
2 dimensions of accuracy:
resolution = size of an elementary pixel
localization accuracy: localization error
26 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Hardwares
Data
Key-element of
Softwares
any GIS project
70 to 80 % of
total project costs
Methods
Users
27 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
28 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Which use ?
To use or extract information from this document
As based map (illustration or filling)
To take measurements
To analyze simultaneously several information plans (spatial
analysis)
Whatever use, consider :
Precision of imported data Information
to be stored
Level of detail
in metadata
Reference system used (compatibility with local database)
Data property (copyright)
29 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
30 / 30
METIER Graduate Training Course no. 2 Montpellier - February 2007
Introduction to GIS
Structuring of geographic information
Pierre BAZILE
1
Territories, Environment, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Joint Research Unit Cemagref - CIRAD - ENGREF
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Requests Information
INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
INFORMATION INFORMATION
BASE PROCESSOR
EXTERNAL
UNIVERSE Data, rules, and Actions
constraints of the Personnel
external universe
Outputs
2 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
3 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
INFORMATION INFORMATION
BASE PROCESSOR
Personnel
Semantic
Inputs data Software: DBMS
model
Computer
4 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
5 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Duality of Geographical
Information:
Graphical information:
The geographical objects,
their localization, their
topological relationships
Thematic information:
The descriptors of these
objects, of these localizations
semantic data
0 500 Metres
N
6 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Semantic
Semantic Spatial
Spatial
database
database representation
representation
Point
Link
Tables Entities Entities Line
Surface
Relationship Relationships
Continuous
Adjacency
Inclusion
Proximity
Path
7 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
8 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION
route
btiment lac
9 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
SPAGHETTI
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y +
Line: Id,
x0,y0 1 2
x1,y1
x2,y2
.-------- 4 5 6
xn,yn
P1 P2
Surface: Id, x1,y1 x2,y2
x2,y2 x3,y3
x0,y0 x5,y5 x6,y6
x1,y1 x4,y4 x5,y5
x2,y2 x1,y1 x2,y2
--------
xn,yn
(x0,y0) Data redundancy
Undefined relationships
10 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y + N1
11 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
SURFACE TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
N1
Point: Id,x,y +
L1 1 L2 2 L3
12 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SPAGHETTI MODEL
Entities
point: x, y coordinates
line: list of x,y coordinates corresponding to nodes
sometimes polygons: set of x,y coordinates, forming a loop: the first coordinate
couple = last coordinate couple
The spaghetti mode produces a visual effect of polygons but, most often, no polygon
entity is stored
No spatial relationships between objects
unjoined arcs unclosed polygons
polygons cannot form a surface
intersections without nodes at the crossing of two arcs
Adjacent polygons that overlap or separated by blanks
Appearence Reality
13 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
TOPOLOGICAL MODEL
Managing the connectedness and
contiguity of objects
2 types of topology:
Planar topology
Network topology
Topological entities:
With permanent storage of the topology
e.g.: ArcInfo coverage
Taking into account only when editing (creating, updating); this data
is called pseudo-topological.
e.g.: shp (ArcView) or tab (MapInfo)
With defined topological rules, varying depending on context
e.g.: feature class within feature dataset in a geodatabase (ArcGIS)
14 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
3 Weak
2 Hybrid/Integrated
STRUCTURING
Identifier Attributes of the
+2 surface
1 Layer -- Table
+1
2
+3
3
15 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER PRESENTATION
N (orientation) dx Size of the cell
(geometrical resolution)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 dy
extent
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
in Y or 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 Identifier
rows 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 id attribute
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 Wheat
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 Grapevine
3 Forest
extent in X or columns
Origin (X,Y)
16 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
17 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER REPRESENTATION:
LINES AND POINTS
1
1 1 1 1
1
2 3
2 3 3 3 2
2 3 3
2
18 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER REPRESENTATION:
CONTINUOUS DATA
11.4 11.5 11.6 11.8 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.4 12.2 12.0 Direct representation of the
variable
11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.0
Associated data: statistical
11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.1 11.9 summary
11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6 13.0 13.1 12.6 12.3 12.1
11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8 13.0 13.2 12.7 12.4 12.0
12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.4 13.6 13.1 12.7 12.4
12.5 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.2 13.7 13.9 13.6 13.2 12.6
19 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
1
Identifier Attributes of the
1 1 1
line
1
2 3
1 STRUCTURING
2 3 3 3
2 3
2
2
3 Layer -- Table
20 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Map (scanned)
Orthophotography
Digital Elevation Model
21 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR/RASTER CONVERSIONS
FROM VECTOR TO RASTER: RASTERIZATION
22 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Vector:
Objects +- structured
Information with low or no redundancy (depending on the structuring)
Link with external databases
Complementarity raster-vector
23 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Definition:
Constant ratio between lengths measured on the map and the
corresponding lengths measured on the land.
Expression:
Algebraic expression = scale ratio
map at 1:25,000
Graphical expression by a scale bar representing the ratio
Semantic confusion
24 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
25 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
2 dimensions of accuracy:
resolution = size of an elementary pixel
localization accuracy: localization error
26 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Hardwares
Data
Key-element of
Softwares
any GIS project
70 to 80 % of
total project costs
Methods
Users
27 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
28 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Which use ?
To use or extract information from this document
As based map (illustration or filling)
To take measurements
To analyze simultaneously several information plans (spatial
analysis)
Whatever use, consider :
Precision of imported data Information
to be stored
Level of detail
in metadata
Reference system used (compatibility with local database)
Data property (copyright)
29 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
30 / 30
METIER Graduate Training Course no. 2 Montpellier - February 2007
Introduction to GIS
Structuring of geographic information
Pierre BAZILE
1
Territories, Environment, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Joint Research Unit Cemagref - CIRAD - ENGREF
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Requests Information
INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
INFORMATION INFORMATION
BASE PROCESSOR
EXTERNAL
UNIVERSE Data, rules, and Actions
constraints of the Personnel
external universe
Outputs
2 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
3 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
INFORMATION INFORMATION
BASE PROCESSOR
Personnel
Semantic
Inputs data Software: DBMS
model
Computer
4 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
5 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Duality of Geographical
Information:
Graphical information:
The geographical objects,
their localization, their
topological relationships
Thematic information:
The descriptors of these
objects, of these localizations
semantic data
0 500 Metres
N
6 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Semantic
Semantic Spatial
Spatial
database
database representation
representation
Point
Link
Tables Entities Entities Line
Surface
Relationship Relationships
Continuous
Adjacency
Inclusion
Proximity
Path
7 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
8 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION
route
btiment lac
9 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
SPAGHETTI
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y +
Line: Id,
x0,y0 1 2
x1,y1
x2,y2
.-------- 4 5 6
xn,yn
P1 P2
Surface: Id, x1,y1 x2,y2
x2,y2 x3,y3
x0,y0 x5,y5 x6,y6
x1,y1 x4,y4 x5,y5
x2,y2 x1,y1 x2,y2
--------
xn,yn
(x0,y0) Data redundancy
Undefined relationships
10 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y + N1
11 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
SURFACE TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
N1
Point: Id,x,y +
L1 1 L2 2 L3
12 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SPAGHETTI MODEL
Entities
point: x, y coordinates
line: list of x,y coordinates corresponding to nodes
sometimes polygons: set of x,y coordinates, forming a loop: the first coordinate
couple = last coordinate couple
The spaghetti mode produces a visual effect of polygons but, most often, no polygon
entity is stored
No spatial relationships between objects
unjoined arcs unclosed polygons
polygons cannot form a surface
intersections without nodes at the crossing of two arcs
Adjacent polygons that overlap or separated by blanks
Appearence Reality
13 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
TOPOLOGICAL MODEL
Managing the connectedness and
contiguity of objects
2 types of topology:
Planar topology
Network topology
Topological entities:
With permanent storage of the topology
e.g.: ArcInfo coverage
Taking into account only when editing (creating, updating); this data
is called pseudo-topological.
e.g.: shp (ArcView) or tab (MapInfo)
With defined topological rules, varying depending on context
e.g.: feature class within feature dataset in a geodatabase (ArcGIS)
14 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
3 Weak
2 Hybrid/Integrated
STRUCTURING
Identifier Attributes of the
+2 surface
1 Layer -- Table
+1
2
+3
3
15 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER PRESENTATION
N (orientation) dx Size of the cell
(geometrical resolution)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 dy
extent
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
in Y or 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 Identifier
rows 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 id attribute
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 Wheat
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 Grapevine
3 Forest
extent in X or columns
Origin (X,Y)
16 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
17 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER REPRESENTATION:
LINES AND POINTS
1
1 1 1 1
1
2 3
2 3 3 3 2
2 3 3
2
18 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER REPRESENTATION:
CONTINUOUS DATA
11.4 11.5 11.6 11.8 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.4 12.2 12.0 Direct representation of the
variable
11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.0
Associated data: statistical
11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.1 11.9 summary
11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6 13.0 13.1 12.6 12.3 12.1
11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8 13.0 13.2 12.7 12.4 12.0
12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.4 13.6 13.1 12.7 12.4
12.5 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.2 13.7 13.9 13.6 13.2 12.6
19 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
1
Identifier Attributes of the
1 1 1
line
1
2 3
1 STRUCTURING
2 3 3 3
2 3
2
2
3 Layer -- Table
20 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Map (scanned)
Orthophotography
Digital Elevation Model
21 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR/RASTER CONVERSIONS
FROM VECTOR TO RASTER: RASTERIZATION
22 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Vector:
Objects +- structured
Information with low or no redundancy (depending on the structuring)
Link with external databases
Complementarity raster-vector
23 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Definition:
Constant ratio between lengths measured on the map and the
corresponding lengths measured on the land.
Expression:
Algebraic expression = scale ratio
map at 1:25,000
Graphical expression by a scale bar representing the ratio
Semantic confusion
24 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
25 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
2 dimensions of accuracy:
resolution = size of an elementary pixel
localization accuracy: localization error
26 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Hardwares
Data
Key-element of
Softwares
any GIS project
70 to 80 % of
total project costs
Methods
Users
27 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
28 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Which use ?
To use or extract information from this document
As based map (illustration or filling)
To take measurements
To analyze simultaneously several information plans (spatial
analysis)
Whatever use, consider :
Precision of imported data Information
to be stored
Level of detail
in metadata
Reference system used (compatibility with local database)
Data property (copyright)
29 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
30 / 30
METIER Graduate Training Course no. 2 Montpellier - February 2007
Introduction to GIS
Structuring of geographic information
Pierre BAZILE
1
Territories, Environment, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Joint Research Unit Cemagref - CIRAD - ENGREF
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Requests Information
INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
INFORMATION INFORMATION
BASE PROCESSOR
EXTERNAL
UNIVERSE Data, rules, and Actions
constraints of the Personnel
external universe
Outputs
2 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
3 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
INFORMATION INFORMATION
BASE PROCESSOR
Personnel
Semantic
Inputs data Software: DBMS
model
Computer
4 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
5 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Duality of Geographical
Information:
Graphical information:
The geographical objects,
their localization, their
topological relationships
Thematic information:
The descriptors of these
objects, of these localizations
semantic data
0 500 Metres
N
6 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Semantic
Semantic Spatial
Spatial
database
database representation
representation
Point
Link
Tables Entities Entities Line
Surface
Relationship Relationships
Continuous
Adjacency
Inclusion
Proximity
Path
7 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
8 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION
route
btiment lac
9 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
SPAGHETTI
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y +
Line: Id,
x0,y0 1 2
x1,y1
x2,y2
.-------- 4 5 6
xn,yn
P1 P2
Surface: Id, x1,y1 x2,y2
x2,y2 x3,y3
x0,y0 x5,y5 x6,y6
x1,y1 x4,y4 x5,y5
x2,y2 x1,y1 x2,y2
--------
xn,yn
(x0,y0) Data redundancy
Undefined relationships
10 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y + N1
11 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
SURFACE TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
N1
Point: Id,x,y +
L1 1 L2 2 L3
12 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SPAGHETTI MODEL
Entities
point: x, y coordinates
line: list of x,y coordinates corresponding to nodes
sometimes polygons: set of x,y coordinates, forming a loop: the first coordinate
couple = last coordinate couple
The spaghetti mode produces a visual effect of polygons but, most often, no polygon
entity is stored
No spatial relationships between objects
unjoined arcs unclosed polygons
polygons cannot form a surface
intersections without nodes at the crossing of two arcs
Adjacent polygons that overlap or separated by blanks
Appearence Reality
13 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
TOPOLOGICAL MODEL
Managing the connectedness and
contiguity of objects
2 types of topology:
Planar topology
Network topology
Topological entities:
With permanent storage of the topology
e.g.: ArcInfo coverage
Taking into account only when editing (creating, updating); this data
is called pseudo-topological.
e.g.: shp (ArcView) or tab (MapInfo)
With defined topological rules, varying depending on context
e.g.: feature class within feature dataset in a geodatabase (ArcGIS)
14 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
3 Weak
2 Hybrid/Integrated
STRUCTURING
Identifier Attributes of the
+2 surface
1 Layer -- Table
+1
2
+3
3
15 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER PRESENTATION
N (orientation) dx Size of the cell
(geometrical resolution)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 dy
extent
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
in Y or 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 Identifier
rows 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 id attribute
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 Wheat
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 Grapevine
3 Forest
extent in X or columns
Origin (X,Y)
16 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
17 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER REPRESENTATION:
LINES AND POINTS
1
1 1 1 1
1
2 3
2 3 3 3 2
2 3 3
2
18 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER REPRESENTATION:
CONTINUOUS DATA
11.4 11.5 11.6 11.8 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.4 12.2 12.0 Direct representation of the
variable
11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.0
Associated data: statistical
11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.1 11.9 summary
11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6 13.0 13.1 12.6 12.3 12.1
11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8 13.0 13.2 12.7 12.4 12.0
12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.4 13.6 13.1 12.7 12.4
12.5 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.2 13.7 13.9 13.6 13.2 12.6
19 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
1
Identifier Attributes of the
1 1 1
line
1
2 3
1 STRUCTURING
2 3 3 3
2 3
2
2
3 Layer -- Table
20 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Map (scanned)
Orthophotography
Digital Elevation Model
21 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR/RASTER CONVERSIONS
FROM VECTOR TO RASTER: RASTERIZATION
22 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Vector:
Objects +- structured
Information with low or no redundancy (depending on the structuring)
Link with external databases
Complementarity raster-vector
23 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Definition:
Constant ratio between lengths measured on the map and the
corresponding lengths measured on the land.
Expression:
Algebraic expression = scale ratio
map at 1:25,000
Graphical expression by a scale bar representing the ratio
Semantic confusion
24 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
25 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
2 dimensions of accuracy:
resolution = size of an elementary pixel
localization accuracy: localization error
26 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Hardwares
Data
Key-element of
Softwares
any GIS project
70 to 80 % of
total project costs
Methods
Users
27 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
28 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Which use ?
To use or extract information from this document
As based map (illustration or filling)
To take measurements
To analyze simultaneously several information plans (spatial
analysis)
Whatever use, consider :
Precision of imported data Information
to be stored
Level of detail
in metadata
Reference system used (compatibility with local database)
Data property (copyright)
29 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
30 / 30
METIER Graduate Training Course no. 2 Montpellier - February 2007
Introduction to GIS
Structuring of geographic information
Pierre BAZILE
1
Territories, Environment, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Joint Research Unit Cemagref - CIRAD - ENGREF
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Requests Information
INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
INFORMATION INFORMATION
BASE PROCESSOR
EXTERNAL
UNIVERSE Data, rules, and Actions
constraints of the Personnel
external universe
Outputs
2 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
3 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
INFORMATION INFORMATION
BASE PROCESSOR
Personnel
Semantic
Inputs data Software: DBMS
model
Computer
4 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
5 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Duality of Geographical
Information:
Graphical information:
The geographical objects,
their localization, their
topological relationships
Thematic information:
The descriptors of these
objects, of these localizations
semantic data
0 500 Metres
N
6 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Semantic
Semantic Spatial
Spatial
database
database representation
representation
Point
Link
Tables Entities Entities Line
Surface
Relationship Relationships
Continuous
Adjacency
Inclusion
Proximity
Path
7 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
8 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION
route
btiment lac
9 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
SPAGHETTI
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y +
Line: Id,
x0,y0 1 2
x1,y1
x2,y2
.-------- 4 5 6
xn,yn
P1 P2
Surface: Id, x1,y1 x2,y2
x2,y2 x3,y3
x0,y0 x5,y5 x6,y6
x1,y1 x4,y4 x5,y5
x2,y2 x1,y1 x2,y2
--------
xn,yn
(x0,y0) Data redundancy
Undefined relationships
10 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y + N1
11 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
SURFACE TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
N1
Point: Id,x,y +
L1 1 L2 2 L3
12 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SPAGHETTI MODEL
Entities
point: x, y coordinates
line: list of x,y coordinates corresponding to nodes
sometimes polygons: set of x,y coordinates, forming a loop: the first coordinate
couple = last coordinate couple
The spaghetti mode produces a visual effect of polygons but, most often, no polygon
entity is stored
No spatial relationships between objects
unjoined arcs unclosed polygons
polygons cannot form a surface
intersections without nodes at the crossing of two arcs
Adjacent polygons that overlap or separated by blanks
Appearence Reality
13 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
TOPOLOGICAL MODEL
Managing the connectedness and
contiguity of objects
2 types of topology:
Planar topology
Network topology
Topological entities:
With permanent storage of the topology
e.g.: ArcInfo coverage
Taking into account only when editing (creating, updating); this data
is called pseudo-topological.
e.g.: shp (ArcView) or tab (MapInfo)
With defined topological rules, varying depending on context
e.g.: feature class within feature dataset in a geodatabase (ArcGIS)
14 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
3 Weak
2 Hybrid/Integrated
STRUCTURING
Identifier Attributes of the
+2 surface
1 Layer -- Table
+1
2
+3
3
15 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER PRESENTATION
N (orientation) dx Size of the cell
(geometrical resolution)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 dy
extent
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
in Y or 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 Identifier
rows 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 id attribute
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 Wheat
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 Grapevine
3 Forest
extent in X or columns
Origin (X,Y)
16 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
17 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER REPRESENTATION:
LINES AND POINTS
1
1 1 1 1
1
2 3
2 3 3 3 2
2 3 3
2
18 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER REPRESENTATION:
CONTINUOUS DATA
11.4 11.5 11.6 11.8 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.4 12.2 12.0 Direct representation of the
variable
11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.0
Associated data: statistical
11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.1 11.9 summary
11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6 13.0 13.1 12.6 12.3 12.1
11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8 13.0 13.2 12.7 12.4 12.0
12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.4 13.6 13.1 12.7 12.4
12.5 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.2 13.7 13.9 13.6 13.2 12.6
19 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
1
Identifier Attributes of the
1 1 1
line
1
2 3
1 STRUCTURING
2 3 3 3
2 3
2
2
3 Layer -- Table
20 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Map (scanned)
Orthophotography
Digital Elevation Model
21 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR/RASTER CONVERSIONS
FROM VECTOR TO RASTER: RASTERIZATION
22 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Vector:
Objects +- structured
Information with low or no redundancy (depending on the structuring)
Link with external databases
Complementarity raster-vector
23 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Definition:
Constant ratio between lengths measured on the map and the
corresponding lengths measured on the land.
Expression:
Algebraic expression = scale ratio
map at 1:25,000
Graphical expression by a scale bar representing the ratio
Semantic confusion
24 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
25 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
2 dimensions of accuracy:
resolution = size of an elementary pixel
localization accuracy: localization error
26 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Hardwares
Data
Key-element of
Softwares
any GIS project
70 to 80 % of
total project costs
Methods
Users
27 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
28 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Which use ?
To use or extract information from this document
As based map (illustration or filling)
To take measurements
To analyze simultaneously several information plans (spatial
analysis)
Whatever use, consider :
Precision of imported data Information
to be stored
Level of detail
in metadata
Reference system used (compatibility with local database)
Data property (copyright)
29 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
30 / 30
METIER Graduate Training Course no. 2 Montpellier - February 2007
Introduction to GIS
Structuring of geographic information
Pierre BAZILE
1
Territories, Environment, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Joint Research Unit Cemagref - CIRAD - ENGREF
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Requests Information
INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
INFORMATION INFORMATION
BASE PROCESSOR
EXTERNAL
UNIVERSE Data, rules, and Actions
constraints of the Personnel
external universe
Outputs
2 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
3 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
INFORMATION INFORMATION
BASE PROCESSOR
Personnel
Semantic
Inputs data Software: DBMS
model
Computer
4 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
5 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Duality of Geographical
Information:
Graphical information:
The geographical objects,
their localization, their
topological relationships
Thematic information:
The descriptors of these
objects, of these localizations
semantic data
0 500 Metres
N
6 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Semantic
Semantic Spatial
Spatial
database
database representation
representation
Point
Link
Tables Entities Entities Line
Surface
Relationship Relationships
Continuous
Adjacency
Inclusion
Proximity
Path
7 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
8 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION
route
btiment lac
9 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
SPAGHETTI
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y +
Line: Id,
x0,y0 1 2
x1,y1
x2,y2
.-------- 4 5 6
xn,yn
P1 P2
Surface: Id, x1,y1 x2,y2
x2,y2 x3,y3
x0,y0 x5,y5 x6,y6
x1,y1 x4,y4 x5,y5
x2,y2 x1,y1 x2,y2
--------
xn,yn
(x0,y0) Data redundancy
Undefined relationships
10 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y + N1
11 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
SURFACE TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
N1
Point: Id,x,y +
L1 1 L2 2 L3
12 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SPAGHETTI MODEL
Entities
point: x, y coordinates
line: list of x,y coordinates corresponding to nodes
sometimes polygons: set of x,y coordinates, forming a loop: the first coordinate
couple = last coordinate couple
The spaghetti mode produces a visual effect of polygons but, most often, no polygon
entity is stored
No spatial relationships between objects
unjoined arcs unclosed polygons
polygons cannot form a surface
intersections without nodes at the crossing of two arcs
Adjacent polygons that overlap or separated by blanks
Appearence Reality
13 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
TOPOLOGICAL MODEL
Managing the connectedness and
contiguity of objects
2 types of topology:
Planar topology
Network topology
Topological entities:
With permanent storage of the topology
e.g.: ArcInfo coverage
Taking into account only when editing (creating, updating); this data
is called pseudo-topological.
e.g.: shp (ArcView) or tab (MapInfo)
With defined topological rules, varying depending on context
e.g.: feature class within feature dataset in a geodatabase (ArcGIS)
14 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
3 Weak
2 Hybrid/Integrated
STRUCTURING
Identifier Attributes of the
+2 surface
1 Layer -- Table
+1
2
+3
3
15 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER PRESENTATION
N (orientation) dx Size of the cell
(geometrical resolution)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 dy
extent
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
in Y or 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 Identifier
rows 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 id attribute
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 Wheat
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 Grapevine
3 Forest
extent in X or columns
Origin (X,Y)
16 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
17 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER REPRESENTATION:
LINES AND POINTS
1
1 1 1 1
1
2 3
2 3 3 3 2
2 3 3
2
18 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER REPRESENTATION:
CONTINUOUS DATA
11.4 11.5 11.6 11.8 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.4 12.2 12.0 Direct representation of the
variable
11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.0
Associated data: statistical
11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.1 11.9 summary
11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6 13.0 13.1 12.6 12.3 12.1
11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8 13.0 13.2 12.7 12.4 12.0
12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.4 13.6 13.1 12.7 12.4
12.5 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.2 13.7 13.9 13.6 13.2 12.6
19 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
1
Identifier Attributes of the
1 1 1
line
1
2 3
1 STRUCTURING
2 3 3 3
2 3
2
2
3 Layer -- Table
20 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Map (scanned)
Orthophotography
Digital Elevation Model
21 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR/RASTER CONVERSIONS
FROM VECTOR TO RASTER: RASTERIZATION
22 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Vector:
Objects +- structured
Information with low or no redundancy (depending on the structuring)
Link with external databases
Complementarity raster-vector
23 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Definition:
Constant ratio between lengths measured on the map and the
corresponding lengths measured on the land.
Expression:
Algebraic expression = scale ratio
map at 1:25,000
Graphical expression by a scale bar representing the ratio
Semantic confusion
24 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
25 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
2 dimensions of accuracy:
resolution = size of an elementary pixel
localization accuracy: localization error
26 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Hardwares
Data
Key-element of
Softwares
any GIS project
70 to 80 % of
total project costs
Methods
Users
27 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
28 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Which use ?
To use or extract information from this document
As based map (illustration or filling)
To take measurements
To analyze simultaneously several information plans (spatial
analysis)
Whatever use, consider :
Precision of imported data Information
to be stored
Level of detail
in metadata
Reference system used (compatibility with local database)
Data property (copyright)
29 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
30 / 30
METIER Graduate Training Course no. 2 Montpellier - February 2007
Introduction to GIS
Structuring of geographic information
Pierre BAZILE
1
Territories, Environment, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Joint Research Unit Cemagref - CIRAD - ENGREF
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Requests Information
INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
INFORMATION INFORMATION
BASE PROCESSOR
EXTERNAL
UNIVERSE Data, rules, and Actions
constraints of the Personnel
external universe
Outputs
2 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
3 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
INFORMATION INFORMATION
BASE PROCESSOR
Personnel
Semantic
Inputs data Software: DBMS
model
Computer
4 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
5 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Duality of Geographical
Information:
Graphical information:
The geographical objects,
their localization, their
topological relationships
Thematic information:
The descriptors of these
objects, of these localizations
semantic data
0 500 Metres
N
6 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Semantic
Semantic Spatial
Spatial
database
database representation
representation
Point
Link
Tables Entities Entities Line
Surface
Relationship Relationships
Continuous
Adjacency
Inclusion
Proximity
Path
7 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
8 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION
route
btiment lac
9 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
SPAGHETTI
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y +
Line: Id,
x0,y0 1 2
x1,y1
x2,y2
.-------- 4 5 6
xn,yn
P1 P2
Surface: Id, x1,y1 x2,y2
x2,y2 x3,y3
x0,y0 x5,y5 x6,y6
x1,y1 x4,y4 x5,y5
x2,y2 x1,y1 x2,y2
--------
xn,yn
(x0,y0) Data redundancy
Undefined relationships
10 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y + N1
11 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
SURFACE TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
N1
Point: Id,x,y +
L1 1 L2 2 L3
12 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SPAGHETTI MODEL
Entities
point: x, y coordinates
line: list of x,y coordinates corresponding to nodes
sometimes polygons: set of x,y coordinates, forming a loop: the first coordinate
couple = last coordinate couple
The spaghetti mode produces a visual effect of polygons but, most often, no polygon
entity is stored
No spatial relationships between objects
unjoined arcs unclosed polygons
polygons cannot form a surface
intersections without nodes at the crossing of two arcs
Adjacent polygons that overlap or separated by blanks
Appearence Reality
13 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
TOPOLOGICAL MODEL
Managing the connectedness and
contiguity of objects
2 types of topology:
Planar topology
Network topology
Topological entities:
With permanent storage of the topology
e.g.: ArcInfo coverage
Taking into account only when editing (creating, updating); this data
is called pseudo-topological.
e.g.: shp (ArcView) or tab (MapInfo)
With defined topological rules, varying depending on context
e.g.: feature class within feature dataset in a geodatabase (ArcGIS)
14 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
3 Weak
2 Hybrid/Integrated
STRUCTURING
Identifier Attributes of the
+2 surface
1 Layer -- Table
+1
2
+3
3
15 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER PRESENTATION
N (orientation) dx Size of the cell
(geometrical resolution)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 dy
extent
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
in Y or 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 Identifier
rows 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 id attribute
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 Wheat
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 Grapevine
3 Forest
extent in X or columns
Origin (X,Y)
16 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
17 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER REPRESENTATION:
LINES AND POINTS
1
1 1 1 1
1
2 3
2 3 3 3 2
2 3 3
2
18 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER REPRESENTATION:
CONTINUOUS DATA
11.4 11.5 11.6 11.8 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.4 12.2 12.0 Direct representation of the
variable
11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.0
Associated data: statistical
11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.1 11.9 summary
11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6 13.0 13.1 12.6 12.3 12.1
11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8 13.0 13.2 12.7 12.4 12.0
12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.4 13.6 13.1 12.7 12.4
12.5 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.2 13.7 13.9 13.6 13.2 12.6
19 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
1
Identifier Attributes of the
1 1 1
line
1
2 3
1 STRUCTURING
2 3 3 3
2 3
2
2
3 Layer -- Table
20 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Map (scanned)
Orthophotography
Digital Elevation Model
21 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR/RASTER CONVERSIONS
FROM VECTOR TO RASTER: RASTERIZATION
22 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Vector:
Objects +- structured
Information with low or no redundancy (depending on the structuring)
Link with external databases
Complementarity raster-vector
23 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Definition:
Constant ratio between lengths measured on the map and the
corresponding lengths measured on the land.
Expression:
Algebraic expression = scale ratio
map at 1:25,000
Graphical expression by a scale bar representing the ratio
Semantic confusion
24 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
25 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
2 dimensions of accuracy:
resolution = size of an elementary pixel
localization accuracy: localization error
26 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Hardwares
Data
Key-element of
Softwares
any GIS project
70 to 80 % of
total project costs
Methods
Users
27 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
28 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Which use ?
To use or extract information from this document
As based map (illustration or filling)
To take measurements
To analyze simultaneously several information plans (spatial
analysis)
Whatever use, consider :
Precision of imported data Information
to be stored
Level of detail
in metadata
Reference system used (compatibility with local database)
Data property (copyright)
29 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
30 / 30
METIER Graduate Training Course no. 2 Montpellier - February 2007
Introduction to GIS
Structuring of geographic information
Pierre BAZILE
1
Territories, Environment, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Joint Research Unit Cemagref - CIRAD - ENGREF
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Requests Information
INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
INFORMATION INFORMATION
BASE PROCESSOR
EXTERNAL
UNIVERSE Data, rules, and Actions
constraints of the Personnel
external universe
Outputs
2 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
3 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
INFORMATION INFORMATION
BASE PROCESSOR
Personnel
Semantic
Inputs data Software: DBMS
model
Computer
4 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
5 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Duality of Geographical
Information:
Graphical information:
The geographical objects,
their localization, their
topological relationships
Thematic information:
The descriptors of these
objects, of these localizations
semantic data
0 500 Metres
N
6 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Semantic
Semantic Spatial
Spatial
database
database representation
representation
Point
Link
Tables Entities Entities Line
Surface
Relationship Relationships
Continuous
Adjacency
Inclusion
Proximity
Path
7 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
8 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION
route
btiment lac
9 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
SPAGHETTI
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y +
Line: Id,
x0,y0 1 2
x1,y1
x2,y2
.-------- 4 5 6
xn,yn
P1 P2
Surface: Id, x1,y1 x2,y2
x2,y2 x3,y3
x0,y0 x5,y5 x6,y6
x1,y1 x4,y4 x5,y5
x2,y2 x1,y1 x2,y2
--------
xn,yn
(x0,y0) Data redundancy
Undefined relationships
10 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y + N1
11 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
SURFACE TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
N1
Point: Id,x,y +
L1 1 L2 2 L3
12 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SPAGHETTI MODEL
Entities
point: x, y coordinates
line: list of x,y coordinates corresponding to nodes
sometimes polygons: set of x,y coordinates, forming a loop: the first coordinate
couple = last coordinate couple
The spaghetti mode produces a visual effect of polygons but, most often, no polygon
entity is stored
No spatial relationships between objects
unjoined arcs unclosed polygons
polygons cannot form a surface
intersections without nodes at the crossing of two arcs
Adjacent polygons that overlap or separated by blanks
Appearence Reality
13 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
TOPOLOGICAL MODEL
Managing the connectedness and
contiguity of objects
2 types of topology:
Planar topology
Network topology
Topological entities:
With permanent storage of the topology
e.g.: ArcInfo coverage
Taking into account only when editing (creating, updating); this data
is called pseudo-topological.
e.g.: shp (ArcView) or tab (MapInfo)
With defined topological rules, varying depending on context
e.g.: feature class within feature dataset in a geodatabase (ArcGIS)
14 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
3 Weak
2 Hybrid/Integrated
STRUCTURING
Identifier Attributes of the
+2 surface
1 Layer -- Table
+1
2
+3
3
15 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER PRESENTATION
N (orientation) dx Size of the cell
(geometrical resolution)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 dy
extent
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
in Y or 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 Identifier
rows 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 id attribute
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 Wheat
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 Grapevine
3 Forest
extent in X or columns
Origin (X,Y)
16 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
17 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER REPRESENTATION:
LINES AND POINTS
1
1 1 1 1
1
2 3
2 3 3 3 2
2 3 3
2
18 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
RASTER REPRESENTATION:
CONTINUOUS DATA
11.4 11.5 11.6 11.8 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.4 12.2 12.0 Direct representation of the
variable
11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.0
Associated data: statistical
11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.1 11.9 summary
11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6 13.0 13.1 12.6 12.3 12.1
11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8 13.0 13.2 12.7 12.4 12.0
12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.4 13.6 13.1 12.7 12.4
12.5 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.2 13.7 13.9 13.6 13.2 12.6
19 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
1
Identifier Attributes of the
1 1 1
line
1
2 3
1 STRUCTURING
2 3 3 3
2 3
2
2
3 Layer -- Table
20 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Map (scanned)
Orthophotography
Digital Elevation Model
21 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
VECTOR/RASTER CONVERSIONS
FROM VECTOR TO RASTER: RASTERIZATION
22 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Vector:
Objects +- structured
Information with low or no redundancy (depending on the structuring)
Link with external databases
Complementarity raster-vector
23 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Definition:
Constant ratio between lengths measured on the map and the
corresponding lengths measured on the land.
Expression:
Algebraic expression = scale ratio
map at 1:25,000
Graphical expression by a scale bar representing the ratio
Semantic confusion
24 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
25 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
2 dimensions of accuracy:
resolution = size of an elementary pixel
localization accuracy: localization error
26 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Hardwares
Data
Key-element of
Softwares
any GIS project
70 to 80 % of
total project costs
Methods
Users
27 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
28 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Which use ?
To use or extract information from this document
As based map (illustration or filling)
To take measurements
To analyze simultaneously several information plans (spatial
analysis)
Whatever use, consider :
Precision of imported data Information
to be stored
Level of detail
in metadata
Reference system used (compatibility with local database)
Data property (copyright)
29 / 30
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
30 / 30