v.

HANDBOOK
OF

CHEMISTEI AND PHTSICS

A READY-REFERENCE POCKET BOOK
OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL DATA

Eighth Edition

COMPILED FROM THE MOST RECENT AUTHORITATIVE

SOURCES

By
CHARLES D. HODGMAN, M.S.
Assistant Professor of Physics in Case School ofApplied Science
Assisted by
MELVILLE F. COOLBAUGH, M.A.
Professor of Chemistry in Colorado School of Mines

AND

CORNELIUS E. SENSEMAN, M.A.

Color Laboratoryt United States Bureau of Chemistry

PRICE, THREE DOLLARS

CLEVELAND, OHIO
THE CHEMICAL RUBBER COMPANY
1920
Copyright, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920
BY ,
The Chemical Rubber Company
Cleveland, Ohio

Copyright in Great Britain, 1919, 1920

All rights reserved under International Convention

THE'PLIMPTON'PRESS
NOHWOOD-MASS-U-S-A
 PREFACE

In compliance with the requests of hundreds of our friends for

a small but comprehensive book of reference on chemical and
physical topics, we have designed and compiled this Handbook
of Chemistry and Physics.
In its new and revised form we have aimed to present in
one compact, easily portable volume a comparatively compre
hensive reference book for use in the laboratory or classroom.
While more complete and broader in scope than the reference
material ordinarily found in the laboratory manual, it is still
not a competitor of the many large and complete reference books
already published, but fills, we believe, a place not hitherto
occupied by any publicatioh in this country.
We shall feel amply rewarded for our effort and expense if
this volume proves to be of use and convenience to the pro
fession whose support has been a conspicuous factor in the
growth of our establishment.
The material here included has been carefully selected by
W. R. Veazey,Ph D., of the Chemistry Department, and Charles
D. Hodgman, BK, of the Department of Physics of the Case
School of "Applied Science. The compilers have been guided
in their selections by the suggestions of more than a thousand
members of high standing in the Chemical and Physical profession.
A large number of the tables are the result of compilation
from various sources: the original authority or the source of
information being stated where possible. Special mention
_should be made of the use of the "Smithsonian Physical Tables,''
from which several tables have been taken without alteration,
while others are partly compiled from similar tables in that
volume.
Material has also been copied by special permission from
the following: Collins, "The Design and Construction of In
duction Coils," Munn and Co., publisher; Miller, "Laboratory
3
 PREFACE

Physics," Giim and Co., publisher; Noyes, "QuaUtative Anal

ysis," Macmillan and Co., publisher; Perkins, "Introduction
to General Thermodynamics," John Wiley and Sons, publisto;
Talbot, "Quantitative Analysis," Macmillan and Co., pjib-
^her; Young, "General Astronomy," Ginn andCo., publisher;
Cohn, "Indicators and Test-papers,"" John Wiley and Sons,
publisher.

PREFACE TO SIXTH EDITION

The sixth edition of the Handbook presents several important
changes and additions. The change in arrangement of material
is the result of an attempt to make more convenient the use of
the mathematical tables and especially the table of logarithms
which is used by both branches of science and in such a wayas
to make it important that it should be easy of access.
The table of physical constants of inorganic compounds has
been enturely rewritten. Data are now given for about one
thousand compounds and it is beheved that the list fully meets
the requirements of the high school or college laboratory.
Another notable addition is a new and unusually complete
table of heats of fomation and solution. The arrangement of
the material is original and its convenience will, we believe,
appeal to users of the Handbook.
Among the more important tables addedare the following:
Properties of Saturated Steam.
Specific Gravity of Mixtures of Ethyl Alcohol and Water
by Volume and by Weight.
Specific Gravity of Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Chloride.
Composition and Physical Properties of Alloys.
Decomposition of Anhydrous MetaUic Sulphates.
Dehydration of MetaUic Sulphates.
Solubihty of Inorganic Salts at various Temperatures.
Molecular Elevation^ of Boiling Point and Depr^ion of
Freezing Point.
Exponentials.
Degree-Radian Conversion Table; etc.
A large number of minor changes, corrections, and additions
have been made.
The revision has been directly along the line of numerous
suggestions received from users of the book. Many other
valuable suggestions havebeen received and while it isimpossible
to add further material to the present edition they serve to
mdicate the possibilities of future growth.
Material has been reprinted by permission from Peabody,
Steam andEntropy Tables, JohnWiley andSons, Inc., publisher.
_ ^ ^ THE CHEMICAL RUBBER COMPANY.
Cleveland, Ohio,
August 16, 1917.

V
 PREFACE

PREFACE TO THE EIGHTH EDITION

Suggestions which havebeen made as to the additional matter
to be included in the new edition of the Handbook have been
unusually varied in character. An effort has been made, how
ever, to meet the wishes of as many as possible without ma-
teri^y departing from the principles heretofore followed.
Two notable additions are the new and enlarged numerical
table and the complete and exceedingly convenient set of Metric-
English and English-Metric conversion tables.
Other tables incorporated in the Handbook for the first time
in the present edition are: , . ^ ji
Common Names of Chemicals, their Correct Names and
Sulphuric Acid, Nitric Acid, Hydrochloric Acid and Aqua
Ammonia Tables of the Manufacturing Chemists' Association.
Heats of Formation and Combustion of Organic Compounds.
Constants of Oils, Fats, and Waxes.
Conductivity of Standard Solutions.
Equivalent Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions.
Eqmvalent Conductivity of the Separate Ions.
lonization due to X-Rays.
Mean Absorption Coefficient for X-Rays.
X-Ray Spectra and Atomic Numbers.
Many other tables, although appearing m previous editions,
have been entirely rewritten and greatly-enlarged. Among
them are the following:
Heat Conductivity.
Thermal Expansion.
SpecificHeat of Aqueous Solutions.
Specific Heat of the Elements.
Compressibility of Liquids. ,
Radioactivity.
Photographic Formulae, etc.
THE CHEMICAL RUBBER CO.
I^ov. 18, 1919.
 CONTENTS
PAGE

Antidotes of Poisons 11
Burns and Scalds * ... 12

MATHE3VIATICAL TABLES
Algebraic Formulae 13
Mensuration Formulae 17
Trigonometrical Functions in a Right-angled Triangle. 23
Signs and Limits of Value Assumed by the Functions. 23
Value of the Fimctions of Various Angles 24
Relations of the Functions .... 24
Functions of Sums of Angles 24
Functions of Multiple Angles 25
Relations between Sides and Angles of Any Triangle 25
Analytical Geometry. / 28
Derivatiyes and Integrals 26
Explanation of the Use of Logarithms 29
Five-place Logarithms. ....(. 31
Natural l^giiithmsi 49
Natural Sines,"Cosines, Tangents, and Cotangents 54
Logarithms of the Trigonometrical Functions ..... 59
Degrees-Radians. 64
Numerical Table !...!! 67
Numerical Constants 66

GENERAL CHEMICAL TABLES

International Atomic Weights 87
Molecular Weights and their Logarithms !.88
Composition and Physical Properties of Alloys 90
Physical Constants of the Elements 92
Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds !!..!.!.!!. 98
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds 142
Constants of Animal and Vegetable Oils !..!!!!!!!! 252
Constants of Fats and Waxes ' ' ^50
Comnapn Names of Chemicals 258
Periodic Arrangement of the Elements 261
Qualitative Analysis Scheme: ,
Separation of the Basic Constituents into Groups 262
Analysis of the Silver-Group 262
^paration of the Copperand Tin Groups !!!!!!!!!.'!!! 263
Analysis of the Copper-Group. 263
Analysis of the Tin-Group ...!!!.!!!!!! 264
Separation of the Aluminum and Iron Groups 264
Analysis of the Aluminum Group .v 265
^alysis of the Iron Group !!!!!!!.!!!! 265
, Sep^ation of Zinc, Nickel, and Cobalt 266
Analyse of the Alkaline Earth Group 266
^alysis of the Alkali Group 267
Detection of the Readily Volatile Acidic Constituents 267
Detection of the Acidic Constituents Precipitated by Barium and
Silver Salts 268
Detection of the Phosphates and Separate Halides. 268
Flame and Bead Tests 269
ftej^aration and Proper Concentration of Laboratory Reagents 271
Deci-normal Solutions of Salts and other Reagents .r 274
Deci-normal Solutions of Oxidation and Reduction Reagents 276
6
 CONTENTS
PAGE
Solubility Chart 277
Solubility of Inorganic Salts in Water 278
Solubility of Cane Sugar in Water. ' 279
Indicators 280
Gravimetric Factors and their Logarithms 281
Heats of Formation and Solution 298
Heats of Combustion 317
Sulphuric Acid 321
Acetic Acid 323
Nitric Acid 324
Hydrochloric Acid 326
Ammonium Hydroxide 327
Potassiimi Hy^oxide 328
Sodium Hydroxide 329
Potassium Carbonate 330
Sodium Carbonate 330
Sodium Chloride 331
Potassium CUoride 331
Ammonium Chloride 331
Specific Gravity of Mixtures of Ethyl Alcohol by Volume and by Weight. 332
Tables of the Manufacturing Chemists' Association 340
Specific Gravity of Gases and Vapors 351
Dehydration of Metallic Sulphates 352
Decomposition of Anhydrous Metallic Sulphates 353
Degree of lonization 354
Solubility Product '. 355
lonization Constants of Acids and Bases 356
EJlectromotive Force Series of Metals, . . 357
' Functions, Uses, and Compositions of Foods - 358

PROPERTIES OF MATTER

DenSty of Various Solids. . 361

Density ofWater |62
Density of Various Liquids
Hydrometer of Conversion Tables ... 363
Absolute Density of Water 365
Relative Density of Water 366
Densityand Volume of Mercury |67
Density of Aqueous Solutions -
Density of Alcohol ||8
Density of Stumted'Vapors at ihe TeWerature of Normal Ebullition
Density of Gases in Liqmd and Solid Form -
369
370
Elasticity: ___
Elastic Constants for Solids 370
Compressibility of Liquids
lEl^tic Constantsfor Gases - gjg
Coeflacient of Friction
Resistance to Crushing for Various Materials o7b
Tensile Strength of Metals
Modulus of Rupture, Transverse Tests for Wood. o77
Hardness ^
Surface Tension: _ ....
Surface Tension of Various Liquids in Contact with Air 379
Surface Tension of Aqueous Solutions
Surface Tension of Fused Solids
Surface Tension of Water and Alcohol

Viscosity of Water and other Liquids 381

Viscosityof Liquids J
Viscosity of Gases |8I
Diffusion of Gases, into Air.........
Diffusion of Aqueous Solutions into Pure Water 382
Osmotic Pressure of Aqueous Solutions ooo
7.
 CONTENTS

HEAT
PAGE
Conversion of Thermometer Scales 384
Reduction of Mercury in Glass Thermometer Reading to the Hydrogen
Scale.-. "384
Thermal Expansion:
Coeflacients of Thermal Expansion 384
Equation for the Linear Expansion of Solids 388
Cubical Expansion of Solids 388
Cubical Expansion of Liquids 389
Coefficients of Expansion of Gases at Constant Pressure 391
Coefficients of Expansion of Gases at Constant Volume 392
Reduction of Gas Volume 393
Specific Heat:
Specific Heat of Water and Mercury 393
Specific Heat of Chemical Elements 394
Specific Heat of Various Solids 401
Specific Heat of Various Liquids 402
Specific Heat of Aqueous Solutions 402
Specific Heat of Gases. 404
Color Scale of Temperature 400
Boiling-point of Water 405
Melting and Boiling Temperatures. 407
Temperature of Fusion for Various Substances 407
Boiling-point for Various Substance 407
Melting-point of Ice, Variation with Pressure 407
Boiling-point of Water-Alcohol Mixtures . 408
Molecular Elevation of Boiling-point 409
Molecular Depression of Freezing-point 409
Critical and Van der Waals' Constants for Gases 410
Freezing Mixtures 411
Heat Equivalent of Fusion 412
Heat Equivalent of Vaporization 413
Change in Volume Due to Fusion 414
Fixed Points for High Temperatures 414
Vapor Tension:
Vapor Tension of Water at Low Temperatures 415
Vapor Tension of Water, 0to 100 C 417
Vapor Tension of Water, 100 to 230 C 420
Vapor Tension of Mercury 421
Lowering of Vapor Pressure by Salts in Aqueous Solutions 422
Vapor Pressures of Various Substances 424
Constants of the Kinetic Theory of Gases 422
Number of Molecules in a Molecule-gram 422
Mass of the Hydrogen Atom 422
Heat Conductivity 426
Properties of Saturated Steam 432
Hi^ and Low Temperatures Obtained by Various Means 444
Heat Values of Fuels 444

HYGROMETRIC AND BAROMETRIC TABLES

Conversion Table for Barometric Readings 445
Temperature Corrections 446
Conversion Table for Pressure Units 446
Temperature Correction, Brass Scale 447
Mass of Water Vapor in Saturated Air j 447
Reduction of Barometer Readings to Standard Temperature 448
Corriection for Capillary Depression of Mercury in a Glass Tube 448
Reduction of Barometer to Sea Level 449
Reduction of Barometer to Latitude 45 450
Relative Humidity Dew-point 451
Reduction of Psychrometric Observation 453
' 8
 CONTENTS

SOUND page
Velocity of Sound in Solids
Velocityof Sound in Liquids and Gases *55
Musical Scales.. ^56
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
Sparking Potential or Dielectric Strength. 457
|pecg^ Inductive^Capacity
iiec^A<rtive Fotcc and Composition of Voltaic Celis 462
Contact Difference of Potential for Metals. w fSf
Difference of Potential between Metalsin Solutions of Salts 4^
Specific Resistance and Temperature Coefficient for Metals ^5
Resistance of Electrolytes.
Safe CarryingCapacityof Copi)er Wire joo
Conductivity of Standard Solutions . . . f
Equivalent Conductivity of AqueousSolutions
EquivalentConductivity of the SeparateIons J'A
Resistance of Various Substances ||
Thermoelectric Power
Magnetic Constante:
Permeabihty of Transformer Iron
Magnetic Properties of Iron and Steel 4/4
Saturation Constants for MagneticSubstances 474
Magnetic SusceptibiUty of Varioi^ Substances 475
Variation of Resistance due to a Magnetic Field 476
Internal Resistance of VariousVoltaic Cells 47b
HallEffect... %l
ElectrochemicalEquivalents. l i V 1' x lia
Magnetic Inclination or DipandHorizontal Intensity 478
Magnetic Declination
LIGHT
Photometric Standards 4ff
Standard Candles ;-.*, * * jfJ
Mean Horizontal Candle Power of Various Light Sources 482
Primary ColorSensationsProduced by VariousLight Sources 482
Intrinsic Brilliancy of Light Sources 483
Wave Lengths of Various Radiations
Variation in the Sensitiveness of the Eye with the Wave Length 484
Wave Lengths of the Fraunhofer Lines
Wave Lengths for SpectroscopeCalibration. . . ^
Wave Lengthsof PrincipalLines of Various Elements 4^.
Relative Stimulation of the Three Color Sensations 490
Index of Refraction: .

Biaidal Crystals 493

Qja^g 493
Rock Salt, Sii^neVCaicite,' Fluorite,and Quartz 493
Liquids Tqf
Aqueous Solutions 5^2
Metata
Gases.
494
ffusedReflection
i-^iUUBCU 495
Coefficients of Transparency;. .
Reflection of Light by Glass m jUr . .
Reflection by Transparent Media in Air
Reflection of Lightby Metals 498
T^nsmissibility for Radiations
Phosphorescence by Cathode Rays .;. Xni
Fluorescence of Orgamc Substances in Solution
Fluorescence of Gases and Vapors
Specific Rotation.
Magneto-Optic Rotation
9
 CONTENTS

MISCELLANEOUS TABLES
Rontgen Rays 505
Radioactive Substances .!*!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 510
Declination of the Sun and Equation of Time !.'.*."!!! 515
Mean Places of Stars 515
ApproximateCorrectionfor Refraction ! 516
Data m Regard to the Earth 516
Data Concerning the Solar System : * 516
Meteorological Data 517
AccelerationDue to Gravity, Latitude, Longitude, and' Elevation.'.*.*.' 518
Moment of Inertia for Various Bodies 520
Acceleration Due to Gravity and Length of the Second Pendiiium*.'.'522
Atomic and Molecular Constants 523
Miscellaneous Constants
The Greek Alphabet 524

DEFINITIONS AND FORMULA

Chemical Laws 525
Chemical Theories 526
Definitions of Chemical Terms n i!!! i [ ' * 527
Oiddation-Reduction Equations 52S
One Hundred Completed Chemical E q u a t i o n s 5 2 9
Physical Terms, Quantities, and Units. . ? ! ' 531
Physical Formulae !!!!!!!!!! 539

LABORATORY ARTS AND RECIPES 554

PHOTOGRAPHIC FORMULA 562

MEASURES AND UNITS

Weights and Measures, U. S. System 57O
Weights and Measures, Metric System 573
Miscellaneous Reduction Factors. 574
Relations of Electrical Units 574
Values of the Gas Constant R for Various Units 574
Factors for Conversion of Energy Units 575
Factors for Conversion of Pressure Units []| * 575
Comparison of Metric and Customary Units ...!!!!! 576
Comparison of Tons and Pounds 582
Metric-English and English-Metric Conversion TalDles 585
Centigrade-Fahrenheit and Fahrenheit-Centigrade Conversion Tables .!! 646

WIRE TABLES
Comparison of Wire Gauges. 673
Twist Drill and Steel Wire Gauge 674
, Dunensions of Wire, Stub's Gauge 675
C^ensions of Wire, British Standard Gauge 676
Platmum Wire Table. 677
R^tance of Aluminum Wire ... 677
Dimensions of Wire, B. & S. Gauge, Mass and Resistance for Copper. .. 678
Cross-section and Mass of Wires 682
Approjdmate Resistance of Wire. 686

PROBLEMS
Method of Solving Chemical Problems 687
Problems in Elementary Physics ...... 691
Index 695
Advertisements 712
10
 ANTIDOTES OF POISONS

Acetic Acid.Emetics, magnesia, chalk, soap, oil.

Arsenic, Rat Poison, Paris Green.Milk, raw egg, sweet oil,
lime water, flour and water.
Carbolic Acid.Any soluble non-toxic sulphate, after pro
voking vomiting with zinc sulphate; uncooked white of egg
in abundance, milk of lime, saccharate of calcium, olive or
castor oil with magnesia in suspension, ice, washing the stomach
with equal parts water and vinegar; give alcohol or whiskey
or about four fluid ounces camphorated oil at one dose.
Chloroform, Chloral, Ether.Dash cold water on head and
chest, artificial respiration.
Hydrochloric Acid.Magnesia, alkalicarbonates, albumen, ice.
Hydiocyanic or Prussic Acid.Hydrogen peroxide internally,
and artificial respiration, breathing ammonia or chlorine from
chlorinated lime, ferrous sulphate followed by potassium car
bonate, emetics, warmth.
Iodine;Emetics, stomachsiphon, starchy foods in abundance,
sodium thiosulphate.
Lead Acetate.Emetics, stomach siphon, sodium, potassium
or magnesium sulphates, milk,,albumen.
Mercuric Chloride or Corrosive Sublimate.Zinc sulphate,
emetics, stomach siphon, white of egg, milk, chalk, castor oil,
table salt, reduced iron.
Nitrate of Silver.Salt and water.
Nitric Acid.Same as for hydrochloric acid.
t Opium, Morphine, Laudanum, Paregoric, etc.Strong coffee,
hot bath. Keep Wake and moving at any cost.
i Phosphoric Acid.Same as for hydrochloric.
Sodium Hydroxide or Potassium Hydroxide.Vinegar,
lemon juice, orange juice, oil, milk.
Sulphuric Acid.Same as for hydrochloric acid with the
addition of soap or oil.
Sulphurous Acid or Sulphur Dioxide.Mustard plaster on
chest; narcotics, expectorants.

/
 Bandbook op chemistry and physics
BURNS AND SCALDS
Bxclude air by thin paste of starch, flour, or baking soda.
Ordinary oHs such as vaseline, olive orcastor oil, lard or cream
may also be used. lime water mixed with an equal part of
raw linseed oil makes, anexcellent dressing. An especially valu
able material for aU burns is picric acid gauze which may be
applied in the form of a compress.
After treatment with any ofthe above materials, cover with
a cloth or with cotton and hoM inplace with a light bandage.
ACID AND ALKALI BURNS
With dther, wash off as qmckly as possible with a large
quantity of water. Water from a tap may be aUowed to flow
over bums.
Acids
T^ile the injury is being washed, have procured, lime water
or lime water and raw linseed oil mixed together mequal pro
portions ora mixture of baking soda and water orsoap suds and
apply freely. For acid in the eye wash as quickly as possible
with water and then with lime water.
Alkalis
^ Wash with alarge quantity ofwater asfor acid bums. Neutral
ize with weak vinegar, hard cider or lemon juice. Forlime or
other strong alkali burns in the eye wash with weak solution of
vmegar or with olive oil or a saturatedsolution of boric acid*

u
 MATHEMATICAL TABLES
ALGEBRA
Factors
(a db 6)2 = a2 2a6 4-
(a 5) = a 6'
a = (a 6)(a + 5)
a 6 = (a b)(a^ + a6 +
a + b = (a + 6Ka^ - a6 + 6^)
a - 6 = (a - 6)(a-i + o-26+ .... +
a - 6- (a + 5)(a-i - + ....- 6-i),
for even values of n.
a + 6 = (a + 6)(a-i - + .... + , "
, for odd values of w.
a* + + 6* = (a + a6 + &2)(a2 -ab-\-)
(a + 6 + c)2 = a2 + 62 + c + 2a5 + 2ac + Zbc
(o + 6 + c) = a' + 6 + c + 3a2(6 + c) + 362(a + c) +
3c2(o + 6) + 6a6c
Quadratic Equations
Any quadratic equation may be reduced to the form,
ax^ -\-bx-\- c = 0

Then ir = -

If 62 _ 4acis positivethe roots are real and unequal

If 62 - 4ac is zero the roots are real and equal.
If 62 - 4ac is negative the roots are imaginary and unequal.
If 62 - 4ac is a perfect square the roots are rational and \m-
equal. ^
Exponents
1
a*X = a(* + 2')

9l^ai'-y) aP =1
a

(a*) = a'v
Proportion
a _ c
li
b~ d
a+b c+d
Then
b ~ d
a-b c-d
b d
a b ^ c d
a + 6~ c + d
13

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS'

ALGEBRA (Continued)
Sums of Numbers
The sum of the first n numbers,
2(n) = l+2+3 + 4+5 + w=
Ji
The sumof the squares of the first n numbers,
2(n2) =12 -P 22 + 3^ + 42 + + 2 =w(w+ 1K2W + 1)
The sum of the cubes of the first n numbers,
2(n') = 1'+ 2 + 3'+ 4 + 6.... + n'=
4
Arithmetical Progression
If a is the fir^t term; Z, the last term; the common difference:
w, the number of terms and s, the sum of n termsj
J = o + (n-l)d
s=|(a+0
8=|{2a +( - l)d }
Geometrical Progression
is the first term; Z, the last term; r, the common ratio;
w, the number of terms and s, the sum of n terms,
\ Z = ar " 1
^ _ a(r^ - 1)
' r - 1 .

1 - r
If wis infinity and r less than unity,
a
8 =
1 - r

Permutations
If M denote the number of permutations of n things taken v
at a tune, v ^
ilf = n(n - l)(w - 2) .... (w - p + 1)
Combinations
If M denote the number of combinations of n things taken
at a time,
w(w- l)(n - 2) (n - p + 1)
",
u
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ALGEBRA (Contmued)
Approximations
If a and b are small quantities, the following relations are
approximate]^ true,
(1 a)" = 1 dt ma
(1 a)*"(l 6)^ = 1^ ma ^
If n is nearly equal to m,
, _ n + m ,
y/nm ^, approxmiately.
If 0 is a very small aiigle expressed in radians,
= 1 and 1, approximately.
0 u

Series
Binomial

( + = a?- + ~ X--V +

t(w - 1)... (n- TO + 1) j

\m '"(j^
(1 a:)" =1 ^ + n(n-l)(n - 2)^
[2 (V<1)
(1 x)- =1 nTx + + Tn(n- l)(n-2)x'^
12 - 12 (a:2 < 1)
(la:)-'=1 Ta; + xTx + x* Ta^ + ... (a: < 1)
{la?)^ = lT2a; + 3a?T4a:' + 5a^T6a^ + ... (x < 1)
' Taylor's Series
./(a +fe) =/(x) +Af'W +|V"(a:) +|V"(a:).+ .
Maclaurin^s Series

m =m+%r{o) +|/"(o)+|/"'(o)+...
Exponential

e- =l+a;+| +|+g+...
O'= 1 + Xlog + +...
15

-y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ALGEBRA (Continued)
Logarithmic

(>J)
logw: = (-!)- i(x - l)! + i(a: - 1) - ...
(2 > X > 0)
logeX = 2 \x-':
lx + i^aVx + U sU + ij
(x>0)
loge(l + a;) = a: - I + - fa:* + ...
loge( +1) - loge( - 1) =2rl +^ +^5ra' +...
_n 3n'

logio(ri +1) - logic"' - n- +^2vf +^3n' + where k = .4343 ...

TrigomtMrie
, 3^ x'

- a;2 a;6
= |2+5-]6+---
tanx =x + 7? 17a:'
-^+ ~ + -^^ 6ar
+ + ...
(r)
^-u. 1 3 ,1 3 6 x'
x+g +2 4 -jg+2 4 6 |7 + < 1)

tan-'a: =X- +ga? - i'+ ... (<1)

=_1 + J-_-L + (^>1)

2 ^3a^' Safi^'"

16

V
 MENSURATION FORMUL-
Plain Figures Bounded by Straight Lines
The area of a triangle whose base is 6jand altitude ^

' \ 2*
The area of a triangle mth angles A, B, and C and sides
opposite a, 6, and c, respectively
= sill C.

or = Vs(s~a)(s6)(sc),
where s=l/2(a+6+c).
A rectangle wijbh sides a and 6 has an area=a6. '
The areaofa parallelo^am with side h and the perpendicular
distance to the paraUel side h
=bh.

The area of a parallelogram with sides a and b and the included

angle 6
=ahein$.

The area of a rhombus with diagonals crand d,

The area of any quadrilateral with diagonals a and b and

the angle between them 6 -
\ab sin 6.
The area of a regular polygon with n sides, each of length ly
1 7. /ISO
= JnZ2cot.

For a regular polygon of n sides, each side of length 7, the

radius of the inscribed circle,
1 ^180
=cot .
2 n

The radius of the circumscribed circle,

I 180
=,_cosec.

17
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

Area, Radius of Inscribed and Circimscrlbed Circles for

Regular Polygons
Z=length of one side.

Number Radius of Radius of

Name. of sides. Area. inscribed, circumscribed
circle. circle.

Triangle, equilateral 3 0.43301Z2 0.28867Z 0 57735J

Square 4 l.OOOW 0.50000Z 0.70710r
Pentagon 5 1.72048Z2 0.68819Z 0.85065
Hexagon 6 2.59808P 0.86602r l.OOOOi
Heptagon 7 3.6339U2 1.0383Z 1.1523J
Octagon 8 4.82843Z2 1.2071Z 1.3065Z
Nonagon 9 6.18182Z2 1.3737Z 1.4619Z
Decagon 10 7.69421Z2 1.5388Z 1.6180Z
Undecagon 11 9.36564^2 1.7028Z 1.7747
Dodecagon 12 11.19615^2 1.8660Z 1.9318

Radius of circle inscribed in any triangle, whose sides are

a, 6, and c, where s ==Ka+&-|-c)
_ V s{sa){sh){s c)
s

The radius of the circumscribed circle

abc
4:Vs{s-a)(s-b){s-c)
The perimeter of a polygon inscribed in a circle of radius r,
where n is the number of sides,

=2nr sin .
n

The area of the inscribed polygon,

1 9
=\nr^ sm .
n

The perimeter of a polygon circumscribed albout a circle

of radius r, number of sides n

=27ir tan.
n

The area of the circumscribed polygon

=wr2 tan.
n

18

V
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTE7 AND PHYSICS

Plane Figures Bounded by Curved Lines

The circumference of a circle whose radius is r and diameter
d(d=2r)
2Trr=Trd,

The area of a circle

=7rr2 = 1x^2 = 7854^2.

The lengthof an arc of a circle for an arc of 0degrees

ttTB
-180V
Note.In this and following similar formuls0 r denotes
the radius of the circle, (OC, Fig. 1).
For an arc of 6 radians the length
=re.

Fig 1.

The length of a chord subtending an angle 0

= 2rsinj0.
The area of a sector where 0 is the angle between the radii
in degrees
irr^O

If s is the length of the arc, the area of the sector

_sr
~ 2'
The area of a segment where 6 is the angle between the
two radii in degrees
irr^d sin 0 ^
- 360 2 '
19
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND^PHYSICS
If ^ is in radians the area
= M^-sin^),
The areaof the ring between two circles of radius n and ra,
one of which encloses the other,
=7r(ri+r2)(ri-r2).
The two cricles are not necessarily concentric.
sector of an annulus. (Fig. 2.)If angle
area KxtllJ
^ JOTi and r2 respectively,
<
the
= a9(n+r2)(ri-ro).

PiQ. 2.

If Si =thelenrthofthearcGH andsj=the arcJI andh=HI =

Tir2, ihe area, GHIJ
= ^^(Sl+S2). '
The circumference of an ellipse whose semiaxes are a and h
= 2 >approximately.
The area of an ellipse
^irah,

w%-^ a F. 3.

The area ofthesection ofthe parabola PQRS;

=3^.
^20
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

Solids Bounded by Planes

The lateral wea of a regular prism=perimeter of a right section
X the length.
The volume of a regular prism = area of base X the altitude.
The lateral area of a regtdar pyramid, slant heighti and length
of on^ side of base a,
= |nai.
The volume of a pyramidal area of base X altitude.

Fig. 3.

Surface and Volume of Regular Polyhedra

Surface and volume of regular polyhedra in terms of the
length of one edge L

Name. Nature of surface. Surface. Volume.

Tetrahedron. .. 4 equilateral triangles 1.73205Z2 0.11785^3

Hexahedron or
cube 6.00000Z2 l.OOOOOZ
Octahedron.... 8 equilateral triangles 3.46410Z2 0.47140Z3
Dodecahedron . 10 pentagons 20.64578^2 7.66312^3
Icosahedron .. . 20 equilat.-triangles. S.66025Z2 2.18170^3

Solids Bounded by Curved Surfaces

The surface of a sphere of radius r and diameter d{-2r)
.=47rr2=:7rrf2 = 12.57r^
The volume of a sphere
- =jxr3=:M3=4.189r.
21
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
The area of a lune on the surface of a sphere of radius r,
included between two great circles whose inclination is Bradians
=2r20.

The area of a spherical triangle whose angles are A, By ^nd

C (radians) on a sphere of radius r
= U+B+C-7r)r?.
The area of a spherical polygon of n sides where 0 is the
sum of its angles in radians
^[e-{n-2)j]rK
The area of the curved surface of a spherical segment ol
height hy radius of sphere r
= 2Trrh.
The volume of a spherical segment, data as above
= iirh^{3r-h).
If a == radius of the base of the segment, the volume
^ =l7rhih^-{-da^).
The curved surface of a right cylinder where r = the radius
of the base and hj the altitude,
= 2Trrh,
The volume of a cylinder, data as above,
Trr%.
The curved surface of a right cone whose altitude is h and
radius of base r
' =7rr\/r2+7i2.
The voliHne of a cone, data as above,
='^r% = im7r%.
The curved surface of the frustum of a right cone, radius of
base r, of top and altitude A,
=-jr(ri+r2)V/i^+r2.
This volume of the frustum of a cone, data as above,
=x|(ri2+r,r2 +r22).
The oblate spheroid is formed by the rotation of an ellipse
about its minor axis. If a and b are the major and minor semi-
axes respectively, and e the eccentricity, the surface
=2xa+T^log^,
and volume
22

V
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

The prolate spheroid is formed by the rotation of an ellipse

about its major axis (2a), data as above.

Surface =2-6+2x^^sin -e,c

volume =4/37ra62.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS IN A RIGHT-ANGLED

TRIANGLE

U A, B, and C are the vertices (C the right angle), and o, 6,

and h the sides opposite respectively,
a
sin A cos 4
' h'
h
tan A -Tj cot A
0 'a'

secant cosec A ^
A=.
a

Fig. 4.

SIGNS AND LIMITS OF VALUE ASSUMED BY

THE FUNCTIONS

Quadrant 1. Quadrant 11. Quadrant III. Quadrant IV.

Funtion.
Sign. Value. Sign. Value. Sign. Value. Sign. Value.

sin + Oto 1 + 1 toO _

Oto 1 1 toO
cos + 1 toO 0 to 1
1 toO + Oto 1
tan + 0 to 00
00 to 0 . + 0 to o6 . 0 to 0
cot..... + ^ to 0 0 to 00 + 00 to 0
0 to 00
sec + 1 to 00
00 to 1 1 to 00 + 00 to 1
cosec.... + 00 to 1 1 to 00 X to 1 1 to 00

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

VALUE OF THE FUNCTIONS OF VARIOUS ANGLES

0 30 4^ 60 90 180 270
1
sin.. .. .. 0 1/2 iVg 1 0 -1
V2
1
COS.. . . ,, 1 W3 0 -1 0
V2
tan.. . 0 1/Vs 1 00 0 X

1
cot V3 1 0 00 0
V3

RELATIONS OF THE FUNCTION

Bin X . cosec .
cosec X sin x

cos a? = ^ .sec X
Bee X ^
cos X

1 sin X
tan X
cot a;""cos x'
1 -cos X
cot X -
tan x~8in x'
sin X = Vlcos2X. cos x = Vlsin^x.
tan X =Vsec21. sec a; = Vtan^+l.
cot X = Vcosec a;1. cosec a;= Vcot^ a;+l.
sin X = cos (90x) = sin (180x).
cos X '= sin(90x) =cos (180a;).
tan X = cot (90a;) =tan (180x).
cot X =tan (90a:) = -cot (180-x).

FUNCTIONS OF SUMS OF ANGLES

sin (aj-|-2/)sin <c cos y+cos x sin y,
sin (xy) =sin x cos ycos x sin y.
cos {x+y) =cos a; cos 2/sin x sin y,
cos {xy)= cos X cos y+sin x sin y,
. / , V tanaj+tani/

2^; H-tana;tan2/
24
 BANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

FUNCTIONS OF MULTIPLE ANGLES

sin 2a;=2 8in x cosiT.
cos 2a;=cob2 xsin x2 cos x1 =1 2 sin x.
sin 3x =3 sinx 4 sin^ X.
cos 3x =4 cos X3 cosx.
2 tan X
tan 2x =
1tan^x*
3 tan xtan' x
tan _3x
1Stan^x

COS

, , /Icosx
ton =

RELATIONS BETWEEN SIDES AND ANGLES OF ANY

TRIANGLE

In a triangle with angles A, and C and sides opposite a,

5, and c respectively,
sin A sin B_8mC
a b c '
o2=52-f c26c cos-A.
a =b cos C+c cos B,
62+c-a
26c
A-B a-b .

sin A=^y/s(say(s-b)(s:).
where 8 = |(<i+5+c).
'(s-6)(s--C)
in
6c
(s a)
cos 2 u be
(s-b){s--c)
tan
2 ^ 8{sa)
25

y
BANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

CALCULUS

Derivatives
d ax = adx

du dv\
^ ^do^dx
dx^ = n x^~^dx

de' = e'dx
e = a e6?a;

dlogex =hix X

dx' = X^il + loge x)

dsiax=cosxdx
dcosx = -sin xdx
dtsbiix = sec^ xdx
d cot X = -csc^ X dx
dsecx = tan x sec x dx
dcsc X = -cot X ' GQC xdx
d sin ~^x = (1 - x^)~hdx
d cos ~^x = -(1 - x^)''hdx
dtan-ia; = (l+x2)-i(ia;
dcot-ia;= -{X+x^)-^dx
d sec = x~^{x^ - \)~hdx
d csc ~^x == -x~^{x^ - \)~\dx

Integrals
^n+1
J* X^dx = e x c e p t n = -1
71 \
^dx ^
f--\ogx
J* e^dx = c
f e^'dx = -e^'
a

f Xe^'dx = ~ 1)
X logx dx = Xlog x-x
f udv = uv - f vdu
26
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

Integrals (Continued)

/ (a^ +a^y^dx =i tan-' ^ i

y* (a^ - a;2)~idc - sin~i^ ==-eos~^ ^

fxiaJ' ^ x^ridx = (a2 x^)h
f sin2 xdx = -i cos xsmx+ ix
f cos^xdx = i sin Xcos x-j-ix
f sin Xcos x dx = i sin^a;
J* (sin Xcos x)-^dx = log tan x
f tan xdx =^^-log cos x
f tan^xdx = tanx- x
f Got xdx = log sin a;
f Qoi^ xdx-=-co% X - X
S csc xdx = log tan \x
y a;sin a;da; = sin x - a; cos
Xxcosxdx ^ co^x '\-xsinx

27
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY
The distance between two points xi, yi, and X2,2/2, rectangular
coordinates:
d = V{x2-xiy+(y2-yiy
For polar coordinates and points n, dij and r2, 62 *-
d= V + r22 - 2rxr2cos (di62)
The area of a triangle whose vertices are xij yi) X2) 2/2, and ^3, y^:
A = \{xiy2- X2yi + x^yz - xzy2 + xzyi - xiyz)
For polar coordinates and vertices, nfii, r2, 02, andrs, ^3:
^ = 5 {(nr2 sin {$2 - Bi) + w sin {dz - 62)
+ ran sin (01-03)j
The equation of a straight line where m is the tangent of the
angle of inclination and c, the distance of intersection with the axis
from the origin:
y = mx + c
If a^line of inclination m passes through the point Xi^ yi its
equation is:
y-yi = m(x -xi)
The equation of a line through the points Xi, 2/1, and ^2 is:
y - yi ^ X -xi''
yi-yi X2-Xi

If the intercepts on the axes are a and 6, the equation is:

-+ f
ah =1
If the len^h of the perpendicular from the origin is p and its
angle of inclination 0 the equation is:
X cos $ -\-y sine == p
General equation of the straight line:
Ax + By-hC = 0
The equation of a circle whose center is at a, h:
(x - ay + (y - by = c2
If the origin is at the center:

The polar equation of a circle with the origin on the circum

ference and its center at point c, a:
r = 2c cos (0 - a).
28
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

If the origin is not on the circumference, the radius a and the

center at a point I, a, the equation becomes:
a2 = r2 4- - 2rl cos (B - a)
The equation of a parabola with the origin at the vertex, where
p is the distance from the focus to the vertex:
= 4:px
The polar equation where the pole is at the focus and Zthe semi-
latus^rectum is:
i = 1 - cos 0
r

If the pole is at the vertex and p as above:

r= cosB
sin^e
The equation of the ellipse with the origin at the center and
semi-axes a and h:

a? 62
Polar equation where the pole is at the center:

sin2 d + cos^ 6
The equation of the hyperbola with the origin at the center,
semi-axes a and 6:

a2 62

Polar equation, pole at center:

a262
r2 =
a2 sin2 e -h^ cos^i^

EXPLANATION OF LOGARITHM TABLES

The logarithm of a number is the exponent of that power to

which another number, the base, must be raised to give the num
ber first named. The base commonly used is 10 and as most
numbers are incommensurable powers of ten a common loga
rithm, in genial, consists of an integer which is called the
characteristic and an endless decimal, the mantissa.
It is to be observed that the common logarithms of all num
bers expressed by the same figures in the same order with the
decimal point in different positions have different characteristics
,but the same mantissa. To illustrate: if the decimal point
stand after the first figure of a number, counting from the left,
the characteristic is 0; if after two fig^es, it is 1; if after three
figures, it is 2, and so forth. If the decimal point stand before the
29
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

first sig^cant figure the characteristic is -1, usually written 1;

if there is one zero between the decimal point and the first signifi
cant figure it is 2 and so on. For example: log 256 = 2.40824,
log 2.56 = 0.40824, log 0.256 = 1.40824, log 0.00256 = 3.40824.
Inasmuch as the characteristic may be determined by inspection
the mantissas only are given in tables of common logarithms.
To find the logarithm of a number.
For a n^ber of four figures take out the tabular mantissa
on a line with the first three figures of the number and under its
third figure. The characteristic is determined as previously
explained.
For a number of less than four figures supply zeros to make
a four figure number and take the value of the mantissa from the
tables as before. For example: log 2 = log 2.000 = 0.30103.
For a number of more than four figures take the tabular value
t)f the mantissa for the first four figures; find the difference
between this mantissa and the next ^eater tabular mantissa
and multiply the difference so found by the remaining figures of
the number as a decimal and add the product to the mantissa
of the first four figures. For example: to find Log 46.762.
log 46.76 = 1.66987
Tabular difference between this mantissa and that for 4677
is .00010.
/. log 46.762 = 1.66987 + .2 x .00010
= 1.66987 + .00002
= 1.66989
To find the nimiber corresponding to a^ven logarithm.
If the mantissa is found ej^ctly in the table, join the figure
at the top which is directly above the given mantissa to the
three figures on the line at the left and place the decimal point
according to the characteristic of the logarithm. For example,
log~i (antilogarithm) 3.39967 = 2510.
If the mantissa is not foimd exactly in the table it is necessary
to interpolate. For example, log"^ 3.40028 = 2513. 4-A = 2513.5.
The column of proportional parts at the right of each'page of
the table shows, under the heading of the various tabular differ
ences, the parts of these differences which correspond to the
digits from 1 to 9:in the fifth place. This makes it possible to
take out a logarithm for a five figure number or to find an anti-
logarithm of the same number of significant figures with increased
fa,cility, usually by inspection.
The following formulae express the relations on which the use
of logarithms is based.
^ log = log a + log 6
log I =log a- log 6
loga"=wxloga
-log% =l2|5
30

V
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

FIVE-PLACE LOGARITHMS

8 9 Proportional
N.
parts

00 000 043 087 130 173 217 260 303 346 389 44 43 42
100
432 475 518 561 604 647 689 732 775 817 4,4 4,3 4,2
101
860 903 945 988*030 *072 *115 *157 *199 *242 8,8 8.6 8,4
102
494 536 578 620 662 13>2 12,9 12,6 .
103 01 284 326 368 410 452
703 745 787 828 870 912 953 995*036*078 17,6 17.2 16,8
104
105 02 119 160 202 243 284 325 366 407 449 490 22,0 21,5 21,0
531 572 612- 653 694 735 776 816 857 898 26,4 25,8 25,2
106
107 938 979 *019 *060 *100 *141 *181 *222 *262 *302 30,8 30.1 29,4
03342 383 423 463 503 543 583 623 663 703 35.2 34.4 33,6
108
109 743 782 822 862 902 941 981*021*060*100 39,6 38.7 37,8

110 04 139 179 218 258 297 336 376 415 454 493 41 40 39 ^
532 571 610 650 689 727 766 805 844 883 4.1 4,0 3,9
111
112 922 961 999 *038^=077 *115*154 *192*231*269 8.2 8,0 7,8
113 05 308 346 385 423 461 500 538 576 614 652 12.3 12,0 11>7
690 729 767 805 843 881 918 956 994*032 16.4 16,0 15,6
114
115 06 070 108 145 183 221 258 296 333 371 40| 20.5 20,0 19,5
116 446 483 521 558 595 633 670 707 744 781 24.6 24,0 23,4
117 819 856 893 930 96V *004*041 *078*115 *151 28.7 28,0 27,3
262 298 335 372 408 445 482 518 32.8 32,t) 31,2
118 07 188 225
119 555 591 628 664 700 737 773 809 846 882 36.9 36.0 35,1

918 954 990*027*063 *099*135*171*207*243 37 36

120
121 08 279 314 350 386 422 458 493 529 565 600 3,8 3.7 3,6
122 636 672 707 743 778 814 849 884 920 955 7,6 7,4 7,2
123 991 *026 *061 *096 *132 *167 *202 *237 *272 *307 11.4 11.1 10,8
124 09 342 377 412 447 482 517 552 587 621 656 15,2 14.8 14,4 .
125 691 726 760 795 830 864 899 934 968*003 19,0 18.5 18,0
10 037 072 106 140 175 209 243 278 312 346 22,8 22.2 21,6
126
127 380 415 449 483 517 551 585 619 653 687 26,6 25.9 25,2
128 721 755 789 823 857 890 924 958 992*025 30,4 29.6 28,8
129 110i^9 093 126 160 193 227 261 294 327 361 34,2 33.3 32,4

394 428 494 528

461 561 594 628 661 694 35 34 33
130
727 760 826 860
793 893 926 959 992*024 3.5 3,4 3,3
131
132 12 057 090 156 189
123 222 254 287 320 352 7,0 6.8 6,6
385 418 483 516
450 548 581 613 646 678 10,5 10,2 9,9
, 133
134 710 743 808 840
775 872 905 937 969*001 14,0 13,6 13,2
135 13 033 066 130 162
098 194 226 258 290 322 17,5 17,0 16,5
354 386 450 481
418 513 545 577 609 640 21,0 20.4 19,8
136
137 672 704 767 799
735 830 862 893 925 956 24,5 23,8 23,1
988 *019 *051 *082*114 *145 *176 *208 *239 *270 28,0 27,2 26,4
138
139 14 301 333 364 395 426 457 489 ^520 551 582 31.5 30.6 29,7

644 675 706 737 768 799 829 860 891 32 31 30

140 613
141 922 953 983*014*045 *076 *106 *137 *168 *198 3,2 3.1 3,0
142 15 229 259 290 320 351 381 412 442 473 5D3 6,4 6.2 6,0
534 564 594 625 655 685 715 746 776 806 9.6 9,3 9,0
143
144 836 866,897 927 957 987*017 *047 *077 *107 12,8 12.4 12,0
145 16 137 167 197 227 256 286 316 346 376 406 16,0 15.5 15,0
146 435 465 495 524 554 584 613 643 673 702 19,2 18.6 18,0
147 732 761 791 820 850 879 909 938 967 997 22,4 21.7 21,0
148 17 026 056 085 114.143 173 202 231 260 25.6 24.8 24,0
149 319 348 377 406 435 464 493 522 551 28,8 27,9^ 27,0

150 609 638 667 696 725 754 782 811 840 869

N. 8 9 Proportional
parts

31
 BANBBOOK OF CHEMISTR Y AND PHYSICS

FIVE-PLACE LOGARITHMS (Contmued;

8 9 Proportional
parts

17 609 638 667 696 725 754 782 811 840 869 29 28
898 926 955 984 *013 *041 *070 *099 *127 *156 1 2,9 23
18 184 213 241 270 298 327 355 384 412 441 2 5,8 5,6
469 498 526 554 583 611 639 667 696 724 3 8,7 8,4
752 780 808 837 865 893 21 949 977*005 4 11,6 11,2
19 033_ 061 089 117 145 173 201 229 257 285 5 14,5 14,0
312 340 368 396 424 451 479 507 535 562 6 17,4 16,8
590 618 645 673 700 728 756 783 811 838 7 20,3 19,6
866 893 921 948 976 *003 *030 *058 *085 *112 8 23,2 22,4
20 140 167 194 222 249 276 303 330 358 385 9 26,1 25,2
412 439 466 493 520 548 575 602 629 656 27 26
683 710 737 763 790 817 844 871 898 925 1 2,7 2,6
952 978 *005 *032 *059 *085 *112 *139S165 *192 2 5,4 5,2
21 219 245 @72 299 325 352 378
405 431 458 3 8,1 7,8
484 511 537 564 590 617 643
669 696 722 4 10,8 10,4
748 775 801 827 854 880 906
932 958 985 5 13,5 13,0
22 011 037 063 089 115 141 167 194 220 246 6 16,2 15,6
272 298 '324 350 376 401 427 453 479 505 7 18,9 1^,2
531 557 583 608 634 660 686 712 737 763 8 21,6 20,8
789 814 840 866 891 917 943 968 994 *019 9 24,3 23,4
23 045 070 096 121 147 172 198 223 249 274 25
300 325 350 376 401 426 452 477 502 528 2,5
553 578 603 629 654 679 704 729 754 779 5,0
805 830 855 880 905 930 955 980 *005 *030 7,5
24 055 080 105 130 155 18a 204 229 254 279 10,0
304 329 353 378 403 428 452 477 502 527 12,5
551 576 601 625 650 674 6d9 724 748 773 15,0
797 822 846 871 895 920 .944 969 993 *018 17,5
25 042 066 091 115 139 164 188 212 237 261 20,0
285 310 334 358 382 406 431 455 479 503 22,5
527 551 575 600 624 648 672 696 720 744 24 23
768 792 816 840 864 888 912 935 959 983 1 2,4 2,3
26 007 031 055 079 102 126 150 174 198 221 2 4,8 4,6
245 269 293 316 340 364 387 411 435 458 3 7,2 6,9
482 505 529 553 576 600 623 647 670 694 4 9,6 9,^
717 741 764 788 811 834 858 881 905 928 S 12,0 11,5
951 975 998 *021 *045 *068 *091 *114 *138*161 6 14,4 13,8
27 184 207 231 254 277 300 323 346 370 393 7 16,8 16,1
416 462 485 508 531 554 577 600 623 8 19,2 18,4
646 692 - 715 738 761 784 807 830 852 9 21,6 20,7
_ 875 898 921 944 967 989 *012 *035 *058 *081 22 21
28 103 126 149 171 194 217 240 262 285 307 1 2,2 2.1
330 353 375 398 421 443 466 488 511 533 2 4,4 4.2
556 578 601 623 646 668 691 713 735 758 3 6,6 63
780 803 825 847 870 892 14 937 959 98i 4 8,8 84
29 003 026 048 070 092 115 137 159 181 203 5 11,0 10 5
226 248 270 292 314 336 358 380 403 425 6 13,2 12,6
447 469 491 513 5^ 557 579 601 623 645 7 15,4 14,7
667 688 710 732 754 776 798 820 842 863 8 17,6 16,8
885 907 929 951 973 994r *016 *038 *060 *081 9 19,8 18,9
200 30 103 125 146 168 190 211 233 255 276 298

N. 2 3 5 6 8 9 Proportional
parts

32
 HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRy AND PHYSICS

FIVE-PLACE LOGARITHMS (Gontinued)

1 2 3 4' 5 6 7 8 9 Proportional
...f 0
parts

200 30 103 125 146 168 190 211 233 255 276 298 22 21
201 320 341 363 3^ 406 428 449 471 492 514 2,2 24
202 535 557 578^ 600 621 643 664 685 707 728 44 4.2
203 ^ 750 771 792 814 835 856 878 899 920 942 6.6 6.3
204 963 984^*006 *027 *048 *069 *091 *112 *133 *154 8.8 8.4
205 31 175 197 218 239 260 281 302 323 345 366 11.0 10,5
206 387 408 429 450 471 492 513 534 555 576 13,2 12,6
207 597 ^18 639 660 681 702 723 744 765 785 15,4 14,7
208 806 827 848 869 890 911 931 952 973 994 17,6 16,8
209 32 015 035 056 077 098 118 139 160 181 201 19,8 18,9
210 222 243 263 284 305 325 346 366 387 408 20
211 428 449 469 490 510 531 552 572 593 613 1 2,0
212 634 654 675 695 715 736 756 777 797 818 2 4,0
213 838 858 879 899 919 940 960 980 *001 *021 3 6,0
214 33 041 062 082 102 122 143 163 183 203 224 4 8,0
215 244 264 284 304 325 345 365 385 405 425 5 10,0
216 445^ 465 486, 506 526 546 566 . 586 606 626 6 12,0
217 646 666 686 706 726 746 766 786 806 ^26 7 14,0
218 846 866 885 905 925 945 965 985 *005 *025 8 16,0
219 34 044 064 084 104 124 143 163 183 203 223 9 18,0
220 . 242262 282 301 321 341 361 380 400 420 19
221 439459 479 498 518 537 557 577 596 616 1 1,9
r 222 635655 674 694 713 733 753 772 792 811 2 3,8
223 830850 869 889 908 928 947 967 986 *005 3 47
224 35 025 044 064 083 102 122 141 160 180 199 4 7,6
; 225 218 238 257 276 295 315 334 353 372 392 5 9,5
i 226 411 430 449 468 488 507 526 545 564 583 6 11,4
227 603 622 641 660 679 698 717 736 755 774 7 13,3
^ 228 793 813 832 851 870 889 908 927 946 965 8 15,2
; 229 984 *003 *021*040 *059 *078 *097 *116 *135 *154 9 17,1

230 36 173 192 211 229 248^ 267 286 305 324 342 18
231 361 380 399 418 436 455 474 493 511 530 1 1,8
232 549 568 586'605 624 642 661 680 698 717 2 3,6
233 736 754 773 791 810 829 847 866 884 903 3 5,4
234 922 940 959 977 996 *014 *033 *051 *070 *088 4 7,2
235 37 107 125 144 162 181 199 218 236 254 273 5 9,0
^ 236 291 310 328 346 365 383 401 420 438 457 6 10,8
237 475 403 511 530 548 566 585 603 621 639 7 12,6
, 238 658 676 694 712 731 749 767 785 803 822 8 14,4
; 239 840 858 76 894 912 931 949 967 985 *003 9 16,2

240 38 021 039 057 075 093 112 130 148 166 184 17
241 202 ^0 238 256 274 292 310 328 346 364 1 1,7
242 382 ^9 417 435 453 471 489 507^ 525 .543 2 3,4
243 . 5^1 578 596 614 632 650 668 686 703 721 3 5,1
244 739 757 775 792 81b 828 846 863 881 899 4 6,8
245 917 934 952 970 987 *005 *023 *041 *058 *076 5 8,5
246 39 094 111 129 146 164 182 199 217 235 252 6 10,2
247 270 287 305 322 340 358 375 393 410 428 7 11,9
248 445 463 480 498 515 533 550 568 585 602 8 13,6
249 620 637 655 672 690 707 724 742 759 777 9 15,3

250 794 811 829 846 863 881 898 915 933 950

N. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Troportional
.parts

33
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

FIVE-PLACE LOGARITHMS (Continued)

N. 0 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Proportional
parts

950 39 794 811 829 846 863 881 898 915 933 950 18
251 967 ^85 *002 *019 *037 *054 *071 *088 *106 *123 1 1.8
252 40 140 157 175 192 209 226 243 261 * 278 295 2 3,6
253^ 329 346 364 381 398 ^15 432 449 466 3 5,4
254^ 500 518 535 552 569 586 603 620 637 4 7,2
255 671 688 705 722 739 756 773 790 807 5 9,0
256 -^@54 841 858 875 892 909 926 943 960 976 6 10,8
257 ^993 *010 *027 *044 *061 *078 *095 *111 *128 *145 7 12,6
258 41 162 179 196 212 229 246 263 280 296 313 8 14,4
259 330 347 363 380 397 414 430 447 464 481 9 16,2

260 497 514 531 547 564 581 597 614 631 647 17
261 ,664 681 697 714 731 747 764 780 797 814 1 1,7
262 830 847 863 880 896 913 929 946 963 979 2 3,4
263 996 *012 *029 *045 *062 *078 *095 *111 *127 *144 3 5,1
264 42 160 177 193 210 226 243 259 275 292 308 4 6,8
265 325 341 357 374 390 406 423 439 455 472 5 8,5
266 488 504 521 537 553 570 586 602 619 635 6 10,2
267 651 667 684 700 716 732 749 765 781 797 7 11,9
268 813 8E0 846 862 878 894 911 927 943 959 8 13i,6
269 975 991 *008 *024 *040 *056 *072 *088 *104 *120 9 15,3

270 "43 136 152 169 185 201 217 233 249 265 281 16
271 297 313 329 345 361 377 393 409 425 441 1 1,6
272 457 473 489 505 521 537 553 569 584 600 2 3,2
273 616 632 648 664 680 696 712 727 743 759 3 4,8
274 775 791 807 823 838 854 870 886 902 917 4 6,4
275 933 949 965 981 996 *012 *028 *044 *059 *075 5 8,0
276 44 091 107 122 138 154 170 185 201 217 232 6 9,6
277 248 264 279 295 311 326- 342 358 373 389 7 11,2
278 404 420 436 451 467 483 498 514 529 545 8 12,8
279 560 576 592 607 623 638 654 669 685 700 9 14,4

280 716 731 747 762 778 793 809 824 840 855 16
281 871 886 902 917 932 948 963 979 994 *010 1 1,5
282 45 025 040 056 071 086 102 117 133 148 163 2 3,0
283 179 194 209 225 240 255 271 286 301 317 3 4,5 _
284 332 347 362 378 393 408 423 439 454 469 4 6,0
285 484 500 515 530 545 561 576 591 606 621 5 7,5
286 637 652 667 682 697 712 728 743 758 773 6 9,0
287 788 803 818 834 849 864 879 894 909 924 7 10,5
288 939 954 969 984 *000 *015 *030 *045 *060 *075 8 12,0
289 46 090 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 9 13,5

290 240 255 270 285 300 315 330 345359 374 14
291 389 404 419 434 449 464 479 494509 523 1 1,4
292 538 553 568 583 598 613 627 642657 672 2 2,8
293 687 702 716 . 731 746 761 776 790805 820 3 4,2
294 835 850 864 879 894 909 923 938953 967 4 5,6
295 982 997 '^12 *026 *041 *056 *070 *085
*100 *114 5 7,0
296 47 129 144 159 173 188 202 217 232 246 261 6 8,4
297 276 290 305 319 334 349 363 378 392 407 7 9,8
298 422 436 451 465 480 494 509 524 538 553 8 11,2
299 567 582 596 611 625 640 654 669 683 698 9 12,6

300 712 727 741 756 770 784 799 813 828 842

N. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Proportional
parts

34
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

FIVE-PLACE LOGARITHMS (Continued)

. 5 6 7 8 9 Proportional
parts

47 712 727 741 756 770 784 799 813 828 842
857 871 885 900 914 929 943 958 972 986
48 001 015 029 044 058 073 087 101 116 130
144 1^ 173 187 202 216 230 244. 259 273 15
287 302 ^316 330 344 359 373 387 401 416 1 1,5
430 444 458 473 487 501 515 530 544 558 2 3,0
572 586 601 615 629 643 671 686 700.
657 3 4,5
714 728 742 756 770 785 813 827 841
799 4 6,0
855 869 883 897 911 926 954 968 982
940 5 7,5
996 *010 *024 *038 *052 *066 *080 *094 *108 *122 6 9,0
7 10,5
49 136 150 164 178 192 206 220 234 248 262 8 12,0
276 290 304 318 332 346 360 374 388 402 9 13,5
415 429 443 457 471 .485 499 513 527 541
554 568 582 596 BIO 624 638 651 665 679
693 707 721 734 748- ' 762 776 790 803 817
831 845 859 872 886 900 914 927 941 955 14
969 982 996 *010 *024 *037 *051 *065 *079 *092 , 1 14
133 147 161 174 188 202 215 229 2
50 106 120
243 256 270 284 297 311 325 338 352 365 3 4,2
379 393 406 420 433 447 461 474 488 501 4 5,6
\ 5 7,0
515 529 542 556 569 583 610 623
596 637 6 8,4
651 664 678 691 705 718 732
745 759 772 / 7 9,8
786 799 813 826 840 853 880 893
866 907 8 11,2
920 934 947 961 974 987 *001 *014 *028 *041 9 12,6
51^055 068 081 095 108 121 135 148 162 175
188 202 215 228 -242 255 268 282 295 308
322 335 348 362 375 388 402 415 4?8 441
455 468 481 495 508 521 534 548 561 574
587 601 614 627 640 654 667 680 693 706 1 u
720 733 746 759 772 786 799 812 825 838 2 2,6
q
o

851 865 878 891 904 917 930 943 957 970 4 5,2
*048 *061 *075 *088 *101 5
983 996 *009 *022 *035
179 192 205 218 231 6
g'f-
52 114 127 140 153 166
310 323 336 349 362 7
I'?
9,1
244 257 270 284 297
375 388 401 414 427 440 453 466 479 492 8 10,4
504 517 530 543 556 569 582 596 608 621 9 11/7
634 647 660 673 686 699 711 724 737 750
763 776 789 802 815 827 840 853 866 879
892 905 917 930 943 956 969 982 994 *007
084 097 110 122 135 12
53 020 033 046 058 071 1 1 9
1

148 161 173 186 199 212 224 237 250 263 2 2,4
275 288 301 314 326 339 352 364 377 390 3 3,6
403 415 428 441 " 466 479 491 504 517 4 4,8
529 542 555 567 580 593 605 618 631 643 5 6,0 >
656 668 681 694 706 719 732 744 757 769 6 7,2
782 794 807 820 845 857 870 882 895 7 8,4
908 920 933 945 958 970 983 995 *008 *020 8 9>6
54 033 045 058 070 083 095 108 120 133 145 9 10,8
158 170 183 195 220 233 245 258 270
283 295 307 320 332 345 357 370 382 394

350 407 419 432 444 456 469 481 494 506 518

N. 5 6 7 8. 9 Proportional
parts

35
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

FIVE-PLACE LOGARITHMS (Contiiiued)

8 9 Proportional
parts

54 407419 432 444 456 469 481

494 506 518
543 555 568 580 593 605
617 630 642
ell 667 679 ^91 704 716 728 741 753 765
777 790 802 814 827 839 851 864 876 888 13
900 913 925 937 949 962 974 986 998 *011 1 1,3
55 023 035 047 060 072 084 096 108 121 133 2 2,6
145 15.7 169 182 194 206 218 230 242 255 3 3,9
267 279 291 303 315 328 340 352 364 376 4 5,2
388 400 413 425 437 449 461 473 485 497 5 6,5
509 522 534 546 558 570 582 594 606 618 6 7,8
7 9,1
630 642 654 666 678 691 703 715 727 739 8 10,4
751 763 775 787 799 811 823 835 847 859 9 11,7
87X 883 895 907 919 931 943 955 967 979
991 *003 *015 *027 *038 *050 *062 *074 *086 *098
56 110 122 134 146 158 170 182 194 205 217
229 241 253 265 277 289 . 301 312 324 - 336 12
348 360 372 384 396 407 419 431 443 455 1 h2
467 478 490 502 514 526 538 549 561 573 2 2,4
585 597 608 620 632 644 656 667 679 691 3 3,6
703 714 726 738 750 761 773 785 797 808 4 4,8
5 6,0
820 832 844 855 867 879 891 902 914 926 6 7,2
937 949 961 972 984 996 *008 *019 *031 *043 7 8,4
57 054 066 078 089 101 113 124 136 148 159 8 9,6
171 183 194 206 217 229 241 252 264 276 9 10,8
287 299 310 322 334 345 35r 368 380 392
403 415 426 438 449 461 473 484 496 507
519 530 542 553 565 576 588 600 611 623
634 646 657 669 680 692 703 715 726 738 11
749 761 772 784 795 807 818 830 841 852 1 U
864 875 887 898 910 921 933 944 955 967 2 2,2
3 3,3
978 990 *001 *013 *024 *035 *047 *058 *070 *081 4 4,4
58 092 104 115 127 138 149 161 i72 184 195 5 5,5
206 218 229 240 252 263 274 286 297 309 6 6,6
320 331 343 354 365 377 388 399 410 422 7 7,7
433 444 456 467 478 490 501 512 524 535 8 8,8
546 557 569 5S0 591 602 614 625 636 647 9 9,9
659 670 681 692 704 715 726 737 749 760
771 782 794 805 816 827 838 850 861 872
883 894 906 917 928 939 950 961 973 984
995 *006 017 *028 *040 *051 *062 *073 *084 *095 10
1 1,0
59 106 118 129 140 151 162 173 184 195 -207 2 2,0
218 229 240 251 262 273 284 295 306 318 3 3,0
329 340 351 362 373 384 395 406 417 428 4 4,0
439 450 461 472 483 494 506 517 528 539 5 5,0
550 561 572 583 594 605 616 627 638 649 6 6,0
660 671 682 693 704 715 726 737 748 759 7 7,0
770 780 791 802 813 824 835 846 857 868 8 8,0
879 890 901 912 923 934 945 956 966 977 9 9,0
988 999 *010 *021 *032 *043 *054 *065 *076 *086
60 097 108 119 130 141 152 163 173 184 195
206 217 228 239 249 260 271 282 293 304

8 9 Proportional
parts
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

FIVE-PLACE LOGARITHMS (Continued)

5 6 7 8 9 Proportional
parts

60 206 217 228 239 249 260 271 282 293 304
314 325 336 347 358 369 379 390 401 412
423 433 444 455 466 477 487 498 509 520
531 541 552 563 574 584 595 606 617 627
638 649 660 670 681 692 703 713 724 735
746 756 767 778 788 799 810 821 831 842
853 863 874 885 895 906 917 927 938 949
959 970 981 991*002 *013 *023 *034 *045 *055 11
61 066 077 087 098 109 119 130 140 151 162 1 I
172 183 194 204 215 225 236 247 257 268 2 2,^
3 3,3
278 289 300 310 321 331 342 352 363 374 4 4,4
384 395 405 416 426 437 448 458 469 479 5 5,5
4^ 500 511 521 532 542 553 563 574 584 6 6,6
595 606 616 627 6i37 648 658 669 679 690 7 7,7
700 711 721 731 742 752 763 773 784 794 8
805 815 826 836 847 857 868 878 888 899 9 9,9
909 920 930 941 951 962 972 982 996 *003
62 014 024 034 045 055 066 076 086 097 107
118 128 138 149 159 170 180 190 201 211
221 232 242 252 263 273 284 294 304 315

325 335 346 356 366 377 387 397 408 418 10
428 439 449 459 469 480 490 500 511 521 1 1 i'2
531 542 552 562 572 583 593 603 613 624 2 2,0
634 644 655 665 675 685 696 706 716 726 3 3,0
737 747 757 767 778 788 798 808 818 829 4 4,0
839 849^859 870 880 890 900 910 921 931 5 5,0
941 951 961 972 982 992 *002 *012 *022 *033 6 6,0
63 043 053 063 073 083 094 104 114 124 134 7 7,0
144 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 236 8 8,0
246 256 266 276 286 296 306 317 327 337 9 9,0

347 357 367 377 387 397 407 417 428 438
448 458 468 478 488 498 508 518 528 538
548 558 568 579 589 599 609 619 629 639
649 659 669 679 689 699 709 719 729 739
749 759 769 779 789 799 809 819 829 839
899 909 919 929 939 9
849 859 869 879 889
998 *008 *018 *028 *038 1 0,9
949 .959 969 979 988
098 108 118 128 137 2
64 048 058 068 078 088
147 157 167 177 187 197 207 217 227 237 3 2,7
296 306 316 326 335 4 3,6
246 256 266 276 286 - K 4. fi
o

395 404 414 424 434 6 5,4

345 355 365 375 385
493 503 513 523 532 7 6,3
444 454 464 473 483
591 601 611 621 631 . 8 7,2
542 552 562 572 582
640 650 660 670 680 689 699 709 719 729 9 8,1
738 748 758 768 777 787 797 807 816 826
836 846 856 865 875 885 895 904 914 924
933 943 953 963 972 982 992 *002 *011 *021
65 031 040 050 060 070 079 089 099 108 118
128 137 147 157 167 176 186 196 205 215
225 234 244 254 263 273 283 292 302 312

32^ 331 341 350 360 369 379 389 398 408

2 3 5 6 7 8 9 Proportional
' parts

37
 HANDBOOK OF CHiEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

FIVE-PLACE LOGARITHMS (Continued)

N'. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Proportional
parts

450 65 321 331 341 350 360 369 379 389 .398 408
451 418 427 437 447 456 466 475 485^ 495 504
452 514 523 533 543 552 562 571 581 591 600
453 610 619 629 639 648 658 667 677 686 696
454 706 715 725 734 744 753 763 772 782 792
455 801 811 820 830 839 849 858 868 877 887
456 896 906 916 925 935 944 954 963 973 982
457 992 *001 *011 *020 *030 *039 *049 *058 *068 *077 10
458 66 087 096 106 115 124 134 143 153 162 172 1 1,0
459 ISl 191 200 210 219 229 238 247 257 266 2 2,0
3 3,0
460 276 285 295 304 314 323 332 342 351 361 4 4,0
461 370 380 389 398 408 417 427 436 445 455 5 5,0
462 464 474 483 492 502 511 521 530 539 549 6 6,0
463 558 567 577 586 596 605 614 624 633 642 7 7,0
464 652 661 671 680 689 699 708 717 727 736 8 8,0
465 745 755 764 773 783 792 801 811 820 829 9 9,0
466 839 848 857 867 876 885 894 904 913 922
467 932 941 950 960 969 978 987 997 *006 *015
468 67 025 034 043 052 062 071 080 089 099 108
469 117 127 136 145 154, 164 173 182 191 201

470 210 219 228 237 247 256 265 274 284 293
471 302 311 321 330 339 348 357 367 376 385 9
472 394 403 413 422 431 440 449 459 468 477 1 0,9
473 486 495 504 514 523 532 541 550 560 569 2 1,8
474 578 587 596 605 614 624 633 642 651 660 3 2,7
475 669 679 688 697 706 715 724 733 742 752 4 3,6
476 761 770 779 788 797 806 815 825 834 843 5 4,5
477 852 861 870 879 888 897 906 916 925 934 6 5,4
478 943 952 961 970 979 988 997 *006 *015 *024 7 6,3
479 68 034 043 052 061 070 079 088 097 106 115 8 7,2
9 8,1
480 124 133 142 151 160 169' 178 ,187 196 205
481 215 224 233 242 251 260 269 278 287 296
482 305 314 323 332 341 350 359 368 377 386
483 395 404 413 422 431 440 449 458 467 476
484 485 494 502 511 520 529 538 547 556 565
485 574 583 592 601 610 619 628 637 646 655 8
486 664 673 681 690 699 708 717 726 735 744 1 0,8
487 753 762 771 780 789 797 806 815 824 833 2- 1,6
488 842 851 860 869 878 886 895 904 913 922 3 2,4
489 931 940 949 958 966 975 9^ 993 *002 *011 4 3,2
5 4,0
490 69 020 028 037 046 055 064 073 082 090 099 6 4,8
491 108 117 126 135 144 152 161 170 179 188 7 5,6
492 197 205 214 223 232 241 249 258 267 276 8 6,4
493 285 294 302 311 320 329 338 346 355 364 9 7,2
494 373 381 390 399 408 417 425 434 443 452
495 461 469 478 487 496 504 513 522 531 539
496 548 557 566 574 583 592 601 609 618 627
497 636 644 653 662 671 679 688 697 705 714
498 723 732 740 749 758 767 775 784 793 801
499 810 819 827 836 845 854 862 871 880 888

600 897 906 914 923 932 940 949 958 966 975

N. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Proportional
parts

38
 HANBBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHtSICS

FIVE-PLACE LOGARITHMS (Continued)

N. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 - 8 9 Proportional
parts

6d0 69 897 '906 914 923 932 940 949 966 975
958
501 984 992*001*010*018 *027 *036 *044 *053 *062
502 70 070 079 088 096 105 114 122 131 140 148
503 157 165 174 183 191 200 209 217 226 234
504 243 252 260 269 278- 286 295 303 312 321
505 329 338 346 355 364 372 381 389 398 406
506 415 424 432 441 449 458 467 475 484 492
507 501 509 518 526 535 544 552 561 569 578 9
508 586 595 603 612 621 629 638 646 655 663 1 0,9
509 672 680 689 697 706 714 723 731 740 749 2 ^1,8
3 2 7
510 757 766 774 783 791 800 808 817 825 834 4 3,6
511 842 851 859 868 876 885 893 902 910 919 5 4,5
512 927 935 944 952 961 969 978 986 995 *003 / 6 5,4
513 71 012 020 029 037 046 054 063 071 079 088 7 6,3
514 096 105 113 122 130 139 147 155 164 172 8 7,2
515 181 189 198 206 214 223 231 240 248 257 9 8,1
516 265 273 282 290 299 307 315 324 332 341
517 349 357 366 374 383 391 399 408 416 425
518 433 441 450 458 466 475 483 492 500 508
519 517 525 533 542 550 559 567 575 584 592

620 600 609 617 625 634 642 650 659 667 675 8
521 684 692 700 709 717 725 734 742 750 759 1 0,8
522 767 775 784 792 800 809 817 825 834 842 2 1,6
523 850 858 .867 875 883 892 900 908 917 925 3 2.4
524 933 941 .950 958 966 975 983 991 999 *008 4 3,2
525 72 016 024 032 041 049 057 066 074 082 090 5
526 099 107 115 123 132 140 148 156 165 173 6 4,8
527 181 189 198 206 214 222 230 239 247 255 7 5,6
528 263 272 280 288 296 304 313 321 329 337 8-
629 346 354 362 370 378 387 395 403 411 419 9 7,2

530 428 436 444 452 460 469 477 485 493 501
531 509 518 526 534 542 550 558 567 575 583
532 591 599 607 616 624 632 640 648 656 665
533 673 681 689 697 705 713 722 730 738 746
534 754 762 770 779 787 795 803 811 819 827
535 ^ 835 843 852 860 868 876 884 892 900 908 7
536 916 925 933 941 949 957 965 973 981 989 1 0,7
*038 *046 *054 *062 *070 2
537 997 *006 *014 *022 *030
119 127 135 143 151 3
i'f
2,1
538 73 078 086 094 102 111
539 159 167 175 183 191 199 207 215 223 231 4 2,8
5 3 6
540 239 247 255 263 272 280 288 296 304 312 6
541 .320 328 336 344 352 360 368 376 384 392 7
542 400 408 416 424 432 440 448 456 464 472 8 5,6
543 480 488 496 504 512 520 528 536 544 552 9 6,3
544 560 568 576 584 592 600 608 616 624 632
545 640 648 656 664 672 679 687 695 703 711
546 719 727 735 743 751 759 767 775 783 791
547 799 807 815 823 830 838 846 854 862 870
548 878 886 894 902 910 918 926 933 941 949
549 957 965 973 981 989 997 *005 *013 *020 *028

560 74 036 044 052 060 068 076 084 092 099 107

N. 0 1 23 4 5 6 7 8 9 Proportional
parts

39
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

FIVE-PLACE LOGARITHMS (Continued)

N. 8 9 Proportional
parts

650 74 036 044 052 060 068 076 084 092 099 107
551 115 123 131 139 147 155 162 170 178 186
552 194 202 210 218 225 233 241 249 257 265
553 273 280 288 296 304 312 320 327 335 343
554 351 359 367 374 382 390 398 406 414 421
555 429 437 445 453 461 468 476 484 492 500
556 507 515 523 531 539 547 554 562 570 578
557 586 593 601 609 617 624 632 640 648 656
558 663 671 679 687 695 702 710 718 726 733
559 741 749 757 764 772 780 788 796 803 811
660 819 827
834 842 850 858 865 873 881 889 8
561 896 904
912 920* 927 935 943 950 958 966 1 0,8
562 974 981
989 997'=005 *012 *020 ^028 *035 *043 2 1,6
563 75 051 059 066 074 082 089 097 105 113 120 3 24
564 128 136 143 151 159 166 174 182 189 197 4 3,2
565 205 213 220 228 236 243 251 259 266 274 5 4,0
566 282 289 297 305 312 320 328 335 343 351 6 4,8
567 358 366 374 381\389 397 404 412 420 427 7 5,6
568 435 442 450 458 465 473 481 488 496 504 8 6,4
569 511 519 526 534 542 549 557 565 572 580 9 7,2
670 587 595 603 610 618 626 633 641 648 656
571 664 671 679 686 694 702 709 717 724 732
572 740 747 755 762 770 778 785 793 800 808
573 815 823 831 838 846 853 861 868 876 884
574 891 899 906 914 921 929 937 944 952 959
575 967 974 982 989 997 *005 *012 *020 *027 *035
576 76 042 050 057 065 072 080 087 095 103 110
577 118 125 133 140 148 155 163 170 178 185
578 193 200 208 215 223 230 238 245 253 260
579 268 275 283 290 298 305 313 320 328 335

680 343 350

358 365 373 380 388 395 403 410 7
581 418 425
433 440 448 455 462 470 477 485 1 0,7
582 492 500
507 515 522 530 537 545 552 559 2 14
583 567 574
582 589 597 604 612 619 626 634 3 24
584 641 649
656 664 671 678 686 693 701 708 4 2,8
585 716 723
730 738 745 753 760 768 775 782 5 3,5
586 790 797
805 812 819 827 834 842 849 856 6 4,2
587 864 871
879 886 893 901 908 916 923 930 7 4,9
588 938 945
953 960 967 975 982 989 997 *004 a 5,6
589 77 012 019 026 034 041 048 056 063 070 078 9 6,3
6d0 085 093 100 107 115 122 129 137 144 151
591 159 166 173 181 188 195 203 210 217 225
592 232 240 247 254 262 269 276 283 291 298
593 305 313 320 327 335 342 349 357 364 371
594 379 386 393 401 408 415 422 430 437 444
595 452 459 466 474 481 488 495 503 510 517
596 525 532 539 546 554 561 568 576 583 590
597 597 605 612 619 627 634 641 64B 656 663
698 670 677 685 692 699 706 714 721 728 735
599 743 750 757 764 772 779 786 793 801 808
600 815 822 830 837 844 851 859 866 873 880

N. 8 9- Proportional
parts

40
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

FIVE-PLACE LOGAMTHMS (Continued)

N. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Proportional
parts

600 77 815822 830 837 844 851 859 866 873 880
601 887895 902 909 916 924 931 938 945 952
602 960967 974 981 988 996 *003 *010 *017 *025
603 78 032039 046 053 061 068 075 082 089 097
604 104 111 118 125 132 140 147 154 161 168
605 176 183 190 197 204 211 219 226 233 240
606 247 254 262 269 276 283 290 297 305 312
607 319 326 333 340 347 355 362 369 376 383
608 390 398 405 412 419 426 433 440 447 455 1 0,8
609 462 469 476 483 490 497 504 512 519 526 2 1^
3 2,4
610 533 540 547 554 561 569 576 .583 590 597 4 3,2
611 604 611 618 625 633 640 647 654 mi 668 5 4,0
612 675 682 89 696 704 711 718 725 732 739 6 4,8
613 746 753 760 767 774 781 789 796 803 810 7 5,6
614 817 824 831 838 845 852 859 866 ^73 880 8 64
615 888 895 902 909 916 923 930 937 944 951
616 979 986 993 *000 *007 *014 *021
1
958 965 972
617 79 029 036 043 050 057 064 071 078 085 092
618 099 106 113 120 127 134 141 148 155 162
619 169 176 183 190 197 204 211 218 225 232
-

620 239 246 253 260 267 274 281 288 295 302
621 309 316 323 330 337 344 351 358 365 372 1 0,7 ^
622 379 386 393 400 407 414 421 428 435 442 2 1,4
623 449 456 463 470 477 484 491 498 505 511 3 2,1
624 518 525 532 539 546 553 560 567 574 581 4 2,8
625 588 595 602 609 616 623 630 637 644 650 5 3,5
626 657 664 671 678 685 692 699 706 713 720 6 4,2
627 727 734 741 748 754 761 768 775 782 789 7 4,9
628 796 803 810 817 824 831 837 844 851 858 8 5,6
629 865 872 879 886 893 900 906 913 920 927 9 f}\
630 934 941 948 955 962 969 975 982 989 996
631 80 003 010 017 024 030 037 044 051 058 065
632 072 079 085 092 099 106 113 120 127 134
633 140 147 154 161 168 175 182 188 195 202
634 209 216 223 229 236 243 250 257 264 271
635 277 284 291 298 305 312 318 325 332 339 6
636 346 353 359 366 373 380 387 393 400 407 1 0,6
637 414 421 428 434 441 448 455 462 468 475 2 1^
638 482 439 496 502 509 516 523 530 536 543 3 1,8
639 550 557 564 570 577 584 591" 598 604 611 4 2,4
5 3,0
640 618 625 632 638 645 652 659 665 672 ^79 6 3,6
641 686 693 699 706 713 726 733 740 747 7 4,2
642 754 760 767 774 781 w" 794 801 808 814 8 4,8
643 821 828 835 841 848 855 862 868 875 882 9 5,4
644 889 ^5 902 909 916 922 929 936 943 949
645 956 963 969 976 983 990 996 *003 *010 *017
646 81 023 030 037 043 050 057 064 070 077 084
647 090 007 104 111 117 124 131 137 144 151
648 158 164 171 178 184 191 198 204 211 218
649 224 m 238 245 251 258 265 271 278 285
i

650 291 298 305 311 318 325 331 338 345 351

N. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Proportional
parts

41
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

FIVE-PLACE LOGARITHMS (Continued)

N. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Proportional
parts

650 81 291 298 305 311 318 325 331 338 345 351
651 358 365 371 378 385 391 398 405 411 418
652 425 431 438 445 451 458 465 471 478 485
653 491 498 505 511 518 525 531 538 , 544 551
654 558 564 57X 578 584 591 598 604 611 617
655 624 631 63r 644 651 657 664 671 677 684
656 690 697 704 710 717 723 730 737 743 750
657 757 763 770 776 783 790 796 803 809 816
658 823 829 836 842 849 856 862 869 875 882
659 889 895 902 908 915 921 928 935 941 948

660 954 961 968 974 981 987 994 *000 *007 *014 7
661 82 020 027 033 040 046 053 060 066 073 079 1 0,7
662 086 092 099 105 112 119 125 132 138 145 2 1,4
663 151 158 164 171 178 184 191 197 204 210 3 2,1
664 217 223 230 236 243 249 256 263 269 276 4 2,8
665 282 289 295 302 308 315 321 328 334 341 5 3,5
666 347 354 360 367 373 380 387 393 400 406 6 4,2
667 413 419 426 432 439 445 452 458 465 471 7 4,9
668 478 484 491 497 504 510 517 523 530 536 8 5,6
669 543 549 556 562 569 575 582 588 595^ 601 9 6,3

670 607 614 620 627 633 640 646 653 659 666
671 672 679 685 692 698 705 711 718 724 730
672 737 743 750 756 763 769 776 7812 789 795
673 802 808 814 827 835 840 847 853 860
674 866 872 879 ^85
892 .898 905 911 918 924
675 930 937 943 950 956 963 969 975 982 988
676 995 *001 *008 *014 *020 *027 *033 *040 *046 *052
677 83 059 065 072 078 085 091 097 104 110 117
678 123 129 136 142 149 155 161 168 174 181
679 187 193 200 206 213f 219 225 232 238 245

680 251 257 264 270 276 283 289 296 302 308 6
681 315 321 334 340 347 353 359 366 372 1 0,6
682 378 385 391 398 404 410 417 423 429 436 2 1,2
683 442 448 455 461 467 474 480 487 493 499 3 i;8
884 506 512 518 525 531 537 544 550 556 563 4 2,4
685 569 575 582 588 594 601 607 613 620 626 5 3,0
686 632 639 645 651 658 664 670 677 683 689 6 3,6
687 696 702 708 715 721 727 734 740 746 753 7 4,2
688 759 771
765 778 784 790 797 803 809 816 8 4,8
689 822 828 835 841 847 853 860 866 872 879 9 6,4

690 885 891 897 904 910 916 923 929 935 942
691 948 960 967 973 979 985 992 998 *004
692 84 OIL (m 023 029 036 042 048 055 061 067
693 073 086 092 098 105 111 117 123 130
694 136 142 148 155 161 167 173 180 186 192
695 198 205 211 217 223 230 236 242 248 255
696, 261 267 273 280 286 292 298 305 311 317
697 323 330 336 342 348 354 361 367 373 379
698 386 392 398 404 410 417 423 429 435 442
699 448 454 460 466 473 479 485 491 497 504

700 510 516 522 528 535 541 547 553 559 566

N, 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Proportion^
parts

42
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHY&ICS

FIVE-PLACE LOGARITHMS (Continued)

N. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Proportional
parts

700 84 510 516 522 528 535 541 547 553 559 566
701 572 578 584 590 597 603 609 615 621 628
702 634 640 646 652 658 665 671 677 683 689
703 696 702 708 714 720 726 733 739 745
704 757 763 770 776 782 788 794 800 807 813
V
705 819 825 831 837 844 850 856 862 868 874
706 880 887 893 899 905 911 917 924 930 936
707 942 948 954 960 967 973 979 985 991 997 7
708 85 003 009 016 022 028 034 040 046 052 058 1 0,7
709 065 071 077 083 089 095 101 107 114 120 2 1,4
o 2 1
710 126 132 138 144 150 156 163 169 175 181 4 2;8
711 187 193 199 205 211 217 224 230 236 242 5 3,5
712 248 254 260 266 272 278 285 291 297 303 6 4,2
713 309 315 321 327 333 339 345 352 358 364 7 4,9
714 370 376 382 388 394 400 406 412 418 425 8 5,6
715 431 437 443 449 455 461 467 473 479 485 9 6,3
716 491 497 503 509 516 522 528 > 534 540 546
717 552 558 564 570 576 582 588 594 600 606
718 612 618 625 631 637 643 649 655 661 667
719 673 679 685 691 697 703 709 715 721 727

720 733 739 745 751 757 763 769 775 781 788
721 794 800 806 812 818 824 830 836 842 848 6
722 854 860 866 872 878 884 890 896 902 908 1 0,6
723 914 920 926 932 938 944 950 956 962 968 2 1,2
724 992 *004 *010 *016 *022 *028 3
725
974 980 986
046 052
998
058 064 070 076 082 088 4
i'?
2,4
86 034 040
124 130 136 141 147 5
726 094 100 106 112 118
183 189 195 201 207 6
f'9
3,6
727 153 159 165 171 177
728 213 219 225 231 237 243 249 255 261 267 7
729 273 279 285 291 297 303 308 314 320 326 8 4,8
q%/ Fi 4

730 332 338 344 350 356 362 368 374 380 386
731 392 398 404 410 415 421 427 433 439 445
732 451 457 463 469 475 481 487 493 499 504
733 510 516 522 528 534 540 546 552 558 564
734 570 576 581 587 593 599 605 611 617 23
735 629 635 641 646 652 658 664 670 676 682 5
736 688 694 700 705 711 717 723 729 735 741 1 0,5 ^
737 747. 753 759 764 770 776 782 788 794 800 2 1,0
738 806 812 817 823 829 835 841 847 853 859 3 1,5
739 864 870 876 882 888 894 900 906 911 917 4 2,0
fv
o

740 923 929 935 941 947 953 958 964 970 976 6 3,0
741 .982 988 994 999*005 *011 *017 *023 *029 *035 - 7 3,5
742 87 040 046 052 058 064 070 075 081 087 093 8
743 099 105 111 116 122 128 134 140 146 151 9 4,5
744 157 163 169 175 181 186 192 198 204 210
745 216 221 227 233 239 245 251 256 262 268
746 274 280 286 291 297 303 309 315 320 326
747 338 344 349 355 361 367 373 379 384
748 390 396 402 408 413 419 425 431 437 442
749 448 454 460 466 471 477 483 489 495 500

760 506 512 518 523 529 ^35 541. 547 552 558

N. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Proportional
parts

43
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

FIVE-PLACE LOGARITHMS (Cofltinued)

N. 0 1^ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Proportional
parts

760 87 506 612 518 523 529 635 641 547 552 558
751 564 670 576 681 687 593 699 604 610 616
762 622 628 633 639 646 651 656 662 668 674
763 679 685 691 697 703 708 714 720 726 731
764 737 743 749 754 760 766 772 777 783 789
765 796 800 806 812 818 823 829 835 841 846
756 852 858 864 869 876 881 887 892 898 904
757 910 915 921 927 933 938 944 950 956 961
768 967 973 978 984 990 996 *001 *007 *013 *018
769 88 024 030 036 041 047 053 058 064 070 076

760 081 087 093 098 104 110 116 121 127 133 6
761 138 144 150 156 161 167 173 178 184 190 1 0,6
762 195 201 207 213 218 224 230 236 241 247 2
763 252 258 264 270 276 281 287 292 298 304 3 1,8
764 309 316 321 326 332 338 343 349 366 360 4
765 366 372 377 383 389 395 400 406 412 417 6 3,0
7^6 423 429 434 440 446 451 457 463 468 474 6 3,6
767 480 485 491 497 502 508 513 519 525 530 7
768 536 542 547 553 559 664 670 576 581 687 8 4,8
769 593 698 604 610 616 621 627 632 638 643 9 5,4

770 649 665 660 666 672 677 683 689 694 700
771 705 711 717 722 728 734 739 746 750 766
772 762 767 773 779 784 790 795 801 807 812
773 818 824 829 835 840 846 852 867 863 868
774 874 880 885 891 897 902 908 913 919 925
775 930 936 941 947 963 968 964 969 976 981
776 986 992 997 *003 *009 *014 *020 *026 *03J *037
777 89 042 048 063 059 064 070 076 081 092
778 098 104 109 115 120 126 131 137 143 148
779 164 169 166 170 176 182 187 193 198 204

780 209 215 .221 226 232 237 243 248 264 260 6
781 266 271 276 282 287 293 298 304 310 315 1 0,5
782 321 326 332 337 343 348 354 360 365 371 2 1,0
783 376 382 387 393 398 404 409 415 421 426 3
784 432 437 443 448 464 469 466 470 476 481 4 2,0
785 487 492 498 604 509 616 520 626 531 637 6
786 542 548 553 659 664 670 575 681 586 592 6 3,0
787 597 603 609 614 62a 626 631 636 642 647 7 3,6
788 663 658 664 66d 675 680 686 691 697 702 8
789 708 713 719 724 730 735 741 746 752 757 9 4,6

790 763 768 774 779 785 790 796 801 807 812
791 818 823 829 834 840 845 861 856 862 867
792 873 878 883 889 894 900 905 911 916 922
793 927 933 938 944 949 955 960 966 971
977
794 982 988 993 998 *004 *009 *016 *020 *026 *031
795 90 037 042 048 053 059 064 069 075 080 086
796 091 097 102 108 113 119 124 139 135 140
797 146 151 167 162 168 173 179 184 189 196
798 200 206 211 217 222 227 233 238 244 249
799 265 260 266 271 276 282 287 293 298 304

800 309 314 320 325 331 336 342 347 352 358

N. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Proportional
parts

44
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

FIVE-PLACE LOGARITHMS (Continued)

N. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Proportional
parts

800 90 309 314 320 325 331 336 342 347 352 358
801 363 369 374 380 385 390 396 401 407 412
802 417 423 428 434 439 445 450 455 461 466
803 472 477 482 488 493 499 504 609 615 520
804 526 531 536 542 547 553 558 563 569 674
805 580 585 590 596 601 1B07 612 617 623 628
806 634 639 644 650 655 660 666 671 677 682
807 687 693 698 703 709 714 720 725 730 736
808 741 747 752 757 763 768 773 779 784 789
809 795 800 806 811 816 822 827 832 838 843

810 849 854 859 865 870 875 881 886 891 897 6
811 902 907 913 918 924 929 934 940 945 960 1 0,6
812 956 961 966 972 977 982 988 993 998 *004 2 1.2
813 91 009 014 020 025 030 036 041 046 062 057 3 1,8
814 062 068 073 078 084 089 094 100 105 110 4 24
815 116 121 126 132 137 142 148 153 168 164 5 3,0
816 169 174 180 185 190 196 201 206 212 217 6 3,6
817 222 228 233 238 243 249 254 259 265 270 7 4,2
818 275 281 286 291 297 302 307 312 318 323 8 4,8
819 328 334 339 344 360 355 360 365 371 376 9 6,4

820 381 387 392 397 403 408 413 418 424 429
821 434 440 445 450 455 461 466 471 477 482
822 487 492 498 503 508 514 619 524 629 535
823 540 545 551 556 561 666 572 677 582 "587
824 593 598 603 609 614 619 624 630 636 640
825 645 651 656 661 666 672 677 682 687 693
826 698 703 709 714 719 724 730 735 740 746
827 751 756 761 766 772 777 782 787 793 798
828 803 808 814 819 824 829 834 840 846 850
829 855 861 866 871 876 882 887 892 897 903

830 908 .913 918 924 95^9 934 939 944 950 956 5
831 960 965 971 976 981 986 991 997 *002 =K)07 1 0,5
832 92 012 018 023 028 033 038 044 049 054 069 2 1,0
833 065 070 075 080 085 091 096 101 106 111 3 1,6
834 117 122 127 132 .137 143 148 153 158 163 4 2,0
195 200 205 210 216 5
835 169 174 179 184 189
247 252 267 262 267 6
M
3,0
836 221 226 231 236 241
837 273 278 283 288 293 298 304 309 314 319 7 3,5
324 330 335 350 355 361 366 37r 8
838
376 381 387
340 345
392 397 402 407 412 418 423 9
f'2
4,5
839

840 428 433 438 443 449 454 469 464 469 474
841 480 485 490 495 500 505 611 516 621 526
842 531 536 542 547 552 557 662 567 672 578
843 583 588 593 598 603 609 614 619 624 629
844 634 639 645 650 665 660 665 670 676 681
845 686 691 696 701 706 711 716 722 727 732
846 737 742 747 752 758 763 768 773 778 783
847 788 793 799 804 809 814 819 824 829 834
848 840 845 850 855 860 865 870 875 S8l 886
849 891 896 901 906 911 916 921 927 932 937

860 942 947 952 957 962 967 973 978 983 988

N. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Proportional
parts

45
 BANDBOOK OF CBEMISTUY AND PHYSICS

FIVB-PLACE LOGARITHMS (Continued)

N. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Proportional
parts

850 92 942 947 952 957 962 967 973 978 983 988
851 993 998 *003 *008 *013 *018 *024 *029 *034 *039
852 93 044 049 054 059 064 069 075 080 085 090
853 095 100 105 110 115 120 125 131 136 141
854 146 151 156 161 166 171 176 181 186 192
855 197 202 207 212 217 222 227 232 237 242
856 247 252 258 263 268 273 278 283 288 293 6
357 298 303 308 313 318 323 328 334 339 344 1 ,6
858 349 354 359 364 369 374 379 384 389 394 2 1,2
859 399 404 409 414 420 425 430 435 440 445 3 1.8
4 2,4
860 450 455 460 465 470 475 480 485 490 495 5 3,0
861 500 505 510 515 520 526 531 536 541 546 6 3,6
862 551 556 561 566 571 576 581 586 591 596 7 4,2
863 601 606 611 616 621 626 631 636 641 646 8 4,8
864 651 656 661 666 671 676 682 687 692 697 9 5,4
865 702 707 712 717 722 727 732 737 742 747
866 752 757 762 767 772 777 782 787 792 797
867 802 807 812 817 822 827 832 837 842 847
868 852 857 862 867 872 877 882 887 892 897
869 902 907 912 917 922 927 932 937 942 947

870 952 957 962 967 972 977 982 987 992 997 5
871 94 002 007 012 017 022 027 032 037 042 047 1 0,5
872 052 057 062 067 072 077 082 086 091 096 2 1,0
873 101 106 111 116 121 126 131 136 141 146 3 1,5
874 151 156 161 166 171 176 181 186 191 196 4 2,0
875 201 206 211 216 221 226 231 236 240 245 5 2,5
876 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 6 3,0
877 300 305 310 315 320 325 330 335 340 345 '7 3,5
878 349 354 359 364 369 374 379 384 389 394 8 4,0
879- 399 404 409 414 419 424 429 433 438 443 9 4,5
880 448 453 458 463 468 473 478 483 488 49^8
881 498 *503 507 512 517 522 527 532 537 542 j'

882 547 552 557 562 567 571 576 581 586 591
883 596 601 606 611 616 21 626 630 635 640
884 645 650 655 660 665 670 675 680 685 689 4
885 694 699 704 709 714 719 724 729 734 738 1 0,4
886 743 748 753 758 763 768 773 778 783 787 2 0,8
887 792 797 802 807 812 817 822 827 832 836 3 1,2
888 841 846 851 856 861 866 871 876 880 885 4 1,6
889 890 895 900 905 910 915 919 924 929 934 5 2,0
' 6 2,4
890 939 944 949 954 959 963 968 973 978 983 7 2,8
891 988 993 998 *002 *007 *012 *017 *022 *027 *032 8 3,2
892 95 036 041 046 051 056 061 066 071 075 080 9 3,6
893 085 090 095 100 105 109 114 119 124 129
894 134 139 143 148 153 158 163 168 173 177
895 182 187 192 197 202 207 211 216 221 226
896 231 236 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 274
897 279 284 289 294 299 303 308 313 318 323
898 328 332 337 342 347 ^52 357 361 366 371
899 376 381 386 390 395 400 405 410 415 419

900 424 429 434 439 444 448 453 458 463 468

N. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Proportional
parts

46
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

FIVE-PLACE LOG^faETHMS (Continued)

N. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Proportional
parts

900 95 424 429 434 439 444 448 453 458 463 468
901 472 477 482 487 492 497 501 506 511 516
902 521 525 530 535 540 545 550 554 559 564
903 569 574 578 583 588 593 598 602 607 612
904 617 622 626 631 636 641 646 650 655 660
905 665 670 674 679 684 689 694 698 703 708
906 713 718 722 727 732 737 742 746 751 756
907 761 766 770 775 780 785 789 794 799 804
908 809 813 818 823 828 832 837 842 847 852
909 856 861 866 871 875 880 885 890 895 899

910 904 909 914 918 923 928 933 938 942 947 5
911 952 957 961 966 971 976 980 985 990 995 1 0,5
912 999 *004 *009 *014 *019 *023 *028 *033 *038 *042 2 1,0
913 96 047 052 057 061 066 071 076 080 085 090 3 1,5
914 095 099 104 109 114 118 123 128 133 137 4 2,0
915 142 147 152 156 161 166 171 175 180 185 5 2,5
916 190 194 199 204 209 213 218 223 227 232 6 3,0
917 237 242 246 251 256 261 265 270 275 280 7 3,5
918 284 289 294 298 303 308 313 317 '322 327 8 4,0
919 332 336 341 346 350 355 360 365 369 374 9 4,5

980 379 384 388 393 398 402 407 412 417 421
921 426 431 435 440 445 450 454 459 464 468
922, 473 478 483 487 492 497 501 506 511 515
923 520 525 530 534 539 544 548 553 558 562
924 567 572 577 581 586 591 595 600 605 609
925 6^4 619 624 628 633 638 642 647 652 656
926 661 666 670 675 680 685 689 694 699 703
927 708 713 717 722 727 731 736 741 745 750
928 755 759 764 769 774 778 783 788 792 .797
929 802 806 811 816 820 825 830 834 839 844 -

930 848 853 858 862 867 872 876 881 886 890 4
931 895 900 904 909 914 918 923 928 932 937 1 0,4
932 942 946 951 956 960 965 970 974 979 984 2 0,8
933 988 993 997 *002 *007 *011 *016 *021 *025 *030 3 1,2
934 97 035 039 044 049 053 058 063 067 072 077 4 1,6
935 081 086 090 095 100 104 109 114 118 123 5 2,0
936 128 132 137 142 146 151 155 160 165 169 6 2,4
937 174 179 183 188 192 197 202 206 211 216 7 2,8
938 220 225 230 234 239 243 248 253 257 262 8 3,2
939 267 271 276 280 285- 290 294 299 *304 308 9 3,6

940 313 317 322 327 331 336 340 345 350 354
941 359 364 368 373 377 382 387 391 396 400
942 405 410 414 419 424 428 433 437 442 447
943 451 456 460 465 470 474 479 483 488 493
944 497 502 506 511 516 520 525 529 534 539
945 543 548 552 557 562 566 571 575 580 585
946 589 594 598 603 607 612 617 621 626 630
947 635 640 644 649 653 658 663 667 672 676
948 681 685 690 695 699 704 708 713 717 722
949 727 731 736 740 745 749 754 759 763 768

950 772 777 782 786 791 795 800 804 809 813

N. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -7 8 9 Proportional
parts

i7
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMWTRY AND PHYSICS

FIVE-PLACE LOGARITHMS (Continued)

N. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Proportional
parts

950 97 772 777 782 786 791 795 800 804 809 813
951 818 823 827 832 836 841 845 850 855 859
952 864 868 873 877 882 886 891 896 900 ^ 5
953 909 914 918 923 928 932 937 941 946 950
954 955 959 964 968 973 978 982 987 991 996
955 98 000 005 009 014 019 023 028 032 037 041
956 046 050 055 059 064 068 073 -078 082 087
957 091 096 100 105 109 114 118 123 127 132
958 137 141 146 150 155 159 164 168 173 177
959 182 186 191 195 200 204 209 214 218 223

960 227 232 236 241 245 250 254 259 263 268 5
961 272 277 281 286 290 295 299 304 308 313 1 0,5
962 318 322 327 331 336 340 345 349 354 358 2 1,0
963 363 367 372 376 381 385 390 394 399 403 3 1,5
964 408 412 417 421 426 430 435 439 444 448 4 2,0
965 453 457 462 466 471 475 480 484 489 493 5 2,5
966 498 502 507 511 516 520 525 529 534 538 6 3,0
967 543 547 552 556 561 565 570 574 579 583 7 3,5
968 588 592 597 601 605 610 614 619 623 628 8 4,0
969 632 637 641 646 650 655 659 664 668 673 9 -4,5

970 677 682 686 691 695 700 704 709 713 717
971 722 726 731 735 740 744 749 753 758 762
972 767 771 776 780 784 789 793 798 802 807
973 811 816 820 825 829 834 838 843 847 851
974 856 860 865 869 874 878 883 887 892 896
975 900 905 909 914 918 923 927 932 936 941
976 945 949 954 958 963 967 972 976 981 985
977 989 994 998 *003 *007 *012 *016 *021 *025 *029
978 99 034 038 043 047 052 056 061 065 069 074
979 078 083 087 092 096 100 105 109 114 118

980 123 127 131 136 140 145 149 154 158 162 4
981 167 171 176 180 185 189 193 198 202 207 1 0,4
982 211 216 220 224 229 233 238 242 247 251 2 0,8
983 255 260 264 269 273 277 282 286 291 295 3 1,2
984 300 304 308 313 317 322 326 330 335 339 4 1,6
985 344 348 352 357 361 366 370^ 374 379 383 5 2,0
986 388 392 396 401 405 410 414 419 423 427 6 2,4
987 432 436 441 445 449 -^454 458 463 467 471 - 7 2,8
988 ~ 476 480 484 489 493 498 502 506 511 515 8 3,2
989 520 524 528 533 537 542 546 550 555 559 9 3,6

990 564 568 572 577 581 585 590 594 599 603
991 607 612 616 621 625 629 634 638 642 647
992 651 656 660 664 669 673 677 682 686 691
993 695 699 704 708 712 717 721 726 730 734
994 739 743 747 752 756 760 765 769 774 778
995 782 787 791 795 800 804 808 813 817 822
996 826 830 835 839 843 848 ^852 856 861 865
997 870 874 878 883 887 891 896 900 904 909
998 913 917 922 926 930 935 939 944 948 952
999 957 961 965 970 974 978 983 987 991 996

1000 00 000 004 009 013 017 022 026 030 035 039

N. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Proportional
parts

48
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

NATURAL LOGARITHMS
NATURAL OR NAPERIAN LOGARITHMS OF THE NUMBERS
FROM 1 XO 1109

To find thelogarithm of a number which is^ 10 tim^

whose logarithm is given, subtract from or add to the given loganthn^ the
logarithm of 10.
Thus log 1.6 = log 16 - log 10
log 160 = log 16 + log 10 etc.

N' Log N Log N Log N Log

N Log

40 3.68 888 60 4.09 434 80 4. 38 203

-
20 2. 99 573

41 3. 71 357 61 4. 11 087 81 4. 39 445

1 0. 00 000 21 3. 04 452
42 3. 73 767 62 4. 12 713 82 4.40 672
2 0. 69 315 22 3. 09 104
43 3. 76 120 63 4. 14 313 83 4. 41 884
3 1. 09 861 23 3. 13 459

44 3. 78 419 "64 4. 15 888 84 4. 43 082

4 1.38 629 24 3.17 805
45 3. 80 666 65 4. 17 439 85 4. 44 265
5 1. 60 944 25 3. 21 888
46 3. 82 864 66 4.18 965 86 4.45 435
6 1.79176 26 3. 25 810

3. 29 584 47 3.85 015 67 4. 20 469 87 4. 46 591

7 1. 94 591 27

48 3. 87 120 68 4. 21 951 88 4. 47 734

8 2. 07 944 28 3. 3:> 220
49 3. 89 182 69 4. 23 411 89.. 4.48 864
9 2. 19 722 29 3. 36 730

60 3. 91 202 70 4. 24 850 90 4. 49 981

10 2. 30 259 30 3. 40 120

51 3. 93 183 71 4. 26 268 91 4. 51 086

11 2. 39 790 31 3. 43 399
52 3. 95 124 72 4. 27 667 92 4. 52 179
12 2. 48 491 32 3. 46 574
3.49 651 53 3. 97 029 73 4.29 046 93 4. 53 260
13 2. 56 495 33

54 3. 98 898 74 4. 30 407 94 4.54 329

14 2. 63 906 34 3. 52 636
55 4. 00 733 75 4. 31 749 95 4. 55 388
15 2.70 805 35 3. 55n535
56 4.02 535 76 4. 33 073 96 4. 56 435
16 2. 77 259 36 3. 58 352

57 4. 04 305 77 4. 34 381 97 4. 57 471

17 2. 83 321 37 3. 61 092
58 4. 06 044 78 4, 35 671 98 4.58 497
IS 2. 89 037 38 3. 63 759
59 4. 07 754 79 4. 36 945 99 4. 59 512
19 2. 94 444 39 3. 66 356

3.68 888 60 4.09 434 80 4. 38 203 100 4. 60 517

20 2. 99 573 40

49

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

NATURAL LOGARITHMS (Continued)

N Log 0 9

10 4.6 0517 1512 2497 3473 4439 5396 6344 7283 8213 9135
11 4. 7 0048 0953 1850 2739 3620 4493 5359 6217 7068 7912
12 8749 9579 *0402 *1218 *2028 *2831 *3628 *4419 *5203 *5981
13 4. 8 6753 7520 8280 9035 9784 *0527 *1265 *1998 *2725 *3447
14 4. 9 4164 4876 5583 6284 6981 7673 8361 9043 9721 *0395
15 5. 0 1064 1728 2388 3044 *3695 4343 4986 5625 6260 6890
16 7517 8140 8760 9375 9987 *0595 *1199 *1799 *2396 *2990
5. 1 3580 4166 4749 5329 5906 6479 7048 7615 8178 8739
9296 9850 *0401 *0949 *1494 *2036 *2575 *3111 *3644 *4175
5. 2 4702 5227 5750 6269 6786 7300 7811 8320 8827
9832 *0330 *0827 *1321 *1812 *2301 *2788 *3272 *3754 *4233
5. 3 4711 5186 5659 6129 6598 7064 7528 7990 8450 8907
9363 9816 *0268 *0717 *1165 *1610 *2053 *2495 *2935 *3372
5. 4 3808 4242 4674 5104 5532 5959 6383 6806 7227 7646
8064 8480 9306 9717 *0126 *0533 *0939 *1343 *1745
5. 5 2146 2545 2943 3339 3733 4126 4518 4908 5296 5683
6068 6452 6834 7215 7595 7973 8350 8725 9099 9471
9842 *0212 *0580 *0947 *1313 *1677 *2040 *2402 *2762 *3121
5. 6 3479 3835 4191 4545 4897 5249 5599- 5948 6296 6643
6988 7332 7675 m a 8358 9036 9373 9709 *0044
5.7 0378 0711 1043 1373 1703 2031 2359 2685 3010 3334
3657 3979 4300 4620 4939 5257 5574 5890 6205 6519
6832 7144 7455 7765 8074 8383 8690 8996 9301 9606
9909 *0212 *0513 *0814 *1114 *1413 *1711 *2008 *2305 *2600.
5. 8 2895 3188 3481 3773 4064 4354 4644 4932 5220 5507
5793 6079 6363' 664.7 6930 7212 7493 7774 8053 8332
8610 8888 9164 9440 9715 9990 *0263 *0536 *0808 *1080
5. 9 1350 1620 1889 2158 2426 2959 3225 3489 3754
4017 4280 4542 4803 5064 5324 5584 5842 6101 6358
6615 6871 7126 7381 7635 7889 8141 8394 8645 8899
9146 9645 9894 *0141 *0389 *0635 *0881 *1127 *1372
6. 0 1616 1859 2102 2345 2587 2828 3069 3309 3548 3787
4025 4263 4501 4737 4973 5209 5444 5678 5912 6146
6379 6611 6843 7074 7304 7535 7764 7993 8222 8450
8677 8904 9131 9357 9582 9807 *0032 *0256 *0479 *0702
6. 1 0925 1147 1368 1589 1810 2030 2249 2468 2687 2905
3123 3340 3556 3773 3988 4204 4419 4633 4847 5060
5273 5486 5698 5910 6121 6331 6542 6752 6961 7170
7379 7587 7794 8002 8208 8415 8621 8826 9032 9236
9441 9644 9848 *0051 *0254 *0456 *0658 *0859 *1060 *1261
6.2 1461 1661 1860 2059 2258 2456 2654 2851 3048 3245
3441 3637 3832 4028 4222 4417 4611 4804 4998 5190
5383 5575 5767 5968 6149 6340 6530 6720 6910 7099
7288 7476 7664 7852 8040 8227 8413 8600 8786 8972
9157 9342 9527 9711 9895 *0079 *0262 *0445 *0628 *0810
6. 3 0992 1173 1355 1536 1716 1897 2077 2257 2436 2615
2794 2972 3150 3328 3505 3683 3859 4036 4212 4388
4564 4739 4914 5089 5263 5437 5611 5784 5957 6130
6475 6647 6819 7161 7332 7502 7673 7843
8012 8182 8351 8519 8856 9024 9192 9359 9526
9693 9859 *0026 *0192 *0357 *0523 *0688 *0853 *1017 *1182

N Log 0 6 8 9

50
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
NATURAL LOGARITHMS (Continued)
N Log 0

*0523 *0688 *0853 *1017 *1182

60 3 9693 9859 *0026 *0192 *0357 2811
1999 2162 2325 2487 2649
61 6. 4 1346 1510 1673 1836
3615 3775 3935 4095 4254 4413
62 2972 3133 3294 3455
5362 5520 5677 5834 5990
4572 4731 4889 5047 5205
63
6459 6614 6770 6925 7080 7235 7389 7543
64 6147 6303
8004 8158 8311 8464 8616 &768 8920 9072
65 7697 7851
9527 9677 9979 *0129 *0279 *0429 *0578
66 9224 9375
1026 1175 1323 1471 1619 1767 1915 2062
67 6. 5 0728 0877
2503 2649 2796 2942 3088 3233 3379 3524
68 2209 2356
3959 4103 4247 4391 4535 4679 4822 4965
69 3814
5108 5251 5393 5536 5678 5820 5962 6103 6244 6386
70
6948 7088 7228 7368 7508 7647 7786
6526 6667
71
8203 8341 8479 8617 8755 8893 9030 9167
72 7925 8064
9715 9851 9987 *0123 *0259 *0394 *0530
73 9304 9441 9578
1338 1473 1607 1740 1874
0800 0935 1070 1204
74 6. 6 0665 2672 2804 2936 3068 3200
2007 2141 2274 2407 2539
75 3988 4118 4249 4379 4509
3332 3463 3595 3726 3857
76
5286 5415 5544 5673 5801
4639 4769 4898 5028 5157
77 6568 6696 6823 6950 7077
5929 6058 6185 6313 6441
78 7834 7960 8085 8211
7203 7330 7456 7582 7870
79
8586 8711 8835 8960
9084 9208 9332 9456 9580
80 8461
9950 *0073 *0196 *0319 *0441 *0564 *0686
81 9703 9827 2022
1174 1296 1417 1538 1659 1780- 1901
82 6. 7 0930 1052 3221
2383 2503 2623 2743 2863 2982 3102
83 2143 2263
3934 4052 4170 4288 4406
84 3340 3459 3578 3697 3815 5577
5110 5227 5344 5460
85 4524 4641 4759 4876 4993 6734
6273 6388 6504 6619
86 5693 5809 5926 6041 6157
7079 7194 7308 7422 7537 76k 7765 7878
87 6849 6964 8672 8784 8897 9010
8333 8446 8559
7992 8106 8219 9906 *0017 *0128
9794
9122 9234 9347 9459 9571
0351 0461 0572 0683 0793 0904 1014 1124 1235
90 6. 8 0239 2220 2329
1892 2002 2111
91 1344 1454 1564 1674 1783 3303 3411
2979 3087 3195
92 2437 2546 2655 2763 2871 4375 4482
4055 4162 4268
93 3518 3626 3733 3841 3948
5118 5224 5330 5435 5541
94 4588 4694 4801 4907 5013 6485 6589
6171 6276 6380
95 5646 5751 5857 5961 6066 7523 7626
7213 7316 7420
96 6693 6797 6901 7005 7109
8244 8346 8449 8551 8653
7730 7833 7936 8038 8141
97 9264 9366 9467 9568 9669
8755 8857 8959 9061 9163
98 *0274 *0375 *0475 *0575 *0675
99 9770 9871 9972 *0073 *0174
1274 1374 1473 1572 1672
100 6. 9 0776 087o 0975 1075 1175
2264 2363 2461 2560 2658
101 1771 1870 1968 2067 2166 3440 3537 3634
3245 3342
2854 2952 3049 3147
4216 4312 4409 4505 4601
102 2756
103 3731 3828 3925 4022 4119
4890 4986 5081 5177 5273 5368 5464 5559
4698 4794
104
5845 5940 6035 6130 6224 6319 6414 6508
5655 5750
105
6791 6885 6979 7073 7167 7261 7354 7448
106 6602 6697
7635 7728 7821 7915 8008 8101 8193 8286 8379
107 7541
8657 8749 8841 8934 9026 9118 9210 9302
8472 8564
108
9485 9577 9760 9851 9942 *0033 *0125 *0216
109 9393 1121
0397 0488 0579 0670 0760 0851 0941 1031
110 7. 0 0307

Log 0
51

y
 This table gives the values ofEXPONENTIALS
for the values of nshown at the side and top.
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.0 1.000 1.010 1.020 1.030 .1.041 1.051 1.062 1.073
0.1 1.105 1.116 1.127 1.083 1.094 s
1.139 1.150 1.162 1.174
0.2 1.221 1.234 1.185 1.197 1.209
1.246 1.259 1.271 1.284
0.3 1.350 1.297 1.310 1.323 1.336 b
1.363 1.377 1.391 1.405
0.4 1.419 1.433 1.448 1.462 1.477 s
1.492 1.507 1.522 1.537 1.553 1.568 1.584 1.600
0.5 1.649 1.665 1.682 1.616 1.632
1.699 1.716 1.733 1.751
0.6 1.822 1.840 1.768 1.786 1.804 Ci
1.859 1.878 1.896 1.916
0.7 2.014 2.034
1.935 1.954 1.974 1.994
2.054 2.075 2.096 2.117
0.8 2.226 2.138 2.160 2.181 2.203
2.248 2.270 2.293 2.316
0.9 2.340 2.363 2.387 2.411 2.435
2.460 2.484 2.509 2.535 2.560 2.586 2.612 2.638 2.664 2.691 i
/
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
1 2.718 3.004 3.320 3. 4.055 4.482 4.953 5.474
2 7.389 8.166 9.025 6.050 6.686
9.974 11.02 12.18 13.46
3 20.09 22.20 14.88 16.44 18.17
24.53 27.11 29.96 33.12
4 54.60 36.60 40.45 44.70 49.40
60.34 66.69 73.70 81.45 90.02
5 148.4 99.4S 110.0 121.5 134.3
164.0 181.3 200.3 221.4 244.7 270.4 298.9 330.3
6 403.4 445.9 492.8 544.6 365.0
601.9 665.1 735.1 812.4
7 1097 1212 1339 897.9 992.3
1480 1636 1808
8 2981 3295 2208 2441 2697
3641 4024 4447 4915
9 8103
5432 6003 6634 7332
8955 9897 10938 12088 13360 14765 16318 18034
10 22026 19930
HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

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a>

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1(t>- 00 '
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d
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M ^ ^ <35 C^.COt-HCOi-l
O ^ S S,0 iOTf< CO d
dddddddooo

5 rH 00 I C CO
3^ S 0" d
ddoooooooo
0.,1520680.530237.0061.580678423
0.10.013.0254.07346098
o
. 74253
0., 91.0103.5608,0237.450956274
ddddddddoo
d
ddddddddd
0. ,01.21036.28004387.41503674912
T-lO5l^(N'^C0fet-C2;H 0. 03.651087429
0. 02.7350O.65018O9i12l3
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1-H CO lOCO l> 00<35 d

53
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
NATURAL SliraiS, COSINES, TANGENTS AND
COTANGENTS
Degrees. Sin. Cos. Tan. Cot. DegreesT
0 00' 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 90 00'
10 .0029 1.0000 .0029 343.77 60
20 .0058 1.0000 .0058 171.89 40
30 .0087 1.0000 .0087 114.59 30
40 .0116 .9999 .0116 85.940 20
50 .0145 .9999 .0145 68.750 10
1 00' 0.0175 0.9998 0.0175 57.290 89 00'
10 .0204 .9998 .0204 49.104 50
20 .0233 .9997 .0233 42.964 40
30 .0262 .9997 .0262 38.188 30
40 .0291 .9996 .0291 34.368 20
50 .0320 .9995 .0320 31.242 10
2 00' 0.0349 0.9994 0^349 28.636 88 00'
10 .0378 .9993 .0378 26.432 50
20 .0407 .9992 .0407 24.542 40
30 .0436 .9990 .0437 22.904 30
40 .0465 .9989 .0466 21.470 20
50 .0494 .9988 .0495 20.206 10
3* 00' 0.0523 0.9986 0.0524 19.081 87 00'
10 .0552 .9985 .0553 18.075 50
20 .0581 .9983 .0582
30
17.169 40
.0610 .9981 .0612
40
16.350 30
.0640 .9980 .0641
50
15.605 20
.0669 .9978 .0670 14.924 10
4 00' 0.0698 0.9976 0.0699 14.301 86 00'
10 .0727 .9974 .0729 13.727 50
20 .0756 .9971 .0758 13.197 40
30 .0785 .9969 .0787 12.706 30
40 .0814 .9967 .0816 12.251 20
50 .0843 .99^ .0846 11.826 10
6 00' 0.0872 0.9962 0.0875 11.430 85 00'
10 .0901 .9959 .0904 11.059 50
20 .0929 .9957 .0934 10.712 40
30 .0958 .9954 .0963 10.385 30
40 .0987 .9951 .0992 10.078 20
50 .1016 .9948 . 1022 9.7882 10
6 00' 0.1045 0.9945 0.1051 9.5144 84 00'
10 .1074 .9942 . 1080 9.2553 50
20 .1103 .9939 .1110 9.0098 40
30 .1132 .9936 .1139 8.7769 30
40 .1161 .9932 .1169 8.5555 20
50 .1190 ,9929* .1198 8.3450 10
7 00' 0.1219 0.9925 0.J228 8.1443 83* 00'
10 . 1248 .9922 .1257 7.9530 50
20 .1276 .9918 .1287 7.7704 40
30 .1305 .9914 . 1317 7.5958 30 :
40 . 1334 .9911 .1346 7.4287 20
50 .1363 .9907 .1376 7.2687 10 !
8 00' 0.1392 0.9903 0.1405 7.1154 82 00'
10 .1421 .9899 .1435 6.9682 50
20 .1449 .9894 .1465 6.8269 40
30 .1478 .9890 .1495 6.6912 30
40 . 1507 .9886 .1524 6.5606 20
50 .1536 .9881 .1554 6.4348 10
9 00' 0.1564 0.9877 0.1584 6.3138 81 00'
Degrees. Cos. Sin. Cot. Tan. Degrees.
54

V
 HANDBOOK OF CHEUISTBY AND PHYSICS
natural sines, cosines, tangents and
COTANGENTS (Continued)
Sin. Cos. Tan. Cot. Degrees.
Degrees.
0.1564 0.9877 0.1584 6.3138 8V 00'
9 00' 60
.1593 .9872 .1614 6.1970
10
.1622 .9868 .1644 6.0844 40
20
.1650 .9863 .1673 5.9768 30
30
.9858 . 1703 6.8708 20
40 .1679
.1708 .9853 .1733 6.7694 10
60
0.1736 0.9848 0.1763 6.6713 80 00
10 00' 50
. 1765 .9843 .1793 5.5764
10
.9838 .1823 5.4845 40 .
. 20 .1794
.1822 .9833 . 1853 5.3956 30
30 20
.1851 .9827 .1883 5.3093
40
.1880 .9822 . 1914 6.2257 10
60
0.1908 0.9816 0.1944 5.1446 79' 00'
11 00' 60
.1937 .9811 .1974 5.0658
10 40
.1965 .9805 .2004 4.9894
20
.9799 .2035 4.9152 30
30 .1994
.9793 .2065 4.8430 20
40 .2022
.9787 .2095 .7729 10
60 .2051
0.2079 0.9781 6.2126 4.7046 78' 00
12 00' 4.6382 60
10 .2108 .9775 .2156
.9769 .2186 4.6736 40
20 .2136
.9763 .2217 4.6107 30
30 .2164
.9757 .2247 4.4494 20
40 .2193
.9750 .2278 4.3897 10
50 .2221
0.2250 0.9744 0.2309 4.3315 77 00'
13 00' 4.2747 60
10 .2278 .9737 .2339
.9730 .2370 4.2193 40
20 .2306
.9724 .2401 4.1653 30
30 .2334
.9717 .2432 4.1126 20
40 .2363
.9710 .2462 4.0611 10
60 .2391
0.2419 0.9703 0.2493 4.0108 76 00'
14 00' 3.9617 60
.2447 .9696 .2524
10 40
.2476 .9689 .2555 3.9136
20 30
.2504 .9681 .2586 3.8667
30 20
.2532 .9674 .2617 3.8208
40 10
. .2560 .9667 .2648 3.7760
60
0.9659 0.2679 3.7321 75 00'
W 00' 0.2588 50
.2616 .9652 .2711 3.6891
10 40
.2644 .9644 .2742 3.6470
20 30
.2672 .9636 .2773 3.6059
30 3.5656 20
.2700 .9628 .2805
40
.2728 .9621 .2836 3.6261 10
60
0.9613 0.2867 3.4874 74 00'
16 00' 0.2756
.9605 .2899 3.4495 60
10 .2784
.9596 .2931 3.4124 40
20 .2812
.9588 .2962 3.3759 30
30 .2840
.9580 .2994 3.3402 20
40 .2868
.9572 .3026 3.3062 10
60 .2896
0.2924 0.9563 0.3057 3.2709 73 00'
17 00' .3089 3.2371 60
10 .2952 .9555
.9546 .3121 3.2041 40
20 .2979
.9537 .3153 3. m a 30
30 .3007
.9528 .3185 3.1397 20
40 .3035
.9620 .3217 3.1084 10
60 .3062
0.9511 0.3249 3.0777 72 00'
18 00' 0.3090

Sin. Cot. Tan. Degrees.

,Degrees. Cos.

66
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY. AND PHYSICS
NATURAL SINES, COSINES, TANGENTS AND

Degrees. Sin. Cos. Tan. Cot. Degrees.

18 00' 0.3090 0.9511 0.3249 3.0777 72 00'
10 .3118 .9502 .3281 3.0475 50
20 .3145 .9492 .3314 3.017g 40
30 .3173 .9483 .3346 2.9887 30
40 .3201 .9474 .3378 2.9600 20
50 .3228 .9465 .3411 2.9319 10
19 00' 0.3256 0.9455 0.3443 2.9042 71 00'
10 .3283 .9446 .3476 2.8770 50
20 .3311 .9436 .3508 2.8502 40
30 .3338 .9426 .3541 2.8239 30
40 .3365 .9417 .3574 2.7980 20
50 .3393 .9407 .3607 2.7725 10
, 20 00' 0.3420 0.9397 0.3640 2.7475 70 00'
10 .3448 .9387 .3673 2.7228 50
20 .3475 .9377 .3706 2.6985 40
30 .3502 .9367 .3739 2.6746 30
40 .3529 .9356 .3772 2.6511 20
50 .3557 .9346 .3805 2.6279 10
21 00' 0.3584 0.9336 0.3839 2.6051 69 00'
10 .3611 .9325 .3872 2.5826 50
20 .3638 .9315 .3906 2.5605 40
30 .3665 .9304 .3939 2.5386 30
40 .3692 .9293 .3973 2.5172 20
50 .3719 .9283 .4006 2.4960 10
22 00' 0.3746 0.9272 0.4040 2.4751 68 00'
10 .3773 .9261 .4074 2.4545 50
20 .3800 .9250 .4108 2.4342 40
30 .3827 .9239 .4142 2.4142 30
40 .3854 .9228 .4176 2.3945 20
50 .3881 .9216 .4210 2.3750 10
23 00' 0.3907 0.9205 0.4245 2.3559 67 00'
10 .3934 .9194 .4279 2.3369 50
20 .3961 .9182 .4314 2.3183 40
30 .3987 .9171 .4348 2.2998 30
40 .4014 .9159 .4383 2.2817 20
50 .4041 .9147 .4417 2.2637 10
24 00' 0-^067 0.9135 0.4452 2.2460 66 00'
10 .^094 .9124 .4487 2.2286 ^0
20 .4120 .9112 .4522 2.2113 40
30 .4147 .9100 .4557 2.1943 30
40 .4173 .9088 .4592 2.1775 20
50 .4200 .9075 .4628 2.1609 10
25 00 0.4226 0.9063 0.4663 2.1445 65 00'
10 .4253 .9051 .4699 2.1283
20 50
.4279 .9038 .4734 2.1123
30 40
.4305 .9026 .4770 2.0965
40 30
.4331 .9013 .4806 2.0809
50 20
.4358 .9001 .4841 2.0655 10
26 00' 0.4384 0.8988 0.4877 2.0503 64 00'
10 .4410 .8975 .4913 2.0353 50
20 .4436 .8962 .4950 2.0204 40
30 .4462 .8949 .4986 2.0057 30
40 .4488 .8936 .5022 1.9912 20
50 .4514 .8923 .5059 1.9768 10
27 00- 0.4540 0.8910 0.5095 1.9626 63 00'
Degrees. Cos. Sin. Cot. Tan. Degrees.
56
 BANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
NATURAL SINES, COSINES, TANGENTS AND
COTANGENTS (Continued)
Degrees. Sin. Cos. Tan. Cot. Degrees.

27 00 0.4540 , 0.8910 0.5096 1.9626 63 00'

10 .4566 .8897 .6132 1.9486 60
20 .4592 .8884 .5169 1.9347 40
30 .4617 .8870 .6206 1.9210 30
40 .4643 .8867 .5243 1.9074 20
60 .4669 .8843 .5280 1.8940 10

28 00' 0.4695 0.8829 0.5317 1.8807. 62 00'

10 .4720 .8816 .6354 1.8676 60
20 .4746 .8802 .6392 1.8546 40
30 .4772 .8788 .6430 1.8418 30
40 .4797 .8774 .6467 1.8291 20
60 .4823 .8760 .5505 1.8166 10

29 00' 0.4848 0.8746 0.6643 1.8040 61 00'

10 .4874 .8732 .5581 1.7917 50
20 .4899 .8718 .5619 1.7796 40
30 .4924 .8704 .6658 1.7675 30
40 .4950 .8689 .6696 1.7556 20
50 .4975 .8676 .6736 1.7437 10

30 00' 0.5000 0.8660 0.5774 1:7321 60 00'

10 .5025 .8646 .5812 1.7205 50
20 .5050 .8631 .5851 1.7090 40
30 .6075 .8616 .6890 1.6977 30
40 .5100 .8601 .6930 1.6864 20
60 .6125 .8687 .5969 1.6753 10

31 00' 0.5160 0.8572 0.6009 1.6643 59 00'

10 .6176. .8557 .6048 1.6534 60
20 .6200 .8542 .6088 1.6426 40
30 .6225 .8526 .6128 1.6319 30
40 .5250 .8511 .6168 1.6212 20
60 .6276 .8496 .6208 1.6107 10

32 00' 0.5299 0.8480 0.6249 1.6003 68 00'

10 .5324 .8465 .6289 1.6900 60
i 20 .5348 .8450 .6330 1.6798 40
30 .5373 .8434 .6371 1.5697 30
40 .6398 .8418 .6412 1.5597 20
50 .6422 .8403 .6453 1.5497 10

33 00' 0.5446 0.8387 0.6494 1.5399 57 00'

10 .6471 .8371 .6536 1.5301 50
20 .5495 .8355 .6577 1.5204 40
30 .5519 .8339 .6619 1.6108 30
40 .5544 .8323 .6661 1.5013 20
60 .6668 .8307 .6703 1.4919 10

34 00' 0.5592 0.8290 0.6745 1.4826 56 00'

10 .6616 .8274 .6787 1.4733 60
20 .5640 .5258 .6830 1.4641 40
30 .5664 .8241 .6873 1.4550 30
40 .5688 .8225 .6916 1.4460 20
50 .5712 .8208 .6959 1.4370 10

36 00' 0.5736 0.8192 0.7002 1.4281 56 00'

10 .5760 .8175 .7046 1.4193 60
20 .5783 . .8158 .7089 1.4106 - 40
30 .5807 .8141 .7133 1.4019 30
40 .5831 .8124 .7177 1.3934 20
60 .6864 .8107 .7221 1.3848 10

36 00' 0.5878 0.8090 0.7265 1.3764 64 00'

Degrees. Cos. Sin. Cot. Tan. Degrees.

57
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

NATURAL SINES, COSINES, TANGENTS AND 8

TANGENTS (Continued) o

Degrees. Sin. Cos. Tan. Cot. Degrees.

36 00' 0.5878 0.8090 0.7265 1.3764 54 00'

10 .5901 .8073 .7310 1.3680 50
20 .5925 .8056 .7355 1.3597 40
30 .5948 .8039 .7400 1.3514 30
40 .5972 .8021 .7445 1.3432 20
50 .5995 .8004 .7490 1.3351 10

37 00' . .6018 .7986 .7536 1.3270 53 00'

10 .6041 .7969 -.7581 1.3190 50
20 .6065 .7951 .7627 1.3111 40
30 .6088 .7934 .7673 1.3032 30
40 .6111 .7916 .7720 1.2954 20
50 .6134 .7898 .7766 1.2876 10

38 00' 0.6157 0.7880 0.7813 1.2799 52 00'

10 .6180 .7862 .7860 1.2723 50
20 .6202 .7844 .7907 1.2647 40
30 .6225 .7826 .7954 1.2572 30
40 .6248 .7808 .8002 1.2497 20
50 .6271 .7790 .8050 1.2423 10

39 00' 0.6293 0.7771 0.8098 1.2349 51 00'

10 .6316 .7753 .8146 1.2276 50
20 .6338 -.7735 .8195 1.2203 40
30 .6361 .7716 .8243 1.2131 30
40 .6383 .7698 .8292 1.2059 20
50 .6406 .7679 .8342 1.1988 10

40 00' 0.6428 0.7660 0.8391 1.1918 50 00'

10 .6450 .7642 .8441 , 1.1847 50
20 .6472 .7623 .8491 1.1778 40
30 .6494 .7604 .8541 1.1708 30
40 .6517 .7585 .8591 1.1640 20
50 .6539 .7566 .8642 1.1571 10

41 00' 0.6561 0.7547 0.8693 . 1.1504

10 .6583 .7528 .8744 1.1436 50
20 .6604 .7509 .8796 1.1369 40
30 .6626 .7490 .8847 1.1303 30
40 .6648 .7470 .8899 1.1237 20
50 .6670 .7451 .8952 1.1171 10

42 00' 0.6691 0.7431 0.9004 1.1106 48 00'

10 .6713 .7412 .9057 1.1041 50
20 .6734 .7392 .9110 1.0977 40
30 .6756 .7373 .9163 1.0913 30
40 .6777 .7353 .9217 1.0850 20
50 .6799 .7333 .9271 1.0786 10

43 00' 0.6820 0.7314 0.9325 1.0724 47 00'

10 .6841 .7294 .9380 1.0661 50
20 .6862 .7274 .9435 1.0599 40
30 .6884 .7254 .9490 1.0538 30
40 .6905 .7234 .9545 1.0477 20
50 .6926 .7214 .9601 1.0416 10

44 00' 0.6947 0.7193 0.9657 1.0355 46 00'

10 .6967 .7173 .9713 1.0295 50
20 .6988 .7163 .9770 1.0235 40
30 .7009 .7133 .9827 1.0176 30
40 .7030 .7112 .9884 1.0117 20
50 .7050 .7092 .9942 1.0058 10

45 00' 0.7071 0.7071 1.0000 1.0000 45 00'

i Degrees. Cos. Sin. Cot. Tan. Degrees.

58
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

LOGARITHMS OF THE TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS

Degrees. Log sin Log COS Log tan Log cot Degrees.

0 00' 00 0.0000 00 00 90 00'

10 7.4637 .0000 7.4637 2.5363 50
^ 20 .7648 .0000 .7648 .2352 40
30 .9408 .0000 .9409 .0591 30
40 8.0658 .0000 8.0658 1.9342 20
60 .1627 .0000 .1627 .8373 10

1 00' 8.2419 9.9999 8.2419 1.7581 89 00'

10 .3088 .9999 .3089 .6911 50
20 .3668 .9999 .3669 .6331 40
30 .4179 .9999 .4181 .5819 30
40 .4637 .9998 .4638 .5362 20
50 .5050 .9998 .5053 .4947 10

2 00' 8.5428 9.9997 8.5431 1.45G9 88 00'

10 .5776 .9997 .5779 .4221 50
20 .6097 .9996 .6101 .3899 40
30 .6397 .9996 .6401 .3599 30
40 .6677 .9995 .6682 .3318 20
50 .6940 .9995 .6945 .3055 10

3 00' 8.7188 9:9994 8.7194 1.2806 87 00'

10 .7423 .9993 .7429 .2571 50
20 .7645 .9993 .7652 .2348 40
30 .7857 .9992 .7865 .2135 30
40 .8059 .9991 .8067 .1933 20
50 .8251 .9990 .8261 . 1739 10

4 00' 8.8436 9.9989 8.8446 1.1554 ' 86 00'

10 .8613 ...9989 .8624 . 1376 50
20 .8783 .9988 .8795 .1205 40
30 .8946 .9987 .8960 .1040 30
40 .9104 .9986 .9118 .0882 20
50 .9256 .9985 .9272 .0728 10

5 00' 8.9403 9.9983 8.9420 1.0580 85 00'

10 .9545 .9982 .9563 .0437 50
20 .9682 .9981 .9701 .0299 40
30 .9816 .9980 .9836 .0164 30
40 .9945 .9979 .9966 .0034 20
50 9.0070 .9977 9.0093 0.9907 10

6 00' 9.0192 9.9976 9.0216 0.9784 84 00'

.0311 .9975 .0336 .9664 50
10
.0426 .9973 .0453 .9547 40
20
30 .0539 .9972 .0567 .9433 30
40 .0648 .9971 .0678 .9322 20
50 .0755 .9969 .0786 .9214 10

7 00' 9.0859 9.9968 9.0891 0.9109 83 00'

.0961 .9966 .0995 .9005 50
10
.1060 .9964 .1096 .8904 40
20
30 .1157 .9963 .1194 ^ .8806 30
.1252 .9961 .1291 .8709 20
40
50 .1345 .9959 .1385 .8615 10

8 00' 9.1436 9.9958 9.1478 0.8522 82 00'

10 .1525 .9956 . 1569 .8431 50
.1612 .9954 . 1658 .8342 40
20
30 .1697 .9952, .1745 .8255 30
.1781 .9950 .1831 .8169 20
40
.1863 .9948 .1915 .8085 10
50

00' 9.1943 9.9946 9.1997 0.8003 81 00'

Degrees. Log cos Log sin Log cot Log tan Degrees.

59
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

LOGARITHMS OF THE TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS

(Continued)
Degrees. Log sin Log cos Log tan Log cot Degrees.

9 00' 9.1943 9.9946 9.1997 0.8003 81 00'

10 .2022 .9944 .2078 .7922 50
20 .2100 .9942 .2158 .7842 40
30 .2176 .9940 .2236 .7764 30
40 .2251 .9938 .2313 .7687 20
50 .2324 .9936 .2389 .7611 10

10 00' 9.2397 9.9934 9.2463 0.7537 80 00'

10 .2468 .9931 .2536 .7464 50
20 .2538 .9929 .2609 .7391 40
30 .2606 .9927 .2680 .7320 30
40 .2674 .9924 .2750 .7250 20
50 .2740 .9922 .2819 . 7181 10

11 00' 9.2806 9.9919 9.2887 0.7113 79 00'

10 .2870 .9917 .2953 .7047 50
20 .2934 .9914 .3020 .6980 40
30 .2997 .9912 .3085 .6915 30
40 .3058 .9909 .3149 .6851 20
60 .3119 .9907 .3212 .6788 10
12 00' 9.3179 9.9904 9.3275 0.6725 78 00'
10 .3238 .9901 .3336 .6664 50
20 .3296 .9899 .3397 .6603 40
30 .3353 .9896 .3158 .6542 30
40 .3410 .9893 .3517 .6483 20
50 .3466 .9890 .3576 .6424 10

13 00' 9.3521 9.9887 9.3634 0.6366 77 00'

10 .3575 .9984 .3691 .6309 50
20 .3629 .9881 .3748 .6252 40
30 .3682 .9878 .3804 .6196 30
40 .3734 .9875 .3859 .6141 20
50 .3786 .9872 .3914 .6086 10

14 00' 9.3837 9.9869 9.3968 0.6032 76 00

10 .3887 .9866 .4021 .5979 50
20 .3937 .9863 .4074 - .5926 40
30 .3986 .9859 .4127 .5873 30
40 .4035 .9856 .4178 .5822 20
50 .4083 .9853 .4230 .5770 10
15 00' 9.4130 9.9849 9.4281 0.5719 75 00'
10 .4177 .9846 .4331 .5669 50
20 .4223 .9843 .4381 .5619 40
30 .4269 .9839 .4430 .5570 30
40 .4314 .9836 .4479 .5521 20
50 .4359 .9832 .4527 .5473 10
16 00' 9.4403 9.9828 9.4575 0.5425 74 00'
10 .4447 .9825 .4622 .5378 50
20 .4491 .9821 .4669 .5331 40
30 . .4533, .9817 .4716 .5284 30
40 .4576 .9814 .4762 .5238 20
50 .4618 .9810 .4808 .5192 10

17 00' 9.4659 9.9806 9.4853 0.5147 73 00'

10 .4700 .9802 .4898 .5102 50
20 .4741 .9798 .4943 .5057 40
30 .4781 .9794 .4987 .5013 30
40 .4821 .9790 .5031 .4969 20
50 .4861 .9786 .5075 .4925 10

18 00' 9.4900 9.9782 9.5118 0.4882 72 00'

Degrees. Log cos Log sin Log cot Log tan Degrees.
60
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

LOGARITHMS OF THE TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS

(Continued)
Degrees. Log sin Log COS Log tan Log cot Degrees. |
18 00' 9.4900 9.9782 9.6118 0.4882 72 00'
10 .4939 .9778 .5161 .4839 60
20 .4977 .9774 .5203 .4797 40
30 .6016 .9770 .5245 .4756 30
40 .6062 .9766 .5287 .4713 20
60 .6090 .9761 .5329 .4671 10
19 00' 9.6126 9.9767 9.5370 0.4630 71 oor
10 .6163 .9762 .5411 .4589 60
20 .6199 .9748 .5451 .4649 40
30 .6236 .9743 .5491 .4509 30
40 .6270 .9739 .6531 .4469 20
60 .6306 .9734 .6571 .4429 10
20 00' 9.6341 9.9730 9.5611 0.4389 70 00'
10 .6376 .9725 .5650 .4350 50
20 .6409 .9721 .6689 .4311 40
30 .6443 .9716 .6727 .4273 30
40 .'6477 .9711 .6766 .4234 20
60 .6510 .9706 .5804 .4196 10

21 00' 9.6643 9.9702 9.5842 0.4158 69 00'

10 .6676 .9697 .6879 .4121 60
20 .6609 .9692 .6917 .4083 40
30 .6641 .9687 .6954 .4046 30
40 .6673 .9682 .6991 .4009 20
60 .6704 .9677 .6028 .3972 10

22 00' 9.6736 9.9672 9.6064 0.3936 68 00'

10 .6767 .9667 .6100 .3900 60
20 .6798 .9661 .6136 .3864 40
30 .6828 , .9656 .6172 .3828 30
40 .6869 .9651 .6208 .3792 20
60 .6889 .9646 .6243 .3757 10

23 00' 9.6919 9.9640 9.6279 0.3721 67 00'

10 .6948 .9635 .6314 .3686 60
20 .6978 .9629 .6348 .3652 40
30 .6007 .9624 .6383 .3617 30
40 .6036 .9618 .6417 .3583 20
60 .6066 .9613 .6452 .3548 10
24 00' 9.6093 9.9607 9.6486 0.3514 66 00'
10 .6121 .9602 .6520 .3480 60
20 .6149 .9596 .6553 .3447 40
30 .6177 .9590 .6587 .3413 30
40 .6206 .9584 .6620 .3380 20
60 .6232 .9579 .6654 .3346 10

26 00' 9.6269 9.9573 9.6687 0.3313 65 00'

10 .6286 .9567 .6720 .3280 50
20 .6313 .9561 .6752 .3248 40
30 .6340 .9555 .6785 .3215 30
40 .6366 .9549 .6817 .3183 20
60 .6392 .9543 .6850 .3160 10

26 00' 9.6418 9.9537 9.6882 0.3118 64 00'

10 .6444 .9530 .6914 .3086 50
20 .6470 .9524 .6946 .3064 40
30 .6496 .9518 .6977 .3023 30
40 .6621 .9512 .7009 .2991 20
60 .6646 .9505 .7040 .2960 10

27 00' 9.6670 9.9499 9.7072 0.2928 63 00^

Degrees. Log COS Log sin Log cot Log tan Degrees.

61
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

LOGARITHMS OF TH TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS

(Continued)
Degrees. Log sin I.og cos Log tan Log cot Degrees.
27 00' 9.6570 9.9499 9.7072 0.2928 63 00'
10 .6595 .9492 .7103 .2897 50
20 ,6620 .9486 .7134 .2866 40
30 .6644 .9479 .7165 .2835 30
40 .6668 .9473 .7196 .2804 20
60 .6692 .9466 .7226 .2774 10
28 00' 9.6716 9.9459 9.7257 0.2743 62 00'
10 .6740 .8453 .7287 .2713 50
20 .6763 .9446 .7317 .2683 40
30 .6787 .9439 .7348 . 2652 30
40 .6810 .9432 .7378 .2622 20
50 .6833 .9425 .7408 .2592 10
29 00' 9.6856 9.9418 9.7438 0.2562 61 00'
10 .6878 .9411 .7467 .2533 50
20 .6901 .9404 .7497 .2503 40
30 .6923 .9397 .7526 .2474 30
40 .6946 .9390 .7556 .2444 20
50 .6968 .9383 .7585 .2415 10
30 00' 9.6990 9.9375 9.7614 0.2386 60 00'
10 .7012 .9368 .7644 .2356 50
20 .7033 .9361 .7673 .2327 40
30 .7055 .9353 .7701 .2299 30
40 .7076 .9346 .7730 .2270 20
50 .7097 .9338 .7759 .2241 10
31 00' 9.7118 9.9331 9.7788 0.2212 59 00'
10 .7139 .9323 .7816 .2184 50
20 .7160 .9315 .7845 .2155 40
30 .7181 .9308 .7873 .2127 30
40 .7201 .9300 .7902 .2098 20
50 .7222 .9292 .7930 .2070 10
32 00' 9.7242 9.9284 9.7958 0.2042 58 00'
10 .7262 .9276 .7986 .2014 50
20 . 7282 .9268 .8014 ;1986 40
30 .7302 .9260 .8042 .1958 30
40 .7322 .9252 .8070 .1930 20
50 .7342 .9244 .8097 .1903 10
33 00 9.7361 9.9236 9.8125 0.1875 57 00'
10 .7380 .9228 .8153 .1847 50
20 .7400 .9219 .8180 .1820 40
30 .7419 .9211 .8208 .1792 30
40 .7438 .9203 .8235 .1765 20
50^ .7457 .9194 .8263 . 1737 10
34 00' 9.7476 9.9186 9.8290 0.1710 56 00'
10 .7494 .9177 .8317 .1683 50
20 .7513 .9169 .8344 .1656 40
30 .7531 .9160 .8371 .1629 30
40 .7550 .9151 .8398 .1602 20
50 .7568 .9142 .8425 . 1575 10
35 00' 9.7586 9.9134 9.8452 0.1548^ 55 00'
10 .7604 .9125 .8479 .1521 50
20 .7622 .9116 .8506 . 1494 40
30 .7640 .9107 .8533 .1467 30
40 .7657 .9098 .8559 . 1441 20
50 .7675 .9089 .8586 '.1414 10
36 00' 9.7692 9.9080 9.8613 0.1387 54 00'

Degrees. Log.co^ Log sin Log cot Log tan Degrees.

62

V
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

LOGARITHMS OF THE TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS

(Continued)
Degrees. Log sin Log cos Log tan Log cot Degrees.

36 00' 9.7692 9.9080 9.8613 0.1387 54 00'

10 .7710 .9070 .8639 . 1361 50
20 .7727 .9061 .8666 . 1334 40
30 .7744 .9052 .8692 .1308 30
40 .7761 .9042 .8718 .1282 20
50 .7778 .9033 .8745 . 1255 10

37 00' 9.7795 9.9023 9.8771 0.1229 53 00'

10 .7811 ;9014 .8797 .1203 50
20 .7828 .9004 .8824 .1176 40
30 .7844 .8995 .8850 .1150 30
40 .7861 .8985 .8876 . 1124 20
^0 .7877 .8975 .8902 . 1098 10

38 00' 9.7893 9.8965 9.8928 0.1072 52 00'

10 .7910 .8955 .8954 .1046 50
20 .7926 .8945 .8980 .1020 40
30 .7941 .8935 .9006 .0994 , 30
40 .7957 .8925 .9032 .0968 20
50 .7973 .8915 .9058 .0942 10

39 00' 9.7989 . 9.8905 9.9084 0.0916 51 00'

10 .8004 .8895 .9110 .0890 50
20 .8020 .8884 .9135 .0865 40
30 .8035 .8874 .9161 .0839 30
40 .8050 .8864 .9187 .0813 20
50 .8066 .8853 .9212 .0788 10

40 00' 9.8081 9.8843 9.9238 0.0762 50 00'

10 .8096 .8832 .9264 .0736 50
20 .8111 .8821 .9289 .0711 40
30 .8125 .8810 .9315 .0085 30
40 .8140 .8800 .9341 .0659 20
50 .8155 .8789 .0366 .0634 10

41 00' 9.8169 9.8778 9.9392 0.0608 49 00'

10 .8184 .8767 .9417 .0583 50
20 .8198 .8756 .9443 .0557 40^
30 .8213 .8745 .9468 .0532 30
40 .8227 .8733 .9494 .0506 20
50 .8241 .8722 .9519 .0481 10

42 00* 9.8255 9.8711 9.9544 0.0456 48 00'

10 .8269 .8699 .9570 .0430 . 50
20 .8283 .8688 .9595 .0405 40
30 .8297 .8676 .9621 .0379 30
40 .8311 .8665 .9646 .0354 20
50 .8324 .8653 .9671 .0329 10

43 00' 9.8338 9.8641 9.9697 0.0303 47 00'

10 .8351 .8629 .9722 .0278 50
20 .8365 .8018 .9747 .0253 40
30 .8378 .8606 .9773 .0228 30
40 .8391 .8594 .9798 .0202 20
50 .8405 .8582 .9823 .0177 10

44 00' 9.8418 9.8569 9.9848 0.0152 46 00'

10 .8431 .8557 .9874 .0126 50
20 .8444 .8545 .9899 .0101 40
30 .8457 .8532 .9927 .0076 30
40 ,8469 .8520 .9949 .0051 20
50 .8482 .8507 .9975 .0025 10

45 00' 9.8495 9.8495 0.0000 0.0000 45 00'

' Degrees. Log cos Lbg sin Log cot Log tan Degrees.

63

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11
o
8S8SfeS2S32{H2e3S5S53?SSS?5^^^^^gSS:gtegSgS?$gt::f2{2f:
ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddodddddddddddddd
8
dddddddddddddddddd d d ddddddddddddddddddddddddd
n o
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

DEGREESRADIANS (Continued)
o
00' 10 20 30 40 50

45- 0.7854 0.7883 0.7912 6.7941 0.7970 0.7999

46 0.8029 0.8058 0.8087 0.8116 0.8145 0.8174
47 0.8203 0.8232 0.8261 0.8290 0.8319 0.8348
48 0.8378 0.8407 0.8436 0.8465 0.8494 0.8523
49 0.8552 0.8581 0.8610 0.8639 0.8668 0.8698
50 0.8727 0.8756 0.8785 0.8814 0.8843 0.8872
51 0.8901 0.8930 0.8959 0.8988 0.9018 0.9047
52 0.9076 0.9105 0.9134 0.9163 0.9192 0.9221
53 0.9250 0.9279 0.9308 0.9338 o.mer 0.9396
54 0.9425 0.9454 0.9483 0.9512 0.9541 0.9570
55 0.9599 0.9628 0.9657 0.9687 0.9716 0.9745
56 0.9774 0.9803 0.9832 0.9861 0.9890 0.9919
57 0.9948 0.9977 1.0007 1.0036 1.0065 1.0094
58 1.0123 1.0152 1.0181 1.0210 1.0239 1.0268
59 1.0297 1.0327 1.0356 1.0385 1.0414 1.0443
60 1.0472 1.0501 L.0530 1.0559 1.0588 1.0617
61 1.0647 1.0676 1.0705 1.0734 1.0763 1.0792
62 1.0821 1.0850 1.0879 1.0908 1.0937 1.0966
63 1.0996 1.1025 1.1054 1.1083 1.1112 1.1141
64 1.1170 1.1199 1.1228 1.1257 1.1286 1.1316
65 1.1345 1.1374 1.1403 1.1432 1.1461 1.1490
66 1.1519 1.1548 1.1577 1.1606 1.1636 1.1665
67 1.1694 1.1723 1.1752 1.1781 1.1810 1.1^9
68 1.1868 1.1897 1.1926 1.1956 1.1985 1.2014
69 1.2043 1.2072 1.2101 1.2130 1.2159, 1.2188
70 1.2217 1.2246 1.2275 1.2305 1.2334 1.2363
71 1.2392 1.2421 1.2450 1.2479 1.2508 1.2537
72 1.2566 1.2595 1.2625 1.26^54 1.2683 1.2712
73 1.2741 1.2770 1.2799 1.2828 1.2857 1.2886
74 1.2915 1.2945 1.2974 1.3003 1.3032 1.3061
75 1.3090 1.3119 1.3148 1.3177 1.3206 1.3235
76 1.3265 1.3294 1.3323 1.3352 1.3381 1.3410
77 1.3439 1.3468 1.3497 1.3526 1.3555 1.3584
78 1.3614 1.3643 1.3672 1.3701 1.3730 1.3759
79 1.3788 1.3817 1.3846 1.3875 1.3904 1.3934
80 1.3963 1.3992 1.4021 1.4050 1.4079 1.4108
81 1.4137 1.4166 1.4195 1.4224 1.4254 1.4283
82 1.4312 1.4341 1.4370 1.4399 1.4428 1.4457
83 1.4486 1.4515 1.4544 1.4574 1.4603 1.4632
84 1.4661 1.4690 1.4719 1.4748 1.4777 1.4806
85 1.4^5 1.4864 1.4893 1.4923 1.4952 1.4981
86 1.5010 1.5039 1.5068 1.5097 1.5126 1.5155
87 1.5184 1.5213 1.5243 1.5272 1.5301 1.5330
88 1.5359 1.5388 1.5417 1.5446 1.5475 1.5504
89 1.5533 1.5563 1.5592 1.5621 1.5650 1.5679
90 1.5708

65
 HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

DEGREESRADIANS (Conclttded)

Deg. Radians. Deg. Radians. Deg. Radians. Deg. Radians.

90 1.5708 160 *2.7925 230 4.0143 300 5.2360

100 1.7453 170 2.9671 240 4.1888 310 5.4105
110 1.9199 180 3.1416 250 4.3633 320 5.5851
120 2.0944 190 3.3161 260 4.5379 330 5.7596
130 . 2.2689 200 3.4907 270 4.7124 340 5.9341
140 2.4435 210 3.6652 280 4.8869 350 6.1087
150 2.6180 220 3.8397 290 5.0615 360 6.2832

NUMERICAL CONSTANTS

ir=3.14159

logjr=0.497150
4ir = 12.56637, log 47r = 1.099210 j

1.57080 log I =0.196120

,|-= 1.04720 log| =0.020029

4
a"
4.18879 log|. =0.622089

4
0.78540 log^ =9.895090-10
- = 0.31831 =9.502850-10
ir

w^= 9.86960 logir' =0.994300

= 0.10132 log^ =9.005700-10

vV = 1.77245 log V7=0.,248575
1
:= 0.56419 log 4^=9.751425-10
v/7"
^ == 1.46459 log-<>7=0.165717
BASE OF NATURAL LOGARITHMS

6 = 2.71828 logio e = 0.434294

Natural log oi x loge x = 2.30259 logio x.

For conversion or reduction factors see under Measures and Units,

For miscellaneous physical constants see under Miscellaneous Tables,
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

NUMERICAL TABLE
Reciprocals, Powers and Roots of Numbers, Circumferences and
Areas for Numbers (Diameters) from 1 to 1000

Circum. Area of
n 1000- W2 n3 of circle circle
n irn |7rn2

1 000.00 1 1 1. 1.00000 3.14159 .79

2 500.00 4 8 1.414 1.25992 6.28319 3.14
3 333.33 9 27 1.732 1.44225 9.42478 7.07
4 250.00 16 64 2.000 1.58740 12.5664 12.57
5 200.00 25 125 2.236 1.70998 15.7080 19.64
6 166.67 36 216 2.449 1-. 81712 18.8496 28.27
7 142.86 49 343 2.646 1.91293 21.9911 38.49
8 125.00 64 512 2.828^ 2.00000 25.1327 50.27
9 111.11 81 729 3.000 2.08008 28.2743 63.62
10 100.00 100 1000 3.162 2.15443 31.4159 78.5

11 90.9091 121 1331 3.3166 2.22398 34.5575 95.0

12 83.3333 144 1728 3.4641 2.28943 37.6991 113.1
13 76.9231 169 2197 3.6056 2.35133 40.8407 132.7
14 71.4286 196 2744 3.7417 2.41014 43.9823 153.9
15 66.6667 225 3375 3.8730 2.46621 47.1239 176.7
16 62.5000 256 4096 4.0000 2.51984 50.2655 201.1
17 58.8235 289 4913 4.1231 2.57128 53.4071 227.0
18 55.5556 324 5832 4.2426 2.62074 56.5487 254.5
19 52.6316 361 6859 4.3589 2.66840 59.6903 283.5
20 50.0000 400 8000 4.4721 2.71442 62.8319 314.2

21 47.6190 441 9261 4.5826 2.75892 65.9734 346.4

22 45.4545 484 10648 4.6904 2.80204 69.1150 380.1
23 43.4783 529 12167 4.7958 2.84387 72.2566 415.5
24 41.6667 576 13824 4.8990 2.88450 75.3982 452.4
25 40.0000 625 15625 5.0000 2.92402 78.5398 490.9
26 38.4615 676 17576 5.0990 2.96250 81.6814 530.9
27 37.0370 729 19683 5.1962 3.00000 84.8230 572.6
28 35.7143 784 21952 5.2915 3.03659 87.9646 615.8
29 34.4828 841 24389 5.3852 3.07232 91.1062 660.5
30 33.3333 900 - 27000 5.4772 3.10723 94.2478 706.9

31 32.2581 961 29791 5.5678 3.14138 97.3894 754.8

32 31.2500 1024 32768 5.6569 3.17480 100.531 804.3
33 30.3030 1089 35937 5.7446 3.20753 103.673 855.3
34 29.4118 1156 39304 5.8310 3.23961 106.814 907.9
35 28.5714 1225 42875 5.9161 3.27107 109.956 962.1
36 27.7778 1296 46656 6.0000 3.30193 113.097 1017.9
37 27.0270 1369 50653 6.0828 3.33222 116.239 1075.2.
38 26.3158 1444 54872 6.1644 3.36198 119.381 1134.1
39 25.6410 1521 59319 6.2450 3.39121 122.522 1194.6
40 25.0000 1600 64000 6.3246 3.41995 125.664 1256.6

41 24.3902 1681 68921 6.4031 3.44822 128.805 1320.3

42 23.8095 1764 74088 6.4807 3.47603 131.947 1385.4
43 23.2558 1849 79507 6.5574 3.50340 135.088 1452.2
44 22.7273 1936 85184 6.6332 3.53035 138.230 1520.5
45 22.2222 2025 91125 6.7082 3.55689 141.372 1590.4
46 21.7391 2116 97336 6.7823 3.58305 144.513 1661.9
47 21.2766 2209 103823 6.8557 3.60883 147.655 1734.9
48 20.8333 2304 110592 6.9282 3.63424 150.796 1809.6
49 20.4082 2401 117649 7.0000 3.65931 153.938 1885.7
50 20.0000 2500 125000 7.0711 3.68403 157.080 1963.5

67
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

NUMERICAL TABLE (Contmued)

Circum. Area of
n loooi
n
n3 Vn of circle circle
wn iim^

51 19.6078 2601 132651 7.1414 3.70843 160.221 2042.8

52^ 19.2308 2704 140608 7.2111 3.73251 163.363 2123.7
53 18.8679 2809 148877 7.2801 3.75628 166.504 2206.2
54 18.5185 2916 157464 7.3485 3.77976 169.646 2290.2
55 18.1818 3025 166375 7.4162 3,80295 172.788 2375.8
56 17.8571 3136 175616 7.4833 3,82586 175.929 2463.0
57 17.5439 3249 185193 7.5498 3.84850 179.071 2551.8
58 17.2414 3364 195112 7,6158 3.87088 182.212 2642.1
59 16.9492 3481 205379 7.6811 3.89300 185.354 2734.0
60 16.6667 3600 216000 7.7460 3.91487 188.496 2827.4
61 16.3934 3721 226981 7.8102 3.93650 191.637 2922.5
62 16.1290 3844 238328 7.8740 3.95789 194.779 3019.1
63 15.8730 3969 250047 7.9373 3.97906 197.920 3117.3
64 15.6250 4096 262144 8.0000 4.00000 201.062 3217.0
65 15.3846 4225 274625 8.0623 4.02073 204.204 3318.3
66 15.1515 4356 287496 8.1240 4.04124 207.345 3421.2
67 14.9254 4489 300763 8.1854 4.06155 210.487 3525.7
68 14.7059 4624 314432 8.2462 4.08166 213.628 3631.7
69 14.4928 4761 328509 8.3066 4.10157 216.770 3739.3
70 14.2857 4900 343000 8.3666 4.12129 219.911 3848.5
71 14.0845 504i 357911 8.4261 4.14082 223.053 3959.2
72 13.8889 5184 373248 8.4853 4.16017 226.195 4071.5
73 13.6986 5329 389017 8.5440 4.17934 229.336 4185.4
74 13.5135 5476 405224 8.6023 4.19834 232.478 4300.8
75 13.3333 5625 421875 8.6603 4.21716 235.619 4417.9
76 13.1579 5776 438976 8.7178 4.23582 238.761 4536.5
77 12.9870 5929 456533 8.7750 4.25432 241.903 4656.6
78 12.8205 6084 474552 8.8318 4.27266 245.044 4778.4
79 12.6582 6241 493039 8.8882 4.29084 248.186 4901.7
80 12.5000 . 6400 512000 8.9443 4.30887 251.327 5026.6
81 12.3457 6561 531441 9.0000 4.32675 254.469 5153.0
'82 12.1951 6724 551368 9.0554 4.34448 257.611 5281.0
83 12.0482 6889 571787 9.1104 4.36207 260.752 5410.6
84 -11.9048 7056 592704 9.1652 4.37952 263.894 5541.8
85 11.7647 7225 614125 9.2195 4.39683 267.035 5674.5
86 11.6279 7396 636056 9.2736 4.41400 270.177 5808.8
87 11.4943 7569 658503 .9.3274 4.43105 273.319 5944.7
88 11.3636 7744 681472 9.3808 4.44796 276.460 6082.1
89 11.2360 7921 704969 9.4340 4.46475 279.602 6221.1
90 11.1111 8100 729000 9.4868 4.48140 282.743 6361.7
91 10.9890 8281 753571 9.5394 4.49794 285.885 6503.9
92 10.8696 8464 778688 9.5917 4.51436 289.027 6647.6
93 10.7527 8649 804357 9.6437 4.53065 292.168 6792.9
94 10.6383 8836 830584 9.6954 4.54684 295.310 6939.8
95 10.5263 9025 857375 9.7468 4.56290 298.451 7088.2
96 10.4167 9216 884736 9.7980 4.57886 301.593 7238.2
97 10.3093 9409 912673 9.8489 4.5947a 304.734 7389.8
98- 10.2041 9604 941192 9.8995 4.61044 307.876 7543.0
99 10.1010 9801 970299 9.9499 4.62607 311.018 7697.7
100 10.0000 10000 1000000 10.0000 4.64159 314.159 7554.0

68
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

NUMERICAL TABLE (Continued)

Circum. Area of
loooi n3 Vn of cirde
irn
circle

9.90099 10201 1030301 10.0499 4.65701 317.301 8011.9

9.80392 10404 1061208 10.0995 4.67233 320.442 8171.3
9.70874 10609 1092727 10.1489 4.68755 323.584 8332:3
g. 61538 10816 1124864 10.1980 4.70267 326.726 8494.9
9.52381 11025 1157625 10.2470 4.71769 329.867 8659.0
9.43396 11236 1191016 10.2956 4.73262 333.009 8824.7
9.34579 11449 1225043 10.3441 4.74746 336.150 8992.0
9.25926 11664 1259712 10.3923 4.76220 339.292 9160.9
9.17431 11881 1295029 10.4403 4.77686 342.434 9331.3
9.09091 12100 1331000. 10.4881 4.79142 345;^75 9503.3

1367631 10.5357 4.80590 348.717 9676.9

9.00901 12321
8.92857 1404928 10.5830 4.82028 351.858 9852.0
12544
8.84956 1442897 10.6301 4.83459 355.000 10028.8
12769
1481544 10.6771 4.84881 358.142 10207.0
8.77193 12996
8.69565 13225 1520875 10.7238 4.86294 361.283 10386.9
8.62069 1560896 10.7703 4.87700 364.425 10568.3
13456
1601413 10.8167 4.89097 367.566 10751.3
8.54701 13689
1643032 10.8628 4.90487 370 708 10935.9
8.47458 13924
8.40336 1685159 10.9087 4.91868 373.850 11122.0
14161
8.33333 1728000 10.^545 4.93242 376.991 11309.7
14400

8.26446 14641 1771561 11.0000 4.94609 380.133 11499.0

8.19672 14884 1815848 11.0454 4.95968 383.274 11689.9
8.13008 15129 1860867 11.0905 4.97319 386.416 11882.3
8.06452 15376 1906624 11.1355 4.98663 389.557 12076.3
8.00000 15625 1953125^ 11.1803 5.00000 392.699 12271.9
7.93651 15876 2000376 11.2250 5.01330 395.841 12469.0
7.87402 16129 11. 5.02653 398.982 12667.7
7.81250 16384 2097152 11.3137 5.03968 402.124 12868.0
7.75194 16641 2146689 11.3578 5.05277 405.265 13069.8
7.69231 16900 2197000 11.4018 5.06580 408.407 13273.2

7.63359 17161 2248091 11.4455 5.07875 411.549 13478.2

7.57576 17424 2299968 11.4891 5.09164 414.690 13684.8
7.51880 17689 2352637 11. 5.10447 417.832 13892.9
7.46269 17956 2406104 11.5758 5.11723 420.973 14102.6
7.40741 18225 2460375 11.6190 5.12993 424.115 14313.9
7.35294 18496 2515456 11.6619 5.14256 427.257 14526.7
7.29927 18769 2571353 11.7047 5.15514 430.398 14741.1
19044 2628072 11.7473 5.16765 433.540 14957.1
7.24638
7.19424 19321 2685619 11.7898 5.18010 436.681 15174.7
7.14286 1)9600 2744000 14.8322 5.19249 439.823 15393.8

7.09220 19881 2803221 11.87435.20483 442.965 15614.5

20164 28632^8 11.9164 5.21710 446.106 15836.8
7.04225
2924207 11.9583 5.22932 449.248 16060.6
6.99301 20449
6.94444 2985984 12.0000 5.24148 452.389 16286.0
20736
-3048625 12;0416 5.25359 455.531 16513.0
6.89655 21025
458.673 16741.6
6.84932 21316 3112136 12.0830 5.26564
3176523 12.1244 5.27763 461.814 16971.7
6.80272 21609
3241792 12.1655 5.28957 464.956 17203.4
6.75676 21904
3307949 12.2066 5.30146 468.097 17436.6
6.71141 22201
3375000 12.2474 5.31329 471.239 17671.5
6.66667 22500
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

NUMERICAL TABLE (Continued)

Circum. Area of
n loooi
n
n2 Vn of circle circle
7rn iirn2

151 6.6225S5 22801 3442951 12.2882 5.32507 474.380 ^17907.9

152 6.57895 23104 3511808 12.3288 5.33680 477.522 18145.8
153 6.5359S 23409 3581577 12.3693 5.34848 480.664 18385.4
154 6.49351 23716 3652264 12.4097 5.36011 483.805 18626.5
155 6.45161 24025 3723875 12.4499 5.37169 486.947 18869.2
156 6.41026 24336 3796416 12.4900 5.38321 490.088 19113.5
157 6.36943 24649 12.5300 5.39469 493.230 19359.3
158 6.32911 24964 3944312 12.5698 5.40612 496.372 19606.7
159 6.28931 25281 4019679 12.6095 5.41750 499.513 19855.7
160 6.25000 25600 4096000 12.6491 5.42884 502.655 20106.2
161 . 6.21118 25921 4173281 12.6886 5.44012 505.796 20358.3
162 6.17284 26244 4251528 12.7279 5.45136 508.938 20612.0
163 6.13497 26569 4330747 12.7671 5.46256 512.080 20867.2
164 6.09756 26896 4410944 12.8062 5.47370 515.221 21124.1
165 6.06061 27225 4492125 12.8452 5.48481 518.363 21382.5
166 6.02410 27556 4574296 12.8841 5.49586 521,504 21642.4
167 5.^8802 27889 4657463 12.9228 5.50688 524.646 21904.0
168 5.95238 28224 4741632 12.9615 5.51785 527.788 22167.1
169 5.91716 28561 4826809 13.0000 5.52877 530.929 22431.8
170 5.88235 28900 4913000 13.0384 5.53966 534.071 22698.0
171 5.84795 29241 5000211 13.0767 5.55050 537.212 22965.8
172 5.81395 29584 5088448 13.1149 5.56130 540.354 23235.2
173 5.78035 29929 5177717 13.1529 5.57205 543.496 23506.2
174 5.74713 30276 5268024 13.1909 5.58277 546.637 23778.7
175 5.71429 30625 5359375 13.2288 5.59344 549.779 24052.8
176 5.68182 30976 5451776 13.2665 5.60408 552.920 24328.5
177 5.64972 31329 5545233 13.3041 5.61467 556.062 24605.7
178 5.61798 31684 5639752 13.3417 5.62523 559.203 24884.6
179 5.58659 32041 5735339 13.3791 5.63574 562.345 25164.9
180 5.55556 32400 5832000 13.4164 5.64622 565.487 25446.9
181 5.52486 32761 5929741 13.4536 5.65665 568.628 25730.4
182 5.49451 33124 6028568 13.4907 5.66705 571.770 26015.5
183 5.46448 33489 6128487 13.5277 5.67741 574.911 26302.2
184 5.43478 33856 6229504 13.5647 5.68773
185 578.053 26590.4
5.40541 34225 6331625 13.6015 5.69802
186
581.195 26880.3
5.37634 34596 6434856 13.6382 5.70827
187
584.336 27171.6
5.34759 34969 6539203 13.6748 5.71850
188 587.478 27464.6
5.31915 35344 6644672 13.7113 5.72865
189 '590.619 27759.1
5.29101 35721 6751269 13.7477 5.73879
190
593.761 28055.2
5.26316 36100 6859000 13.7840 5.74890 596.903 28352.9
191 5.23560 36481 6967871 13.8203 5.75897 600.044 28652.1
192 5.20833 36864 7077888 13.8564 5.76900 603.186 28952.9
193 5.18135 37249 7189057 13.8924 5.77900 606.327 29255.3
194 5.15464 37636 7301384 13.9284 5.78896 609.469 29559.3
195 5.12821 38025 7414875 13.9642 5.79889 612.611 29864.8
196 5.10204 38416 7529536 14.0000 5.80879 615.752 30171.9
197 5.07614 38809 7645373 14.0357 5.81865 618.894 30480.5
198 5.05051 39204 7762392 14.0712 5.82848 622.035 30790.8
199 5.02513 39601 7880599 14.1067 5.83827 625.177 31102.6
200 5.00000 40000 8000000 14.1421 5.84804 628.319 31415.9

70
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

NUMERICAL TABLE (Continued)

1 Circum. Area of
n lOOOi W2 n3 Vn of circle circle
n wn

201 4.97512 40401 8120601 14.1774 5.85777 631.460 31730.9

202 4.95050 40804 8242408 14.2127 5.86746 634.602 32047.4
203 4.92611 41209 8365427 14.2478 5.87713 637.743 32365.5
204 4.90196 41616 8489664 14.2829 5.88677 640.885 32685.1
205 4.87805 42025 8615125 14.3178 5.89637 644.026 33006.4
206 4.85437 42436 8741816 14.3527 5.90594 647.168 33329.2
207 4.83092 42849^ 8869743 14.3875 5.91548 650.310 33653.5
208 4.80769 43264 8998912 14.4222 5.92499 653.451 33979.5
209 4.78469 43681 9129329 14.4568 5.93447 656.593 34307.0
210 4.76190 44100 9261000 14.4914 5.94392 659.734 34636.1

211 4.73934 44521 9393931 14.5258 5.95334 662.876 34966.7

212 4.71698 44944 9528128 14.5602 5.96273 666.018 35298.9
213 4.69484 45369 9663597 14.5945 5.97209 669.159 35632.7
214 4.67290 45796 9800344 14.6287 5.98142 672.301 35968.1
215 4.65116 46225 9938375 14.6629 5.99073 675.442 36305.0
216 4.62963 46656 10077696 14.6969 6.00000 678.584 36643.5
217 4.60829 47089 10218313 14.7309 6.00925 681.726 36983.6
218 4.58716 47524 10360232 14.7648 6.01846 684.867 37325.3
219 4.56621 47961 10503459 14.79^6 6.02765 688.009 37668.5
220 4.54545 48400 10648000 14.8324 6.03681 691.150 38013.3

221 4.52489 48841 10793861 14.8661 6.04594 694.292 38359.6

222 4.50450 49284 10941048 14.8997 6.05505 697.434 38707.6
223 4.48430 49729 11089567 14.9332 6.06413 700.575 39057.1
224 4.46429 50176 11239424 14.9666 6.07318 703.717 39408.1
225 4.44444 50625 11390625 15.0000 6.08220 706.858 39760.8
226 4.42478 51076 11543176 15.0333 6.09120 710.000 40115.0
227 4.40529 51529 11697083 15.0665 6.10017 713.142 40470.8
228 4.38529 51984 11852352 15.0997 6.10911 716.283 40828.1
229 4.36681 52441 12008989 15.1327 6.11803 719.425 41187.1
230 4.34783 52900 12167000 15.1658 6.12693 722.566 41547.6

231 4.32900 53361 12326391 15.1987 6.13579 725.708 41909.6

232 4.31034 53824 12487168 15.2315 6.14463 728.849 42273.3
233 4.29185 54289 12649337 15.2643 6.15345 731.991 42638.5
234 4.27350 54756 12812904 15.2971 6.16224 735.133 43005.3
235 4.25532 55225 12977875 15.3297 6.17101 738.274 43373.6
236 4.23729 55696 13144256 15.3623 6.17975 741.416 43743.5
237 4.21941 56169 .13312053 15.394S 6.18846 744.557 44115.0
238 4.20168 56644 13481272 15.4272 6.19715 747.699 44488.1
239 4.18410 57121 13651919 15.4596 6.20582 750.841 44862.7
240 4.16667 57600 13824000 15.4919 6.21447 753.982 45238.9

241 4.14938 58081 13997521 15.5242 6.22308 757.124 45616.7

242 4.13223 58564 14172488 15.5563 6.23168 760.265 45996.1
243 4.11523 59049 14348907 15.5885 6.24025 763.407 46377.0
244 4.09836 59536 14526784 15.6205 6.24880 766.549 46759.5
245 4.08163 60025 14706125 15.6525 6.25732 769.690 47143.5
246 4.06504 60516 14880936 15.6844 6.26583 772.832 47529.2
247 4.04858 61009 15069223 15.7162 6.27431 775.973 47916.4
248 4.03226 61504 15252992 15.7480 6.28276 779.115 48305.1
249 4.01606 62001 15438249 15.7797 6,29119 782.257 48695.5
250 4.00000 62500 15625000 15.8114 6.29961 785.398 49087.4

71
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

NUMERICAL TABLE (Contmued)

Circum. Area of
loooi
n
n2 ^/n of circle circle
irn \Tn^

3.98406 63001 15.8430 6.30799 788.540 49480.9

3.96825 63504 15.8745 6.31636 791.681 49875.9
3.95257 64009 15.9060 6.32470 794.823 50272.6
3.93701 64516 15.9374 6.33303 797.965 50670.8
3.92157 65025 15.9687 6.34133 801.106 51070.5
3.90625 65536 16.0000 6.34960 804.248 51471.9
3.89105 66049 16.0312 6.35786 807.389 51874.8
3.87597 66564 16.0624 6.36610 810.531 52279.2
3.86100 67081 16.0935 6.37431 813.672 52685.3
3.84615^ 67600 16.1245 6.38250 816.814 53092.9

3.83142 68121 16.1555 6.39068 819.956 53502.1

3.81679 16.1864 6.39883 823.097 53912.9
3.80228 69169 16.2173 ^.40696 826.239 54325.2
3.78788 16.2481 6.41507 829.380 54739.1
3.77358 70225 16.2788 6.42316 832.522 55154.6
3.75940 70756 16.3095 6.43123 835.664 55571.6
3,74532 71289 16.3401 6.43928 838.805 55990.3
3.73134 71824 16.3707 6.44731 841.947 56410.4
3.71747 72361 16.4012 6.45531 845.088 56832.2
3.70370 72900 16.4317 6.46330 848.230 57255.6
3.69004 73441 16.4621 6.47127 851.372 57680.4
3.67647 73984 16.4924 6.47922 854.513 58106.9
3.66300 74529 16.5227 6.48715 857.655 58534.9
3.64964 75076 16.5529 6.49507 860.796 58964.6
3.63636 75625 16.5831 6.50296 863.938 59395.7
3.62319 76176 16.6132 6.51083 867.080 59828.5
3.61011 76729 16.6433 6.51868 870.221 60262.8
3.59712 77284 16.6733 6.52652 873.363 60698.7
3.58423 77841 16.7033 6.53934 876.504 61136.2
3.57143 78400 16.7332 6.54213 879.646 61575.2

3.55872 78961 16.7631 6.54991 882.788 62015.8

3.54610 79524 16.7929 6.55767 885.929 62458.0
3.53357 80089 16.8226 6.56541 889.071 62901.8
3.52113 80656 16.8523 6.57314 892.212 63347.1
3.50877 81225 16.8819 6.58084 895.354 63794.0
3.49650 81796 16.9115 6.58853 898.495 63242.4
3.48432 16.9411 6.59620 901.637 64692.6
3.47222 82944 16.9706 6.60385 904.779 65144.1
3.46021 83521 17.0000 6.61150 907.920 66597.2
3.44828 84100 17.0294 6.61911 911.062 66052.0
h^.
3.43643 84681 17.0587 6.62671 914.203 66508.3
3.42466 85264 17.0880 6.63429 917.345 66966.2
3.41297 85849 17.1172 6.64185 920.487 67425.7
3.40136 86436 17.1464 6.64940 923.628 67886.7
3.38983 87025 17.1756 926.770 68349.3
3.37838 87616 17.2047 6.66444 929.911 68813.5
3.36700 17.2337 6.67194 933.053 69279.2
3.35570 17.2627 6.67942 936.195 69746.5
3.34448 89401 17.2916 6.68688 939.336 70216.4
3.33333 90000 17.3205 6.69433 942.478 70686.8

72
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

NUMERICAL TABLE (Continued)

Circum. Area of
circle
loooi n n' Vn of circle
wn

3.32226 90601 27270901 17.3494 6.70186 945.619 71157.9

3.31126 91204 27543608 17.3781 6.70917 948.761 71631.5
3.30033 91809 27818127 17.4069 6.71657 951.903 72106.6
3.28947 92416 28094464 17.4356 6.72395 955.044 72583.4
3.27869 93025 28372625 17.4642 6.73132 958.186 73061.7
3.26797 93636 28652616 17.4929 6.73866 961.327 73541.5
3.25733 94249 28934443 17.5214 6.74600 964.469 74023.0
3.24675 94864 29218112 17.5499 6.75331 967.611 745Q6.0
3.23625 95481 29503629 17.5784 6.76061 970.752 74990.6
3.22581 96100 29791000 17.6068 6.76790^ 973.894 75476.8

3.21543 96721 30080231 17.6352 6.77517 977.035 75964.5

3.20513 97344 30371328 17.6635 6.78242 980.177 76453.8
3.19489 97969 30664297 17.6918 6.78966 983.318 76944.7
3.18471 98596 30959144 17.7200 6.79688 986.460 77437.1
3.17460 99225 31255875 17.7482 6.80409 98SU602 77931.1
3.16456 99856 31554496 17.7764 6.81128 992.743 78426.7
3.15457 100489 31855013 17.8045 6.81846 995.885 78923.9
3.14465 101124 32157432 17.8326 6.82562 999.026 79422.6
3.13480 101761 32461759 17.8606 6.83277 1002.17 79922.9
3.12500 102400 32768000 17.8885 6.83990 1005.31. 80424.8

3.11526 103041 33076161 17.9165 6.84702 1008.45 80928.2

3.10559 103684 33386248 17.9444 6.85412 1011.59 81433.2
3.09598 104329 33698267 17.9722 6.86121 1014.73 81939.8
3.08642 104976 34012224 18.0000 6.86829 1017.88 82448.0
3.07692 105625 34328125 18.0278 6.87534 1021.02 82957.7
3.06748 106276 34645976 18.0555 6.88239 1024.16 83469.0
3.0581,0 106929 34965783 18.0831 6.88942 1027.30 83981.8
3.04878 107584 35287552 18.1108 6.89643 1030.44 84496.3
3.03951 108241 35611289 18.1384 6.90344 1033.58 85012.3
3.03030 108900 35937000 18.1659 6.91042 1036.73 85529.9

3.02115 109561 36264691 18.1934 6.91740 1039.87 86049.0

3.01205 110224 36594368 18.2209 6.92436 1043.01 86569.7
3.00300 110889 36926037 18.2483 6.93130 1046.15 87092.0
2.99401 111556 37259704 18.2757 6.93823 1049.29 87615.9
2.98507 112225 37595375 18. 6.94515 1052.43 88141.3
2.97619 112896 37933056 18.3303 6.95205 1055.58 88668.3
2.96736 113569 38272753 18.3576 6.95894 1058.72 89196.9
2.95858 114244 38614472 18.^848 6.96582 1061.86 89727.0
2.94985 114921 38958219 18.4120 6.97268 1065.00 90258.7
2.94118 115600 39304000 18.4391 6.9-7953 1068.14 90792.0

2.93255 116281 39651821 18.4662 6.98637 1071.28 91326.9

2.92398 116964 40001688 18.4932 6.99319 1074.42 91863.3
2.91545 117649 40353607 18.5203 7.00000 1077.57 92401.3
2.90698 118336 40707584 18.5472 7.00680 1080.71 92940.9
2.89855 119025 41063625 18.5742 7.01358 1083.85 93482.0-
2.89017 119716 41421736 18.6011 7.02035 1086.99 94024.7
2.88184 120409 41781923^ 18.6279 7.02711 1090.13 94569.0
2.87356 121104 42144192 18.6548 7.03385 1093.27 95114.9
2.86533 121801 42508549 18.6815 7.04058 1096.42 9566^.3
2.85714 122500 42875000 18.7083 7.04730 1099.56 96211.3

73
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

NUMERICAL TABLE (Continued)

1 Circum. Area of
1000^ n2 3 y/n of circle
n circle
n
irn

361 2.84900 123201 43243551 18.7350 7.05400. 1102.70 96761.8

352 2.84091 123904 43614208 18.7617 7.06070 1105.84 97314.0
353 2.83286 124600 43986977 18.7883 7.06738 1108.98 97867.7
354 2.82486 125316 44361864 18.8149 7.07404 1112.12 98423.0
355 2.81690 126025 44738875 18.8414 7.08070 1115.27 98979.8
356 2.80899 126736 45118016 18.8680 7.08734 1118.41 99538.2
357 2.80112 127449 45499293 18.8944 7.09397 1121.55 100098.
358 2.79330 128164 45882712 18.9209 7.10059 1124.69 100660.
359 2.78552 128881 46268279 18.9473 7.10719 1127.83 101223.
360 2.77778 129600 46656000 18.9737 7.11379 1130.97 101788.

361 2.77008 130321 47045881 19.0000 7.12037 1134.11 102354.

362 2.76243 131044 47437928 19.0263 7.12694 1137.26 102922.
363 2.75482 131769 47832147 19.0526 7.13349 1140.40 103491.
364 2.74725 132496 48228544 19.0788 7.14004 1143.54 104062.
365 2.73973 133225 48627125 19.1050 7.14657 1146.68 104635.
366 2.73224 133956 49027896 19.1311 7.15309 1149.82 105209.
367 2.72480 134689 49430863 19.1572 7.15960 1152.96 105784.
368 2.71739 135424 49836032 19.1833 7.16610 1156.11 106362.
369 2.71003 136161 50244309 19.2094 7.17258 1159.25 106941.
370 2.70270 136900 50653000 19.2354 7.17905 1162.39 107521.

371 2.69542 137641 51064811 19.2614 7.18552 1165.53 108103.

372 2.68817 138384 51478848 19.2873 7.19197 1168.67 108687.
373 2.68097 139129 51895117 19.3132 7.19841 1171.81 109272.
374 2.67380 139876 52313624 19.3391 7.20483 1174.96 109858.
375 2.66667 140625 52734375 19.3649 7.21125 1178.10 110447.
376 2.65957 141376 53157376 19.3907 7.21765 1181.24 111036.
377 2.65252 142129 53582633 19.4165 7.22405 1184.38 111628.
378 2.64550 142884 54010152 19.4422 7.23043 1187.52 112221.
379 2.63852 143641 54439939 19.4679 7.23680 1190.66 112815.
380 2.63158 144400 54872000 19.4936 7.24316 1193.81 113411.

381 2.62467 145161 55306341 19.5192 7.24950 1196.95 114009.

382 2.61780 145924 55742968 19.5448 7.25584 1200.09 114608.
383 2.61097 146689 56181887 19.5704 7.26217 1203.23 115209.
384 2.60417 147456 56623104 19.5959 7.26848 1206.37 115812.
385 2.59740 148225 57066625 19,6214 7.27479 1209.51 116416.
386 2.59067 148996 57512456 19.6469 7.28108 1212.65 117021.
387 2.58398 149769 57960603 19.6723 7.28736 1215.80 117628.
388 2.57732 150544 58411072 19.6977 7.29363 1218.94 118237.
389 2.57069 151321 58863869 19.7231 7.29989 1222.08 118847.
390 2.56410 152100 59319000 19:7484 7.30614 1225.22 119459.

391 2.55754 152881 59776471 19.7737 7.31238 1228.36 120072.

392 2.55102 153664 60236288 19.7990 7.31861 1231.50 120687.
393 2.54453 154449 60698457 19.8242 7.32483 1234.65 121304.
394 2.53807 155236 61162984 19.8494 7.33104 1237.79 121922.
395 2.53165 156025 61629875 19.8746 7.33723 1240.93 122542.
396 2.52525 156816 62099136 19.8997 7.34342 1244.07 123163.
397 2.51889 157609 62570773 19.9249 7.34960 1247.21 123786.
398 2.51256 158404 63044792 19.9499 7.35576 1250.35 124410.
399 2.50627 159201 63521199 19.9750 7.36192 1253.50 125036.
400 2.50000 160000 64000000 20.0000 7.36806 1256.64 125664.

74.

V
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

NUMERICAL TABLE (Continued)

Circum. Area of
loooi of circle ^ circle
n P' irn ^ \wn^

160801 64481201 20.0250 7.37420 1259.78 126293.

401 2.49377
64964808 0.0499 7.38032 1262.92 126923.
402 2.48756 ;1 61604
65450827 20.0749 7.38644 1266.06 127556.
403 2.48139 :1 63409
65939264 20.0998 7.39254 1269.20 128190.
404 2.47525 ;1 63216
66430125 20.1246 7.39864 1272.35 128825.
405 2.46914 ;1 64025
66923416 20.1494 7.40472 1275.49 129462.
406 2.46305 :1 64836
67419143 20.1742 7.41080 1278.63 130100.
407 2.45700 :165649
67917312 20.1990 7.41686 1281.77 130741.
408 2.45098 ;1 66464
68417929 20.2237 7.42291 1284.91 131382.
409 2.44499 ;1 67281
68921000 20.2485 7.42396 1288.05 132025.
410 2.43902 168100

69426531 20.2731 7.43499 1291.19 132670.

411 2.43309 168921
69934528 20.2978 7.44102 1294.34 133317.
412 2.42718 169744
70444997 20.3224 7.44703 1297.48 133965.
413 2,42131 170569
70957944 20.3470 7.45304 1300.62 134614.
414 2.41546 171396
71473375 20.3715 7.45904 1303.76 135265.
415 2.40964 172225
71991296 20.3961 7.46502 1306.90 135918.
416 2.40385 173056
72511713 20.4206 7.47100 1310.04 136572.
417 2.39808 173889
73034632 20.4450 7.47697 1313.19 137228.
418 2.39234 174724
73560059 20.4695 7.48292 1316.33 137885.
419 2.38663 175561
74088000 20.4939 7.48887 1319.47 138544.
420 2.38095 176400

74618461 20.5183 7.49481 1322.61 139205.

42L 2.37530 177241 139867.
75151448 20.5426 7.50074 1325.75
422 ,2.36967 178084 140531.
75686967 20.5670 7.50666 1328.89
423 2.36407 178929 141196.
76225024 20.5913 7.51257 1332.04
424 2.35849 179776 141863.
180625 76765625 20.6155 7.51847 1335.18
425 2.35294
77308776 20.6398 7.52437 1338.32 142531.
426 2.34742 181476
77854483 20.6640 7.53025 1^41.46 143201.
427 2.34192 182329
78402752 20.6882 7.53612 1344.60 143872.
428 2.33645 183184
78953589 20.7123 7.54199 1347.74 144545.
429 2.33100 184041
79507000 20.7364 7.54784 1350.88 145220.
430 2.32558 184900

80062991 20.7605 7.55369 1354.03 145896.

431 2.32019 185761 146574.
80621568 20.7846 7.55953 1357.17
432 2.31481 186624 147254.
81182737 20.8087 7.56535 1360.31
433 2.30947 187489 147934.
81746504 20.8327 7.57117 1363.45
434 2.30415 188356 1366.59 148617.
82312875 20.8567 7.57(
435 2.29885 189225 1369.73 149301.
82881856 20.8806 7.58279
436 2.29358 190096 1372.88 149987.
83453453 20.9045 7.58858
437 2.28833 190969 1376.02 150674.
84027672 20.9284 7.59' -
438 2.28311 191844 1379.16 151363.
84604519 20.9523 7.60014
439 2.27790 192721 1382.30 152053.
85184000 20.9762 7.60590
440 2.27273 193600

21.0000 7.61166 1385.44 152745.

441 2.26757 194481 85766121
21.0238 7.61741 1388.58 153439.
442 2.26244 195364 86350888
21.0476 7.62315 1391.73 154134.
443 2.25734 196249 1394.87 154830.
87528384 21.0713 7.621
444 2.25225 197136 1398.01 155528.
88121125 21.0950 7.63461
445 2.2471S 198025 1401.15 156228.
88716536 21.1187 7.64032
446 2.2421S 198916 1404.29 156930.
89314623 21.1424 7.64603
447 2.23714 199809 1407.43 157633.
89915392 21.1660 7.65172
448 2.23214 200704 158337.
90518849 21.1896 7.65741 1410.58
449 2.227i'3 201601 1413.72 159043.
91125000 21.2132 7.66309
450 2.22225I 202500

75
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

NUMERICAL TABLE (Continued)

Circum. Area of
1000-
n
n2 n3 Vn ^of circle^ circle

451 2.21729 203401 91733851 21.2368 7.66877 1416.86 159751

452 2.21239 204304 92345408 21.2603 7.67443 1420.00 160460
453 2.20751 205209 92959677 21.2838 7.68009 1423.14 161171
454 2.20264 206116 93576664 21.3073 7.68573 1426.28 161883
455 2.19780 207025 94196375 21.3307 7.69137 1429.42 162597
456 2.19298 207936 94818816 21.3542 7.69700 1432.57 163313
457 2.18818 95443993 21.3776 7.70262 1435.71 164030
458 2.18341 209764 96071912 21.4009 7.70824 1438.85 164748
459 2.17865 210681 96702579 21.4243 7.71384 1441.99 165468
460 2.17391 211600 97336000 21.4476 7.71944 1445.13 166190
461 2.16920 212521 97972181 21.4709 7.72503 1448.27 166914
462 2.16450 213444 98611128 21.4942 7.73061 1451.42 167639
463 2.15983 214369 99252847 21.5174 7.73619 1454.56 168365
464 2.15517 215296 99897344 21.5407 7.74175 1457.70 169093
465 2.15054 216225 100544625 21.5639 7.74731 1460.84 169823
466 2.1,4592 217156 101194696 21.5870 7.75286 1463.98 170554
467 2.14133 218098 101847563 21.6102 7.75840 1467.12 171287
468 2.13675 219024 102503232 21.6333 7.76394 1470.27 172021
469 2.13220 219961 103161709 21.6564 7.76946 1473.41 172757
470 2.12766 220900 103823000 21.6795 7.77498 1476.55 173494
471 2.12314 221841 104487111 21.7025 7.78049 1479.69 174234
472 2.11864 222784 105154048 21.7256 7.78599 1482.83 174974
473 2.11416 223729 105823817 21.7486 7.79149 1485.97 175716
474 2.10970 224676 106496424 21.7715 7.79697 1489.11 176460
475 2.10526 225625 107171875 21.7945 7.80245 1492.26 177205
476 2.10084 226576 107850176 21.8174 7.80793 1495.40 177952
477 2.09644 227529 108531333 21.8403 7.81339 1498.54 178701
478 2.09205 228484 109215352 21.8632 7.81885 1501.68 179451
479 2.08768 229441 109902239 21.8861 7.82429 1504.82 180203
480 2.08333 230400 110592000 21.9089 7.82974 1507.96 180956
481 2.07900 231361 11284641 21.9317 7.83517 1511.11 181711
482 2.07469 232324 11980168 21.9545 7.84059 1514.25 182467
483 2.07039 233289 112678587 21.9773 7.84601 1517.39 183225
484 2.06612 234256 113379904 22.0000 7.85142 1520.53 183984
485 2.06186 235225 114084125 22.0227 7.85683 1523.67 184745
486 2.05761 236196 114791256 22.0454 7.86222 1526.81 185508
487 2.05339 237169 115501303 22.0681 7.86761 1529.96 186272
488 2.04918 238144 116214272 22.0907 7.87299 1533.10 187038
489 2.04499 239121 116930169 22.1133 7.87837 1536.24 187805
490 2.04082 240100 117649000 22.1359 7.88374 1539.38 188574
491 2.03666 241081 118370771 22.1585 7.88909 1542.52 189345
492 2.03252 242064 119095488 22.X811 7.89445 1545.66 190117
493 2.02840 243049 119823157 22.2036 7.89979 1548.81 190890
494 2.02429 244036 120553784 22.2261
495
7.90513 1551.95 191Q65
2.02020 245025 121287375 22.2486 7.91046 1555.09 .92442
496 2.01613 246016 122023936 22.2711 7.91578 1558.23 193221
497 2.01207 247009 122763473 22.2935 7.92110 1561.37 194000
498 2.00803 248004 .23505992 22.3159 7.92641 1564.51 194782
499 2.00401 249001 124251499 22.3383 7.93179 1567.65 195565
500 2.00000 250000 125000000 22.3607 7.93701 1570.80 196350

76
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS'

NUMERICAL TABLE (Continued)

Circum. Area of
lOOCH n' y/n of circle circle
n Trn

1.99601 251001 125751501 22.3830 7.94229 1573.94 197136

1.99203 252004 126506008 22.4054 7.94757 1577.80 197923
1.98807 253009 127263527 22.4277 7.95285 1580.22 198713
128024064 22.4499 7.95811 1583.36 199504
1.98413 254016
128787625 22.4722 7,96337 1586.50 200296
.1.98020 255025
1.97628 256036 129554216 22.4944 7.96863 1589.65 201090
1.97239 257049 130323843 22.5167 7.97387 1592.79 201886
1.96850 258064 131096512 22.5389 7.97911 1595.93 202683
1.96464 259081 131872229 22.5610 7.98434 1599.07 203482
1.96078 260100 132651000 22.5832 7.98957 1602.21 204282

i.95695 133432831 22.6053 7.99479 1605.35

261121 205084
1.95312 134217728 22.6274 8.00000 1608.50
262144 205887
1.94932 135005697 22,6495 8.00520 1611.64 206692
263169
1.94553 264196 135796744 22.6716 8.01040 1614.78 207499
1.94175 265225 136590875 22.6936 8.01559 1617.92 208307
209117
1.93798 266256 137388096 22.7156 8.02078 1621.06
1.93424 267289 138188413 22.7376 8.02596 1624.20 209928
1.93050 268324 138991832 22.7596 8.03113 1627,34 210741
1.92678 269361 139798359 22.7816 8.03.629 1630.49 211556
270400 140608000 22.8035 8.04145 1633.63 212372
r.

1.91939 271441 141420761 22.8254 8.04660 1636.77 213189

1.91571 272484 142236648 22.8473 8.05175 1639.91 214008
1.91205 273529 143055667 22.8692 8.05689 1643.05 214829
1.90840 274576 143877824 22.8910 8.06202 1646.19 215651
1.90476 275625 144703125 22.9129 8.06714 1649.34 216475
1.90114 276676 145531576 22.9347 8.07226 1652.48 217301
1.89753 277729 1463B3183 22.9565 8.07737 1655.62 218128
1. 278784 147197952 22.9783 8.08248 1658.76 218956
279841 148035889 23.0000 8.08758 1661.90 219787
i!88679 280900 148877000 23.0217 8.09267 1665.04 220618

1.88324 281961 149722291 8.09776

23.0434 1668.19 221452
1.87970 283024 150568768 8.10284
23.0651 1671.33 222287
1.87617 284089 151419437 8.10791
23.0868 1674.47 223123
1.87266 285156 152273304 8.11298
23.1084 1677.61 223961
286225 153130375 23.1301 8.11804 1680.75 224801
l".86567 287296 153990656 23.1517 8.12310 1683.89 225642
1.86220 288369 154854153 23.1733 8.12814 1687.04 226484
1.85874 289444 155720872 23.1948 8.13319 1690.18 227329
1.85529 290521 156590819 23.2164 8.13822 1693.32 228175
1.85185 291600 157464000 23.2379 8.14325 1696.46 229022

1.84843 292681 158340421 23.2594 14828 1699.60 229871

1.84502 293764 159220088 23.2809 15329 1702.74 230722
1.84162 294849 160103007 23.3024 15831 1705.88 231574
1.83824 295936 166989184 23.3238 16331 1709.03 232428
1.83486 297025 161878625 23.3452 16831 1712.17 233283
1.83150 298116 162771336 23.3666 17330 1715.31 234140
1.82815 299209 163667323 23.3880 17829 1718.45 234998
1.82482 300304 164566592 23.4094 18327 1721.59 235858
1.82149 301401 165469149 23.4307 ,18824 1724.73 236720
1.81818 302500 166375000 23.4521 .19321 1727.88 237583

77
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

NUMERICAL TABLE (Continued)

Circum. Area of
1000- n2 n3 y/n of circle circle
irn \Trn^

551 1.81488 303601 167284151 J4 8.19818 1731.02 238448

552 1.81159 304704 168196608 V7 8.20313 1734.16 239314
553 1.80832 305809 169112377 0 8.20808 1737.30 240182
554 1.80505 306916 170031464 '2 8.21303 1740.44 241051
555 1.80180 308025 170953875 14 8.21797 1743.58 241922
556 1.79856 309136 171879616 n 8.22290 1746.73 242795
557 1.79533 310249 172808693 >8 8.22783 1749.87 243669
558 1.79211 311364 173741112 !0 8.23275 1753.01 244545
559 1.78891 312481 174676879 !2 8.23766 1756.15 245422
560 1.78571 313600 175616000 3 8.24257 1759.29 246301
561 1.78253 314721 176558481 A 8.247471762.43 247181
562 1.77936 315844 177504328 i5 8.252371765.58 248063
563 1.77620 178453547 6 8.257261768.72 248947
564 1.77305 318096 179406144 7 8.262151771.86 249832
565 1.76991 319225 180362125 7 8.26703 1775.00 250719
566 1.76678 320356 181321496 8 8.27190 1778.14 251607
567 1.76367 321489 182284263 8 8.27677 1781.28 252497
568 1.76056 322624 183250432 8 8.28164 1784.42 253388
569 1.75747 323761 184220009 7 8.28649 1787.57 254281
570 1.75439 324900 185193000 7 8.29134 1790.71 255176
571 1.75131 326041 186169411 6 8.29619 1793.85 256072
572 1.74825 327184 187149248 5 8.30103 1796.99 256970
573 1.74520 328329 188132517 4 8.30587 1800.13 257869
574 1.74216 329476 189119224 3 8.3106& 1803.27 258770
575 1.73913 330625 190109375 2 8.31552 1806.42 259672
576 1.73611 331776 191102976 D 8.32034 1809.56 260576
577 1.73310 332929 192100033 S 8.32515 1812.70 261482
578 1.73010 334084 193100552 5 8.32995 1815.84 262389
579 1.72712 335241 194104539 1 8.33476 1818.98 263298
580 1.72414 336400 195112000 2 8.33955 1822.12 264208
581 1.72117 337561 196122941 ) 8.34434 1825.27 265120
582 1.71821 338724 197137368 7 8.34913 1828.31 266033
583 1.71527 339889 198155287 I 8.35390 1831.55 266948
584 1.71233 341056 199176704 L 8.35868 1834.69 267865
585 1.70940 342225 200201625 J 8.36345 1837.83 268783
586 1.70648 343396 201230056 I 8.36821 1840.98 269703
587 -1.70358 344569 202262003 L 8.37297 1844.11 270624
588 1.70068 345744 203297472 ^ 8.37772 1847.26 271547
589 1.69779 346921 204336469 \ 8.38247 1850.40 272471
590 1.69492 348100 205379000 ) 8.38721 1853.54 273397
591 1.69205 349281 206425071 8.39194 1856.68 274325
592 1.68919 350464 207474688 24^3311 8.39667 1859.82 275254
593 1.68634 351649 208527857 24.3516 8.40140 1862.96 276184
594 1.68350 352836 209584584 24.3721 8.40612 1866.11 277117
595 1.68067 354025 210644875 24.3926 8.41083 1869.25 278051
596 1.67785 355216 211708736 24.4131 8.41554 1872.39 278986
587 1.67504 356409 212776173 24.4336 8.42025 1875.53 279923
598 1.67224 357604 213847192 24.4540 8.42494 1878.67 280862
599 1.66945 358801 214921799 24.4745 8.42964 1881.81 281802
600 1.66667 360000 216000000 24.4949 8.43433 1884.96 282743

\
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

NUMERICAL TABLE (Continued)

Circum. Area of
loooi n2 n3 Vn of circle
irn
circle

1.66389 ; 217081801 24.5153 8.43901 1888.10 283687

601
1.66113: 218167208 24.5357 8.44369 1891.24 284631
602
1.65837J 219256227 24.5561 8.44836 1894.38 285578
603
1.65563: 220348864 24.5764 8.45303 1897.52 286526
604
1.65289: 221445125 24.5967 8.45769 1900.66 287475
605
1.65017: 222545016 24.6171 8.46235 1903.81 288426
606
1.64745: 223648543 24.6374 8.46700 1906.95 289379
607
1.64474: 224755712 24.6577 8.47165 1910.09 290333
608
1.64204: 225866529 24.6779 8.47629 1913.23 291289
609
1.63934 ; 226981000 24.6982 8.48093 1916.37 292247
610

1.63666: 228099131 24.7184 8.48556 1919.51 293206

611
612 1.63399: 229220928 24.7386 8.49018 1922.65 294166
1.63132: 230346397 34.7588 8.49481 1925.80 295128
613
1.62866: 231475544 24.7790 8.49942 1928.94 296092
614
1.62602: 232608375 24.7992 8.50404 1932.08 297057
615
1.62338: 233744896 24.8193 8.50864 1935.22 298024
616
1.62075; 234885113 24.8395 8.51324 1938.36 298992
617
1.61812: 236029032 24.8596 8.51784 1941.50 299962
618
1.61551 23717665^ 24.8797 8.52243 1944.65 300934
619
620 1.61290 238328000 24.8998 8.52702 1947.79 301907

1.61031 239483061 24.9199 8.53160 1950.93 302882

621
622 1.60772 240641848 24.9399 8.53618 1954.07 303858
1.60514 388129 241804367 24.9600 8.54075 1957.21 304836
623
624 1.60256 389376 242970624 24.9800 8.54532 1960.35 305815
1.60000 390625 244140625 25.0000 8.54988 1963.50 306796
625
1.59744 391876 245314376 25.0200 8.55444 1966.64 307779
626
1.59490 393129 246491883 25.0400 8.55899 1969.78 308763
627
1.59236 394384 247673152 25.0599 8.56354 1972.92 309748
628
1.58983 395641 248858189 25.0799 8.56808 1976.06 310736
629
1.58730 396900 250047000 25.0998 8.57262 1979.20 311725
630

1.58479 398161 251239591 25.1197 8.57715 1982.34 312715

631
1.58228 399424 252435968 25.1396 8.58168 1985.49 313707
632
1.57978 400689 ^53636137 25.1595 8.58620 1988.63 314700
633
634 1.57729 401956 254840104 25.1794 8.59072 1991.77 315696
1.57480 403225 256047875 25.1992 8.59524 1994.91 316692
635
1.57233 404496 257259456 25.2190 8.59975 1998.05 317690
636
1.56986 405769 258474853 25.2389 8.60425 2001.19 318690
637
1.56740 407044 259694072 25.2587 8.60875 2004.34 319692
638
1.56495 408321 260917119 25.2784 8.61325 2007.48 320695
639
1.56250 409600 262144000 25.2982 8.61774 2010.62 321699
640

641 1.56006 410881 263374721 25.3180 8.62222 2013.76 322705

1.55763 412164 264609288 25.3377 8.62671 2016.90 323713
642
643 1.55521 413449 265847707 25.3574 8.63118 2020.04 324722
1.55280 414736 267089984 25.3772 8.63566 2023.19 325733
644
1.55039 416025 268336125 25.3969 8.64012 2026.33 326745
645
1.54799 417316 25.4165 8.64459 2029.47 327759
646
1.54560 418609 270840023 25.4362 8.64904 2032.61 328775
647
1.54321 419904 272097792 25.4558 8.65350 2035.75 329792
648
1.54083 421201 273359449^ 25.4755 8.65795 2038.89 330810
649
25.4951 8.66239 2042.04 331831
650 1.53846 422500 274625000

79
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

NUMERICAL TABLE (Continued)

Circum. Area of
1000- Vn of circle circle
irn i7rn2

651 1.53610 423801 275894451 25.5147 8.66683 2045.18 332853

652 1.53374 425104 277167808 25.5343 8.67127 2048.^2 333876
653 1.53139 426409 278445077 25.5539 8.67570 2051.46 334901
654 1.52905 427716 279726264 25.5734 8.68012 2054.60 335927
655 1.52672 429025 281011375 25.5930 8.68455 2057.74 336955
656 1.52439 430336 282300416 25.6125 8.68896 2060.88 337985
657 1.52207 431649 283593393 25.6320 8.69338 2064.03 339016
658 1.51976 432964 284890312 25.6515 8.69778 2067.17 340049
659 1.51745 434281 286191179 25.6710 8.70219 2070.31 341084
660 1.51515 435600 287496000 25.6905 8.70659 2073.45 342119
661 1,51286 288804781 25.7099 8.71098 2076.59 343157
662 1.51057 438244 290117528 25.7294 8.71537 2079.73 344196
663 1.50830 2914342.47 25.7488 8.71976 2082.88 345237
664 1.50602 440896 292754944 25.7682 8.72414 2086.02 346279
665 1.50376 442225 294079625 25.7876 8.72852 2089.16 347323
666 1.50150 443556 295408296 25.8070 8.73289 2092.30 348368
667 1.49925 444889 296740963 25.8263 8.73726 2095.44 349415
1.49701 446224 298077632 25.8457 8.74162 2098.58 350464
1.49477 447561 299418309 25.8650 8.74598 2101.73 351514
670 1.49254 448900 300763000 25.8844 8.75034 2104.87 352565
671 1.49031 450241 302111711 25.9037 8.75469 2108.01 353618
672 1.48810 451584 25.9230 8.76904 2111.15 354673
673 1.48885 452929 .21725.9422 8.76338 2114.29 355730
674 1.48368 454276 306182024 25.9156 8.76772 2117.43 356788
675 1.48148 455625 307546875 25.9808 8.77205 2120.58 357847
676 1.47929 456976 308915776 26.0000 8.77638 2123.72 358908
677 1.47710 458329 310288733 26.0192 8.78071 2126.86 359971
678 1.47493 459684 311665752 26.0384 8.78503 2130.00 361035
679 1.47275 461041 313046839 26.0576 8.78935 2133.14 362101
680 1.47059 462400 314432000 26.0768 8.79366 2136.28 363168
681 1.46843 463761 315821241 26.0960 8.79797 2139.42 364237
682 1.46628 465124 317214558 26.1151 8.80227 2142.57 365308
683 1.46413 466489 318611987 26.1343 8.80657 2145.71 366380
684 1.46199 467856 320013504 26.1534 8.81087 2148.85 367453
685 1.45985 469225 321419125 26.1725 8.81516 2151.99 368528
686 1.45773 470596 322828856 26.1916 8.81945 2155.13 369605
687 1.45560 471969 324242703 26.2107 8.82373 2158.27 370684
688 1.45349 473344 325660672 26.2298 8.82801 2161.42 371764
689 1.45138 474721 327082769 26.2488 8.83229 2164.56 372845
690 1.44928 476100 328509000 26.2679 8.83656 2167.70 373928
691 1.44718 477481 329939371 26.2869 8.84082 2170.84 375031
692 1.44509 478864 331373888 26.3059 8.84509 2173.98 376099
693 1.44300 480249 332812557 2B.3249 8.84934 2177.12 377187
694 1.44092 481636 334255384 26.3439 8.85360 2180.27 378276
695 1.43885 483025 335702375 26.3629 8.85785 2183.41 379367
696 1.43678 484416 337153536 26.3818 8.86210 2186.55 380459
697 1.43472 485809 338608873 26.4008 8.86634 2189.69 381554
698 1.43266 487204 340368392 26.4197 8.87058 2192.83 382649
699 1.43062 488601 341532099 26.4386 8.87481 3195.97 383746
700 1.42857 490000 343000000 26.4575 ^.87904 2199.11 384845

80
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

NUMERICAL TABLE (Continued)

1 Circum. Area of
n 1000- n2 n3 Vn of circle circle
n irn

701 1.42653 491401 344472101 26.4764 8.88327 2202.26 385945

702 1.42450 492804 345948408 26.4953 8.88749 2205.40 387047
703 1.42248 494209 347428927 26.5141 8.89171 2208.54 388151
704 1.42045 495616 348913664 26.5330 8.89592 2211.68 389256
705 1.41844 497025 350402625 26.5518 8.90013 2214.82 390363
708 1.41643 498436 351895816 26.5707 8.90434 2217.96 391471
707 1.41443 499849 353393243 26.5895 8.90854 2221.11 392580
708 1.41243 501264 354894912 26.6083 8.91274 2224.25 393692
709 1.41044 502681 356400829 26.6271 8.91693 2227.39 394805
710 1.40845 504100 357911000 26.6458 8.92112 2230.53 395919

711 1.40647 505521 359425431 26.6646 8.92531 2233.67 397035

712 1.40449 506944 360944128 26.6833 8.92949 2236.81 398153
713 1.40252 508369 362467097 26.7021 8.93367 2239.96 399272
714 1.40056 509796 363994344 26.7208 8.93784 2243.10 400393
715 1.39860 511225 365525875 26.7395 8.94201 2246.24 401515
716 1.39665 512656 367061696 26.7582 8.94618 2249.38 402639
717 1.39470 514089 368601813 26.7769 8.95034 2252.52 403765
718 1.39276 515524 370146232 26.7955 8.95450 2255.66 404892
719 1.39082 516961 371694959 26.8142 8.95866 2258.81 406020
720 1.38889 518400 373248000 26.8328 8.95281 2261.95 407150

721 1.38696 519841 374805361 26.8514 8.96696 2265.09 408282

722 1.38504 521284 376367048 26.8701 8.97110 2268.23 409416
723 1.38313 522729 377933067 26.8887 8.97524 2271.37 410550
724 1.38122 524176 379503424 26.9072 8.97938 2274.51 411687
725 1.37931 525625 381078125 26.9258 8.98351 2277.65 412825
726 1.37741 527076 382657176 26.9444 8.98764 2280.80 413965
727 1.37552 528529 384240583 26.9629 8.99176 2283.94 415106
728 1.37363 529984 385828352 26.9815 8.99588 2287.08 416248
729 1.37174 531441 387420489 27.0000 9.00000 2290.2a 417393
730 1.36986 532900 389017000 27.0185 9.00411 2293.36 418539

731 1.36799 534361 390617891 27.0370 9,00822 2296.50 419686

732 1.36612 535824 392223168 27.0555 9.01233 2299.65 420835
733 1.36426 537289 393832837 27.0740 9.01643 2302.79 421986
734 1.36240 538756 395446904 27.0224 9.02043 2305.93 423138^
735 1.36054 540225 397065375 27.1109 9.02462 2309.07 424292
736 1.35870 541696 398688256 27.1293 9.02871 2312.21 425447
737 1.35685 543169 400315553 27.1477 9.03280 2315.35 426604
738 1.35501 544644 401947272 27.1662 9.03689 2318.50 427762
739 1.35318 546121 403583419 27.1846 9.04097 2321.64 428922
740 1.35135 547600 405224000 27.2029 9.04504 2324.78 430084

741 1.34953 549081 406869021 27.2213 9.04911 2327.92 431247

742 1.34771 550564 408518488 27.2397 9.05318 2331.06 432412
743 1.34590 552049 410172407 27.2580 9.05725 2334.20 433578
744 1.34409 553536 411830784 27.2764 9.06131 2337.34 434746
745 1.34228 555025 413493625 27.2947 9.06537 2340.49 435916
746 1.34048 556516 415160936 27.3130 9.^6942 2343.63 437087
747 1.33869 558009 416832723 27.3313 9.07347 2346.77 438259
748 1.33690 559504 418508992^27.3496 9.07752 2349.91 439433
749 1.33511 561001 420189749 27.3679 9.08156 2353.05 440609
750 1.33333 562500 421875000 27.3861 9.08560 2356.19 441786

81
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

NUMERICAL TABLE (Continued)

1 Circum. Area of
n 1000- n2 Vn of circle circle
n
Tn

751 1.33156 564001 423564751 27.4044 9.08964 2359.34 442965

752 1.32979 565504 425259008 27.4226 9.09367 2362.48 444146 ;
753 1.32802 567009 426957777 27.4408 9.09770 2365.62 445328
754 1.32626 568516 428661064 27.4591 9.10173 2368.76 446511
755 1.32450 570025 430368875 27.4773 9.10575 23?1.90 447697
756 1.32275 571536 432081216 27.4955 9.10977 2375.04 448883
757 1.32100 573049 433797093 27.5136 9.11378 2378.19 450072
758 1.31926 574564 435519512 27.5318 9.11779 2381.33 451262
759 1.31752 576081 437245479 27.5500 9.12180 2384 47 452453
760 1.31579 577600 438976000 27.5681 9.12581 2387.61 453646

761 1.31406 579121 440711081 27.5862 9.12981 2390.75 454841

762 1.31234 580644 442450728 27.6043 9.13380 2393.89 456037
763 1.31062 582169 444194947 27.6225 9.13780 2397.04 457234
764 1.30890 583696 445943744 27.6405 9.14179 2400.18 458434
765 1.30719 585225 447697125 27.6586 9.14577 2403.32 459635
766 1.30548 586756 449455096 27.6767 9.14976 2406.46 460837
767 1.30378 588289 451217663 27.6948 9.15374 2409.60 462041
768 1.30208 589824 452984832 27.7128 9.15771 2412.74 463247
769 1.30039 591361 454756609 27.7308 9.16169 2415.88 464454
770 1.29870 592900 456533000 27.7489 9.16566 2419.03 465663

771 1.29702 594441 458314011 27.7669 9.16962 2422.17 466873

772 1.29534 595984 460099648 27.7849 9.17359 2425.31 468085
773 1.29366 587529 461889917 27.8029 9.17754 2428.45 469298
774 1.29199 599076 463684824 27.8209 9.18150 2431.59 470513
775 1.29032 600625 465484375 27.8388 9.18545 2434.73 471730
776 1.28866 602176 467288576 27.8568 9.18940 2437.88 472948
777 1.28700 603729 469097433 27.8747 9.19335 2441.02 474168
778 1.28535 605284 470910952 27.8927 9.19729 2444.16 475389
779 1.28370 606841 472729139 27.9103 9.20123 2447.30 476612
780 1.28205 608400 474552000 27.9285 9.20516 2450.44 477836

781 1.28041 609961 476379541 27.9464 9.20910 2453.58 479062

782 1.27877 611524 478211768 27.9643 9.21303 2456.73 480290
783 1.27714 613089 480048687 27.9821 9.21695 2459.87 481519
784 1.27551 614656 481890304 28.0000 9.22087 2463^1 482750
785 1.27389 616225 483736625 28.0179 9.22479 2466.15 483982
786 1.27226 617796 485587656 28.0357 9.22871 2469.29 485216
787 1.27065 619369 487443403 28.0535 9.23262 2472.43 486451
788 1.26904 620944 489303872 28.0713 9.23653 2475.58 487688
789 1.26743 622521. 491169039 28.0891 9.24043 2478.72 488927
790 1.26582 624100 493039000 28.1069 9.24434 2481.86 490167

791 1.26422 625G81 494913671 28.1247 9.24823 2485.00 491409

792 1.26263 627264 496793088 28.1425 9.25213 2488.14 492652
793 1.26103 628849 498677257 28.1603 9.25602 2491.28 493897
794 1.25945 630436 500566184 82.1780 9.25991 2494.42 495143
795 1.25786 632025 502459875 28.1957 9.26380 2497.57 496391
796 1.25628 633616 504358336 28.2135 9.26758 2500.71 497641
797 1.25471 635209 506261573 28.2312 9.27156 2503.85 498892
798 1.25313 636812 508169592 28.2489 9.27544 2506.99 500145
799 1.25166 638401 510082399 28.2666 9.27931 2510.13 501399
800 1.25000 640000 512000000 28.2843 9.28318 2513.27 502655

82

\
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

NUMERICAL TABLE (Continued)

Circum. Area of
loooi n2 Vn of circle
rrn
circle

513922401 28.3019 9.28704 2516.42 503912

1.24844 641601
1.24688 643204 515849608 28.3196 9.29091 2519.56 505171
517781627 28.3373 9.29477 2522.70 506432
1.24533 644809
519718464 28.3549 9.29862 2525.84 507694
1.24378 646416
1.24224 648025 521660125 28.3725 9.30248 2528.98 508958
523606616 28.3901 9.30633 2532.12 510223
1.24069 649636
525557943 28.4077 9.31018 2535.27 511490
1.23916 651249
527514112 28.4253 9.31402 2538.41 512758
1.23762 652864
529475129 28.4429 9.31786 2541.55 514028.
1.23609 654481
1.23457 656100 531441000 28.4605 ,9.32170 2544.69 515300

533411731 28.4781 9.32553 2547.83 516573

1.23305 657721
535387328 28.4956 9.32936 2550.97 517848
1.23153 659344
537367797 28.5132 9.33319 2554.11 519124
1.23001 660969
539353144 28.5307 9.33702 2557.26 520402
1.22850 662596
541343375 28.5482 9.34084 2560.40 521681
1.22699 664225
543338496 28.5657 9.34466 2563.54 522962
1.22549 665856
545338513 28.5832 9.34847 2566.68 524245
1.22399 667489
1.22249 669124 547343432 28.6007 9.35229 2569.82 525529
549353259 28.6182 9.35610 2572.96 526814
1.22100 670761
551368000 28.6356 9.35990 2576.11 528102
1.21951 672400
553387661 28.6531 9.35370 2579.25 529391
1.21803 674041
555412248 28.6705 9.36751 2582.39 530681
1.21655 675684
557441767 28.6880 9.37130 2585;53 531973
1.21507 677329
559476224 28.7054 9.37510 2588.67 533267
1.21359 678976
561515625 28.7228 .9.37889 2591.81 534562
1.21212 680625
563559976 28.7402 9.38268 2594.96 535858
1.21065 682276
56560^283 28.7576 9.38646 2598.10 537157
1.20919 683929
567663552 28.7750 9.39024 2601.24 538456
1.20773 685584
569722789 28.7924 9.39402 2604.38 539758
1.20627 687241
571787000 28.8097 9.39780 2607.52 541061
1.20482

573856191 28.8271 9.40157 2610.66 542365

1. 690561
575930368 28.8444 9.40534 2613.81 543671
1.20192 692224
578009537 28.8617 9.40911 2616 95 544979
1.20048
580093704 28.8791 9.41287 2620.09 546288
1.19904 695556
582182875 28.8964 9.41663 2623.23 547599
1.19760 697225
584277056 28.9137 9.42039 2626.37 548912
1.19617
586376253 28.9310 9.42414 2629.51 550226
1.19474 700569
588480472 28.9482 9.42789 2632.65 551541
1.19332 702244
590589719 28.9655 9.43164 2635.80 552858
1.19190 703921
592704000 28.9828 9.43539 2638.94 554177
1.19048 705600

594823321 29.0000 9.43913 2642.08 555497

1.18906 707281
596947688 29.0172 9.44287 2645.22 556819
1.18765 708964
599077107 29.0345 9.44661 2648,36 558142
1.18624 710649
601211584 29.0517 9.45034 2651.50 559467
1.18483 712336
603351125 29.0689 9.45407 2654.65 560794
1.18343 714025
605495736 29.0861 9.45780 2657.79 562122
1.18203 715716
29.1033 9.46152 2660.93 563452
1.18064 7174t)9 607645423
609800192 29.1204 9.46525 2664.07 564783
1.17925 719104
611960049 29.1376 9.46897 2667.21 566116
1.17786 720801
614125000 29.1548 9.47268 2670.35 567450
1.17647 722500
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

NUMERICAL TABLE (Conjixiued)

1 Circum. Area of
n 1000^ n2 n\ Vn of circle circle
n
irn

851 1.17509 724201 616295051 29.1719 9.47640 2673.50 568786

852 1.17371 725904 618470208 29.1890 9.48011 2676.64 570124
853 1.17233 727609 620650477 29.2062 9.48381 2679.78 571463
854 1.17096 729136 622835864 29.2233 9.48752 2682.92 572803
855 1.16959 731025 625026375 29.2404 9.49122 2686.06 574146
856 1.16822 732736 627222016 29.2575 9.49492 2689.20 575490
857 1.16686 734449 629422973 29.2746 9.49861 2692.34 576835
858 1.16550 736164 631628712 29.2916 9.50231 2695.49 578182
859 1.16414 737881 633839779 29.3087 9.50600 2698.63 579530
8G0 1.16279 739600 636056000 29^3258 9.50969 2701.77 580880

861 1.16144 741321 638277381 29.3428 9.51337 2704.91 582232

862 1.16009 743044 640503928 29.3598 9.51705 2708.05 583585
863 1.15875 744769 642735647 29.3769 9.52073 2711.19 584940
864 1.15741 746496 644972544 29.3939 9.52441 2714.34 586297
865 1.15607 748225 647214625 29.4109 9.52808 2717.48 587655
866 1.15473 749956 649461896 29.4279 9.53175 2720.62 589014
867 1.15340 751689 651714363 29.4449 9.53542 2723.7d 590375
868 1.15207 753424 653972032 29.4618 9.53908 2726.90 591738
869 1.15075 755161 656234909 29.4788 9.54274 2730.04 593102
870 1.14943 766900 658503000 29.4958 9.M640 2733.19 594468

871 1.14811 758641 660776311 29.5127 9.55006 2736.33 595835

872 1.14679 760384 663054848 29.5296 9.55371 2739.47 97204
873 1.14548 762129 665338617 29.5466 9.55736 2742.61 598575
874 1.14416 763876 667627624 29.5635 9.56101 2745.75 599947
875 1.14286 765625 669921875 29.5804 9.56466 2748.89 601320
876 1.14155 767376 672221376 29.5973 9.56830 2752.04 602696
877 1.14025 769129 674526133 29.5142 9.57194 2755.18 604073
878 1.13895 770884 676836152 29.6311 9.57557 2758.32 605451
879 1.13766 772641 679151439 29.6479 9.57921 2761.46 606831
880 1.13636 774400 681472000 29.6648 9.58284 2764.60 608212

881 1.13507 776161 683797841 29.6816 9.58646 2767>4 " 609595

882 1.13379 777924 686128968 29.6985 9.59009 2770.88 610980
883 1.13250 779689 688465387 29.7153 9.59372 2774.03 612366
884 1.13122 781456 690807104 29.7321 9.59734 2777.17 613754
885 1.12994 783225 693154125 29.7489 9.60095 2780.31 615143
886 1.12867 784996 695506456 29.7658 9.60457 2783.45 616534
887 1.12740 786769 697864103 29.7825 9.60818 2786.59 617927
888 1.12613 788544 700227072 29.7993 9.61179 2789.70 619321
889 1.12486 790321 702595369 29.8161 9.61540 2792.88 620717
890 1.12360 792100 704969000 29.8329 9.61900 2796.02 622114

891 1.12233 793881 707347971 29.8496 9.62260 2799.16 623513

892 1.12108 795664 709732288 29.8664 9.62620 2802.30 624913
893 1.11982 797449 712121957 29.8831 9.62980 2805.44 626315
894 1,11857 799236 714516984 29.8998 9.63339 2808.58 627718
895 1.11732 801025 716917375 29.9166 9.63698 2811.73 629124
896 1.11607 802816 719323136 29.9333 9.64057 2814.87 630530
897 1.11483 804609 721734273 29.9500 9.64415 2818.01 631938
898 1.11359 806404 724150792 29.^666 9.64774 2821.15 633348
899 1.11235 808201 726572699 29.9833 9.65132 2824.29 634760
900 1.11111 810000 729000000 30.0000 9.65489 2827.43 636173

Si

\
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

NUMERICAL TABLE (Cdntinued)

Circum. Area of
loooi n3 Vn of circle circle
irn iirn^

1.10988 811801 731432701 30.0167 9.65847 2830.57 637587

1.10865 813604 733870808 30.0333 9.66204 2833.72 639003
1.10742 815409 736314327 30.0500 9.66561 2836.96 640421
1.10619 817216 738763264 30.0666 9.66918 2840.00 641840
1,10497 819025 741217625 30.0832 9.67274 2843.14 643261
1.10375 820836 743677416 30.0998 9.67630 2816.28 644683
1.10254 822649 746142643 30.1164 9.67986 2849.42 646107
1.10132 824464 748613312 30.1330 9.68342 2852 57 647533
1,10011 826281 751089429 30.1496 2855.71 648960
1.09890 828100 753571000 30.1662 9.69052 2858.85 650388

1. 829921 756058031 30.1828 9.69407 2861.99 651818

1.09649 831744 758550528 30.1993 9.69762 2865.13 653250
1.09529 833569 761048497 30.2159 9.70116 2868.27 654684
1.09409 835396 763551944 30.2324 9.70470 2871.42 656118
1.09290 837225 766060875 30.2490 9.70824 2874.56 657555
1.09170 839056 768575296 .2655 9.71177 2877.70 658993
1.09051 840889 771095213 .2820 9.71531 2880.84 660433
1.08932 842724 773620632 30.2985 9.71884 2883.98 661874 -
1.08814 844561 776151559 30.3150 9.72236 2887.12 663317
^08696 846400 778688000 30.3315 9.72589 2890.27 664761

1.08578 848241 781229961 30.3480 9.72941 2893.41 666207

1.08460 850084 783777448 30.3645 9.73293 2996.55 667654
1.08342 851929 786330467 30.3809 9.73645 2899.69 669103
1.08225 853776 788889024 30.3974 9.73996 2902.83 670554
J.08108 855625 791453125 30.4138 9.74348 2905.97 672006
1.07991 857476 794022776 30.4302 9,74699 2909.11 673460
1.07875 859329 796597983 30.4467 9.75049 2912.26 674915
1.07759 861184 799178752 30.4631 9,75400 2915.40 676372
1.07643 863041 801765089 20.4795 9.75750 2918.54 677831
1.07527 864900 804357000 30.4959 9.76100 2921.68 679291

1.07411 866761 806954491 30.5123 9.76450 2924.82 680753

1.07296 868624 809557568 30.5287 9.76799 2927.96 682216
1.07181 870489 812166237 30.5450 9.77148 2931.11 683680
1.07066 872356 814780504 30.5614 9.77497 2934.25 685147
1.06952 874225 817400375 30.5778 9.77846 2937.39 686615
1.06838 876096 820025856 30.5941 19.78195 2940.53 688084
1.06724 877969 822656953 30.6105 9.78543 2943.67 689555
1.06610 879844 825293672 30.6268 9.78891 2946.81 691028
1.06496 881721 827936019 30.6431 9.79239 2949.96 692502
1.06383 883600 830584000 30.6594 9.79586 2953.10

1.06270 885481 833237621 30.6757 9.79933 2956.24 695455

1.06157 887364 835896888 30.6920 9.80280 2959.38 696934
1.06045 889249 838561807 30.7083 9.80627 2962.52 698415
1.05932 891136 841232384 30.7246 9.80974 2965.66 699897
1.05820 893025 843908625 30.7409 9.81320 2968.81 701380
1.05708 894916 846590536 30.7571 9.81666 2971.96 702865
1.05597 896809 849278123 30.7734 9.82012 2975.09 704352
1.05485 898704 851971392 30.7896 9.82357 2978.23 705840
1.05374 900601 854670349 30.8058 9.82703 2981.37 707330
1.05263 902500 857375000 30.8221 9.83048 2984.51 708822

85
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSJCS

NUMERICAL TABLE ^Continued)

1 Circum. Area of
n lOOO- W2 n3 Vn of circle circle
n
irn |7rn2

951 1.05152 904401 860085351 30.8383 9.83392 2987,65 710315

952 1.05042 906304 862801408 30.8545 9.83737 2990.80 711810
953 1.04932 908209 865523177 30.8707 9.84081 2993.94 713306
954 1.04822 910116 868250664 30.8869 9.84425 2997.08 714803
955 1.04712 912025 870983875 30.9031 9.84769 3000.22 716303
956 1.04603 913936 873722816 30.9192 9.85113 3003.36 717804
957 1.04493 915849 876467493 30.9354 9.85456 3006.50 719306
958 1.04384 917764 879217912 30.9516 9.85799 3009.65 720810
959 1.04275 919681 881974079 30.9677 9.86142 3012.79 722316
960 1.04167 921600 884736000 30.9839 9.86485 3015.93 723823

961 1.04058 923521 887503681 31.0000 9.86827 3019.07 725332

962 1.03950 925444 890277128 31.0161 9.87169 3022.21 726842
963 1.03842 927369 893056347 31.0322 9.87511 3025.35 728354
964 1.03734 929296 895841344 31.0483 9.87853 3028.50 729867
965 1.03627 931225 898632125 31.0644 9.8195 3031.64 731382
966 1.03520 933156 901428696 31.0805 9.88536 3034,78 732899
967 1.03413 935089 904231063 31.0966 9.88877 3037,92 734417
968 1.03306 937024 907039232 31.1127 9.89217 3041,06 735937
969 1.03199 938961 909853209 31.1288 9.89558 3044.20 737458
970 1.03093 940900 912673000 31.1448 9.89898 3047.34 738981

971 1.02987 942841 915498611 31.1609 9.90235 3050.49 740506

972 1.02881 944784 918330048 31.1769 9.90578 3053.63 742032
973 1.02775 946729 921167317 31.1929 9.90918 3056.77 743559
974 1.02669 948676 924010424 31.2090 9.91257 3059.91 745088
975 1.02564 950625 926859375 31.2250 . 9 .91596r 3063.05 746619
976 1.02459 952576 929714176 31.2410 9.91935 3066.19 748151
977 1.02354 954529 932574833 31.2570 9.92274 3069,34 749685
978 1.02249 956484 935441352 31.2730 9.92612 3072.48 751221
979 1.02145 958441 938313739 31.2890 9.92950 3075.62 752758
980 1.02041 960400 941192000 31.3050 9.93288 3078.76 754296

981 1.01937 962361 944076141 31.3209 9.93626 3081.90 755837

982 1.01833 964324 946966168 31.3369 9.93964 3085.04 757378
983 1.01729 966289 949862087 31.3528 9.94301 3088,19 758922
984 1.01626 968256 952763904 31.3688 9.94638 3091,33 760466
985 1.01523 970225 955671625 31.3847 9.94975 3094.47 762013
986 1.01420 972196 958585256 31.4006 9.95311 3097,61 763561
987 1.01317 974169 961504803 31.4166 9.95648 3100.75 765111
988 1,01215 976144 964430272 31.4325 9.95984 3103,89 766662
989 1.01112 978121 967361669 31.4484 9.96320 3107,04 768214
990 1.01010 980100 970299000 31.4643 9.96655 3110,18 769769

991 1.00908 982081 973242271 31.4802 9.96991 3113.32 771325

992 1.00806 984046 976191488 31.4960 9.97326 3116.46 772882 '
993 1.00705 986049 979146657 31.5119 9.97661 3119.60 774441
994 1.00604 988036 982107784 31.5278 9.97996 3122.74 776002
995 1.00503 990025 985074875 31.5346 9.98331 3125.88 777564
996 1.00402 992016 988047936 31.5595 9.98665 3129,03 779128
997 1.00301 994009 991026973 31.5753 9.98999 3132,17 780693
998 1.00200 996004 994011992 31.5911 9.99333 3135.31 782260
999 1.00100 998001 997002999 31.6070 9.99667 3138.45 783828

86

V
 GENERAL CHEMICAL TABLES

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC WEIGHTS

1920
Name Sym- Atomic Principal Name Sym-Atomic Principal
bol weight valence bol weight valence

Aluminima...... A1 27.1 Molybdenum... Mo 96.0 3, 4 or 6

Antimony, stib Neodymium Nd 144.3 3
ium .Sb 120.2 3 or 5 Neon. Ne 20.2 0
Argon A 39.9 0 Nickel Ni 58.68 2 or 3
Arsenic As 74.96 3 or 5 Niton, Ra ema-.
Barium Ba 137.37 2 nation. .Nt 222.4
Bismuth Bi 208.0 3 or 5 Nitrogen N 14.008 3 or 5
Boron B 11.0 3 Osmium Os 190.9 2,3,4 or 8
Bromine Br 79.92 1 Oxygen .O16.00 2
Cadmium Cd 112.40 2 Palladium..... .Pd 106.7 2 or 4
Csesiimi Cs 132.81 1 Phosphorus . . . .P SIM 3 or 5
Calciiim Ca 40.07 2 Platintmi .Pt 195.2 2 or 4
Carbon C 12.005 2 or 4 Potassiimi, ka-
Ceriimi Ce 140.25 4 or 3 lium K 39.10
Chlorine .C1 35.46 . 1 Praseodymium. .Pr 140.9
Chromium Cr 52.0 2, 3 or 6 Radium .. .Ra 226.0
Cobalt Co 58.97 2 or 3 Rhodium Rh 102.9
Columbiimi, ni Rubidium...... Rb 85.45
obium Cb 93.1 3 or 5 Ruthenium Ru 101.7 3.4, 6 or 8
Copper Cu 63.57 1 or 2 Samarium Sa 150.4 3
Dysprosiiun.... Dy 162.5 3 Scandium .Sc 44.1 3
Erbium Er 167.7 3 Selenium....... Se 79.2 2, 4 or 6
Eurbpiimi Eu 152.0 3 Silicon Si 28.3 4
Fluorine F 19.0 1 Silver, argentumAg 107:88 1
Gadoliniimi Gd 157.3 3 Sodiimi, n a -
Gallium Ga 70.1 3 trium.. Na 23.00 1
Germanium Ge 72.5 4 Strontium..... .Sr 87.63 2
Gluoinum, be Sulphur....... .S 32.06 2, 4 or 6
ryllium G1 9.1 2 Tantalum. . . . . .Ta 181.5 5
Gold, aurum Au 197.2 1 or 3 Tellurium Te 127.5 2, 4 or 6
Helium He 4.00 0 Terbiimi Tb 159.2 3
Holmiimi Ho 163.5 3 Thallium. Tl 204.0 lor 3
Hydrogen...... H 1.008 1 Thorium Th 232.15 4
Indium .In 114.8 3 Thulium Tm 168.5 3
Iodine I 126.92 1 Tin, stannum... Sn 118.7 2 or 4
Iridium Ir 193.1 8 or 4 Titanium Ti 48.1 3 or 4
Iron, ferrxmi. ... Fe 55.84 2 or 3 Tungsten, wol-
Kr3rpton Kr 82.92 0 framium W 184.0 6
Lanthanimi La 139.0 3 Uranium. U 238.2 4 or 6
Lead, plumbimi. Pb 207.2 2 or 4 Vanadiimi .V 51.0 3 or 5
lithium .Li 6.94 1 Xenon Xe 130.2 0
Lutecium Lu 175.0 3 Ytterbium Yb 173.5 3
Magnesiimi Mg 24.32 2 Yttriimi. Yt 89.33 3
Manganese Mn 54.93 2,4,6 or 7 Zinc Zn 65.37 2
Mercury, hy Zirconium Zr 90.6 4
drargyrum -.Hg 200.6 lor 2
87
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND J^HYSICS

MOLECULAR WEIGHTS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS

Mol. Mol.
Ck>mpoiind wt.
Log. Compound
wt.

Aluminum
AkOa 102.20 2.00945 18.016
Al2(OH)6 ...... 166.25 2.19381 Iodine
Antimony :I. 234.80
SbsSe 400.70 2.60382 kf. 127.93
SbsSa 336.58 2.52609 Pbl2 461.04
SbaOa 288.40 2.46000 Iron
Sb205 i 320.40 2.50569 FeO 71.84
Arsenic Fe203 ^. 159.68
Mg2AS207 310.56 2.49214 Lead
(MgNH4As04)2, PbS04 303.26
380.66 2.58054 PbS 239.26
A82S6. .'.;!!!!! 310.22 2.49167 PbO 223.00
AS2S3......... 246.10 2.39111 PbCl2 278.12
AS2O3 197.92 2.29649 PbCr04 323.20
AS2O5 229.92 2.36157 Lithium
Barium LiCl 42.40
BaS04 233.43 2.36816 Li2^04 109.94
BaO.. 153.37 2.18574 Li20 - 29.88
BaCOs 197.37 2.29528 LiaCOa 73.88
BaCi04. 253.37 2.40374 Li3P04 116.09
Bismuth Magnesium
Bi208 464.00 2.66652 Mg2P207 222.72
BizSa 512.18 2.70942 MgO 40.32
BiOCl 259.46 2.41407 Mg(NH4)As04 +
Bromine 289.42
AgBr 187.80 2.27370 Mg2AS267 310.56
HBr 80.93 1.90811 MgS04 120.38
Cadmium Manganese
CdS 144.45 2.15972 MnS04 150.99
CdO 128.40 2.10857 MnS 86.99
Calcium Mn304 228.79
CaO. 56.07 1.74873 Mn203 157.86
CaS04 136.13 2.13395 MnO 70.93
CaCOs 100.07 2.00030 KMn04 158.03
Carbon Mercury
CO2 44.00 1.64345 HgS 232.66
CN 26.01 1.41514 HgO 216.60
CO 28.00 1.44716 Hg20 417.20
HCN 27.02 1.43169 Hg2Cl2 472.12
Chlorine Nickel
AgCl 143.34 2.15637 NiO 74.68
HCl. 36.47 1.56194 NiS04 154.74
Chromiimi Nitrogen
Cr208. 152.00 2.18184 N2O5 108.02
CrOa 100.00 2.00000 N2O3 76.02
PbCr04 323.10 2.50934 (NH4)C1. ., 53.50
BaCr04 253.37 2.40374 (NH,,_
T4)2S04. 132.14
Cobalt Phosphorus
CoO.... 74.97 1.87489 Mg2P207 222.72
C03O4 240.91 2.38186 -^207. 605.60
K3Co(N02)6. . . 452.33 2.65546 142.08
, PH3 34.06
'"'SSo..... 79.57 1.90075 Ag3P04 418.68
CU2S 159.20 2.20194 Platinum
Fluorine K2PtCl6 486.16
CaF2 78.07 1.89248 (NH4)2PtCl6. ... 444.04
HF 20.008 1.30121 Potassium
BaSiFe 279.67 2.44665 KCI 74.56
K2SiF6 220.50 2.34341 K2SO4 174.26
HaSiFe 144.32 2.15932 KsPtCle 486.16
 BANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY A^D PHYSICS
molecular WEIOHTS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS (Cont.)

Compound
Mol, Log. Compound
Mol.
Log.
- wt. wt.

Potassium {Cont.) Strontium

K2O. 94.20 1.97405 SrS04.. 183.69 2.26409
KjSiFe 220.50 2.34341 SrCOa.. 147.63 2.16917
SUicon SrO ... 103.63 2.01550
Si02... 60.30 1.78032 Sulphur
SiF4. . . . . . . . . 104.30 2.01828 AsaSs. . 246.10 2.39111
HsSiFe... 144.32 2.15932 CdS... 144.46 2.15975
KaSiFe 220.50 2.34341 H2S.... 34.08 1.53250
BaSiFe 279.67 2.44665 SO2.... 64.06 1.80659
Silver SOa... 80.06 1.90342
Ag20.. 231.76 2.36504 H2SO4.. 98.08 1.99158
AgBr 187.80 2.27370 Tin
AgCl 143.34 2.15637 SnOa... 151.00 2.1^898
Agl.... 234.80 2.37070 SnO... 135.00 2.13033
AgCN 133.89 2.12675 Zinc
Ag3P04 418.68 2.62188 ZnS... 97.43 l.S
Sodium ZnO... 81.37 1,91046
NaCl 58.46 1.76686
Na2S04 145.06 2.15247
NaaCOs 106.00 2.02531
Na20.. 62.00 -1.79239

89
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

COMPOSITION AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

OF ALLOYS

Thermal
expan
Composition Name Sp.gr. sion coef
ficient

Aluminum
97A1, 3Cu... 24X10-6
90A1, lOMg Magnalium. 2.50 24
70A1, 30Mg Magnalium. 2.00
aiAl, 9Zn. 2.80
70A1, 30Zn
Bismutii
52.5B1, 32Pb, 15.5Sn ....
50Bi, 27Pb, 13Sn, lOCd.. Lipowitz' aUoy
50Bi, 25Pb,12.5Sn,12.5Cd Wood's metal 9.70
50Bi, 27.1Pb, 22.9Sn.... Rose metal
40Bi, 40Pb, 20Sn Bismuth solder
Copper
90Cu, lOAl Aluminum bronze 7.6 16
77Cu, 15Pb, 8Sn "B" ^loy, P.R.R
95Cu, 5Mn Manganese bronze 'sis
82Cu, 15Mn, 3N .... Manganin 8.5
80Cu, 20Ni Nickeline 8.5
60Cu, 40Nr: Constantan 8.4
90Cu, lOSn Bronze, gim metal 8.8 18
78Cu, 22Sn Bell metal 8.7
67Cu, 33Sii Bronze, speculum metal 8.6 18
95Cu, 4Sn, IZn.. Bronze coins
82Cu, 16Sn, 2Zn Bronze bearings
79.7CU, lOSn, 9.5Sb, 0.8P Phosphor bronze
90Cu, lOZn Red brass 8.60
67Cu, 33Zn Brass, ordinary yellow. 8.40 18
60Cu, 40Zn Muntz metal
55Cu, 45Zn For brazing
61.2Cu, 37.3Zn, 0.9Sn, 0.4
Pb, 0.2Fe Tobin bronze
52Cu, 26Zn, 22Ni German silver 8.45
60Cu, 25Zn, 15Ni. German silver 18
Iridium
95Ir, 5Pt. . : 22.38
Iron
80Fe, 20A1 Ferro-aluminum 6.
97Fe, 3C Cast iron, white 7.60
94Fe, 3.5C, 2.5Si Cast iron, gray 7.0
99Fe, IC Steel 7.83
50Fe, 50Cr Ferro-chromium
50Fe, 50Mn Ferro-manganese
86Fe, 13Mn, IC Manganese steel 7.81
96.5Fe, 3.5Ni Nickel steel
74,2Fe, 25Ni, 0.8C Ferro-nickel 's.i
67.8Fe, 32Ni, 0.2C Ferro-nickel, valve steel 8.0
63.8Fe, 36Ni, 0.2C Invar 8.0
53.85Fe, 46Ni, 0.15C.. .. Platinite 8.2
95.1Fe, 3Ni, l.SCr. 0.4C. Nickel-chrome steel
97.6Fe, 2Si, 0.4C Silicon steel
94.5Fe, 5W, 0.5C Timgsten steel
75Fe, 18W, 6Cr, 0.3Va, High speed steel
0.7C
Gold
90Au, lOCu Coinage. 17.17
84Au, 16Cu Jewelry.
75Au, 24Cu Jewelry.

90
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

COMPOSITION AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

OF ALLaYS (Continued)
Thermal Melt
Composition. Najne. Specific expan ing
gravity. sion coef point
ficient.

Lead
90Pb, lOSb . Magnolia.
85PlHl5Sb: 10.4 19.5 230
82Pb, 15Sb, 3Sn.. . ... Type metal
67Pb, 33Sn Solder. 9.4 25.0 240
75Pb 5Sn. 19Sb. ICu White metal 9.5 238
4.33Pb, 14.38ab, 0.61Fe,
0:68Zn Carbox metal.
Mercury
80Hg, 20Bi Bismuth amalgam
70Hg, 30Cu. Dentists' amalgam...
Platmum
90Pt, lOIr Platinum-iridium 21.61 8.8
90Pt, lORh Platinum-rhodium...
Silver
90Az lOGu Coinage 10.3 875
80Ag, 20Cu Jewelry

90Sn, lOSb Britannia 260

80Sn 20Sb
90Sn, 7Sb, 3Cu Babbitt.
75Sn 12 5Sb 12 5Cu Antifriction "7:53' 233*
97Sn, 3Cu Rhine metal 7.35 300
68Sn, 32Cd 7.70
82Sn 12Sb 6Cu White metal
Zinc
95Zn, 6A1. 2.80

91

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Sym At. Specific Principal

No. Name. Derivation.
bol. , wt. gravity.* valence.

Aluminum... L. alumerit alum Al 27.1 2.70 20 C. 3

Antimony L. antimonium Sb 120.2 t.62 20" 3 or 5

Gr. argos, inactive. A 39.88 1.38 A 0

li- . A 39.88 1.405-186 0
Arsemc, cryst. L. arsenicum As 74.96 5.73 3ot5
amorph As 74.96 4.72 14 3 or 5
Barium Gr. harysy heavy.. Ba 137.37 3.80 0" 2
Bismuth Unknown Bi 208.0 9.78 20" 3 or 5
Boron, amor.. Borax B 11.0 2.45 3

crystal.. B 11.0 2.54 3

Bromine, gj Gr. bromos, stench... Br 79.92 5 .87 AQQP 1
liquid... Br 79.92 3.12 20 1
Cadmium. Gr. kadmiat cakunine. Cd 112.4 8.65 20 2
Caesium.. L. caesius, sky blue.. Cs 132.81 1.87 ^6 1

Calcium L. calx, lime Ca 40.07 1.54 29 2

Carbon, amor. L. carbo, charcoal. C 12.0 1.88 2 or 4

^phite.. C 12.0 2.25 2 or 4

diamond. c 12.0 3.51 2 or 4
Cerium Planet Ceres Ce 140.25 6.92 25 3 or 4
Chlorine, g Gr. cUoroSt green. C1 35.46 2.49 A 1

liquid C1 35.46 1.51-34 1

Chromium.. Gr. chroma^ color. Cr 52.0 6.92 20 2, 3 or 6
Cobalt G. hdbold, goblin.. Co 58.97 8.72 21 2 or 3
24 Columbium, Columbia Cb 93.1 8.4 3 or 5
niobium
Copper...... Cyprus Cu 63.57 8.93-8:95 lor 2
Dysprosium. Gr. hard to speak Dy 162.5 3
with
27 Erbium Yrtterhy, town Er 167.7 4.77 3

Europium Europe Eu 152.0 3

Fluorine, gas L )2Mor, flow. F 19.0 1.31 A 1
liquid. F 19.0 1.14-200 1
Gadolinium. Gadolin, a Russian Gd 157.3 1.31 3
Gallium L. GaUia, France Ga 69.9 5.94.23 3
Germanium. L. Germania, Ger Ge 72.5 5.47 20 4
many
Glucinum, Gr. glykys, sweet G1 9.1 1.85 2
beryllium
Gold Anglo-Saaon, gold.. Au 197.2 19.32 17.5 1 or 3

Specific gravities marked A are referred to air.

92
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

THE ELEMENTS

Melting Boiling Dis

Pogt cov Discoverer. Where found.
ered.

658 1800 1828 Wohler In many rocks. Most abundant

metal.
630 1440 1450 Valentine Chiefly as sulphide and in various
metallic ores.
-189 ' -186.1 1894 Raylelgh Rare element in air.

sub.t 450 1694 Schroder As sulphide and in metallic ores.

850 950 1808 Davy In barite and witherite.

269.2 1436 1450 Valentine As sulphide and in rare mineiral^.
2000-2500 subl. 1808 Davy In borax and some minerals.
3500

-7.3 58.7 1828 Balard in sea water and natural bnnes.

320 778 1817 Stromeyer In zinc ores.
26.4 670 1860 Bunsen In lepidolite, pollucite, and some
mineral springs.
805 1808 Davy *In limestone and other rocks.
>3500 subl. Pre historic In coal, limestone and all organic
3500 matter.

623 1803 Berzelius In cerite and rare minerals.

-^102 33.6 1774 Scheele In common salt and other chlo
rides.

1505 2200 1797 Vauquelin In chrome-iron ore.

1490 1773 Brandt In many metallic ores. -
1950 1801 Hatchett In columbite and rare minerals.

1083 2310 Pre historic As metal r.nd in many ores.

1886 Lecoq de In holmium, samarskite, gadolm-
BoisbaudraD ite, etc.
1843 Mosander In gadolinite and rare minerals.
1896 Demarcay
-223 -187 1771 Scheele in fluorite and other minerals.
1886 Marignac In rare minerals as gadolinite.
30.1 1875 Boisbaudran In certain zinc blendes.
958 volat. at 1886 Winkler In argyzodite, a rare mineral.
1350
960 1828 Wohler In beryl and several rare minerals.
1065.6 2500 Pre historic Generally free; rarely combined
in various ores.

t Melts at 500 C. under pressure.

 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OP

No. Name. Derivation. Sym At. Specific Principal

bol. wt. gravity. valence.

Helium, gas.. Gr. hejios, the sun He' 4.00 0.137 A 0

liquid He 4.00 0.15-269- 0

Hydrogen,gas Gr. hydro, water, and H 1.008 0.0695 A 1
genes, forming
liquid., H 1.008 0.070-252 1
Indium,. From its indigo In 114.8 7.12 13 3
sp^trimi
Iodine, gas... Gr. iodes, violet. I 126.92 8.72 A 1
solid I 126.92 4.94 20 1
Indium L. iris, rainbow... Ir 193.1 22.42 17 3 or 4
Iron, pure Anglo-Saxon, iron.. Fe 55.84 7.85-7.88 2 or 3

Krypton, gas Gr. Kryptos, hidden.. Kr 82.92 2.818 A 0

liquid Kr 82.92 2.16-146 0

Lanthanum.. Gr. lanthano, to con La 139.0 6.155 3
ceal
Lead Anglo-Saxon, lead Pb 207.2 11.34 2or4
Lithium. Gr. lithos, stone.*. Li 6.94 0.534 1

Luteciimi Lutetia, ancient name Lu 175.0 3

of Paris
Magnesiimi... Magnesia, district in Mg 24.32 1.74 5 2
Jhessaly
Manganese... L. magnes, magnet.... Mn 54.93 7.42 2,4,6or7
Mercury Planet Mercury Hg 200.6 13.595 4 lor 2
Molybdenum Gr. molybdos, lead Mo 96.0 9.01 3, 4 or 6
Neodymium. Gr. neos, new and Nd 144.3 6.95 3
didymos, twin
Neon Gr. neost new... ^Ne 20.2 0.674 A 0
Nickel. ^...... Sw. abbr. of kup- Ni 58.68 8.60-8.90 2 or 3
parnickel
Nitrogen, gas N. L., niter forming., N 14.01 0.967 A 3 or 5
liquid N 14.01 0.854-205 3 or 5
Osmium... Gr. osme, odor Os 190.9 22.48 2, 3,4or8
Oxygen, gas.. Gr. acid former O 16.0 1.1053 A 2

liquid O 16.0 l.Mr-m 2

Palladium.... Planet Pallas Pd 106.7 12.16 2 or 4
horus, Gr. light bearing. P 31.04 1.83 3or5

red P 31.04 2.20 3or5

Platinum Sp. platinp... Pt 195.2 21.37 2 or 4
Potassium Sng. potash.. K 39.10 0.870 20 1

94
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

THE ELEMENTS (Continued)

Melting Boiling Dis

point cov Discoverer. Where found.
C. ered.

-272 1895 Ramsey and Rare element in the air and in the
Travers sun.

-252.8 1766 Cavendish Mainly in water and organic sub

stances.

155 red heat 1863 Reich and In certain zinc ores.

Richter
112-115 184 1811 Courtois Mainly in ashes of seaweeds.
1803 Tennant In iridosmine.
1505 2450 Pre historic As oxide and sulphide in nearly
all rocks.
-m.7 1895 Ramsey and Rare element in air.
Travers

810 Mosander In cerite and other rare minerals.

327 1525 Pre historic In galena and other ores.

186 1400 1817 Arfvedson In lepidolite, spodumene and other
rare minerals.
1907 Urbain and In samarskite and gadolinite.
Welsbach
651 1120 1829 Bussy In sea water, magnesite and other
minerals.
.1207 1774 Gahn In pyrolusite and other minerals.
-38.85 357.25 Pre historic Native and in cinnabar.
1782 Hjelm. Chiefly in-molybdenite.
840 1885 Welsbach In cerite and other rare minerals.

-239 Ramsey and Rare gas in air.

Travers
1452 1751 Cronstedt Many metallic ores.
-210.5 -195 1772 Rutherford In air and organic matter.
2700 wMte 1803 Tennant In iridosmine and native plat
heat inum.
-227 -182.7 1774 Priestley In air and forms about one half
the earth's crust combined in
rocks, etc.

1542 1804 Woilaston Native and in platinum and gold

ores.
44.2 Brandt In bones and apatite and many
minerals.

1755 1741 Wood As native platinum.

62.5 712 1807 Davy In wood ashes and many rocks.

95
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Sym At. Specific

No. Name. Derivation.
bol. wt. gravity.

Praseodym Gr. praseost green, Pr 140.9 6.48

ium and didymoSf twin
Radium L. radim^ ray Ra 226.0
Rhodium Gr. rhodon, rose Rh 102.9 12.44
Rubidium L. rubidiust red Rb 85.45 1.52

Ruthenium.. Ruthenia, Russia Ru 101.7 12.06

Samarium Samarski, a Russian.. Sm 150.4 7.7-7.1

Scandium Scandinavia Sc 44.1

Selenium., Gr. selene, moon.. Se - 79.2 4.47-4.80 2, 4^r 6

Silicon L. sUex, flint Si 28.3 2.42cryst.

Silver... Anglo-Saxon, soelfor.. 107.88 10.50 1

Sodium. English, soda..! 23.00 0.971 1

Strontium.... Strontian, town Sr 87.63 2.54 2

Scotland
Sulphur, L. sulfur S 32.06 2.046 2, 4 or 6

rhom 32.06 2.07 2, 4 or 6

monochmc 32.06 1.957 2, 4 or 6
Tantalum Gr. tantalus, myth Ta 181.5 16.6 5

Tellurium L. tellus, earth Te 127.5 6.25 4 or 6

Terbium Ytterby, town Tb 159.2 3
Sweden
Thallium.. Gr. thallos, budding T1 204.0 11.85 lor 3
twig
Thorium God Thor Th 232.4 11.2 4
Thulium Thule, Northland Tm 168.5
Tin, gray.... Anglo-Saxon, tin. .. Sn 118.7 5'.85'i5' *2 or 4*
rhombic... Sn 119.0 6.55 2 or 4
tetragonal. Sn 119.0 7.298 15 2 or 4
Titanium... ii. TUanes, sons of the Ti 48.1 4.5 3or4
earth
Tungsten, Sw. heavy stone... W 184.0 18.7 6
wolframium
Uranium.. Planet Uranus., U 238.2 18.68 4 or 6

Vanadium.... Goddess Vanadis.. V 51.0 5.69 3 or 5

Xenon, gas... Gr. xenos, strange Xe 130.2 4.422 0

liquid Xe 130.2 3.52 0

Ytterbium... Ytterby, town in Yb 173.5 3
Sweden
Yttrium.. Ytterby Y 88.7 3.80 3

Zinc G. Zink Zn 65.37 7.00-7.19 2

34 Zirconium.... Per. argun, gold-color Zr 90.6 4.15 amor. 4

96
 BANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

THE ELEMENTS (Continued)

Melting Boiling Dis

point cov Discoverer. Where found.
"C, ered.

1885 Weisbach In cerite and other rare minerals.

700 1903 Mme. Curie In pitchblende.

1970 1804 WoUaston With platinum and iridosmine.
38.5 1860 Bunsen In lepidolite and some mineral

2000 1845 Glaus With^^^inum and iridosmine.

1300- 1879 Boisbaudran In samarskite, cerite and other
1400 rare minerals.
1350 1879 Nilson In. gadolinite and other rare
minerals.
217 690 1817 Berzelius Mainly as impxirity in sulphur.
1420 3500 1823 Berzelius In quartz, most abundant after
o^^gen.
961 1955 Pre historic Native and in many ores.
97 750 1807 Davy In common salt, sea water and
many rocks.
900 white 1808 Davy- In strontianite and rare minerals.
heat
120 444.7 Pre historic Native and in many sulphides
and sulphate.
114.5 444.7
119.3 444.7
2850 1802 Ekeberg In, tantalite and other rare
minerals.
451 1390 1782 Reichenstein In several rare minerals.
1843 Mosander In gadolinite.

301.7 1280 Crookes In pyrites and flue dust of sul

phuric acid works.
1700 1828 Berzelius In thorite and other rare minerals.
1879 Cleve In gadolinite.
23i!9 2270 Pre historic In cassiterite (SnOz).

1800-1850 1789 Gregor In rocks and clays in small

amounts.
3350 1781 d'Elhujar In wolframite.

Near Mo Klapioth In pitchblende and other rare

minerals.
1710 Sefstrom In vanadinite and other minerals.
-140 -109 1895 Ramsey and Rare element in air.
Traverg

1878 Marignac in gadolinite and other rare

minerals.
1828 Wohler In gadolinite and other rare
minerals.
419.4 918 1520 Paracelsus In ores as oxide, carbonate, sul
phide and silicate.
1824 Berzelius In zircon and other rare minerals.

97
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF
^ The following table gives data for about one thousand compounds. It ia
believed that the list covered is sufficiently complete to more than meet the needs
of the high school or college laboratory and is intended to include all inorganic
compounds which are commercially obtainable. Certain rare substances, espe
cially those for wMch practically no data are obtainable, are intentionally omitted.
Specific gravities are given at definite temperatures where possible, the tem
perature in degrees Centigrade being indic9,ted by the small figure appearing in
the position of an exponent. Unless otherwise indicated the figure are referred
to water at 4 C. The figure 5.63f indicate a specific gravity of 5.63 at 20 C.
referred to water at 15 C.

Name. Formula.
Mol. Crystalline form
wt. and color.

Acetic acid HC2H8O2 60.03

Aluminum A1 27.1 regular, bluish white.
acetate, normal 204.17
arsenate 166.02
bromide AlBr3.6H20 374.96 colorless
carbide AI4C3 144.4
chloride AICI3 133.48

chloride. AICI3.6H2O 241.54 white.

fluoride AIF3.. 84.1
hydroxide. 72.2 amorphous, white....
iodide
iodide
X':::;;;:::::::;;
AII3.6H2O
407.86
515.9 white
nitrate A1(N0s)3.9H20 375.27 rhombic :...
oxide AI2O3 102.2 hexagonal, amorphous

phosphate. AIPO4 122.1 hexagonal, amorphous

sulphate Al2(S04)3 :.... 342.4 white
sulphate . Al2(S04)3.18H20 666.7 monoclinic, colorless.
sulphide 150.4 yellow crystals
Alum, ammonium ... Al2(S04y3:(NH4)2Sb4V'" 906.9 regular

ammonium, chrome Cr2(s64)a.(NH4)2S04. 956.7 reg^ar, green <jr vio-

ammonium, iron.. Fe2ts04)3.(NH4)2S04.
24H20
' 964.4 regular.
potassium Al2(S04)3.K2S04.24H20. 949 regular.
potassiimi, chrome Cr2(S04)3.K2S04.24H20, 998.9 r^ular, green
potassium, iron Fe2(S04)3.K2S04.24H20. 1006.5 r^ular, violet
potassium, manga Mn2(S04)3.K2S04.24H20 1004.7 regular, violet
nese
sodium AMS04)3.Na2S04.24H20 916.9 regular
Ammonia 17

Ammonium acetate.. NH4C2H3O2 77.1

arsenate (NH4)3As04.3H20. .. 247.2
arsenite NH4ASO2 125 prisms
benzoate NH4C7H6O2 139.1 crystals
bromide NH4Br regular
carbonate (NH4)2C03.H20 114.1 plates
carbonate, acid.... NH4HCO3 79.1 rhombic or monoclinic

carbonate, carba- NH4HCO3.NH4CO2. 157.1

mate. NH2
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
In all cases where temperatures are not stated ordinary room temperature may
be understood (15-25 C.). xi. j- x j
Boiling points are given at atmospheric pressure unless otherwise indicated.
Solubilities have been given in definite figures and temperatures stated, where
possible, in the sameform^or specific ^avity. / , , ,
The following abbreviations are employed:a., acid; al., alcohol; alk.,
alkalies;
oiiraiiaa- appr.,
nnnr.. approximately;
.nnmxiTin.telv; aq. rg., aqua
a.a. Ts.. aoua regia; atna., atmospheres;
resda: atm.. atmosoheres: conc.,
conc..
concentrated; decomp.,
decomp decomposes;
' dil., dilute;
j-i-x.. i.,
. .insoluble;
_ i-ui-. s.,
_ soluble;

00,, soluble in propoi
in all proportions; si. s., slightly soluble; subl., sublimes; v. s., very
soluble; vol., volume.

Solubility in 100 parts of

Melting Boiling-
= 1
point, point,
(A) air = 1 Deg. C. Deg. C. AlcohoU
(D) H2 = 1 Cold water. Hot water.
acids, etc.

1.0607^^ 17 118 s. al.

2.71 658. 1800 s.alk.;s. HCl,
H2SO4
decomp. decomp^.
i. si. s. a.
V. s. V. s. s. al., CS2
2.36 decomp. s. a.

190, 2| at. 180.7^52 mm. 69.8715^ S.CHClg,CCl4,

ether, CS2
40 V. s. s. ether, al.
3.1 i. i. a., al., alk.
2.3 t s. a., alk.
2.63 180 360
V. s. V. s. s:ki.Vc&*"
73 de(X>mp. 134 V. s. V. s . s. al., alk.
3.75-4 i. s. conc.H2S04s
alk., HCl
s. a., alk.
36.120 liooo
2.59 decomp.
1.62 decomp. 86.85-0 1132100O si. s. al.
2.02^ 1100 decomp. s. a.
3.90 357100 i. al.
1.645^ 94.5

1.719 I516 1. al.

1.712 40 400 i.al.

1.757^ 84.5 5.20 422100-

I.8I270 89 20 50 .al.
1.806 2012.5 V. s. i.al.
decomp. s.

1.675^ 61 103.110 146.330 i. al.

7.4100 g.
/0.597A
\0.62340 iq. }-77 -38.5
f89.90g.
\104.960c.c. 5859426 c.c.
89 148^
s.
V. s. s. alk.
decomp. 95226> 83.3100 s.al.
193.5
2.327^^ subl. 66.210 128.2ioo' s. al., etber
decomp. 85' 10015 i.al.
1.586 decomp. 11.90 27' I. al.
36-60
subl. 2515 6765"

99
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Name Formula
Mol. Crystalline form
wt. and color

Ammonium chloride.. . NH4CI. 53.5 regular or tetragonal.

chloroplatinate. (NH4)2.PtCl6. 444 yellow, regular
chromate...... (NH4)2r -
[NH4)2Cr04 152.1 monoclinic, yellow..
citrate (NH4)3C6H507. 243.2 white powder
cyanate NH4CNO 60.1
cyanide NH4CN 44.1 regular
dichromate. (NH4)2Cr207... 152.1 monoclinic, yellow or
red
fluoride.. NH4F 37 hexagonal
iodide NH4I 145 regular
magnesiimi arsenate.. MgNH4As04.6H20.. 289.4 tetragonal
magnesium phosphate MgNH4P04.6H20. .. 245.6 tetragonal
molybdate (NH4)2Mo04 196.1 monoclinic
nitrate NH4N03..... 80.1 tetragonal,
nitrite NH4N02 64.1
oxalate. (NH4)2C204.H20.... 142.1 prisms, trimetric. . . .
perchlorate NH4C104 117.5 rhombic
permanganate.... NH4Mn04 137 rhombic
persulphate (NH4)2S208 228.2 monoclinic
phospate, di- (NH4)2HP04 132.2 monoclinic, colorless .
phosphate, mono- NH4H2POi 115.1 tetragonal
phosphomolybdate.. (NH4)3P04.12Mo03. 1931.2 yellow
3H20
saHcylate NH4C7H503 155.1 naonocl ^
sulphate (NH4)2S04..... 132.2 rhombic, colorless ...
sulphide (NH4)2S 68.2
sulphite (NH4)2S03.H20 134.2 monoclinic
sulphydrate.... NH4HS 51.1 rhombic, colorless ...
sulphocyanate.. NH4CNS 76.1 monoclinic, colorless.
tartrate , H4)2C4H406 184.1 colorl. monocl
Antimonic acid. . H3Sb04.. 187.2
Antimonous acid. H3Sb03 171.2
Antimony. Sb 120.2 rhombohedric, white.

bromide SbBra.. 360 rhombic,

chloride, tri-. SbCh.. 226.6 rhombic

chloride, penta-. SbCl6. . 295.5

hydride SbHs. . 123.2

iodide, tri-. Sbl3. .. 501 hexagonal or rhombic

or monoclinic
oxide, tri-.. Sb203. . 288.4 rhombic
oxide, tetr-... Sb204. . 304.2 white. .
oxide, penta-. SbaOs.. 320.4 yellow.
oxychloride (ous).... SbOCl. 171.7 regular, white...
oxychloride (ic). SbOCls.., 242.6 yellow
sulphate. Sb2(S04)3 528.4
sulphide, tri- . . Sb2S3. . . . 336.6 hexagonal black,
sulphide, penta-. Sb2S6. 400.8 orange

100
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued) .

Solubility in 100 parts of

Sp. gr. Melting- Boiling-
H2O = 1
(A) air = 1
(D) H2 = 1 A A Cold water. Hot water.
Alcohol,
acids, etc.

1.52 29.40 77.31030 si. s. al., NH3,

methyl, al.
3.034V decomp. 0.6720 1.25100 al. 0.005
1.866 decomp. 4030 decomp.
180
s., deliq.
s. decomp. sL s. al.
decomp. 36 8. V. s. s. al.
2.367 decomp. 47.130 V. s.

V. s. decomp. si. s. al.

2.515" subl. V. s . V. s. V. 8. al.
0.03820 8. i. al.;s. a.
1.65 0.0132 8. a.; i. al.
2.38-2.95 decomp. decomp. i. al.
1.72515 153-166 decomp. 210 1180 871100 3.820 al.
1.69 decomp. s. decomp. s. al.
1.502 4.215 41.34
1.95 decomp. s. V. s.
2.207 decomp. 815
decomp. 58.20'
l'.6i9 25 8. i. al.
1.803^ 17100 260^1
0.0315 i.al., HNO3;
s. alk.
11125 8. 43.526 al.
1.77 140 lecomp. 280 710 103.3100 i. al.
decomp. V. s.
decomp. 10012 i. al.
decomp. V. 8. s. al.
1.3057M -159 lecomp. 170 1220 1622i) " " 8. al.
1.601 8. 8.

6.6 decomp. si. 8. si. 8. 8. a., KOH

decomp. i. i. i. al.
630 1440' i. i. 8. hot conc.
H2S04,aq.
f
4.14823 94.2 is6 decomp. decomp. 8. HCl, HBr,
V CS2, al.
3.06426 73.2 223.5 601.60 453160 8. al., HCl,
H2C4H4O6
-6 3230mm decomp. decomp. 8. HCl
(A)4.3^160 -91.5 -18 s. 20 c.c. 4 c.c. 8, al. 1500 c.c.,
CS225OO c.d.
4,8482 170.8 401 decomp. decomp. 8. al., HI,HCl,
KI, CS2
5.6 15.5 0.0018215 0.01 s. HCl, KOH,
H2C4H4Q6
4.07 O, 1060 i. i. s. alk. ; si, s. a.
3.78 O, 450 O2, 1060 i. i. 8. HCl, KOH,
HI
40 i. decomp. i. al.;8. HCl,
CS2
decomp. i. decomp. - 8. al.
4.89 decomp. decomp. decomp. 8. H2SO4
4.62 555 0.000175 decomp. 8. al., NH4HS,
K2S, HCl
44 4.1200 i. s. al., NH4HS,
HCl

101
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Name. Formula. Mol. Crystalline form

wt.
and color.

Antimony potassium K(Sb0)C4H406.|H20... 332.33 octahedral...........

tartrate
Arsenic cryst AS4 299.8 rhombohedric, gray.
acid, ortho....... H3As04.iH20. 151
aid, pyro- H4AS207.. 266
acid, meta-.. HAsOa 124
pentoxide..- AS2O5 229.9 amorphous
sulphide, di- 114.1 monoclinic, red.

sulphide, penta-... 310.3 yellow..

Arsenous chloride AsClgV 181.3 needles..

hydride, AsHa.. 78
oxide.... AS2O3. 197.9 regular, amorphous,
white

oxychloride.. AsOCl. 126.4 brown

sulphide AszSa 246.1 monoclinic, yellow or

red
Barium Ba 137.4 white
acetate... Ba(C2H302)2.H20..... 273.4
arsenate.. Ba3(As04)2...
i)2 690.1 5k
bromate.. ,)2.H20. 411.2 monoclinic
bromide... BaBr2.2H20. 333.2 monoclinic
carbonate. BaCOg 197.4 rhombic, white..

chlorate Ba(C103)2.H20. monoclinic

chloride BaCl2.2H20.... 244.3 rhombic
chloFoplatinate. BaPt-Cl6.4H20. 617.4 monoclinic, red
chromate BaCr04........ 253.5 rhombic plates, yellow,
fluoride BaF2. 175.4 amorphous, white
hydroxide. Ba(0H)2.8H20. 315.5 tetragonal, white
iodate Ba (103)2. H2O.. 505.2

iodide.. Bal2 391.2 rhombic

nitrate, Ba(N03)2....... 261.4 regular
nitrite.. Ba(N02)2.H20. 247.4 hexagonal needle
oxalate. BaC204.H20.... 243.4

oxide BaO 153.4 r^ular or amorphous,

perchlorate. Ba(C104)2.. 336.3 hexagonal
permanganate... Ba(Mn04)2. 375.3
peroxide 169.4 gray.
phosphate, tri- Ba3(P04)2... 602.2
phosphate, mono-... BaH4(P04)2. 331.5 triclinic
phosphate, di- BaHP04.... 233.4 rhombic needles.,
phosphate, pyro-... Ba2P207 448.8 rhombic, white...
sulphate BaS04 233.4 rhombic

sulphide BaS rhombic

sulphocyanate.. Ba(CNS)2.2H20 . needles'.
Bismuth Bi 208 rhombohedric,pinkish

102
 BANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

momANJC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Solubility in 100 parts of
Melting- Boiling-
point,
(A)air=l Deg. C. Alcohol,
(D) H2 = 1 Cold water. Hot water. acids, etc.

2.6 iHaO, 100 5.268-^ 35.7100 i. al.; Si glyc.

5.727W subK* 450 i.

2-2.5 35.5 H2O, 160 16.7 s. alk.
206 decomp,.

4.086 decomp. 150 V. s. V. s.

3.55 565 i. s. K2S.

NAHC03
V. fusible subl. i. s. alk., HNO3
-18 130.2 decomp. I. HBr, HCl,
2.205r
al., ether
2.695 (A) -113.5 -54.8 5.1 vol. si. s. si. s. alk.
3.65-4.15 218 subl. 1.20062 2.03825" s. alk., alk.
carbonates,
HCl, al.
fusible decomp. decomp. s. CS2; i. al.,
ether
3.46 310 700 0.00005 si. s. s. alk., alk. car
bonates
3.8 850 vol. 950 decomp. decomp. s. al., a.
62.93 --,5990 i. al.
2.02 decomp.
0.055 s. a., NH4CI
3.82 decomp. 0.30 5.671W"'
r880 125 181.71000 V. s. al.
3.852^ \2H20,100
4.275 795 decomp. 0.002220 0.0065100'' i. al.; s. a.,
14S0 NH4CI
3.179 414 19.23 111.2100" s. al.
36.20 72100O i.al.;s. HNOs
3.097^
2.86 decomp. by a.
4.498' o". 0003518 o!6643"" s. HCl, HNO3
4.828 1280 0.16318 si. s. s. a., NH4CI
1.656 78 103 5.5616 182.780" si. s. al.
5.28 H20,130 0.0080" 0.21100" i. al.; s. HCl.
HNOa
5.150^'' 537-740 1700 272100" V. s. al.
3.24428 575 decomp. 5.20 32.2100" i. al.
decomp. 115 97350 V. s. HCl; s.
3.17329
alk.
2.6578 O.OO9318 0.0228i> i. al.; s. a.,
NH4CI
4.73-5.74 V. s. V. s. al.
505 s. s. alk., al.
62.5" 75.426"
4.958 d,'456* decomp. s. dil. a.
4.1 s. a .

decomp. decomp.
37 4.16515- 0.01-0.02 s.a.,NH4salts
38 3.9 0.01 s.a.,NH4salts
4.25-4.5 1580 0.0001732 0.0003137.7" 0.006 3%
decomp. HCl;s.conc.
H2SO4
4.2516 infusible decomp. decomp. 1.al.
s. s. al.
9.78^ 269.2 1436 s. HNOa, aq.

' Melts under pressure at 500.

103
 HANDBOOK OF VHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Name. Formula.
Mol. Crystalline form
wt. and color.

Bismuth bromide BiBra 447.8 yellow crystals.

carbonate, sub-.... 526
chloride 314.4 white crystals,
hydroxide Bi(OH)8 white

nitrate. Bi(N03)3.5H20. 48^4.1 tricUnic.

nitrate, sub-, Bi0N03.H20. 304 hexagonal plates...
oxide (ous)... BizOa 464 yellow, tetragonal,
oxide (ic) BiaOfi brown
oxychloride,. BiOCl 259.5 white
phosphate... BiP04..... 303
sulphate Bi2(S04)3.. 704.2 white
sulphide 512.2 rhombic, brown.,
Boric acid H3B03. 62 triclinic, white...
Boron B. 11 amorphous

chloride... BCI3... 117.4

oxide B2O3... 70
sulphide... B2S3..., 118.2 white crystals.
Bromic acid. HBr03. 129 colorless
Bromine.... Bra 159.8 brown

chloride. BrCLlOHaO. 295.6 yellow.

iodide... BrI 206.8
Cadmium. Cd 112.4 hexagonal
acetate. Cd(C2H302)2.3H20. 284.5 monoclinic, colorless.,
Cd2B2W9"032.18H20. 2739.1 yellow, crystalline....
lide. CdBra. 272.2
carbonate, j. CdC03..... 172.4
chloride... CdCl2.2H20 219.3 monoclinic ...
fluoride... CdF2. 150.4 crystalline
hydroxide, 146.4 hexagonal, white,
iodide 366.2 brownish

nitrate... . Cdg^03)2.4H20. 308.5 . needles

oxide 128.4 L, amoQ)hous.
sulphate... 3CdS04.8H20. 769.5 monoclinic
sulphate... CdS04.4H20 280.5
sulphide... CdS 144.5 yellow, hexagonal..
CsBsium Cs 132.8 silvery yellow
bromide... CsBr 212.7
carbonate, CS2CO8 325.6
chloride... CsCl 168.3 regular, colorless.
hydroxide. CsOH 149.8 gray
iodide Csl 259.7
nitrate. CsNOa 194.8 tetragonal
CS2O 281.6 crystalline, orange.
CS2SO4 361.7 needles
Calcium, 40.07 rhombohedrio
acetate... 176.1 needles
bromide.. 308

104
 HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

raORGAinC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Solubility in 100 parts of
Melting- Boiling-
(A)air = l Alcohol,
(D)H2 = 1 Cold water. Hot water. acids, etc.

5.604 219 453 decomp. d^omp. s. ether, HBr

6.86 decomp. i. s. a.

4.5611 447' decomp. decomp. s. al., a., ace

tone
H2O,100 i. s. a .

2.78 74 decomp. decomp. decomp. s. HNOs, a.

75-80
4.928K decomp. 2f I. a .

820-860 I. a .

0.150 02'/357" s. a., cone.

KOH
7.71716 red heat s. a .
s. HCl
decomp. s. a .

decomp. 0.000018 s. HNOg

1.4347 185 4.921" 28.7ioi"" s. al.
2 . 45 - 2000-2500 subl.at3500 i. al.; s. conc.
HNOa.conc.
H2SO4
1.434 18.23 decomp. decomp. decomp. al.
1.834 577 1.10 16.4102" s. al., conc. a.
1.65 310 , decomp.
decomp. 100 V. s. decomp.
3.18838*' -7.3 58.7 4.170" 3.4960 s. alk., al.,
ether, CS2,
CHClsiKBr
decomp. s. CS2, ether
above 10
s. ClIS2, GHCla^
.652"^ 778 1. i. , NH4NO3
V. s. V. s.
2.01
1250W"
5".i9#^"" 806-812 61.10" 161100" s. al., ether
4.258*" decomp. i. i. s.a.,NH4salts
3.32 16820" 180100" 8. al.
.64 520 1000 4.36" s. a^

4.7916' H2O, 300 0.0002625" s.a., NH4 salts

5.644 404 70^719" 80.10" 128100" al., etW,
NH4OH
2.455 132 143.40" s. al.
95-8.11 s. a.,NH4salts
114.20" 87ioo
087^
3.05 1400" 135.5100" i.al.
4.8 white heat 0.00013 s. a .

1.88 4 670 decomp. decomp. s. a., al.

37 4.45521' decomp. al.
decomp. 610 382.320" V. s. s. al.
3!972#" 646 subl. 161.4" 270.5100" s.al.
4.018 <272.3 301.330" sal.
4.5W" 62i 27.70" 51.535-8"
decomp. 9.330" 197100" sl.s.al. ,
3.687^'* 414
4.780" V. s. s. abs. al.
4.2434^ 1670" .3100 i.al.
1.54" 805 decomp. decomp.
Jon s.a. ^
decomp. , 43.60" 34.310 si. s. al.
38 150 500^

105
 HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Name Mol Crystalline form

Formula
wt. and color

Calcium bromide. CaBr2.. 199.9 needles

carbide. CaC2. . 64 crystalline, gray.,
carbonate CaCOa. .100 rhombohedric or
rhombic
4 chloride... CaCl2 111
5 chloride... Caa2-6H20... 219.1 hexagonal
6 chromate.. CaCr04.2H20.. 192.2 yellow crystals.
7 fluoride CaF2 78 regular
8 hydroxide Ca(OH)2 74.1 hexagonal:
9 hypochlorite. Ca(C10)2.4H20. 215
10 Lte. Ca(H2P02)2 170.2 monoclinic.
11 293.9 plates
12 iodide Cal2.6H20 402
13 nitrate Ca(N03)2.4H20. .. 236.2 monoclinic
14 oxalate CaC204 H20 146.1 colorl. oct
15 oxide CaO.... 56 amorphous, regular.
16 permanganate. Ca(Mn04)2-4H20. 330 purple prisms
17 phosphate. . . . Ca8(P04)2 310.3 amorphous
18 phosphate, di- CaHP04.2H20. ... 172.2 monoclinic, plates. .
19 phosphate, mono- CaH4(P04)2.H20. 252.2^ rhombic...
20 phosphate, pyro- . Ca2P207.4H20. . . 326.3 crjrstalline.

21 sulphate, CaS04. 136.1 rhombic.

22 sulphate. CaS04.2H20. 172.1 monoclinic.

23 sulphide CaS.. 72.1 regular, white....

24 Carbon amorphous C.... 12 " black.,
25 'lte c.... 12 black.
26 c.... 12
27 chloride, tetra-. CC14. 153.8
C02.. 44
28 dioxide........
29 disulphide CS2. 76.1
30 monoxide CO. 28

31 Ceric hydroxide.. 2Ce02.3H20. 398.6

32 "nitrate. 388.3 reddish yellow,

33 oxide. 172.3 white powder. .
34 sulphate. Ce(S04)2.4H20. 404.5 yellow needles.,
Cerium. .. Ce 140.3 steel gray

37
Cerous carbonate.
chloride
Ce^C03)3.5H20. 550.4
246.6 crystals.
38 hydroxide.... Ce208.6Hi0. 436.6

39 nitrate.... Ce(N08)8.6H20. 435.2 red crystals

40 oxide Ce208 328.5 gray powder
41 sulphate... 568.7 monocUnic or rhombic
42 Chloric acid.
43 Chlorine....
HC10?7H2b!.':.* 210.6
70.9 greenish yellow.
44 oxide, mon CI26* 86.9 yellowish red
45 oxide, di-.. C102 67.5 red

106
 HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)
Solubility in 100 parts of
Melting- Boiling-
point,
Deg. C. Alcohol,
(0)1^= 1 Cold water. Hot water. acids, etc.

3.3542,0 760 806-812 1250 312105 V. s. al.

2.2218 dec. to C2H2
2.7-2.949 dec. 825 0.0013W 0.002100 a., NH4CI,
CO2 aq.
49.60 15499 al.
2.152^ 774
61.4100
29.48 129-130 37.3 al.
1.654
2H2O, 200 22.2 4.3100 al., a.
0.003715.50 0.001618 si. s. conc. a.
3.18 1378
0.08100 s. NH4CI
2.078 decomp. 0.170
decomp. deliques. decomp. dec. by a.
decomp. at red heat 17 ". al.
708-719 1920 43592 I. a., al.
3.956^^ 631
42 160 V. s. V. 8.
l".9iV * 132 1340 506152 I. al.
42.31
0.000618 0.001496
2.24 (anh.) decomp.
1995 0.1310 0.06780
3.306 6 33114
decomp.
0.0023-0031 decomp. s. a.; i. al.
3! is 0.075100 al.; s.
2.306^i^ decomp. 0.0224^
H4C6H7O7
19 24 H2O, 100 dec. 200 1.880 decomp.
si. s.
s.a.,Na2S203,
NH4 salts,
1360 0.1790 0.178100 HCl.NaCl;
21 2.96
i.al.
0.2410 0.222100
22 2.32 2H2O, below
300
816 decomjK decomp. s. a.
23
24 75-2.10 >3500 Subl. 1.
3500 i. . a., alk.
25 3
26 i.
51 i. i.
27 ,5817V -23.77 76.74
1.53(A) -57 -79 179.67 c.c.0 90.14 s. a., alk.
28 22(D)
47 0.20 0.01460 s. al., ether
29 .2921 -116
" s. al.,
-207 -190 3.287C.C.0 2^.312c.c.20
30 .9670 (A) 0.001850 , CU2CI2
0.00440
s. al., a.; si. s.
31 alk.
deliques. decomp. s. al.
32 ....... s. conc. H2SO4
33 7.65
34 al., conc.
35 6.9226 623
HCl, HNO3,
H2SO4
S. (NH4)2C03
848 100 decomp. s. al.
s.smr
'(NH4)2C03
dec. 200 deliques. V. s. s. al.
3H2O, 150
s. conc. H2SO4
6.9-7.0
16.560 2.2^00'' *
3.912
1.282" decomp. V. s.
-33.6 1500 c.c. 136 c.c. s. alk.
2.49 (A) -102
5 200 c.c.o s. alk., conc.
2.977 (A) decomp. H2SO4
1.5 -76 '' " 9.9 2000 C.C.4
2.315 (A)

107
 HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY AND PHfSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Name. Formula.
Mol. Crystalline form
wt. and color.

Chromium, Cr... 52 gray crystals..

triojdde... CrOs. 100 red, triclinic...
Chromic chioride. CrCla 158.4 pink crystals..
fluoride.. CrF3.4H20 181.1 green crystals.
hydroxide Cr(0H)3.2H20.. 139.1
mtntte Cr(N03)3.9H20. 400.2 purple prisms.
oxide 152 hexagonal, dark green
phosphate. MH2O. 402.2 bluish green
sulphate Cr2fS04)8.18H20. 716.5 regular violet.,
sulphide Crr 200.2 dark powder...
Chromous, chloride. 122.9 crjrstalline
hydroxide Cr(OH)2 86 yellow brown.
sulphate CrS04.7H20. 274.2 Ulue..
Cobalt Ca 58.97
carbonyl Co(C0)4 171

Cobaitic chloride... C0CI3 165.4

hydroxide Co(OH)3 110 black
oxide.. C02O3 166 brown..
potassium nitrite. 2Co(N02)3.6KN02. 958.7 yellow prisms
3H2O
sulphate C02(S04)3 406.2 blue "crystalline pow
der
21 Cobalto cobaltic oxide C0304 240.9 regular, black
22 Cobaltous acetate... Co(C2H302)2.4H2P. 249.1 reddish violet, crys
talline
arsenate... Co3(As04)2.8H20. 599 reddish monoclinic...
bromide... CoBr2.6B[20 326.9 red crystals
carbonate. C0CO3 119 rhombohedric, rose
colored
chloride... C0CI2.6H2O monoclinic, ruby red.
27 hydroxide. ~ :oh)2
Co 93 rose red, rhombic....
nitrate Co N03)2.6H20, 291.1 monoclinic, r^
oxide CoO 75. brown

421
. ite.. 281.2 red, rhombic...
sulphide.. CoS. 91 brown
Copper Cu. 63.57 red crystalline,.

Cupric acetate.. Cu(C2H.,02)2.H20. 199.6 dark green,

ammonium sul- CuSO4.4NH3.H2O. 245.8 rhombic, bliue.,
phate
arsenate Cu3(As04)2.4H20.. 540.7 bluish green
37 arsenite 187.5 green
bromide 223.4 black
carbonate 2CuC03.Cu(0H)2. , 344.7 t>lue monoclinic.
40 chloride CUC12.2H20 170.5 rhombic blue....

chloride !uCl2 134.5 brownish yellow,

ferrocyanide. :u2Fe(CN)6.7H20. 465.2 red brown

43 hydroxide. Cu(OH)2 97.6 blue crystals.

108
 HANDBOOK OF CHBMISfRY AND PHYSICS

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Solubility in 100 parts of
Melting- Boiling-

A Cold water, Hot water.

Alcohol,
acids, etc.

1505 i. s. HCl, dil.

H2SO4
2.74 196 decomp. 163.40 2067100 dec. al.; s.
H2SO4
2.767 1200-1500 si. s.
V. s. s. a.
s. a., alk.
36.5 125!5* " s. a., alk.
s. a .
5.04
s. a., alk.; i.
HC2H3O2
1 7220 I2H2O, 100 12020
3.7719- i. decomp. s. HNO.
V. s. V. s.
2.761""
decomp. s. a .

12.350 si. s. al.

8.7221" 1478 i. s. a.

1.82718" 42-46 dec. 135 s. al., ether,

CS2
2.94 decomp.
i. al.; s. a.
5.18 dec.redheat i. s. cone. a.
I. s. si. s. i. aU

decomp. s. conc.H2S04

s. conc. a.
5.8-6.3
s. a .
1.704318-^"

2.948 i. 1. s. a.

100 . deliques. 153.297 s. al., ether

4!i3" decomp. s. a.

1.84 86.75 6H2O, 110 76.70" 190,7100 V. s. ether

3.59718" s. NH4 salts
1.83"" 56 dec.redheat 133.80" s. al.
5.68 0,2860 i. i. al.; s. a.,
NH4OH
i. S. H3PO4
1.918" 96.8 7H20/42()' 24.60" 2.6100 s. al.
5.45" >1100 0.00038
8.93-8.95 1083 23i6 s!JaNOs, hot
conc. H2SO4
1.9 dec. 240 7.2 s. al., ether
dec. 150 18.521-6" decomp. i.al.

i. s. a. NH4OH
decomp. s. a. NH4OH
decomp. V. s. V. s.

decomp. i. decomp. s. a., NH4OH

2.47-2.535 2H20,100 dec.redheat 110.40" 192.4100 s. al., ether,
NH4CI
3.054 498 decomp. 70.60" 107.4100 s. al. ^
i. I. conc. a.,
NH4OH
43 3.368 decomp. decomp. s. a., al.,
NH4OH

109
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Name. Formula.
Mol. Crystalline form
wt. ai^d color.

Cupric nitrate. Cu(N08)2.3H20. 241.6 blue prismatic

nitrate
oxide
Cu^N08)2.6H80. 295.7 blue crystals
79.6 regular, monoclinic,
blaqk
phosphate, .3H2O. 434.8 rhombic blue .....
sulphate... 159.6
sulphate... CUSO4.6H2O. 249.7 triclinic, blue
sulphide..., CuS 95.6 hexagonal, black.
Cuprous bromide.. CuBr. 143.5 brown

carbonate, CU2CO8. 123.5 yellow

chloride... CuCl.... 99.1 white, tetrahedral...,
cyanide. CuCN. 89.7 white, monoclinic....

hydroxide. CuOH. 80.6 yellow.,

iodide Cul.... 190.5
oxide CuaO... 143.1 regular, red

sulphide Cms 159.2 rhombic, black.

sulphocyanate...., CuCNS 121.7 white
Ferric acetate, basic. Fe0H(G2H302)2. 190.9 amorphous
arsenate FeAs04.2H20.... 230.9
bromide FeBrg 295.6 dark red crystals
chloride FeCls 162.2 hexagonal, brown or
black
chloride FeCls.SHjO 270.3 reddish yellow
ferrocyanide.. Fe4lFe(CN)6]3.. 859.1 dark blue crystals...,
hydroxide. Fe(OH)3 106.9 reddish brown,
nitrate Fe(N03)8.9H20. 404 rhombic
oxalate 375.7 amorphous
oxide 159.7 red, hexagonal, rhom-
bohedric or regular
phosphate. FeP04.4H20 222.9 yellow, rhombic or
monoclinic
sulphate
sulphide
Fe2^S04)3.9H20., 562 yellow, rhombic
207.9 yellowish green
sulphocyanate
[erroso-f^rric oxide...
F^(CNS)3.'3H20.* 284.1 dark red, regular
231.5 regular, black
'errous ammonium .(NH4)2 SO4. 392.2 monoclinic, bluish
sulphate 6H2O green
arsenate Fe3(As04)2.6H20... 553.6 green, amorphous....
bromide FeBr2.6H20... reddish, crystalline...
carbonate... FeC03 115.8 rhomboheckic, gray..
chloride FeCl2.4H20.... 198.8 monoclinic, bluegreen
ferricyanide. - ,[Fe(CN)6l2. 591.3 deep blue
hydroxide... 89.8 crystalline, pale green
iodide Fel2.4t._ 381.7 crystalline, green
nitrate ^e(N08)2.6H20., 288 crystals
oxalate 5'eC204.2H20.... 179.9 crystals, pale yellow..
oxide FeO 71.8 black
phosphate Fe3(P04)2.8H20. 501.7 monoclinic, blue

110
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Solubility in 100 parts of
Melting- BoiUng-
(A)air = l Alcohol,
(D) Hs = 1 Cold water. Hot water. acids, etc.

2.174 114.5 dec. 170 137.8 1270100 s.al.

2.047 .4 decomp. 243.70- 00 s. al.
6.4 1064 0.1110 i. a., NH4CI.
KCN
si. s. s. a., NH4OH
dec. 621
2000 194100 L.al.
3.51630"
2.28616 4H2O, 110 5H2O, 230 31.610 .3100 i. al.
3.98 0.000033 s. HNO3,
KCN
4.72 484 861-954 I. HBr, HCl,
NH4OH
dM>mp. s. a.. NH4OH
422 954-i632" si. s. s. HCl,
NH4OH
red heat s. HCl,
NH4OH,
KCN
IH2O, 360 s. a., NH4OH
5.6515'' 606 759-772 .0008 _ KI
5.88 red heat O, 1800 s. NH4OH,
HC1,NH4C1
5.58 1100 0.00005 s. HNO3
1084 0.023 NH4OH
1. s. hot a.
3.18 s. dil. HCl
subl. & dec. s. al., ether
2.m 74.390 6.6100 V. s. al. ether
+HC1
37 280-285 2460" s. al.
decomp. s. conc. HCl,
H2SO4
3.4-3.9 liHaO, 500 i. i. al.; s. a.
1.6835M 47.2 decomp. V. s. V. s. s. al.
dec. 100 V. s. V. s. i. al.; s. a.
5.12-5.30 1541 i. s. a.

2.87 0.067 s. mineral a.;.

i. HC2H3O2
2-2.1 V. s. decomp. s. abs. al.
4.25-441 d^K>mp. decomp. decomp. dec. by a.
V. s. V. s. V. s. al., ether
31 5.16 1538*""" i. i. i.al.
1.865 180 78.276 i. al.

si. s. NH4OH;
s. dil. HCl
27 313.20 s. al.
3.7-3.9 decomp. i. s. CO2 aq.
1.926* 160.110 415.6100" s. al.
decamp. i. al.. dil. a.
0.00067 s. a., NH4CI
2.873 177(anhyd.) V. s. decomp. s.al,
60.5 2000 30025
dec. 160 0.022 0.026 s. a .

1419 1. i. 8, a.
2.5^-2.68
t'ncmzOi

U1
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Name Formula Mol. ' Crystalline form

Vt. and color

Ferrous sulphate. FeS04.7H20.. 278 monocl. blue green.

sulphide....... FeS 87.9 black
Fluorine........ Fa 38 greenish yellow.....
Fluosilicic acid,.. HaSiFe 144.3
Glucinum \ . G1 9.1 hexagonal, gray.
carbonate G1C03-4H20. 141.2
chloride....... GlCh 80 crystals, needles,
hydroxide G1(0H)2...... 43.1 white

oxide.... GIO 25.1 hexagonal. ....

10 sulphate. GISO4.4H2O. 177.2 tetragonal
11 Au 197.2 regular, yellow.
12 bromide, (ous) . AuBr , 277.1 green
13 chloride, (ic) . .. AuCla. 303.6 cryst. yellowish red.
14 chloride (ous). . AuCl. 232.7 stals, yellbw....
15 cyanide (ic)....
16 cyanide (ous)...
Aug^)3.6H20. 383.3
223.2 crystals, yellow. . . .
17 hydroxide (ic). . 248.2 yellow brown
18 hydroxide (ous). AuOH. 214.2 red brown
19 iodide (ic) Auls. 578 dark green
20 iodijie (ous).... Aul.. 324.1 yellow
21 oxide (ic) AU2O3.... 442.4 black
22 oxide (ous) AU2O 410.4 violet
23 sulphate (ic)... Au2O3.2SO3.H2O. 620.5

24 sulphide (ic). AU2S3 490.6 brown.

25 sulphide (ous) AuaS 426.5 black,

26 Hydrazine NH2.NH2. . . 32.1 cryst..
27 dihydrochloride N2H4.H2CI2.. 105.0
28 sulphate N2H4.H2SO4. 130.1
29 Hydrobromie acid HBr 80.9 crystals, white.
30 Hydrochloric acid HCl 36.5
31 Hydrocyanic acid HCN 27
32 Hydrofluoric acid HF 20
33 Hydriodic acid HI 127.9
34 Hydrogen. H2 2.016
35 peroxide. . v.. H2O2 34 colorless.
36 Hydrosulphuric acid... H2S 34.1

37 lodic acid HIO3. 175.9 rhombic

38 Iodine 253.8 rhombic, black _
39 chloride, mono-, ICl*.*.'. 162.4 rhombic, red brown,
40 chloride, tri- ICI3.. 233.3 yellow crsrstals
41 Iron, pure... Fe 55.84 cubical or octahedral.
42 wrought... Fe 55.84
43 cast Fe 55.84 gray
44 steel Fe 55.84 gray
45 carbide... Fe3C 179.5 regular, gray
46 carbide. . . FeC4 103.8 crystals, gray
47 disulphide. FeS2... 120 reg.orrhombic,yellow.
48 139 lead gray
49 carbonate, 602.1 crsrstals white
50 chloride... 371.4 triclinic
51 nitrate.... La(N03)3-6H20.. 433.1 crystals, colorless....
52 oxide La203 326 amon>hous

112
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSiqS

INORGANIC C0M1>0UNDS (Continued)

Solubility in 100 parts of
Melting- Boiling-
Alcohol,
(D) H2 = 1 Cold water. Hot water. acids, etc.

1.875 64 decomp. 32.80 196.4 i. al.

4.84 1197 0.00089 s. a .

1.31W (A) -223 -187 " decomp. decomp.

s.^

960* 1. 6. dU. a., alk.

0.360
400 500 deliques. V. s. al.
decomp. s. a., alk.,
NaHCOa
3.016. .. infus. 1. a., alk.
1.712510-6 2H2O, 100 decomp. Ib0i4> i. al.
19.32i7.6- 1065.6 2500 .. a.; s.aq.reg.,
KCN
decomp. 115 dec. a.
3.9 subl. 150 68 V. s. s. al., ether
decomp. decomp. decomp.
V. s. s. al.
decomp. i. a.; s. KCN
decomp. 250 s. cone. HNO3
decomp.
decomp. s. iodides
decomp. 120 si. s. 1. excess KI
O, 160 s. HCl
.O3, 250
decomp. 250 s. HI, alk.
deliques. decomp. HCL, conc.
H2SO4
s. Na2S,K2S;
i. a.
i. a.
1.01" 1.4 113 s. al.
198 V. s. s. al.
254 si. s. V. s. i. al.
221.20 1301000 s. al.
2.710" (A) -87 -68.7
1.269 (A) -112.5 -83.1 82.5w 56.160- s. al., ether
26.54 00 00 00 al., ether
0.697" (A) -13.8
0.71260'' (A) -92.3 19.44 264 V. s.

4.380 (A) -51.3 34.1 42,500 c.c.io V. s. s. al.

0.06948 (A) -259 -253 1.930 s. Pd, Pt. Fe;
1.4580 -2 80.2 00 s. a!., ether
1.1895 (A) -85.5 -61.8 437 C.C.0 186 c.c.' s. al.
charcoal
37 4.6290 decomp. 170
. 2860 47180 v.s.al.,HN03
38 4.9481''' 112-115 184.35 0.0182" 0.09266 s. al.,KI,ether
39 3.18222 25 iOl decomp. s. al., etiier
40 3.1107 decomp. al., ether
HCl
7.85-7.88 1530 2450 8. a.
41
1505 8. a.
42 7.86
43 7.03 1275 8. a.

44 7.60-7.80 1375 i. 8. a.

45 7.07W i. 8. a .

46 i. B. a.

47 4.86-5.18 1171 decomp. 0.00049 i. dil. a.

48 6.155 810 decomp. decomp. 3. a.

49 si. s. CO2 aq.

50 V. s. V. 8. s. al.
51 40 126 deliqu^ V. s. V. s. al.
52 6.41 infusible si. 8.

113
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMtSTRY AND PHYSICS

physical" CONISTANTS OF

Name. Formula. Mol. Crystalline form

wt.
and color.

Lanthannm sulphate La2(S04)3.9H20., 728.3 hexagonal, colorless...

Lead.. Pb 207.2 reg. or moclinic, gray

acetate., Pb(C2H302)2.3H20. 379.3 monoclinic, white

berate.. Pb(B02)2.H2a. 311.2 crystals
bromide PbBr2 367 rhombic, colorless....
carbonate .. PbCOs 267.2 rhombic.
carbonate, basic 2PbC08.Pb(0H)2. 775.6
chloride PbCk 277.1 rhomb
chromate PbCr04 323.2 monoclinic, yellow...
chromate, basic. PbCr04.Pb0 546.4 crystals, red
dichromate PbCraOT 423.2 rystals, brick red
hydroxide Pb(0H)2 241.2 hite
iodate 557 white
iodide
nitrate
ISi!?-:.:::::;:: 461 hexagonal, yellow...,
331.2 octahedral, white
oxalate. 295 white .
oxide, mon- PbO 223.2 hombic, yellow......
oxide, mon- PbO 223.2 hexagonal, red
oxide, sub-, Pb20 430.4 amorphous, black....
oxide, sesqui-... PbjOa 462.4 amorp., reddish yellow
oxide, red Pb304 685:6 amorphous, scarlet...
oxide, per-... PbQ2. 239.2 hexagonal, brown
oxychloride.. PbCkPbO... 501.3 tetragonal, white.
phosphate... Pb3(P04)2 811.7 white
phosphite. PbHP03 287.2 white
606.5 rhombic
sulphate 303.3 rhombic, white...

sulphate, basic, PbS04-Pb0. 526.5

sulphide.. PbS......... 239.3 ular, black
'phite. 'bS03 287.3 lite
anate., 'b(CNS)2... 323.4 monocl., yellowish....
Lithium 6.94 silvery gray
acetate..... 102 rhombic, white
bicarbonate. 68 white
bromide LiBr 86.9 crystals, white
carbonate, LiaCOs.. 73.9 prismatic
chloride.. LiCl 42.4 octahedral, white..
hydroxide LiOH 24
nitrate... LiNO, 69 rhomb.
oxide U2O 29.9 crystals
Li3P04.H20 133.9 rhomboidal
sulphate L<i2S04 110 monocl. rhomb, or reg.
sulphide U2S 46
Magnesium Mg 24.32 silvery white..
acetate... Mg(C2H302)2.4H20. 214.4 monoclinic...,
ammonium ai^nate MgNH4As04.6H20. .4 tetragonal
ammoniimi phos MgNH4P04.6H20.. 245.6 tetragonal
phate
bromide MgBr2.6H20 184.2 hexagonal.

114
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

mORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Solubility in 100 parts of
Melting- Boiling-'
(A) air = 1
(D)H21 A Cold water. Hot water.
Alcohol,
acids, etc.

2.821 decomp. 3.80 .06100

11.34 327 1525 s. HNO3, hot
conc.H2S04,
HCl
2.50 3H2O, 75 45.64 200100 i.al.
5.598 red heat s. a.; i. al.
(anhy.)
6.572W-2 3$0 861-950 0.4550 4.751000 s. a.,KBr;i.aL
6.47 decomp. 0.00198 decomp. i.al.;s.alk.,a.
decomp. 1. s. CO2 aq.
501 86i-954* 0.6730 3.34100 i.al.;s.dil.HCl
6.123 Aisible 0.0000218 s.a.,alk.
s. a;, alk.
decomp. s. a., alk.
145 si. s. si. s. s. a., alk.
0.00122 sl.s. HNO3
6:16 3!58*"" 861-954 0.0440 0.436100 i. al.. s. KI
4.53124 decomp. 223 390" 139100 j. alk.
5.025 decomp. 300 0.00016W i.al.,s.HNOs
9.375 white heat 0.01720- 's. alk.,
8.74W' white heat 0.001322 I NH4CI
8.342 dec. a., alk.
decomp. 370 decomp. dec. a., alk.
de(x>mp. 500
9.07
Mto.
i. al.;s. glacial
8.91 decomp.
HCaHaOa
7.21 s.alk.
6.9-7.3 0.00001420 1. I. HNO3
decomp. 1. i.
806 (anhy.) decomp. isefkNo,
6.23 >1100 0.004220 si. s. s. conc. a.^
NH4 salts
0.0044 si. s. sl.s. H2SO4
7.48 1112 0.0001 i. s. cone. a.
i. i. s. HNO3
0.520 decomp. s. KGNS.
HNOa .
0.53420 186 1400 decomp. decomp. s. a .

70 decomp. 30016 V. s. s. al.

5.5 s. a .

3.464^^ 547 1430 270103" s. al.

2.111 695-710 decomp. 1.5390 0.728100 i. al.
2.068 600 63.70^ 12996 v.s.al.
red heat 12.70 17.5100 si. s. al.
253-267 48.30 227.3100 V. s. al.
2.102 sublimes 5.220 6.26100 s. a .

2.41 857 H26,100 0.04 u, NH4CI

2.21 843-874 35.340 29!24100'" .. ,0% al.
1.66 V. s. V. s. V. s. al.
1.746 65i 1120 i. si. decomp. s.a., NH4 salts
1.45 deliques. V. s. V. s. al.
decomp. 0.03820 s. i. al.; s. a.
1.71160 decomp. 0.01322 s. s.a.;i.al.

decomp. 3160 V. s. s.al.

115
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL eONSTANTS OF

Name. Mol. Crystalline form

Formula.
wt. and color.

Magnesium (^bon- MgCO,.. 84.3 rhomboh. or rhombic

ate
carbonate, basic 485.7
chloride. 203.3 monoclinic
hydroxide 58.3 rhombohedric.
iodide 278.2
nitrate. 256.5 monocl. or tricl...
oxalate 148.4 white
oxide MgO 40.32 reg. or hexagonal,
phosphate Mg3(P04)2.4H20. 335.1 monoclinic
phosphate, acid., MgHP04.7H20 .. 246.5 hexagonal.
phosphate, pyro-.... MgaPaO, 222.7
sulphate MgS04 120.4
sulphate MgS04.7H20 246.5 tetrag. or monocl.,
sulphide MgS 56.4 cubical, brown
Manganese Mn. 54.93 grajdsh pink
acetate Mn(C2H302).4H20.. 245 monocl., pale red.
ammonium phos NH4MnP04.H20... 186 crystals, white....
phate
bromide MnBr2.. 214.8 rose red
carbonate MnCOg. 114.9 rhomboh. rose.

chloride MnCb 125.9

chloride MnCl2.4H20. 197.9 monocl., rose
hydroxide (ous) Mn(OH)2 hexagonal, white.
hydroxide (ic) Mn203.H20. 175.9 tetragonal, brown....
iodide Mnl2.4H20 183.8 monoclinic, rose
nitrate Mn(N08)2;6H20.. 287.1 monoclinic, rose
oxalate MnC204.2|H20... 188 crystals, white
oxide (ous) MnO.... 70.9 reg. grayish green
oxide (ic) Mn203 157.9 regular, black.
oxide, di- MnOz 86.9 tetrag.orrhomb.black
oxide, ous, ic Mn304 228.8 tetrag, black
phosphate (ous) |J^04)2.7H20. 481 amorphous, reddish..
283.9 amorphous, white....
sil^te. MnSiOa!'.'.*.'.*!!!!; 131.2 crystals, red
sulphate (ic) Mn2(S04)3 398.1 crystals, green
sulphate (ous). MnS04 151 reddish
sulphate (ous). MnS04.4H20. 223.1 prisms, rose
sulphide (ous). MnS 87 cryst., pale pink to
brown
Mercury Hg. 200.6 silvy
Mercuric acetate.
arsenate
bromide
ggSS'-::: 318.7
879.7
360.4
scales, white
yellow
rhombic
chloride..! Hgcu.' 271.5 rhombic, white...
cyanide Hg(CN)2 252.6 tetragonal, white.
hydroxide Hg(0H)2 234.6
iodide red Hgl2 454.4 tetragonal, red..,
iodide yellow... Hgl2 454.4 rhombic, yellow,
nitrate Hg(N03)2.H20. 342.6 crystals, white...

116
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

INORGANIC COMPOUjqJS (Continued)

Solubility in 100 parts of
Melting- Boiling-
=1
point,
(A)air = l Alcohol,
Deg. C. Cold water. Hot water.
(D) Ha = 1 acids, etc.

3.04 decomp. 450 0.0106 s.a.,C02

water
2.18 0.04 0.011 s.a.,NH4salt3
1.569X7 2H20.100. 167 367 s. al.
decomp. 0.0009 s. NH4 salts
decomp. 1000 164.9110" s. al., ether
1.464 90 5H2O, 330 200 a. al.,
decomp. 0.0718" 0!08100" s. a., oxalaJtes
3!43 1890-1940 0.00062 s. a.,NH4 salts
0.0205 a.; i. NH4
salts
0.3 0.2 s. a.; i. al.
2.40 s. a.; i. al.
2.66 decomp. 26.90" 73.8100" s. al.
1.67816 decomp. 76.90" 671.2100 s. al. ^
2.8215" . decomp. decomp. s. a.

742 1207 1900 decomp. decomp. s. dil. a.

1.6 s. al.;
0.0031 0.05 i, al., NH4

decomp. 127,30" 228100"

3.125 decomp. 0.013 s. dil. a., CO2

2.977^! 650. 62.1610" 123.8108-8" s.a?.; i.ether

21 1.913 87.5 106 1518" 00 s. al.; i. ether
3.258 decomp. s.a.. NH4
salts; i.alk.
decomp. hot. conc.
H2SO4
decomp. deliques.
1.82 25.8 129.4 426.4 V. s. al.
2.4532'' decomp. 150 0.05 0.081M" s. dil. a.
5.091 white heat. s.a., NH4CI
O, 1090 1. s. a.
4.335
5.026 . O, 570 i. I. HCl
4.61 * infusible 1. s. HCl
si. s. s. a.;i. al.
3!^7* ' i. s. a .

3.35 1218 i. i.
decomp. deliq:^ decomp. s. conc. HCl,
dil. H2SO4
2.954 decomp. 53.20" 6775" s. al.; i. ether
2.107 dK)mp. 105.30" 111.254 i. al.
decomp. 0.00047 s. dil. a.
ZM\r
13.595r -38.85 357.25 s. HN03,conc.
H2SO4
2510" lOOioo s. al.
3.2544
si. s. s. HCl, HNO3
1? 5.738 235-244
277
325
303-307
1.069"
5.730"
20-25100
53.96'oo<'
s. al., ether
s.al., ether
42 5.424
decomp. 12.516" 53100 s. al.
43 4.018
44 H2O. 175 s. a .

45 6.257 253 349 0.004".5 fs. al.

46 6 241 349 talk, salts
decomp. decomp. 8. HNOs; i.al.

117
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Name. Formula.
Mol. Crystalline form
wt. and color.

Mercuric oxide. HgO. 216.6 tetrag. plates, yellow

er monocl. prisms,
red
phosphate. Hg8(P04)2.. 791.9 white to yellowish
sulphate. HgS04 296.7 white
sulphate, basic HgS04.2Hg0.. 729.9 yellow
sulphide HgS... 232.7 amorphous, black....
sulphide HgS 232.7 rhombohedric, red....
Mercurous acetate... HgCaHgOj 259.6 micaceous scales
bromide HgBr. 280.5 tetragonal, yellow....
carbonate, Hg2C03 461.2 yellow
chloride... HgCl 236.1 rhom. or tetrag., white
chromate.. Hg2Cr04 517.2 crystals, red.
iodide Hgl 327.5 tetragonal, yellow
nitrate HgN03.2H20., monoclinic, white
oxide . Hg20 417.2 black

phosphate, Hg3P04. 681.2

sulphate... Hg2S04.. 497.3 monoclinic, white..
sulphide 433.3 black ...
Molybdenum.., gray

chloride, di-.. M0CI2. 166.9 amorphous, yellow.

chloride, tri-. M0CI3. 202.4 needles, red
chloride, tetra-.. M0CI4. 237.8 crystals, brown.,
chloride, penta-., M0CI5.. 273.3 crystals, black...
oxide, di- M0O2.. 128 prismatic, red..
oxide, sesqui-. M02O3.. 240 yellow to black,
oxide, tri- M0O3.. 144 rhombic........
sulphide, di-.. M0S2... 160.1 black.
sulphide, tri-. M0S3... 192.2 red brown
sulphide, tetra-., M0S4... 224.3 brown
Molybdic acid H2M0O4 162 needles
H2M0O4.H2O. 180 monoclinic, yellow...
Nickel.... 58.68 silvery.
acetate 176.7 prbmatic, green
ammonium chloride NiCkNHici.'eHaO'..... 291.2 rhombic, green
ammoniiun sulphate NiS04.(NH4)2S04.6H20 395 crystals, green
bromide NiBr2. 218.5 scales, yellow ^
carbonate NiCOg. .. 118.7 rhombic, light green..
carbonate, basic 2NiC03.3Ni(0H)2.4H20 587.5 light green v....
carbonyl Ni(CO)4 170.7 needle
chloride, NiClj 129.6 scales, yellow
chloride, NiCl2.6H20.... 237.7 hexagonal, green...
cyanide. Ni(CN)2.4H20. 110.7 plates, apple green.

118
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

INORGANIG COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Solubility in 100 parts of
Melting- BoiUng-
point,
(A) air = 1
(D)H2 = 1 A Deg. C. Cold water. Hot water.
Alcohol,
acids, etc.

11.14 decomp. 0.0051526 0.0395100 s. a.; i. al.

si. s. a.; .
NJS4CI
6.466 dec. red hot decomp. s. a.; i. al.
6.44 0.002 s. a.; i. al.
7.67 /sublimes 0.0025 Fs.Na2S, K2S,
1 at446
decomp. 0.7513 iW
HNO3
7.307 sublimes 1. i. al.
at 405
decomp. 130 decomp. s. NH4CI
7.1 sublimes 383.2 0.00031 0.01
decomp. si. s.
7.7 290 3i6'" 0.0417 s. KI.; i. al.
4.78 decomp. s. decomp.
9.8 decomp. 1. i.
H^HgOa
decomp. s. HNO3
7.56 decomp. 0.055i^5o 0.092^00 s. H2SO4,
HNGs
decomp. 0 i. a.
9.01 2535 s.HNOg,conc.
H2SO4. HCl
decomp. 1.a., al., ether
de(x>mp. decomp. s. HNO3, ^
H2S04,alr
deliques. decomp. s. HNOs,
H2SG4, aU
9.5 194 deliques. decomp. S.HNO3, I
H2S04,al.
6.44W* i. i. a., alk.
i. a., alk.
4.3921" 79i'" sublimes 0.10718 1.70570 s. a., NH4OH
4.80i4 1. s. conc. a .
decomp. si. s. alk., sul
phides
alk., sul
phides
si. s. s. NH4OH
3.12416 HaO', 70 0.13318 2.13^0 s. a., NH4OH,
NH4 salts
8.6-8.90 1452 1. s. a .
1.799 decomp. 16.6 i.al.
1.645 V. s.
1.9 2.53-6 39.286
4.64 decomp. 112.80 155.1100^ s. al., ether
decomp. i. s. a, '
decomp. s. a.,NH4salt3
I.SISSW" -25 O.OlSi^s s. al., GHsCl,
)nc. HNG3
2.56 subl. 53.80 87.6100 s.al..NH40H
179.30 599100 V. s. al.
4H26',2(3d" decomp. i. s. KGN

119
 handbook of chemistry and physics

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Mol. Crystalline form

Name. FormiUa. wt. and color.

Nickel hydroxide (ic) 109.7 jet black

hydroidde (ous) 4Ni(0H)2.H20.. 388.8 light green
iodide Nils 312.5 scales, black
nitrate Ni^03)2.6H20., 290.8 monoclinic, green...
regular, green
oxide, mon- 74.7
oxide, s^qui-.... nLo;;:::::::::: 165.4 black

oxide (ous) (ic). Ni804. 240 gray

phosphate. Ni3g(P04)2.7H20. 492.2 green
regular, yellow
sulphate 154.8
sulphate NiSo!.7H^V.*.!*. 280.9 rhombic, green
sulphide. NiS 90.8 hexagonal, black

Nitric acid HNO3..

Nitrogen N2 28.02
oxide, mon- (ous)... N2O.... 44

oxide, di- (ic) N0(N202). 30

oxide, tri- N203 76

oxide, tetr-.. N02(N204). 46

oxide, pent-.. N2O5.. 108

oxychloride.. NOCl. 65.5 cryst., yellow or red..
Osmium Os.... 190.9 amorphous, bluish....
chloride, di-. OsCl2.. 261.8 needles, dark green...

cliloride, tri-.... OsCls. 297.3 regular, brownish

chloride, tetra-. OsCl4. 332.7 needles, red to yellow
oxide, mon-.... OsO... 206.9 black
oxide, sesqui-... OS2O3. .229.8 black
oxide, di- 0s02. . 222.9 coppery red
osnde, tetra- 0s04.. 254.9 monocl., colorless
sulphide, di-.... OsS2.. 255 brownish yellow
sulphide, tetra-. OsS4.. 319.2 brownish black

Oxalic acid. H2C204.2H20.. 126.1 crystals, colorl^s

Oxygen 02

Ozone 03.. 48
Palladium. Pd. 106.7 regular, silvery

bromide... PdBr2....... 266.5 brown

chloride... PdCl2.2H20. 213.7 prisms, brown
hydroxide, Pd(OH)2.... 140.7 brown
iodide Pdli 360.5 black

nitrate. Pd(N03)2. rhombic, yellow

brown
oxide, mon- PdO 122.7 black
oxide, di- PdOz 138.7 black
sulphate PdS04.2H20. 238.8 crystals, brown
sulphide, mono- PdS 138.8 black
sulphide, di- PdS2 170.8 dark brown
Perchloric acid HCIO4. 100.5
Periodic acid HIO4.2H2O... monoclinic

120
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS iContinued)

Solubility in 100 parts of
Melting- Boiling-
Alcohol,
Cold water. Hot water. acids, etc.

decomp. s. a., NH4OH

4.36 d^somp. s. a., NH4OH
subl. 124.20 188.2100 j. al.
2.05 56.7 136.7 238.50 s.al., NH4OH
6.69 s. a.. NH4OH
4.83 reduced to NiOatC s. HCl,
NH4OH
i. i. s. a.
s. a.

3.41816 S0s,840 2*9.30 8*3.7100 i.al.

1.98 98-100 103 75.615.6 475.8100 si. s. al.
4,60 797 0.00036 decomp. 8. HNO3, aq.
rg.
1.530^# -41.3
0.967 (A) -210.5 -195 2.348 C.C.O 1.542 c.c.20 sl.s.al.
1.5301 (A) -102.4 -89.4 , 130.52 C.C.O'' .82 C.C.24 al., conc.
H2SO4
1.0366 (A) -160.6 -153 7.3 C.C.O O.Oc.c.100 s. al., conc.
H2SO4
1 447-20 -103 3.5 s. a .
s. conc. a.,
1.4903S 21.6
CS2.GHCI3
1.64218 29-30 45-50
2.31 (A) -60 -5.6 decomp.
22.48 -2700 white heat i, i. a.
si. s. s. al., ether,
NaCl
. s. s.alk.,al.HCl
si. s. s. al., HCl
s. a .
i. a.
i. a.
100 s. S- 3. al., ether
si. s. si. s. alk.
decomp. i. s. HNO3; i.
alk.
1.653-6 4.90 120 s. al.
1.1053 (A) -227 -182.7 4.89 C.C.O 1.7C.C.100 si. 8. al.; %
melted Ag
1.668 (A) deoomp. 270 -119 0.88
12.16 1542 i. i. 8. conc. a., aq.

i. i. j. H*Br
s. s. s. HCl
i. s. a., alk.
100 i. i. s. excess KI;
i. al., ether
decomp. 8. decomp. 8. HNO3

0,875 i. i. s. a. '
i
0,200 ! si. 8. a.
V. 8. decomp.
de(>mp. i. L s. HCl
decomp. i. i. s. aq. rg.
1.764^ 39 8.
130* 734 V. s. V. 8. 8. al., ether

121
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CGNSTANTS OF

Name. Formula.
Mol, Crystallme fwrn
wt. and color.

Permanganic acid... HMn04. 120

Phosphoric acid, H3PO4.. 98.1 rhomb..
ortho-
3 acid, meta- HPO3... 80.1

acid, pyro- : 178.1 needles

Phosphorous acid, 82.1 crystals, yellowish..
ortho-
acid, hypo- 66.1
Phosphorus, yellow... 124.16 regular, yellow..
8 Phosphorus, red... P4 124.16 amorphous, red.,
bromide, tri-.... PBrg.... 271

bromide, penta., PBrg, 430.6 rhomboidal, yellow...

chloride, tri-.... PClj., 137.4 colorless

chloride, penta-.. PClg., 208.3 rhombic, yellow

hydride (phosphine) 34.1
hydride, liquid 66.1
hydride, solid... 378.5 yellow
iodide, tri- 411.8 prismatic, red.
oxide, tri-.... P2O3 110.1 monoclinic
oxide, tetra-.. P2O4 126.1 orthorhombic
oxide, penta-. P2O6 142.1 amo^pl;ous^ white
sulphide, tri-. P2S3 158.3 cryst., grayish yellow.

piatrcMi5,i&:; P2SI
Platinum.,
H2PtCl6.6H20.
222.4
518.1
cryst., grayish yellow
cryst,, red brown.. . .
Pt 195.2 silvery gray
bromide (ous) PtBr2 355 brown
bromide (ic) PtBr4 514.9 dark brown
chloride (ous). PtCl2., 266.1 brown
27 chloride (ic) PtCU 337 cryst., reddish brown,
hydroxide (ous) Pt(0H)2.. black
hydroxide (ic). iOKh. red brown..
iodide (ous)... 449 black..
iodide (ic) Ptl4.. 702.9 amorph., brown black
oxide (ous) PtO.. 211.2 violet to black
oxide (ic) Pt02. 227.2 black,
sulphide (ous). PtS... 227.3 black.

sulphide (ic)... PtS2 n^dles, black or gray

sulphate Pt(S04)2.4H20. 459.4 plates, yellow
Potassium K. 39.10 tetragonal, white.
acetate KC2H3O2 98.1
acetate, acid KH(C2H302)2 158.2 needles, p4ates.,
aluminate K2AI2O4.3H2O 250.5 crystals
antimonate KSbOs 207.3 crystals ..
antimonyl tartrate. KSb0C4H40e.|H20. 332.3 octahedral......

122
 BANDBOOR OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

raORGANie COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Solubility in 100parts of
Melting- Boiling-

A Cold water. Hot water.

Alcohol,
acids, etc.

V. s. decomp.
38.6 decorap. 213 V. s. V. s. i.al.

2 2-2.5 subl. at
white heat
61 decomp. V. s. al., ether
1.651-2 70.1 decomp. 200

1.493W-8 .1 decomp.
1.83 44.2 290 0.00033 si. s. si. s. al., ether
2.20 725 350 i. ether; s. alk.
2.8847 -41.5 170.8 decomp. s. CSa, ether,
CHCI3
100 106 decomp.
-111.8 75.95 decomp. s. CS2, ether,
CHCI3
.eo#" (D) 148 160-165 decomp. S.CS2
_(p) s. al., ether _
1.17 (D) -86.4 si. s.
<-10 57-58 1. s. al.
1.01
i. i.al.
6i decomp^ . decomp. s. CS2
22.5 173 decomp. s. C^, ether,
CHCI3
2.537^'' >100 180
s. conc. H2S64
2.387 V. s.

296 "*" 490" d^x>mp. , al., alk.,

ether
290 515 decomp. s.CS2,alk.
2.09"
decomp. V. s. s. al., ether
2 431
21.37 1755 i.
decomp. 300 i.
0.4120 si. s. al., ether,
HBr
dec. red. ht. 1. s. HCl,
5.87
NH4OH
decomp. V. s. V. s. s. al., ether
27 s. HCI, HBr.
decomp. i. i.
alk.
decomp. i. . s. a., alk.
decomp. 325 i. a.; NaaSOs
s.alk.,HI,KI
decomp.
555
TOn^6ci
430 i. a.
decomp. i. a.; s.
34 8.897 (NH4)2S
decomp. (NH4)2S,
6.27
s. decomp. _.t!!Xether
62.5 712 decomp. s. a., al.
0.870M
1882 49262 s. al.; i, ether
148* decomp. 200 decomp. s. glac. acetic
y. s. V. s. i. al.; s. alk.
si. s. Is. hot KOH
IHaO, 100 ^ 52100 i. a).

123
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Name Formula
Mol. Crystattine form
wt. and color.

Potassium arsenate... K3ASO4 256.3 crystals.

arsenate, acid KH2ASO4 180.1 crystals.
arsenite KAs02 146.1
borate K2B4O7.5H2O. 324.3 hexagonal prisms.
bromate KBrOs.. 167 rhombohedral.
bromide KBr. ... 119 regular
carbonate K2CO3. . 138.2 monoclinic
carbonate, acid. KHCO3. 100.1 monoclinic....

chlorate KCIO3 122 monoclinic

chloride. . . . . . . KCl 74 regular
chloroplatinate. KaPtCle 486 regular, yellow.. ^...
chromate K2Cr04 194 rhombohedric, yellow
citrate K3C6H6O7.H2O 324 colorless crystals
cobaltinitrite... 2Co(N02)3.6KN02. 958. tetragonal, yellow. . .
3H2O
cyanate KCNO 81, needles.
cyanide KCN 65. regular, white
dichromate .. K2Cr207 294. tricl. or monocL, red.
ferricyanide.. K3Fe(CN)6 329. monoclinic, red
ferrocyanide.. K4Fe(CN)6.3H20... 422. monoclinic, yellow...
fluoride KF 58.
fluosilicate. .. KaSiFs 220. hexagonal
hydroxide KOH 56. rhombohedric.
ite. KCIO 90.
KIO3 214 regular.
iodide KI 166 regular
manganate K2Mn04 197 rhomboh., dark green
nitrate KNO3 101 rhomboh. or prism...
nitrite KNO2 85 prismatic
oxalate K2C2O4.H2O 184 monoclinic
oxide K2O 94 octahedral, gray
oxide, per- K2O4 142 yellow.
perchlorate KCIO4 138 rhombic
periodaite KIO4 230 rhombic
KMn04 158 rhombic, deep purple.
persulphate KSO4 135 prismatic
phosphate, ortho-.. .. K3PO4.... 212 rhombic
phosphate, hydrogen . K2HPO4 174
phosphate, dihydrogen KH2PO4 136 tetragonal.
phosphate, pyro-. . K4P2O7.3H2O 384
phosphite K2HPO3 158
siUcate. KaSiOa 154
silver cyanide KAg(CN)2 199 regular
sulphal^ 174 rhomb, or hexag...
sulphate, acid .It.. KHSO4 136 monocl. or rhomb..
sulphate, pyro-.... K2S2O7 254
sulphide, mono-. . . K2S 110. crystals, brown.
sulphide, penta-. . . K2S5 238.
sulphite K2SO3.2H2O. ... 194. crjrstals, white.,
sulphite, acid..' KHSO3 120. needles
sulphocyanate KCNS 97. prism
tartrate K2C4H406.iH20. 235. monocl
'raeseodymiimi Pr 140. yellow
chloride PirCh 247 needles, green..,
oxide, tri- Pr203 329. yellowish green.

124
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Solubility in 100 parts of

Melting- Boiling-
Alcohol,
Cold water. Hot water.
acids, etc.

18.87 V. s. s. al.
2.851 288 196 V. s. i. al.
s. s. si. s. al.
5H2O, red 26.730 V. s.
heat
3.24 434 decomp. 3.11 49.75100 si. s. al.
2.73 . 730 white heat 54 105i> si. s. al., ether
2.29 900 89.40 156100 i. al.
2.17 deeomp. 22.50 6080 i.al.;s. K2CO3
100-200 aq.
9 2.34417 357 decomp. 400 3.30 56100 sl.s.al.;s.alk.
10 1.9845 776 white 28.50 56.6100 s. al., alk.
11 3.29121 decomp. 0.70 5.22100 i. al., ether
12 2.732W* 971 58.90 79.110 i. al.
13 1.98 dec. 230 16715 V. s . si. s. al.
14 decomp. 200 0.090 si. s. i. al., ether

15 2.048 s. s. i. al.
16 1.52W red heat V. s. 122.2103-3 s. al.
17 2.6924 396 dec. 1000 50 102100 . i. al.
18 1.81117 decomp. 334.6 77.5100 si. s. al.
19 1.85317 3H2O, 70 27.812.2 90.696.3 i. al.
20 2.481 859.9 92.318 V. s. i. al.; s. HP
21 2.665i|^ dec. red ht. 0.1217.6 0.955100 i. al.; s. HCl
22 2.044 360.4 vol. wh. ht. 970 178100 V. s. al., ether
23 decomp. V. s. V. s.
24 3! 97^'"" 560 4.740 32.3100 i. al.;s. KI
25 3.115^' 680 127.90 209100 s. al., ether
26 decomp. 190 s. decomp. s. KOH
27 2!i69i6'"" 337 13.30 246100 i. al., ether
28 1.91526 30015-5 V. s . s. al.
29 2.08 decomp. 3316
30 2.32g red heat V. s. V. s. s. al., ether
31 red heat decomp. s. al.
32 2*.5^'4^' " 610 0.70 19.8100 i. al.
33 3.618V" 582 O, 300 0.6613 s. si. 8. KOH
34 2.703^ jomp. 240 2.830 32.7535 dec. al., etc.
35 dec. <100 1.770 4.0840 i. al.
36 si. s. s. i. al.
37 decomp. V. s . V. s. V. s. al.
38 2.338'^ 96 H2O, 400 257 s. i. al.
39 2.33 3H2O, 300 s. V. s. i. al.
40 decomp. V. s. V. s. i. al.
41 s. s. i. al.
42 12.5 100 s. al.
43 2.663V 1076 8.50 26.2100 i. ah
44 2.24-2.61 20a decomp. 36.30 121.6100
45 2.27 >300 s. decomp.
46 2.13 s. V. s. s.al.
47 V. s. V. s. V. s. al.
48 decomp. ioo V. s. si. s. al.
49 decomp. s. s. i. al.
172.3 decomp. 500 177.20 217200 s. al.
50 1.906
51 1.975 500; 12.5175 278100 si. s. al.
52 6.48 940 decomp.
53 4.0175 818 69.513 V. s. s. al.
54 7.068Y

125
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Mol.
Crystalline form
Name. Fonnula. and color.
wt.

Praseodymiimi oxide, PrzOi.. 345.8 black..

tetr-
oxide, per- Pr206 361.8
3 sulphate Pr2(S04)3 570
sulphide PraS, 378 brown..
Radium Ra 226
bromide...... IlaBr2 385.8
chloride RaCh 296.5 regular, yellow
8 Rhodium. Rh 102.9 grajdsh white
chloride RhCl., 209.3 red
hydroxide Rh(OH)3 153.9 black
nitrate Rh(N03)3.2H20.. 325 red
oxide, mon-.. 118.9 gray
oxide, sesqui- Rhada'.::::::::::: 253.8 crystals, gray
oxide, di- RhOa. 134.9 brown
sulphate Rh2(S04)3.12H20. 710.2 crystals, light yellow.
sulphide RhS 135 bluish
Rubidium Rb 85.45 soft white
bromide RbBr 165.4 regular.
carbonate RbaCOa 230.9
chloride RbCl. 120.9 regular.
RbOH.... 102.5
nitrate RbN03 147.5 >nal or regular..
oxide RbzO 186.9
peroxide RbzOz 202.9 needles, yellow...
sulphate Rb2S04 267 hexagonal
sulphide Rb2S.4H20 275 cry^ls......
Ruthenium Ru. 101.7 crystals, grayish.,
chloride...... RuClg 208.1 crystals, brown...
hjrdroxide Ru(OH)8.. 192.8 black
oxide, sesqui- RU203 131.6 blue black.
31 oxide, di- Ru02 173.8 egular, violet....
oxide, tetr- Ru04 165.7 rhombic, yellow..
Scandium. Sc.... 44.1
chloride. SCC13. 150.5 plates
oxide 136.2 powder, white.
sulphate.
Selenium
S^CSOi),. 376.4
633.6 hexagonal, gray...
Se02.... 111.2 tetragonal.
Selenic acid H2Se04.. 145.2 hexagonal, prisms.
HaSeOg.. 129.2 crystals
Silicic acid, ortho- H4Si04.. 96.3 amorphous
acid, meta-.. HzSiOj.. 78.3 amorphous
Silicon 28.3 octahedral, gray ..
carbide SiC.... 40.3 rhombic, plates....
chloride SiCl4.... 170.1 yellow
fluoride SiF4 104.3

47 oxide, amorphous... Si02.. 60.3 amorphous

oxide, crystal. Si02. 60.3 hexagonal prisms ,
Silver Ag... 107.88 r^ular, white

126
 1350
(183
mm.)
25"
i66!8
5.7
si.
s.
s.alk.
7.2
i.
i.
i.
a.
alk.
s.
a.,
decomp.
i.
al.;
si.
a.
s.s.
12!66'
2666
i.
si.
a.
s.
y.
s.
s.
V.
81.36.3.1051
86100
4113^
0
3.600
65
73s.
20
s.
3.100955
HNO3
20.S.
V.
4521000
3.301
al.
s. 203n
19830
s.
V.
138.76.7726
93100
0819
HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

al.
s. 20622-
837
42020
al.
s.
s.
3.683
22i1233'5
265!985
al.1.52
38.5
decomp.
696
a.,
s.
decomp.
i.
rg.
aq.
a.,
i.
decomp.
i.al.
s.
V.
KOH
i.
a.,
t KOH
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

i.
a.,
i.
i.
a.
al.
i.
s.
i'.
KOH
i.decomp.
s.
a.,
475
decomp.
i.a.
12.44
1970
si.
s.
rg.
aq.
a.,
i.

127
1650
subl.
900
al.
s.
s.
s.
700
decoj
5.s.
04211up.
decomp.
i.
dil.
a."
23.1.63.01100
40^
7216
5.978Y"
-
dT'Alcohol6HotColdwat,.acids,eetc.r.
of
Solin
parts
100 ubility III
BoiIi^elflting-
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Name. Formula.
Mol. Crystalline form
wt. andcolOT.

Silver acetate 166.9

arsenate... 462.6
arsenite AgjAsOs. 466.6
bromate AgBrOa 535.8
bromide AgBr 187.8

carbonate. AgeCOj.. 275.8

chlorate AgClOa.. 191.3

chloride AgCl..... 143.3

chromate Ag2Cr04. 331.8

cyanate AgCNO.. 149.9

cyanide AgCN.

dichromate Ag2Cr207. 131.8

ferricyanide Ag3Fe(CN)6 535.5

ferrocyanide Ag4Fe(CN)6.H20. 661.4

fluoride AgF..., 126.9

iodate AglOa.. 282.8

iodide. Agl. 234.8

nitrate AgNOs.
nitrite * :NC 153.9
oxalate 303.8

oxide. AgaO. 231.8

perchlorate AgC104... 207.3

permanganate AgMn04. 225.8
phosphate, ortho-.. Ag3P04... 418.7

phosphate, pyro-... Ag4P207. . 605.6

potassium cyanide, 199 regular, octahedia....

sulphate 311.8 tricl. or rhomboh.... .-

sulphide Ag2S 248.8 regular, gray or black

sulphite. 295.8 cn^ls
sulphocyanate a^n's.*.*! 166 white, curdy

128
 HANOBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)
Solubility in 100 parts of
Melting- BoiUng-
point,
(A) air = 1 Alcohol
Deg. C. Cold water. Hot water.
(D) H2 = 1 acids, etc.

3:259 decomp. 1.02W 2.5280"

6.66^^- 0.00085 3. a., alk.
decomp. 0.0011520" s; a., alk.
5.206 decomp. 0.15820" si. s. HNO3;
s. NH4OH
6.473 427 decomp. 700 0.0000262B' 0.00014100" s. KCN, si. s.
NH4OH
6.0 decomp. 200 0.003116" O.O5100" 3. NH4OH,
HNO3, H2SO4
4.21 230 decomp. 270 1015 5080 i. al.
5.553 455 0.00015220" 0.0022100" 8. NH4OH,
conc. HCl,
KCN
5.523 0.002818" 0.028426" 3. NH4OH,
KCN
4.0 decomp. . s. s. s. HNO3,
NH4OH.
KCN
decomp. 0.00002126" s. HNO3,
NH4OH.
KCN
decomp. O.OO8316" decomp. V. s. HNO3,
NH4OH.
0.00006620" s. NH4OH
s. KCN.
NH4OH
5.852 435 18216.6"
5.4-5.65 decomp. 0.0038518" si. s. 8. HNO3.
NH4OH
5.674^^ 526 O.OOOO3521" 8. KCN,
Na2S203.
NaCl
4.352i 209 decomp. 121.90" 940100" 8. al., ether
4.45328" 0.33 s. 1. al.
5.0294 decomp. 0^0033918" 8. NH4OH.
KCN
7.521 0,300-340 0.0021520" 8. NH4OH.
KCN,
Na2S203
486 s.
decomp. 0.550" 1.6928.6"
6.370 849 O.OOI9320" 8. a.,NH40H,
KCN
5.306 s. NH4OH,
HNO3,
nsol
KCN
2520 V. s. 8. al.; i. a.
27 5.40 651 decomp. 925 O.7314.60 1.393100" s. HNO3,
H2SO4,
NH4OH
7.08 812 0.0002 s.conc.HNOa;
si. s. KCN
29 decomp. 100 si. s. si. s. 8. NH4OH
0.0000216 0.000023100" NHiQH, i.
dil. a.

129
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

>^ame Mol. Crystalline form

Formula
wt. and color.

Sodium Na 23 tetragonal, silvery...

acetate NaC2H302 82 monoclinic, prisms...

aluitdnate Na2Al204 164.2 amorphous
ahtilnoiiate 2NaSb03.7H20 508.5 octahedra

aiitithoiiate, psnro- Na2H2Sb207.H20 418.4

alienate Na3A804.12H20 424.2
alienate, acid....... Na2HAs04.7H20 312.1 crystalline
al-^nate, acid Na2HAs04.12H20 402.2 monoclinic or rhomb.
ars^nite Na2HAs03 170
benzoate NaC7H602 144 crystalline
borate, meta- NaB02 66 hexagonal prisms
borate, meta- Na2B204.4H20.. 204.1 monoclinic
borate, tetra^- Na2B40T 202
borate, tetra- Na2B407.5H20. 292.1 octahedral
borate, tetra- (borax). Na2B407.10H20 382.2 monoclinic
bromate. NaBr03 150.9 crystals
bromide NaBr 102.9 regular
bromide NaBr.2H20 139 monoclinic
carbonate Na2C03 106
carbonate Na2C03.H20 124 crystals
carbonate Na2C03.10H20 286.2 monoclinic
carbonate, acid NaHC03 84 monoclinic
chlorate. NaClOa 106.5 regular, tetragonal...
chloride NaCl 58.5 regular
chromate Na2Cr04.10H20 342.2 triclinic, yellow
citrate 2Na3C6H607.JlH20.... 714.3 wh. cryst
cyanide NaCN 49
(tichromate Na2Cr207.2H80 298 triclinic, red

ferricyanide Na3Fe(CN)6.H20 298.9 red

ferrite Na2Fe204 221.7
ferrocyanide Na4Fe(CN)6.12H20... . 520.1 monoclinic,yellow...
fluoride NaF 42 regular
fluosilicate Na2SiF6.... 188.3 gelatinous or hexag. .
formate NaCH02 68.0 rhombic
hydroxide NaOH 40 white
hypochlorite NaOCl 74.5-
hypophospjhite NaH2P02.H20 106.1 monoclinic, prisms...
hyposulphite NaHS02 88.1
iodate NalOs 197.9
iodide Nal 149.9 regular
iodide NaL2H20 185.9
manganate Na2Mn04.10H20 345.1 monoclinic, green
molybdate Na2Mo04.2H20 242 tablets
nitrate NaN03 85 fhombohedric
nitrite NaN02 69
nitroprusside NaFe(CN)6N0.2H20 .. 297.8 I,r^
oxalat^ Na2C204 134
oxide NaaO 62 grayish
percWorate NaC104 122.5 rhombohedral
permanganate Na2Mn04.3H20 196 1,purple. . . .
peroxide. Na202 78
phosphate, tribasic... Na3P04.12H20 380.2 hexagonal
phc^phate, dibasic. .. Na2HP04.12H20 358.2 rhombic.
phosphate, monobasic NaH2P04.H20 138.1 rhombic

iso"
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ir^ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Solubility in 100 parts of

Melting- Boiling-
point, point,
(A) air = 1 Deg. C. Deg. C. XT 4. Alcohol,
(D) 1 Cold water. Hotwater. acids, etc.

D.971 97 750 decomp. i. benzol.,

kerosene
1.4 58 266 200 s. al.
1800 V. s. i. al.
0.03112-3 si. s. al., NH4
salts
si. s. si. s. si. s. al.
1.7593 85.5 26.7"
7 57 7H2O, 100 61 V. s. si. s. al.
8 71 28 I2H2O, 100 17.20 140.730 si. s. al.
9 1.87 V. s. V. s.

10 .525 76.9100 I. al.

s. V. s,
11
12 57 s. V. s.

13 2.367 741 1.36- .5100 i. al.

14 1.815 1.90- 99.1100 i. al.
15 1.694"'' red heat 2.830 201.4100 i. al.
16 3.339 381 27.540 90.9100 i. al.
768 79.50 115100 si. s. al.
17 3.014
18 2.176'^ 172.5 259.5100 al.
19 2.476 852 decomp. 7.10 45.4100 al.
20 H2O, 100 i. al.
21 458 ''' 34 106 2i!5^"" 420.'681^'' i. al.
22 2.206 CO2. 270 6.900 16.4060 i. al.
23 2.49016 255 decomp. 81.90 232.6100 s. al.
24 2.17 805 white heat 35.70 39.8100 sl.s.al.;i.HCl
25 2.7116" 19.92 V. s. 00 1. s. al.
26 150 decomp. 9126 250100 J. al.
27 V. s. si. s. al.
2H2'6,* ibo 1630, 433100
28 2.5216 320
<anhyd.) (anhyd.)
29 18.90 80100 i. al.
30 decomp.
31 1.458 2216-6 i. al.
992 4160 si. s. al.
32 2.766
dec. red ht. 0.65"-6 2.46100 i. al.
33 2.679
34 1.919 deeomp. 440 160100 si. s. al.
white heat 420 31380 V. s. al., ether
35 2.13 318
36 decomp. decomp.
37 V. s. al.
38 V. s. s. al.
39 4.277 decomp. 2.520 33.9100 i. al. ; s. acetic
1590 302100 V. s. al.
40 3.6652/ 664
41 2.448 317.90 1550100
42 decomp. decomp.
43 56.20 115.5100
3i2 decomp. 72.90 180100 si. s. al.
44 2.26515
45 2.15726 271 83.320 si. s. ether, al.
46 1.6803" 4016
47 3.226-6 6.33100
48 2.27 red heat decomp. decomp. al.
49 482 decomp. s. s. al.
50 decomp. V. s. V. s.

51 2.805 decomp. decomp.

52 1.6445 77 llHtO, 100 28.316
53 1.5217 35 12H20,100 6.50 i. al.
54 2.04 2H2O, 200 V. s. i. al

131
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Name Formula
Mol. Crystalline form
wt. and color.

Sodium' phosphate, Na4P40i2. 408.2

meta-
phosphate, pyro- Na4P207.10H20 446.2 monoclinic
phosphite Na2HP03.5H20 216.2 rhombohedric.
potassium carbonate NaKC03.6H20 230.2 monoclinic....
salicylate NaCrHsOa... 160.1 wh. scales
silicate Na2Si03 122.3 monoclinic
silicate (water glass) Na2Si409 303.2 amorphous. . .
stannate. Na2Sn03.3H20. 267 jnal
sulphate. Na2S04 142 rhomb., monocl. or
hexag.
10 sulphate Na2S04.7H20.... 268 rhomb, or tetrag
11 sulphate Na2S04.10H20. .. 322 monoclinic
12 sulphate, acid. .. NaHSOi 120 triclinic
13 sulphide, mono-, NazS 78 amorph., pinkish
14 sulphide, penta-. NaaSs 206
15 sulphite Na2S03 126 hexagonal, prisms
16 sulphite, acid NaHS03 104 monoclinic...!
17 sulphocyanate... NaCNS 81 rhombic
18 taytrate Na2C4H406.2H20. 230 trimetric
19 thiosulphate Na2S203.5H20. . . 248 monoclinic
20 Strontiurh Sr 87 crystals, silvery.. .
21 bromide SrBr2 247 needles
22 bromide SrBr2.6H20 355
23 carbonate SrC03. 147 rhombic
24 chlorate SrCf" 254 rhomb, or monocl...
25 chloride. . . . . . . . 158
26 chloride SrCl2.6H20. 266 hexagonal. .
27 chromate SrCr04 202 monoclinic.

28 fluoride... SrF2 125.6 regular, octahedra. .

29 hydroxide Sr(OH)2 121.7
30 hydroxide Sr(0H)2.8H20. . 265.8 tetragonal
31 iodide Srl2 341.5 plates
32 iodide. Srl2.6H20 449.6 crystals
33 nitrate Sr(N03)2 211.7 regular, octahedra..
34 nitrate Sr(N03)2.4H20. 283.7 triclinic
35 oxalate SrC204.H20 193.7
36 oxide SrO 103.6 rhombic, gray white.
37 SrHP04 183.7 rhombic
38 183.7 rhombic

39 sulphide 119.7 regidar

40 sulphite SrS03. 167.7 crystals
41 Sulphur, amorphous, Ss.... 256.48 amorph., pale yellow,
42 monoclinic 256.48 monoclinic
43 rhombic Ss.... 256.48 rhombic
44 chloride S2CI2. 135 liquid, yellowsh red.
45 oxide, di-. SO2... 64.1

46 oxide, tri- 80.1 crystals, prismatic.

47 Sulphuric acid. H2SO4 98.1
48 acid. H2SO4.H2O. . 116.1
49 acid. H2SO4.2H2O. 134.1

132
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Solubility in 100 parts of

Sp. gr. Melting- Boiling-
H20 = 1
point,
(A) air = 1 Alcohol,
Deg. C. Cold water. Hot water.
(D) H2 = 1 acids, etc.

2.476 610 dec. red ht. si. s. si. s. s 1. a., alk.

1.836 988 (anhyd.) 5.40" 93.11100" i . al.

53 s. V. s. i.al.
1.6334 6H2O, 100 18516"
11115" 12526" I716" al.
1056 s. B. i. al., Na
s- S. salts. K +
salts
67.40" 61.3 0 ^ i. al.
2.67316 884 5.020" 42.5100" i . al.

19.60" 42.7100"
1.462 32.383 12.170" 31234" i. al.
2.742 300 500" 100100
2.471 15.410" 59.290 s 1. s. al.
8. ^ s. si. s. al.
150 decomp. 14.10" 33100 i. al.
2.633V
1.48 decomp. Si. 8. s. i . al.
287 V. s. V. s. V. s. al.
i!794 296" 66" i. al.
1.72917 48 decomp. 220 74.70" 301.560" i. al.
2.54 900 white ; decomp. s. a., al.
^4.216^4" 87.70" 25011"" s . al.
2.358" 204.20" c

3.62 dec. 1155 0.001118" s . a.,NH4salta

3.152 decomp. 290 174.918" V. s. s . al.
3.054 872 44.20" - 101.9100" s . abs. al.
1.96416.7 112" 4H2O, 60 106.20" 205.8"
3.89516" 0.1215 s . acetic, NH4
salts
2.44 902 dec. 1000 0.01218" si. s. s . HCl; i. HF
3.625 375 0.41<^" 21.83100" s . Nfl4 salts
1.396 0.90" 47.71100" s . NH4 salts
507 1640" 370100"
4.549V
4.415 448.90" 00

2.93 645' 39.50" 101.1100 0.012 abs. al.

2.24916-6" 60.430" 206.5100 i. HNO3
decomp. 0.005118"- 5100" s. HCl, HNOa
4! 34 3000 decomp. si. s. al.
3.544 i. i. a i.a., NH4 salts

3.71 dec. wh. ht. 0.011418" 0.0104100" si. s. a.: i. aL,

dil. H2SO4
3.72160 s. decomp. s. al.
decomp. 0.0033 V. s. H2SO3
2!646 120 444.7 i. i. si. s. CS2
1.957 119.3 444.7 i. i s. CS2. al.
(240" \CS2
2.07 114.5 444.7 i. i. 11 181.365"/
1.70942" -80 138 decomp. s. CS2. al.
/1.43368" \ -72.7 -10 7979 c.c.o" 1560 c.c.fio" s. al., H2SO4
2.2639(A.)/
1.982^^ \ 14.8 46.2 decomp. s. conc. H2SO4
2.75(A).J
1. 83421^" 10.46 decomp. 40 00 CO decdmp. al.
7al70
1.788"" 8.53 210-338 00 00 ^ecomp. al.
1.6650" -38.9 170-190 00 00 decomp. al.

133
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OP

Name. Formula.
Mol. CrystalliDe form
wt. and color.

Sulphuric acid, pyro-. H2S2O7. 178.2 crystals,

Tantalum Ta 181.5 gray

bromide., TaBrj 585.1 crystals, yellow.,

chloride.. TaClfi ! 358.8 prisms, yellow...

oxide TazOs 443 rhombic, white..

Telluric acid. H2Te04. 193.5
TelluHum Te...... 127.5 amorphous, rhombic.
bromide TeBra... 187.3 needles, steel gray....
chloride TeCh... 198.4 crystals, black
iodide Tel2 f81.3 crystals, black
oxide. TeOj.... 159.5 octahedral, yellow....
Telliu-ous acid. HaTeOa. 177.5 octahedral
Thallium: T1 204 bluish white
bromide... TlBr.... r^ular
carbonate., TI2CO3.. 468 monoclinic
chloride... TICK... 239.5 regular, white
hydroxide, Tl(OH). 221 prisms, pale yellow,
iodide Til 330.9 regular, yellow
nitrate TINO3. 266 rhombic, prisms.,
oxide (ous). TI2O... 424 lldw.,
oxide (ic)... TI2O3... 456 . black.
phosphate.. TI3PO4. 707

sulphate.. TI2SO4. 504.1 rhombic, prisms

sulphide.. TI2S.... 440.1 tetrag., blue black.,
Thorium... Th 232.4 amorph. or cryst....
chloride.. ThCU.. 374.2

27 hydroxide., Th(0H)4. 300.4 gelatinous

Tin Sn 118.7 rhombic, tetragonal.
stannic acid Hj 168.7 amorphous
stannic acid, meta-. HioS: , 843.6
stannic bromide... SnBr4 438.4
stannic chloride... SnCU 1.5 liquid..
stannic iodide Snl4.. 626.4
stannic oxide. Sn02. 150.7 amorph.,
tetrag, rhomb,
stannic sulphate.... Sn(S04)2.2H20. 346.9 rhombic
stannic sulphide SnS2 183.8 hexagonal, yellow.,

stannous bromide.. SnBr2 278.5 crystals, yellow.,

stannous chloride.. SnCb 189.6
stannous chloride.. SnCl2.2H20. 225.7 triclinic
stannous hydroxide, Sn(OH)2. 152.7 amorphous..,
stannous iodide Sn 372.5 ^crystals, red.

134
 HANDBOOK OF CHEmSTRY AND PHYSICS

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Solubility in 100 parts of
Melting- Boiling-
. =1
(A) air = 1
(D) Hi = 1 A Cold water. Hot water.
Alcohol,
acids, etc.

1.89 decomp. dx>mp. decomp.

16.6 2850 i. s. HF, fused
alk.
240 decomp. s. abs. al..
etW
3.68 211.3 241.6 decomp. s. H2SO4, abs.
al.
7.53 i. i. i. a.; s. fused
KHS04 .
3.441 decomp. 160 i. sl.s. i. cold a., alk.
6.25 451 1390 i. s.conc.H2S04t
KOH
280 339 decomp.
6.89(D). 175 324 decomp. dec. HGl

didiVed' >700 0.00067 s. a., alk.

3.053 dec. 40 si. s. decomp. s. a., alk.
11.85 301.7 12^'' s. HNO3.
H2SO4
7.54 450 0.0466W 0.869-6"
7.11 272 4.0216.5 27.21100 al, ether
7.02 ^9 0.2" 290 sl.s.HCl;i.al.
decomp. 100 V. s. V. s. s. al.
7!672-6' 422 0.006420" 0.125100" i.al,KI;s.aq.

5 55 205 3.90" 4141000 It

>870 0,1865 s. s. s. al. ^
5.5^^ O2. 875 s. a.; i. al.
0.5i6"j 0.67100 i. al.; s. NH4
salts
6.76 632 decomp. 2.70" 16.590
8.0 448 decomp. 0.037920 si. s. s. a.; i. alk.
11.2 1700 1. i. s. HCl, H2SO1
4.59 V. s. V. s. s. al. ether,
KCl
decomp. i. i. s. a.; i. alk.
5.85-7.298 231.9 2270 ii s. dil. a., conc.

i.
i. i.
3.34986 203.3 s. decomp.
2.2788r 114 s. decomp. s. al., ether
4.696"" 144 295 V. s. decomp. s. al., ether
6.95 1127 i. i. s. conc. H2SO4

V. s. decomp. s. dil. H2SO4,

HCl
4.51 dec. rd. ht. 0.00002 s. conc. HCl,
alk., sul
phide
117170 215 619 a. decomp.
247.2 603 83.90" 269.816^ s. alk., al.
j""" 37.7 decomp. 118.70" 00 s. al., alk.
decomp. s. al., dil. a.
3i6'" 0.9820" 4.03100^ dil. HCl,
KOH, CSsi

135
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Name. Formula.
Mol. Crystalline form
wt. " and color.

Tin, stannous oxide... SnO.... 134.7 regular

stannous siilphate.. SnS04.. 214.8 crystals.

3 stannous sulphide.. SnS.... 150.8 crystals, brown

Titanic acid HaTiOg., 98.1

Titanium Ti 48.1 amorph., dark gray,..
Titanium bromide... TiBr4... 367.8 crystals, orange.
chloride, di- TiCl2.... 119 black
chloride, tri- TiClg.... 154.5 dark violet
chloride, tetra- TiCU.... 189.9
iodide Til4 555.8 octahedral, red
oxide, sesqui- TiaOs.... 144.2 amorphous, black....
oxide, di- Ti02.... 80.1 tetrag., rhomb, white
to black
sulphate Ti2(S04)3.. 384.4 crystals, green
Tunjgsten w 184 gray to black.

chloride, di- WCb. 254.9 amorphous, gray

chloride, tetra- wcu. 325.8
chloride, penta...... WC15. 361.3 needles, bla^.
chloride, hexa- WCle. 396.8 regular, dark blue....
oxide, di- WO2.. 216 rhombic, brown
oxide, tri-. WOs.. 232 rhombic, yellow
sulphide, di- WS2.. 248.1 crystals, dark gray...
sulphide, tri- WS3.. 280.2 black

Tungsticacid H2WO4. 250 yellow

24 Uranicacid H2UO4. 304.5 yellow

Uranium u 238.2 crystals, white

bromide UBr4. 657.9 leaflets, black
chloride UCI4., 380 regular, green
iodide UI4... 745.9 monoclinic, yellow.:.
oxide UO2.. 270.2 octahedral, black

oxide (ous, ic) 842.6 olive green

oxi4e, tri- X'. 286.2 yellow
sulphate S.4H20. 502.4 monoclinic, gr^n....
sulphide i 302.3 gray
Uranyl acetate. U02(C2H302)2.2H20. 424.3 monoclinic, yellow...
nitrate U02(N03)2.6H20. 502.3 rhombic, yellow
phosphate U02(HP04)2.4H20. 534.4 rhombic, yellow
sulphate U02S04.3H20 420.3 crystals, yellow
sulphide U02S... 302.3 brown

Vanadic acid, meta-.. HV03... 100 scales, yellow

acid, pyro- 218 amorphous, brown.. ,
Vanadium 51 crystals, light gray...
42 chloride, di- VC12. 121.9 hexagonal, green......
chloride, tri- VC13. 157.4 pink

136
 HANDBOOK: OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Solubilitsrin 100 parts of
Melting- Boiling-
_ =1
(A)air = l
(D)H2 = 1
^c. CJold water. Hot water.
Alcohol,
acids, etc.

dec. rd. ht. a., NH4CI.

i. alk.
18.9 18.2100 3.HSO4 _
1230 .000002 s. conc. HCl,
(NH4)2Sx
i. s.a..alk.;i.a!.
1800-1850 decomp. s. a.

39 decomp.
decomp. CS2, CHCls
decomp. 440 j. al., HGl
-26 136 decomp. s. dil. HCl
.76
150 >360 V. s.
s. H2SO4, HF
4*26 1566"*" alk., cona
H2SO4
s. dil. a.; i. al.
is'i' 2974***" HNOs, aq.

2or
decomp.
decomp. decomp.
248 275.6 decomp. si. s. CS2
13.3860'' (D) 275 346.7 decomp. V. s. CS2
12.11
s. a. alk.
7.16 rd. ht. a.; s. alk.
7.5W
si. s. alk. sul-

23 IH20,100^
H2O. s. a., alk. car
5.93"
250-300 bonate; i.
alk.
25 18.68
s. a.; i. alk.
V. s. V. s.
4.838
s. decomp. 1.NH4GI
27
s. s.
28 5.615 500
10.95 2176 i. i i. s. da. a., alk.
carbonates
7.31 decomp. i. i.
decomp. i. i. s.HNOs
31 5.14
4H2O, 300 decomp. s. dil. a.
32
>1100 decomp. s. conc. HCl
33
2H2O, 275 s. decomp. s. al.
34
59.5 118 200 V. s. V. s. al., ether,
35 2.807
acetic
i. acetic
36
37 3.28W-6'' 16:613 22.2100- s. al., H2SO4
decomp. si. s. si. s. al., conc
38
HCl
sl.s. s. s.alk.,
39
NH4OH
si. s. s. s. a., alk.
40
41 5.69 1710 i. s. HNOs, HF,
H2SO4
s. s. I. al., ether
42 3.28
43 3.0 s. s. s. abs. al.,
ether

137
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Name. Formula. Mol. Crystalline form

wt. and color.

Vanadium chloride, VCI4. 192.8 liquid, red

tetra-
oxide, di- V2O2 134 crystals, light gray...
oxide, tri-. V2O3. 150 ciystals, black.... .
oxide, tetra- V2O4. crystals, blue
oxide, penta-
sulphate
sulphide, tri-
[toVswo;;
V2S3
422.2
1^8.2
rhombic, yellow to red
blue...
plates, dark
sulphide, penta- V2S5.. black.....
Xenon Xe 130.2
Ytterbium, Yb 173.5
chloride.. YbCl8.6H20. rhombic, green .
oxidd. Yb203 395
sulphate
Yttrium
Y^(S04)3. 635.2
88.7 hexagonal, gray black
Yttrium chloride. YtCl3.6H20. 303.2

hydroxide Yt(0H)3.... 139.7 gelatinous..

nitrate... Yt(N08)3.6H20. 382.8 pnsms...
oxide 225.4 crystals.
sulphate.. Y^%4)3.8H20.' 609.7

Zinc. Zn 65.37 crystals.

acetate Zn(C2H302)2.3H20. 237.5

bromide.,. ZnBr2 225.2 needles...
carbonate. ZnCOa. 125.4 rhombic.,
chloride ZnCb.... 136.3 octahedral
cyanide Zn(CN)2. 117.4 ortho. prisms..
ferrocyanide. Zn2Fe(CN)6.3H20..
hydroxide, Zn(OH)2. 99.4 rhombic, prisms..
ic^de Znlj 319.2. octahedra

nitrate, Zn(N03)2.6H20. 297.5 tetragonal.

oxalate. ZnC204.2H20... 189
oxide... ZnO 81.4 hexag. or amorph..
phosphate Zn3(P04)2. prisms
phosphate, pyro-... Zn2P207...
sulphate., ZnS04 161.4
sulphate.. ZnS04.7H20. 287.6 rhombic prisms or
mono.
sulphide.. ZnS 97.4 reg., tetrag. or hexag.
37 sulphite.. 2ZnS03.6H20. 381

Zirconium. Zr., 90.6 cryst. or amorph..

138
 ' HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Solubility in 100 parts of
Melting- Boiling-
1
[A) Mr = 1
D (Hi) = 1
A Cold water. Hot water.
Alcohol,
acids, etc.

<-18 154 abs. al.,

ether
64
a., alki
si. s. alk.,HF
.87^- a., alk.
0.820 conc. a., alk
.357^ 658
decomp al.
HNOa-.sl.s.
!85 alk.
. s. alk.; s.
0
HNOs
.422 (A.) -140 109 28.4 c.c."

150-155 6H20,180 V. s. V. s. 1. s. al.; i.

.575
ether
i. s. hot a.
.175(?)
decomp. 900 44.20 .67100
.62
decomp. V. s. dil. a.
.8
18W 160 V. s. . s. al.; i.
ether
decomp. a, NH4a;
i. alk.
s. conc. HNOs
si. s. a.
5.35W
dec. 1000 .52 si. s. s. sat. K2SO4
2.612

419.4 918 alk.,

7-7.19
acetic
242 3026O 44.6100 3.al,
1.72
4.219^ 394 650" 390" 670100 V. s. al., ether,
NH4OH
CO2, 300 0.00115 a., alk.,
4.44
NH4 salts
2.907^' 3B5 730 2090 616100 V. s. al., ether
decomp. 1. alk., KCN;
Lai.
. NHs aq.;
i. HCl
decomp. 0.0004818 3. a., alk.
4300 510100 a. (NH4)2-
4.696 446 624
COjaq.
36.4 130 324.50 V. s. al.
2.065
j O.OOO7918 s.a.,alk.
5.-^-5.78 0.001 a., alk.,
NH4 salts
s. a.
3.99816 red ht.
a., alk.,
NH4OH
decomp. 7i20 43.020 95.03100 i. s. al.
3.49
50 7H2O, 280 115.20" 633.59100 sl.s.al.
2.015

1049 vol. 1180 0.00069 i. acetic

3.98
0.16 decomp. i.al.;s. H2SO3,
37 NH4OH
f4.15 150a s. HF., si. s. a.
38
\6.40 2350

139
 , HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

POTSICAL CONSTANTS OP

Name. Formula.
Mol. Crystalline form
wt. and color.

Zircoxuum
chloride.. ZrCU 232.4
hydroxide Zr(0H)4 158. gelatinous..
nitrate...
oxide..,..,
|r(N08)4.5Hj!0 428.1
122.6 amorph. or hexag..

sulphate.. Zr(S04)2.4H20. 354.8 crystals

140

V
 Handbook op cbeuistby and physics
nrORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Concluded)
Solubility in 100pi^s of
Melting- Boiling-

Gold water. Hot water.

AlcoM.
acids, etc.

400 decomp, s. al.

2Hi6,*55d* s.a.;i.al.,alk.
deeomp. 100 decomp.
5.4824^1^ 2500 1. conc.H2S04,
HF
14689-5 a.H2S04;i.al.

141
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF
The following table contains data for about: two thousand compounds.
The information has been collected from a large number of sources includii^
not only the standard reference works but many modern texts on organic
chemistry and on special branches of the subject.
Specific gravities are given at 15 C. where no other temperature is indi
cated, or at the definit.e temperature shown by the small figures at the right.
Boiling-points are given at normal atmospheric pressure unless otherwise
indicated. Decomposition, occurring near or below the melting or boiling point
is indicated by the letter d., preceding the temperature when decomposition
occurs before the change of state and following the temperature when decom
position occurs with the change of state: d. 178 indicates that decomposition
occurs at 178 C.; 178, d. indicates that the substance changes state with
decomposition at 178 C.
Solubilities are indicated by figures giving the mass in grams soluble in
100 c.c. of the solvents. Unless otherwise indicated solubilities under alcohol
are for 95% ethyl alcohol.

Mol..
No. Name Synonyms Formula
wt.

Abietic acid C20H30O2 302.34-

Acenaphthene... CioH6(CH2)2 154.14
A6etal CH3 CH(0C2H6)2 . 118.14
Acetaldehyde. . . aldehyde. CH3CH0 44.01
Acetaldoxime. . . aldoxime. CH3CHNOH 59.05
Acetamide CH3CONH2 59.05
Acetamino- CHaCONHCioHe- 201.16
naphthol (1, 2) OH
Acetamino- naphthacetol CHaCONHCioHe- 201.16
naphthol (4, 1) OH
Acetamino-phenol CH3CONHC6H4- 151.12
OH
10 CH3CONHC6H4- 151.12
OH
11 " (4. 1) CH3C0NH.C6H4^ 151.12
OH
12 Acetanilide antifebrin CeHsNHCOCHs 135.12
13 Acetaniside (o.). . CH30C6H4NH- 165.14
COCH3
14 Acetic acid...... CH3COOH 60.04
15 anhydride... . v . (CH3C0)20 102.07
16 Acetnaphthalide(1) acetalphanaphthyl- C10H7NHGOCH3 185.16
amine
17 (2) acet-betanaphthyl- CioHtNHCOCHs 185.16
amine
18 Aceto-acetic ether. See ethyl (icetoacetate
19 Acetol acetyl carbinol... CH8COCH2OH... 74.06
20 Acetone dimethyl ketone.. CH3COCH8 58.06
21 Acetonitrile. See methyl cyanide
22 Aceto-phenone... phenylmethyl ke CH3CO.aH6 120.10
tone, hypnone
23 Acetoxime (CH3)2C : NOH... 73.08
24 Acetphenetidide (p.) phenacetin, oxy- CH3CO NH '<06^4 179.16
ethyl acetanilide OC2H6
25 Acet-toluide (o.) CH3C6H4.NH- 149.14
COCHs
26 (m.) CH3C6H4NH. 149.14
COCH3
27 (p.) CH3C6H4.NH. 149.14
COCHs

142
 HANDBOOK OF CBEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS^
The following abbreviations are used: a., acid; abs., absolute; abt.,
abouf;anhydrous:
^Ut., a^tone; aoet. a.. a(tic acid; al.. alcohol; amor., amorphom
br., brown; bz.,benzene; .c., coldJ cU.,ohlorofora; color!,,
CTyst' cr^tals; d., under melting-pomts, boihng-pomte or solu-.
bmfedecomp<es; d., in connection with thenames ofcompounds, dextro-
dS.,^ecoipo^; dk., dark; dehq., dehqu^cent; eth.,^her; f..
from; fluores., fluorescent; glac., glacial; gm.. green; h., hot, hex., hex^o^,
i insoluble: ign., ignites; 1., laevo-rotary; leaf., leaflets, hq., liquid, Igr.,
Kirff S., l^troiS; m., meta-; meth , methyl; mic., micr^copic; monocl.,
monociinic; m.p., melting-point; n., nonnal;
octahdr., octahedral; p., para-; pa., pale; pi., 5^'
Drisms' DUTD., purple; pyr.,pyridme; rac., racemic; rhomb., rhombic, rhbdr.,
^^olia^ . scales; si., ^htly; sm., s.^; s^ ., subW
sra symmetrical; tab., tablets; tetr., tetragonal;, tncl., tncUmc; tnm.,
white; yel., yellow.
Solubility in gms. per
Crystal Melting- Boi^g- 100 c.c. of
line form point pomt
No.
and cdlor (A)Air=l "C "C
Water Alcohol Ether

182 i. V. s. V. s.
leaf.
1:0687 95 277.5 s. h.
need.
liq. 0.831420 104 5.5'c.' 00 00

CXJ 00 00
0.8060 -120.7 20.8
liq. 00 00 00
liq. or need 0.96520 13 or 47
V. s. V. s. si. s.
need. f.chl. 1.139 82
s.
leaf. 235 d.
g
187 i.
need.

201 s. h. s-
leaf.
148-9 V. s. s. V. si. s.
10 need.

11 monocl. 1 29321" 166

114.2 303.8 0.5 40. 8.3

12 white leaf. 1.211*"
78-84 303-5 y. s. h. 55.21"
13 whte.cryst
00 00 00
14 liq. 1.051M* 16.7 118.1
00 00
1.0806^ 137 dec.
15
16 &rl. 159 s. h. V. s.

17 iS^- 132 s. h. s.

18 00 00
19 liq. 145-150d. 00

00 00 00
0.79220" -94.6 56.5
20 hq..
21
plates 1.03311 20.5 202 i. s. s.
22
135 V. s. V. s.
23 .0.887^'' 59-60 V. s.
6 1.3
24 r 134-5 0.11

1.168 107-110 296 0.86 s. s.

25 colorl.
cryst. 0.4418"
26 cryst. 65^.5 303

151-3 307 0.09 10.8

27 n^d.

143
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

No. Name Synonsrms Formula MoL

wt.

Acetyl-acetone CH3CO.CH2COCH3 100.09

Acetylamino- QH^0.NH.C6H4. 179.13
benzoic acid (o.) COOH
Acetylamino- CH3CONHXJ6H4- 179.13
benzoic acid (m.) COOH
Acetylamino- CaC^NH.C6H4. 179.13
benzoic acid (p.) COOH
Acetyl-biuret. , , . CHaCONHCO- 145.11
NH.CO.NH2
bromide. CHaCOBr 122.95
chloride.. CH3COCI 78.49
glycine... CH3CO.NH.CH2 117.09
COOH
peroxide 118.07
phenylene- amino-acetanalid rH2.C6H4.NH. 150.14
diamine (p.) COCH3
phenylhydra- hydracetin CeHsNHNH. 150.14
^ine (a) COCH3
salicylic acid .. aspirm.
180.11
iirea.
NH2.CO.NH. 102.08
CpCHs
Acetylene HCiCH. 26.03
tetrabromide ... CHBr2.CHBr2. 345.71

tetrachloride tetrachlor-ethane CHCI2 .CHCI2 . 167.87

Aconitic acia equisetic acid.... C3H3(C00H)3 . 174.08
Aconitine acetylbenzoyl- C84H470uN(?)., 645.55
aconine
hydrobromide.. C34H470uN.HBr 771.52
+2t|H20
Acridine C6H4<^>C6H4 179.15
Acrolein acrylic aldehyde.. CH2:CH.CH0 ... 56.05
Acrylic acid. ethylenecarboxylic CH2:CH.C00H... 72.05
acid
Adenine CsHsNs 135.12
Adipic acid. C00H(CH2)4C00H 146.11
Aesculin esculin CuHieO# 340.20
Aldehyde. See xicetaldehyde
anmionia CH3.CH(0H)NH2 61.08
benzoic acid (o.) COOH.C6H4.CHO 150.09

Aldol. .
'B COOH.C6H4.CHO
COOH.C6H4.CHO
CH3.CH(0H)CH2.
150.09
150.09
88.03
CHO
Alizarine dihydroxyanthra- C6H4(CO)2C6H2(OH)s 240.13
quinone a,
AUantoin C4H6N403 158.11
AUoxan. mesoxalylurea C4H2N204+lor4H20 214.11
Allyl acetate CH3.COO.C3H6....

144
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Solubility in gms. per
Crystal Melting- Boiling-
line form point p^t 100 c.c. of
and color (A)Air=l
Water Alcohol Ether

Uq o.Qsrwo 139.6 12.5 00 00

need. 185 sl.s.;s.h. s. h. s.

248 d. si. s. h. si. s. h. sl.s.

need. 250 d. si. s. s. si. s.

need. 193 V. s. V. si. s.

liq. 81 d. d. s.

hq. 1.10520 55(50.9) d. d. s.

cryst. 2.7 s. i.

leaf. 30 6321" si. s. 00

need. 159.5 si. s. V. s. V. s.

coldrl. 128-130 sl.s. ;s.h. s. si. s.

cryst,
colorl. 135 si. s.- s. s.
cryst.
21&-9 V. s. h. 120<-

gas 0.906(A) -81 -85 V. si. s. s. 25 in 1

of acet.
yellowish 2.97 136- i. s. 00

liq. 736mm
239-42d.
liq. 1.5825 147 i. 00 00

leaf. 191 d. 18 5012 si. s.

prisms abt. 190 .03 4.5 2.25

hex. tab. 160-3 s. s.

leaf. 107 abt. 360 v.sl.s. V. s. V. s.

liq. 0.84 52.4 40 s. s.

hq. 1.06218 7-8' 140 00

need. f. c. 360 d. .09 cold si. s. i.

H2O
need, 153 265ioo- 1.516 V. s. si. s.
wh. need. 160 0.16 c., si. s. si. s.
8h.

rhomb, 70-80 100 V. s. V. s. si. 8.

leaf. 1.404 97.2 V. s. V. s . V. s.
need, 164-6
wh. need. 246,(285) s. h. V. s. si. a. ' "
i!i69' 90- 00 00 s.

or. need, 289-90 430 i. c. V. s. V. s .

wh. cryst. 227-31 d. 0.6 c., V. si. s. i.

V. s. h.
prisms dec. abt. V. s. s.
170
Hq. 0.9380 103-4^34 si. s. 00 00

145
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Name Synonyms Formula

AUyl acetic acid C3H5CH2COOH..

acetonitrile . . . C3H6CH2CN
alcohol CH2:CHCH20H..
amine CH2tCH.CH2NH2
aniline CeHsNflCsHs....
benzene CeHs CH: CH CHs
benzoate C6H5CO2C3H6....
bromide monobromopropy- CHjiCHCHaBr...

chloride.... monochloropropy- CH2:CHCH2C1...

lene (7)
cinnamate. GeHs-CHrCHCOO.
C3H5
cyanide CH2:CH.CH2CN..
ether. (CH21 CH 002)20.
formate HCOOCsHs
iodide CH2:GHCH2l....
isoamyl ether... CsHs-O-CsHii
isocyanide CH2:CHCH2NC...
mercaptan CH2 :CH CH2SH . .
mustard oil allyl is<ulphocy- CH2:CH.CH2NCS.
anicester, allyl
isothiocyanate
oxalate C204(C3H6)2
phenyl ether C6H5OC3H5
pyri<fine (1). . . . C3H5 C6H4 N
sulphide thioallyl ether... (CH2:CH.CH2)2S..
sulphocarbamide thiosinamine C3H5NHCSNH2.
sulphocyanide. . CsHsSCN
AUylene methyl acetylene, CH3C;CH
propine
oxide CH3(C:CH)0....
Aluminum ethyl . A1(C2H6)3
methyl A1(CH3)3
Amidol. See diaminophenol hydrochloride
Amino-acetanilid NH2C6H4NH.
(p.) COCH3
acetic acid. . . . glycin, glycocoll. . NH2CH2COOH...
acetophenone (p.) NH2CH4C0CH8
anthraquinone (1) NH2 C6H3: (CO)2:
aH4
(2) NH2.C6H3:(C0)2:
C6H4
azo-benzene (p.) aniline yellow.... NH2C6H4N2C6H5
azo-naphthalene C10H7 N2 CioHe NH2
(4, a, a)
benzaldehyde (o.) NH2C6H4CHO....
(m.) NH2.C6H4 CHO. . .
(p.) NH2 C6H4 CHO. . .
benzamide (o.).. NH2C6HCONH2..
NH2C6HCONH2..

benzene,
SV; See aniline
NH2C6HCONH2..

benzene-sulphonic NIJ2C6H4S08H
acid (o.)
benzene-sulphonic metanilic acid.. NHt^^4S03H
acid (m.) +HH2O

_
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Solubility in gms. per
Crystal Melting- Boiling- 100 c.c. of
line form point point
and color (A)Air=l 'C "C
Water Alcohol Ether

0.984" . 186-8 si. s. V. s. V. s.

1.18W 140 i.
CO
0.85420 96.6 00 00

00
0.769 56.0-56.5 V. s. s.

0.S8225 208-9 si. s. s.

0 914 176-7 s.

1.059 328
1.436 70-71 i. 00 00

0.93720^ 44.6-46 i. s. 00

1.05211 284-6 d. i. V. s. 00

0.835 119 s.

O.8O518 94.3 si v. " 00 CO

0.932 82-3 s.

1.89" 101-2 i. s.

120 V. si. s. 00 00

6!794"' 9&-106 si. s. s. 00

00
00
90
1"6i7i"' 150.7 V. si. s. V. s. V. s.

1.055 217 i. s.

0 986 191.7 i.
0.9590 189-190
00
0.88827 140 si. s. 00

74 V. s. V. s. V. s.

i!656" m" i.
-iio -23.5 3666"
62-3 si. s.
194 decomp.
0 130

159.5 si. s. V. s. V. s.

1.161 233 d. 23 i. i.
105-6 V. si. s. s. s.

242 i. s. s.

302 subl. i. s. s.; s. 62

125-6 abt. 360 si. s. h. s. h. 8.

173-5 si. s. sl. S.

39 decomp. si. s. V. s. V. S-

g
'76
108 s. h. V. s. sl. S.
79 abt.366 si. s. s. 8.

178-9 si. s.
(182.9)
1.516 si. 8.'^ sl. 8.

s. si. s. sl. 3.

147
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Name Synonyms Formijla

Amino-benzene- See suphanilic acid

-sulphonic acid(p.)
benzidine (2). . . (NH2)2C6H3-
C6H4NH2
benzoic (o.), . . . anthranilic acid .. NH2 .C6H4^C00H. .
NH2C6H4COOH..
NHi.C6H4 COOH..
benzonitrile (m.) NH2C6H4CN
NH2C6H4CN
cinnamic acid^(o.^ NH2 C6H4-CH: CH
COOH
(m.) NH2C6H4CH:CH.
COOH
(p.) NH2C6H4CH;CH
COOH
4 cresol (2) NHzCeHaCHaCOH)

5 " (2) NH2 CeHa CH^sCOH)

6 " (2) NH2C6H^CH3(0H)
NH2C6H3CH3(0H)

I ?. liiiE
dimethyl aniline
NHzCeHaCHsCOH)
NaCeHsCHsCOH)
NH2.CeH4N(CH3)2
(o.)
" " (m.) NHaC6H4N(CH3)2
" *' (p.) NH2C6H4N(CH3)2
diphenyl (o.) . . . NH2C6H4.C6H6....

ethanol
fa:; xenylamine.
NH2 C6H4 C6H6....
NH2-C6H4.C6H6....
NH2 CH2 CH OH
ethyl benzene (o). NH2C6H6.C2H6
" (m.) NH2C6H6.C2H6....
" (p.) NH2C6H6-C2H6....
malonic acid NH2CH(C00H)2..
I^henol (o.) Nn2.C6H4.OH
(m.) NH2.C6H4OH
" (p.) para-amidophenoi, NH2C6H4.OH
rodinol
propionic acid d-alanine CH3.CH(NH2)
(a, d.) COOH
propionic -acid 1-alanine..., CH3.CH(NH2)
iaj.) COOH
propionic acid d, 1-alanine. CH3.CH(NH2)
(a, rac.) COOH
propionic acid (p) /3-alanine... CH2(NH2)CH2
COOH
pyridine (2) . . .. NH2.C6H4N
;; (3). . .. NHaCsHiN
NH2.C5H4N
quiholine (2). . . CsHeNNHa

" (4)... C9H6NNH2

salicylic acid (3)

. (5) NHs'CeHsCOH)
(COOH)

148
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Solubility in gms per
Crystal Melting- Boiling- 100 c.c. of
line form Mi point point
and color (A)Air=l
Water Alcohol Ether

need. 134

yel. leaf., 144-5 0.35113.8 10.7-6*' 16.056-8

yel. cryst. 174 0.56W'' 2 1.7100
yel. cryst. 186-7 0.3310 11.310- 6.1110-
need, 53-4 288-90 si. s. V. si. s. V. si. s.
colorl. 86 V. s. h. V. s. V. s.
need. 158-9 d. si. s. c.; s. h.
s. h.
yel. need. 180-1 si. s. c.; V. s. V. s.
V. s. h.
yel. need. 175-6 d. si. s. c.; T. S. V. s.
V. s. h.
colorl. leaf, 159-61 s. c.; V. s . .V. s.
or need, V. s. h.
leaf.f.bz. abt. 174 s. V. s. V. s.
need. 124-8 si. s. si. s.
warts f. bz. 174 d.
colorl. 144.5
sc. f. eth. 135 V. si. s.
218

268-70
41 262
colorLleaf. 45.5 299 i.
30 254
colorLleaf. - 53 302 si. s. h.
colorl. liq. 1.02220 171
0.98322" 215-6
colorl. li(i. 0.990" 214-15
leaf. 0.97522 5 216-65
colorl. 109 d. si. s. si. s.
rhomb. 170 subl. 1.70 4.40 V. s.
colorl. 123 2.6 V. s. V. s.
leaf. 184 d. 1.10" 4.50 sl.s.

colorl. 293 20 V. si. s..

prisms 297 d.

colorl. 195 V. s. 0.3726"

prisms f. al. 196 y. s. V. si. s.

abs.
leaf. f. Igr. 204 V. s.
leaf, f. bz. 64 250-2 V. s. V. s. V. S;
need. f. bz. 154.8 V. s. V. s. S.
leaf. 129 V. si. & V. s. V. s.
s.h.
need. f. w. 154 V. s. chl.
(+H2O
69-70)
235 d. V. si.

need. 280 d. i.

149

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Name Synonyms Formula

Amino-thiophene NH2C4H3S
triphenyl- (C6H5)CHC6H4-
methane NH2
Amygdalin. ..... C20H27NOU + 3H2O
Amyl acetate. . . . amylacetic ester. CHsCOOCfiHu...
Amyl alcohol (n.). CH3(CH2)3CH20H
" (act.) CH3(C2H5)CH.
CH2OH
" " (sec. a) methyl-n-propyl GH3CH2CH2-
carbinol CH(0H)CH3
" " (tert.) dimethyl ethyl (CH3)2-C(0H).C2H5
carbinol
amine CH3 (CH2)4NH2...
benzene (n.). phenyi pentane.. CeHs-aHu .
bromide (n.. a-brompentane.. CH3(CH2)4Br
chloride (n.). a-chlorpentane... CH3 - (CH2)4C1
, ether (n.). . . (C6Hu)20
formate (n.). HCOOaHii
iodide CH3 (CH2)4l
isobutyrate.. C4H7OOC6HU
nitrite (n.) .. C6HuN02
salicylate HOC6H4COO-
CsHii
Amylene (n.). propyl1 ethylene.
ethylei . CH3(CH2)2-CH:CH2
ethyl-methyl- C2H5 CH: CH CHs

trimethyl-ethylene (CH3)2 C: CH CHs

Anaesthesine ethyl para-amino- NH2C6H4COO-
benzoate C2H6
Anethol (p.). CHs'CH: CH*C6H4
OCH3
Angelic acid. C4H7COOH
Aniline amino-benzene, C6H6NH2
phenyl-amine
Anis alcohol (p.).. anisyl albohol CH3O C6H4 CH2 OH
Anisaldehyde (p.) CHsO CeHi CHO. .
Anisic acid (p.)... CH3OC6H4COOH.

Anisidine (o.) CH3O 6114 1^2...

.)....
(p.) CH30C6H4NH2...

Anisol.., methyl phenyi CeHsOCHs

ether
Anthracene C6H4:(CH)2:C6H4
Anthragallol trihydroxy- Ci4H602(0H)3
(1. 2. 3) anthraquinone
Anthramine (p). . /8-amino-anthra- C6H4:(CH)2:C6H3-
NH2
Anthranil CeHacNHCO
Anthranilic acid. See o.-amino-benzoi c acid
Anthranol. 7-hydroxy-anthra- C14H10O
cene
Anthrapurpurin. . trihydroxy anthra Ci4H602(0H)3
quinone (1, 2, 7)
Anthraquinoline.. CnHiiN....

Anthraquinone... C6H4;(C0)2:C6H4.

150
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ORGAinC COMP&UNDS (Con^ued)

Solubility-in gms. per
Crystal Melting- Boiling- 100 c.c. of
line form point point
and color (A)Air=l "C Water Alcohol Ether

yel. oil
prisms f. 84 s.;s.,bz.
eth. and Igr.
rhomb, f. w. 214-6 8.310 O.Ilio
Uquid 0.86626- 1480 0.18
eolorl. liq. 0.817 137.8 2.722
colorl. liq. 0.81718"* 128.7 si. s.

colorl. Uq. 0.8240" 119 16.7

colorl. liq. 0.814 -12 102.5 si. s.

colorl. liq. 0.766< 104 s.

colorl. liq. 0.86022 201

colorl. liq. 1.22320 128.77
colorl. liq. 0.88320 106.67
yel. liq. 0.77526 169 i.
colorl. liq. 0.9020 130 4 si. s.
1.51720 155.4739
0.859 153-5 si. s.
pa.yel.Uq. 96
colorl. liq. 1.052'" 276-7 33(90%)

colorl. liq. 39^0

oolorl. liq. 36.5

colorl. liq. 0.666 37.1 V. si. s.

rhomb, f. 90-1 V. si. s. 14.3
eth.
leaf. 0.994 21.6 V. si. s.

monocl. 0.954 45.5 185 si. s. V. s. h.

liquid 1.02220 -6 184.4 3.11 00

need, 1.113 45 258.8 i. V. s.

eolorl. liq. 1.126 0 248 si. s. 00

monocl. 1.3644 184.2 275-80 V. si. s.; V. s.

s. h.
colorl. liq. 1.098 5.2 224 si. s.
need, f. h. 57.7 239.5
w.
colorl. liq. 0.98821 -37.8 155.

colorl. leaf, 1.147 216.5 351 i. 0.5915 I.1716

or. red 310 s. alk., s. 8.

ne^. green
yel. need. 238 V. si. s. si. s. sl. s.

colorl. 1.189 . 18 210-5d s. li. dil. V. s.

NaOH
pale yel. 160-70 d. V. s. h.
need, bz.
or. need. abt.330 si. s. h. V. s. sl. s.
f-al.
leaf. 170 446 i. V. s. V. s.;"
s. bz.
284.5 380 0.0510 V. sl. s.
2.370

151
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
PHYSICAL'COKSTANTS OF

Name Synonyms Formula

Anthrol (ni.) C6H4: (CH)2:C6H3-

OH
Antifebrin. See acetanilid
Antimony penta- Sb(CH3)6
methyl
trimethyl Sb(CH3)3. .
Antipyrene analgesine CiiHi2N20.
Arabinose (d. or 1.) CsHioOs. ..
Arabitol arabite C5H1206...

Arachidic acid. . . arachic acid C20H40O2 ,

Arbutin
Asparagine (1.)... c^(nSkcooh)-
CONH2
Aspartic acid.... CH^NH2)(C00H)-
Aspirin acetyl-salicylic acid
Atropic acid. CH2: CCCeHs)
COOH
Atropine. . .. dauterine, inactive CiTHasOaN
tropine
Atropine sulphate (Ci7H2308N)2H2S04
Auramine HN:C[C6H4-
NCCH3)2]2
Aurine coralline CwHwOa
Azelaic acid. C00H.(GH2)7-
COOH
Azobenzene C6H5N2C6H6
Azobenzoic acid COOH.C6H4N2-
(o.) C6H4COOH
Azonaphthaline CioH7*N2-CioH7
(a.)
Azophenol (o.)... fiihydrnxy-azoben- HOC6H4N2aH4-
zene (2, 20 OH
(m.) .. dihydroxy-azoben- HOC6H4N2C6H4-
zene (3, 30 OH
(p.).. dihydroxy-azoben- HOC6H4N2C6H4-
zene (4, 40 OH
Azotoluene (oo.).. dimethyl-azoben- CH3C6H4N2C6H4-
zene (2, 20 CHa
" (mm.) dimethyl-azoben- CH3C6H4N2C6H4-
zene (3, 30 CHs
(PP ) dimethyl-azoben- CH3C6H4N2C6H4
zene (4, 40 CHs
Azoxybenzene (C6H6)2:N20

Azoxybenzoic acid (C00H.C6H4)2N20

Azoxybenzoic acid *(C00HC6H4)2N20

(m.)
Azoxybenzoic acid (C00HC6H4)2N80
(p.)
Azoxynaphthalene (CioH7)2N20
()

* Other authorities give C25H34O14 and m.p. 144-166 C.

152
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ORGAinC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Solubility in gms. per
Crystal Melting- Boiling-
line form point p^t. 100 c.c. of

and color (A)Air=l

Water Alcohol Ether

need. d. 200 s. acet.

J96-100 i.

1.523 80.6 si. s.

leaf. 1.1920 111-13. 1004- 100. 3.3
rhomb. abt. 160 5910 V. si. s.
colorl. 102 V. s. V. s. h.
warts
leaf. 77 i. .4520 V. 8.

need.... 165-70 V. s. h. V. s. i.
rhomb. 1.543 230-5 d. 1.810 i.
63ioo<'
leaf. 290.4 d. 0.3910' i. abs.
5.41000
colorl. 135 si. s. s.

cryst.
monocl. 106-6. 267 d. 0.1419 8. s. CS2
tab.
115- 0.2226" 68.5
115.5
wh. powd. 188 260 27 6.05
yel. leaf. f. 136 1. ' 8.

al.
red need, abt. 220 i.; s.alk. S. s.

leaf. 106 abt. 0.2420 V. s. 2.7

360 d. V. s. h.
or. leaf, 1.203 68 295-7 1. ' 8.516
dk. yel. 237 d. V. si. s. s. V. s.

need,
red need. !^0 subl. i. si. s. s. bz.

yel. leaf. 171 subl. i.; s.alk. 0.33 V. s.

br. leaf. 205 V. si. s. s. . sl.s.

br. triclin. 204 d. si. s. V. s. V. s.;8.

bz.
55 i. 614.6 147.7M.i
red prisms

or. red. 54-5 i. V. S. V. S.

rhomb,
or. yel. 144 i.; s. Igr. S. V. 8.

yel. need. 1.248i 36.2 d. i. 17.5W V. 8.

f. h. al.
pa. yel. 248 dec. V. si. s. h. sl. s. sl.s.
leaf,
pa. yel. 320 d. i. si. 8. d. 8.
need,
yel. amor. dec. 1. . s. pyr.

red 126.5-7.0 8. cone.

rhomb. H2SO4

153
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

No. Name Synonyms formula

Barbituric acid... malonyl urea. CO: (NH COa:

CH2 + 2H2O
Behenic acid C22H44O2

Benzal chloride... CeHsCHCh

Benzaldehyde.... art. almond oil. CeHsCHO
ph%nylhydrazone CeHs CH: N NH-
CeHs
Benzaldoxime GeHsCHiNOH...
(a) (anti.)
Benzaldoxmie CeHsCHrNOH....
(syn.)
C6H6CONH2

Benzanilid. phenyl benzamide CeHsCONHCeHs

Benzene... CeHe

aza-0-naphthyl- C6H6-N2CioH6-NH2
amine
hexabromide (a) CeHeBre

hexachloride (a) CeHeCle

(/3) CeHeCle

sulphinic acid... C6H6-S02H. . . . . . . .

sulphonic acid. . C6H6S03H-f-ltH20.
sulphonic amide, C6H6.SO2NH2
sulphonic chloride C6H6SO2CI
Benzidine (p.) 4, 4'-diamino-di- NH2C6H4C6H4-
)henyl (p.) NH2
Benzil CeHs CO CO.CeHs.

Benzilic acid (aHa.C(OH). _

Benzoic acid CeHsCOOH

anhydride (C6H6.C0)20
Benzoin C6H5CH(0H).C0-
CeHs
Benzonitrile phenyl cyanide... beHsCN
Benzophenone... diphenyl ketone.. CeHsCOCeHs

Benzoquinone. See quinone

Benzothiophene. See thio naphthene
Benzotrichloride.. toluene trichloride CeHsCCla

Benzoyl-acetic acid CeHsCOCHz-

COOH
acetone CeH6.CO.CH2CO.
CHa
bromide. CeHsCOBr
chloride. CeHsCOCl
cyanide. CeHs COCN ......

154
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Solubility in gms. per
Crystal Melting- Boiling- lOOc.c.of
line form pomt point
and color (A)Air=l C
Water Alcohol Ether

rhomb. dec. si. s.

84 0.10" 1.9216
colorl.
need. ^
cblorl. liq. 1.295i' -16 213 i.
colorl. Kq. 1.05 -13.5 179.5 0.33
colorl. 154.5-
155.5
colorl. leaf. 1.1129'' 33-5 118-9 si. s. V. s.
IQmm

colorl. tab. 128^30 si. s. bz. V. s.

or need,
colorl. 1.3414 128 290 si. s. h. 2726 V. s.

mono. tab.
colorl. leaf. 1.324" 160-1 i. 1.7 c., si. s.
14.3 h.
colorl. 0.879M 5.4 80.36 0.0722
rhomb,
prisms
red need. 123 s. bz. s.

colorl. 212 si. s. si. s.

monocl.
colorl. 1.87200 157 2]j8346m 4.3515 6.518 V. s.

chl. bz. aniline

monocl.
colorl. 310 subl. (Less s. than a in chl.)

prisms 83-4 d. 100 s. h. V. s. V. s,_

colorl. leaf, 65-6 V..S. V. s. i.

lust. pi. 150 si. s V. s. V. s.

oil 1.384 14.5 251.5 V. s. s.

lust scales 128.2 400-1 d.94i^ s. 2.2

740mm
f. h. w. 30.7
yel. need. 95 346-8 d . i. V. s. V. s.

CO or.. 150 V. s. h. V. s. V. s.

monocl. 47.16
colorl. leaf. 1.266 121.2 249.2 0.2920 31.4
5.91000 abs.
or ne d.
1.199 42 360 s. s.
colorl.
rhomb,
hex. f. al. 133-7 343-4 i. c.; s. h.
si. s.h.
191 liooo 00

krl.
rhomb.
1.00026'
1.0981^''
-13.1
48-8.5 306 i. 13.518 17.513

colorl. oil 1.38 -21.2 213-^ dec.

colorl. 103-4, d. si. s. V. s. V. s.

need,
colorl. 60-1 V. si. s. V. s. V. s.

colorl. Uq. 1.570 abt. 0 218 dec. s. wth.

dee,
colorl. liq. 1.219 -1 198 dec. dec.
colorl. tab. 32-3 206-8

155

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

No. Name Synonyms Formula

1 Benzoyl-peroxide (CeHe 00)202

2 phenylhydrazine CeHfiCONHNH-
_ , CeHs
3 Benzyl acetate... CH8COO.CH2
C6H5
4 aceto-acetic ether C2H3O.CH (C7H7)..
COOCaHs
5 alcohol phenylcarbinol... C6H5CH2OH......
6 amine C6H5 CH2NH2 .....
7 benzoate CeHs COO CH2
CeHs
8 bromide GeHsCH^Br
9 carbinol See phenyl ethyl ale ohol
10 chloride.. C6H5CH2CI
11 cyanide C6H5CH2CN
12 ether
13 iodide
14 mustard oil C6H6 CH2 NCS....
15 sulphocyanide. . C6H6.CH2 SCN....
16 urea benzyl carbamide C6H5 CH2 NH.CO.
NH2
17 Berberine C20Hi7O4N + 6H2O.
18 Berberonic acid. . C5l^N(COOH)3 (2,4.5)
19 Betaine C0.CH2N(CH3)3 0
20 Bilirubin C34H36N4O7
21 Biuret NH2CONH.CO-
NH2 -fH20
22 Borneol (i.) C10H17OH
23 " (d.) Borneo camphor.. C10H17OH
24 " acetate (d.) CH3 COOC10H17. . .
25 Brassidic acid C22H42 O2
26 Brazilin Cl6Hl406+ltH20. . .
27 Brom-acetic acid. CH2BrCOOH
28 acetone CH2BrCOCH3....
29 acetylene C2HBr
30 aniline (o.) BraH4NH2.
31 (m.) BrC6H4NH2.
32 BrC6H4NH2.
33 benzene" See phenyl bromide
34 benzoic acid (o.). BrC6H4COOH.
35 " (m.) BrC6H4COOH.
36 " " (p.) BrC6H4COOH.
37 ethylene CH2K:;HBr.
38 naphthalene (a) CioH7Br
39 iff) CioH7Br

156
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ORGAMC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Solubility ia gms. per
Crystal Melting- Boiling- 100 c.c. of
line form point point
and color (A)Air=l "C "C
Water Alcohol Ether

colorl. 103.5 i.; s. bz, V. s.

rhomb,
colorl. 168 V. si. s. h. V. si. s.
s. h.
colorl. liq. 1.05716" 206 V. si. s.

colorl. liq. 1.061|r 284-90.

d.
colorl. liq. 1.04320 204.7 4170
colorl. liq. 0.98020" 184
colorl. liq. 1.11419" 18.3 323-4.
or leaf,
liq. 1.43822" -3.9 198:5

colorl. liq. 1.10318" -41.2 176-9.

1.021if" -24.6 233.5
^%rl. oil 1.03610"
1.73425 *24!"
295-8
dec. s. CS?
V. s. h.
si. s.
243 s.
pnsms il" 230-5 i. V. s. V. s.
need. 147. si. s. V. s . si. s.

yel. or or. 145 d. 2221" 1 c.; V. si. s.

need, V. b\ h.
colorl. d.235 si. s. c.; V. si. s. h;
tricl. V. s. h,
colorl. 270-6 d, V. s. s.
monocl.
dk. red 192-2.5 V. si. s.; si. s. V. si. s.
rhomb, s. alk.
colorl. 190 d. I.5416" V. s . V. si. s.
need, 45.5100"
cplorl. hex. 1.011 210.5 subl. V. si. s. V. s. V. s.
leaf,
colorl. hex. 1.011 203.4 212-2 V. si. s. V. s. V. s.
leaf,
colorl. 29 223 V. si. s. V. s. s.
colorl. leaf, 6!859w 60 0.7424 V. si. s. c. s.
colorl. . abt. 250 si. 8. s.
need.
colorl. hex. 50 208
136.5
725mm

-2
31-1.5 250-1
1.68221" 18-8.5 251" s.
rhomb. 66.4 dec. V. s . V. s.

colorl. 150 subl. 0.1825 V. s . V. s.

need,
colorl. 155 0.0426'' V. s . V. is.
need,
colorl. 251 V. si. s. c, V. s.
monocl.
1,517"" 16750mm
prisms .l;|87r 5 279 00 bz. op abs.
rhomb, 59 282 s. bz.
leaf.

167

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OP

No. Name Synonyms Formula

Brom-
1 nitrobenzene (o.) BrC6H4N02
2 (m.) BrCeHiNOz
3 " (P-). BrC6H4N02
4 phenol (o.) BrC6H40H
6 m.) BrC6H40H
6 BrC6H40H
7 toluene (o.) . Br06ll4CH3
8 (m.). BrC6H4CH3
9 " (p ) BrC6H4CH3........
10 Bromal . tribromaldehyde. CBraCHO
11 Bromoform... CHBra
12 Brucine C23H26O4N2 + 4H2O

13 ^ydrochloride... C23H26O4N2HCI....
14 nitrate C23H26O4N2 HNO3
+ 2H2O
15 sulphate. . (C23H2604N2)2H2S04
+ 7H2O
16 Butane (n.). CH3CH2CH2CH3

17 Butyl acetate. . CH3COO.C4H9....

18 alcohol (n.)... CH3(CH2)2CH20H
19 " (sec.). methyl ethyl car CH3CH2.CHOH-
binol CH3
20 (iso) . . . (CH3)2CHCH20H
21 (tert.)... trimethyl carbinol (CH3)3-C0H

22 amine (n.) CH3(CH2)2CH2

NH2
23 benzoate (n.). . aH6COOC4H9...
24 bromide (n.) CH3(CH2)2CH2Br
25 butyrate (n.). . C3H7 COO C4H9...
26 carbinol (CH3)3CCH20H..
27 chloride (n.)... CH8(CH2)2.CH2a. .
28 cyanide vaiero nitrile. CH3(CH2)2CH2CN
29 ether (n.) (C4H9)2-0
30 formate HCOOC4H9
31 iodide CH3(CH2)2CH2l..
32 mustard oil..... CH3(CH2)2CH2NCS
33 phenyl ketone. . C4H9-CO-C6H6
34 Butylene ethyl ethylene... CH3CH2CH:CH2
35 Butyramide (n.). CBb CHa CH2
CONH2
36 Butyric acid (n.) , CH3(CH2)2C00H
37 aldehyde (n.).., CH8(CH2)2CH0..
38 anhydride (CH3(CH2)2C0)20
39 Butyrine tributyrine. (CaHT -COOsCaHs..
40 Cacodyl (CH3)2As-As(CH3)2.
41 chloride (CH3)2AsC1
42 oxide ((CH3)2A8)2-0 .....
43 Cacodylic acid. . (CH3)2AsO OH. . . .
44 Caffeic acid C9H804+IH20
45 Caffeine theine. C8H10O2N4+H2O...

46 Can.phene(L)^^.^ C10H16
C10H16
47

158
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)
Solubility in gms. per
Crystal Melting- Boiling- 100 c.c. of
line form H^6=i point point
and color (A)Air=l C
Water Alcohol Ether

38.5 264.4 V. s.

52.6 257.5 s.

monocl. 1.93422" 125 259.2

oil 5.6 195 s. alk.
leaf. 32-3 236 s. alk.
tetr. i!^6 63-4 238 s. chl.
liq. i.43ur -26 181
Hq. 1.4102 -M) 183
rhomb. 1.35464 28.5 184-5
2.65 174 dec.
2.88426" 151.2 si. s.
105 0.31 c.; V. si. s.
monocl.
0.67100
need.,
prisms 230 d.

long need.
0.600. 5.6 c.
gas
2.046 (A)
colorl. liq. 0.88220 125 si. s.
colorl. liq. 0.81020 117 8.3
0.81922" 2920
colorl. liq.

colorl. liq. 0.80616 -108 106.5 9.518

colorl. liq. 0.78125 25 82.9
or rhomb,
colorl. liq. 0.74020 78

oil 1.00020 247.3-9.0

1.27920 101
cSorl. liq. 0.8880
52-3
165
113-4
si. s.
si. s.
0.81220
colorl. liq. 0.88720 77.5-8.0
1.00020 141 i.
colorl. liq. 0.769 141 s.

colorl. liq. 0.9110 106.9 si. s.

CO
liq. 1.61720 129.6
167 V. s. V. s-.
hq. V. s.
hq. 2.375-8.5 V. s.

1.5-2.5 V. s. V. 8.
gas
115-6 216 sl.s.
wh. tab.
00
colorl. liq. 0.960W" -7.9 162.5
colorl. liq. 0.81720 73-4. 3.7
0.978 191-3 dec. dec.
colorl. liq.
1.052 285 V. s.

colorl. liq. 170

100
1.462 -25 120
200 d. s. V. si. s.
rhombic,
195 dec. V. s.
yel. prisms 2.316 6'o4'i6"
wh. need. 1.2319 229.5- 1.3516;
30.5 45.566 (85%)
157 V. s. V. s.
f^th. need. 47
159 V. s. V. s.
51-2
f. al.

169
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Name Synonyms Formula

Camphor (d.)... CioHieO

Camphoric acid (i.) C8Hi4(COOH)2
Camphoric acid(d.) C8Hi4(COOH)2. ....
" anhydride C10H14O3

Cane sugar. See sucrose

Capric acid CH3(CH2)8C00H

Caproic acid CH(CH2)4'C00H.

Caprylic acid.... CH3(CH2)6C00H
Carbanilid. diphenyl urea. CeHsNHCONH-
CeHs
Carbazol C6H4 NH.C6H4. ...

Carbolic acid... See phenol

Carbon dioxide. CO2

disulphide... CS2
hexachioride. C2CI6
monoxide CO

COS
sul C3O2
tetrabromide. . . CBr4
tetrachloride tetrachlormethane CCI4
tetraiodide CI4
Carbonyl chloride phosgene COCI2
Carbdstyril 2 hydroxy-quino- HO CflHe N
line
Carvacrol isopropylhydroxy- (CH3)2CHC6H3-
toluene (CH3).0H(4. 1, 2)
Catechol. pyrocatechin. C6H4(0H)2 (o.)
Cellulose. (C6Hio06)x
acetate penta-. . C6H5(C00CH3)5....
" tetra-... C6H60(C00CH8)4..

" tri-...^ C6H702(C00CH3)3 .

nitrate hexa-.. principal constitu Ci2Hi404(N03)6
ent of gun cotton

" penta-. Ci2Hi605(N03)6

" tetra-..
constituents Ci2Hi606(N03)4
of collodion
" tri-.... Ci2Hi707(N03)8. ....

160
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continuied)
Solubility in gms. per
Crystal Melting- Boiling- 100 c.c. of
line form point point
and color (A)Air=l "C "C
Water Alcohol Ethei

0.992W* 176.4 205.3 V. si. s. 12012 V. 8.

colorl. hex.
1.228 208 0.7625; s. V. s.
lOioo
colorl. 1.186 187 0.6212; 112.
monocl. 8.3100
rhomb, f. 220-1. abt. 270 V. s.

al. d.

colorl. 0.9303?" 31.3 268.4 V. si. s.

i^eed.
colorl. 0.92920" -5.2 205.7 V. si. s.
liq.
colorl. leaf, 0.9102" 16.5 237.5 0.25100
need. f. al. 236-7 V. si. s. V. s.

colorl. leaf. 238.5 351.5 0.92W; si. s.

3.88ra

1.53 (A) -65 -80 179.70; 319.915

gas
107.515 c.c.
c.c.

colorl. liq. 1.25622" -112.8 46.2 0.2222

rhombic. 1.9920" 182 187 s.

0.967(A) -205.7- -190 2.5" 2020

gas
7.0 c.c. c.c.

gas 2.104(A) -47.5 lOOc.c.

gas 1.110 -107 " 7 dec.
tab. 3.42 92 189
colorl. liq. 1.58425- -19.5 76. 0.0820
red 4.32200 dec. i. s.

gas <-75.'' 8.2 dec. dec.

pr. f. al. 199-200. subl. V. si. s. V. s.
c.; s. h.
oil 0,978|" 236-8 s. alk.

colorl. leaf, 1.344 104 240-5 V. s.

f. bz.
amor. abt. 1.5 i.

amor,
amor. soft. abt. 1.; 1. i.; i. i.;i
150 acet. meth. amyl.t
acet.
amor,
i.; i. i.t
acet.
wh. amor. abt. 1.66 ign. 160 i.;i. bz. i.; V. V. i; s.t
-70 si. s. nitro-bz.
eth.-al.
wh. amor, abt. 1.66 i.; i. bz. i.;s. i.
eth.-al.
wh. amor, abt. 1.66 i.; i. bz. i.; s. i.; s.
eth.-al. meth. al.
wh. amor. abt. 1.66 i.; i. bz. s. abs.; s. glac.
s. meth. acet. a.h.

Soluble in conc. H2S04- and ammoniacal CuO.

t All nitro celluloses are soluble in acetone, ethyl acetate, amylacetate.
i Solublein chl., glac. acet. a. and nitrobenzene.
161
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS ,

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Name Synonyms formula

Cerotic acid C26H62O2..

Ceryl alcohol C26H64O* .

^etyl alcohol.... ethal. CieHasOH

Chlor-acetic acid. CH2CI COOH. .

acetone CH2CICOCH3.
acetyl chloride.. CH2CI COCI. . .
aniline (o.) CIC6H4NH2....
" (m.) ClCeHiNHg....
" (P-) CIC6H4NH2....
benzamide (o.).. CIC6H4CONH2.
" (m.). CIC6H4CONH2.
" (p.)-- CIC6H4CONH2.
benzene phenylchloride. CeHsCl
benzoic acid (o.) CiaH4COOH...

" " (m.) CIC6H4COOH.

" (p.) CIC6H4COOH...

ethyl alcohol (2) CH2CICH2OH.

malonic acid
naphthalene (a).
CHC1^(C00H)2
C10H7CL
(jS). C10H7CI
nitro-benzene (o.; CIC6H4.NO2
CIC6H4NO2
CIC6H4NO2
phenol (o.) CIC6H4OH.
CIC6H4OH.
CIC6H4 OH.
picrin nitro-chloroform, CCI3NO2. . .
nitrotrichlor-
methane
. propionic acid (a) CHaCHClCOOH.
.<
CH2CICH2COOH.
pyridine (2) CIC6H4N
CiaH4N
CIC6H4N
quinoline(2) CIC9H6N
ClCgHeN
" gl:;:; ClCsHeN

toluene (o.) CIC6H4 CHa

(m.) CIC6H4CH3

(p.). CIO6H4 OII3

Chloral. trichloracetic alde CClaCHO
hyde
alcoholate CCl3CH(0H).0-
C2H6
hydrate CCl3CH(OH)2.....
Chlorhydrine (a). CH2C1CH0H-
CH2OH

* Also given as CarHesO

162
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)
Solubility in gms. per
Crystal Melting- Boiling- 100 c.c. of
line form point potat
and color (A)Air=l C
Water Alcohol Ether

0.83679 78-82.5 dec. 1.; s. V. si. S.C.; 20.35

need. f. al.
acet. s. h. s. bz.
colorl. 79 i.
cryst.
leaf. f. al. 0.81850 50 344
colorl. 1.39884" 62-3 186 V. s.

rhomb,
colorl. liq. 1.162 119 si. s.
1.4950 105-6 dec. dec.
colorl. liq.
207 s.
1.21320 s. a.
jiq-
liq. 1.21620 230 s. a .

rhomb. ^ 1.34018 70 230-2 s. h.; 1. s.

s. a .

long. need, 142.4 si. s. V. s. V. s.

need. 134.5 si. s. V. s.

need, 178.3 y. si. s. V. s. y. s.

oo 00
colorl. liq. 1.10620 -45 132
137, 0.2125 V. s. V. s.
colorl. 1.540
rhomb, (142)
153, subl. 0.040 s. s-
colorl.
prisms (158)
colorl. 1.54124 236 V. si. s. V. s. V. s.

monocl. (240-3)
132 00
dolorl. liq. 1.20119
y. s. V. s. V. s.
prisms 133
colorl. 1.19420^ 263""' 1. s. s.

colorh leaf, 1.26616 56 265 i. s.

1.36822. 32.5 246 i. s.

need,
1.534 44.2 235.6 s. bz. V. s. h.
rhomb,
1.52018 83 239-42 i. s.
monocl.
cplorl.'liq. 1.24111 8.8 175-6
colorl. 1.245 32.8 214
colorl. 1.30620 42.9 217 V. si. s.
Uq. 1.6920 -69.2 112

colorl. liq. 1.280 186

colorl. leaf 41.5 203-5 V. s.

1.205 166^i4 V. si. s.

Hq. 148743
liq.
147-8
i! 27517 37-8 275 V. si. s. V. s^
2557m
i!377"'' 34 * 260-1 V. s.
7iAmm

colorl. liq. 1.08518 -34 157 si. s.

colorl. liq- 1.07220 , -47.8 162 si. s.
(150)
colorl. liq. 1.07118 6.5-7.5 162 si. s.
colorL liq. 1.51220 -57.5 98 V. s.

colorl. 1.143 56 115 S.

cryst.
colorl. tab, 1.901 57 97-97.5, V. s. s.

d.
liq. 1.326}r 213 s.

163
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

No. Name Synonyms Formula

Chloroform trichlormethane. . CHCla

Cholesterol cholesterin C26H43OH+H2O....
Choline bilineurine OHCH2CH2.
,IWH3)3 0H
Chrysene C]

Cinchonine Ci9H220N2
bisulphate C19H22ON2H2SO4
-}-4H20
hydrochloride... C19H22ON2HCI
+2H2O
sulphate (Ci9H220N2)2H2S04
Cinnamene styrene . GH:CH2
Cinnamic acid. . . p^nylacrylic acid CeHsCHiCH.
COOH
Cinnamic aldehyde CeHsCHiCHCHO
Cimiamyl alcohol. CeHsCHrCH
CH2OH
Citral.... CgHie CHO. . .
Citric acid.. COOHCH2C
Citronellal
Citronellol (d.)... C10H20O
Cocaine C17H21O4N........
hydrochloride... C17H21O4NHCI.... .339.73
Codeine morphine methyl C18H21O3N+H2O... 317.28
ether
hydrochloride... Ci8H2x03N.HC1 371.77
+2H20
phosphate C18H2108NH8P04 433.37
+2H20
.sulphate....... 786.69
CoUidine (a) 2-methyl-4-ethyl C2H6 121.17
pyridine
08) 4-methyl-3-ethyl CH3C6H8NC2H6.. 121.17
pyridme
(T) 2. 4, 6-trimethyl (CH303-C6H2N 121.17
pyridine
Coniine (d.) 2-propyl piper- 2,C6HioN.C3H7.... 127.19
idine
hydrochloride... CsHitNHCI 163.66
Coumaric acid (o.) hydroxycinnamic H0C6H4CH:CH. 164.11
acid (o.), COOH
" (m.) hydroxyci H0C6H4CH:CH' 164.11
acid (m.) COOH
" (p.) hydroxycinnamic H0C6H4CH:CH. 164.11
^cid (p.) COOH

164
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
ORGANIC COBIPOUNDS (Continued)
Solubility in gms. per
Crystal Melting- Boiling- 100 c.c. of
No. line form point point
and color (A)Air=l e
Water Alcohol Ether

1.499" -70 61.2 0.6222 CO

colorl. liq.
(-63.2)
monocL 1.067 148.5 20 h. 18
tab.
s.
vise. liq.

scales, red 250 448 V. si. s. V. si. s. V. si. s.

fluores
240- 0.02720 1 0.27
colorl.
need, 50, d.
21714 111140
octahed.
4.5 c. 100 0.18
colorl.
monocl. 1711
rhombic 198.5 1.5513

00
colorL liq. 0.925 146
ai2o 2320
colorl. 1.2484 iss" 300 V. s.

monocl. oo
colorl. liq. 1.05024 -7.5 128- V. si. s.
3020m
need. 1.04011 33 254 si. s. V. 8.

CO
colorl. liq. 0.897 22^9
1.54218 153 dec. 133 c.* 11626 2.26 c.
colorl.
rhomb, OO
colorl. liq. 0.854".6 205-8 V. si. s. 00#
11817mm V. si. s. 00 00
colorl. liq. 0.8568
colorl. 98 0.1626; 2026 26.3
monocl. 0.3880
25025 .38.4-^6
colorl. 186t
prisms
155 anh. 0.8325; 62.526
colorl.
orthorh. 1.780
colorl. 264 anh 3.8416
need,
235 44.525 0.3826 0.07
colorl.
need,
278, d. 3.326 0.125 i.
colorl.
rhomb,
179 V. s. V. s.
colorl. liq. 0.92716 s.

colorl. liq. 0.9660 abt. 195 i;

colorl. liq. 0.917 171-2 V. si. s.

colorl. liq. 0.84420 -2 166-7 1.1 c. V. s.

colorl. - 208-12 50 i.
rhomb,
208 dec. si. s. V. si. s.
colorl.
need,
colorl. 191 V. s. h. V. s.

prisms
colorl. 206 si. s. c.; V. s.

need. V. s. h,

* Grystalliaes from water with IHaO. t Crystallized from alcohol.

165
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

No. Name Synonyms Mol.

^formula
wt.

Couniarin. cumarin. C9H6O2.

2 Coumaron. CsHeO
^3 Creatine... methylglycocy-
amine
4 Creatinine. methylglycocyami- C4H7QN3
dine
5 Creosole... CHsOCeHaCCHs)
OH, (1,4, 2)
6 Cresol (o.). CH3 C6H4 OH.....
7 CH3C6H4OH.
8
CH3C6H4OH.
9 Crotonic acid (a). C3H5COOH.
10 C3H5COOH.
11 *' p,ldehyde C3H5CHO...
(a)
12 Crotonyla cohol.. CHaCHrCH.
CH2OH
13 Cumene... isopropyl benzene, C6H6-CH(CH3)2. . .
14 Cumidine. parafeopropyl
aminobenzene
(^)2CH.C6H4'
15 Cimiinic acid (p.) (CH3HCH.C6H4-
COOH
16 aldehjSe (p.)... paraisopropyl (CH3)2CH.C6H4-^
benzaldenjrde CHO
17 Cyan-acetic acid.. nitrilomalonic acid
18 Cyanamide.
19 Cyanogen. N:CC:N
20 bromide., CNBr
21 chloride CNCl
22 Cyanuric acid H3O3N3C3+2H2O...
23 Cyclo-hexane.... hexanaphthene... C6H12
24 hexanol... hexahydrophenol. (CH2)6 : CHOH
25 hexanone. (CH2)6 : CO
26 Cymene p.-isopropyl CH3C6H4CH:
27
toluene ^(CH3)2 (1, 4)
Deca-hydro- C10H18
naphthalene
28 Decane (n.) CH3(CH2)8CH3...
29 Pecyl alc( CH3(CH2)8CH20H
30 Decylene (n.). CH3(CH2)7CH:
CH2
31 Dextrin (C6Hio06)x
32 Dextrose glucose, grape sugar C6H1206+H20
33 Diacetanilide. . . C6H5N(C0.CH3)2

166
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
ORGAinC COMPOUNDS (Continued)
Solubility in gms. per
Crystal- Melting- Boiling- 100 c.c. of
line form point point
and color (A)Air=l C c
Water Alcohol Ether
X

colorl. 67 290-0.5 V. si. s.; V. s^. V.S .

rhomb. s. h.
1.078i <-18 169-74 s.

&ri; d. 295- ^'1.351 0.00870 i.

monocl. 300
colorl. d. abt. 8.716 0.16 c.
prisms f.w. 270 abs.
00 00 00
oil 1.096ir 220-2 si. s.
bz.
30 190.8 3.135 00 abv. 00 abv.
colorl. l.OSlir 30*?
30
4 202.8 2.4125 00 00
colorl. Uq. 1.039}r 00 abv.
colorl. 1.039ir 36 201.8 2.3640' 00 abv.
36 36
prisms
colorl. 0.97372 72 185 8.3
monocl.
colorl. 1.031 15.5 169.72, d. 40 s.

need,
colorl. liq. 0 859" 104-5 s

colorl. liq.

colorl. liq.
colorl. liq.
ddd
0.8730

do
<-26
117

152.5-3.0 i.
225
16.6

s. a.
s. s.

colorl. 1.1634 116.5 subl. V. si. s. c. s. V. s.

tricl.
colorl. liq. 0.976|r 235 1. s. s.

colorl. 69-70 dec. s. s. s.

colorl. 46(41-2) y. s. V. s . . s-

need
1.806(A) -34 -21 400 c.c. V. s. s.
gas
colorl. 52 61.5 s. s. s.

need.
-5 15.5 2500 10,000 5,000
c.c. c.c. c.c.

1.7680 0.25" 0.33 c, V. si. .8

colorl.
monocl. 00 00
colorl. liq. 6.4 80.8 i.
(4.7)
colorl. 16 (24) 160^1 3.6 s. s-

colorl. liq. 155-7 , V. s. s. s.

colorl. liq. -73.5* 175-6.5 i. V. s. s.

colqrl. liq. 0.87720 189-91 i. s. s.

(173-80)
00 00
colorl. liq. 0.73020 -30-2 173 i.
colorl., 0.83020 7 231 s.

vise. liq. 00 00
colorl. liq. 0.763? 172 i.

1.038 V. s. h. i. i. V
white
amor,
146 anh. 8317.6 si. s. i.
need. f. al 1.56218
colorl. 37-8 142u
leaf.

167

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY Al^D^ PHYSICS
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

No. Name Synonyms Formula Mol.

wt.

Diacetin. glyceryl diacetate C^s(OH)(OOC. 176.14

Diacetyl CH3 CO CO CH3 86.07
Diamino-azo-ben-
zene (2, 4)
(N^)2.C6H3N2- 212.20
-azo-benzene
hydrochloride
chrysoidine orange CeA-NaCeHa- 248.66
(NH2)2HC1
benzene (o.).... C6H4-(NH2)2 108.11
6
C6H4-(NH2)2. 108.11
7 C6H4-(NH2)2. 108.11
8 Diamino-diphenyl CH2(C6H4NH2)2 184.19
methane (4, 4').
9 Diamino-naphtha- naphthylene CioH6-(NH2)2 158.15
lene (1, 2) diamine

10 Diamino-naphtha- naphthylene CloHe* (NH2)2 158.15

lene (1, 5)
11 Diamino-naphtha- naphthylene CioHe- (NH2)2 158.15
lene (1, 8) diamine
12 Diaminophenol (NH2)2C6H3(0H) 110.00
(2, 4)
13 hydrochloride... amidol. H0C6H8.(NH2)2- 182.94
2HC1
14 Diamino-triphenyl- C6H6.CH.(C6H4. 274.26
methane (4, 4') NH2)2
15 Diazo-amino- C6H6N2NH.C6H6 197.27
benzene
16 benzene chloride C6H6N2C1... 140.60
17 " nitrate. C6H^N2N03. 167.19
18 Dibenzyl C6H6.CH2CH2- 182.19
CeHs
49 Dibrom-acetic acid CHBr2 COOH.. 217.95
20 anthracene Ci4H8Br2....... 320.97
21 benzene (o.).... C6H4Br2 235.98
22
23 ^ " &>;; C6H4Br2
C6H4Br2
235.98
235.98
24 Dichlor-acetamide CHCI2 CONH2. . . 127.98
25 acetic acid CHCI2COOH 128.93
26 acetone (a) CHCI2COCH3... 126.95
27
CH2CICOCH2CI. 126.95
28 acetyl chloride.. CHCI2COCI 147.37
29 aldehyde CHCI2CHO 112.93
30 anthracene (9,10) C14H8CI2. 247.05
31 aniline (2, 4). . . NH2C6H3CI2. 162.01
" (2, 5) . . . NH2C6H3CI2. 162.01
' (3,4)... NHeCeHsCh. 162.01
34 " (3, 5). . . NHeCeHsGh. 162.01
35 fbenzene (o.) C6H4Cl2. 146.96

168
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Solubility in gms. per
Crystal Melting- BoUing- 100 C.C. of
line fbrm gbi'i point point
and color (A)Air=l
Water Alcohol Ether

i.mir 40 259-60

yellow liq. 0.97322 87.5-8.0 2516

yel. need. iifis' si. s.

red brown

tab. f. chl. 101.2 256-8 si. s. c.; V. s.

s. h.
rhombic 63 283-4 s.

colorl. sc. 140 267 s.

f.bz.
colorl. 88 V. s. s. bz.
leaf,
colorl. 95-6 s. h. V. s. V. s.

rhomb,
f. w.
colorl. 189.5 subl. V. si. s. c. V. s. chl. V. s.

colorl. 66.5 si. s.

f. al.
colorl. 78-80 d. s. alk.

gray-wh. s. si. s.
cryst.
colorl. 139 V. si. s. V. s. V. s.
warts
yel. leaf. 96 i. s. h. V. s.
f. al.
colorl. dec. V. s. i.
need.
c6lorl. exp. V. s. i.
need,
colorl. 0.995 52 284 i. V. s.
monocl.
48 232 V. s. V. s. V. s.
yel. need, 221 subl. s. bz. h. ^1. s. si. 8.
colorl. 1.97718" -1 224 i.
colorl. 1.95519"' 1-2 219.5 i.
colorl. 2.220 89.3 219 i. 1430O
monocl.
monocl. 233- V. s. h. V. s.
4756mm
colorl. liq. 1.57213 190-1 s.
colorl. liq. 1.23621 120 s.
45 172-^
colorl. liq. 107-8 dec. dec.
colorl. liq. 88-90 i.
yel. need. 209 s. bz. si. s* Sl. S.

need 63 245
need..... 50 251
71.5 272
need 505 259-60
colorl. liq. 1.3250 179

169

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Name Synonyms Formula

Dichlor-
benzene (m.). . . C6H4CI2
(p.) C6H4CI2
benzoic acid (2, 5) CI2C6H3 COOH....

" " (2, 6) CI2C6H3COOH....

" (3. 4) CI2C6H3 COOH. ...

hydrine (1. 3) (a) CH2C1CH0H-

CH2CI
" (2,3)(/?) CHzClCHCl-
CH2OH
methyl ether. . . CH[2C1 O CH2CI...
naphthalene (1,4j C10H6C12
010116012
nitro-hydrine... 0H2010H(N03)-
0H201
Diethyl-acetic acid (02H5)2:0H.000H
amine (02H6)2:NH
aniline 06H6-N(02H6)2....
benzene (o.).... 06H4(02H5)2
06H4(02H6)2.......
06H4(C2H5)2.
carbinol (02H6)2CH0H
ketone C2H6 00 02H5....
malonic acid.... (02H6)2C-(C00H)2
oxamide (s.).... (00NH02H5)2....
toluene (1, 3, 5,) (02H5)2 : (jeHsOH3..
urea (s.) 02H5NH00-
NHO2H5
(uns.). nh2 00 N(;2H6)2.

Dihydro-anthra' 06H4:(0H2)2:06H4
cene
benzene (1, 2). . CeHs
OeHs
naphthalene (1,4) OioHio
Dihydroxy-
benzene (q.) See catechol
See resoreinol
See quinol
benzoic acid (2, 3) (H0)2 : OeHa OOOH
+2H2O
" " (2,4) (H0)2 : OeHs OOOH
+3H2O
" " (2, 5) (H0)2 :06H3 OOOH
" " (3 . 5) (H0)2 : OsHs OOOH
+1^H20
" " (2,6) 7-resorcylic acid.. (H0)2 : O6H3 GOOH

naphthalene (1,6; OioH6(OH)2

OioH6(OH)2
dis:' OioH6(OH)2
OioH6(OH)2....:...
(2,3]
(2,7) OioH6(OH)2........
pyridine (2,4).. (HO)206H8N.......

170
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Solubility in gms. per

Crystal Melting- Boiling- 100 c.c. of
line form point pomt
and color (A)Air=l C
Water Alcohol ' Ether

colorl. liq. 1.3070 -18 172 i. s. s.

leaf. f. al. 1.26811 53 172-4 s. V. s.
colorl. need, 156 301 si. s. ; s-
s. alk.
colorl. need, 126.5 s. alk.
colorl. need. 203 si. s.; y. si. s.
s.alk.
colorl. liq. 1.36719 174 (182) 1.1199 00 oo

colorl. liq. 1.35517-6 182-3

1.315 105 ......

need. f. al. 67-8 287 i. s. 8.

sc. f. al. 107 subl. i. s. 8.
colorl. i!459" *' i. s. 8. .

colorl. liq 0.92018 190 si. s.

colorl. liq 0.71215 -40 55.5-6.0 V. s. s. 8.
colorl. liq 0.936 -38-9 216 V. si. s. s. 8.
colorl. liq 0.86618 185 i. s. 8.
colorl. liq 0.86020 181 -2 i. S* s*
colorl. liq 0.86218 182-3 i. s. 8.
colorl. liq 0.8320 116.5 si. s. s. 8.
colorl. liq. 0.8i42o 102-7 s. 00 00

" prisms 121-5 6516 >. S. V. 8.

colorl. need, 175 si. s. s. V. sl. 8.
colorl. liq. 0.87920 199-200 i. 00 00

colorl. 1.042 112 263 V. s. V. s. V. 8.

prisms
colorl. 70-4 V. s. V. s. 8.
prisms
colorl. 108.5 313 i. V. s. y. 8.
tricl.
colorl. liq. 0.84820 82-5 i. s. V. 8.
colorl. liq. 0.84720 85-6 i. CO
Op
colorl. liq. 15-5 .'5 212 i. V. 8. V. 8.

colorl. need. 204 dec. s.

colorl. need. 204-6 dec. 0.26" V. S. V. 8.

d. (213)
colorl. heed, 199-200 dec. V. s. V. S. V.8.
colorl. 232 s. V. S. V. 8.

l- 148-67 s. alk.
d.
colorl pr. 134-5 y. si. s. y. 8.
colorl. need. 178 s. V. s . V. s .
need, 140 si. s. h. V. s. hz. V. 8.
rhomb, 159 s. h. V. s. V. 8.
f. w.
colorl. need, 190 subl., d. s. h. s. 8.
rhombic 260-5 sl.B. si. 8. i.

171

y
 BANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OP

Name Ssnionyms Formula

Dihydroxy-
pyridine (2, 6). (H0)2C6H3N+|H20
qiunone (2,
z, 5).
O) . C6H202(0H)2
toluene (2 CH3C6H3(0H)2. . . .

"
"
(2,
hit
(2
2. 6)..
CH3C6H3(0H)2. . . .
CH3C6H3(0H)2. . . .
Diiodo-acetic acid CHI2COOH
benzene (o.)... C6H4I2.
" (m.). . C6H4I2.
" (p.)... C6H4I2
Diiso-amylamine [^3)2CHGH2.
amyl ketone... (CeHiOaCO..;..
butyl amine... mBzh-cn-
CH2]2NH
" oxalate.. 0204(04139)2. . . .
propyl oarbinol (03H7)20H0H. .
ketone.. (C3H7)200
Dimethyl acetio See isobutyric acid
acid
amine... 4 (0H3)2NH...
anilin c,mmcmh
Hbnthracene (2, 3) Oi4H8(OH3)..
" (2,4) 01408(003) . .
arsine (OH3)2AsH..
benzene Sea xlyenes
benzoic acid (2, 3) (0H3)206H3 000H
u (2,4) xylic acid.
(0H3)206H3 000H

(0H3)206H3 000H
:: toH3)206H8-C00H
" (3.4) (0H3)20gH3C00H

" (3, 5) mesitylinic acid (0H3)206H3 000H

(1. 3 , 5)
ether methyl ether 0H30.0H3
ethyl acetic acid.
*' benzene O2H5 OeHs (0H3)2 .
(2, 3. 5)
" benzene... O2H5 O6H3 (OH3) 2
(1, 3, 4)
glyojdme diacetyldioxime. (0H3)202(N0H)2. ..
isophthala^e(1,3) 0604(000003)2 . .
isopropyl carbinol (003)2(0307)000..
naphtnylamine^ Oio07-N(O03)2. . . .
OiO07-N(O03)2. . . .
nitros amine (O03)2NNO
oxalate (OOOO03)2
oxamide (s.).... (OO 1^0003)2....
" (uns.)... (^)2N 00 00-

172
 HA'NDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Contmued)

Solubility in gms. per
Crystal Melting- Boiling- 100 e.c. of
No. line form pomt point
and color (A)Air=l C
Water Alcohol Ether

yel. need, 195 si. s. si. s. V. si. s.

yel. need, 215-20 i. Vi s. V. si. s.
colorl. 103-4 267-70 V. s. V. s. V. 8.

colorl. leaf, 124 subl. V. s. V. s. V. 8.

colorl. need, 63-6 V. s. Vi s.

yellow 110
prisms 27 286.5
rhomb, 40.4 284.7
leaf. 129.4 285 ^
colorl. 0.778 190 sl.s.

yel liq. 226 i.

colorl. liq. 0.749 139-40 V. si. s.

colorl. liq. 1.002M 229 s.

colorl. liq. 0.82920 140 V. si. s. s.

colorl. 0.80620 123.7 s. bz.

0.687-^-8 7.2 V. s.

0.95820 2.5 194 V. si. s. S.

-246 V. 8. b^.
need. f. al. 71 V. 8. bz.
colorl. liq. 1.21329 00 chl.

colorl. 144 V. si. s. h.

prisms
colorl. 126 268 V. si. s. h. V. s. h.
monocl.
colorL need, 132 268 V. si. s. h, V. s .

need. f. al. 97-9 274.5 si. s.

(116)
colorl. 163 V. si. s. h, V. si. 8,
prisms
monocl. 166 sub. V. si. s. V. s,
f. al.
gas . 1.617(A) -138.5 -24 3700 c.c. s.

colorl. liq. -14 187 V. si. s.

colorl. liq. 0.86120 185

colorl. liq. 0.87820 183.4

colorl. 234.5
colorl. 64.5 1.
(67-8)
colorl. liq. 0.823" -14 117.6 s.
colorl. 276 i.
colorl.
yel. liq.
1: 46 305
153
i.
i.
colorl. 54 166.3
monocl.
fiolorl. 209-10 si. s. si. s. V. si. s.
need,
colorl. tab, 104 V. s. V. s. V.sl. 8.

173
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Name^ Synonyms Formula

Dimethyl-
phosphine (CH3)2PH
phthalate (o.)... C6H4(C00CH3)2. ..
propyl carbinol. (CH3)2(C3H7)C0H. .
pyridine. 3 lutidine
quinone (2, 3). . (CH3)2C6H262
(2, 5). . (CH3)2C6H202
(2, 6). . (CH3)2C6H202
racemate C4H406(CH3)2 . ....
succinate C2H4(C00-CH3)2.
sulphate (CH3)2S04
tartrate (d. and 1.) C4H406(qH3)2. ....
terephthalate (p.) C6H4(C00CH3)2. ..
thiophene (2, 4) (CH3)2C4H2S
(CH3)2C4H2S
lU'ea (sym.) CH3NH.C0-
NHCHs
" (uns.) NH2C0N(CH3)2.

Dinaphthol (a)... HO CioHe CioHe

OH
" OS)... HO CioHe CioHe
OH
Dinaphthyl (a a) . CioHt'CioHt

03/3). C10H7 C10H7

Dinitraniline (2, 4) (N02)2C6H3NH2 . . .
Dinitro benzene (o.) C6H4(N02)2
" (m.) C6H4(N02)2........

" (p.) C6H4(N02)2

benzoic acid (2, 4) (N02)2C6H3C00H

" (2. 5) (N02)2 CeHs COOH

" (2. 6) (N02)2C6H3C00H
" (3, 4) (N02)2C6H3C00H
" (3, 5) (N02)2C6H3C00H
diphenyl (p., p.), N02C6H4C6H4N02.
methane CH2(N02)2....\..
phenol (2, 3). . . (N02)2 C6H3 0H. .

' (2. 4). . . (N02)2 C6H3 0H. .

" (2. 6). . . (N02)2 C6H3 0H. .

" (3, 4). . . (N02)2 C6H3 0H. .

" (3, 5). . , (N02)2 C6H3 0H. .
toluene (2, 4)... (N02)2-C6H3CH3..
" (2,5)... (N02)2C6H3CH3..
" (2,6)... (N02)2 C6H3 CH8 .
" (3,4)... (N02)2C6H3CH8

" (3,5)... (N02)2 C6H3 CH3 .

Diphenyl CeHs-CfiHs

174
 HANDBOOK of CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)
Solubility-in gms. per
Crystal Melting- Boiling- 100 fe.c. of
line form point point
and color (A)Air=l "C
Water Alcohol Ether

25 i.
colorl. liq. 282 i.
colorl. liq. 123 V. si. s. 8.

5 yel. need. 55 subl. V. si. s. S. s.

6 prisms 125 subl. si. s. h. si. s. V. s.

7 yel, need. 72-3

8 monocl. 85 282 ' s.

f. al.
9 colorl. 1.126 18.5 195.2 i.
10 188.5
11 colorl. i'.346' '48*' 280 V. s. s.'chlV *
12 need... 140 %.33
13 0..99620 138* i. s. s.

14 0.986 135 s. s.

15 colorl. 100 268-73 V. s. s. i.

prisms
16 colorl. 180 V. s. V. si. s. V. si. s.
prisms
17 rhombic 300 i. . s. V. s.

r 18 need. 218 subl. i. s. V. s .

19 colorl. tab. 154 abt.360 V. s. bz. s. s.

(160.5)
20 colorl. 187 si. s.
21 yel.monocl. 1.615 187.5- i. 0.721
8.0
22 tab. f. al. 1.565"'^ 117 319 0.38ioo<' 3.825 V. s. bz.
needf.al. 1.546" 90 297 0.01 c. 3.520 V. s.;
23
V. s. bz.
24 need. 1.587" 171-2 298.4 0.18100 0.420 s. bz.
179 1.8525 0.7130
25 colorl. pr. V. s.

f. w. bz.
26 colorl. 177 si. s. h.

27 202 dec. V. s. h.
28 colorl. 163-4 0.6725 V. s . V. s .

203-4 1.9100 V. s . si. s.

29 tab. f. w.
30 need. 233-5 s. h. V. s .

31 Uq. exp. ibb'

32 yel. need. i44 ' si. s. V. s. h. V. s.

f. w.
33 yel. pi. f. 1.68324" 114 v.sl.s.c.; 3.919 V. s.

w.
v.s.h.
34 yel. need. 61.8 v.sl.s.c.; V. s. h. V. s.

f. w. v.s.h.
35 need. 134
36 leaf. 122
37 need, f. al. 1.3210 70.7 v.sl.s.c. si. s. V. s .

38 need.f.al. 52 V.S.CS2 V. s. V. s. bz.

39 need. 66 s.

40 need. f. 1.32 61 i. s. 2!i9*c.*

. CSa CSt
41 need, f. w. 92-3 V. si. s. s. V. s.

42 colorl. tab. ilies' 70.5 254.6 i. 10.0 s.

175

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY 'AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Name Synonsrms Formula

Diphenyl-^
acetic acid. (C6H6)2CH.C00H

(C6H6)2NH

benzene (p.) C6H6C6H4C6H5...

carbinol benzhydrol (C6H6)2CH0H
hydrazine (a, a) (C6H5)2NjNH2
ketone. See bemopfienone
methane (C6H6)2CH2

urea (uns.) carbanilide. NH2-C0.N(C6H6)2

Dipicolinic
Jipicolr acid C5H3N(COOH)2-f
(2,6)
Dipropargyl ChPc%H2CH2-
C:CH
Dipropyl amine. . (C3H7)2NH
carbinol (C3H7)2 CH0H. .
ether >pyl ether.
propyl etl CsHt-O-CsHt
, ketone butyrone C3H7 CO C3H7. .
Dip3rridyl (p. p) .. C6H4N.C6H4N+.
2H2O
DiquinoHne C9H7NC9H7N
Ditolyl (o. o.) CHs C6H4 0/6^4 *
CH3
" . (o. m.) ... CHs *C6H4 O6H4
CHs
" (m. m.) .. CH3C6H4C6H4-
CH3
" (p.p.).... CH3C6H4C6H4.
CH3
Ditolyl amine (o.). (CH3C6H4)2NH....
(CH3C6H4)2NH ....
" " (CH3C6H4)2NH ....
Dodecane (n.) CH3(CH2)iO-CH3. . .
Dodecylene C12H24 ,
Dulcite C6[8(0H) 6
Ecgonine (1.) C9Hi603N+H20. . . .
hydrochloride... C9H1503N.HC1....
Elaidic acid C17H33COOH
Eosine tetrabromfluores- C2oH806Br4
cein
Eosine (dye) alkali salt of above C2oH606Br4Na2.
Epichlorhydrine (a) chloropropylene CsHsClO
oxide
E^i^chlorhydrine C3H!4Cl2

Erucic acid C21H41COOH.

Ersrt^osine tetraiodofluores- C2oH80&l4. . . .
cein
Erythrosine (dye) alkali salt of above C2oH606l4Na2.

176
 BANDBOOK OF QHEMISTBY AND PHYSICS
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)
Solubility in gms. per
Crystal Melting- Boiling- 100 c.c. of
line form point point
and color (A)Air=l ''C "C
Water Alcohol Ether

colorl. 148 V. s. h. y. s. V. s.

need,
colorl. 1.159 64 302 V. si. s. V. s. V. s.

scales (310)
colorl. leaf, 205 383 s. h. bz. V. si. s. si. s.
need. 67.5-8.0 297-8 0.05 c. V. s. V. s.

tricl. f.lgr. 1.190 34.5(44) 2204o V. si. s. V. s. V. s.

colorl. 1.00126" 26-7 261-2 V. si. s.

rhomb,
colorl. 189 V. si. s.
need,
colorl. 226 d. V. si. s. V. si. 8.
need.
liq. 0.805 -6 85 1. s.

colorl. liq. 0.736 110 s.

colorl. liq. 0.82020" 154

colorl. liq. 0.74421" 90.7 s.

colorl. liq. 0.821 144 i.

need. 7Z* 305 V. si. s. V. s.

V. s.
yel. need, 114
colorl. liq. 272

colorl. liq. 288

colorl. Hq. 280-1

colorl. pr. 121

f. eth.
liq. 313-4 V. si. s.
319-20 i.
colorl. 79 330.5 V. si. s.
need,
colorl. liq. 0.768S -12 214.5 i. V. s. V. s.

colorl. liq. 0.785M -31.5 213-5 i. V. s. V. s.

colorl. pr. 1.466 188.5 4 c.; V. si. s. V. si. s.

V. s.h
colorl. pr. 198 d. 21.7"" 1.5 V. si. 8.
tricl. pi. 246 s. si. s.
colorl. leaf, 6!86F 5^.5 23416 i. 8.

red need. i. s. acet. a.

red to br. s.

powd.
colorl. liq. 1.203" 117 i.

colorl. liq. 1.20911" 96 i.

colorl. need, 0.860" 33.4 26416

yel. cryst. V. 8l. 8.

red-br.
powd.

* Anhydrous melts at 114" C.

177
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

No. Name Synonsnns Formula

Ethane CH3CH3
Ether diethyl ether. C2H6O.C2H6
Ethoxy-benzoic C2H6'0-C6H4-
acid (o.) COOH
Ethoxy-benzoic C2H6*0*C6H4-
acid (m.) COOH
Ethoxy-benzoic O2H5 O C6H4
acid (p.) COOH
Ethyl acetate.... CH3 COO C2H6. . .
acetoacetate acetoacetic ether. CH3C0CH2C02-
C2H6
C2H6C;CH
acrylate C3H3OO C2H6.....
alcohol C2H5OH
allyl ether C2H5O.CH2CH;
CH2
amine. . . C2H5NH2
amyl ketone C2H6COC6H11....
aniUne C6H6NHC2H6....
behzene phenylethane.... C6H6-C2H6.
benzoate C6H6COOC2H6...
benzoic acid (o.). C2H5C6H4COOH.
" (m.) C2H6C6H4COOH.
^ " (p.) C2H5C6H4COOH.
benzoyl-acetate. benzoyl acetic ester C6H5CO.CH2-
COOC2H5
benzyl ether C2H50CH2C6H5.
" ketone... C2H6 CO CH2 CcHs
brom-acetate. .. CH2BrCOOC2H6.
bromide monobromethane. C2H6Br
butyl ether (n.). C2H5OC4H9
" ketone (n.) C2H6 CO C4H9. . ..
butyrate C3H7COOC2H6...
carbamate. See uretkane
carbonate (C2H5)2C03
chloracetate CH2CICOOC2H6.
chloraceto-acetate CH3COCH2-
COO.C2H6
chlorformate... 1 ethyl chk>rcarbon- CICOO C2H5
ate
chloride C2H5C1
chlorpropionate CHsCHClCOO.
() C2H5
cinnamate CeHsCHrCH-
COOC2H6
cyanacetate. CH2CN.COOC2H5
cy propionitrile. C2H5CN.
tte . . (CHsCO)2CH.
COOC2H6
dichloracetate. . CHCI2COOC2H6.
diethyl-aceto- CH3C0.C(C2H6)2
acetate CO2C2H6
diethyl-malonate (C2H6)2-C-(C00-
C2H6)2
dimethyl- (CH3)2C(C00-
malonate C2H5)2

178
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Crystal Melting- Boiling-

SolubU^ in gms. per
) c.c. of
line form goSi pomt point
and color (A)Air=l C
Water Alcohol Ether

1.049(A) -172 -86 46 c.c.4

colorl. liq. 0.719 -116.2 35 8.317.5
colorl. 19'. 4 si. s.

colorl. 137 sub. si. s. h.

need,
colorl. 195 V. si. s. h,

6 colorl. liq. 0.90020 -82.4 77. 8.620

7 Uq. 1.030J6 181 si. s.

colorl. -130 18
colorl. liq. 0.9390 98.5
colorl. liq. 0.78920'' ~ii4"' 78.4
colorl. liq. 0.79926 66

colorl. liq. 0.689 -84 abt. 19

colorl. liq. *0.8500 170
o.geszo" -80 205 V. si. s.
colorl. Uq. 0.87414. -94 136.5 i.
colorl. liq. 1.051 212 si. s. h. s.

colorl. need, 68 259 V. si. s. V. s.

colorl. need, 47 V. si. s.

colorl. leaf, 112-3 s. h.
colorl. liq. 1.121 265-70 i.
d.
colorl. liq. i.
colorl. liqi w
colorl. liq. 1.507M''
colorl. liq. 1.450 39 0.0920
colorl. liq. 0.75220 92
colorl. liq. 147-8
colorl. liq. 6!886"" -93.3 119.9 0.6826

colorl. liq. 0.978 126 1.

colorl. liq. 1.159> 145.5 i.
colorl. liq. 1.17911 196-200 V. si. s.

colorl. liq. 1.139 93 dec.

colorl. liq. 0.9210 -141 12.2".5 2

(0.9250)
34 colorl. liq[. 1.087 146 V, si. s.

35 colorl. liq. 1.050 12 271 i.

colorl. liq. 1.066 207 i.

colorl. liq. 0.78020 97.1 xS.

colorl. liq. 1.101 200-5 si. s.

colorl. liq. 1.283 156-8 V. si. s.

colorl. liq. 0.97420 218 i.

colorl. liq. 0.992 223 i.

colorl. liq. 1.002 196.5

179

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Name Synonyms Formula Mol.

wt.

Ethyl
diphenylamine.. (C6H6)2NC2H6 197.23
fluoride 48.05
formate HCOO'CaHsV. 74.07
glycerate C2H3(0H)2C00- 134.11
C2H6
glycol ether. CH20HGH20. 90.10
C2H6
CH20H.COO.C2H6 104.08
C2H6NH.NH2 60.15
hydrocimiamate. C6H6.CH2.CH2. 178.18
C02.C2H6
hydrogen sulphate ethyl sulphuric acid C2H6.HS04 126.11
hydrosulphide. . See ethyl mercaptan
hydroj^lamine(a) NH2.0.C2H6...... 61.11
C2H6NHOH 61.11
iodide C2H5I 156.02
isoamyl ether... C2H6.0. CeHn 116.17
isobutyl ether... C2H6.OC4H9 102.15
isobutyl ketone. C2H6CO.C4H9.... 114.16
isobutyrate (CH3)2CH.C00. .. 116.13
C2H6
isocyanate C2H6NCO 71.10
isocyanide ethyl carbylamine C2H6NC... 55.10
isopropyl-aceto- C2H30.CH(C3H7)- 172.18
acetate C02.C2H6
isopropyl ether.. C2H5.0.CH(CH8)2. 88.13
" ketone. C2H6.C0.CH(CH3)2 100.13
isosuccinate.. .. CH3.CH(C00. 174.15

isothiocyanate..
isovale:^iate
ethyl mustard 6il. cS^'^:CS 87.15
130.16

lactate. C3H603. C2H6 118.11

malate. C2H3(0H). 190.15
^(C00.C2H6)2
malonate CH2(C00.C2H6)2. . 160.14
mercaptan C2H6SH. 62.11
monotartrate... C00H.(CH0H)2- 178.11
COO.C2H6
mustard oil. See ethyl isothiocyanate
naphthalene (a). C10H7 C2H5 156.16

CioH7.C2H6
naphthyl ether^
& C10H7.0. C2H5
156.16
172.16
CloH? O C2H6 172.16
nitrate C2H6N03 91.09
nitrite, C2H6N02 75.09
nitro-benzoate(o.) N02.C6H4C00. 195.16
C2H6
" (m.) N02.C6H4.C00. 195.16
C2H6
" (p.) N02.C6H4.C00. 195.16
C2H6
nitrolic acid.... CH8.C.(N0H).N02 104.12
oxalate (C00.C2H5)2..... 146.10
palmitate CieHsi coo. C2H6. 284.39

180
 HANDBO^ OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)
SolubiUty in gms. per
yital- Melting- Boiling- 100 c.c. of
No. g form I?6^i point point
C
1 color (A)Aif^l c Water Alcohol Ether

295
Hq. 198C.C."
1.7 -32
gas
0 917 -80 54.4 11
colorl. liq.
1.091 230^ s.
liq.
colorl. liq. 0.9261' 135 s.

V. s. V. s.
colorl. liq. 1.08323 160
V. s. V. 8.
101
7 colorl. liq.
S colorl. liq. i!6i2t" 247-9

1.816 dec.
9 liq.
10
colorl. liq. 0.8837-6 68
11 Sl. 8.
12 colorl. leaf. 0.908W 5^6(1. V. s. V. s.

13 1.94i| -112 72.3* 0.420 s.

1.
14 "cSorl. liq. 0.761 112
78-80 i.
15 colorl. liq. 0.751
136 i.
16 colorl. liq. 0.815V si. s.
0.86920 110.1
17 colorl. liq.
0.898 60 i.
18
19 cSorl. liq. 0.7594
0.94711
78-9
200.5 d.
V. s.
V. si. s.
20 colorl. liq.
0.7450 54 s.
21 colorl. liq. V. si. s.
0.8300 114.5
22 colorl. liq. V. si. s.
1.021 198
23 eolorLUq.
d. 99688 -5.9 131-2
U colorl. liq. 134.3
25 colorl. liq. 0.872

1.03110 154.5
26 colorl. liq. 248-52 d,
27 colorl. liq. 1.12411
-50 198 V. si. s.
colorl. liq. 1.061
-144 36-7 1.5
0.8
90 s.
30
rhomb.
31 258
32 colorl. liq. 1.064ir sLd.
1.0080 -19 251
colorl. liq. 280 V. 8.
5.5
34 Uq. 282 sl. 8.
37
35 87.6
colorl. liq. 1.116 -112
36 17 V. si. s.
37^ 0.900
30
38
tricl.
prisms 47 (54)
39

colorl. 57
40

yel-rhomb. 86-8 d, 8.
41 18611 si. s.
42 colorl. liq. 1.085
43 colorl. '^*.2 i.
need.

181

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Name Synonyms Formula

Ethyl
phenate See phenetol
phenol (o.) C2H6C6H4OH....
CaHsCeHiOH....
phenyl-acetate.. C6H6CH2COO-
C2H5
phenyl ketone. . C6H6.COC2H6....
phosphate (C2H5)3P04*-
phthalate (o.)... C6H4(C00.C2H6)2
ethyl isophthalate C6H4(C00.C2H5)2
" ethyl terephthalate C6H4(C00C2H5)2
propiolate C COO.C2H5.
propionate..... C2H6COOC2H5...
propyl carbinol. C3H7CHOHC2H6.
(n.)
ether C3H70C2H6
" ketone... C2H5COC3H6....
" malonate C3H7CH(C00-
C2H6)2
pyridine (2). ... C2H6C6H4N
" (3).... C2H6.C6H4N......
(4) C2H6C6H4N
salicylate HOC6H4COO-
C2H5
succinate (n.)... (CH2C00.C2H6)2.
succinic acid C2H3(C2H6)(C00H)2
sulphate....... (C2H6)2S04
sulphide
sulphite
sulphocyanate See ^hyl thiocyanate
sulphone (C2H5)2S02
siilphonic acid. . C2H6S020H.
sulphonic chloride C2H6 80201
tartrate (d. or 1.) (.CH(OH).COO.
C2H6)2
thiocyanate.... C2H5.SCN
toluate (o.) CH3C6H4COO.
C2H6
(m.) CH3^C6H4C00.
(p.) CH3C6H4COO-
C2H6
toluene (o.) methylethyl C2H6C6H4CH3,..
benzene (o.)
" (m.).... methylethyl C2H6 C6H4 CH%. . .
benzene (m.)
" (p.). ... methylethyl C2H6C6H4CH3...
benzene (p.)
trichloracetate . CC13COOC2H6...
urea
NH2CO.NHC2H6
valeriate. C4H9COOC2H6...
vanillate. C10H12O4
Ethylene.. CH2 : CH2

182
 HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)
Solubility in gms s. per
Crystal- ^lelting- ]Boiling- 100 c.c. of
No. linfi form point point
and color (A)Air=l "C Ether
Watei* Alcohol

1
2 colorl. liq. 1.037 206.5-7.5
<

218.5 V. s. V. s.
3 color!, 46
00
4 colorl. liq. 1.086 229 (226) i. 00

colorl. 1.015 ' 21 218 i. s. s.

5
leaf.
215 dec. s. s.
6 00
7 colorl. liq. i'.iisM"'' 295 i. 00

285
8
9 colorl. 44
10 colorl. liq. 119 i. V. s. V. s.
00
6.896*"" 98.3 2.420" 00
11 colorl. liq.
12 colorl. liq. 0.81920 135 s.

00 00
colorl. liq.' ,0.7550" 63.6 s.
13 00
colorl. liq. 0.81818 122-4 V. si. s. 00
14
15 colorl. liq. 0.993 221 .......

148.6 si. s. 00 ~ V. s.
16 0.937""
colorl. Uq. 0.9590 165 V. si. s.
17
colorl. liq. 0.9520" 164-6 s. dil. a.
18 00
19 colorl. liq. 1.135 ' i'
X 0 231 00

00
colorl. liq. 1.044 -20.8 216.5 i. 00
20 V. s.
98 V. s. V. s.
21 colorl.
prisms
22 colorl. liq. 1.184 -24.5 208 " i.; si. dec. h. .......

dec.
colorl. liq. 0.83720" -99.5 91-3 i. s. s.
23
colorl. liq. 1.1060" 161 s. dec. "S.
24
25
rhombic 1.35720" 70 248 15.610"
26 s. alk.
s.
27 crystals s.

28 i77 *** dec. dec. V. s.

tX3
29 colorl. liq. 1*269' " 280 si. s. 00
\

06 00
30 colorl. liq. 1.00723" 146(142) i.
00
31 colorl. liq. 1.039 221 (227) i. 00

00 00
32 colorl. liq. 226-8 i-

colorl. liq. 228 ......

33
00 00
colorl. liq. 0.873 158-9 i.
34
158-9 i. s.
35 colorl. liq. 0.86920" s.

162 i. s. s.
36 colorl. liq. 0.86521"
00 00
colorl. liq. 1 369 164-7 1.
37
colorl. i!21318" V. s. y. s.
38
prisms 60 00
colorl. liq. 0.87720" 144.5 1.
39
40 colorl. *44* ** 292 V. Si V. s.

41 gas 6!978(A)' -169 -102.7 25*.6o"e.c . 360 c.c. s.

183

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

No. Name Synonyms Formula

Ethylene
acetate. . (CH3 C00)2C2H4. .
alcohol, See ethylene glycol
bromide. glycol dibromide. CH2Br-CH2Br.....
chloride. glycol dichloride.. CH2CIGH2CI
cyanhydrine. glycol cyanhyd^e HOCH2.CH2CN.
cyanide
cyam< succinonitrile. . CN.CH2CH2CN.
diamine NH2CH2CH2NH2.
diphenyl ether.. C2H4(0C6H6)2
glycol glycol. H0CH2CH20H...
* monoacetate glycol monoacetate HOCH2CH2
OOCCH3
iodide glycol diiodide. . . CH2ICH2I
nitrate glycol dinitrate... N03CH2CHS.N03
nitrite. glycol dinitrite... N02CH2CH2N02
, oxide C2H40
Ethylidene di- CH8CHBr2
bromide
dichloride.... CH3CHCI2.
diiodide CH3.CHI2...
urea C3H6ON2....
Eucalyptol cineol CioHisO
Eugenol (1, 4, 3). eugenic acid. C3H6-06113
(OH) (OCHa)
methyl ether C3H6 C6H3: (C)CHa)2
(1. 2, 4)
Flavaniline. . . . . . NH2C6H4C9H6N*
CH3
Flavopurpurin. . . trihydroxy-anthra- Ci4H602 (0H)3. . . .
quinone (1, 2, 6)
Fluoran C20H12O8.
Fluoranthene. . . . CisHio. . .

Fluorene CH2.
Fluorescein
Fluoroform CHFa
Formaldehyde. . . HCHO
Formamide HCONH2. . . .
Formanilid CeHsNHOCH.
Formic acid. HCOOH.
Fructose. . . . laevulose, fruit CsHwOe...
sugar
Fuchsin. See rosaniline
Fulminuric acid.. CaHsOaNs.
Fumaric acid.... HOOCCHiCH.
COOH
Furfural.. furfuraldehyde. C4H3O CHO.....,
Furfuran. C4H4O
Furfuryl alcohol.. C4Ha0.CH20H....

184
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ORGAOTC COMPOUNDS (Contiifued)

Crystal Melting-/ Boiling- Solubility in gms. per

No. line form IfoSi potat point 100C.C. of
and color (A)Air=l C
Water Alcohol Ether

colorl. liq.^ 1.1280 186-7 14.3 s. s.

3 Colorl. liq. 2.189 9-10 131 V. si. s. s. CO

4 colorl. liq. 1.265 84 si. s. s. 00

5 colorL liq. 1.0590 221-3 00 00 s.

6 colorl. 5i-2* 265-7 V. s. V. s . s.
^(54.5) d.
7 colorl. 0.902 117 s. V. si. s.
1
8 colorl. V. si. s. c.; sl.s. V. s.
s. h.
9 colorl. liq. 1.115 197-7.5 00 00 si. s.
10 colco'l. liq. 1.108 182 00 s.

11 yel. prisms 2.07 81-2 si. s. s. s.

12 yel. liq. 1.4838 * i. s.
13 Hq. 1.2160 > 96-8 i. . s. s.
14 colorl. liq. 0.8970 14 00 00 00
15 liq. 2.100 110-12.5 i. V. s. V. s.

16 Colorl. liq. 1.178 58-60 O.5520 V. s. V. s.

17 Uq. ^ 2.840 178 i. V. s. V. s.
18 colorl.
1
154 " dec. V. si. s. si. s. V. si. s.
neea.
19 colorl. liq. 0.92720 -1-3 176 i 00 oo

20 colorl. liq. 1.063 247.5 V. si. s. oo CO

(253)
21 colorl. liq. 1.03511 250-3 i. oo oo

(244)
22 colorl. 97 V. si. s. v s s. bz.
prisms
23 yel. need. 459 V. si. s. h. s. h. si. s.

24 need. 180 (175) s

25 colorl. 109-10 si. s. c. V. s.
monocl.
26 colorl. leaf. 113-6 295 si. s. V. s.
27 ^or. powd. dec. 290 i.; s. alk. s. s.
28 gas 20^a<m. si s
OA* 0 500 c c s. 1. s. chL
29 colorl, gas -21 s. s. o

30 colorl. liq. 1.337 192-5 d. CO oo si. s.

31 colorl. 1.144 46 s. V. s. s.
prisms
32 colorl. liq. 1.21820 8.6 100.8 oo 00

33 need. f. w. 1.5550 94-5 V. s. 20 s.

34
35 colorl. exp.145 s. s. o

prisms
36 colorl. 1.625 286-7 sub. 200 0.6516 s. s.
pnsms
37 colorlyel. 1.15920 -36.5 161 913 s. a.
38 colorL 0.944 31.5 i. V. s. V. 8.
need.
39 colorl. liq. 1.13620 168-70 s. V. 8. V. 8.

Explodes by percussion or on heating to 114-16 C.

o 185

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

. PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

No. Name Synonyms Formula

Galactose (d.) C6H12O6

Gallic acid (3,4,5) (H0)3C6H2C00H
+H2O
Geraniol C9H16CH2OH
acetate CHa COOCioHi?. ..
Glucose (d.). See dextrose
pentacetate C6H706(0CCH3)6...
phenyl hydra- C6H12O5N2HC6H6. .
zone (a)
phenyl hydra- C6H12O6N2HC6H6. .
zone (/3)
Glutamic acid (r.) glutaminic acid. C3H6(NH2) (COOH) 2
Glutaric acid H00C(CH2)3-
COOH
Glyeerie acid HOCH2CJHOH.
COOH
aldehyde. HOCH2CHOH.
CHO
Glycerine HOCH2CHOH.
CH2OH
Glyceryl
chlorhydrine (ot). See chlorhydrine a
- diacetate. See diacetin
^chlorhydrine See dichlorhydrine
(a, a). (1,3)
See dichlorhydrine
(2, 3)
dinitrate C3H^0H)(N03)2
ether C3H5O3C3H6
monoacetate. ^ See monacetin
mononitrate (a) CH20H.CH0H-
CH2NO8
triacetate, See triacetin
tribromhydrine. See tribromhydrine
trichlorhydrine. See trichlorhydrine
trinitrate. See nitroglycerine
trinitrite CH2N02CHN02-
CH2NO2
Glycid C2H3OCH2OH
Glycin glycocoll. CH2(NH2)C00H..

Glycocoholic acid. C24H39O4 NH CH2

COOH
Gl
G] ethylene glycbl... H(5cH?.cfe6H*!!
CH20HCH0
amide CH2(0H)C0NH2..
bromhydrine. . . ethylene bromhy CH20H .CH2Br....
drine
chlorhydrine ethylene chlorhy CH20H-CH2C1
drine
cyanhydride ethylene cyanhy CH2OH.CH2CN...
dride
diacetate. See ethylene acetcUe
dibromide. See ethylme bromide

186
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Crystal Melting- Boiling-

Solubility in gms. per
100 c.c. of
line form point point
and color (A)Air=l C C
Water Alcohol Ether

hex. tab. 168-70 V. s. si. s.

triclinic 6944 222-^0 dec. 1.1626 27.225 2.515

colorl. liq. 881 229-30 i. oo 00

colorl. liq. 915 242-5 d V. si. s. V. s. 00

need. 130 subl. V. si. s. 1.3216 2.115

144-5 V. s. V. s. V. si. s.

need. 115-6 S*

colorl. 208 d. 1 V. si. s.

colorl. 97.5 302-4 d. 6420 V. s. V. s.
monocl.
syrup. . . CO 00 i.; V. s.
acet.
abt. 132 si. 8. V. si. s. V. si. s.

colorl. liq. 1.26020 17* 290 00 00 i.

1.47anh. 26 7.7 V. s. s.

colorl. liq. 1.091 171-2 CO 00 00

1.40 5.8 7016 V. s. si. s. ,

yel. liq. 150 i. dec. s.

colorl. 1.1650 161-2 d. cx> oo CO

colorl. 1.161 231-5 d. 23 c. V. si. s. i.

monocl.
colorl. 132-4 0.33 c. V. sr V. si. s.
need,
wh. amor, V. s. i. i.
colorl. liq. 1.115 197-7.5 Ob 00 si. s.
plates 95-7 V. s. V. s. h. si. s.
colorl. 120 V. s. si. s. si. 8.
liq. i47"' a
0* ^

colorl. liq. 1.2230 128 00

colorl. liq. 1.0590 221-3 00 00 s.

Solidifies at a much lower temperature*

187
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Name Synonyms Formula

Glycol
<fichloride. See ^hylene chloride
dicyanide. See etkylene cyanide
diiodide. See etkylene iodide
dinitrate. See etkylene nitrate
dinitrite. See etkylene nUrUe
monoacetate. See d.kylene glycol monoacetate
urea. hydantoin C3H4O2N2

Glycolid C4H404^ -

Glycollic acid.... hydroxyacetic acid CH2(0H)C00H...

. anhydride C4H606
Glyoxal oxalaldehyde CHOCHO
Glyoxalic acid glyoxylic acid.... CHOGOOH+H2O.
Glyoxalin C3H4N2

Glyoxime HONiCHCH:
NOH
Guaiacol HO C6H4 OCHsCo)
Guanidine
Guanine

Gun cotton. See cellulose kexanitraie

Haematein .. CieHizOe

Haematin C32H32N4Fe4. . . . . . .

Haematoxylin C16H14OH-3H2O....
Hemimelitic acid.. benzene tricar- C6H3(C00H)3
boxylic acid
(1. 2, 3)
Heptane (n.) CHs (CH2)6 CH3...
Heptoic acid (n.). CH3-(CH2)6C00H
He^pt^_ acetate (n.) CH3COOC7H16....
CHs (CH2)6 CH2OH
aldehyde oenanthal. CH3(CH2)5CH0..
amine CH3(CH2)5-
CH2NH2
ether.... (C7Hi6)20
formate.. HCOO.C7H16
Heptylene. heptene. CH3 (CH2)4 CH:
CH2
Hesperidine C22H26012;
(C50H60O22)
Hexabrom ethane CBrsCBrs
Hexachlor benzene Ceae
ethane CC18-CC13

Hexadecane Ci6H84

Hexaethyl benzene C6(C2H6)6

188
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Crystal Melting- Boiling- Solubility in gms. per

100 c.c. of
line form point point
and color (A)Air=l "C "C
Water Alcohol Ether

colorl. 215 8.^V.S.

need,
colorl. 86-7 i.; V. s. si. s. si. 8.
leaf. acet.
leaf, f.eth. 78-9 dec. s- s. s.

powd. 128-30 i.; c. s, h. i. i.

1.14 15 ho'.h' V. s. s. 8.
colorl. V. s.
rhomb,
colorl. 88-9 255 V. s. V. s. 8.
prisms
rhomb. 178 V. s. h. s. 8.
tab. f. w.
colorl. 1.140ir 31-2 205 1.6ifi" s- 8.
prisms
cryst. V. s. V. s.
colorl. dec. abv i.; s. alk. V. si. s. V. Sl. 8.
need. 360

brown 0.620" si. s. Sl. 8.

plates 8l. 8.
brown s. alk. s. h.
powd.
tetrag. 140 V. si. s. s. 8.

colorl. 185 d. si. s. 8.

need. (195)

colorl. liq. 0.689 98.4 i. 100 OO

eoloTl. 0.921 -10 224 0.2416" s. 8.

0.874 190 1. s. 8.
-__Tl.Uq. 0.830 175.8 s. oo 00

colorl. liq. 0.822 153-5 si. s. s. oo

colorl. liq. 0.78 155-7 V. si. s. oo 00

colorl. liq. 0.8150" 261 i. s. 8.

colorl. liq. 0.8940" 176-7 i. 8.
colorl. liq. 0.703" 98-9 i. s. s.

sm. need. 251 d. si. s. si. s. i.

rhombic d. 210 i. sl.s. sl. S.

monocl. 2.04428" 229 326 i. i. c. V. sl. 8.
rhomb. 184-7 subl. i. V. s. Y. 8.
tabl.
colorl. 0.775W" 18 287.5- i. oo OO

leaf, 91.0
colorl. 0.83120" 129 i. 8. V. ft.
. monocl.

189

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

No. Name Synonyms Formula

Hexahydro-anthra- CuHie.
cene
benzene CeHia
benzoic acid... CeHuCOOH.

4 cumene CeHii -CsH?

5 cymene (p.). . .. CH3C6H10C3H7...
6 mellitic acid C6H6(C00H)6 .....
7 mesitylene C6H9(CH3)3(1,3,5)
8 naphthalene C10H14
9 pyridene, See piperidine
10 salicylic acid HOCeHioCOOH..
11 toluene CeHu CH3
12 xylene (m.) C6Hio(CH3)2
13 C6Hio(CH3)2

14 Hexahydroxy C6(0H)6.
benzene
15 Hexaiodobenzene Cele

16 Hexamethyl ben C6(CH3)6

zene
17 Hexamethylene- urotropine , C6H12N4.
tetramine
18 Hexane (n.) CH3(CH2)4CH3 ....
19 Hexenyl alcohol .. CeHiiOH
20 Hexoic aldehyde.. CH3(CH2)4GH0....
21 Hexyl acetate (n.) CH3COOC6H13....
22 alcohol CH3-(CH2)4CH20H
23 formate, HCOOC6H13
24. CH3(CH2)3CH : CH2
25 Hippuric benzoyl glycine. C6H5CO.NHCH2
COOH
26 Homopyrocatechin CHs C6H3 (OH) 2

27 Homotropine. . . . CisHmoIn
28 hydrobromide. . Ci6H2iOsN HBr

29 Hydrastin C21H21O6N

30 hydrochloride... C21H21O6N HCl....

31 Hydrazo-benzene. CeHsNHNHCeHs
32 benzoic acid (o.). (H00CC6H4NH)2
33 naphthalene CioHtNHNH-
(1.10/ C10H7
34 naphthalene CioHtNHNH-
. (2, 20 C10H7
35 toluene (o.) (CH3 C6H4 NH)2. .
36 (CH3 C6H4 NH)2. .

37 Hydrindene (1, 2) C6H4- C2H4 : CH2..

38 Hydrindone (a).. C9H8O

39 Hydro-anthracene See dihydro-arUhrac ene

40 atropic acid.... phe^l^propionic CH3CH(C6H6).

COOH

190
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Crystal Melting- Boiling- Solubility in gms. per

100 c.c. of
line form point point
and color (A)Air=l
Water Alcohol Ether

colorl. 63 290
leaf,
colorl. liq. 0.7470 79
colorl. 1.048 '36'" 233 si. s.
monocl.
colorl. liq. 0.78720 147-50 V. s . V. B.
colorl. liq. 0.796 171-3 i. V. s. V. S.
cryst. dec. V. s . V. s. V. s.
colorl. liq. 135-8
colorl. liq. 6*634^^' abt. 205

tab, Ill
colorl. liq. 0.76920 101-2
colorl. liq. 0.77121 118-9
colorl. liq. 0.76920"' 120.5-
1.0
need. dec. 200 si. s. si. s. si. s.

red.-br. 140-50 d.
need,
colorl. 164 264 si. s.
rhomb,
rhomb, f. 280-1 8312 3 v.sl.
al.
colorl. liq. 0.66020" -94 i. 5033
colorl. liq. 0.891M 137 V. s. 00

0.83420 116-8 i. V. 8. V. s.
c3orl. liq. 0.8900 169.2 i. V. s . V. 3.
colorl. liq. 0.82020 157 si. s.
t5olorl. liq. 0.8980" 153.6
colorl. liq. 0.68320 -98.5 68-70
colorl. 1.37121 187-90 3320 si. s. Sl. 8.
rhomb,
colorl. 51 251-2 V. s. V . s.

colorl. 96.5-7.5 si. s. s.

prisms
colorl. 213.8 17.525 3.3 i.

rl. 132 0.025 0.7425 0.828

prisms
powd. s.
colorl. tab. 1.158 131 (126) dec. V. si. s. '510"
colorl. leaf, 205 1. s.
colorl. leaf. 275 V. s . V. s.

colorl. 162-4 si. s. V. s.

flocks
colorl. leaf, 165 dec.
colorl. 0.957 133^ dec.
monocl. (128)
colorl. liq. 0.957 176
rhomb, 1.101 41 244 v., si. s.
tab.

colorl. Hq. 264-5 si. s.

191

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

No. Name Synonyms Formula

tribenzaldiamine. (CcHeCEOaNa
benzoin CCeHsCHCOH).]^.
carbostyril. C9H0N

cinnamic acid... phenyl propionic CsHsCHaCHs-

acid 0) COOH
" aldehyde C6H6CH2CH2-
CHO
oonmaric acid (p.) phenol propionic H0.C6H4(CH2)2-
acid OS) COOH
cyanic acid prussic acid HNC
naphthoquinone CioH6(OH)2
naphthoquinone CioH6(OH)2
.

(1. 4)
10 qumone See quinol
11 quinone sthyl C6H4(0CH3)2
ether
12 quinone ethyl H0C6H40C2H6...
ether
13 Hydroxy-acetic acid See glycoUic add
14 anthraquinone (2) C6H4 : (C0)2: CeHa-
OH
15 azo benzene (o.). H0.C6H4N:N.
CeHs
16 (p.). H0.C6H4N:N.
CeHs
17 benzaldehyde (o.) HOC6H4CHO....
18 '* (m.) HOC6H4CHO....

19 (p.) HO.C6H4CHO....

20 benzamide (o.).. HOC6H4CONH2..

21 (m.). HOC6H4CONH2..

22 HOe6H4CONH2..
23 benzoic aci<?(o.) HOC6H4COOH..
24 " (mj HO.C6H4COOH..

25 " (p.) HO.C6H4COOH..

26 benzyl alcohol (o.) lig.ligp.nin . HO.C6H4CH2OH..

27 HO.C6H4CH2OH..
28 " - tl HO.C6H4CH2OH..

29 butyric acid (a) CH8CH2CH(0H).

COOH
30 caproic acid.... oxycaproic acid... CH3(CH2)CH
(OH).COOH
31 cinnamic acid, See coumaric add
citric acid...... jgOOH)3
isobutyric acid acetonic acid
(a)

192
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Solubility in gms. per
Crystal Melting- Boiling- 100 c.c. of
line form point point
and color (A)Air=l C
Water Alcohol Ether

colorL 101 V. s.

prisms
leaf. f. al. 138 abt. 300 0.25; c. V. s.
1.3 h.
colorl. 163 V. d. s. V. s.

colorl. 1.071'' 48.7 279.8 0.5920 V. s.

need,
colorl. liq. 208 (223) 1. 17

colorl. 128-9 V. s. h. V. s. V. s.

monocl.
colorl. liq. 0.69718'' -10-12 25.2 00 00 V.S. (00)
colorl. leaf. 60 s. alk.

colorl. 175 s. h. V. 8. h.

colorl. leaf, 55-6 216.6 i. s. bz.

leaf. 66 246-7 si. V. s.

yel. leaf. 302 sub. V. si. s.

need. 32.5-3.0 si. s.;

B.alk.
prisms, f. 152 V. si. h.
al.
1.159a -20 196.7 V. si. s.
104 240 s. h.
need,
colorl. 115-6 sub. si. s.
need,
yel. leaf, 140 27ad.
colorl. 167 si. s. c.;
leaf, (170.5) 8. h.
need, 162 si. 8. V. s. si. 8.
need. f. 158 sub. 0.1820 5016 23.4"''
colorl. 200 0.9218 9.71'
rhomb,
colorl. 1.40422 210 (214) dec. O.7916 9.4"
monocL
rhombic 1.161 86 (82) sub. 6.722 V. s. V. s.

need, 67 300,d. V. s. h. V. s. V. 8.

colorl. 110 (125) V. s. V. S.

need,
colorl. 43 255-60 d.

colorl. 60-2 sub. 100

V. 8. V. s. V. 8.

&rL 79 212 V. 8. V. 8. V. 8.

prisms

SoHdifies at -15 C.
193
 HANDBOOK OF CHE^tSTRT AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Name Syiionyms Formula

Hydroxy-
isophthalic acid H0.C6H3(C00H)2
(2) (1, 3) +H2O
isophthalic acid H0.C6H3(C00H)2
(4) (1. 3)
isophthalic acid H0.C6H3(C00H)2
(5) (1, 3) +2H2O
phthalic acid (3) H0.C6H3(C00H)2
phthalic acid (4) H0C6H3(C00H)2
(1,2)
propionic acid (a) See ladic add
P3n:idine (2). . .. OL pyridone. . . . . HOC6H4N

^ pyridone. HOC5H4N....;...
y pyridone. H0C6H4N+H20..
qninol
quinoline (2). . . carbostyril. SSfflii'':'-"
kyanuran H0.C9H6N+3H20.
succinic aiS;- See malic add
terephthalic acid H0.C6H3(C00H)2
(2) (1. 4)
toluic acid (1,2,3) CH3C6H3(C00H)

" " (1.2, 4) C]^C.H3(C00H)

" " (1,2, 5) cS^C.Hi (COOH)
" " (1.2,6) CH^C^a^(C90H)
" " (1,3,2) (COOH)

" (1.3,4) CHs sH, (COOH)

" " (1.3,5) (COOH)

" * (1,3,6) Ch1^6H3(COOH)

(0H)+iH20
" "(1,4,2) CH8C6H3(C00H)

" " (1,4,3) CH?i:J6H8 (COOH)

m-ea .NH(OH).
/ valeric acid (a). CH8'(CH)2.CH
(OH). COOH
Hyoscine scopolamine. C17H21O4N . . . . . . . .

hydrobromide. . C17H21O4N 'HBr

+3H2O
Hyoscyamine.... C17H23O3N
hydrobromide. . CiTH^aOsNHBr
Hsrpnoacetin .CisHisOsN.

194
 /

HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Crystal Melting- Boiling- Solubility in gms. per

gr.
' 100 c.c. of
line form point point
and color (A)Air=l -G
Water Alcohol Ether

colorl. 243 V. si. s. V. s. V. s.

need, c.; s. h.
colorl. 305 si. s. h. V. s , V. s.
need,
colorl. 288 sub. 18ioo<; V. s . V. s.
need, si. s. c.
colorl. dec. 20n'
prisms
color! 181 d. 310"
rosettes

colorl. 106-7 280-1

need. f.
bz.
need, 129 V. s. V. s.
colorl, 148.5 100 V. s. V. si. e
monocl. - anh.
colorl. 140.5 V. s. V. s. V. s.
colorl. pr. 199-200 subl. V. si. s. c.; V. s. V. s.
f. al. V. s. h
colorl. 201 0.47W S. si. s.

powd. subl. si. s. v. s. s.

need, f. w 168 0.1426 V. s. V. s.

need f. w.. 172 (183) si. s. V. s. V. s.

sm. need. 177 anh. si. s. V. s. V. s.

f. w.
glit. need. 145-6 V. s. V. s.
f. w, -(183)
long need. 163-4 V. s. h. s. chl.
f. w.
lo^g. need. 151 V. si. s. V. s.

tabl. f. w. 208 (210) subl. s.

need. f. w. 172-3 s. h. V. s.
anh.
long, need. 206-7 subl. V. si. s. V, s.

monocl. 177 V. si. s. s.

f. al.
colorl. 128-30 V. s . s.
need,
colorl. 31 V. s. V. s . V. s.
need,
colojrl. 56-7 10.5 V. 8. V. s.
pnsms
colorl. 193-4 66.6?6' 6.326
rhomb,
need, 108.5 5. V. s. s.
prisms 151.8 V. s. 50 0.06
colorl. leaf, 160 V. si. s. 0.2836' V. si. s.
f. al.

J95
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS.
POTSIGAL CONSTANTS OF

Name Synonyms Formula

Hypogaeic acid... C15H29COOH

Hypoxanthine C6H4ON4..

Imino-acetic aeid. NH(CH2C00H)2

aceto-nitrile.... NH(CH2CN)2....

ethyl alcohol. . . NH(CHCH^0H)2

Indican C14H1706N+3H20..

Indigo indigotine Ci6Hio02N2

carmine soluble indigo.. Ci6H802N2(S03Na)4

dicarboxylic acid Ci8Hio06N2

white. C16H1202N2

Indol CsHvN
Inosite (i.) C6Hi206+2H20.

lodeosine. See erythrosine

lodo-acetic acid. . CH2ICOOH.
aniline (o.)" IC6H4NH2...
IC6H4NH2...
IC6H4NH2...

benzene CeHsI.
ethylene CH2:CHI..
propionic acid CH3 CHI COOH. .
CH2ICH2COOH..
toluene (o.)..... IC6H4CH3........
IC6H4CH3........
"
IC6H4CH3
lodoform CHI3

lodosobenzene. . . CeHelO

lodoxybenzene... C6H6IO2..

lonone . C13H20O..
C13H20O..
Irone C13H20O..
Isatine C8H5O2N.

chloride C8H4ONCI
Isatinic acid. NH2C6H4CO.
COOH
Isatoxime C8H6O2N2
Isoamyl-acetate. . CHs COOCsHii....
acetic acid (CT3^2^CH(CH2)3-
alcohol isobutyl carbinol. (CH3)2CH.(CH2)2
methyl isopropyl (CH3)2CH.CH(0H)
carbinol CH3
amme... (CH3).CH.CH2-
CH2NH2
benzene. CeHsaHu

196
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)
Solubility in gm
gma. per
Crystal Melting- Boiling- 100 c.c. of
line form iofi point point
and color (A)Air=l Ether
Water Alcohol

colorl. 33
need,
need. d. 150 0.0719;
1.4100
colorl. abt. 225 2.435
rhomb,
colorl. If. 75 sL s.
f. eth.
colorl. 28 270
br. liq. 176-7 dec.
anh.
rhomb. 390-2 d. i.; s. h. i.; s. H.
anil. Chly
bluepowd. s. si. s.
blue powd. i.
''H2SO4
white i.;s.alk.
powd.
colori. leaf, 52 253-4 s. h. V. s.

colorL 225 17.524 i. (abs.)

monocl.

dec. s. V. si. s.
need. 57 (60-1) V. si. s. V. s .

leaf. 25-7 s.

need, or 63 (67-8)

hq. -28.5 188.2

2.08 56
44.5-5.5 V. s.
prisms V. s.
82 V. s . V. s .
eaf.
liq. 1.69720 211 (204) 00

204 00
1.69820-
leaf, 35 211.5 V. S. V. s.

yel. hex. 119 subl. 0.0126 1.318; 13.628

7.8
expl. s. s. i.
abt. 210
need. V. si. s. V. s. bz. V. s. chl.

colorl. liq. 0.934 120.6i2 V. si. s.

colorl. liq. 0.949 134.6i2' V. si. s.
14416mm V. si. s. V. s.
colorl. liq. 0.939
red need. 198-9 subl. V. si. s. c. si. s.
f. al. s. h.
br. need, 180. d. i.
wh. powd dec. si. s.

yel. need, 202 d. V. si. s. s. alk. :

colorl. liq. 0.876 139 0.1625
colorl. liq. 0.912W 209 si. 8. h.

colorl. liq. 0.81020 130 3.322

colorl. liq. 0.819W 112.5 si. s.

colorl, liq. 0.747 95 V. si. s.

colorl. liq. 0.88518 193 (201) 1.

197
 HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

No. Name Synonyms Mol.

Formula
wt.

Isoamyl-
1 CeHsCOOCsHn... 192.19
7, hromide........ (CH3)2CH-(CH2)2 151.03
Br
3 butyrate CaHrCOOGsHn... 158.19
4 chlorcarbonate.. Cl COOCeHii.. .. 150.58
5 chloride (CH3)2CH(CH2)2 106.57

6 cyanide capronitrile (CH3)2-CH-(CH2)2- 97.13

CN
7 ether. ., CsHii-O-Cfi&ii. . .. 158.23
8 formate H-COOCkHii 116.13
9 iodide (CH3)2-CH-(CH2)2l 198.03
10 isobutyrate .... (CH3)2CH.C00C6 158.19
Hii
11 isocyanide...... (CH3)2CH.(CH2)2- 97.13
NC
12 isovaleriate C4H9.COOC6H11... 172.21
13 mustard oil CsHii NCS ' 129.21
14 nitrate (CH3)2-CH-(CH2)2- 133.16
NO3
15 nitrite (CH3)2-CH-(CH2)2- 117.16
NO2
16 phenol (p.) C6H11.C6H4 OH. .. 164.18

17 phenyl ketone .. CsHii CO CeHs ... 176.19

18 propionate CH3CH2COOC8 144.17
Hii
19 ^ salicylate HOCeH.COOCs 208.19
Hii
20 sulphide 174.28
21 urea NH2CO.NH 130.16
22
23
Isobutane
Isobutyl-acetate..
trimethyl methane (CH3h"cH.CH3. .. 58.10
CH3 COOC4H9. . . . 116.13
24 alcohol isopropyl carbinol (CH3)2CHCH20H 74.10
25 aldehyde (CH3)2 CH.CH0 .. 72.08
26 amme (CH3)2CHCH2- 73.12
NH2
27 benzene OsHfi 04119 134.16
28 benzoate C6H5COOC4H9.... 178.17
29 bromide (CH3)2CH.CH2Br. 137.01
30 butyrate C3H7 COOC4H9.... 144.17
31 chlorcarbonate.. C1-COOC4H9 136.55
32 chloride (CH3)2CHCH2C1 . 92.55
33 cyanide isovaleronitrile. .. (CH3)2CH.CH2- 83.14
CN
34 ether C4H9-0-C4H9 146.19
35 formate H-COOCdHa 102.11
36 iodide (CH3)2CH.CH2l.. 184.06
37 isocyanide (CH3)2CHCH2- 83.11
NC
38 isovaleirate . . . . C4H9C00C4H... 158.19
39 ketone. C4H9COC4H9.... 142.20
40 mustard oil C4H9-NCS 115.19

198
 HANDBOOK OF QHSiflSTRY AND PHYSICS
GRQmiC COMPOUNDS (Continued)
SolubiUty in gms.
gmi per
Crystal Melting- BoiUng- , 100 c.c. of
line form
ajid color (A)Air=l Water Alcohol Ether

eolorl. liq. 261 i. . . s,,

colorl. liq. 1.219 120-0.6 i. s.

colorl. liq. 0.8820 178.6 V. si. s. V. s. V. s.

dec. <x> oo
colorl. liq. 1.024|t'' 161-6
00
colorl. Uq. 0.880 100-1 i. s.

00
liq. 0.807 165.5 i. s.

oo
colorl. liq. 0.781 173 i.
00
colorl. Uq. 0.8940O 123.3 V. si. s. s.
oo
1.473 148.2 i. s.

colorL liq> 0.8760 168.8 8. s.

liq. 137 i. S. s.

colorl. liq. 0.858"" 194 V. si. s. s. S.

liq. 0.942 183^ V. si. s. V. s. V. 8.

hq. 1.0007-6 147 V. si. s. s. V. 8.

94-r5 V. sL s. CO J30
liq. 0.880

need f. h. 92-3 266 V. si. s. h. V. s . V. 8.

w.
colorl. liq. 241.5-2.6 i. V. s. V. 8.

colorl. liq. 0.8880 160.2 0.0926 s. S.

00
colorl. liq. 1.04511 270 i. V. s.

colorl. liq. 0.84320 213-16 i. V, 8. V. 8.

colorl. 89-91 si. s.

gas. 0.6030 -11 i. s. s.

colorl. liq. 0.87120 116.3 0.6326 00 oo

colorl. liq. 0.806 -108 106.6 9.618 oo 00

00
colorl. liq. 0.79420 63-4 11 00

CO 00 CO
colorl. liq. 0.736 68

00
colorl. liq. 0.873 171-1.6 i. 00

00 00
.colorl. liq. 1.002 237 i.
(241.5)
00
1.260 90-1 i. 00 O
00
colorl. liq. 0.866 166.9 V. si. a. . 00
00
1.04011 127-30 dec. CO
oo
colorl. liq. 0.880 69 i. oo

00
Uq. 0.80720 129-9.5 si. s. oo

oo
colorL Uq. 122-2.5 si. s. 00

00 oo
colorl. Uq. 0.88620 98.6 1
i. 00 00
colorl. Uq. 1.614 -90.7 120
colorl. Uq. 0.7874 114-7 si. s. S. 8.

167-70 i. do 00
colorl. Uq. O.S
181-2 i. V. s. V. 8.
colorl. Uq. 0.8
Hq. 0.94320 162 i. V. s. V. 8.

Specific gravity of the Uquid.

199

V
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Name Synonyms Formula

Isobutyl-
nitrate.. (CH3)2-GH.CH2-
NO3
nitrite. . (CH3)2CH.CH2-
NO2
phenyl ketone. . C4H9COC6H6....
Isobutyric acid... :CH3)2 CH COOH.
amide :ch3)2Ch.conh2
anhydride -(CH)2.GH.C0]20.
Isocarbostyril 1 hydroxy-isoqnin- ^9H70N.
oline
Isocinchomeronic C6H3N.(C00H)2
acid H-H20
Isocitric acid C6H807+H20
Isocrotonic acid. . CHaCHiHC-
OOOTT
Isodurene C6H2(CH3)4 (1, 2, 3, 5)
Isoeugenol (1, 3, 4) C3H5C6Ha(OCH3)
OH
Isohydrobenzoin . Ci4Hi2(OH)2
Isomalic acid. . . . CH3C(0H)(C00H)
Isomannid C6H10O4

Isonicotinic acid.. C6H4NC00H(4)..

Isopentane (CH3)2CHCH2CH3.
Isophthalic a(d C6H4(C00H)2
(m.)
aldehyde (m.). . C6H4(CH0)2.
nitrile C6H4(CN)2. .
Isoprene CH2:CH C(CH3) :
CH2
Isopropyl-acetate. CH3C00CH(CH8)2
acetylene (CH3)2CHC:CH..
alcohol CH3CH(0H).CH8
amine (CH3)2CHNH2
benzene. See cumene
benzoic acid (o.) (CH3)2CH.C6H4-
COOH
bromide, (CH3)2CH.Br
chloride, (CH3)2CH.C1
cyanide.. (CH3)2GH-CN
ether.... (CH3)2CH-0-
ethylene. . CCH3)2CH.CH:CH2
iodide.... (CH3)2CHI.......
isocyanide. (CH3)2CH.NC
ketone (CH3)2CH.C0-
CH(CH3)2
mercaptan. , . ..
methyl benzene See cymene (p.)
(p.).
phenyl ketone. . (CH3)2CH-OOC6H6
pyridine (1) . ... (ch3)2Ch:c6H4N..

200
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTBT AND PHYSICS
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)-
Solubility in g
Ciystal- Melting- Boiling- 100 c.c. of
line form point
and color (A)Air=l C "C
Water Alcohol Ether

123 i. 00 " 00
colorl. liq. 1.021

liq. 0.9080" 67 s.

CO 00
colorl. liq. 0.993 225-6 i.
colorl. liq. 0.94526'* 155 2020 . 00 00

colorl. leaf, 128-9 216-20

colorl. liq. 0.957 182.5 dec. dec.
colorl. 208-9' si. s. v.s . sL s.

colorl. leaf. 236 subl. V. si. s. V. si. s. Y. si. S.

prisms V. si. s. V. si. s. v.sLs.

need. 1.031 15.5 i69^9!3 40 ......

liq. 0,8960- 195-7 i. S.

hq. 1.091it 267.5 si. s. s. s.

colorl. 119.5 0.211s V. s. V. 8.

monocl.
monocl. dec. V. s. V. s. y. s.
colorl. .87 274 d.' V. s. si. s. i.
monocl.
colorl. 315 si. s. c.; V. si. s. V. si. 8.
need, V. s. h.
colorl. liq. 0.628 31 i.
colorl.' abt.360 subl. 0.01326; s.

need, 0.22 h.
need, 89 si. s. V. 8. .......

colorl. 158-9 si. s. s. h.

need,
00 00
colorl. liq. 0.6910" 35.8

0.9170 90-3 si. 8. 00 09

colorl. liq.
00 00
colorl. liq. 0.6850 28-9 i.
00
colorl. liqr 0.78920 82.8 00 00
00 00
colorl. liq. 0.69018 32.2 00

colorl. pr. 51 s. h.

00 00
colorl. liq. 1.310|r 59-60 i.
00
colorl. liq. 0.85711 35-6 V. si. s. 00
00 00
colorl. liq. 107-8 si. s.
colorl. liq. 0.72^" 69 si. s. 00 00

00
colorl. liq. 21.2 i. 00
00 00
1.705M . 89.5 . i.
0.7600 87 i. do 00
colorl. liq. 00
123.7 00
colorl. liq. 0.80620 i.

colorl. liq. 217 i. 8. ^ 8.

00 00
liq. 0.9340 158-9 si. s.

201
 ilANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OP

Name Synonyms Formula Mol.

wt.

(3).... (CH3)2CH.C6H4N. 121.17

sulphide. teH3)2CH.S. 118.20
CH(CH8)2
Isopuipurin. See arUhrajmr'purin
Isoquinoline CH7N 129.16
Isosaccharic acid. [O 192.09

Isosuccinio acid. .
Isovaleric acid. . .
c^3^ct1cooh)2. 118.07
102.11

aldehyde. (CH3)2CHCH2- 86.11

CHO
CH2:C0 42.03
Lactamide. CH3CH(0H).C0- 89.10
NH2
Lactic acid (i.)... CHsCHCOH). 90.08
COOH
anhydride. CeHieOs 162.11
Lactide.... C6H8O4 144.09

Lactose.. milk sugar. C12H22O11+H2O.. . 360.25

Lactyl urea.. C4H6O2N2+H2O;.. 131.16
Laevulinic acid... CH8C0(CH2)2- 116.09
COOH
aldehyde....... CH3C0.(GH2)2- 100.09
CHO
Laevulose. See frttctose
Laurie acid CnH23COOH. 200.26

aldehyde C11H23CHO... 172.26

Lepidine CH3 CH6N(py. 4). 143.16

Leucine Q.) CHs (CH2)3 CH 131.14

(NH2)C00H
Leuco-aniline (NH2C6H4)2CH- 303,39
CeHs-CHad"-
T *' V CH(C6H4NE 289.28
Leuco-malachite- 330.34
N^H,),
l^onene (d. or 1.) C10H16. . . 136.18
Linalool (d. or 1.) CioHisO 154.19
Linalyl acetate... CH3 COOC10H17. .. 196.22

Linoleic acid C18H32O2 280.35

Luti^e (tt). .... dimethyl pjnridine (CH8)2-C6H8N. 107.12
(CHa 2-C5H3N. 107.12

' 11:::
Lutidinic acid
:ch3 2 C6H8N. .
:ch3 2C6H3N....
C6H3 |^(C00H)2
107.12
107.12
185.14

Maleic acid, COOHCHiCH- il6.05

COOH
anhydride. C4H2O8 98.04

202^
 BAffDPOOK OP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)
Solubility in gms. per
Crystal Melting- Boiling- 100 c.c. of
No. line form ifefi point pomt
and color (A)Air=l c
Water Alcohol Ether

00 00
1 liq. 0.9440' 177-8
2 hq. 120.5 i. 8. 8.

3
4 colorl. 1.099M- 24.6 240.8 V. si. s.
6 rhomb. 185 dec. v . s. V. S. V. 8.

6 colorl. pr. 1.455 135 d. 44.30'' V. s. V. 8.

7 colorl. Uq. 0.956a* i76"* 4.220- 00 00

8 colorl. liq. 0.8209" 92 5 si. s. s. 8^

9 gas -56 dec. s. 8.

1.138W 74 V- s. V. s.
10 colorl.

1.249 11912mm 00 00 00
11 colorl.
syrup,
12 amor, 250-60 d. V. si. s. V. s. V. 8.

0.862io<' 128 255 V. si. s. c. V. si. s.

13 colorl.
monocl.
14 . colorl. 1.5252 abt. 200 17c.; i. i.
d. " 40 h. si.
rhomb,
anh. 145 V. s. V. s. V. s.
15 rhomb,
1.137 33 245-6 V. s. V. s. V 8.
16 colorl. leaf.
186-8 d. 00 c ' 00
17 ccdorl. liq. 1.016

18
colorl. 0.864W 43.6 (48) dec. i. 8. B.
19
need,
20 colorl. leaf. 44.5 184-5 i. 8. 8.
lOOmm
00
21 colorl. liq. 1.086 266 V. si. s. 00

(261-3)
colorl. leaf. 1.293" 283-5 d. 2.4a 0.0717; 10.9 gl.
22
0.12 h. ac. a .

abt. 100 V. si. s. h. V. 8. V. si. 8.

23 colorl.
148 i. 8.
24 colorl. leaf,
93-4 i. V. 8. V. 8.
25 colorl.
00
0.853i* X76.5 i. 00 ^
^6 colorl. liq. 00 00
27 colorl. liq. 0.873 195-9 v. si. s.
00
28 colorl. liq. 0.91 abt. 220 V. si. s. 00

d.
0.921 <^18 i. 00 00
29 yel. oil.
OA
colorl. liq. 0.9470 154-6.5 25 .... ^.

oU
colorl. liq. 0.938 157-9 20
31
0.9420 142-3 , 00 c.
32 colorl. liq.
33 cplorl. liq. 163.5-4.S ......

235 8.
34 leaf. s-

35 colorl. 1.590 130 50W 8. 8.

prisms
36 colorl. 0 934" 56-7 202
trimet.

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

No. Name Synonyms Formula

1 Malic acid (d. or 1.) COOHCH2CH

(OH) COOH
2 " " (i.).... COOHCHaCH
3 Malonic acid

4 amide CH2 (C0 NH2)2...

Malononitrile CH2-(CN)2
Maltope malt sugar, C12H22011+H
Mandelic acid (i.). CeHsCHCO
COOH
Manitol (d.) ... mannite.... C6H8(0H)6. ...
Mannose (d.). . CeHiaOe.
Margaric acid C16H33COOH.
Meconine. C10H10O4
Melene. CsoHeo
MeJissic acid. C29H60.COOH.
Mellitic acid.
C6(C00H)6....
Menthol Q.). CioHmOH
Menthone (1.)..., CioHisO
Mercuric fulminate
Mercury ethyl. . . Hg(0NC)2+|H20..
methyl
gg(C2H6)2.
Hg(CH3)2.
Mesaconic acid... CH3(C00H)C : CH
COOH
Mesitylene (1, 3, 5) C6H3(CH3)3
Mesitylinic acid.. (CH3)2C6H3.G00H
Mesotartarie acid (H0)2C2H2.
(C00H)2+H20
Mesoxalic acid. ..
(H0)2C(C00H)2.
Metaldehyde (C2H40)4
Methacetine p.- methoxy-acet- CH30C6H4NH.
aminophenol COCH3
Methane CH4
Methoxy-benzcac CH80C6H4C00H
acid (o.)
Methoxy-benzoic CH30C6H4C00H
acid (m.)
Methyl acetanilide
CH3C0N(CH3)-
acetate
CH3COOCH3....
aceto-acetate. ..
CH3COCH2COO.
CHs
aceto-acetic ether
CH3C0CH(CH3)-
acridine (2).
COO.C2HJ}
CH3C13H8N......
acrylate CH302 CH3.. ....
acrylic acid.
CH2:C(CH3)C00H

204
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMJSTBY AND PHYSICS
GRGAMC eOMPOUWDS (Continued)
Solubility in gms. per
Crystal Melting- Boiling- 100 c.c. of
NOi line form H26=i point point
and color (A)Air=l C
Water Alcohol Ether

colorl. 1.595 100 dec. V. s. si. s.

1
need,
133 dec. V. s. V. s.
2 colorl. 1.60120

colorl. 132 dec. >100

3
tricl.
colorl. 170 8.38 i. abs.
4
need,
29-30 218-9 13.3 40 20
5 colorl.
fine need, l.W V. s. V. si. s. c.
6
7 colorl. 1.3614" iis" dec. 1620
rhomb,
colorl. 1.521 166 15.618 V. si.
8
need, al.
132-3 250 V. si. s. i.
8 colorl.

0.853> 59.9 227ioo si. s. V. s.

10 , . lorJ
colorl. 102-2.5 0.14 c.;
11
need, 4.5I1.
colorl. 0.89 62 370-80 1. s. h.
12
00 i. si. s. c.; V. si. s.
13 colorl.
scales V. s. h.
14 colorl. 286-8 dec. V. s.

need,
15 colorl. 0.890 42 210 si. s.
trim,
colorl. liq. 0.89620 207 si. s.
16
17 rhomb. ei^lViSO 0.0712 si. s. h.
18 Hq. 2.444 i59' 1. si. s.
19 3.069 96
20 ^iorl. 202" subl. 2.718;
V. s. h.
need,
21 colorl. liq. 0.86320 164.5 i.
22 monocl. 166 subl. V. si. s.
23 colorl. tab. i'.666'" 140-3 12016

24 colorl. 119-20 V. s.

del. need, 0.5

subl. i. 1.8o
25 colorl.
tetrag. 112-5
127 2150 12.721 V. s. chl.
26 colorl.
need.
0.558(A) -184 -153 5.45C.C.0 52.2 c.c.
27
monpcl. 1.180 98.5 0.530
28
tab.
29 colorl. 167 subl. si. 8.;
need, V. s. h.
30 colorl. 102 245 s.

prisms
colorl. liq. 0.964 57.5 (54) 31.9200
31
32 colorl. liq. 1.037 170 V. si. s.

33 colorl. liq.. 1.0096 186.8

34 yel'sh 131.5-^.0 V. s. bz. V. s.

80.3 s.
35 colorl. liq. 0.9730
colorl. 0.01520 14' 162-3
prisms

205
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Name Ssmonyms Mol.

Formula
wt.

Methyl
, alcohol CHaOH 32.04
^allene CHzrCrCHCHa.. 54.07
allyl amine.. y. CH3 NH C3H5. . . . 71.10
*' carbinol, . CHarCHCHaCH 86.11
(0H).CH3
" ether, CHaOCaHfi 72.08
atnine. . . . CH3NH2 31.09

amine hydro- CHsNHa-HCl.... 67.52

chloride
amino-acetate. . NH2CH2COOCH3 89.08

" -benzoate (o.) NH2C6H4COO- 151.12

CHa
*' (p.) NH2C6H4COO. 151.12
OH3
" -propionic CH3CH(NHCH3)- 103.10
acid (a) COOH
amyl ketone.... CH3COC6Hn 114.15
aniline......... CeHsNHGHs 107.12
anthracene .. Ci4H9' CH3 . 192.17
C14H9 *CHs 192.17
anthranilate H2N.C6H4COO. 151.12
CH3
anthraquinone (2) Ci4H702*CH8 222.16
arsine CH3 AsH2 91.99
auramine..... CH3NC'CC6H4- 281.30
benzoate
benzoyl-acetate.
Csssa-OH.,,^ 136.10
C6H6CX).CH2C00. 178.13
CHs
benzyl-ketone... CH3CO.CH2C6H6 134.13
bromide CHsBr 94.95
butyl amine.... CH3NHC4H9.... 87.14
" carbinol.. CH3CH(0H).C4H9 102.14
" ether CH3OC4H9 88.12
" ketone CH8CO.C4H9 100.13
lautyrate C3H7 COO CH3.. . 102.11
butjrrone CsHieO 128.17
caprate C9H19COO.CHS... 186.23
caproate. CsHiiCOOCHs... 130.15
caprylate. C7H16COO.CH3... 158.19
carbamate NH2.COO.CH3.... 75.06
carbanilide CHsCeHsNCO- 226.20
NHCeHs
carbostjnril (7) . lepidone. C9H6(CH3)0N 159.13

chloracetate CH2CI COO CH8. . 108.52

chlorcarbonate.. Cl-COO. CHs 94.49
chloride chloromethane. . . CH3CI 50.49
cinnamate CeHfiCHiCH- 162.13
COO. CHs
crotonate (a)... CsHs COO CHs. .. 100.09
cyan-acetate. . . CH2(CN).C00.CH3 99.07

206 .
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

CmGANiC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Solubility in gm
gms. per
Crystal Melting- Boiling- 100 C.C. of
line form point point
and color (A)Air=l C
Water Alcohol Ether

colorl. liq. 0.798i| -97.1 66

colorl. liq. 118-9 1.

colorl. liq. 65 00

colorl. liq. 6!834^"; 115-6 12.5

colorl. liq. 0.77 46 V. si. s.

gas 0,699-10.8 -6.7 116012
c.c.

leaf. 226-7 V. s.

colorl. liq. abt. 130

d.
colorl. 1.168 24.5

colorl. leaf, 112 (102)

colorl. 260 d. V. si. s. c.

rhomb, abs.
colorl. liq.. 0.8350 151 V. si. s. s.

yellow liq. 0.98720 195.5 V. si. s. s.

colorl. leaf, 199-200 s. bz. "

colorl. 199-200 s. bz. dl'V.*'' si. s.
scales (207)
1.168 24.5 si. s. V. s. V. 8.

yel'sh 177 subl. V. s. bz. V. si. s.

need.
2 V. s.

gr n'sh 130-3 V. si- s. V. s.

yel.
colorl. liq. 1.094 -12.3 199 V. si. s.
colorl. liq. 260-5 d.

colorl. 1.0190" 27 215 V. s.

gas 1.7320 <-84 4.5 si. s. V. Si

colorl. liq. 0.737 91

colorl. liq. 0.8330 136 V. si. s.
V. sL s. CO 00
colorl. liq. 0.7630 70.3
cx>
colorl. liq. 0.8300 127 V. si. s. CO

102.3 00
colorl. liq. 0.9190 00

colorl. liq. 0.827 180 V. s. V. s.

colorl. liq. 223.5 V. s. V. 8.

colorl. liq. 6.9640 150- V. s. V. 8.

colorl. liq. 0,894o' 193 i. V. s. V. 8.

52 177 21711 7315 8.

colorl. tab.
colorl. 104 si. s. V. 8.

need,
colorl. 217.4 V. si. s. c. V. s. h. V. 8l. 8.
need,
130-2 V. si. s. 00 eo
colorl. liq.
72-5 dec. 00 CO
colorl. liq.
colorl. gas 0.920 -91.5 -23.7 400 c^. 3500 C.c. .. i....

colorl. 1.0423 36 260 V. s. 8.

colorl. liq. 0.9814 120.7 r . s. V. 8.

colorl. liq. -22.5 204 00 00

207
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
PHYSICAL CONSTAl^TS OF

Name S3monym8 Fbrmula

Methyl
cyanide acetonitrile. CH3CN. ........
diazoamiiio- CH3-C6H4.N2NH-
benzene (4) GeHs
diethyl amine... CH3N(C2H5)2 .
diethyl amino- CH3C6H4NO ^(C2H6)i
benzene (o.)
diethyl amino- CH3C6H4-N(C2H6)2
benzene (p.)...
diethyl carbinol. (C2H5)2-C(0H) -CHs
di] (CeHs) 2NCH3
CH3 O CH3.. . . ...
ethyl acetic acid CH3 CH(C2H5)
COOH
" acetone... CH3C0CH(C2H6)-
CH3
" aniline C6H6N(CH3)C2H5.
ethyl benzene (o.) CH3 C6H4 C2H5. . .
" (m.) CH3.C6H4 C2H5. . .
" - " (p.) CH3 C6H4 C2H6. . .
carbonate. CH3 003 02^5. ...
" ether..... CH3OG2H6......
" ketone CH3CGC2H5... .
" ketojdme.. CH3C(N0H)C2H5
" oxalate... CH300CC00'
C2H6
" succinate.. C7H1204
. " sulphide. . CH3SC2H5
formate H-COOCH3
furfurol CH3C4H20.CH0..
glycerate CHaOHCHOH-
COOCH3
dycolate.. CH2(0H) COO CHs
heptenone. (CH3)2C : CH(CH2)2
COCH3
hyptyl ether CH30C7Hi5
hexyl ketone CHsCOCeHis
hydrazine NH2NH.CH3.....
hydrazo-benzene CH3C6H4NH.NH-
(o.) CeHs
hydrazo benzene CH3C6H4NHNH.
(m.) CeHs
hydrazo benzene CH3C6H4NHNH.
(P-) CeHs
hydrogen sul methyl sulphuric CH3HSO4.........
phate acid
iodide iodomethane CHsI.
isoamyl ketone.. CHaCOCsHn....
" ketoxime CH3C(NOH).G6Hii
isobutyl amine.. GH3NH.G4H9....
" ketone. cmcocim.....
isobutsrrate (CH3)2GHC00.
CHa
isocyanide methyl carbyl- CHaNG..........
amine

208
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Crystal Melting- Boiling- SolubU^ in gms. per

line form point pomt
and color (A)Air=l
Water Alcohol Ether

colorl. liq. 0.791 -^1 81.5 00 CO

yel'shleaf. 90-1

colorL liq. 63-5 V. s.

colorl. liq. 227-8

colorl. Uq. 0.924 229

colorl. liq. 0.82420 123 si. s. 8.

cdorl. liq. 1.052ii -296 i.
colorl. gas. -138.5 -34 3700 C.C. V. s. V. s.
colorl. liq. 6!93^r ' <-80 177 si. s. CO 00

colorl. liq. 0.818 118 si. & 00 00

colorl. liq. 201

colorl. liq. 0 873 . 158-9 i. s. s.
colorl. liq. 0.86920 158-9 i. s. s.
colorl. liq. 0^865 162 i. s. s.
colorl. liq. 1.00227 -14.5^ 109.2 i. 00 oo

cplorl. liq. 0.7250" 10.8 s. 00 00

colorl. liq. 0.80520 80.6 s. 00 s.

colorl. liq. 0.9192*^ 152-3 10 00 oo

colorl. liq. 1.1560 . 173.8 i. V. s. V. s.

colorl. liq. 1.0930 208.2 i. V. s. V. s.

-105 70 i. 00 00

cSorl. liq. 0.980 32.3 30.420 00

colorl. liq. 1.109 187 3.3 V. s.

Uq. 239-44 CO oo V. si. 8.

colorl. liq. 1.16818 151.2

colorl. liq. 0.855 173-4 i. 00 00

(170)
colorl. liq. 0.7950 149.8 i. oo oo

colorl. liq. 0.820 -16 172.5 i. CO 00

colorl. liq. 87.5 y. s. 00 oo

colorl. leat i6i-2' i.

colorl. 59-61 V. s.

[orl. 86-7 V. s. V. 8. bz.

oU <-30 V. s. s. s.

colorL -br, 2.285 42.5 (45) 1.42tt^ 00 00

hq.
orl. Uq. 0.818" 144 V. si. s. 00 oo

iorl.~yel. 0.88S'' 195-6 d.

lorl. Uq. 0.72218. 76-8
_. orl. Uq. 0.^319 116 (119) i. 00 oo

colorl. Uq. 0.9120P 92.3 si. s. 00 oo

colorl. Uq. 0.7564 59.6 1016 8. 00

209

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Name Ssmonsrms Formula

Methyl
isopropyl benzene CH3.C6H4CH(CH3)2
(m.)
" ketohe CH3C0CH(CH3)2
" ketoxime CH3C(N0H)CH
(ch3)V
isosuccinate.... CHjCH-CCOO-
CH3)2
isovaleriate C4H9COOCH3...
lactate CH3eH(OH).COO-
CH3
malate. C2H40.(C00CH3)2
malonate CH2(C00.CH3)2..
mercaptan CHsSH
mustard oil methyl isothio- CH3NCS.
cyanate
naphthalene . C10H7CH3.
CioH7*CH3.
naphthylamine C10H7NHGH3.....

" C10H7 NHCH3.....

naphthyl ether^) nerolin
C10H7 O CHs.
CioH7*0-CH3.
nitrate CH3NO3
nitrite CH3NO2
nitrobenzoate (0.) NO2C6H4CQOCH3
(m.) NO2C6H4COO.
CH3
(p.) N02CH4C00.
CHs
nitrolic acid.... HC(N0H)N02
nonyl ketone. . . CH3COC9H19....

orange Na salt of helian- (CH3)2N-C6H4-N2-

thine C6H4S08Na
palmitate C16H31 COO *CHs..
phenyl acetate.. CeHeCHzCOO-
CHs
" carbinol CH3CH(0H).C6H6
'* ether, See anisol
phos'phine CH3PH2
phthalate. See dimethyl phthalate
propargyl ether. CHs-O-CsHs
propionate C2H6COOCHS...
propyl acetic acid CH3CH(C8H7)
COOH
" amine.... CHs*NH-C3H7. . .
" ether CH30.C3H7
" ketone CH3COC8H7.....
" ketoxime.. CH3C(N0H)C3H7
pyridine. See picoline
pyrrol (1) C4H4N-CH3. ...

210
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)
Solubility in gms. per
Crystal Melting- Boiling- 100 c.c. of
No. line form point point
and color (A)Air=l C -c
Water Alcohol Ether

col^rl. liq. 0.8622 175-6

00
colorl. iiq. 0.805 95 V. si. s. CXJ

colorl. liq. 157-8

CO
colorl. liq. 1.107 179 V. si. s. cx>

00
colorl. liq. 0.9010 116.7 V. si. s. CO

colorl. liq. 1.094 144.8 s., d. s. s.

oo oo
colorl. liq. 242-6 V. s,
oo 00
colorl. liq. 1.160 -62 181.5 V. si. s.
gas -^30.5 5.8 i. V. s. V. s.

i!669< 35 119 V. si. s. CO V. s.

colorl. liq, I.OOIM -22 240-2 i. V. s. V. s.

colorl. 32.5 242 V. s. V. s.

monocl.
293 V. s. V. 8.
red oil i-

darkens in 298
air
colorl. liq. 1.096 i. V. s. V. s.

colorl. leaf, 72 274 si. s. si. s. V. 8. '

liq. i!i8222 65-6, si. s. s. S.
exp.
0.991 -12 8.
00 00
yel. oil 1.28620 -13 275 i.

78.5 (70) si s.
methyl
yel. leaf. 96 i. s. 8.

need, 64 y. s. V. 8.

0.829" 15 224 s. 8.
colorl.
(230)
yel. powd. V. s. 8. i.

28 i. S. 8.
colorl. OO
OO
colorl. liq. 1.044 i.

oo 00
colorl. liq. 202-4 i.

-14 si. s. si. 8. V. 8.

cOO
colorl. liq. 0.83 61-2 si. s. 00

6.520 00 OO
colorl. liq. 0.91520 <-75 79.9
colorl. liq. 0.9410 193 0.57" s. 8.

colorl. liq. 0.7201' 62-4 s.

38.9 o6 OO
colorl. liq. 0.7460 s.
CO
colorl. Uq. 0.812 102 V. si. s. 00
00 . 00
colorl. liq. 0.90720 168 s.

114-5 i. oo , 00
colorl. liq. 0.915

SoUdifies at 6'' C.
211

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 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS Of

No. Name Synonyms Formula

Methyl
pyruviate C3H3O3.CH3
qiiinoline (2) . . . quinalt^ne CH3C9H6N
salicylate artificial oil of HOC6H4COOCH3
wintergreen
stearate CnHss COO-CHs. .
sulphate (CH3)2-S04
su^hide (CH3)2.S
sulphite (CH3)2-S03
sulphocyanate. . methyl thiocyanate CH3SCN....
sulphonic acid. . CH3HSO3
" chloride CH3SO2CI
tartrate. dimethyl tajirate
tetramethylene . CsHio
trichlor-acetate . ca3C00CH3....
trimethyl acetate
trimethylene
g::H3)3CCOO.CH3
NH2'cb -NHCHa!!
uric acid (1) C6H603N4
" " (3).... C6H603N4+^H20...
' " (7).... CeHeOsN4+H2O
valeriate. C4H9.COOCH3...
Methylal CH2 (0CH3)2
Methylene acetate (CH3G00)2CH2...
bromide ^brom-methane.. CH2Br2
chloride dichlor-methane.. CH2CI2.......
iodide diiodo methane... CH2I2.....
Michler's ketone. See tetramethyldiarm nohenzophenone (4, 4')
Milk sugar. See lactose
Monacetin (a). . . glyceryl monace- CH2(0H).CH(0H).
tate CH2OOCCH3
Morphine CiTHiflOsN+HzO...
hydrochloride. CiTHigOsN-HCl
+3H2O
sulphate (Ci7Hi903N)2H2S04
Mucic acid C00H^.%H0H)4-
COOH

Murexide NH4 salt of pur- C8H4O6N6.NH4

puric acid +H2O
Msa-icyl alcohol. . C30H61 OH

Myristic acid. ... C13H27 COOH. ..

Myristine. tr^myristine. (Ci4H2702)8C8H6.

Naphthalene CloHs.
disulphonic acid CioHfi (SOsH) 2...
(2.6)

212
 HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Solubility in ems. per
Crystal Melting- Boiling- 100 c.c. of
line form point point
and color (A)Air=l C
Water Alcohol Ether

eolorl. liq. 134-7 00 00

colorl. liq. 246-7 V. si. s.

colorl. liq. iiise" -8.3 224 si. s. 00 00

colorl. 38 i. s. s.
colorl. liq. 1.3520 -10 188.3-.6 V. si. s. S.
colorl. liq. 0.84621 -83 38 i. s. s.

colorl. liq. 1.046 121.5 dec. s. s.

oo
colorl. liq. 1.C -51 133 i. oo

colorl. liq. d. 130 V. s.

1.51 160 i. s. s.

colorl. liq. 39-40 i. 00 00

colorl. 1.67336 34 191-2 dec. dec. s.

colorl. liq. 1.0440 101 00 oo

gas 4-5 si. s. V. s. V. s .

colorl. 162 dec. V. s. V. s. si. s.

prisms
colorl. d. 400 0.05100O
need,
colorl. pr. d. 360 0.381000 V. si. s. s. alk.
f. w.
colorl. leaf. d. 370-80 1.25100 s. alk.
f. w.
colorl. liq. 0.9100 127.3 V. ^1. s. 00 . oo
00
colorl. liq. 0.872 45.5 V. s. 00
00
colorl. liq. 170 CO

2!498" 97 i!i^o 00 00

cSorl.Hq. 1.377 42
180 d.
220O . . 00
oo
00

yel. liq. 3.333 i. s.

colorl. liq. 1.221 dec. V. s. V. s. si. s.

colorl. 1.32 230 d. 0.03 0.6 0.02

need,
need. 5.72 2.38 i.

need. d. 250 6.66 0.22 i.

colorl. 206 d. 0.3314 i.

cryst.
powd.
purp. s. i. i.
powd.
colorl. 85 i. s. s.

need. f.
eth.
colorl. leaf. 53.8 250.5 V. si. s. V. si. B

< a
^t. need. 55 s.

f. eth.
colorl. 1.152 80 218 i. 5.3 abs. V. s.

monocl.
need. V. s. s. i.

213 V

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

No, Name Synonyms Formula

Naphthalene
disulphonic acid CioHe-(803^)2
(2, 7)
sulphonic acid (a) CioHr SOaH+HzO ,
C10H7SO3H
sulphonic chloride CioH7-S02C1

Naphthalic acid
^ CioH7-S02C1
CioHe- (C00H)2. ...
(1,8)

7 Naphthamide (a). CioH7*CO*NH2. ...

8 CioH7-CO-NH2....
9 Naphthoic acid (a) C10H7 COOH

10 " 0) CiH7COOH.

11
12
aldehyde ^) C10H7 CHO.
C10H7CHO.

13 Naphthol (a). . .. CioH7-OH

14 (/8).... C10H7OH.... ....

15 Nai HOCioHeSOsH...
1 (1, 2)
16 Naphthol sulphonic HOCioHeSOaH...
acid (2, 6)
17 Naphthonitrile (a) naphthyi cyanide C10H7CN

18 " ^ ' 0) C10H7CN.

19 N aphthoquinone CioH602. . .

^0 C10H6O2

21 Naphthyi acetate CHa COO C10H7...

22 C&3COOC10H7...
23 amine (a). CioH7'NH2

24 " hydrochlo- CioH7-.NH2 HC1. .

'ride (a)
25 " 0) C10H7NH2
26 " hydrochlo- C10H7 NH2 HCI. . .
27 ride (/S)
28 " sulphonic naphthionic acid . NH2 CioHe SO3H
acid (1^4) +iH20
29 cyanide. See naphtho-nitrile
30 ether .;;.; C10H7 O C10H7. . .
31 CioH7'0*CioH7. . .
32 hydrazine (a),,. CioH7-NHNH2...
33 CioH7'NH'NH2. ..
34 ketone (a, /?)... C10H7COC10H7..
35 Naphthylene diami ne. See diamino^na pTUhalene

214
 HANDBOOK OP tHEMISTBY AND PHYSICS
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)
Solubility in gms. per
Crystal Melting- Boiling- -100 c.c. of
line form Ifcfi point point
''C
and color (A)Air=l 'C
Water Alcohol Ether

leaf. i.

90 si. s.
leaf, 161
67 V. s.
tab.

77 V. s.

colorl. V. st. s. si. 8.

need.
f. al.
colorl. f. al. 202 V. si. s. V. si. s.
colorl. tab. 192 b1. s. . si. s.
colorl. 160 300 V. si. s. hi V. s. h.
need,
colorl. 184 >300 V. sl. s. h. V. s.

need.
292
cdork leaf. 61 s. h. V. s.

f. w.
colorl. 1.2^40 94 278-80 si. s. h. V. s.

monocl. i. c.
colorl. leaf, 1.2174 122 285-6 .si. s. h. V. s.

colorl. tab. >250

colorl. leaf. 122 V. s.

colorl. i.imr 37.5 299 V. s.

need,
colorl. leaf, 1.094fe 66 304-5 s.

yel need. 125 si. I 8.

red need. d. 115-20 s.

f. eth.
need. f. al. 44.8 s. h.

need, 68.5 i. - V. s.

colorl. 1.12311 50 300 0.17 V. s.

need, 3^77200
need.

leaf. f. w. 111-2 306

V. s. V. s. 8.
leaf.

need. f. w. t 0.0215O V. si. V. sl. S.

colorL leaf, 110 >360 : s. h. ,s.

colorl. 105 abt. 360 8. h. V. 8.

colorl. leaf, 116 V. si. s. c, V. s. h. V. s. chl.

colorl. leaf, 124-5 s. chl. V. 8. h. 8. bz.
135 1.3" V. 8.
colorl.
need.f.
aL

The anhydride forms at ISO C.; this melts at about 270 C.

t AJl^thernaphtiiylamiae-sidphonic ci^ havesimilar solubihtiesi
215

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 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICiU:. CONSTATTTS OF

No. Name Synonyms Formula

Narceine. C28H27O8N+3H2O..

hydrochloride... C23H27O8N.HCI
+3H2O
Narcotine C22H23O7N

Nicotine CioHi4N2. . .V
salicylate CioHi4N2-C7H603, .
Nicotinic acid C6H4N.COOH
Nitraniline (o.)y.. NO2C6H4NH2....
NO2C6H4NH2....
" (p.)... N02C6H4-NH2....
10 Nitro-alizarine (a) (H0)2-Ci4H602 N02
11 alizarine orange. (H0)2-Ci4H602 N62
12 anisol (o.) NO2C6H4OCH3...
13 (p.) NO2C6H4OCH3...
14 anthracene (9).. nitrosoanthron... Ci4H9N02
15 anthraquinone (a) C6H4: (C0)2:C6H3-
N02
16 benzaldehyde (o.) N02C6H4CH0...
17 (m.) N02C6H4CH0...
18 (p.) N02C6H4CH0...
19 benzamide (o.).. N02C6H4C0NH2
20 (m.). N02C6H4C0.NH2
21 (p.).. N02C6H4C0.NH2
benzanilide (m.) N02C6H4C0NH.
CeHs
23 benzene C6H5NO2
24 benzoic acid (o.) NO2 C6H4 COOH..
25 NO2C6H4COOH..
26 NO2C6H4COOH..
27 benzonitrile NO2C6H4CN
28 NO2C6H4CN
29 (p.). NO2C6H4CN
30 benzophenone (o.) NO2C6H4CO.C6H6
31 (m.) NO2C6H4COC6H6

32 (p.) NO2C6H4CO.C6H6
33 benzoquinone... NO2 0(^302
^4 benayl alcohol (o.) NO2C6H4CH2OH.

216
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHltSICS

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Melting- Boiling-
Solubility in gms. per
Crystal 100 c.c. of
line form point point
and color (A)Air=l C
Water Alcohol Ether

colorl. 170 0.07818' 0.1

w.
yel. cryst. 190-2 si. s. s.
anh.
colorl. 176 ' 1. lo 0.8
need.
f. al.
liq. 1.01020 247.3
plates 117.5 s.
colorl. 228-9 subl. si. s. c.; s. h. V. si. s.
need, s. h.
need. f. al. 1.443 71.4 V. si. s. s.

yel. need. 1.39818 114 285 " si. s.- s.

f. al. (111.8)
yel. need. 1.437 146.5 0.0819; s.

f. al. 2.2100
yel. need. 289 d. si. s. s. alk.
f. al.
or. need. 244 d. si. s. s. chl.
f. bz.
yel. oil 1.26820^ 9 265 1. 00 00

colorl. 1.23320 54 258-60 V. si. s. c. s. V. s.

plates
yel. need, 146 V. s.bz. V. s. CSz
f. 0l.
yel. need. 22&-30 subl. i. si. s. si. s.

yel. need. 44.5 15323mm V. si. s. V. s.

f. w.
need, 58 16423 V. si. s. s. V. s .

colorl. 106 si. s. h. V. s. s.

prisms
need, 174-6 317 s. h.
yel need. 140-2 310-5 s. h.
f. w.
need. 197-8 V. si. s.
(201.4)
leaf.fr. w. 153^ subl. V. si. s.c. s. s.

5.4 210 V. si. s. V. s. c. V. s.

1.5754- 148 0.6820 2810 21.611'
1.4944 0.3120" 33100 25.111
leaf. f. w. 140
leaf, f. w. 1.55032 238 0.0420 0.0910 2.211
sUky need, 109 s. h. s. s.
need. 117-8 si. s.

l^f. f. al. si. s. c. si. s. c.; s. chl.

s. h.
colorl. 105 si. s. abs.
colorl. 94-5
need,
f. al.
colorl. leaf. 138
f. al.
yel d.abt.206 V. s. h. si. s.
need. 74 si. s. c. 8.

217
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

No. Name Synonyms Formula

Nitro-
benzyl alcohol(m.) NO2.C6H4CH2OH.
(p.) NO2C6H4CH2OH.
" cyanide(o) NO2C6H4CH2CN.
" (p.) NO2 C6H4 CH2CN.
bromoform,., CBr3N02
' chloroform, See chlor-picrin
cinnamic acid (o.) N0^-^H4CH:CH
" (m.) N02C6H4CH:CH
COOH
9 " (p.) N02C6H4CH:6CH
COOH
10 diethyl aniline N02^C6H4N(C2H5)2
11 .
N02-C6H:4-N(C2H5)2
12 dimethyl amine. (CH3)2N.N02
13 *' aniline(m.) N02C6H4N(CH3)2
14 (p.) N02-C6H4N(CH3)2
15 diphenyl (o.). . . C6H5C6H4N02.,.
16
" (p) C6H5C6H4N02...
17 ethane C2H6N02
18 glycerine glyceryl trinitrate C3H6(N03)3
19 guanidine NH2CNHNHNO2
20 methane CH3NO2.
19 naphthalene . C10H7IN O2.
22
CioH7-N02.
23 naphthoic acid CioH6(N62)COOH
(8. 1)
24 naphthol (2, 1). NO2C10H6OH....
25 (4,1). NO2C10H6OH....
26 (1. 2: NO2.Ci0H6-OH....
27 (5. " Oj-CioHe-OH....
28 (8,, 2) . )2-CioH6*OH
29 naphthylamine NO2C10H6NH2...
30 iU N02vCioH6.NH2. . .
31 (5,2) N02CioH6-NH2...
32 (8,2) NO2C10H6NH8...
33 phenol (o.). 188 13
N02C6H40H 139.08
34 (m.) N02C6H40H..... 139.08
35 . " (p.) N02C6H40H 139.08
36 phthalic acid (3) N02.C6H3(C00H)2 21l.m

218
 HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)
Solubility in gms. per
Crystal Melting- Boiling- 100 c.c. of
line form point point
and color (A)Air=l "C
Water Alcohol EthCT

rhomb, 27
need. f. w. 93 179.3 si. s. c.;
s. h.
need, f. w. 82.5-4.0 s. h.
prisms f, 114-6
al.
2.81112 10 127"8 s.

240 1. c. si. s. c.
sc. or need.
f. al.
yel. need. 196-7 V. si. s.

284-^ V. si. s. si. s. h. V. si. s.

prisms f.
al.
yel. oil 288-90

need. 77-8 V. s. h. il. s. Igr.

187 s. s.
57-8
red. pr. f. 1.313" 60-1 280-5 d. s.

eth.
163-4 s. B. conc.
need. f. al.
HCl
320 V. s. V. s.
leaf. f. al. 37
114 340 si. s. c. s.
need. f. al. oo do
1.056 114-5 si. s.
0.12 25 CO
colorl.-yel. 1.601 13

230 (240) V. si. s. c. si. s.

si. s. h
1.144 -26 101 si. s. 8. alk.
304 i. s. 2.8"''
yel. need, 61
rhomb. 79 i. V. s. V. s.

need,
215 0. 04 c. 4.6 si. s.
prisms
leaf. ' 128 V. si. s. si. s.
yel. need. 164 s. h. V. s.

f. w.
103 V. si. s. c.
yel.
147 V. s.
yel. need,
144-5 V. s.
yel. need.
f. w.
yel. pr. f. 144
al.
or. yel. abt. 125 s. h. V. s.

n^. s. bz.
143.5 V. s. h.
red. need.
f. al.
103.5 V. s.
rod need, V. S.
prisms 45.2 214 V. si. s. c, V. s.
si. s. c.; V. s.; V. s.
tab. 96
s. h.
279 d. si. s. c.; V. s. V. s.
monocl. 114
s. h.
219-20 sl.s. V. s. V. s.
yel.
monocl.
f. eth.

210

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

No. Name Synonyms Formula Mol.

wt.

Nitro-
phthalic acid (4) N02C6H3(C00H) 229.11
+H2O
2 phthalide (5). . . NO2 C8H5O. ...... 163.09
3 propane
4 quinoline
CH3CH2CH2NO2 89.08
NO2C9H6N.... 174.11
5
NO2 C9H6N. ... 174.11
6
NO2C9H6N.... 174.11
- 7
NO2 C9H6N. ... 174.11
8 salicylicacid (3)". N02C6H3(0H). 201.10
9 COOH+H2O (3,2,1)
" (5). N02-C6H3(0H). 183.09
COOH (5, 2, 1)
10 styrene (o.)
N02C6H4CH:CH2 149.11
11
12 N02C6H4CH:CH2 149.11
13 thiophene (2)... N02C6H4CH:CH2 149.11
NO2C4H3S 129.11
14 toluene (o.) NO2C6H4CH3....
15 137.10
" (m.).... NO2C6H4CH3.... 137.10
16
NO2C6H4CH3.... 137.10
17 o-toluidine (3). . NO2C6H3CH3 152.12
18 " " (4). . 152.12
19 ' " (5). . NS^lHt'CH? 152.12
20 * (6).. 152.12
21 m- " (2). .
152,12
22 " " (4). . 152.12
23 " " (5).. 152.12
24 " " (6).. 152.12
25 P- " (2).. NoJ^iHs'CH? 152.12
26, ' " (3).. 152.12
27 urethane. NO^^y?COO^C2H6 134.08
28
NH2CONHNO2.. 105.06
29 Nitroform. .. trinitro-methane.. 151.04
30 Nitroso-
aniline (p.) NO-C^Hl'-NHaV.*.'; 122.10
31 benzene CeHsNO 107.08

32 benzoic acid (o.) NO2C6H4COOH.. 167.09

33 diethylamine. . . (C2H6)2NN0 102.12
34 diethylaniline (p.) N0C6H4N(C2H6)2 178.18

220
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ORGANIC COMPOmSTDS (Gontinued)

Solubility in gms. per
Crystal Melting- Boiling-
line form Vii point
lOO c.c. of
and color (A)Air=l ''C
Water Alcohol Ether

need. 161 s-

need, f. al. 141 i. c.

liq. Oil 131 V. si. s. 00

need. f. w. 72 subl. si. s. h. s. bz.

need: 149-50 subl. V. si. s. c. V. si. s. V. si
s. h.
need. f. al. 132-3 V. si. s. V. s

need. f. al. 88-9 V. si. s. c. s. s.

long need. 144 anh. 0.13 c. V. s. V. s

need. 228-30 0.07 c.; V. s. V. s

s. h.
colorl. liq. 12-13.5 s. conc.
H2SO4
-5 s. abs. s.; s. Igr.
pr. f. Igr. 29 s. Igr. V. s. h. V. s

monocl. 44 224-5 1. V. s. V. s

yel. liq. 168 -10.5 220.4 V. si. s. c.

16822 15.9 232 V. si. s. c.
colorl. 28620" 52 237.7 V. si. s. V. s

need,
or. prisms 96 V. s. bz. V. s. V. s

monocl. 179 s.

yel. need. 366 127-8 V. si. s. h. V. s.

yel. leaf. 378 91.5 1.3 h. V. s.

yel. need. 53 si. s. V. s.

yel. leaf. 109 s. h. V. s. V. s.

f. w.
or. need. 98 V. si. s. V. s. V. s.

yel. need. 138 s. a . s.

77.5 s. si. s.
""tonool. V. si. s. h.
CS2
red. pr. f. 312 114 V. s.

al. (116-7)
colorl. leaf. 64 V. s . s. Igr.
fr. Igr.
cryst. dec. si. s. V. s.

powd.
colorl. oil 15 exp.
steel blue 173-4 s. bz.
need,
colorl. 67.5-8.0
. monocl.
f. eth.
coIotI. f. 210 d. V. si. s. V. si. s.
abs. al. bz.
yel. liq. 951W 175.4
need. 84'" si. s.

221
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSIC^ CONSTANTS OF

No. Name Synonyms Formula

Nitroso-
diisopropylamine C(CH3)2-CH]2N-N0
dimethylamine.. (CH3)2N.N0
dimethylaniline N0C6H4N(CH3)2.
^ I .
diphenylamine.. (C6H6)2-N-N0
dipropylamine. . (OT3 CH2 CH2)2N
naphthol (2, 1). NOCioHeOH
" (4,1). NOCioHeOH.

" (1.2). NOCioHeOH.

naphthylamine NOCioH6NH2.
(1,2).
phenol (p.) quinone monoxime NOC6H4OH
toluene (o.) NO.C6H4CH3
Nonane (n.) C9H20
Nondecylic acid.. C18H37COOH
Nonyl alcohol C9H19OH
Nonylic acid CsHuCOOH
Octane (n.) CsHis
Octyl alcohol (n.). CsHitOH
aldehyde CH3(CH2)6CH0..
amine CH3 (CH2)7 NH2. .
' formate HCOOCsHit.....
Oenanthol. heptylic aldehyde" CcHisCHO
Oenanthylic acid. heptylic acid C6Hi3COOH.
Oleic acid C17H33COOH
Olein. . triolein. (Ci8H3302)3C3H6. . .
Oxalic acid COOHCOOH
Oxalyl chlorid
Oxamic acid
cocf^oci
COOH .CONH2....
Oxamide CONH2 .CONH2. ..
Oxanilic acid COOHCONHCeHs
Oxanilide CeHsNHCOCO-
NHCeHs
Oxindol CsHtON
Palmitic acid.... CH3(CH2)i4COOH
Pahnitin tripalmitin,
Palmitolic acid...

Palmito-nitrile... C15H31CN.
Papavierine G20H2iO4N.

Parabanic acid... oxalyl urea. C3H2O3N2.

Paraformaldehyde (cmo)x..
Paraldehyde (C2H40)3..

222
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Solubility in gm8. per
Crystal Melting- Boiling- 100 c.c. of
line form point point
and color (A)Air=l C C
Water Alcohol Ether

46 194.5 V. sk s. V. s.
00 00
yel. 148 V. s.

green 'sr'.s V. sk s. s. s.

scales
yel. tabi 66.5 v.sk S.C.; s. bz.
s. h.
00
yel. liq. 0.924 296 V. sk s. 00

(200-5)
yel. need. 147-8 V. sk s. c. V. s. s.

f. bz. (152)
ypl. abt. 193 i. V. s. V. s.

d.
brown pr. 109.5 V. sk s. 2.413' V. 8.

f.al. ^ (106) V. s. n.

gr'n. need. 150-2 sk s. h. V. s.' V. s.

f.al.
yel. need, 120-30 d. s. V. s. V. s.

cryst. 72-2.5 V. g. chk V. s. V. s.

cciorl. liq. 0.71820 -51 i49!7* i. V. s. V. s.

leaf. f. ak 66.5 i.
colork liq. -5 2i3'.5* oo 00

0.689 12 253-4 V. sk s. s. s.

.Aliq. 0.706 -56.6 125.5 i.

00 00
colork liq. 0.8380'' -17.9 195.5 s.
00
colorl*. liq. 0.82120' V. sk s. CO

i76'" V. sk s. V. s. V. s.

colorl. liq. 6'.89^'" 198 i.

oo
colorl. liq. 0 850^0 155 8.

colork liq. 0.921 223 sk s. s. 8.

need. 0.89112 u' 286100mm i. 00 oo

oil 56 i. sk s. V. s.

colork 1.653 . 99 9.515 V. s. c. 1.215

monocl.
colork liq. -12 64 dec. dec. 8.

colork 210 d. 1.414 V. sk s.

wh. powd. 1.47630" 417-9 d. i. i. i.
149 s. h. V. s. V. s.

245 i. V. sk s. h i.
(252.5)
need, f. w. 120 V. s. h. s. s.

colork 6! 853" 62.6 dec. i. 9.320 s.

need,
colork 0.86680 65.5 i. V. sk s. V. s.

colork 47 i. V. s. V. s .

need,
colork tab. 0.82231 29(31) 251^ i. s. s.

146-7 v.sk s. h. V. s.; V. 0.3910

colork
need. f. s. chl.
ak
colork pk 227-35 4.78 V. s . sk s
f. w. d.
wh. amor. sub. abti V. s. i. i.
120
A QQQ 10.5 124 10
"

* Anhydrous form mdts at 187 C.

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTAKTS OF

Name Sjmonyms Formula

Pararosaniline . . . C(OH).(CeH4-NH2)3
Pelargonic acid... CH3(CH2)7C00H
Penta-brombenzene CcHBrs
chloraniline ChCeNHa
chlorbenzene. . . CeHCh
chlorethane CCI3CHCI2
decane (n.) CHs (CH2)i3 CHa..
ethyl benzene... C6H.(C2H5)6
methyl benzene. CeH* (CH3)6
" b^nzoic acid (CH3)5C6C00H..
" phenol.. (CH3)5C60H
methylene cyclo pentane.... CeHio
" (famine cadaverine NH2(CH2)6-NH2..
Pentaminob^zene C6Hv(NH2)6
Pentane (n.) C5Hi2
Perchlorethane. See hexachiorethane
Perchlorether.... C2CI6 O C2CI5.
Perseite (d. or 1.). CrHieOy

Phenacetin. See acetphenetidide

Phenanthrene.... C14H10. .
Phenanthrene- C14H8O2.
quinone
Phenanthrol Ci4H9*OH. . . . . . . ,
Phenazine Ci2H8N2....
Phenetol phenyi ethyl ether CeSs O C2S5
Phenocoil aminoacetyl-para- C2H5OC6H4NH.
phenetidine COCHaCNH)
+H2O
Phenol carbolic acid CeHsOH

-phthalein C20H14O4
Phenyl-acetanilide C6H6NHOCCH2-
CeHs
acetaldehyde. . . C6H6 CH2 CHO...
acetate. CHs COO CeHs. . .
acetic acid C6H5CH2COOH..

acetylene CeHsC-CH..
acridine (9) CeHsCisHsN.

amino-propionic phenyi aJanine. .. C6H6.CH2GH

acid OS, a) (NH2)C00H
amino-propionic C6H6CH(NH2)-
acid (^, /S) CH2COOH
benzoate CeHe-.COO'CeHs...

benzoic acid (o.). C6H6C6H4COOH.

" (m.) C6H6C6H4COOH.

" (p.) C6H6.C6H4COOH.

benzylamine CeHs NH CHa*

CeHs
carbamate C6H6 COONH2. ...

224
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ORGANIC COMPOTODS (Continued)

Solubility in gms. per
Crystal Melting- Boiling- 100 c.c. of
line form H26=i point point
and color (A)Air=l "C "C
Water Alcohol Ether

leaf. 188-9 i.
colorl. leaf, 0.910 12.5 253-4 si. s.
need. f. al. 159-60 subl. s. bz. si. s. 8l. 8.
need. 232 V. 8. V. 8.

need. f. al. 0.76920* 85-6 27^' i. V. sl. 8. V. 8.

cx> 00
1.834 -22 161.7
lorl. 0.769 10 270.5 V. 8. V. 8.

colorl. liq. O.SQgw"* <-20 277

colorl. 53 230
need, f. w. 210.5 subl. y. si. s.
need. f. al. 125 267
colorl. liq. 0.75120 50-1 i!
syruj 0.885 abt.'9' 178-9 V. s. sl. 8. sl. 8.
V. s. i. i.
colorl. liq. 0.634 '37' *
scales 1.900 69 dec.
colorl. 188 5.518 sl. 8.
need.

colorl. leaf, 1.063100O 100 340 10 h. V. 8.

or. need. 202 360 si. s. h. sl. 8. sl. 8.

need, 112 (152) si. s. V. s. V. 8.

yel. need, 170-1 abt. 360 V. si. s. 2 sl. 8.

^lorl. liq. 0.9820- 172
wh. need. abt. 95; si. s.
anh.
100.5
colorl. 1.07220 42.5-3.0 183 6.710;
ooeso
need,
triclinic 250-3 si. s. sl. 8.
prisms f. 117 3.3 8.

al.
colorl. liq. 1.032 193-4 V. si. s. 00

colorl. liq. 1.0930 196 V. si. s.

colorl. leaf. 76.5 265.5 V. s. h. V. s.
si. s. c.
colorl. liq. 0.93712 139-42 00

yel. need, 18i.^2.5 403-4 sl. s. 8.; V. s.

f. al. bz.
prisms 263-5 d, V. sl. i.

monocl. 120-1 V. s. V. sl. 8.

colorl. 68-9 314 V. si. s. s.

monocl.
colorl. 110-1 343 si. s. h. V. 8.
need,
colorl. leaf. 160-1 si. s. y. s. V. 8.
(166)
colorl. 218-9 subl. V. si. s. V. 8. V. 8.

need, (224) h.
pr. f. al. 32 298-300

leaf. 141 si; 8.;

s. h.

225

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Name Synonyms Formula

Phenyl-
carbylamine CeHe-NCCb.......
chloride
cyanide. See benzonitrile
disulphide
ditolylmethane..
CH3)2
ether CeHfiOCeHs

ethyl alcohol. . . benzyl carbinol... C6H6CH2CH2OH.

" amine.... C6H6CH2CH2-NH2

glucosazone (d.) Ci8H2204N4

glycine anilino acetic acid C6H5.NH.CH2-
COOH
jlyoxylic acid...
glyoxyh benzoy formic acid CeHsCOCOOH...
hydrazii C6H6.NH.NH2.....

hydroxylamine (/S) CeHsNH.OH

isocyanide phenyl carbylamine CaHsNC

methyl ketone. See acelo-phenone

mustard oil phenyl isothio- C6H5.NCS;.
cyanate
naphthalene g) C10H7C6H5.......
C10H7. CeHs
CioHT.NH'CeHs. ..
CioHrNHCe
naphthyl ketone C10H7. CO CeHg....

" , ' 08) C10H7 .CO. C6H5....

nitramine C6H6.NH(N02)....
prop olic acid... C6H6.C;C.C00H.

P3rridine (a).... C6H5.C6H4N

C6H6C6H4N......

C6H5C6H4N
quinoline CeHsCoHeN
saPcylate salol. HOCeHi-COOCeHs

semi carbazide (1) CeHsNHNHCO.

NH2
sulphide (C6H5)2S

toluene (o.) C6H6.C6H4CH3...

;; (m.).... C6H5.C6H4.CH3. . .
(p.).... C6H .C6H4.CH3. ..
tolyl ketone (o.)^ CeHs. CO C6H4 CHs
C6H5CO.C6H4.CH3
CeHs. CO. C6H4. CH3
urea C6H5.NH.CO.NH2

urethane. ethylphenyl car- C6H5.NH.COO.

bamate C2H6
Phenylene See diamina-hemene
diamine.

226
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)
Solubility in gms. per
Crystal- Melting- Boiling- 100 c.c. of
,liiie form point point
and color (A)Air=l G "C
Water Alcohol Ether

colorl. oil 209

need. 60-1 310 d. 1.

55-6 V. s. bz.

colorl. 1.07320 28 252-3 V. si. s.

monocl. (259)
colorl. liq. 1.024 212 1.620
wh.-yel. 0.95824 197-8 4 V. s.

yd. need, 217 V. si. s. s. h.

colorl. 125-7

colorl. 65-6 V. s.

yellow. 1.09723 17.5 243.5 si. s.

si. d.
need, 81-2 2c.;10h. V. s.

dolorl.- 6!978'" 165-6 dec. dec.

grn. liq.

Hq. 1.138 -21 221

colorl. liq. 324-5 V. s. V. s.

colorl. leaf, 102-2.5 345 V. s. V. s.

colorl. leaf, 60-2 V. s. bz. V. s . V. s .

need, 107.5-8.0 395 s. chl. s.

rhombic 75.5 385 2.412

need. 82 i. 2 c.
leaf. f. Igr. 46-6.5 s. V. s .

long 136-7 sdbi. V. si. s. V. s .

need.
269-71 V. s . V. s .

Sa- 269.5-
70.5
V. s. V. s .

leaf. f. w. 77 274-5 V. si. s. h

need. f. al. 84-6 300 si. s. V. s. h. V. s.

colorl. 1.26130 42.5 V. si. s. 21.525 V. s .

rhomb,
leaf. f. al. 172 si. s. c.; V. s.
s. h.
liq. 1.119ir 296 s.
00 bz.
colorl. liq. 258-60
colorl. liq. 1.0310 272-7
colorl. liq. 1.01527 -2-3 263-7
colorl. liq. <-18 315-6
colorl. liq. i! 08818' 314-6 00 bz. V. s. V. s.

monocl. 59-60* 326 V. s. bz. s. V. s.

monocl. 146.5-7.0 si. s. c.; V. s . V. 8.

V. s. h
need. f. w. 51.5-2.0 V. si. s. V. s.

* A hexagonal form melts at 55 C.

227

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
PHYSICM, qONSTANTS OF

No. Name Synonyms Formula

Phloridzin. C2iH24Oi0+2H2O. ..
Phloroglucinol, .. trihydroxybenzene C6H3K0H)3+2H20.
(3, 1. 5)
triethyl ether... C6H3-(0C2H6)3....
trimethyl ether. CeHs (0^3)3.
Phoron C9H14O.
Phosgene. See carhonyl chloride
Phthalamide C6H4(CO-NH2)2(o.)
Phthalic acid. . . . C6H4 (C00H)2 (o.)
aldehyde... C6H4-
4-(CH0)2 (o.)..
anhydride.. CH4-,_
4-(C0)20 (o.). .
Phthalide G8H602
Phthalimide. C6H4: (CO)2: NH..
Phthalyl chloride C6H4-(C0-C1)2....
Picene. ... C22H14.
PicoUne (a) methyl pyridine (2) CH3C6H4N...
;; :: <3) CH3C6H4N...
" (7) CH3C6H4N...
Picolinic acid (2). P3nidine carbonic C5H4N6COOH.
acid (2)
Picramic acid dinitroaminophenol (N02)2(NH2)-C6H2-
OH .
Picramide trmitroaniline NH2-C6H2(N02)3
(1,2.4,6)
Picric acid trinitrophenol H0.C6H2(N02)3
(1. 2, 4, 6) (1, 2, 4, 6)
Picryl chloride. . . C1C6H2.(N03)3....
Pilocarpine C11H1602N2
hydrochloride... CUH1602N2HC1...
nitrate...
CUH1602N2HN03.
Pinacoline. CH3G0C(CH3)3..
Pinacone. . <CH3)2-C(0H).
C(0H)(CH3)2
Pinene (a) C10H16 136.18
hydrochloride... CioHi6-HC1 172.65
Piperic acid C12H10O4 218.14
Piperidine hexahydropyridine CeHiiN 85.12
Piperine C5HioNCOC4H4- 285.25
C6H8:02:CH2
Piperonal. heliotropin CH2O2C6H3CHO 150.09
Populin. . benzoyl salicin. .. C20H22O8+2H2O.... 426.31
Propane CH3CH2CH3
Propargyl acetate CH3 COO C3H3...
alcohol CH:C.CH20H....
Propiolic acid.... CH: C COOH
Propionaldoxime. C2H8.CH: NOH...
Propionanude C2H6.CO.NH2

228
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Solubility in gms. per
Crystal Melting- Boiling- 100 c.c, of
line form point point
and color (A)Air=l C
Water Alcohol Ether

need. 1.430i 10&-9* 0.1 c.: V. s. V. si. s.

V. s. h.
rhombic anh. subl. d. V. s. V. s. V. s.
217-9
colorl. 43 i. V. s . V. s.
colorl. pr. 52 255.5 V. s. V. s.

pale yel. 6! 88^* 28 198.5 s. s.

colorl. 219-20 i. i. i.
rh'bd'r.
colorl. 1.585 184 d. 0.54"; V. s. 0.6916
rhomb. 1899
56 s. s. s.

colorl. pr. i!5274" 128 284.5 V. si. s. s. . si. s.

need, f. w. 73 290 V. si. s. V. s.

need. 228.5 subl. V. si. s. V. si. s. si. s.

bz.
colorl. liq. 0 281.5 dec. dec. s.

colorl. leaf. 364 518-20 si. s. h. si. s. chl

bz.
00
colorl. liq. 0.950 129 V. s. 00

colorl. liq. 0.961 143.5 00 00 00

colorl. liq. 0.967 143.1 CO 00 00

need. f. w. 136 subl. V. s. V. s. V. si. s.

monocl. 168-9 0.1422 s. sl.s.;

f. chl. V. s. bz.
yel. tab. 188 1. i. s. acet. a.

yel. leaf, 1.767 122 1.2220 5.92".8 1.0813

f. w. 6.33ifio
81-2 i. s. s.
34 V. s. V. s. si. s.
need,
deliq.cryst. 200-4 333 43; i.; si. s.
10 abs. chl.
prisms 178 1620 6.260 i.
colorl. liq. 0.800 106 V. si. s. s. s.
colorl. 0.967 172-3 s. c.; V. s .

need, V. s. h,
colorl. Uq. 0.85920 156 V. si. s. 00 abs. 00

colorl. 125 i. V. s. s.

yel. need, 216-7 V. si. s. s. h. s.

colorl. liq. 6!862' -17 ioe cx> 00

colorl. 129-30 V. si. s. c . 6.7; 2.8

monocl. 2360
need. f. w. 37 263 0.2 c. V. s . V. s.

colorl. anh. 180 0.05 c. s. s.

need,
colorl. gas 1.558(A) -38-9 6.5C.C.18 790C.C." 926C.C.17
colorl. liq. 1.00520 124.5 s. s.

colorl. liq. 0.97220 114-5 00 00

need. 144 d. s. s.

6'.926" 21.5 131-5

colorl. leaf, 0.96080 79 213 s. s.

* Anhydrous form melts about 170 C. with decomposition.

 HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAt CONSTANTS OF

Name Synonyms Mol.

Formula
wt.

Propionanilide. . . C6H5NH.CO.C2H6 149.12

''ropionic acid. . . CH3 .CH2 COOH. . 74.06
aldel CH3CH2.CHO.... 58.06
anh3 CCHaCHaCOHaO.. 130.11
Proponal. dipropyl barbituric C10H16O3N2 212.20
acid
Propyl acetate. . . CH3.COO.C3H7... 102.11
acetylene C3H7 .C: CH 68.09
alcohol CH3CH2CH2OH.. 60.08
amine (n.) CH3.CH2.CH2NH2. 59.10
aniline CeHs NHCCsHy) . . . 135.16
benzene C6H6.CH2.CH2CH3 120.14
benzoate C6H6.COO.C3fl7... 164.15
benzoic acid (o.). C3H7.C6H4COOH. 164.15
C3H7.C6H4COOH. 164.15
bromide CH3 .CH2 .CH2Br. . 122.99
butyrate C3H7COO.C3H7... 130.15
carbamate NH2 COOC3H7. . .. 103.09
chloride CH3.CH2CH2CI... 78.52
chloride (sec.)... CH3.CHCl.CH3. . . 78.52
cyanide butyro-nitrile.... CH3.CH2.CH2.CN. 69.09
ether C3H7.0.C3H7 102.14
formate H COO.C3H7.... . 88.08
hexyl ketone C3H7.CO.C6H13 156.21
hydroxylamine(jS) C3H7.NHOH 75.10
iodide CH3.CH2.CH2I.... 169.98
isovaleriate 144.17

mercaptan CH3 .CH2 .CH2SH .. 76.14

naphthylamine(a) C10H7.NH.C3H7... 185.20
nitramine C3H7NH(N02).... 104.10
nitrate C3H7.N03 105.08
nitrite C3H7.N02 89.08
phenol (m.).... C3H7.C6H40H.... 136.14
phenyl ketone. . but3^o-phenone. . C3H7.COC6H6 148.15
propionate C2H5.COOC3H7... 116.13
sulphide (C3H7)2S. 118.21
tartrate C4H406.(CsH7)2.:.. 228.15
C3H7.NHC0.NH2 102.12
Propylenefc^. CH3.CH:CH2 42.06
bromide... dibrompropane. CH3.CHBrCH2Br. 201.96
chloride ... dichloipropane. CH3.CHC1.CH2C1. 112.98
glycol (a). CH3CH(0H).CH2 76.08
OH
oadde........ CH3(CHCH2).0 58.06
Protocatechuic (H0)2.C6H3.C00H 172.10
acid (3, 4, 1) +H20
aldehyde (3, 4, 1) (H0)2.C6H3.CH0.. 138.08
Pseudo-cumene... trimethyl benzene C6H3.(CH3)3 (1, 2, 4) 120.14
(uns.)
Pseudo-cumidine. (CH3)8C6H2NH2 135.16
(1.2, 4, 5)
48 Pulegone. CioHieO. m.is
49 Purine. . . C6H4N4. 120.10

230
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Solubility in gms. per
Crystal Melting- Boiling- 100 c.c. of
line form Ibfi point pomt
and color (A)Air=l ''C
Water Alcohol Ether

colorl. leaf, 104 0.4224

colorl. liq. 0.9872 -22 140.7 00

colorl. liq. 0.80720'' -81 48.8 2020

colorl. liq. 1.017 168.6 dec. dec.
colorl. 145 0.06 c.; V. s.
1,41000
colorl. Hq. 0.891V 102 2.3620
colorl. liq. 48-9
colorl. liq. 97.4
colorl. liq, 0.71920 49
0.94918 222
c3orl. liq. 0.86220 158
colorl. liq. 1.032 229.5 V. si. s.
leaf. f. al. 58 272 V. s. V. s.

colorl. leaf. 140 si. s. h. V..S. V. s.

71.5 0.2520
cSorl. liq. 0.879 143
colorl. pr. 53 (60) 194-5 V. s.

colorl. liq. 46.5 0.2720

colorl. liq. 36.5
0.79420 118 si. s'.' '
colorl. liq. 0.74421 90.7
colorl. liq. 0.90120 81 2.8720
colorl. liq. 0.82420 9 267 V. si. s.
need. f. abt. 46
eth.
1.748 102.4 0.1120
colorl. liq. 153-6 i.

67-8 V. si. s.
abt. 317 i.
1.10316 -21 128> si. s.
liq. 1.063 110.5
0.93521 57
^Sorl. 26 228
220-2
V. si. s.
i.
colorl. liq. 1.0090 8.5
colorl. liq. 122.4 0.5
O.SU 141.5-2.5 1.
1.13420 303 i.
107 s.

colorl. gas. i 1498 (A)' -50.2 44.6 c.c. 1250 c.c,

colorl. liq. 1.931 141.6 0.2520 s. V. s.

colorl. liq. 1.166 96.8 0.2720 V. s. V. s.

colorl. liq. 1.0510 188

colorl. liq. 0.859 35 33

colorl. 1.6424 199 d. s. V. s. s.

monocl. anh.
colorl: tab, 153-4 dec. 5 V. s. V. s .

colorl. liq. 6! 87920" -57.5 169.8

colorl. 66 234-5
need,
f. al.
colorl. liq. 0.932 221-2
mic. need, 216-7 dec. V. si. s.
f. al.

231

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Name Synonjrms Mol.

Formula
wt.

Purpurine (1, 2, 4) trioxyanthraqui- C6H4(C0)2C6H- 256.13

none (0H)3
Pyrantin C12H13O3N 219.17

Psrrazine. . C4H4N2 80.07

I^azole. . , C3H4N2 68.07
Pyrazoline. C3H6N2 70.08
Pyrene CieHio 202.16

Pyridazine C4H4N2 80.07

IVridine CeHsN 79.08
sulphonic acid (3) C6H4NSO3H 159.14
Psnidone.
Pja-ocatechin.
P3n*ocoll C4H3N (C0)2- 186.12
NC4H3
Pyrogallol pyrogallic acid. .. C6H3 (0H)3 (1,2,3) 126.08

trimethyl ether . C6H3 (0^3)3 168.14

(1. 2, 3)
Pyromellitic acid. benzene tetracar- C6H2(C00H)4 290.13
bonic acid +2H2O
(1, 2, 4, 5)
16 Pyromucic acid. . C4H3O.COOH 112.06

17 Pyrone C5H4O2 96.06

18 Pyrotartaric acid. CH3CH(C00H). 132.09
CH2COOH
19 Pyrrol. C4H4:NH 67.07
20 Pyrrolidine pentazane C4H8:NH 71.10
21 Pyrroline C4H6:NH 69.09
22 Pyruvic acid pjrroracenic acid.. CH3 CO COOH. . . 88.05

23 Quercite (d.) CeH?' (0H)^5 164.13

24 Quercitrine C21H22O12+2H2O... 502.31

25 Quinaldine. See methyl quinoUne (2)

26 Quinhydrone C6H4 02 C6H4- 218.14

27 Quinic acid. COOH 192.13

28 Quinine C20H24O2N2........ 324.31

29 hydrochloride... C20H24O2N2 HCl 396.81

+2H2O
30 sulphate. (C2oH2402N2)2H2S04 872.81
+7H2O
31 Quinol hydroquinone C6H4-(OH)2(p.)... 110.08

32 Quinoline C9H7N 129,11

33 Quinolinic acid... pyridine dicarbonic C6H8N.(C00H)2.. 167.09
acid (2, 3)
34 Quinone benzoquinone.... C6H402 108.06

35 fi,acemic acid CCH(0H).C00H]2 168.08

+H2O
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ORGANIC COMPOtJWDS (Coi^tmued)

Melting- Boiling-
Solubility in gms. per
Crystal-
lifiie form l?ofi point point lOOc.c. of
and color (A)Air=l C
Water Alcohol Ether

red need. 256 dec. s. s. s.

f. al.
pr. f. al. 155 0.075"; V. f. h. i.
1.2100
pr. f. w. 47 118 00 v.- s. V. s.
need f. al. 69.5-70.0 186-8 V. s . V. s. V. s.
colorl. liq. 144 00 00

monocl. i48-9' 1.4 V. s.

. tab.
colorl. liq. i.ilur -8 206 00 V. s. V. s.
Uq. 0.990 115 00 00 00

need. V. s. V. si. s. i:

yel. leaf. 268.9 subl. i. V. si. s. V. si. s.

need, or 133 293 d. V. s. 10025 V. s.

leaf,
colorl. 47 235 V. s. V. s.
need, (241)
triclinic anh. 264 14.216 V. s.
tab. d.

monbcl. 132-^ subl. 3.618; V. s. V. s.

V. s. h.
prisms 32.5 315 V. si. s. s. V. s.
triclinic 1.411 112 (118) . V. s. V. s. V. .8

colorl. liq. 0.96721 130 i. V. s. V. s.

colorl. liq. 0.85222.6: 87.5-8.5 oo oo oo

0.9102 90 V. s . CO oo

cS'orl. 1.28818 13.6 165 si. oo oo

d-
colorl. l.^SSia 234 (225) 10 c. si. S. : i.
monocl.
yel. need, 168 d. V. si. s. si. s. 0.8
or leaf.

dk. gr'n. subl. s. h. V. s V. s.

colorl." 1.637 161.6 dec. 409 s. V. si. s.

monocl.
si^y need. 174-5 0.05725 166 22

silky need. 156-190 5.626 16626 0.4226

silky need. 205 0.1426 1.1626 si. s.

(
:(2H20)
hex. pr. f. 169 285 5.916 V. S.-'Viiv V. s.

w.
colorl. liq. 1.090 -22.6 236.2 si. s. 00 00

231 d. 0.556.6 si. s. V. si. s.

1.31 115.7 subl. si. s. V. s. V. s.

- ^ ^SI' _
205-6 20.620 2.1 c.
 HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OP

Name Synonjonfi Formtila

RaflGmose.. C18H32O16+5H2O...

Resoreinol. dihydroxybenzene C6H4(OH)2(m.)...

(m.)
dimethyl ether. C6H4-(0CH3)2
Retene CisHis
Rhamnose isodulcite. C6H12O5+H2O.....
Ricinoleic acid. . C18H34O3
Rosaniline C(0H).(CH3-C6H3-
NH2).(C6H4NH2)
Rosolic acid C20H16O3
Rufigallic acid... Ci4H202* (0H)6 . . . .

Sabinene. . C10H16.
Saccharine. CtHbOsNS

Safrol C10H10O2.
Salicin. Ci3Hi302- (0H)6
Salicyl amide. H0.C6H4C0.NH2
(O.)

Salicylic acid. HO C6H4 COOH (o.)

aldehyde. HO .C6H4.CHO (o.)

Saligeiiin.. H0C6H4CH20H
(o.)
Salipyrine. antipyrene salicyl- C18H1804N2
ate
Salol. See phenyl salicytate
Santonin. . CisHisOs

Sarcolactic acid .. paralactic acid... CH3.CH(0H).

COOH
Sarcosine methyl glycine... CH3NH.CH2COOH
Sebacic acid. (CH2)8.(C00H)2...

Semicarbazide NH2.co.NH.NH2.
hydrochloride... NH2C0.NH.NH2.
HCl
Silver fulminate.. AgaC2N802

Skatole ' methyl indole (3). C9H9N

Sobrero! (d. or 1.) pinol hydrate.... CioHi802
Sorbic acid CHaCHrCHCH:
CHCOOH....

Sorbinose... C6H12O6

Sorbite (d.) C6H14O6+IH2O. ...

Sparteine... C16H26N2

bisulphate. C1BH26N2H2SO4
+5H2O
Starch. (C6Hio06)x (162.11)x
Stearic acid... CH3.(CH2)i6.COOH 284.38
Stearine tristeraine. (Cl8H3602)8C3H6. . . . 891.20
St^urolic acid. C18H32O2 280.35

234
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Solubility in gms. per
Crystal gr. Melting- Boiling- 10 c.c. of
No. line form point point
and color (A)Air=l C C
Water Alcohol Ether

need. 1.465 118-9 1420 V. s.

anh.
colorl. tab. 1.272 116 276.5 V. s. V. 8.

colorl. liq. 1.O8O0 214-5 V. si. s.

leaf. 1.13 98.5 390 V. S. h.
colorl. f. w. 1.471 92-3 50 cV * V. si. s.
colorl. 0.945 16-7 i.
red need. si. s.
or tab.
red leaf, 270 dec. V. si. s. V. s. h. 8.

or. red i. s. conc. 8.; 8.

H2SO4 alk.
00
colorL liq. 0.84020 162-66
colorl. 220 d. 0.43 3.1
monocl.
colorl. 1.108 11 233 1. V. s.

colorl. leaf, 1.43 201 3.6 S.

colorl. leaf. 138 (140) 270 d.' si. s.

NaaCOa
sol.
colorl. 158 0.2720 46.8525 47.6826
need.
1.17313" -10 196.5 si. s. V. s. V. s.

colorl. 1.161 86 subl.100 V. s. V. s. V. s.

rhomb,
cryst. 92 0.5W; V. s. chl. 8.

powd. 4.0100

colorl. pr. 1.187 169-70 0.02 c.; sl. 8.

0.4 h.
Uq.

rhomb, 210 d. V. s. si. s.

thin colorl. 133-3.5 295100mm 0.1" V. s.

leaf, 2.0100
pr. f. al. 96 V. s. s. s. bz.
prisms 175 d. V. s. i. abs. i.

sm. need. exp. si. s.

NH4OH HNOa
leaf. f. Igr. 95 265-6 0.05 c. V. s.

colorl. 150 270-1 3.316 V. s. V. s.

colorl. 134.5 228 d. si. s. V. s. V. 8.

need,
f. w.
^ 30 colorl. 1.654 164 200 V. si. s. h.
rhomb.
31 colorl. 110-11 s. V. si. s.
32 colorl. oil. i!62CP abt. 328 V. si. s. V. s.
d.
136 9126 4226
33 rh'b'dr.

i. i.
i 34
35
wh. i(mor. 1.5
colorl. leaf. 0.84380
no m. p.
69.3 29l)om 2.5c. V. 8.

36 colorl. 0.86280 71-1.5 V. si. s.

37 colorl. pr. 48 260' si. s. c.
f.al.

235

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICM, CONSTANTS OF

Name Synonyms Formula

StUbene... diphenyl ethylene OeSs CH : CH CeSs

Strychnine. C2iH2202N2

hydrochloride. C21H22O2N2HCI
+UH2O
nitrate. C21H22O2N2 HNO3 .

sulphate (C2iH2202N2)2-H2S04
+5H2O .
Suberic acid. . . . (CH2)6(C00H)2...

Suberone cycloheptanone... C7H12O

Succinamide. NHaCOCHzCHg-
CONH2
Succinic acid. HOOC CH2 CH2
COOH
anhydride.. (CH2C0)20

Succinimide C4H502N+H2a.. . .
Succinonitrile See ethylene cyanide
Succinyl chloride. C10CCH2CH2-
COCl
Sucrose cane sugar C12H22O11.

Sulphainine benzoic NH2S02.C6H4-

acid(o.) COOH
Sulphanilic acid. . aminobenzene sul- NH2C6H4S03H(p.)
phonic acid (p.) +H2O
^ulphoacetic acid SO3HCH2COOH
+H2O
Sulphobenzid. . . . (C6H6)2-S02
Sulphobenzoic acid^ SO3HC6H4COOH
+3H2O
Sulphobenzoic acid SO3HC6H4COOH
+2H2O
Sulphobenzoic acid SO^HCeHiCOOH
+3H2O
Sulphocyanic acid thiocyanic acid... CNSH.
Sulphonal....... acetone diethyl (CH3)2C(S02C2H6)2
sulphone
Tannic acid tannin. C14H10O9

Tartaric acid (i.).. mesotartaric acid. HOOC(CHOH) 2

COOH-fHzO
HOOC(CHOH) 2
. (d orl.) COOH
Tartromc acid. . . CH(gE^(COOH)2
Terephthalic acid. C6H4 (C00H)2 (p.)
aldehyde C6H4(CHO)2(p.)..
nitrile C6H4.(CN)2(P^...
Terpinene....... C10H16
Terpineol .... CloHisO
Terpine hydrate.. C10H20O2+H2O

236
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Melting- Boiling-
Solubility in gms. per
Crystal 100 c.c. of
No. line form mb=i point point
and color (A)Air=l ''C "C
Water Alcohol Ether

colorl. tab. 124 306-7 si. s. y. s.

tetr. f. al. abt. 268 0.01626 0.9 0.018

d.
colorl. 2.9 c. 1.7
trim,
colorl. dec. 2.426 0.8326 0.6426
need, chl.
colorl. pr. anh. 200 3.225 1.525 1.

colorl. 140 abt. 300 0.1416 V. fil. s.

need,
or tab.
oil 0.969 180 si. s. y. s.
colorl. 242-3' 0.4516; i. 1.
lHooo
need,
colorl. 1.564 185 234 6.820; si. s. si. s.
mpnocl. 121100
colorl. 1.1042o' 110.6 V. si. s ,
need,
f. al.
octah'dr. 124 287-8 V. si. s."

colorl. 1.412 16-7 190-2

colorl. 1.588 abt. 160- 200 c. si. s.

monocl. 70 d.
rh'b'dr. 165-7 V. s. V. s. V. s.
(155)
rhomb, pi d. 280 0.8916 V. si. s. V. si. 8.

tab. f. w. 84-6 V. s.

tab. 123-4 1. si. s. si. s.

trim. anh.250* 50 y. s. i.

anh.141 V. s.

need. 259-60 V. s.

Hq. 5 V. 8. V. s.

pnsms 126 300 d. 216; 50 h. abs. si. s.

6.7100
abt. 200 20 167 V. si. s.

tar'- 1.666 140-3

anh.
125 c.

colorl. 1.76 168-70 13920 V. s. V. si. s.

monocl.
colorl. pr. 185-7 d. V. s. y. s. si. s.
f. eth.
powd. subl. V. V. si. s V. si. s. V. si. s.
need, f. w. 116 245-8 1.5100 V. s. V. si. s.
colorl. 215 (222) i. si. s. si. 8.
179-82 i. 00 C30
colorl. liq. 0.86520"
colorl. 0.9362" 25 218 i. V. s. y. s.
colorl. 116-7 0.526 10 V. 8.
rhomb.

The anhydride melts at 118 C.

^7
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Name Synonyms Formula

Terpinolene CioHie
Tetrabrom-iethaiie CHBr2-CHBr2.
(sym.)
nuoresceln See eosine
Tetraohlor-acetone CHChCOCHCh
(sym.) +2H2O
anuine NH2C6HCI4
(1, 2, 3, 4,-5)
benzene. C6H2CI4 (1, 2, 3, 4).
C6H2CI4 (1,2, 3,5).
C6H2CI4 (1,2, 4,5).
ethane See ax. etylene tetrachloride
ethylene. CCl2:CCl2
Tetrad^ne (n.) . C14H30
(C2H5)4N0H
benzene (sym.) . C6H2-(C2H6)4
(1. 2, 4, 5)
urea. (C2H6)2N-C0-N
(C2H6)2
Tetrahydro- CeHio
benzene
naphthalene..., C10H12 ...
naphthylamide. CioHu NH2 (a, ar.)
CioHii NH2 0, ac.)
quinoline CaHnN..... .....
Tetrahydroxy- C6H2-(0H)4
benzene (sym.) (1. 2, 4, 5)
Tetramethyl-
(CH3)4N0H+5H20
benzene(l, 2, 3, 4] C6H2-(CH3)4
" (1,2,3,5] See isodurene
" (1,2,4,5] durene CeHa-(093)4
25 diamino-benzo- Michler's (CH3)2N.C6H4C0.
phenone ketone C6H4'N(CH3)2
26 V leuco-aniline C(CH3)2-N.C6H4]2-
CHC6H4NH2
Tetramethyl-urea (CH3)2N.C0.
N(CH3)2
Tetramethylene^ NH2(CH2)4.NH2..
diamine
Tetranitro-
dip^enyl Ci2H6-(N02)4......
diphenyl methane Ci8H8-(N02)4

methane C(N02)4
naphthalene (a). CxoH4(N02)4
" (1, 3, 6, 8) CioH4(N02)4......
(1,3,5,8) CioH4-(N02)4... ..
phenol. H0C6H(N02)4
(1, 2, 3, 6)

238
 HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Crystal Melting- Boiling-

Solubil^ in giM/per
No. line form point point
and color (A)Air=l C C
Water Alcohol Ether

00 00
1 colorl. liq. 183-5 i.
2 2!972' " < -20 i. 00 00

3
4 48

5 118 V. s. bz. V. s. V. 8.

Q need, 45-6 254 si. 8. V. 8.

7 need, 50-1 246 i. V. si. s.

8 monocl. 1.85821 140-1 243-6 si. 8 h. 8.

y
00 CO
10 colorl. liq. 1.60826' -19 119 i.
11 0.76520 5.5 252.5 i. V. s. V. s.

d. 190 s.
12 need,

250 i. V. 8. V. 8.
13 colorl. liq. 0.888 13

14 liq. 210-5 s. a .

15 colorl. liq. 82-4

t
16 colorl. liq. 0.98113 205 i. V. s. V. 8.

17 oil 277 s. dil. a.

18 iio^ir" 251-2
19 colorl.-br. 1.06311 abt." 20 251 V. si. s. CO CO

215-20 s. s. V. 8.
20 leaf.

dec. 00 63 V. s.
21 62-3

22 colorl. 0.8829 -4 204 . . . . . .

23
24 monocl. 0.83881 79 abt. 190 V. s. bz. V. s. V. 8.

leaf.
d. 360 V. 8.
25 gUt. leaf. 171.5 V. 8.

(174)
26 glit. crjrst. 151-2 V. si. 8.

27 liq. 0.972 177 V. 8. V. 8.

28 leaf. 27-8 159 'v. s.

29 140 i. Sl. 8. sl. 8.

30 yel. pr. f. 172 i. i.
glac.
acet. a.
13 126 8. 8.
31 1.650
32 rhomb. 259 exp. y. si. s. V. sl. 8. V. sl. 8.
f. chl.
33 long need. 203 exp. i.
f. al.
34 yel. tetr. 194-5 . V. s. sl. 8. sl. 8.
f. acet. acet. chl.
35 yel. need. 130 exp.! V. s. , V. sl. 8. V. sl. 8.
bz. Igr.
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OP

Name Synonjrms Mol.

Formula.
wt.

Tetraphenyl-ethane (C6H5)2CHCH 334.31

(sym.) (C6H6)2
ethylene (C6H6)2C : C(C6H6)2 332.29

(C6H6)2NC0. 220.25
N(C6H6)2
Tetrolic acid CHaC-CCOOH.. 84.05
Tetronal C9H20O4S2 256.33
Thebaine . paramorphine Ci9H2i03N 311.27

hydrochloride... C19H21O3NHCI 365.76

+H2O
Theine. '^ne
Theobromine.... lylxanthine. C7H8O2N4 180.14

Theophylline C7H8O2N4+H2O.... 198.16

Thiazole CsHsNS 85.11

Thio-acetamide. CH3CSNH2 75.12

acetanilide CeHe-NHCSCHa. 151.18

acetic^acid CHaCOSH 76.10
benzoic acid. ... CeHsCOSH 138.14
carbonyl chloride,
cyanic acid. See stdphocyanic add
cyanuric acid ... C3N3&H3 177.25
(fiphenyl-amine. Sg:J^4)2-NH 199.20
naphthene benzothiophene... 134.15
phenol phenyl mercaptan CMlm.V.'.'.'.'.y.', 110.14
phosgene thiocarbonyl CSCI2 114.99
chloride
semicarbazide. NH2CSNHNH2. 91.14
urea.. NH2CSNH2 76.12
Thiophene C4H4S 84.11
Thujone tanacetone CioHieO 152.18
Thymol methyl-isopropyl cmcMsiOK)' 150.16
phenol (3, 6) C3H7
Tiglic acid CS3' CH: C(CH3) 100.09
COOH
Tin diethyl Sn(C2H6)2 176.80
tetraethyl Sn(C2H6)4 234.90
tetramethyl. . Sn(CH3)4. 178.82
Tolane diphenyl acetylene CeHs C: C CeHs... 178.15
Tolidine (o.).., 4, 4'-diamino- (NmCH3:C6H3- 212.22
3, 3'-dimethyl- C6aGH3(NH2)
diphenyl
Toluamide (o.). GH3C6H4CO.NH2 135.12

(m.). . CH3C6H4CONH2 135.12

(p.)... CH3C6H4CO.NH2. 135.12

Toluene C6H6CH3 92.10

sulphonic acid (o.) CH3C6H4SO3H 208.19
+2H2O
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ORGAiaC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Solubility iii gms. per
Crystal Melting- 3oiling- 100 c.c. of
line form point
and color (A)Air=l c X
Water Alcohol Ether

colorl. 1.182 209 279-83 s. acet. si. 8. h. 14 bz.

need. f. a.

chH
colorl. 221 415-25 i. V. si. s. V. s. bz.
monocl.
colorl. 183 i.

colorl. tab, 76 203 V. 8. V. s. V. s.

gUt. leaf, 85 0.22 c. V. s. V. a.

glit. pr. f. 193 V. si. s. 10 c.; 0.7110;

al. V. s. bz. V. s. chl.
rhomb. 6.310

rhomb, f. 337 subl. * 0.0318; 0.02317 0.95

0.67100 h.chl.
w.
need, f. w. 264 0.4416; si. s. si. s.
1.3370
colorl. liq. 117
108 V. s. s. s.
monocl.
tab. f.
eth.
need, 75 dec. i. s. alk.
00 00
colorl. liq. 1.07410'* 93 c

'24* i. 00 00

yel. need, d. 200 V. s. h. V. si. s. V. si. 8.

rhomb, 180 37i'd.* V. s. bz. si. s. s.

leaf 31 221
168 i V. s .
1.078
SSuq. 1.508 73 i*. s. s.

need. f. w 181-3 s.
180 9 V. si. s. V. si. s\
1.071 84 i. s. . S.H2S04
cSorLliq. 0.91320 203
228-32 0.08316;
colorl. pi. 0.979it 49.6 V. s. V. 8.
0.11100
colorl. pr. 0.964'6 64.5 198.5 si. s. c.; s. S.
V. s. h.
oil dec. i. s.

colorl. liq. 1.18723 181 i. s.

colorl. liq. 1.3140 78 i. s.

colorl.leaf. 60 275-300 s. V. 8.

colorl. sc. 129-30 si. s. V. s. V. 8.

f. h. w.

colorl. abt. 139 si. s. c.; V. s. V. s.

need. . V. s. h.
94 (97) si. s.
colorl. 158-9 si. s. c.; V. s. si. 8.
need, (165) V. s. h.
f. w. 00
colorl. liq. 0.86620' 111 i. 00

cryst. 12926 V. s. s.

241
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Name Synonjrms Formula

Toluene
si^phonio acid (m.) CH3-C6H4SO3H
+H2O
*' (p.) CHs C6H4 SO3H
+4H2O
" amide (o.) CHa G6H4 SO2 NH2
Toluic acid (o.)... CS3 C6H4 COOH..

" (m.).. CH3C6H4COOH..

" (p.).. CHs CeHi-COOH..

anhydnde (o.) (CH3C6H4C0)20

Toluidine (o.).... amino-toulene (o.) CH3 C6H4 NH2....

(m.) CH3C6H4NH2....
(p.)....
Tolunitrile (o.)...
" " gl:' CH3-C6H4*NH2. . . .
CH3C6H4CN
(m.). . CH3-C6H4*CN

" (p.).. CH8C6H4CN.....

Toluylene diamine diamino-toluene. CH3C6H3(NH2)2..
(2,4)

Toluylene diamine CH3 CeHs (NH2)2..

(3,4)
Tolyl
acetic acid (o.) CH3*C6H4*CH2*
COOH
" " (p.).. CH3C6H4CH2-
COOH
carbinol (o.) CH3C6H4CH2OH.

(m.). . . CH3C6H4CH2OH.
(p.).... CH3C6H4CH2OH.

chloride (o.).... CHs C6H4 CH2CI..

(m.). . . CH3 C6H4 CH2CI..
CH3C6H4CH2CI..
hydrazine CH3C6H4NH-NH2

(p.).. CH3C6H4.NHNH2
hydroxylamine.. CH3C6H4NH(0H)
mustard oil (o.). CH3C6H4NCS....
" (p.). CH3C6H4NCS....
phenyl ketone. S ee phenyl tolyl ketone
Triacetin ceryl triacetate (CH8 C00)3C3H6. .
Triamino-azoben- imarck brown.. NH2C6H4N2C6H8.
zene
Tribrom-acetic acid
aniline Br3-C6H2*NH2
(2, 4, 6, 1)
benzene (sym.) . CeHs-Brs (1,3,6)%. ,
hydrine tribrom- CH2Br CHBr CH2
'dnne Br
phenol (sym.)... HO-CeHzBra (2, 4, 6)

242
 HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTBr AND PHYSICS

ORGANIC COMPOXJHDS (Continued^

Solublity in gms. per
Crystal Melting- Boiling- 100 c.c. of
line form point point
and color (A)Air=l "C 'C
Water Alcohol Ether

need.

leaf, or pr. 92

octahd'r. 155 0.1 3.66

colorl. 102 (104) 259 s. h. V. s. s. chl.
need,
110.5 263 l,Q7mo V. s. V. s.
colorl. pr.
f. w.
colorl. 176-7 275 s. h. V. s . V. s.

need,
colorl. f. 3^7 abt. 325
eth.
8 1.003J 199.5 si. s.
Q -

203 si. s.
10 leaf. 42.9(45) 200.5 p.742i"
11 liq. 0.998 205.2
12 208-10 0.085 c.;
1.67 h.
13 38 (29.5) 217.3 1. V. s.

99 280 V. s.
14 colorl.
need.
f. 1^.
15 colorl. sc. 88.5 265

16 colorl. 88-9 V. s. h.
need.
17 colorl. 91 266 si. s. c.;
need. V. s. h.
18 colorl. 1.02340 34 223 ic.
need.
19 colorl. liq. 1.0360 <-20 217 5 c.
20 colorl. 59 217 si. s. c. V. s. V. s.

need.
21 colorl. liq. 197-9 i. V. s.

195-6 i. V. s. V. s .
22
200 i. V. s. V. s .
23
24 colorl. tab. 56 V. s. chl, V. s. V. s.

25 ooio^ieaf. 65-6 (61)

94
240-4 d. V. s. bz.
1 c.;
V. s.
V. k.
V. s.
V. S;
26 colorl. leaf.
f. bz. 50 h.
27 ^ 238-9 i. V. s.

28
26-7 242.4 V. s .

29
30 colorl. liq. i.ieur 258-9 si. s.
31 or. red. i43!5'
245 d. V. B. V .8.
32 colorl. lab. 135
119 si. s. 8.
33 sm. need.

34 need. 119.6 278 i. si. 8. h.

prisms 2.43628 16 220 i.
35

36 monocl. 92(96) subl. si. s.

pr.

243
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Name Synonyms Mol.

Formula
wt.
i

Tribrom-
resorcinol. (HO)2C6HBr3 346.81
(2, 4, 6)
Tributyl amine... (C4H9)3N 185.29
Tributyrine See butyrene
Tricarballylic acid (CH2C00H)2CH. 176.09
COOH
Trichlor-acetal. .. CCl3-CH(OC2H5)2.. 221.50
acetamide CCI3CONH2..... 162.41
acetic acid GClsCOOH 163.39

acetyl chloride.. CCI3COCI 181.85

benzene........ C6H3Ch (1, 2, 4)... 181.43
eth^e (a) CCI3CH3 133.41
CH2CI-CHCI2 133.41
ethyl alcohol CChCHjsOH 149.41

CHClrCCh 131.40
trichlor- CH2CICHCICH2CI 147.44

hydroquinone... (HO)2C6H.Cl3 213.43

(2 3, 5)
methane See chloroform
methyi-chloro^ diphosgene ClCOOCCls 197.85
formate
phenol HOCeHaCls 197.43
(2, 4. 6)
propane (1, 2, 3). See trichlorhydrine
quinone O2C6H.CI3 211.42
(2, 3, 5)
Tricyanogen cyanuric chloride C3N3CI3....... 184.43
chloride
Tridecane (n.). . . C13H28. 184.29
Tridecylene C13H26. 182.28
Triethyl
amine (C2H6)3N J01.16
arsine (C2H6)3As 162.11
benzene (sym.). . C6H3-(C2H6)3 162.20
(1, 3, 5)
carbinol (C2H5)3C0H...... 116.16
phosphine (C2H6)3.P 118.19
phosphite...... (C2H5)3P03 166.19
Ttihydroxy-benzoic H00CCH2(0H)3 170.08
acid
glutaric acid co6h.(choh)3- 180.09
(d. or 1.) COOH
glutaric acid (i.) C00H(CH0H)3- 180.09
COOH
P3nidine (sym.) NC6H2(0H)3 127.07
Triiodo-acetic acid
Triisobutyl amine
CIsI&OH "^37.78
(C4H,)jN 185.28
Trimellitic acid C6H3 (COOH) 3 210.09
(1, 2, 4)
Trimesic acid C6H3(C00H)8 210.09
(1, 3, 5)
Trimethyl-acetic (CH3)3C.C00H.... 102.11
acid
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

R(IANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Solubility in gms. per
Crystal Melting- Boiling- 100 c.c. of
^0. line form point point
and color (A)Air=l C C Alcohol Ether
Water

si. s. V. s. s.
1
need. 111

V. s. V. s.
2 0.77820 216.5
3
166 dec. V. s. V. s. si. s.
4 colorl.
rhomb. oo 00
1.288 197 0.5.
5 V. s.
6 tab. f. w. 141 239 V. si. s. V. s.
s. s.
7 colorl. 57.3 195 V. s.

rhomb,
8 colorl. liq. 118
9 colorl. i!466w *i6-i7 213 i.
GO, 00
1.32526" 74.5 i.
10 colori. liq. cx> 00
11 1.4780 114 i.
00 oo
rhomb. 1.55023 18 151 si. s.
12
tab. CXJ oo
colorl. liq. -70 87.1 i.
13 1.46011''
14 1.417 158

134 subl. 0.616 V. s. V. s.' '

15 prisms

16
127.5-80 .......
17

rhomb, 68 244 0.0825 V. s. V. s.

18

19
165-6 i. si. s. V. s.
20 yel. leaf.
si. s. V. s. V. s.
21 146 190

V. s. V. s.
22 colorl. liq. 0.75720 -6.2 234 i.
i. V. s. V. s .
0.845 233
oo oo
24 colorl. liq. 0.733 89 V. s.

25 1 151 140 d.
2fi colorl. liq. 0.86417 214-8 i. V. s. V. s.

si. s. s.
27 colorl. liq. 0.84020 140-2 s.
i. s.
colorl. liq. 0.812 127 s.
28 V. s .
29
155.5-6.5 V. s.

d.' 195^ 0.1312 s. V. s.

30 need, f. w.
200
V. s. V. s. s. acet.
31 colorl. f. 128
acet. s, acet.
152 d. V. s. V. s. h.
32 colorl. tab.
f. acet. ^
d. 220- s.
33 cryst.
30
34 yel. leaf., 150 d. s.

35 colorl. liq. 6.785^" i^-6' i. V. s.

00

s. h. s.
36 colorl. 216 d.
(228)
subl. V. s. 8*
37 colorl. pr. 345-50 s.

f. w. <300
2.2 V. s.
38 colorl. ' 0.906''' 35.5 163.7 V. 8.

245

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAI, CONSTANTS OF

Name Sjmonyms Mol.

Formula
wt.

Trimethyl-
amine. (CH8)3N 59.10
amine hydro- (CHa)3N.HCl. 95.56
chloride. ...
arsine (CH3)3As... 120.06
benzoic acid.... (CH3)3C6H2C00H 164.12
(1,2,4.5)
/3-isodurylic acid. (CH3)3C6H2.C00H 164.12
(1,3,5)
carbinol (CH8)3C0H. ...... 74.10
citrate C6H607(CH3)3. . . . . 234.17

phosphate (eH3)3PC
(eH3)3P04.... 140.13
(CH3)3P
(CH3)3P. 76.13
pyri(Sne See collidine (y)
urea (CH3)NH.C0- 102.12
N(CH3)2
Trimethylene.... cyclo-propane 42.06
glycol CH2(0H)CH2- 76.08
CH2(0H)
Trimyristine See myrisHne
Trinitro-
benzene C6H3-(N02)3 (1,2,4) 213.08
" (sym.) . C6H3(N02)3 (1, 3, 5) 213.08
cresol..; 2, 4, 6-(N02)3 C6H- 243.11
CH3(0H) (1, 3)
naphthalene CioH5-(N02)3(1,2,5) 263.12

4*
CioH6-(N02)3(1,3,5) 263;12

CioH6-(N02)3(1,3,8) 263.12

phenol (s3ma) See jyicric add

H0.C6H2(N02)3 229.08

tertiary-butyl-
toluene (2, 4, 6)
artificial musk. . . (NofjaCcHCHs 283.19
toluene (sym.).. "T. N. T." CT3^-cSI' ^(N02)3
(1, 2, 4, 6)
227.10

CH3-C6H2(N02)3 227.10
(1, 2, 3, 4)
CH3C6H2(N02)8 227.10
(1. 2. 4, 5)
triphenyl carbinol 4,4',4MN02- 395.23
C6H4)3C0H
'* methane 4, 4', 4''-(N02- 379.23
C6H4)3CH
xylene (CH3)2C6H.(N02)| 241.13
(1, 4) (2, 4, 6)
(CH3)8-C6H-(N02)3 241.13

Trional
c(^5^,4,6)
242.30

246
 HANDBOOK OP CBEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

SolubUity in gms. per

Crystal Melting- Boiling- 100 c.c. of
line form mb^i pomt point
and color (A)Air=l -

Water Alcohol Ether

oolorl. 0.662-6 3.5 V. s. V. s. s.

271-5 d. V. s. s. i.

<100 sL s.
colorl. 14^50 V. si. s. h. V. s. V. s.

need. f.
bz.
V. si. s. V. 8. V. 8.
colorl. 152
CO
colorl. 25 82.9 V. s. s.

colorl. 78.5-9.0 283-7 d.

tricl. s.
197 s.
1.220
40 8.

232.5 V. s. 8.
75.5 V. s.

-34 V. s. V. s.
-126.6
vise. liq. 1.05318 214 00

yel. 57.5 si s
yl. pi. f. bz. 1.688 122 0.'04i 1.916 V. 8.

yel. need. 105-6 0.2220; V. s. V. 8.

0.81100O
f. w. a.
colorl. 112-3
need,
f. al. V. s. glac.
yel. 122 V. s. chl. V. s.
acet.
monocl.
a.
f. chl.
218 1 V. si. s. 0.046 V. si. 8.
monocl.
chl. (88%)
f. chl.

117 si. s. V. s. V. s.
need.

96-7 s.
need. f. al,
82 (80.8) 0.0216 V. si. 8. c. si. 8.
colorl. 1.654
V. s. h.
monocl.
f. al.
1.62 112 i. si. s. c. V. 8.
leaf. f. al.
104 i. si. s. c. V. 8.

171-2 s. bz. si. s. h. sl. S.

cryst. f.
bz. V. sl. 8.
206-7 V. si. s. V. si. s.
sc. f. bz. bz.
(203) glac.
acet.a

"need. 139 V. si. s.

182 i. v.sl.s.c ; sl. 8.

need,
dec. 0.3 V. s. V. 8.
32 colorl. tab. 76

247

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 HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY ANJD PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTAl^TS OF

No. Name Synonyms Formula

Trioxymethylene metaformaldehyde CaHeOa.

(isomer of above). CaHeOa.
Tripalmitin See pdlmitin
Triphenyl-acetic (C6H5)3C C00H. ..
acid
amine (C6H6)3N
benzene. C6H3-(C6H5)3(1,3,5)

carbinol... (C6H5)3C0H.
methane. . (G6H6)3CH. ,
phosphine. (C6H6)3P.
Tripropyl" (C3H7)3N.
amine
Tristearine. .,, See stearine
Tropaeocaine. C8Hx40NC0C6H6
hydrochloride... CeHuONCOCeHs
HCl
Tropine.. CsHisON
Tsrrosine. HO C6H4 CH2 *
CH(NH).COOH
Undecane (n.) ChH24
Und^ylene...... C11H22
Undecylenic acid. CH3C2H2C7Hi4-
COOH
Undecylic acid. .. CioH2iCOOH.
Urea..... carbamide NH2CO.NH2.....
Urethane. ethyl carbamate. NH2COOC2H5...

Uric acid. C5H403N4

Uvicacid. pyrotritartaric acid (CH3)2C4H0C00H
y vitiic acid. CH3C6H3(C00H)
(1. 3, 5)
Valeric acid.., CH3(CH2)3C00H
aldehyde.... C4H9CHO
^ anUydride... (C6H90)2 0
Valefo nitrile.. See hviyl cyanide
Vanillic acid.. CH80C6H3(0H)
COOH (3, 4, 1)
. alcohol. CH30C6H3(0H)
CH2OH (3, 4, 1)
Vaniiline CH30C6H3(0H)
CHO (3, 4, 1)
Veratrol.
Verona!.
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Continued)

Solubility in gms. per
Crystal Melting- Boiling- 100 c.c. of
line form point point
and color (A)Air-=l Alcohol Ether
Water

wh. 171 i. i. i.
long 60-1 subl. s. s. s.

need.

monocl. 264 d. si. s. s. si. s.

monocl. 127 347-8 s. acet. si. s. V. s. bz.

pr. f. eth.
rhomb, 1.206 169-70 s. bz. si. s. si. s.
tab. f.
eth.
hex. pr. 162 abt. 360 V. s. bz. V. s. V. s .

oolorl. leaf, 1.057ft 92 358-9 V. s. chl. si. 8. c.; V. 8.

V. s. h.
monocl. 75 (79) abt. 360 i. s. V. s.

liq. 157 V. si. s. 00 8.

glit. cryst. 49 si. s. V. s.; V. s.;

f. eth. V. s. b^. V. 8. chl.
need. 271 s.
(283 d.)
need, 63 229 V. s. V. s. V. 8.

sm. silky abt. 295 0.04"; 0.01"; i.

need, d. 0.65w i. abs.
CO 00
colorl. liq. 0.74120 -26.5 194.5 1.
00 00
colorl. liq. 0.77320 abt. 195 i.
colorl. 0.90724

scales 28.5 212.5 i. V. s.

rnmm

tetr. 1.323 132.6 dec. V. s. 5 c. si. 8.

colorl. 0.98621 49-50 180 V. s. c. V. s. V. 8.

need. f.

1.85 + dec. 0.06 h. i. i.

colorl. 135 0.25100 V. s . V. 8.
need,
colorl. 287-8 subl. si. s. V. s. V. s.

need,
f. w.
colorl. liq. 0.94220" -58.5 186-6.4 3,7i60 CO 00

colorl. liq. 0.81911 103.4 si. s.

colorl. liq. 215 dec. h.

colorl. 207 0.12" V. s. V. s.

need,
colorl. 115 dec. V. s. h. v . s. V. 8.

need,
colorl. 80-1 1. c.; V. s. V. a.
need, 5h.
f. w.
colorl. 1.086 23 205-6 si. s. s. s. i
cryst. 191 (182) 0.6920; 8. V. i
powd. 8.3100

249

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 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF

Name Synbnyms Fomiula

Vinyl acetic acid CH2:CHCH2-

COOH
bromide. CH2: CHBr
chloride. CH2: CHCl
ether. . ., CH2: CH O CH:
CH2
sulphide. CH2: CH S CH:
CH2
Xanthene. CisHioO
Xanthine.. C6H4O2N4

Xylene (o.)...... xylol (o.) C6H4- .CH3)2

" (m.) C6H4- CH8)2
" (p.). C6H4- CH3)2

Xylenol (1, 2, 3). (GH3)2C6H30H..

(1. 2. 4) (003)2* CeHs *OH..

1, 3, 2) (CHs) 2CeHs OH..
;i, 3, 4) (CHs) 2CeHa OH..

(1. 3, 5). (CH3)2C6H3 0H..

(1,4,3). (CH3)2C6H30H..

Xylic acid. See di methy Ibmzoic add

Xylidine (1,2,3). dimethyl-amino %H3)8-C6H3-NH2.
benzene (1, 2, 3)
" (1,2,4). dimethyl-amino (CH3) 2CcHs NH2.
benzene (1, 2, 4)
(1,3,2). dimethyl-amino (CH3)2C6H3NH2.
benzm (1, 3, 2)
" - (1,3,4). flimftf.l^y1-g.TniTin (CH3)2C6H3NH2.
benzene (1, 3, 4)
*V (1,3,5). dimethyl-amino (CH3)2C6H3NH2.
benzene (1, 3, 5)
" (1,4,3). dimethyl-amino (CH3)2 CeHa NH2.
benzene (1, 4, 3)
Xylose CsHioOs

Xylylhy^azine (^)2C6HaNH-
YoMmbine C22H28O3N2

Zinc ethyl Zn(C2H6)2.

methyl.. Azinc methide. Zn(CH3)2..

250
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ORGAOTC COMPOUOT>S (Continued)

Solubility in gms. per
Crystal Melting- Boiling- 100 c.c. of
line form point pomt
and color (A)Air=l
Water Alcohol Ether

00
<-20 168 00

1.^17 16 (23) 00

-18 s. -

eolorl. liq. 39 s. 00

oil 0.913 101 si. s. 00 oo

leaf. f. al. 99 312-5 V. si. s. si. s. s.

yel.-wh. >360 0.067100 0.03317- V. 8.

powd. alk.
colorl. liq. 0.88120 -28 142 V. s. V. s.
eolorl. liq. 0.86620 -54 139.2 V. s . V. 8.

color!. 15 138 S. r V. 8.
monocl.
long, need, 75 218 s.

f. w.
need. f. w. 65 225 8.

eolorl. leaf, 49 211.2 s. h. s.

colorl. 26 211.5 V. si. s. 00 00

need,
need. f. w, 64 or 68 219.5 8.
colorL 1.169 74.5 211.5 S. V. s
monocl.

liq. 0.991 <-15 224-6 V. si. s. V. S. V. s.^

monocl. 1.07617 49 225 si. s. V. S.

tab. Igr.
Hq. 0.980 216 (212)

Uq. 216.5 V. si. s.

(212)
liq. 0.9930 220-1

15.5 217-8 V. si. s. 0.980

150-3 11720O V. si. s.

need.

need. f. 85 V. s.

eth.
colorl. 234-4.5 V. si. s. s.;
need, s. chl.
colorl. liq. 1.18 -28 118 dec. dec.
1.39 -40 ^ 46 dec. dec.

251

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 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

CONSTANTS OF ANIMAL

No. Name Specific CTav-

ity at 16.5 C.

1 Almond 0.9178-0.9183 - 10 to - 20
2 Beech-nut
3 Black mustard 0.916-0.920 - i7
4 Candlenut 0.925 Below - 18
5^ Castor 0.960-0.9679 - 10 to - 18
6 Cocoanut 0.9259 22-14
7 Cod liver 0.923-0.930 0 to - 10
8 Corn (maize) 0.9213-0.9250 - 10 to - 15
9 Cotton seed 0.922-0.925 - 1 to 0
10 Croton. 0.9375-0.9428 - 16
11 Grape seed. 0.926-0.9350 - 10 to 13
12 Hazel nut 0.9146-0.9170 - 10 to ~ 20
13 Hemp seed 0.9255-0.9280 -27
14 Lard oil 0.915-0.9175 - 4 to 10
15 Linseed. 0.932-0.937 - 17 to - 27
16 Menhaden 0.929-0.933 -4
17 Neat's foot 0.9133-0.9175 0 to 1.5
18 OUve 0.9150-0.9180 -6to2
19 Pahn 0.9210-0.9240
20 Palm kernel 0.911940
21 Peach kernel 0.9180-0.9215 Below - 20
22 Peanut (Arachis)... 0.917-0.9209 - 3 toO
23 Poppjr seed 0.9255-0.9268 - 18
24 Porpoise (body oil). 0.9258-0.9350 - 16
25 Pumpkin seM 0.9197 - 16
26 0.9133-0.9168 -
2 to - 10
27 wer (saffron). 0.9246-0.9280 - 13 to - 18
28 Seal. 0.9244-0.9336 -2 to-3
29 0.9203-0.9237 - 4 to - 6
30 Soja bean (Soya, Soy). 0.924-0.9279 - 8 to - 15
31 0.875-0.8808 15.5
32 0.924-0.9^58 - 16 to - 18.5
33 Tung (Chinese wood oil). 0.9410-0.9440 2 to 3
34 Walnut 0.9259 - 27.5
35 Whale 0.9170-0.9272
White mustard 0.9142 -^*15 to -16.3

252
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ANB VEGETABLE OILS

Saponification Iodine Hehner's Maumen6 Acid

No. value value number number value

1 189-193 93-104 96.2 51-53 0.5-5.0

o
A

3 174 96-iio 95.1 " **43 "l.ZG^7,dB

4 189-195 153-164 95.5 S.l
5 176-184 82-90 46-47 0.14-14.60
6 246-268 8-9.5 88.6-90 21 ^50
7 182-189 135-198 95.3-97.5 102-115 0.36-25
8 188-193 111-130 93-96 81-86 1.35-2.86
9 193-195 106-115 95-96 75-90 0.0
10 210-215 102-106 89.0
11 178.5 96 92 53 ****"*16:2
12 192 83-^0 95.6 86
13 192.5 148-160 97
14 195-196 65-85 96.2 41-45
15 189-195 175-200 95.5 103-126 0.8-10
16 190-195 150-170 123-128 5-8
17 194-197 66-72 43-49 4-10
18 185-196 75-88 95 41.5-47 1.9-50
19 200-203 52-56 91-95 20-185
20 244-248 10-17 87.6-96 5-22
21 189-193 93-109 42.5
22 189-196 83-103 95.8 45-67 "6!m!o
23 190.1-197 132.6-136 95.2 0.7-11
24 195-225 110-120 85.5 50-61 1.2
25 188.4-190.2 120-131 96.2
26 167.7-179 94-106 95.1 *i;4^i3!2
27 186.6-194.4 130-150 95.4
28 178-196 129.4-152.4 95.5
29 188-193 103-115 95.7 65.5 0.23
30 190.6-192.5 124-143 95 87-88
31 120-147.4 70.4-96.4 51 13.2
32 188-194 119-135 95 72 11.2
33 190-197 156-176 96.2 Und^ 12
34 188.7-191 143-151.7 95.4 96-110
35 188-194 110-136 93.5 85-92
36 170-178 92-103 96.2 44-49 5.4

253

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 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

CONSTANTS OF ANXMAL

Refractive
Temper Reichert-
No. Name ature of Meissl
index
reading number

1 Almond. 1.4555 60
2 Beech-nut
3 Black mustard .4740-1.4770 15.5
4 Candlenut........ 1.4760 25
6 Castor 1.4799 15 1.1
6 Cocoanut.. 1.4410 60 6.7-8.4
7 CodUver......... .4800-1.4852 15 0.8-0.9
8 Corn (maize) 1.4766 15 4-5
9 Cotton seed ,4743-1.4752 15 0.95
10 Croton. .4757-1.4770 12-13.6
11 Grape seed. . 1.4713 0.35-1.9
12 Hazel nut
13 Hemp seed
14 Lard oil .4702-1 .4720 15.5
15 Linseed .4820-1 .4852 15 0.00
16 Menhaden 1 .4787 25 2.2
17 Neat's foot .4695-1 .4708 15 2.0
18 Olive .4698-1 .4716 15 0.6
19 Palm 1 .4510 60 ^1.0
20 Palm kernel 1 .4431 60 5:0-7.6
21 Peach kernel .4697-1 ,4705 25
22 Peanut (Arachis)... ,4707-1 .4730 15.5
23 Poppy seed .4766-1 15.5 0.0
24 Porpoise (body oil). 1 25 46.9
25 Pumpkin seed ,4724-1 4738 25
26 Rape ,4720-1 4757 15 0.6
27 Safflower (saffron)., 1 4770 16 0.0-1.63
28 Seal. 1 4776 0.96-1,69
29 ,4748-1 4762 *i5*" 1.2
30 Soja (Soya, Soy). ,4760-1 4775 15.5
31 Sperm. ,4646-1 4655 20 0.6
32 - 1 4611
33 Tung (Chinese wood oil). 5110-1 5202 20
34 Walnut 1 4804
35 Whale 1 4762 20 0.7-2.0
36 White mustard 1 4750 15.5

254
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

AND VEGETABLE OILS (Continued)

Insoluble Fatty Acids
Uiwaponi-
No.
matter Melting- Solidifying- Iodine Acid
point C. point C. value value

0.5-1.0 13-14 9.5-12 93.5-96.5 204

1
24 17 114
2
3 16:2 87-3 i79!2
4 20-21 13 185.7
0.3-0.6 13 3 86.6-88.3 192.1
5
0.2 .24-27 16-20 8.4-8.8 258
6
0.5-1.5 22-25 13-24 164-171 204-207
7
1.5 18-20 14-16 113-125 198.4
8
.73-1.64 3&-38 32-35 111-115 201.6-203.9
9
0.55 18.6-19 111-112 201
10
23-26 18-20 99-132 187.4
11
22-25 19-20 87.5-90.1 200.6
12
13 19 15 141
14 0.3-0.5
15 *" " i7-24 'i3!3-i7 179^209.8 196-198.8
16 '6!6i-i'.60
17 0.1-0.6 *28!^36!8 ""26.1 62-77 '261!2-206!3
18 0.46-1.0 19-27 17-22 86-90 193
19 47-50 53.3 204-207
20 0.5 25-28.5 20-25 12 251-265
21 10-18.9 13.0-13.5 94.1-101.9 205-209.9
22 0.54-0.94 27-32 28-29 95.5-103.4 201.6
23 0.43 20.5 16.2 139 199
24 3.7 126 207
25 '26'.5^29!8
26 ''6!^i!o 16-22 16-18.5 ioo^ioo
27 16-16.5 16 132.5-148.2 199
28 "6'.3^i'.4 23-33 13-17 186.5-201.8 190.4-198
29 0.95-1.32 23-32 22.9-23.8 109-112 196-201.6
30 26-29 21.2 122
31 39^ 13.3-21.4 16 88-99 23.6
32 0.31 22-24 17-18 124-134 201.6
33 0.4-1.3 40-43.8 31.2-37 145-159.4 188.8
34 0.5-1.0 15-20 16 150
35 0.5-3.3 14-18 23 130.3-132
36 12-16 9-10 94.7-110.4 181-185.8

255

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 HANDBOOK OF' CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

CONSTANTS OF
Specific Gravity 0
No. Name
pomt
c

1 Beef marrow 0.9311-0.938 15 .31-29

2 Beef tallow 0.943-0.952 15 35-27
3 Beeswax. 0.962-0.970 15 60.5-63.4
4 Bone fat 0.914-0.916 15.5 15-17
6 Butter fat 0.936-0.942 15.5 19-24.5
6 CarnaQba wax 0.990-1.0 15.5 80-87
7 Chinese vegetable talJow 0.918 15 24-35
8 Cocoa butter 0.950-0.976 15 21.5-27.3
9 Cotton seed stearin 0.9188-0.923 15.5 16-22
10 Goose (domestic) 0.9229-0.9300 15 18-20
11 Goose (wUd) 0.9158 15 18-20
12 Hare fat. ... 0.9349 15 17-23
13 Horse fat 0.916-0.922 15 20-45
14 Human fat. . 0.9179 15 15
15 Insect (Chinese) wax... 0.970 15 80.5-81
16 Japan wax (tallow) 0.975 15 48.5-50.8
17 Lard (hog fat) 0.934-0.938 15 27.1-29.9
18 Laurel (baybenr) oil... 0.9332 15 24-25
19 Mutton tallow\ ... 0.937-0.953 15 36-41
20 Mjn-tle wax , 0.995 15 39-45
21 Nutmeg (mac^) butter.. 0.945-0.996 15 40-44
22 Rabbit fat (tame) 0.9342 15 22-24
23 Rabbit f^ (wild) 0.9393 15 17-22
24 0.905-0.960 15 42-19
25
26 Wool wax! 0.875-0.8808
0.9413-0.9449
15.5
17
15.5
30-30.2

Refractive index Reichert-

No. Name Meissl
c number

Beef marrow 1.4628 25 2.2

Beef tallow 1.4510 60 0.5
3 Beeswax 1.4398-1.4451 75 0.34-0.54
4 Bone fat
5 Butter fat 1.4590-1 4620 25 *26'.6^;2
6 Carnaaba wax . 1.4520-1 4541 84
7 Chinese vegetable tallow. 1 4510 50 6!69
8 Cocoa butter 1.4565-1 4578 40 0.2-0.83
9 Cotton seed stearin
10 Goose (dom^tic) 1.4593-1.4596 '46* *"6!2^.'3
11 Goose (wild)
12 Hare fat .4586 '40* ""*'2;64
13 Horse fat 1.4603-1 .4717 40 1.64-2.14
14 Human fat 1.459-1 .4613 40 0.25-0.55
15 Insect (Chinese) wax
16 Japan wax (tallow) 1.4577-1 4591 '40*
17 Lard (hog fat). 1 4539 60 0.49-1.1
18 Laurel (bayberry) oil. 1 4643 40 3.2-5.4
19 Mutton tallow 1 4501 60
20 Myrtle wax
21 Nutmeg (mace) butter.
1 4363 80 6!5
1 4704 40 1-4.2
22 Rabbit fat (tame) 1 4587 40 2.64
23 !Eabbit fat (wild) 1.4-5.6
24 Spermaceti
25 Sperm oil. 1.4646-1 4655 20 0.6
26 Wool wax 1.4781-1 4822 40 8

256
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

FATS AND WAXES

Saponifi- Unsaponi-
Iodine Hehner's Acid
No. cation fiable
value number value
value matter

196-199.6 39-55.4 1.6

1
193.2-200 35.4-47.5 95.6 3.5-50
2
88-97.6 8.3-11 52-55 18-21
3
190-195 46.3-55.8 0.5-1.5 1-50
4
220-237 26-38 86.5-89 0.3-0.45 0.45-35.4
5
78-88 13.5 55 2-7
6
199-206 23-38 ' 2.2-7.5
7
192-202 34.3-37 1.1-1.88
8
9 195 89-103
10 193 59-71.5 ' 6.59
196 99.6 0.86
11
201-205 102.2-107 95 2.73
12
195-197 71.4-86.3 0.0-2.44
13
14 193.3-199 64
15 80.4-91.65 1.4 i'.5
217.5-237.5 4.2-15.1 90 1.1-1.63 7.33
16
195.2^196.6 49.9-70.4 93-96 0.23 0.54-1.28
17
80.5 26.3
18 197-210
192-195.2 32.7^6.2 95 1.7-14
19
205.7-217 1.95 3-4.4
20
153.5-161 59.3-65 17-44.8
21
202.6 67.6 6.2
22
99.8 7.2
23 199.3
122.7-134.6 3.5-9.3 51.5 0.5-1.35
24
120-147.4 70.4-96.4 39-42 13.2
25
102.4 17.1-28.9 91 43.1^51.8
26

Insoluble Fatty Acids

No. Melting- Solidifying Iodine Acid
point C. value value
point C.
37.9-40 55.5 204.5
1 45^6
37.9-46.2 41.3 197.2
2 43-47
3 67.2
28 55.7-57.4 200
4 30
33-37 28-31 210-220
5 38^0
6 85
40-56 34.2 182-208.5
7 47-57
46-51 32.6-39 190
8 48-53
35.1 94
9 27-30
31-32 65.3 202.4
10 37-41
32-34 65.1 196.4
11 34-40
44-50 36-41 93.3
12
37.7 83.9-87.1 202.6
13 37.5-39.5
35.5 30.5 64
14
15 92.2
53-56.5 213.7
16 54.5-59.6
34-42 64.2 201.8
17 35-47
18
81.6-82
46-54 39-41 34.8 198
19
46 230.9
20 47.5-48.5
42.5 40-45 31.6
21
37-41 64.4 218.1
22 40-50
39^1 35-36 101.1 209.5
23
24
13.3-21.4 16.1 88-99 23.6
25
41.8 40 17
26

257
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

COMMOJH NAMES OF CHEMICALS, THEIR CORRECT

CHEMICAL NAMES AND FORMULAS

Common Name Chemical Name Formula

Aldehyde.. Acetaldehyde CHaCHO

Alum
Generally refers to potas
Alum flour. K2Al2(S04)-24H20
sium alnmimiTn
Alum meal.
Alumina... Aluminum oxide AI2O3
Amidol C6H3(NH2)20H.
2HC1
Antichlor ium thiosulfate.. Na2S208-5H20
Antifebrin Acetanilide CeHsNHCOCHa
Antimony bloom Antimony trioxide.. Sb203
Antimony black
Antimony glance. . . , Antimony trisulfide. Sb2S3
Antimony red
Antimony vermilion. Antimonous oxysulfide... Sb2S8 + Sb208
Aqua fortis Nitric acid HNOa
Aqua reg^a : Nitric acid + l^ydrochloric HNOa + SHCl
acid
Arsenic glass. Arsenious oxide AsaOs
Aspirin Acetyl-salicylic acid
Baking soda Sodiimi bicarbonate NaHCOs
Baryta. Barium oxide BaO
Barjrtes Barium sulfate BaS04
Benzol Benzene CeHe
Bitter salt Magnesium sulfate MgS0-7H20
Black ash Imi)ure sodium carbonate.
Blanc-fixe Barimn sulfate BaS04
Bleaching powder. Calcium hjrpochlorite.... CaOCh
Blue copperas
Blue stone Copper sulfate. CuS04'5H20
Blue vitriol
Blue salts Nickel sulfate NiS04-7H20
Bone ash Impure calcium phosphate
Boracic acid Boric acid H3BO3
Borax Sodiimi tetraborate NazBiChlOHzO
Brimstone Sulfur
Burnt alimi Anhydrous potassium K2Al2fS04)4
aluminum sulphate
Burnt lime Calqium oxide CaO
"Butter of" Refers to the chloride.
Cadmiimi yellow. .. Cadmium sulfide CdS
Calomel Mercurous chloride HgCl
Cane sugar Sucrose
Carbolic acid Phenol
Carbonic anhydride Carbon dioxide CO2
Carborundum Silicon carbide SiC
"Caustic" refers to the hy droxide of a metal.
Chalk Calciiun carbonate...... CaCOs
Chili niter )
Chili saltpeter j Sodium nitrate NaNOa
Chrome alimi Potassium chromium sul K2Cr2(S04)4-24H20
fate
Chrome green. . Chromium oxide CraOa
Chrome yellow. Lead chromate PbCr04
Chromic acid... Chromiimi trioxide CrOs
Cobalt black. .. Cobalt oxide CoO
Common salt... Sodiiun chloride NaCl
Copperas Ferrous sulfate FeS04-7H20

258
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

COMMON NAMES OF CHEMICALS, THEIR CORRECT

CHEMICAL NAMES AND FORMULA (Continued)

Common Name Chemical Name Formula

Corn sugar Glucose C6H12O6H2O

Corrosive sublimate Mercuric chloride HgCh
Corundum Aluminum oadde AI2O3
Cream of tartar Potassium acid tartrate.. . KHC6H4O6
Cresylic acid Mixture of the three cresols. C6H4(CH3)0H
Derinatol Basic bismuth gallate Bi (OH) 2C7H 60s
Dextrose Glue(e C6H12O6H2O
Epsom salts Magnesixmi sulfate MgS04-7H20
"Blowere of" a metal synonym for the oxide.
Fluorspar Calcium fluoride CaFa
Formalin Forty per cent solution of
formaldehyde in water
Fruit sugar... Fructose C6H12O6
Glauber's salt. Sodium sulfate Na2SO4l0H2O
Grain alcohol. Ethyl alcohol C2H6OH
Grape sugar.. Glucose C6Hi?06*H20
Green vitriol. Ferrous sulfate FeS04-7H20
Calcium sulfate CaS04-2H20
Sodium thiosulfate...... Na2S203-5H20
g's yeUow.. Arsenious sulfide AS2S3
Laughing gas... Nitrous oxide N2O
Lemon chrome. Barium chromate BaCr04
Levulose....... Fructose... C6H12O6
Lime Calcium oxide CaO
Litharge....... Lead monoxide PbO
Lithopone Zinc sulfidebarium sul ZnS-|-B^S04
fate
Lunar caustic. Silver nitrate.' AgNOs.
Magnesia Magnesium oxide MgO
Marble Calcium carbonate CaCOa
Metol Monomethylpara-amido- (C6H3(0H)CH3
inetacresol sulfate or NHCH3)2'H2S0
chloride
Microcosmic salt. Sodiimi ammonium Na(NH4)HP04
Hydrogen phosphate .4H2O
Milk of barium Barium hydroxide Ba(0H)2-8H20
Milk of magnesiimi. Magn^ium hydroxide
Milk sugar Lactose. Ci?Ih20n-H20
Minium Lead tetroxide Pb304
Mbhr's salt Ferrous ammonium sulfate. Fe(^^2(S04)2
"Muriate of" a metal is syn onjrmous with the chloride.
Muriatic acid Hydrochloric acid HCl
Niter Potassium nitrate KNO3
Nordhausen acid Fuming sulfuric acid H2SO4+SO8
Oil of almond, artificial.. Benzaldehyde CeHsCHO
Oil of mirbane Nitrobenzene C6H5NO2
Oil of mustard, artificial Allyl isothiocyanide C3H5SCN
Oil of vitriol Sufiuric acid. H2SO4
Oil of ^ntergreen, artificial. Methyl salicylate CsHsOs
Pearl ash Potassium carbonate K2CO3
Permanent white....... Barium sulfate BaS04
Phosgene. . Carbonyl chloride COCI2
Plaster of Paris Calcium sulfate 2CaS04+lH20
Plumbago Graphite.
Precipitated chalk Calciimi carbonate CaCOa
Prussian blue Ferric ferrocyanide Fe4(Fe(CN)6)3
Prussic acid Hydrocyanic acid HCN

259
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

COMMON NAMES OF CHEMICALS, THEm CORRECT

CHEMICAL NAMES AND FORMULAE (Continued)
Common Name Chemical Name Formula

Pjn-olusite. , Manganese dioxide Mn02

Quick lime. Calcium oxide. . , . CaO
Quinol. Hydroquinone. . . .: C6H4(0H)2(1.4)
Real Arsenic disulfide. AS2S2
Redl Lead tetroxide Pb304
Red prussiate of potash. Potassium ferricyanide... K3Fe(CN)6
"Rochelle salt Potassium sodium tartrate KNaC4H406-4H20
Sal ammoniac Ammonium chloride. ., NH4CI
Sal soda Sodium carbonate NazCOa-lOHaO
Salol Phenyl salicylate
Salt Sodium chloride NaCl
Salt cake Impure sodium sulfate...
Salt of lemon
Salt of sorrel Potassium acid oxalate... KHC2O4H2O
Salt of tartar
Salt of wormwood. . Potassium carbonate K2CO3
Salt peter. Potassium nitrate KNO3
Scheele'a green Copper hydrogen arsenite. CuHAsOa
Silica Silicon dioxide Si02
Slaked lime Calcium hydroxide...... Ca(0H)2
Soda Sodium carbonate Na2CO3l0H2O
Sodium hyposulfite. Sodium thiosulfate Na2S203-5H20
Soluble glass Sodium silicate Na2Si03+H20
Soluble tartar Potassium tartrate 2K2C4H4O6+IH2O
Sulfuric ether Diethyl ether (C2H5)20
Sugar of lead Lead acetate Pb(CH3C02)2-3H20
Sugar of milk Lactose Ci2H220h* IH2O
Table salt Sodium chloride NaCl
Tartar emetic Pota^ium antimony! tar-^ 2K(Sb0)C4H406-
trate
T. N. T Trinitro toluene C6H2(CH3)(N02)a
Tiirnbull's blue
Ultramarine yellow.
Ferrous ferricyanide.
Barium chromate
Fe|Fe(CN?6)2
Unslaked lime
Venetian red
Calcium oxide Cao"^
Ferric oxide FeoOa
Verdigris Basic copper acetate. 2Cu(C2H302)2+
CuO(?)
Vermilion Re<f mercuric sulfide HgS
"Vitriolate of" a metal is sjmonymous with the
sulfate.
Ws soda. Sodium carbonate Na2CO3l0H2O
Water Sodium silicates dissolved
in water
White lead... Basic lead carbonate 2PbC03+Pb(0H)2
White vitriol. Zinc sulfate ZnS04*7H20
Whiting Calcium carbonate CaC03
Wood alcohol Methyl alcohol CH3OH
Yellow prussiate of potash... Potassium ferrocyanide ..., K4Fe(CN)6-3H20
Zinc wWte Zinc oxide ZnO
Zinc vitriol Zinc sulfate ZnS04-7H20

260
 PERIODIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE ELEMENTS MENDELEJEFF'iS (REVISED TO 1917)
GROUPm GROUP IV GROUP V GROUP VI GROUP VII GROUP VIII

1 ZERO GROUP I GROUP n

GROUP R^O RO RaOs RH4 RO2 RHs R2O6 RHa ROs RH RaOv / , RO4
0
Hydrogen
1 H = 1.008
Glucinum Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine
Helium Lithium Boron
2 (Beryllium) B = 11.0 C = 12.00 N = 14.01 G = 16.00 F = 19.0
He = 4.00 Li = 6.94 G1 = 9.1
Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulphur Chlorine
3 Na = 23.00 Mg = 24.32 A1 = 27.1 Si = 28.3 P = 31.04 S = 32.06 C1 = 35.46
Ne = 20.2
Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel
K - 39.10 Ca = 40.07 Sc = 44.1 Ti = 48.1 V=51.0 Cr = 52.0 Mn = 54.93 Fe = 55.84 Co = 58.97 Ni = 58.68
A = 39.88
Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine
Br = 79.92
/ (Cu)
Cu = 63.67 Zn = 65.37 Ga = 69.9 Ge = 72.5 As = 74.96 Se = 79.2
Columbium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium
Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Molybdenum
(Niobium) Mo = 96.0
Ru = 101.7 Rh = 102.9 Pd = 106.7
Kr = 82.92 Rb = 85.45 Sr = 87.63 Yt = 88.7 Zr = 90.6 (Ag)
Cb = 93.5
Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine
Ag = 107.88 Cd 112.40 In = 114.8 Sn = 118.7 Sb = 120.2 Te = 127.5 1; = 126.92
Praesodym- Neodymium
Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium
ium
Xe = 130.2 Cs = 132.81 Ba = 137.37 La = 139.0 Ce = 140.25 Nd = 144.3
Pr = 140 9
Samarium Gadolinium Terbium Erbium
Sa = 150.4 Gd = 157.3 Tb = 159.2 Er = 167.7
Ytterbium
Thulium (Neoytter- Tantalum Tungsten Osmium Iridium Platinun?
Tm = 168.5 bium) Ta = 181.5 W = 184.0 Os = 190.9 Ir= 193.1 Pt = 195.2
Yb = 173.5 (Au)
Gold Mercury Thalium Lead Bismuth
Au = 197.^ Hg = 200.6 Tl = 204.0 Pb = 207.2 Bi = 208.0

Niton Radium Thorium Uranium

12 Ra = 226.0 Th = 232.4 U = 238.2 -
Nt = 222.4
(261)
 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS SCHEME
(From A. A. Noyes' Qualitative Analysis, by permission.)

Basic Constituents
Separation of the Basic Constituents into Groups SS5

Solution in dilute nitric acid containing all the common basic constituents. Add NH4CI.

SUver-Group Precipitate: Copper-Group and Tin-
(Bi. Pb, Ag, Hg), Group as sulphides.
as chlorides.
Filtrate: add NH4OH and (NH4)2S. ^
Treat with (NH4)2S4.
Precipitate: Aluminum-Group and Filtrate: add (NH4)2C03. ^
Residue: Solution: Iron-Group, as hydroxides and sul
Copper-Group (Tin-Group phides. Precipitate: Filtrate: S
(Hg, Pb, Bi, Cu, Cd), As, Sb, Sn), Dissolve in acid, add NaOH and H2O2. Alkaline-Earth Alkali-Group ^
as sulphides. as ammonium Group (NH4, K, Na), 5
sulpho-salts. Filtrate: Precipitate: (Ba, Sr. Ca, Mg), as nitrates. 2
Aluminum-Group Iron-Group as carbonates.
S
(Al, Cr, Zn), (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni),
as sodium salts. as hydroxides.
s.

Analysis of the Silver-^Group g

Precipitate: BiOCl, PbCb, AgCl, HgsCls. Treat with HCl. s

i
Solution BiCls. Residue: PbCb, AgCl, Hg2Cl2. Treat with hot water.
Evaporate, pour into
water. Co
Solution: PbCb. Add H2SO4. Residue: AgCl, Hg2Cl2. Pour NH4OH through the filter.
Precipitate: BiOCl.
Precipitate: PbS04. Black residue: Hg and NH2HgCl. Solution: (NH3)2 AgCl. Add Hl^a
White precipitate: AgCl.
 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS SCKEME (Continued)
SeporaHm of the Copper and Tin Groups .

Treat with an^onium poly^phide.

Hydrogen sulphide precipitate: HgS, PbS. BiaS., CuS, CdS, AssSj, AmSs. Sb&,Sb2&, SnS, SnS..
Residue: HgS, PbS, BisSi, CuS, CdS. Solution (NH4)8 AsS4, (NH4)8SbS4, (NH4)2SnS3. Add HCl. I
Precipitate: AS2S5. Sb2S6, SnS2.. Filtrate: NH4CI. Reject.
%
Analysis of the Copper-Group

Residue from Ammonium Sulphide Treatment: /HgS, PbS, Bi2S8, CuS, CdS. Boil with HNOs. Oa

Solution: Pb, Bi, Cu, Cd as nitrates. Add H2SO4, evaporate, add water.
Residue: HgS.'
Add Br2 solution

Residue: Solution: HgBra.

Precipitate:
PbS04.
Dissolve
Filtrate: add NH4OH.
I
Precipitate: Bi(0H)8. Filtrate: Cu(NH8)4S04, Cd(NH3)4S04.
Sulphur. Add SnCla. in NHiAc.
Add Add Na2Sn02. < s
K2Cr04. To a small part add HAc and To the remainder add KCN s
White or gray K4Fe(CN)6. and H2S.
' itate: Black Residue: Bi. * a
!or Hg. Yellow
precipitate: Red precipitate: Cu2Fe(CN)6. Yellow precipitate: CdS.
PbCr04. White precipitate: Solution ^Cu(CN)4.
Cd2Fe(CN)6.
 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS SCHEME (Continueil)
Analysis of the Tiiv-Group

Precipitate from Ammonium Sulphide Solution: AS2S5, Sb2S5, SnS2. Heat with 10 c.c. 12 normal HCl.

Solution: SbCls, SnCU. Dilute to 60 c.c., heat, and pass in H2S. Residue: AS2S6. Dissolve in HCl and
KCIO3. b

Orange Precipitate: Sb2S3. Solution: SnCh. Cool, dilute, pass in H2S.

Dissolve in HCl, add Sn and Pt. Solution: H8As04. Add NH4OH,
NH4CI and MgCl2.
Yellow Precipitate: SnS2. 5
Black deposit; Sb. Treat with NaClO. Evaporate without filtering, add Pb, boil.
White precipitate: MgNH4As04.
Dissolve m HCl and add H2S. P
Black deposit: Sb. Solution: SnCh. Add HgCh.

Yellow precipitate: AS2S6, AS2S8 and S. 03

White precipitate: Hg2Cl2.

Separation of the Aluminum and Iron Groups b

The Ammonig^^ytoxide; and Ammonium Sulphide Precipitate: A1(0H)3, Cr(0H)3, FeS, ZnS, MnS, CoS, NiS> Dissolve in HCl
Precipitate: Fe(0H)3, Mn(0H)2, Co(OH)2, Ni(0H)2.
Somtion: NaA102, NaCr02, Na2Zn02.
Ni(OH i
O9

Add Na202 and filter.

Filtrate: NaAlOa, Na2Cr04. Na2ZnQ2. Precipitate: Fe(0H)8, MnO(OH)2, Co(OH)8, Ni(0H)2.

 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS SCHEME (Continued)
Analysis of the Alvminum-Group

Filtrate from the Sodium Hydroride and Peroride Treatment: Na^nO., NaAlO., NaCrO.. Acidify,with HNO. and add N&QH. 5
Precipitate: Al(OH)8. _ Filtrate: add HAc and BaCla.
Dissolve in HNOs, ...
Add Co(N03)2, evaporate, ignite. Precipitate: BaCrOi. Filtrate: Zinc salt. Pass in H2S.
Dissolve in HCl and H2SO3, evaporate.
Blue residues Co(A102)2. White precipitate: ZnS. Dissolve in HNOs.
Green color: CrCla. Add Co(N03)2 and NaaCOa, ignite.
Green residue: CoZn02.
Co
Analysis of the Iron Group

.xide:

g
Precipitate: Mn02. Solution: Test a portion for a phosphatewith (NH4)2Mo04. s
Add HNOs and A. Phosphate absent: add NH4OH. ^ -i
bismuth peroxide. B. Phosphate present: add NH4AC and FeCla, diluteand boil.
Precipitate: Filtrate: add NH4OH, pass in HaS.
i
Violet Color:
HMn04. A. e(OB)z.
B. Basic ferric acetate ^Precipitate: ZnS, CoS, NiS. Filtrate: ^ .
and FeP04. A. Ammoniimi salts. Reject. ^
B. Ba, Ca, Sr, Mg. Treat with Alkah-Earth group.
'
 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS'SCHEME (Contmued)
Separation of Zinc, Nickel and Cobalt

Hydrogen sulphide precipitate: ZnS, NiS, CoS. Treat with dil. HCl.

Solution: ZnCk, NiCk, C0CI2, add NaOH and Na202. Residue: NiS, CoS. Dissolve in HCl and HNO3.
. b
Filtrate: Na2Zn02. Precipitate: Ni(0H)2, Co(OH)3, add HCl, evaporate.
Add HAc and H2S.
Residue: NiCk, C0CI2, add HCl and ether.
White precipitate: ZnS.
Yellow residue: NiCb. Dissolve in water, add tar-
tanc acid, NaOH and H2S. '
l^^solution: C0CI2, evaporate, add HAc and %
Brown coloration: presence of nickel.
//

Yellow precipitate: K8Co(N02)6.

I
i
Analysis of the Alkaline-Earth Group

is;
b
Precipitate: BaCr04. Filtrate: add NH4OH and sdcohol.
Diramve in HCl, evaporate. S
Precipitate: SrCr04. Filtrate: Ca and Mg salts.
Test in flame. Add HA<j.
NHiAc, and
Treat with (NH4)2C03. Add (NH4)2C204.
Green Color: Ba. K2Cr04. Residue: SrCOs.

Precipitate: CaC204. Filtrate: add NH4OH and Na2HP04:
Dissolve in HAc. Dissolve in dilute
Precipitate: Add CaS04. H2SO4, add alcohol.
BaCr04. Precipitate: MgNH4P04.
Precipitate: SrS04. Precipitate: CaS04.
 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS SCHEME (Continued)
Analysis of the Alkali-Group

Filtrate from Ammonium Carbonate precipitate: NH4, Na. Ksalts. Evaporate and ignite the residue.
5
Vapor: NH4 salts. Residue: KCl, NaCl. Add HCIO4. evaporate, addalcohol. g
Residue: KCIO4. Dissolve in hot water, add Solution: NaC104. Saturate with HCl gas.
_

Na3Co(N02)6.
Precipitate: NaCl. Dissolve in water, add K2H2Sb207.
Yellowprecipitate: K2NaC0(N02)6.
Crystalline precipitate: Na2H2Sb207.

Oa
Acidic Constituents
Detection of the Readily Volatile Acidic Constituents
Heat the substance with dilute H2SO4.

Starch and KI paper. Fe(0H)2 or Fe(OH)3 and ^

Ba(0H)2 solution. PbAc paper. NaOH on paper. fcq

s
Black color: PbS. Blue color: I2 (Shows nitrite, hypochlorite, Formation of Na4Fe(CN)6. g
White turbidity: BaCOa or BaSOa. (Shows sulphide.) chlorate, bromate, or iodide.)
(Shows carbonate, sulphite or thio- DipinHCl.
sulphate.)
Blue color: Fe4(Fe(CN)6)3.
(Shows cyanide.)
 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS SCHKME (Continued)

To a HNOs solution ofthe substance add BaCh.

To a HNO3 solution of the substance add> Cd(N03)2.
Precipitate: Filtrate: add Br2.
BaS04. Yellow precipitate: Filtrate: add AgNOs.
(Shows
sulphate.) ^^^itate: Filtrate: add NH4A(0.
CdS.
(Shows sulphide.)
Precipitate: AgCl, Filtrate: AgClOa,
(Shows AgBr, Agl, AgBrOs. Add
sulphite.) Yellow precipitate: Filtrate; add H2SO3.
BaCr04.
(Shows chromate.)
CaCla. xsisBar-'
cyanide or thio-
^ecipitate: CaF2.
cyanates.) Precipitate: AgCl,
(Shows fluoride.) AgBr. (Shows
chlorate or. bro-
mate.)

Detection of Phosphate and the Separate Halides

I
To portions of the HNO3 solution of the substance.
^
Add (NH4)2Mo04. AddFeCls. Add NaAc, HAc, KMn04 and CHCI3.
Red color: Chloroform layer, purple; Water layer; add H2SO4, more KMn04 and CHCI3. .
s
Fe(SGN)3. I2. (Shows iodide.)
(Shows phosphate.) (Shows thiocyanate.)
Chloroform layer,
orange: Br2.
(Shows bromide.)
Water layer: Boil out the Br2, add
HNO3 and AgNOa.
i
Precipitate: AgCl.
(Shows chloride.)
 HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
FLAME AND BEAD TESTS
Flame Colorations

^Potassimn compounds. Purple red through blue ^

Easily obscured by sodium flame. Bluish green through green
glass. Rubidium and Caesium compounds impart same flame
as potassimn compounds.
Azure. Copper chloride. Copper bromide gives azure blue
followed by green. Other copper compounds give same colora
tion when moistened with hydrochloric acid.
1 Lead, Arsenic, Selenium.
Emerald. Copper compounds except the halides, and when
not moistened with hydrochloric acid.
Pure Green. Compounds of thallium and tellurium.
7eKoiws/i. Barium compounds. Some molybdenum com-,
pounds. Borates, especially when treated with sulphuric acid
or when burned with alcohol.
Bluish. Phosphates with sulphuric acid.
Feeble. Antimony compounds. Ammonium compounds.
Whitish. Zinc.
Reds.
Carmine. Lithium compounds. Violet through blue glass.
Invisible through green gl^s. Masked by barium flame.
Scarlet. Strontium compoimds. Violet through blue glass.
Yellowish through green glass. Masked by barium flame.
YeUowish. Calcium compounds. Greenish through blue
^ass. Green through green glass. Masked by barium flame.
Yellows.
Yellow. All sodium compounds. Invisible with blue glass.
Oxides which Impart Decided Colors to the Beads
Borax Beads

Oxides of Oadizing Flame Reducing Flame

Chromium Green Green

Cobalt Blue Blue
Copper Greenish blue Red-opaque
Iron Yellow Green
Manganese Violet Colorless
Molybdenum Colorless Brown
Nickel Brown Gray-opaque
Titanium Colorless Yellow
Tungsten Colorless Brown
^Uranii^ Red Green
Vanadium Colorless Green

269

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

FLAME AND BEAD TESTS (Contintted)

Salt of Phosphorus Beads

Oxides of Oxidizing Flame Reducing Flame

Chromium Green Green

Cobalt Blue Blue
Copper Blue Red-opaque
Iron Brown Colorless
Manganese Violet Colorless
Molybdenum Colorless Green
Nickel Yellow Yellow
Titanium Colorless Violet
Tun^ten Colorless Blue
Uranium Green Green
Vanadium YeUow Green

Sodium Carbonate Bead

Manganese Green Colorless

270
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PREPARATION AND PROPER CONCENTRATION OF

LABORATORY REAGENTS FOR GENERAL USE
Dilute Acids. Sulphuric acid. One volume strong acid to
6 volumes water. .v ,
Nitric Acid. One volume strong acid to 2 volumes water.
Hydrochloric acid. Five volumes strong acid to 8 volumes
^^cetic acid. One volume strong acid to 2| volumes water.
DUute Bases. Potassium hydroxide. 280 grams per hter
of solution with water. i. w ..u
Sodium hydroxide. 200 grams per hter of solution with
water. , . . ,
Ammonium hydroxide. One volume strong ammoma (sp. gr.
90) to 2 volumes water.
Other Reagents. Ammomum sulphide. 600 cc. ammomum
hydroxide is saturated with hydrogen sulphide. Dilute to one
liter with ammonium hydroxide. .
Sodium sulphide. Dissolve 200 grams sodium hydroxide m
800 cc. water. Saturate 400 cc. of this solution with hy^ogen
sulphide. Add the remaining 400 cc. of sodium hydroxide and
dilute the whole to one hter.
Ammonium chloride. 267.5 grams per hter of solution witn
water.
Ammonium carbonate. 200 grams solid salt dissolved in 350
cc. ammonium hydroxideand dUutewith water to 1 Hter.
Ammonium acetate. Dilute 300 cc. strong acetic acid with
300 cc. water and neutralize with strong ammonia. Dilute to 1
^^^dium acetate, 136.14 grams per hter with water.
Sodium phosphate, 119.45 grams per liter with water.
Calcium chloride, 109,51 grams per liter with water.
Magnesium sulphate, 123.28 grams per Hter with water.
Barium chloride, 122.17 grams per Hter with water.
Ferric chloride, 54.11 grams per Hter with water and add suffi
cient HCl to keep in solution. _
Potassium ferrocyanide, 105.72 grams per hter with water.
Lead acetate, 189.51 grams per Hter with water.
Stannous chloride, 112.72 grams of the sohd salt plus 200 cc.
5N HCl diluted to 1 Hter with water. Add metalhc tm to the
solution in the bottle to keep it from oxidizing.
Mercurous nitrate, 262.34 grams per Hter with water. Add
sufficient nitric acid to keep solution clear and put metalhc mer
cury in the bottle to prevent oxidation.
Cobalt nitrate, 145 grams per Hter with water.
Ammonium oxalate, 35.5 grams per Hter with water.
Mercuric chloride, 67.8 grams per liter witfr water.
Zinc sulphate, 71.9 grams per Hter with water.
271
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

Manganese sulphate, 55.78 grams per liter with water.

Nickel sulphate, 70.22 grams per liter with water.
Cadmium sulphate, 64.05 grams per liter with water.
Copper sulphate, 62.4 grams per liter with water.
Miscellaneous Reagents. Aqua regia, mix 1 part HNOs with
three parts of concentrated HCl.
Silver nitrate N/10, 17 grams per Uter with water.
Magnesia mixture, dissolve 68 grams crystaUized MgCl2 and
165 grams NH4CI in 300 cc. water. Add 300 cc. dilute ammor
nium hydroxide and dilute to 1 liter.
Molybdate solution, dissolve 60 grams molybdic oxide (M0O3)
in 440 cc. of water and 60 cc. strong ammonia (sp. gr. 90). Pour
into 500 cc. of cold nitric acid which has been diluted 250 cc. con
centrated acid to 250 cc. water. Let stand in a warm place
several days. Decant or filter before using.
Phenolsulphonic acid, dissolve 150 grams of phenol in 600
grams of concentrated sulphuric acid.
Yellow ammonium sulphide, 50 to 75 grams of sulphur to a
liter of colorless ammonium sulphide.
Ferrous sulphate, dissolve 200 grams FeS04.7H2O in a liter of
water. Place scraps of iron in the solution and add a few drops
of H2SO4 from time to time.

SPECIAL SOLUTIONS AND REAGENTS

Acid Cuprous Chloride. Cover the bottom of a two-Kter
flask with copper opde, extend from the top to the bottom of
the bottle several pieces of copper wire, and fill the bottle with
1.10 sp. gr. hydrochloric acid. Shake occasionally, and when
solution becomes nearly colorless pour into reagent bottles
containing copper wire. The stock bottle should be kept filled
with 1.10 hydrochloric acid.
Ammoniacal Cuprous Chloride. The acid solution, described
above, is treated with anmionia until a slight odor of this reagent
is noticeable. Copper wire should be kept in the solution.
Ammonium Molybdate. Mix well 100 gm. of molybdic acid
with 400 cc. of distilled water and add 80 cc. of ammonia (sp.
gr. 0.90). When complete solution has taken place pour slowly
and with stirring into a mixture of 400 cc. of nitric acid (sp.
gr. 1.42).and 600 cc. of distilled water. Add 50 milligrams of
microcosmic salt, allow to stand 24 hrs. and filter.
Cochineal. Extract 1 gm. of cochineal for four days with
20 cc. of alcohol and 60 cc. of distilled water. Filter.
Congo Red. Dissolve 0.5 gm. of congo red in 90 cc. of dis
tilled water and 10 cc. of alcohol.
Eschka's Compound. Two parts of calcined magnesia are
thoroughly mix^ with one part of anhydrous sodium car
bonate.
Fehling Solution. A. The Copper Sulphate Solution. Dis
solve 34.66 gm. of copper sulphate (CUSO4-51120) in water and
dilute to 500 cc. B. The Alkaline Tartrate Solution* Dissolve
272
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

173 gm. of potassium sodium tartrate (Rochelle salt, KNaC4H406

4H2O) and 50 gm. of sodium hydroxide in water and dilute
when cold to 500 cc. For use, mix equal volumes of the two
solutions at the time of using.
Fuchsin-Sulphurous Acid. To a solution of 0.5 gm. of
fuchsin and 9 gm. of sodium bisulphite in 500 cc. of water add
10 cc. of hydrochloric acid. Keep in well-stoppered bottles
and away from light.
lodo-potassium Iodide. Dissolve 5 gm. of iodine and 10 gm.
of potassium iodide in 100 cc. of water.
Magnesia Mixttire. Dissolve 110 gm. of magnesium chloride
in a small amount of water. To this solution add 280 gm. of
ammonium chloride and 700 cc. of ammonia (sp. gr. 0.90), and
dilute to 2000 cc. After standing several hours the solution
is filtered. From time to time filter off any silica that may
accumulate from the reagent bottle.
Mayer's Reagent. Dissolve 1.35 gm. of mercuric chloride
and 5 gm. of potassium iodide in 100 cc. of water.
Methyl Orange Solution. Dissolve 1 gm. of methyl orange
in 1000 cc. of water.
Methyl Red. Dissolve 0.20 gm. of methyl red in 100 cc. of
alcohol.
Millon's Reagent. Dissolve 1 part of mercury in 1 part of
cold fuming nitric acid. Dilute with twice the volume of water
and decant the clear solution after several hours.
Nessler's Solution. Dissolve 50 gm. of potassium iodide in
the smallest possible quantity of cold water. Add a saturated
solution of mercuric chloride until an excess is indicated by the
formation of a precipitate. Add 400 cc. of a 50% solution of
potassium hydroxide. Make up to 1 Uter, allow to settle, and
draw off the clear solution.
Phenolphthalein. Dissolve 1 gm. of phenolphthalein in 100
cc. of alcohol.
Soap Solution. Dissolve 100 gm. of dry castile soap in 1
liter of 80% alcohol. Allow to stand several days and dilute
with 70% to 80% alcohol until 6.4 cc. produces a permanent
lather with 20 cc. of standard calcium solution. The latter
solution is made by dissolving 0.2 gm. of calcium carbonate
in a small amount of dilute hydrochloric acid, evaporating to
drjniess, and making up to 1 Hter.
Sodium Cobaltic Nitrite. Dissolve 4 gm. of cobalt chloride
and 10 gm. of sodium nitrite in 50 cc. of distilled water, add
2 cc. of acetic acid and make up to 100 cc.
Starch. Dissolve 5 gm. of soluble starch in cold water, pour
the solution into 2 hters of hot water and boil for a few minutes.
Keep in a glass-stoppered bottle.
Starch Solution from other than soluble starch. One part of
starch is made into an emulsion with water and this is poured
into 200 parts of boiling water, the boiUng continued a few
minutes, then the solution allowed to stand. Use only the
clear solution.
273
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

Tannic Acid. Dissolve 1 gm. of tannic acid in 1 cc. of al

cohol, and make up to 10 cc. with water.
Tincture of Iodine. To 50 cc. of water add 70 gm. of iodine
and 50 gm. of potassiimi iodide. Make up to 1 liter with alcohol.
Trinitrophenol Solution. Dissolve 1 gm. of trinitrophenol
in iOO cc. of water. Cool and filter.
Turmeric Tincture. Digest the groimd turmeric root with
several small quantities of water. Dry the residue and digest
it several days with six times its weight of alcohol, and filter.
Turmeric Paper. Impregnate white, unsized paper with the
tincture, and dry.

DECI-NORMAL SOLUTIONS OF SALTS AND OTHER

REAGENTS

At. or One H
mol. Hydrogen equiv.
Name. Formula.
wt. equivalent. in gms.

Acetic acid HC2H3O2 60.04 HC2H3O2.... 6.004

Ammonia NH3 17.03 NH3 1.703
Ammonium NH4 18.04 NH4 1.804
Ammonium chloride NH4CI 53.50 NH4CI 5.350
Ammonium sulphate (NH4)2S04. . 132.14 (NH4)2S04. 6.607
Ammonium sulphocyanate. NH4CNS.. . 76.12 ^H4CNS. .. 7.612
Barium Ba 137.37 Ba. 6.869
Barium carbonate BaCOs 197.37 BaCOg. 9.869
Barium chloride BaCl2.2H20. 244.32 BaCl2.2H20.. 12.216
Barium hydroxide (0H)2 171.38 8.569
Barium oxide 153.37 7.669
Bromine Br 79.92 3r. 7.992
Calcium........ : Ca..... 40.07 Ca 2.004
Calcium carbonate CaCOs 100.07 CaCOs 5.004
Calcium chloride CaCl2 110.99 CaCl2 5.550
Calcium chloride CaCb.OHzO. 219.08 CaCl2.6H20.. 10.954
Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2..;. 74.08 Ca(OH).2 3.704
Calcium oxide CaO 56.07 2.804
Chlorine Cl. 35.46 Cl 3.546
Citric acid C6H8O7.H2O.. 210.11 CeHgOv.HzO.. 7.003
Cobalt Co 58.97 Co 2,949
^pper... Cu 63.57 Cu 3.179
Copper oxide. CuO 79.57 CuO. 3.979
Copper sulphate CUSO4.5H2O. 249.71 CUSO4.5H2O. 12.486
Cyanogen CN 26.02 CN 2.602
Hydrochloric acid HCl 36.47 HCl 3.647
Hydrocyanic acid HCN 27.02 HCN.. 2.702

274
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

DECI-NORMAL SOLUTIONS OF -SALTS AND OTHER

REAGENTS (Continued.)
At. or One H
Formula. mol. Hydrogen equiv.
Name.
wt.
equivalent. ingms.

Iodine 126. 12.692

Lactic acid CsHeba 90. C3H6O3 9.006
Malic acid C4H6O5 134. -C4H6O5 6.703
Magnesium Mg 24 Mg.... 1.216
Magnesium carbonate. MgCOa 84. MgC03 4.217
Magnesium chloride... MgOl2 9&. rMgCl2 4.762
Magnesium chloride... MgCl2.6H20.. 203 MgCl2.6H20 10.166
Magnesium oxide MgO 40 MgO 2.016
Mn 54 Mn. : 2.747
Manganese sulphate MnS04 150 MnS04.... 7.550
Mercuric chloride HgCb 271 13.576
Nickel Ni Ni.,.. 2.934
Nitric acid HNO3 aNOs 6.302
Nittogen N N 1.401
Nitrogen pentoxide N2O5 N2O5 5.401
Oxalic acid H2C2O4 H2C2O4 4.502
Oxalic acid... . . H2C2O4.2H2O. H2C2O4.2H2O.. 6.303
Oxalic anhydride C2O3 C2O3 3.601
Phosphoric acid H3PO4. H3PO4 3.269
Potassium K K 3.910
Potassium bicarbonate KHCO3 KHCO3 10.011
Potassium carbonate K2CO3 IK2CO3. 6.910
Potassium chloride KCl KCl
:ci.. 7.456
Potassium cyanide KCN KCN. 6.512
Potassium hjrdroxide... KOH KOH. 5.611
Potassium oxide K2O K2O 4.710
Potassium permanganate for KMn04.:.... :KMn04. 2.634
Co estimation
Potassium permanganate for KMn04. 158.03 iKMn04. 5.268
Mn estimation
Pota^ium tartrate K2H4C4O6. 226.25 IK2H4C4O6. 11.313
Silver 107.88 10.788
Ag.
Silver nitrate a|no3*.!!!! 16.989
2.300
Sodium 23.
Sodium bicarbonate NaHC03.. 84. Naiicoi'.!! 8.401
Sodium carbonate Na2C03. 106. 5.301
Sodium chloride NaCl... 58. [aCl. 5.^6
Sodium hjrdroxide NaOH.. 40. NaOH. 4.001
Sodium oxide Na20... 62. Na20., 3.100
Sodium sulphide Na2S.... 78. ?Na2S.. 3.903
Sulphuric acid 98 4.904
Sulphur trioxide 80, 4.003
Tartaric acid C4H6O6 150 C4H6O6 7.504
Zinc Zn.. 65 Zn 3.269
Zinc sulphate ZnS04.7H20. 287 iZnS04.7H20. 14.377

275
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

DECI-NORMAL SOLUTIONS OF OXIDATION AND

REDUCTION REAGENTS

At. or
Formula. mol.
Hydrogen
Name.
wt.
equivalent.

Antimony, Sb
Arsenic... As
Arsenic . _ ide. AS2S3
Arsenous oxi( AS2O3
Barivun peroxide. Ba02 fBaOa
Bariimi peroxide, hydrated. Ba02.8H20... ^Ba02.8H20.
Calcium Ca
Calcium carbonate CaCOa
Calcium hypochlorite...... Cai l(C10)2.
Calciimi oxide
Chlorine Cl
Chromium trioxide Cr03 |Cr03
Ferrous ammonium sulphate FeS04(NH4)2 FeS04(NH4)2S04.
SO4.6H2O... 6H2O
Hydroferrocyanic acid... H4Fe(CN)6... H4Fe(CN)6........
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 H2O2
Hydrogen sulphide H2S..
Iodine
Iron Fe Fe
Iron oxide, ferrous FeO FeO
Iron oxide, ferric Fe203 FezOa
Lead peroxide. Pb02 Pb02
Manganese peroxide Mn02 Mn02
Nitric acid HNO3 fHN03
Nitrogen trioxide N2O3 N2O3
Nitrogen pentoxide N2O5 N2O6
Oxalic acid C2H2O4....... C2H2O4
Oxalic acid C2H2O4.2H2O C2H2O4.2H2O
Oxygen O O
Potassium bichromate... K2Cr207
Potassium chlorate KClOs
Potassium chromate.... K2Cr04
Potassium ferrocyanide.. K4Fe(CN)6... S:4Fe(CN)^........
Potassium ferrocyanide.. 422.38 K4Fe(CN)6.3H20..
3H2O
Potassium iodide 166.02 KI
Potassium nitrate KNO3. 101.11 IKNO3..
Potassium perchlorate.. 138.56 KCIO4.
Potassium permanganat 158.03
Sodiimi chlorate NaClOs 106.46 faClOs
Sodium nitrate NaNOs. 85.01 INaNOs
Sodium phosphate, sec.. Na2HP04. 358.24 |Na2HP04.12H20.

libsulp 248.20 Na2S203.5H20.

Stannous chlorid 189.62 SnCh
Stannous oxide, c 134.70 SnO
Sulphur dioxide. 64.06 SO2
Tin 118.70 -Sn

276
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
V

|Aceta. jArsenat. SOLUBILITY CHART

A1
NH4... .
W
W
a
.1-
'5

<

A W
W W W W W W
W
Borate. |Bromide.|Carbonte.|Chlorate.
w
w
1
2
o

W W W W
w I A
W W
W
W
W A A
w W
A
W
a W A
W W
W
W

|Cyanide.|Fericyand|1Ferocyanid.
Sb A w A W w A A w w A A

Chromate.
a w

Ba w A A A W A w w A w w w a W W w A W A A I W A
Bi w A A w A w w A w w A A A w A A A W A A
Cd.... w A w W A w w AA A w A W w A A A A w A w

Ca w A A w w A w w w W W W a w W w A w A A A W A

jFluoride.|Hydroxie.1
Cr w A A w w w A A W A W w w A A A W A W
Co w A A A w A w w A a I I w A W w A A A A W A W
w A A W w A w w W A I I A A W w A A A A W A W

IIodie.|1Nitrae. ]Oxalte.
Cu
Au. . . . w w A A A A A
H w W W w w w W W W W W W w W W W W W w W
Fe" w A A A w A w w a I I w A W w A A A A W A w

Fe'"... w A A A w w w W w W I A w w A A A A W A W

1Oxide.|tPhospate.
Pb w A A A a A w a a A w A A A w w A A A A a A A
Mg w A A w w A w w W W W W a A W w A A A A W A W
Mn.. . . w A A A w A w w W W I A A A W w w A A A W A w

|1Silcate.|1Sulph^ate.1\Sulphide.
Hg' w A A a A w a A A W A w A A A w A w

Hg". . . w A A W A w W w A A A w A w A A A W A A
Nl w A A A W A w W A a I I w A W w A A A A W A A
K. . . . . w W W W W W w W W W W W W W W w W W W W w W W
Ag w A A A 1 A w I A I I I W I w A A A w A A

1jTart e.
nI .. . . w W W W w W w W W W w w w W w w W W W W W W
W A
W
Sn"".... w A w W I w A w w W A A
Sn".. .. w A A A w w W A I w A w A A A W A A
Sr..;.. w A A A w A w w w A w w a A w w A w A A a W A
Zn w A A A w A w w W A A I w A w w A A A A W A A

W Soluble in water.
A Insoluble in water but soluble in acids.
w Sparingly soluble in water but soluble in acids,
a Insoluble in water and only sparingly soluble in acids.
I Insoluble in both water and acids.

277
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC SALTS IN WATER

The tableshowsthe numberofgramsofthe stibstanceindicatedby the formi^
at the side which can be dissolved in 100 grams of water at the temperature m
degrees Centigrade given at the top.

Substance. 40^ 50 60 70 80 90 100

115.0 160.0 215.0 270.0 335.0 400.0 470.0 550.0 650.0 760.0 910.0
Al2(S04)3 31.3 36.2 40.4 45.7 52.1 59.1 66.2 73.1 80.8 89.1
Al2K2(S04)4. . . . . 3.0 8.4 24 8 154.0
Al2(NH4)2(S04)4 2.6 4.5 9.1 12.4 15.9 21.1 27.0 35.2
1.1 1.6 2.2 4.0 6.2 9.5 'i5!7
31.6 J3.3 35.7 38!2 40.8 '43!6 46.4 '49!4 52.4 '^'6 58.8
Ba(N03)2 5.0 7.0 9^.2 11.6 14.2 17.1 20.3 23.6 27.0 30.6 34.2
BagH)2.8H20. 1.7 2.5 3.9 8.2 20.9 101.4
i4i!7 147.0 i52!7 i59!6
59.5 65.0 74.5 i6i;6 115.3 136.8
Ca(0H)2 0.185 0.176 0.165 0.141 0.116 0.094 0.077
CdS04.iH20... 76.5 76.0 76.6 78.5 83,7 Bee omes CdS O4.-
H2O at 74
C0CI2 40.5 45.0 50.0 56.5 65.0 93.5 94.0 95.0 96.0 103.0
CsCl 161.4 174.4 186.5 197.3 208.0 218.5 229.0 239.5 250.0 266!i 270.5
CsN03.. 9.3 14.9 23.0 33.9 47.2 64.4 83.8 107.0 134.0 163.0 197.0
CS2SO4 167.1 173.1 178.7 184.1 189.9 194.9 199.9 205.0 210.3 214.9 220.3
Cu(N03)2 81.8 125.0 159 8 179.1 207.8
CuS04.. 14.9 20.0 25.5 29.5 33.6 39.0 45.7 53.5 62.7 73.5
FeCb 68.5 82.0 104.0 105.0 106.0
Fe2Cl6 74.4 81.9 91.8 315.1 525.8 535.7
FeSOr. 15.6 20.8 26.4 33.0 '46!2 48.6 '55!6 'm,b 50.6 *43 !6
H3BO3.. 1.0 4.0 5.5 7.0 9.0 11.0 13.0 17.0 22.0 27is
Hg-
HgCb. 4.3 7.4 8.4 9.6 11.3 13.9 17.3 24.3 37.1 54.0
KBr... 54.0 65.0 76.0 86.0 95.5 105.0
K2CO3 105.0 m.b 117.0 121.0 127.0 133.0 140.0 147.0 156 0
KCl 28.5 31.2 34.3 37.3 40.1 42.9 45.5 48.3 51.0 53.8 56.6
KCIO3 3.3 5.0 7.1 10.1 14.5 19.7 26.0 32.5 39.6 47.5 56.0
K2Cr04 58.9 60.9 62.9 67.0 69.0 71.0 73.0 75.1 77.1 79.1
K2Cr207 5.0 8.5 13.1 29.2 50.5 73.0 102.0
KHCO3 22.5 27.7 33.2 45 3 52 2 60.0
KI 127.9 136.1 144.2 160.0 168.0 176.0 184.0 192.0 201.0 209.0
KNO3 13.3 20.9 31.6 63.9 85.5 109.9 138.0 169.0 204.0 246.0
KOH 97.0 103.0 136.0 140.0 146.0 151.0 159.0 168.0 178.0
K2PtCl6 0.7 0.9 1.8 2.2 2.6 3.2 3.8 4.5 5.2
K2S04 7.4 9.2 11.1 14.8 16.5 18.2 19.8 21.4 22.8 24.1
LiOH 12.7 12.7 12.8 13.0 13.3 13.8 14.4 15.3 17.5
MgCh 52.8 53.5 54.5 57.5 61.0 66.0 73.0
MgS04.7H20... 26.0 30.9 35.^6 45.6
MgS04.6H20... 40.8 42.2 43.9 '56!4 '55!6 '59!6 '64!2 *68!9 73.8
NH4CI 29.7 33.3 37.2 '45!8 50.4 55.2 60.2 65.6 71.3 77.3
NH4HCO3 11.9 15.9 21.0
NH4NO3 118.3 297 0 580.0 740.0 871.0
(NH4)2S04 70.6 73!6 75!4 81.0 84.4 88.0 91.6 95.3 99.2 103.3
NaBr 79.5 84.5 90.3 105.8 116.0 117.0 118.5 120.5
Na2B407 1.6 10.5 20.0 24!4 31.4 *46!8 52.3
Na2C03.10H20. 'YA 12.6 2i!4
Na2C03.7H20.. 20.4 26.3 33.5 (1 47.5 46.4 45.8 45.2 45.2 45.2
H2O)
NaCl. 35.6 35.7 35.8 36.0) 36.3 36.7 37.1 37.5 38.0 38.5 39.1
NaClOs 82.0 89.0 99.0 123.5 147.0 175.0 204.0
Na2Cr04 31.7 50.2 90.0 . 96.0 165!6 115.0 124.0 126.0
Na2Cr207 163.0 170. 0 180.0 ) 220.0 248.0 283.0 323!6 386.0 433.0
NaHCOs 6.9 8.2 I 12 7 14.5 16.4
Na2HP04 2.5 3.9 9.3 I 63.9 94.9 98.8
Nal 159.0 179. ) 205.0 228!6 257,6 295!6 302.0
....

NaNOs 73.0 80.5 88.0 I 104.9 114.0 124.6 148.0 161.^ 175.5
NaOH 42.0 51. 5 109.0 ) 129.0 145.0 174.0 313.0
Na4P207 3.2 3.9 6.2 ) 13.5 17.4 22.0 '2b.'5 30.C

278
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC SALTS IN WATER (Cont)

Substance. 0 10 20'' ZO"* 40 50" 60" 70" W 90" 100"

NaaSOs 14.1 28.7 49.5 33.0

NazSOi-lOHsO 5.0 9.0 19.4 40.0 Bee Na2S O4 at
N^S04.7H20.. 19.6 30.5 44.7 Na2- 46.8 45.5 44.5 43.7 42.9 42.7
SO4
52.5 61.0 70.0 84.7 102.6 169.7 206.7 248.8 254.2 266.a
60.0 64.0 68.0 72.0 76.0 81.0
NiS04.... 27.2 42.5 50.2 54.8 59.4 63.2 68.8 77.6
PbBra.. 0.5 '6!6 '0.8 1.2 1.5 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.3 4.8
Pb(N03)2 36.5 44.4 52.3 60.7 69.4 78.7 88.0 97.7 107.6 ii7!4 127.0
RbCl.... 77.0 84.4 91.1 97.6 103.5 109.3 115.5 121.4 127.2 133.1 138.9
RbNOa 19.5 33.0 53.3 81.3 116.7 155.6 200.0 251.0 309.0 375.0 452.0
Rb2S04.. 36.4 42.6 48.2 53.5 58.5 63.1 67.4 71.4 75.0 78.7 81.8
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.7 2.1 2.5 3.0 3.4 4.0
44.2 48.3 53.9 60.0 66.7 74.4 83.1 89.6 92.4 96.2 101.9
Sr(N03)2. 39.5 54.9 70.8 87.6 91.3 92.6 94.0 95.6 97.2 101.1
Th(S04)2.9H20 0.7 1.0 1.4 2.0 3.0 5.1
Th(S04)2.4H20 4.0 2.5 1.6 1.1
0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.6 2.0
TINO3... 3.9 6.2 9.6 14.3 20.9 30.4 46.2 111.0 200.0 414.0
TI2SO4... 2.7 3.7 4.9 6.2 7.6 9.2 10.9 12.7 14.6 16.5
Yb2(S04)8 44.2 10.4 7.2 6.9 5.8 4!7
94.8 206!9
z 70.0 76.8 86.0 92.0 78!5

SOLUBILITY OF CANE SUGAR IN WATER

Grams of sugar in 100 grams of water, temperature in degrees Centigrade.

0" 10" 20" 30" 40" 50" 60" 70" 80" 90" 100"

Ci2H220t: 179.2 190.5 203.9 219.5 238.1 260.4 287.3 320.5 362.1 415.7 487.2

279
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

INDICATORS
R. T. Thoigison's table, showing the hydrogen atoms replaced by NaOH
or KOH when a compound neutral to the indicator is formed. The blank
spaces indicate that the end-reaction is obscure.
(From Cohn's Indicators and Test-papers, John Wiley and Sons, pub
lishers, by permission.)
Methyl- Phenolphthalein Litmus
Acid Formula orange
Cold Cold "Roiling Cold Boiling
Sulphuric H2SO4 2 2 2 2 2
Hydrochloric HCl 1 1 1 1 1
Nitric HNO3 1 1 1 1 1
Thiosulphuric.. . H2S2O3 2 2 2 2 2
Carbomc :H2C08 0 1 dilute 0 0
Sulphurous H2SO3 1 2
Hydrosulphuric.. H2S 0 1 dilute - 0 0
Phosphoric H3PO4 1 2
Arsenic H3ASO4 1 2
Arsenous HsAsOs 4 0 0
Nitrous HNO2 indicator 1 1
destroyed
Silicic H4Si04 0 0 0
Boric H3BO3 0
Chromic H2Cr04 1 2 '2
OxaUc H2C2O4 2 2 '2 2
Acetic HC2H3O2 1 1 nearly
Butyric HC4H7O2 1 . . 1 nearly
Succinic H2C4H4O4 2 .. 2 nearly
Lactic HCsHsOs 1 1
Tartaric H2C4H40. 2 2
Citric HsCeHe^ 3

TABLE OF INDICATORS
Water has a concentration of H' ion of 10~^ and of 0H~ ion of 10"^ moles
per liter. Due to hydrolysis the composition of a titrated weak acid solution
IS basic and of a titrated weak base, acid. A truly n^tral titrated solution of a
strong acid or base has the same concentration of IT" and 0H~ as water.

Color OHT" concen IT*"concen

Indicator For titration
tration at tration at
Alkaline Acid change change . of
Benzopurpurin.. . Red Yellow 1 10-14 Very weak acids
Trinitrobenzene.. Orange Colorless 10-1 10-13 Very weak acids
Thymolphthalein. Blue Colorless 10-4 10-10 Weak acids
Phenolphthalein*. Red Colorless 10-6 10-9 Weak acids
Cochineal....... Lilac Yellow 10-8 10-6 Strong acids or
bases
Litmus Violet Red 10-7 ion Strong acids or
bases
Congo red....... Orange Violet 10-8 io- Strong acids or
bases
Methyl red Yellow Pmk 10-8 10"^ Strong acids or
bases
Rosolic acid Red Yellow 10-7 10-7 Strong acids or
bases
Alizarin Red Greenish 10-9 10-6 Weak bases
yellow
Methyl orange**. Yellow Pink io- 10-8 Ammonia and
weak bases

May be used in the presence of weak bases. ** May be used in the '
presence of carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulphide.
280
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

GRAVIMETRIC FACTORS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS

To facilitate the use of the table the group of substances weighed given under each
element as well as the substances sought under each substance weighed are arranged
in the alphabetical order of their formulse.

Sought Loj
(Oga-
Weighed Sought
Weighed Factor
ithm
Factor

Aluminum: Ammonium; -10

Al=27.1 -10 N NH4NO3... 5.7138 10.75693
Al. AI2O3..... 1.8856 10.27545 (NH4)20. . . 1.8587 10.26920
AIPO4 4.6070 10.65389 (NH4)2S04.. 4.7161 10.67358
AICI3.... AI2O3 0.38282 9.58300 NH3. MgNH4P
AI2O3.... Al. 0.53033 9.72455 04-6H20. 14.4160 11.15884
AICI3 2.6122 10.41700 N 0.82268
9.91523
AIPO4 2.3897 10.37834 NH4CI 10.49714
3.1415
Al2(S04)3. . , 3.3501 10.52506 2.8207
10.45036
Al2(S04)8- NH4HCO3.. 4.6413 10.66664
18H20.i, 6.5232 10.81446 NH4NO3... 4.6994 10.67204
K2S04-A12 (NH4)20. . . 1.5288 10.18435
(S04)3- NH4OH.... 2.0577 10.31338
24H20.. 9.2860 10.96791 (NH4)2PtCl6 13.0372 11.11518
(NH4)2S04- (NH4)2S04. 3.8787 10.58868
N2O6 3.1714 10.50126
8.8739 10.94811
9.34621
Pt 5.7311 10.75824
2.35020 10.37110
AIPO4. .. Al 0.22193 SO3
A1203 0.41841 9.62166 NH4.... Cl 1.9656 10.29350
P205 0.58175 9.76474 MgNH4P04
Al2(S04)3 A1203 0.29850 9.47494 6H2O... 13.6085 11.13381
Ak(S04)3 N 0.77660 9.8920
18H20 A1203. 0.15330 9.185^4 NH4CI 2.96560 10.47211
K2S04- (NH4)2PtCl6 12.3068 11.09015
A12 Pt 5.4101 10.73321
NH4Br.. Ag 1.1011 10.04185
A1203. 0.10769 9.03218 AgBr... 1.9169 10.28261
(NH4)2 Br 0.81577 9.91157
SO4AI2 NH4CI., Ag 2.0164 10.30459
(S04)3- 2.6793 10.42802
24H2O. A1203.. 0.11269 9.05186 0.66281 9.82139
P2O6 A1P04. 1.7190 10.23526 HCL... 0.68169 9.83359
Ammoniiun: N 0.26187 9.41809
NH4 = NH3.... 0.31831 9.50286
18.04 NH4.... 0.33720 9.52789
Ag NH4Br.... 0.90813 ,95815 (NH4)20, 0.48673 9.68729
NH4CI.... 0.49592 ,69541 NH40H. 0.65516 9.81634
NH4I 1.3440 ,12841 (NH4)2PtCl6 4.14995 10.61804
AgBr.... NH4Br.... 0.52166 ,71739 1.8243 10.26110
AgCl. NH4CI.... 0.37323 ,57198 (NH4)2
Agl NH4I 0.61752 79065 C03.. NH3. 0.35460 10.54974
BaS04... (NH4)2S04. 0.56608 -75288 NH4HC
Br NH4Br.... 1.2258 ,08843 03... NH3.... 0.21543 9.33331
Cl....... NH4...... 0.50874 ,70650 NH4I... Ag 0.74403 9.87159 _
NH4CI.... 1.5087 ,17861 1.6194 10.20935
HCl..... NH4CI . .. 1.4669 16641 0.87535 9.94218
I NH4I 1.1425 ,05782 NH4N03 NH3.... 0.21274 9.32785
MgNH4 (NH4)2PtCl6 2.7735 10.44303
P04* J 0.67470 9.82911
m%o^ NH3 0.06936 8.84116 pt..^'.*.!!!' 1.2193 10.08609
NH4 0.07347 8.86619 (NH4)20 MgNH4P0-
0.10607 9.02559 6H2O.. 9.4279 10.97441
N. 1.2153 10.08477 N... 0.53802 9.73080
NH4 1.2877 10.10980 NHa 0.65418 9.81570
NH4C1... 3.8187 10.58191 NH4CI.... 2.0545 10.31271

281
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GRAVIMETRIC FACTORS AND THEIR I^GARITHMS

(Continued)

Weighed Sought Factor Weighed Sought Factor

Ammomum: -10 Antimony:

(NH4)20. ^H4)2PtCl6 8.5260 .93075 SbaOs... Sb2S6 1.3894
2.0741 .31683 Sb204... KSbOC4H4
Pt^.^' 3.7489 .57381 2.1886 10.33917
NH4OH. N 0.39971 60175 Sb 0.78975 9.89749
NH3 0.48599 9.68663 Sb203 0.94746 9.97656
NH4 0.51475 9.71160 Sb205..... 1.0526 10.02225
NH4C1... 1.5264 10 Sb2S3 1.1057 10.04364
grH4)2PtCl6 6.3343 10.80170 Sb2S5 1.3164 10.11939
2.7846 10 .44476 SbaOe... Sb 0.75031 9.87524
(im4)2Pt Sb203 0.90014 9.95431
Cle NH3 0.07670 Sb204 0.95006 9.97775
NH4 0.08126 8.9098S Sb2S5 1.2506 10.09712
NH4CI 0.24097 9.3819C Sb2S3. KSbOC4H4
NH4NO3... 0.36054 9.55697 06IH20 1.9748 10.:
(NH4)20. . . 0.11721 9 Sb 0.71424 9.1
NH4OH.;.. 0.15787 9 Sb203.. ... 0.85685 9.1
(NH4)2S04.. 0.29759 9.47362 Sb204 0.90439 9.!
SbaOs 0.95192
(NH4)2 Sb2S6, ... Sb
SO4.... BaS04 0.59995
1.7665 [0.24611
H2SO4 0.74224 9.87054 SbaOs.] 0.71974
N. Sb204 0.75967
0.21207 9.32648
NHs 0.25782 9.41131
Sb206 0.79960
^NH4)2PtCl6 3.3604 0.52639
Arsenic:
As =74.96
1.4772 0.16944
As AS2O3 1.3202 10.12063
S03!'V'.'.'! 0.60587 9.78238
AS2O5 1.5336 10.18571
N2O6. . .. NH3 0.31531 9.49874
NH4NO3. .. 1.4821 AS2S3 1.6415 10.21524
0.17089
0.48214 9.68317 AS2S5 2.0692 10.31580
Pt 0.17449 9.24176
BaS04 4.6711 10.66942
NH4 0.18484 9.26679
Mg2As207. . 2.0715 10.31629
NH4NO3... 0.82018 9.91391
MgNH4
(NH4)20. . . 0.26680 9.42619
ASO44H2O 1.9227 10.28405
A82O8 As 0.75748 9.87937
NH40H.... 0.35913 9.55524
(NH4)2S04.. AS2O5 1.1616 10.06508
0.67695 .83056
AS2S3 1.2434 10.09461
SO3.. 0.42554 1.62894
AS2S5 1.5674 10.19518
(nh;)Vs64.! 1.6505 1.21762
BaS04 3.5382 10.54878
Antimony: Mg2AS207.. 1.5691 10.19565
Sb =120.2 MgNH4As
KSbOC4 O4IH2O 1.9227 10.28405
H406- AS2O6 , As 0.65203 9.81429
IH2O.. Sb 0.36168 1.55832 AS2S3 1.0704 10.02955
SbaOs 0.43390 1.63739 AS2S5 1.3493 10.13011
Sb204 0.45796 1.66083 BaS04 3.0458 10.48370
Sb2S3 0.50640 1.70449 Mg2AS207 . 1.3504 10.13057
Sb KSbOC4H4 MgNH4As
O6IH2O. 2.7649 44168 O4IH2O 1.6556 10.21897
Sb203 1.1997 07907 AsOs. BaS04 2.8476 10.45448
Sb204 1.2662 10251 Mg2A8207.. 1.2629 10.10136
Sb206 1.3328 12476 MgNH4As
Sb2S3 1.4001 14616 O4IH2O, 1.6479 10.18975
Sb2S5.. 1.6639 22013 A8O4. BaS04 2.5198 10.40137
SbzOs... KSbOC4H4 M^AS207.. 1.1175 10.04823
Oe-iHaO. 2.3047 36261 MgNH4As
Sb 0.83355 92093 O4VIH2O 1.3700 10.13672
Sb204 1.0555 02344 AsaSa. As ...., 0.60918 9.78475
Sb20fi 1.1109 04569 AS2O3..... 0.80423 9.90538
1.1671 06711 A^Os...... 0.93425 9.97046

282

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 HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

GRAVIMETRIC FACTORS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS

(Continued)

Loga Weighed Sought^ Factor

Weighed Sought Factor
rithm rith

-10 Barium: -10

A.rsenic: 9.69124
1.2605 10.1005i BaSiFe.. Ba... 0.49118
AS2S3.... AS2S5 9.73909
10.10102 BaF2. 0.62705
Mg2AS207.. 1.2619
9.79730
0.48327 9.68419 BaO. 0.54839
AS2S5.... As 0.58849 9.76974
AS203 0.63800 9.80482 BaS04.. Ba. ..
0.73715 9.86756 BaCb 0.89230 9.95051
A8206 10.01982
0.21408 9.33058 BaCl2-2H20 1.0467
BaS04... As 0.84554 9.92713
AS2O3 . . . . 0.28263 9.45122 BaCOa
9.5163C Ba 1.1198 10.04914
AS2O5 0.32832
9.54552 0.65703 9.81759
AsOa...... 0.35117
9.59864 Ba02. 0.72557 9.86068
As04 0.39686
0.48273 9.68371 BaS... 0.72583 9.86083
MgaAsaOy As
3.4853 10.54224
AszOa 0.63730 9.80435 CO2... BaO...
0.74033 BaCOa. 4.4853 10.65179
AsaOs
AsOa 0.79183 Bismuth:
As04 ..... 0.89490 9.95177 Bi=208
9.8f Bi..... Bi203 ... 1.1154 10.04743
0.79244
BiOCl. . . 1.2474 10.09601
MgNH4
[gNH4 BiaSa. . . . 1.2312 10.09033
As04- BiAs04. Bi 0.59948 9.77778
As. .. 0.39383 9.59532 0.66866 9.82521
BiaOa
AS2O3. 0.51993 9.71595
AsaOfi. 0.60399 9.78103 0.47922 9.68054
BiaOa....
AsOa.. 0.64603 9.81025 0.53594 9.72912
BiOCl. . .
As04. . 0.72993 9.86328 0.89654 9.95257
BizOa... Bi
Barium: BiOCl. . . 1.1184 10.04858
Ba = Bi(N03)3-
137.37 5H2O.. 2.0867 10.31946
Ba BaCOa.... 1.4368 10.15739 BiONOa.. 1.2328 10.09090
BaCr04. .. 1.8457 10.26604 BiOCl. . Bi....... 0.80166 9:90399
BaSiFe.... 2.0359 10.30876 Bi(N03)3-
BaS04.... 1.6993 10.23027 5H2O.. 1.86 10.27088
BaClz... BaCOa.... 0.94757 9.97661 BiaOa.... 0.89417 9.95142
BaCr04... 1.2170 10.08526 BiONOa.. 1.1024 10.04232
BaS04. ... 1.1207 10.04949 Bi0N03.. BiaOa.... 0.81115 9.90910
BiOCl. . . 0.90715 9.59768
BaCl2.2 0.81221 9.90967
H2O.. BaS04 0.95524 9.98019 Bi2S3. . . . Bi
Bi20a. ... 0.90593 9.95709
BaCOa.. Ba 0.69610 9.84261
BaCk 1.0551 10.02339
BaCr04.... 1.2842 10.10865
B2O3 3.1818 10.50268
Ba(HCOa)2 1.3142 10.11867
9.89046 KBF4 11.4640 11.05933
BaO.. 0.7707
B2O3 B 0.31428 9.49732
BaS04 1.1827 10.07287
HaBOa. . .. 1.7721 10.24849
CO2 0.22293 9.34817
KBF4 3.6029 10.55665
BaCr04. 0.54195 9.73396
0.82175 9.91474 Na2B407-
0.77866 9.89135 IOH2O. , 2.7297 10.43612
BaUUa. 0.56430 9.75151
BaO 0.60507 9.78181 H3BO3... B2O3
KBF4.... 2.0331 10.30816
BaF2.... BaSiFe . 1.5948' 10.20270
KBF4.... B. . . . . . . 0.08723 8.94068
Ba(HC 0.27755 9.44335
9.88133 B2O3.... .
63)2. ..
BaC03.. 0.76090
H3BO3. .. 0.49186 9.69184
BaS04.. 0.89303 9.95087
1.2869 10.10954 Na2B407-
BaCOa.. 9.87947
BaCr04. 1.6526 10.21819^ IOH2O 0.75765
BaSiFe.. 1.8235 10.26091 Bromine:
1.5220 10.18241 Br =79.92
BaS04. . 0.74083
0.28689 9.45771 Ag... Br...;
CO2 1.1858 10.07400
1.3782 10.13931 BrOa.
BaOs.... BaS04..
BaS..... BaS04.. 1.3777 10.1391^ HBr.. 0.75053 9.87537

283
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GRAVIMETRIC FACTORS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS

(Continued)

Weighed Sought Factor Weighed Sought Factor

Bromine: -10 Calcium: -10

AgBr.... Br... 0.42556 9.62896 CaC03... CaCl2 . 1.1091 10.04498
BrOs
HBr
0.68114 9.83324
0.43113 9.63461
CagiC03)2 . 1.6198 10.20945
. 0.56031 9.74843
Br Ag 1.3498 10.13029 CaS64.'!!! 1.3602 10.13360
AgBr 2.3498 10.37104 CaS04-2H2
0 0.10009 9.00038 O . 1.7204 10.23563
BrOs. . . . Ag 0.84333 9.92600 HCl , 0.72890 9.86267
AgBr 1.4681 10.16676 CaFa. ... CaS04.... . 1.7437 10.24147
HBr.. Ag 1.3324 10.12463 Ca(HC
AgBr 2.3195 10.36539 03)2. . . CaCOs.... . 0.61737 9.79055
O Br 9.9913 10.99962 CaO 0.34592 9.53898
Cadmium: Ca(N03)2 N2O5 . 0.65830 9.81842
Cd =112.4 CaO Ca 0.71465 9.85409
Cd... CdCl2 1.6308 .21239 CaCl2 . 1.9793 10.29652
CdO 1.1426 05780 CaCOs.... , 1.7847 10.25157
CdS 1.2852 .10897 Ca(HC03)2 . 2.8908 10.46102
CdS04.... 1.8546 .26825 Ca3(P04)2. 1.8449 10.26593
CdCl2.... Cd 0.61321 .78761 CaS04. .. . 2.4279 10.38523
CdO 0.70051 84541 CaS04-2H2
CdS 0.78802 .89654 O . 3.0687 10.48695
CdS04.... 1.1371 05580 Cl 1.2649 10.10204
Cd(N03)2 Cd 0.47543 .67708 Ml . 0.71910 9.85679
CdO...... 0.54310 .73488 . 1.4279 10.15470
CdS 0.61103 .78600 Ca3(P04)2 CaO 0.54209 9.73407
CdS04.... 0.88173 .94534 CaS04. ... 1.3162 10.11932
CdO.. Cd 0.87539 94220 Mg2P207 .. 0.71777 9.85598
CdCl2 1.4276 15459 (NH4)sP04-
Cd(N03)2.. 1.8413 26512 I2M0O3. . 12.0989 11.08275
CdS 1.1251 05119 P2O5 0.45787 9.66075
CdS04.... 1.6235 21045 CaS BaS04. ... 3.2362 10.51003
CdS. Cd 0.77807 89102 CaS04... BaS04. ... 1.7148 10.23421
CdCl2. 1.2690 10346 Ca 0.29435
Cdg^O.)., 1.6366 21394 CaCl2 0.81532
9.46886
9.91133
0.88883 94882 CaCOs.... 0.73511 9.86635
CdS04.. Cd 0.53919 73174 CaF2 0.57350 9.75853
CdCb 0.87940 94419 CaO 0.41189 9.61478
Cd(N03)2.. 1.1341 05465 SOs 0.58811 9.76946
CdO 0.61595 78955 CaS04-
Calcium: 2H2O.. BaS04. ... 1.3559 10.13223
Ca = CaCOs.... 0.58126 9.76437
40.07 CaO 0.32569 9.51280
BaS04.. CaS 0.30900 SOs 0.46503 9.66748
CaS04 0.58317 9.76580 CaW04.. WO3 0.80530 9.90596
CaS04-2H2 Cl....... Ca 0.56500 9.75205
O 0.73752 9.-86777 CaCl2 1.5650 10.19451
Ca. CaCl2 2.7699 10.44246 CaO 0.79060 9.89796
CaCOs 2.4974 10.39748 CO2 CaO 1.2743 10.10528
CaO i.3993 10.14591 CaCOs.... 2.2743 10.35685
CaS04 3.3973 10.53113 HCl CaCOs.... 1.3719 10.13733
C1 1.7699 10,24795 Mg2AS207 Cas(As04)2 . 1.2821 10.1^93
CaaCAs MgO.... CaO 1.3906 10.14321
04)2. . Mg2AS207. . 0.77995 9.89207 Mg2P207. Ca3(P04)2. . 1.3932 10.14402
CaCla... Ca. 0.36103 9.55754 (NH4)3
CaC03 0.90162 9.95502 P04.
CaO 0.50518 9.70345 12M003 Cas(POi)2. 0.08265 8.91725
CaS04 1.22( 10.08867 N205.... Ca(N03)2.. 1.5191 10.18158
C1 0.63899 9.80549 P205 .... Ca3(P04)2. 2.1840 10.33925
CaCOs.. Ca 0.40043 9.60252 S03 CaO 0.70035 9.84532

284

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 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

GRAVIMETRIC FACTORS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS

(Continued)

Loga
Weighed Sought Factor Weighed Sought Factor
rithm

Calcium: -10 Carbon: / -10

SO3 ... . CaS04. ... 1.7003 10.23053 FeCOa... CO2. 0.37986 9.57962
CaS04- Fe(HC
2H2O. .. 2.1504 10.33252 Oa)2. . . CO2. .. 0.49481 9.69444
WO3.... CaW04... 1.2418 10.09404 HCN.... Ag.. .. 3.9922 10.60121
Carbon: AgCN. 4.954^ 69503
C = KCN.... Ag.. .. 1.6568 21927
12.005 AgCN. 2.0563 31309
' Ag HCN 0.25049 9.39879 K2CO3...CO2. .. 0.31840 50297
KCN 0.60359 9.78074 KHCO3.. CO2. . . 0.43954 64300
AgCN.. HCN 0.20182 9.30496 K2O ...CO2... 0.46714 66945
KCN 0.48631 9.68691 Li2C03...
CO2. . . 0.59559 77495
BaCOa.. C 0.06082 8.78390 LiHCOs..CO2... 0.64756 81128
CO2 0.22295 9.34819 Li20 CO2... 1.4727 10 16711
CO3 0:30402 9.48290 MgC03.. CO2... 0.52185 71755
BaO. CO2 0.28692 9.45776 Mg(HC
CO2, bicar 03)2. . . CO2. 0.60139 9.77916
bonate .. 0.57384 9.75879 MnO.... CO2. 0.62035 9.79264
BaCOs 16.4411 11.21593 Na2COa.. CO2. 0.41512 9.61817
CO2 3.6656 10.56414 NaHC03. CO2. 0.52378 9.71915
CaCOs.. CO2 0^43972 9.64318 Na20.... CO2. 0.70976 9.85111
Ga(HC (NH4)2
03)2.. CO2 0.54295 9.73476 CO3... CO2. 0.45796
CaO.... CO2 0.78482 9.89477 NH4
CO2, bicar HCO3 . CO2. 0.55664 9.74557
bonate. . 1.5696 10.19579 PbCOa... CO2. 0.16469 9.21667
CO2. BaCOa 4.4863 10.65189 SrCOs. .. CO2. 0.29807 9.47432
Ba(HC03)2 2.9473 10.46942 Sr(HC
BaO 3.4853 10.54224 03)2. . . CO2. 0.41978
C 0.2f281 9.43586 SrO CO2: 0.42463 9.62801
CaCOa . . . 2.2742 10.35683 Chlorine:
Ca(HC03)2 1.8416 10.26519 C1 =35.46
1.2742 10.10524 Ag C1 0.32870 51680
1.3636 10.13469 HCl 0.33796 52886
2.6325 10.42037 AgCl. ... C1 0.24738
2.0210 10.30557 HCl 0.25435 40543
3.1407 10.49703 BaCr04 . C1 0.27988 44697
'2.2751 10.35700 Ca C1 1.7699 10.24795
2.1407 10.33056 C1 Ag 3.0423 10.48320
1.6790 10.22505 AgCl 4.0423 10.60663
1.544310.18873 BaCr04... 3.5730 10.55303
0.67901 9.83188 Ca 0.56500 75205
1.9163 10.28246 HCl 1.0284 01216
1.6628 10.22084 K 1.1027 04244
0.91626 9.96202 KCl 2.1026 32277
2.6119 10.41696 li 0.19579 29162
2.0106 10.30333 Mg 0.34292 53519
1.611910.20734 MgCl2. ... 1.3430 12805
2.408910.38182 Mn02 1.2257
1.909210.28085 Na 0.64862 81199
1.408910.14888 NaCl 1.6486 21712
2.183610.33917 NH4 0.50874 70650
1.796510.25443 PbCr04... 4.5572 65870
PbC03. 6.072110.78334 HCl..... Ag 2.9590 ,47114
SrCOa. . 3.355010.52569 AgCl 3.9316 .59457
Sr(HCO 2.3822 10.37698 NH4CI 1.4669 16641
SrO... 2.3550 10.37199 :NH4)2S04. 1.8116 25806
CO.. BaCOa. 3.2892 10.51709 K C1 0.90691 95756
CO2.:. 0.73336 9.86532 KCl !1 0.47558 67723

285
 HANDBOQK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

GRAVIMETRIC FACTORS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS

(Continued)

Loga
Weighed Sought Factor
rithm
Weighed Sought Factor

Chlorine: -10 /obalt: -10

Li C1 5.10947 10.70838 Co(^^2
Mg...... C1 2.9162 10.46481 Co. 0.20258 9.30661
MgCl2... C1 0.74465 9.87195 Co(n62)3
Mn02 ... C1 0.81583 9.91160 (KN02)3 Co. 0.13037 9.11517
Na...... C1 1.5417 10.18801 CoO 0.16574 9.21943
NaCl.... C1 0.60657 9.78288 CoO. Co. 0.78657 9.89574
NH4 C1 1.9656 10.29350 Co(]^02)3
PbCr04.. C1 0.21943 9.34130 (ICN02)3 . &.0335 10.78057
Chromium: 1.0711 10.02985
Cr=^2 C0SO4 , ,, 2.0679 10.31553
BaCr04.. Cr 0.20529 9.31236 (CoS04)2
Cr203 0.29992 9.47707 (K2S04)3. 5.5545 10.74465
Cr03 0.39469 9.59626 G03O4 Co. 0.73433 9.86890
0.45784 9.66072 CoO 0.93358 9.97016
Cr04. . . . ..
Cr2(S04)3- C0SO4.. Co. 0.38038 9.58022
I8H2O. . . 1.4139 10.15042 CoO....... 0.48358 9.68447
Cr BaCr04.... 4.8712 10.68764 CoS04-
Cr2Ck. , ,, 1.46154 10.16481 7H2O. Co. 0.20975 9.32170
6.2154 10.79347 CoO 0.26666 9.42596
PbCr04....
Cr203.... BaCr04.... 3.33389 10.52293 (CoS04)2
Cr 0.68422 9.83519 (K2S
CrOs. 1.31570 10.11919 04)3.. Co 0.1416 9.15109
0.18003 9.25534
Cr03.... BaCr04....
Cr203
2.5336
0.76000
10.40376
9.88081
I(gper:
K2Cr04. ... 1.9420 10.28825
K2Cr207.... 1 .'4693 10.16731 V.57
PbCr04.... 3.2320 10.50947 (CfiHa
Cr04. . .. BaCr04.... 2.1842 10.33928 Cu. CU2
) O2. i 3.9880 10.60076
PbCr04 ... 2.7862 10.44501 )(As
V. U2;3>
Cr2(S04)3 CuCNS... 1.9136 10.28185
I8H2O BaCr04. ... 0.70727 9.84959 CuO 1.2517 10.09750
PbCr04.... 0.90220 9.95530 CU2O 1.1258 10.05147
K2Cr04. . CrOs 0.51494 9.71175 CU2S 1.2522 10.09767
PbCr04.... 1.6637 10.22108 CuS04-
K]2Cr207 CrOs 0.68028 9.83269 5H2O.... 3.9281 10.59418
PbCr04.... 2.1971 10.34185
PbCr04.. Cr 0.16089 9.20653
Cr203 0.23515 9.37135 Cu Cu. 0.25075 9.39924
CrOs 0.30941 9.49053
Cr04 0.35891 9.55499 Mg2A8207.. . 0.91874 9.96319
CuCNS. Cu. 0.52259 9.71816
1.1084 10.04470 CuO 0.65412 9.81566
E:2Cr04. 0.60087 9.77878 CuO.... 0.79891 9.90250
K2Cr207.... 0.45514 10.65815 CuCNS.... 1.5288 10.18435
%
Cobalt: CU2S 1.0004 10.00017
Co =58.97 CuS04-5H2
Co 0 3.1382 10.49668
4.9361 10.69339 CU2O.... 0.88824 9.94853
Co(N02)3 1.1122 10.04618
(KN02)3 . 7.6706 10.88483 CuS04-
CoO 1.2714 10.10426 5H2O.. Cu. 0.25458 9.40582
C03O4 1.3618 10.13411 CuO 0.31865 9.50331
C0SO4 .... 2.6290 10.41979 CuaS, ,. . 0.31877 9.50348
CoS04-7H2 raH3 )
Mg2AS207 CU2 i02 f
0 4.7675 10.67829
1.0885 10.08081
(CoS04)2'
(K2S04)3 . 7.0616 10.84890

286

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 HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY ANIX PHYSICS

GRAVIMETRIC FACTORS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS

(Continued)

Loga Loga
Weighed Sought Factor Weighed Sought Factor
rithm
rithm

Fluorine: Hy^ogen: -10

F = 19 -10 O... 7.9365 10.89963
BaFs. ... BaSiFe 1.5948 10.20270 H26'.! H... 0.11190 9.04884
BaSiFe... BaF2 0.62705 9.79730 O H... 0.12595 9.10020
F......... 0.40762 9.61025 Iodine:
HF 0.42924 9.63270 1=126.92
HaSiFe 0.51602 9.71267 Ag HI.. 1.1859 10.07403
SiF4 0.37294 9.57163 I.... 1.1765 10.07059
SiFe....... 0.50880 9.70655 Agl. HI.. 0.54484 9.73627
CaF2. ... F 0.48675 9.68730 I.... 0.54055 9.73283
HF 0.51258 9.70976 IO3.. 0.74497 9.87214
H2SiF6 1.6228 10.21028 IO4.. 0.81313 9.91016
CaS04... F. . . . . . . . . 0.27914 9.44582 I2O5. 0.71091 9.85181
HF 0.29395 9.46827 I2O7. 0.77904 9.89156
F BaSiFe 2.45330 10.38975 HI. Ag. . 0.84328 9.92597
CaF2 2.05447 10.31270 1.8354 10.26373
CaS04 3.5824 10.55417 0.41703 9.62016
H2SiF6 1.2660 10.10242 Pdl2. 1.4092 10.14896
KaSiFg 1.9342 10.28651 Til.. 2.5868 10.41276
HF BaSiFe.. ^. 2.3297 10.36730 I.... Ag. . 0.84998 9.92941
CaF2 1.9509 10.29024 1.8500 10.26717
CaS04 . . . . . 3.4019 10.53172 0.42034 9.62360
K2SiF6 1.8368 10.26406 Pdl2. 1.4204 10.15240
2HF H2SiF6 3.6065 10.55708 Til.. 2.6074 10.41620
6HF HaSiFe 1.2022 10.07997 IO3.. 1.3423 10.12786
HsSiFe... BaSiFe..... 1.93790 10.28733 1.0306 10.01309
CaF2 0.61620 9.78972 IO4.. 1.2298 10.08984
F 0.78992 9.89758 0.94421 9.97507
2HF 0.27728 9.44292 Til.. 1.7333 10.23887
6HF 0.83182 9.92003 1206. 1.4067 10.14819
SiF4 0.72270 9.85896 1.0799 10.03342
SiFe 0.98601 9^.99388 Til. 1.9825- 10.29722
KF KgSiFfi 1.8976 10.27820 1207. Ag 1.2836 10.10844
K2SiF6... F 0.51700 9.71349 Pdl2. 0.98553 9.99361
HF 0.54443 9.73594 Tll.. 1.8091 10.25747
HzSiFe 0.65451 9.81598 Pd... HI.. 2.3979 10.37984
KF 0.52699 9.72180 I..:. 2.3790 10.37640
SiFe 0.64534 9.80979 Pdl2. HI.. 0.70965 9.85104
SiF^ BaSiFe 2.6814 10.42837 I.... 0.70404 9.84760
H2SiF6 . 1.3837 10.14104 IO3.. 0.97031 9.98691
SiFe BaSiFe 1.9654 10.29345 IO4.. 1.0591 10.02493
H2SiFe 1.0141 10.00612 I2O5. 0.92593 9.96658
K2SiFe 1.5495 10.19021 I2O7. 1.0147 10.00633
Gold: Til. HI.. 0.38658 9.58724
Au =197.2 I.... 0.38353 9.58380
Au AuCb 1.5394 10.18736 IO3.. 0.52858 9.72311
HAuCU' IO4.. 0.57694 9.76113
4H2O.... 2.0898 10.32010 I2O5. 0.50440 9.70278
KAu(CN)4 I2O7. 0.55275 9.74253
H2O.... 1.8172 10.25941 Iron:
AuGls..., Au 0.64959 9.81264 Fe =
HAuCU- 65.84
4H2O.. Au 0.47852 9.67990 Ag Fe7(CN)i8,
KAu Prussian
Wue 0.44240 9.64582
go^V. Au........ 0.55028 9.74059 CN.. Fe7(CN)i8.. 1.8349 10.26362
H^ropn:^ CO2. FeO 1.6325 10.21285
FeC03 2.6325 10.42037
H."!.*.... H2O 8.9363 10.95116 Fe(HC03)2 2.0210 10.30557

287
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GRAVIMETRIC FACTORS AND THEIR LOGARITHM^

(Continued)

Loga Loga
Weighed Sought Factor Weighed Sought Factor
rithm
rithm

Iron: -10 -10

Fe. Fe(HC03)2 3.1851 10.50313 FeS04-
1.2865 10.10943 7H2O.. Fe 0.20086
fIzoV. 1.4298 10.15527 Fe203 0.28718 9.45815
FeP04 2.7020 10.43168 FeS04-
FeS 1.5741 10.19703
FeS04 2.7203 10.43462
FeS04 7H2 6H2O.. Fe 0.14239 9.15348
O. 4.9787 10.69712 Fe203 0.20360 9.30878
FeS04- Fe2(S04)3 Fe203 0.39934 9.60134
(NH4)2S04- Mg2AS207 FeAs04.... 1.2542 10.09838
6H2O.... 7.0227 10.84650 S03... FeO 0.89733 9.95295
FeAs04.. Mg2AS207. , , 0.79714 9.90162 FeS04 1.8973 10.27814
FeCla Fe203 0.49211 9.69212
Fe7 Pb =207.2
(CN)i8, BaS04... PbS04 1.2991 10.11364
Prussian 2.26036 10.35418 Pb PbCl2...... 1.3426 10.12795
blue... CN... 0.54496 9.73637 PbCOs 1.2896 10.11045
FeCOa... CO2. . 0.37986 9.57962 [PbC03)2
FeO.. 0.62017 9.79251 Pb(OH)2. 1.2478 10.09601
Fe203. 0.68924 9.83836 PbCr04.... 1.5598 10.19307
Fe PbO 1.0772 10.03230
(HC03)2 CO2 0.49480 9.69443 Pb02 1.1544 10.06236
Fe 0.31396 9.49687 PbS 1.1M7 10.06247
FeO 0.40392 9.60629 PbS04 1.4636 10.16542
Fe203.... 0.44889 9.65214 PbCl2. ... Pb 0.74500 9.87216
FeO. CO2 0.61254 9.78713 PbO. 0.80253 9.90447
Fe 0.77728 9.89058 Pb
FeC03... 1.6124 10.20749 (C2H302)2
FeHCOs., 2.47577 10.39371 3H2O PbCr04.... 0.85210 9.93049
FeaOa.... 1.1114 10.04585 PbS04 0.79953 9.90283
FeP04. .. 2.1002 10.32226 PbQ03... Pb 0.77545 9.88955
FeS 1.2236 10.08764 PbO 0.83533 9.92186
1.1144 . 10.04704 PbS04 1.1350 10.05500
Fe304 . . Fe203 . . . . 1.0346 10.01477 (PbC03)2
FeaOa .. Fe 0.69940 9.84473 Pb
FeCls 2.0318 10.30788 (0H)2.. Pb 0.80142
FeC03.... 1.4509 10.16164 PbCr04.... 1.2501 10.09694
Fe(HC03)2 2.2278 10.34786 PbS04 1.1730 10.06930
Fe(HC03)2 2.2278 10.34786 PbCr04.. Pb 0.64109
0.89980 9.95415 Pb(C2H302)2
Fl3d4'.;! 0.96657 9.98523 3H2O... 1.1736 10.06952
FeP04.... 1.8898 10.27641 (PbC03)2-
FeS 1.1010 10.04179 Pb(0H)2. 0.79994 9.90306
FeS04. . .. 1.9026 10.27935 PbO 0.69059 9.83922
FeS04-7H20 3.4821 10.54184 Pb304 0.70710 9.84948
FeS04 PbS04 0.93830 9.97234
(NH4)2S04 Pb(N03)2 PbO 0.67387 9.82858
6H20.... 4.91157 10.69122 Pb02 0.72218 9.85865
Fe2(S04)3... 2.5041 10.39865 PbS04 0.91558 9.96170
FeP04. Fe 0.37010 9.56832 PbO Pb 0.92832 9.96770
FeO.. 0.47615 9.67774 PbCl2 1.2461 10.09556
FezOs. 0.52920 9.72362 PbC03 1.1967 10.07799
FeS... Fe. . . 0.63527 9.80296 PbCr04.... 1.4480 10.16077
FeO.. 0.81729 9.91238 Pb 1.4840 10.17143
Fe203. 0.90830 9.95823 Pbl 1.0720 10.03019
FeS04. Fe. . . 0.36761 9.56539 PbS04 1.3587 10.13312
0.52561 9.72066 Pb02... Pb 0.86622 9.93763
SO3.. 0.52706 9.72186 Pb(N08)2... 1,3847 10.14136

288

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 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

GRAVIMETRIC FACTORS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS

(Continued)
Loga
Weighed Sought Factor Weighed Sought Factor
rithm

-10 Lithium: -10

Lead:
Pb02. ... PbS04. .. 1.2678 10.10305 Li3P04. .. hkBOi-mo 1.6572 10.21937
Pb304..., PbCr04.. 1.4142 10.15051 Li2S04. .. Li 0.12625 9.10123
PbS04... 1.3270 10.12287 LiCl 0.77133 9.88724
Pb 0.85898 Li20 0.27178 9.43422
Pb 0.86580 9.93742 SO3 Li20 0.37322 9.57196
PbO 0.93288 Li2S04. . 1.3732 10.13773
pbso4.:. 1.2675 10.10295 Magnesium:
PbS04. BaS04... 0.76974 Mg =
Pb 0.68324 9.83457 24.32
Pb(C2H3 BaS04... MgS04. 0.51570 9.71240
02)2-3H20 1.2508 10.09721 Mg~"
PbCOs 0.8109 9.94502 1.0559 10.02362
(PbC03)2-. . Br.. Mg 0.15213 9.18222
Pb(0H)2. 0.85254 9.93071 MgBr2... 1.1520 10.06146
PbCr04.. .. 1.0658 10.02768 MgBr2-
1.0922 10.03830 6H2O.. 1.8282 10.26203
0.73600 Cl.. Mg 0.34292 9.53519
Pb02 0.78876 9.89694 MgCl2. .. 1.3430 10.12805
Pb304 0.75359 ,9.87714 MgCla-
PbS 0.78896 9.89706 6H2O.. 2.8672 10.45746
lithium: CO2 MgC03. . 1.9163 10.28246
Li=6.94 MgO.... 0.91626 9.96202
CO2 Li2C03.. 1.6790 22505 I... Mg 0.09581 8.98140
LiHC03.... 1.5443 18873 Mgl2. . .. 1.0958 10.03973
Li20 0.67901 83188 Mg. Br 6.5732 10.81778
LiCl.... 6.1096 78601 Cl 2.9162 10.46481
Li.
5.3227 72614 I.. 10.4380 11.01860
Li2C03. .
2.1539 33322 MgO.... 1.6579 10.21956
Li20
5.5629 74530 Mg2P207 . 4.5790 10.66077
Li3P04..
7.9207 MgS04... 4.9449 10.69459
Li2S04..
0.16368 21399 MgBr2... Br 0.86806 9.93855
LiCl.... Li
Li2C03. . 0.87124 94013 MgBr2
Li20 .... 0.35227 54698 Br 0.54698 9.73797
Li3P04.. 0.91052 95929 Cl 0.74465 9.87195
Li2S04.. 1. 10. 11277 Mg2P207 . 1.1692 10.06791
LiaCOs.. CO2. ... 0.59559 77495 MgBr2-
Li 0.18789 27386 6H2O.. Br 0.54698 9.73797
1.1479 05987 MgCb*6H20 Cl 0.34877 9.54250
LiCl....
1.8395 Mg2P207 . 0.54765 9.73854
LiHC03....
Li20.... 0.40444 60685 MgCla-
Li3P04.. 1.0451 01916 KCl-
LiHCOa. CO2 0.64756 81128 6H2O.. 0.40072 9.60284
Li2C03. . 0.54366 73531 MgCOs.. 0.52185 9.71755
Li20.... 0.21960 34216 :hco3)2 1.7355 10.23943
LiaO.... CO2.... 1.4727 16811 0.47818 9.67959
Li 0.46427 66678 Mg2P207. . . 1.3206 10.12080
LiCl.... 2.8381 45302
Li2C03 2.4630 39315 . 0.57619 9.76057
LiHCOs.... 4.5482 65784 0.27553 9.44016
Li3P04.. 2.5842 41231 . 0.76097 9.88137
Li2S04.. 3.6794 .56578 Mgl2.. . 0.91258 9.96027
SO3 2.6794 ,42804 MgO.. CO2 1.0914 10.03798
Li8P04.. Li 0.17976 ,25470 Mg 0.60317 9.78044
LiCl.... 1.0983 ,04071 MgC03... 2.0912 10.32041
LiCOs 0.95689 Mg(HC03)2 3.6294 10.55984
LiHCOs.... 1.7601 24553 , 2.7619 10.44121
Li20.... 0.38700 9 58769 MgSO^. 2.9856 10.47503
Li2S04.. 1.4234 10 15333 Mg2P207. Mg 0.21839 9.33923

289
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GRAVIMETRIC FACTORS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS

(Continued)

Weighed ^ught Loga- Loga

Factor
rithm
Weighed Sought Factor
rithm

Magnesium: -10 Manganese -10^

Mg2P207 MgCl2.#.. 0.85524 9.93209 Mn304...' MnO 0.93006 9.96851
Mn203'. 1.0349 10.01492
:20... 178260 10.26150 Mn02. 1.1398 10.05685
MgCl2-KCl MnS04 1.9803 10.29673
6H20... 2.4955 10.39716 Mn02.... Mn304..... 0.87730 9.94315
MgCOs. . .. 0.75719 9.87920 Mn2P207. .. 1.6332 10.21303
Mg(H03)2 1.3141 10.11862 MnaPaO?. Mn 0.38691 9.58761
MgO 0.36207 9.55879 MnCOs. ... 0.80952 9.90823
MgS04 1.0810 10.03383 MnO 0.49961 9.69863
MgS04- Mn02 0.61231 9.78697
7H2O.... 2.2135 10.34508 MnS04.... 1.0635 10.02674
MgS04.. BaS04 1.9391 10.28760 MnS. Mn 0.63145 9.80034
Mg... 0.20203 9.30542 MnCOs 1.3212 10.12097
MgO 0.33494 9.52497 MnO 0.81538 9.91136
Mg2P207. . . 0.92507 9.96617 MnS04 1.7357 10.23947
SO3. 0.66506 MnS04... BaS04 . . 1.5460 10.18921
Mg Mn304 0.50509 9.70337
320. BaS04 0.94702 9.97636 Mn2P207... 0.94026 9.97325
Mg2P207. .. 0.45178 9.65493 MnS 0.57613 9.76052
SO3 0.32480 9.511-62 SO3 0.53023 9.72446
SO3.. MgO 0.50362 9.70210 SO3.. MnO 0.88596 9.94741
MgS04 1.5036 10.17713 MnS04 1.8860 10.27554
MgS04- Mercury:
cury:
7H2O 3.0788 10.48838 ;=200.(
Manganese HgCl 1.1768 10.07069
Mn =54.93 HgGl2 1.3535 10.13147
BaS04.., MnS04 0.64687 81082 HgO 1.0797 10.03330
CO2 MnCOs. ... 2.6119 41696 HgS 1.1598 10.06438
MnO 1.6119 20734 HgCl.... Hg 0.84978 9.92931
Mn...... MnC03. ... 2.0923 32062 HgCl2 1.1502 10.06078
MnO 1.2913 11102 HgNOs. . .. 1.1102 10.04538
Mn203 1.4369 1574^ Hg20 0.88364 9.94629
Mn304 1.3884 14251 HgO 0.91756 9.96264
MnCOa. . CO2 0.38287 58305 HgS....... 0.98560 9.99370
Mn 0.47795 67938 HgCl2.... Hg 0.73880 9.86853
MnO. 0.61716 79040 HgCl 0.86940 9.93922
Mn304 0.66358 82189 HgS 0.85688 9.94292
Mn2P207. .. 1.2353 10. 09177 Hg(CN)2 HgS 0.92097 9.96425
MnS 0.75690 87904 HgNOs. . HgCl 0.90078 9.95462
Mn(HC HgS 0.88595 9.94741
03)2. .. MnC03. ... 0.64950 9.81258 Hg(N03)2 HgS 0.71672 9.85535
MnO...... 0.40084 9.60298 Hg(N03)2
MnsOi 0.43099 9.63447 H2O.. HgS 0.67902 9.83188
MnO.... CO2 0.62040 9.79267 Hg20.... HgCl 1.1317 10.05371
Mn 0.77442 9.88898 HgS 1.1153 10.04739
MnCOs. ... 1.6203 10.20960 HgO.. Hg 0.92612 9.96667
MnHCOs... 2.4947 10.39702 HgCl 1.0898 10.03736
Mn203 1.1128 10.04641 HgS 1.0741 10.03104
Mn304..... 1.0752 10.03149 HgS.. HgCl2 1.1670 10.06707
Mn2P207... 2.0016 10.30137 Hg(CN)2... 1.0858 10.03575
MnS 1.2264 10.08863 HgNOa. . .. 1.1287 10.05258'
SO3 1.1287 10.05258 Hg(N03)2. . 1.3953 10.14467
Mn203... Mn 0.69593 9.84256 Hg(N03)2-
MnO 0.89865 9.95359 H2O 1.4727 10.16711
Mn304 0.96623 9.98508 0.89659 9.95259
Mn304... Mn 0.72026 9.85749 HgO 0.93097 9.96894
MnCOs.... 1.5070 10.17811 HgS04 1.2751 10.10554
Mn(HC03)2 2.32C3- 10.36553 HgS04... HgS 0.78424 9.89445

290

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 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

GRAVIMETRIC FACTORS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS

(Continued)

Weighed Sought Factor Weighed Sought Factor

Loga
rithm

Molybde Nickel:
num: NiS04- -10
Mo =96. -10 7H2O.. Ni... 0.20894 9.32011
Mo..... MoOs..... 1.5000 17609 NiO.. 0.26591 9.42494
M0S3 2.0019 30144 NiS04 0.55097 9.74113
PbMo04. . 3:8239 58251 Nitrogen:
MoOa.... Mo 0.66667 82391 N=14.01
M0S3..... 1.3346 12535 AgN02... HNO2 30554 1.48507
(NH4)2 N2O3. 24699 39269
M004... 1.3617 13408 HNO2. . . 51493
(NH4)3P04- HNO3. . . 22231 34696
I2M0O3. 1.0863 03596 NH3 27023 43173
MoSa.... Mo 0.49953 69856 NH4C1 92887
MoOs 0.74930 87466 (NH4)2PtCl6 54691
(NH4)2 5480 18997
M0O4. . . 1.0201 00864 soV.! 63520 80291
(NH4)2 KNO3. . . N2O5 53417 72768
M0O4.. M0O3 0.73437 9.86592 N HNO3 4982 65304
M0S3 0.9803 9.99136 NaN03..... 0678 78303
(NH4)3P04- NH3 2155 08477
I2M0O3. 0.-79778 9.90188 NH4CI 8187 58191
(NHOa NH4)2PtCl6 8469 19995
PO. :NH4)2S04.. 7156 67354
. I2M0O3 M0O3... .. 0.92053 9.96404 NO2 2841 51641
(NH4)2 N2Q3 7131 43346
M0O4... 1.2535 10.09812 NO3 4261 64602
PbMo04. Mo 0.26144 9.41737 N2O5 8551 58603
M0O3 0.39216 9.59346 Pt 9665 84301
(NH4)2 SO3 8572 45594
M0O4 . . . 0^.53399 9.72753 NaNOs. . N 16481 21697
N2O5 63533 80300
Nickel: N2O3. . . . AgN02 0487 60731
Ni=58. N 36858 56654
Ni Ni, gly- N2O6. . . . KNO3 8721 27232
oxime.. 4.9236 10.69228 N 25940 41397
NaN03 5740 19700
4.9556 10.69510 NH3 31531 49874
NiO 1.2726 10.10471 (NH4)2PtCl6 1101 61392
NiS04. . . 2.6370 10.42111 (NH4)2SQ4. . 2232 08750
NiS04- 8071
7H2O.. 4.7861 10.67998 SOs.'. 74116
Ni, gly- NO2 N 30450 .48359
osame.. Ni 0.2031 9.30771 NO3 N 22593 .35398
Ni(N03)2- NHs HNO3 7006 10 56827
6H2O. Ni 0.20179 9.30490 N 82268 91523
NiO 0.25681 9.40961 N2O5 1714 50126
NiS04 0.53212 9.72601 NH4CI... HNO3. 1780 0.07113
NiO Ni 0.78576 N 26187 9.41809
Ni(N03)2- (NH4)2Pt
6H2O... 10.59039 Cle.... HNO3..:... 0.28380 9.45301
NiS04. . . . 2.0720 10.31639 N 0.06310 8.80005
NiS04- N2O5....... 0.24327 9.38609
7H2O... 3.7607 10.57527 (NH4)2
NiS04... Ni 0.37922 9.57889 S04.... N 0.21206 9.32646
Nil N2O6....... 0.81753 9.91250
1.8793 10.27400 Pt... HNO3 0.64570 9.81003
NiO. 0.48262 9.68361 N 0.14345 9.15699
NiS04- N2O5 0.55338 9.74302
7H2O.. 1.81149 10.25886 S03.. HNO3 1.5741 10.19703

291
 HAI^DBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

GRAVIMETRIC FACTORS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS

(Continued)

Weighed Sought Loga Weighed Loga

Factor
rithm
Sought Factor
rithm

Nitrogen: -10 Phos

SO3 N... .r.... 0.34999 9.54406 phorus: -10
N2O6.... 1.3492 10.13008 P2O6.. . AIPO4. . 1.7190 10.23526
Phos FeP04.. 2.1238 10.32711
phorus: Mg2P207. .. 1.-5662 10.19483
P =31.04 Na2HP04... 1.9996 10.30094
AgP04.. . P 0.07414 .87004 Na2HP04-
PO4 0.22700 .35603 I2H2O. . 5.0428 10.70267
P2O5 0.16968 .22963 NaNH4HP
Ag4P207 . P 0.10251 .01077 04-4H20 . 2.9441 10.46896
PO4 0.31388 49676 (NH4)3P04-
P2O5....... 0.23461 37035 I2M0O3.. 26.4243 11.42200
AI2O3. . . . P2O5 1.3890 10 14308 U2P2OU.... 5.0287 10.70146
AIPO4. . . PO4.. 0.77830 89115 U2P2OU. P 0.08689 8.93897
P2O6 0.58175 76474 PO4. . .. 0.26604 9.42495
Ca3(P04)2 P2O5 0.45787 66075 P2O6 0.19886 9.29865
FeP04... PO4 0.62991 79928 Platinum:
P2O5 0.47080 67289 Pt=195.!
Mg2P207. Na2HP04... 1.2756 10 10571 H2PtCl6-
Na2HP04- 6H2O.
I2H2O. . .
K;2PtCl6.... 0.93844 9.97239
3.2164 10.50744 K2PtCl6. H2PtCl6-
NaNH4
6H2O.... 1.0656 10.02761
HP04-4H20 1.8771 10.27373 Pt 0.40151 9.60370
P. . . 0.27861 9.44511
PtCl4 0.69326 9.84090
PO4. 0.85384
PtCl4-5H20 0.87856 9.94377
P2O5 0.63852 9.80517
Na2HP04 Mg2P207... 0.78395 9.89429
P206.. 0.50010 9.69906 Pt 0.43960 9.64306
Na2 PtCl4. 0.75904 9.88026
HP04- PtCle 0.91876 9.96320
I2H2O. MgP207.. 0.31006 9.49256 Pt.. HaPtCle-
6H2O.... 2.6558 10.42419
0.19830 9.29733
NaNH4 K2PtCl6..:. 2.4906 10.39630
HP04- (NH4)2PtCl6 ^.2748 10.35694
4H2O.. Mg2P207. . 0.53244 9.72627 PtCU 1.7266 10.23720
P206 0.33966 9.53104 PtCl4-5H20 2.1881 10.34007
(NH4)8 PtCl4. .. K2PtCl6.... 1.4424 10.15910
P04- ^NH4)2PtCl6 1.3175 10.11974
9.76280
I2M0O3 p 0.01653 8.21842 0.57917
P04 0.05063 8.70441 PtCle.... (NHO^tCU 1.0884 10.03680
P206 0.03784 8.57800 PtCl4-
Ag3P04. . . , 13.4884 11.12996 5H2O. K2PtCl6. . . . 1.1382 10.05623
Ag4P207. . . . 9.7550 10.98923 Pt 0.45701
Mg2P207 . . 3.5877 10.55481 Potassium:
(NH4)3P04- K=39.1
I2M0O3.. 60.4755 11.78158 Ag KBr... 1033 10.04268
P2O6 2.2886 10.35958 KCl... 69114 9.83957
US!P20ll.... 11.5090 11.06104 KCIO3. 1361 10.05541
PO4. AgP04 4.4052 10.64397 KCIO4. 2844 10.10870
Ag4P207 3.1860 10.50324 KCN.. 60354 9.78071
AIPO4 1.2845 10.10885 KI 5390 10.18722
FeP04 1.5875 10.20072 AgBr... KBr... 63375 9.80192
Mg2P207. . . 1.1712 10.06862 KBrOs. 88934 9.94907
(NH4)3P04- AgCl... KCl. .. 52017 9.71614
12M003.... 19.7591 11.29559 KCIO3. 85503 9.93198
UaPzOn... 3.7588 10.57505 KCIO4. 96666 9.98527
P2O6. Ag3P04 5.8935 10.77038 AgCN.. KCN.. 48630 9.68690
Ag4P207... 4.2623 10.62965 Agl.... KI 70707 9^84946
A1203 0.71933 9. KIO3.. 91148 9.95975

292
 HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

GRAVIMETRIC FACTORS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS

(Continued)

Loga Loga
Weighed Sought Factor Weighed Sought Factor
rithm
rithm

-10 Potassium: -10

Potassium:
9.88451 K2CO3 1.0790 10.03303
BaCr04. K2Cr04. 0.76650
0.58019 9.76357 KOH.... 0.81201 9.90956
KaCraOv..
0.58334 9.76592 K2O 0.68161 9.83354
BaS04.. KHSO4. .
9.67426 K2CO3... KPtCle... 3.5178 10.54627
K2S 0.47235
0.74652 9.87304 K2SO4. . . 1.2609 10.10068
K2SO4. . .
0.48924 9.68952 K2Cr04.. BaCr04. . 1.3045 10.11549
Br, K
1.4892 10.17296 K2Cr207.. BaCr04. . 1.7236 10.23643
KBr. ... .
KCl . . 0.50699 9.70500
CaF2.... KF-2H20 2.4108 10.38216
K2O 0.32019 9.50541
CaS04.. EF-2H20 1.3829 10.14079
KF-2H20 CaFa.... 0.41480 9.61784
C1 K 1.1027 10.04244
CaS04. . . 0.72310 9.85920
KCl 2.1026 10.32277
KHASO4. Mg2AS207 0.71172 9.85232
KCIO3. .. 3.4563 10.53861
3.9075 10.59190 KHCO3 KCL . . . 0.74480 9.87204
KCIO4.. .
1.3282 10.12328 K2O 0.94098 9.97358
K2O..
2.1407 10.33056 K2PtCl6. . 4.8563 10.68631
CO2.... K2O..
K2CO3... 3.1407 10.49703 K2SO4. .. 0.87034 9.93969
KI 1.3081 10.11663 KHSO4.. BaS04. . . 1.7143 10.23409
I
1.6863 10.22692 K2SO4. . . 0.63986 9.80609
KlOa. . . .
2.0440 10.31048 KI Ae 0.64981 9.81278
K Br
0.90691 9.95756 Agl 1.4143 10.15054
Cl....
KBr.. 3.0440 10.48355 0.76448 9.88337
1.9069 10.28033 K 0.23551 9.37202
KCl. .
KI... 4.2460 10.62798 K2O 0.28370 9.'45286
1.2046 10.08084 KIOs.... Agl 1.0971 10.04025
K2O . .
2.5859 10.41261 0.59304 9.77308
KNO3.
K2PtCl6.. 6.2169 10.79357 K2Mn04. MnzOs. . 0.38686 9.58756
2.2284 10.34799 MnS 0.44128 9.64471
K2SO4. . .
Pt 2.4961 10.39727 KMn04.. MnaOs... 0.48259 9.68358
Mg2AS207 9.78244 0.55047 9.74073
K3ASO4.
10.95732 KNO2.... K2SO4. . . 1.0237 10.01017
KBr... Ag
1.5779 10.19808 N2O3.... 0.44660 9.64992
AgBr....
9.82704 KNO3.. . K 0.38671 9.58739
Br....
5 9.51656 KCl 0.73742 9.86772
K
{ 9.59740 K2O 0.46583 9.66823
K2O
AgBr 1.1244 10.05093 K2PtCl6.. 2.4042 10.38096
KBrOa..
10.16043 N 0.13857 9.14165
KCl.... Ag 1.4469
1.9225 10.28386 NH3 0.16843 9.22642
hf}:. J 9.67723
) 9.71967 N2O6. . ..
0.29681
0.53417
9.47248
9.72768
K
7 9.96609 K2O..... Cl 0.75287 9.87672
K2CO3..
1.9705 10.29480 0.46714 9.66945
K2Cr207.
1.3427 10.12796 K....... 0.83015 9.91916
KHCO3.
1.3560 10.13228 KBr 2.5270 10.40260
KNO3...
K2O 0.63161) 9.80051 KCl 1.5830 10.19949
3.2602 10.51324 K2CO3... 1.4671 10.16646
K2PtCl6...
1.1685 10.06763 K2Cr207.. 3.1231 10.49459
K2SO4. .
Pt.w... 1.3090 10.11694 KHCO3. . 1.0627 10.02642
0.880212 9.94459 KI 3.5248 10.54714
KClOs.. Ag
1.1696 10.06802 KOH 1.1913 10.07602
i 9.46139 KNO3. . . 2.14660 10.3^177
KaPtCle.. 5.1610 10.74273
Ka04,, Ag 7 9.89130
10.26715
1.0345 10.01473 K2SO4. . . 1.8499
2 9.40810 N2O5.... 1.1467 10.05945
3 9.45054 KOH.... K2CO3... 1.2315 10.09044
K.
1 9.73087 0.83942 9.92398
KCl
2 9.53138 K2PtCl6.. K 0.16056 9.20564
K2O....
AgCN.. 2.0564 10.3131C K2CO3... 0.28427 9.45373
KCN ..
0 9.50297 KCl 0.30674 9.48676
K2CO3. CO2....

293
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

GRAVIMETRIC FACTORS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS

(Continued)

Weighed Sought Factor Weighed Sought Factor

Potassium: 10 Silicon: -10

K2PtCl6 KHCO3.. 0.20591 9.31369 SiOa HaSiOa. 1.2988 10.11355
KNO3 .. . 0.41595 9.619 K2SiF6. 3.6567 10.56309
KaO, . , 0.19376 9.2872 Si 0.46933 9.67147
K2SO4... 0.35844 SiF4... 1.7296 10.23796
K2SO4.AI2 Si02.. .. Si03... 1.2653 10.10220
(S04)3- Si04. .. 1.5307 10.18488
24H2O. 1.9521 SiaO... 1.3980 10.14551
KaS04.Cr2 1.5975 Itt. 20344
(S04)3-
24H2O. 2.0545
Si03..
Si04. .
Iff'.' 0.79031 9.89780
SiOa. .. 0.65331 9.81512
KaS.. .. BaS04. . . 2.1171 SiaO. . SiOa. .. 0.71530 9.85449
K2SO4. . . 1.5804 Si(OH)... SiOa. .. 0.62598 9.79656
KSiOs.. Si02 0.30929 9139 Silver:
K2SO4. . BaS04. . . 1.3396 12698 Ag = 107.88
KCl 0.85573 Ag,.. AgBr. .. 1.7408 24076
K2CO3... 0.79307 AgCl... 1.3287 12343
KHCO3.. 1.1490 : AgCN. . 1.2411 09381
KHSO4.. 1.5628 : Agl 2.1765 33776
KNOa ... 0.97682 AgNOa.. 1.5748 19723
KNO3.... 1.1604 : Ag20. . . 1.0742 03107
K2O 0.54057 Ag3P04 . 1.2932 11182
KaPtCle.. 2.7899 Ag4P207. 1.4034 14719
KaS 0.63273 Br 0.74083 86972
SO3 0.45943 C1 0.32870 51680
I. 1.1765 07059
Ag..... 0.57443 75924
KaPtCU.. 0.51228 .70951 Br 0.42556 62896
Ag 0.75261 87657
AgN03.. 1.1852 07380
KaPtCle.. 0.48673 0.80842 90764
MgaAsaO? K3ASO4. . 1.6503 ] 0.24738 39337
KaHAs04 1.4050 ] AgCN. . 0.80573 90619
Mn208... KaMn04 . 2.5848 ]
2.0721 ]
Agl if;:::: 0.45945 66224
KMn04. . 0.54055 73283
MnS..... KaMn04 . 2.2661 ] AgaO... Ag 0.93095 96893
KMn04. . 1.8166 ] AgCl.. . 1.2370 .09236
N KNO3.. . 7.2169 ] Ag3P04 . Ag 0.77317 88828
NH3.... KNO3. . . 5.9372 1 Ag4P207. Ag 0.71253 85281
NO KNO3 .. . 3.3692 ] Br 1.3498 13028
N2O3... KNO2. . .
N2O6... KaO
2.2391 ] ilBr::: 2.3498 37104
0.87207 C1 3.0423 48320
KNOa... 1.8721 1 aIciV.'.' 4.0423 60663
Pt K 0.40062 0.84998 92941
KCl 0.76394 iii.-.v.: 1.8500 26717
Si02. ... K2Si03... 2.5622 ] Sodium:
SO3 . . . . K2SO 4.. . 2.1766 ] Na = 23
Silicon: Ag NaBr... 0.95622
Si = 28.J NaCl. . . 0.54190 9.73392
BaSiFe.. SiF4 0.37294 Nal 1.3897 10.14292
Si02 0.21561 AgBr.. NaBr... 0.54802 9.73880
HzSiOa.. Si02 0.76993 AgCl... NaCl. . . 0.40784 9.61049
K2SiF6.. SiF4 0.47301 Agl... Nal.... 0.63850 9.80516
SiOa 0.27347 BaS04. NaHSO 4 0.51437 9.71128
Si SiOa 2.1307 ] NaHS04-
SiF4 .... BaSiFe... 2.6814 ] H2O. . 0.59153 9.77m
KaSiFe... 2.1141 1 Na2S. . . . 0.33440 9.52427
SiOa. . . . . 0.57815 NaaSOa . . 0.54003 9.73242
SiOa.... BaSiFe... 4.6380 1 Na2S03-
7HaO. . 1.0803 10.03354

294

\
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

GRAVIMETRIC FACTORS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS

(Continued)

Loga Loga
Weighed Sought Factor
rithm Weighed Sought Factor
rithm

Sodium: -10 Sodium: -10

BaS04 Na2S04. . 0.60858 9.78432 NaBr Na 0.22348 9.34923
Na2S04- . Na20 0.30120 9.47886
IOH2O. 1.3804 10.14001 Naa.... Ag.. 1.8453 10.26608
B2O3.. Na2B407 . 1.4429 10.15922 AgCl.... 2.4520 10.38951
Na2B407- Cl....... 0.60657 9.78288
IOH2O. 2.7297 10.43612 Na 0.39343 9.59487
Br Na...... 0.28779 9.45907 Na2C03.. 0.90661 9.95742
NaBr.... 1.2878 10.10984 NaHCOs. 1.4370 10.15746
NaaO. ... 0.38788 9.58870 Na2HP04. 1.2150 10.08456
CaCh NaCl. . .. 1.0534 10.02259 Na20.... 0.53028 9.72451
CaCOs... Na2C03 . . 1.0590 10.02492 NaaCOa.. Na2S04. . 1.2150 10.08458
CaFa.... NaF 1.0757 10.03168 CaCOa... 0.94423 9.97508
CaO NazCOa. . 1.8898 10.27642 CaO 0.52915 9.72358
CaS04.,. NazCOs. . 0.77867 9.89135 CaS04.. . 1.2842 10.10863
Cl Na 0.64862 9.81193 CO2 0.41509 9.61814
NaCl 1.6486 10.21712 Na 0.43396 9.63745
NazO.... 0.87422 9.94162 NaCl .. .. 1.1030 10.04258
CO2.... NazCOs. . 2.4089 10.38182 NaHCOs. 1.5850 10.20003
NazO. ... 1.4089 10.14888 Na20. ... 0.58490 9.76708
HsBOa... Na2B407 . 0.81420 9.91073 NaOH. .. 0.75486 9.87787
Na2B407- Na2S04.. 1.3402 10.12717
IOH2O. 1.5404 10.18763 Na2C03*
I Na 0.18122 9.25820 IOH2O. Na2S04. . 0.49643 9.69585
Nal 1.1812 10.07233 NaF .. CaFe.... 0.92965 9.96832
NazO. ... 0.24425 9.38783 Na2HAs
KBF4.... Na2B407. 0.40047 9.60257 Mg2As207 0.91348 9.96070
Na2B407- XTo ^TT A 0
JN a2lAS
IOH2O 0.75765 9.87947 Q4..... Mg2As207 0.83490 9.92163
Mg2As207 NasBAsOs 1.0947 10.39300 NaHCOs. Na 0.27379 9.43741
Na2HAs04 1.1978 10.07837 NaCl.... 0.69589 9.84254
MgCh. .. NaCl. 1.2276 10.08906 Na2C03.. t). 63090 9.79996
Mg2p207. Na2HP04. 1.2756 10.10571 Na20.... 0.36901 9.56704
Na2tlP04- NaNH4
I2H2O. 3.2169 10.50744 HP04-
NaNHaP 4H2O.. Mg2P207. 0.53244 9.72627
O44H2O 1.8781 10.27373 NHs,, , 0.08144 8.91084
Na4P207- P2O6 0.33966 9.53104
IOH2O. 2.0036 10.30181 Na2HP04 Mg2P207. 0.78395 9.89429
Na Br 3.4748 10.54093 Na20. ... 0.43646 9.63995
Cl 1.5417 10.18801 Na4P207 . 0.93656 9.97154
5.5182 10.74180 P2O6..... 0.50010 9.69906
NaBr.... 4.4747 10.65077 Na2HP04-
NaCl ^2.5418 10.40514 I2H2O. Mg2P207 . 0.31086 9.49256
NaaCOs. . 2.3044 10.36255 Na4P207 . 0.37139 9.56981
NaHCOs. 3.6525 10.56259 P20S 0.19830 9.29733
Nal 6.5183 10.81413 NaHSOa. S02. 0.61555 9.78926
Na20. ... 1.3478 10.12963 NaHS04.. BaS04. . . 1.9441 10.28872
Na2S04. . 3.0883 10.48972 NaHS04-
Na2B407.. B2O3 0.69308 9.84078 H2O... BaS04. . . 1.6905 10.22802
H3BO3. .. 1.2282 10.08927 Nal Ag 0.71958 9.85708
KBF4.... 2.4971 10.39743 Agl 1.5661 10.19484
Na2B407- I 0.84659 9.92767
IOH2O. B2O4..... 0.36634 9.56388 Na 0.15341 9.18587
H3BO3. .. 0.64918 9.81237 NasO.... 0.20678 9.31550
KBF4.... 1.3199 10.12053 NaNOs... Na20 0.36467 9.56189
NaBr Ag 1.0458 10.01944 N 0.16481 0.21697
AgBr.... 1.8247 10.26120 NHs . . 0.20038 9.30185
Br 0.77654 9.89016 NO 0.35302 9.54780

295
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GRAVIMETRIC FACTORS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS

(Continued)

Weighed Sought Factor

1Weighed Sought

Sodium: -10 -10

Sr. SrCOa. 1.6847 10.22652
N2O5. , 0.63533 9.80300
NaaO.... Br 2.5781 10.41130
SrO.... 1.1827 10.07285
C1 Sr SrSOi.. 2.0962 10.32142
1.1439. 10.05838
Na20.... CO2. . . . 0.70968 9.85106
SrCl2. . . SrCOs. 0.93110 9.96900
I 4.0942 SrO... 0.65363 9.81533
10.61217
Na 0.74194 9.87037 SrS04 . 1.1586 10.06393
NaBr , , 3.3200 10.52114 SrCOs... CO2... 0.29804 9.47428
NaCl 1.8858 10.27549 0.59358 9.77348
Na2C03... 1.7097 10.23292 SrCh 1.0740 10.03100
Nal 4.8350 10.68440 1.4201 10.15232
Na2HP04.. 2.2911 10.36005 1.4337 10.15645-
NaOH.... 1.2906 10.11079 0.70198 9.84633
Na2S04. . . 2.2913 10.36008 slsoV.'.'.'.'. 1.2443 10.09493
N2O6 1.7422 10.24111 Sr(HC
SO3 1.2913 10.11103 03)2.. SrCOa.. .. 0.70417 .84768
NaOH... NazCOs... 1.3247 It). 12213 SrO 0.49432 .69401
NazO 0.77484 9.88921 Sr(N03)2 SrCOs. .. . 0.69751 .84355
Na4P207- SrS04...., 0.86790 .93847
i0H2O. Mg2P207 . . 0.49911 9.69820 SrO.. SO3....... 0.77256 88793
Na2S.... BaS04. . .. 2.9904 10.47573 Sr 0.84558 92715
Na2S08.. BaS04 1.8517 10.26757 SrCl2 1.5299 18467
SO2....... 0.50817 9.70601 SrCOs 1.42453 15367
Na2S03- Sr(HC03)3. 2.0228 30599
7H2O.. BaS04. . .. 0.92569 9.96647 SrS04... SO3 0.43584 63933
SO2 0.25403 9.40489 Sr 0.47705 67856
Na2S04. . BaS04. . .. 1.6432 10.21569 SrCl2 0.86314 93608
Na 0.32381 9.51029 SrC03. . . . 0.80369 90509
NaCl, , , 0.82303 9.91542 N03)2.. 1.1522 06153
Na2C03... 0.74616 9.87283 0.56416 75140
NaaCOs- Sulphur:
IOH2O.. S=32.06
2.0144 10.30415
Na20. , 0.43644 9.63992 AS2S3... H2S. . . 0.41539 9.61846
SO3 0.56356 9.75094
S 0.39053 9.59165
Na2S04- BaS04,. H2S 0.14598 9.16429
IOH2O. BaS04. . . . 0.72444 9.86000 H2SO3 0.35161 9.54606
N NaNOs. . . 6.0678 10.78303 H2SO4. . . . 0.42015 9.62340
NH3 NaNOs.... 4.9918 10.69826 S 0.13734 9.13780
NaNH4HP 502 0.27443 9.43843
04-4H20 12.2790 11.08416 503 0.34297 9.53526
NO NaNOs.... 2.8327 10.45220 504 0.41152 9.61439
N2O6.... NaNOs.... 1.5740 10.19700 CdS... H2S 0.23589 9.37271
NazO..... 0.57397 9.75889 s 0.22193 9.34622
P2O6 Na2HP04.. 1.9996 10.30094 H2S... As2S; 2.4074 10.38155
Na2HP04- 6.8503 10.83571
I2H2O. . 5.0428 10.70267 CdS 4.2393 10.62729
NaNH4HP 2.3495 10.37098
04-4H20 2.9441 10.46896 H2SO3. BaS64* .*.'!! 2.8441 10.45394
SO2 NaHSOs .. 1.6246 10.21075 H2SO4. BaS04.... 2.3801 10.37660
NaaSOs... 1.9678 10.29398 (NH4)2S04. 1.3472 10.12943
Na2S08- 0.81631 9.91186
7H2O... 3.9365 10.59511 (NH4)2
SO3 .... NaaO 0.77442 9.88898 SO4. SO3....... 0.60592 9,78242
Na2S04. . . 1.7744 10.24905 H2SO4. . . . 0.74227 9.87056
Strontium: s AS2S3 2.5587 10.40802
Sr=87.63 BaS04. ... 7.2810 10.86219
CO2 SrCOs...! 3 8550 CdS 4.5059 10.65378
SO3...... SrO 1.2994 10.11207 S02..., BaS04.. .. 3.6439 10.56157
SrS04 2.2944 10.36067 S03..., BaS04 2.9157 10.46474
S04... BaS04. . . . 2.4300 10.38560

296

V
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

GRAVIMETRIC FACTORS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS

(Continued)

Weighed Sought Factor Weighed Sought Factor

Tin: Uranium: -10

Sn = 118.7 -10 UO2.... UaOs 1.0395 10.01682
Sn SnCk 1.6975 10.20344 U2P2OU 1.3221 10.12126
SnCl2-2H20 1.9010 10.27898 UaOs U 0.84809 9.92844
SnCk 2.1949 10.34141 UO2 0.96202 9.98318
SnCl4(NH4 U02(N03)2-
Cl)2 3.0964 10.49086 1.7885 10.25249
SnO 1.1348 10.05492 UO2
Sn02 1.2696 10.10367 (N03)2'
SnCl2.... Sn 0.62599 9.79657 6H2O... U3O8... 0.55914 9.74752
Sn02 0.79475 9.90023 U2P2OU. . U 0.67624 9.83010
SnCh- U02... 0.76709 9.88485
2H2O... Sn 0.52609 9.72102
Sn02 0.66785 9.82468 Vanadium:
0.45559 9.65857 V=51
SnCU.... Sn
V V206... 1.7843 10.25147
SnC)2 0.57841 9.76224
VO4 V206... 0.79130 9.89834
SnCl4(N
V2O5..... V 0.56045 9.74853
H4C1)2. Sn 0.32296 9.50915
0.41002 9.61281 V04... 1.2638 10.10166
Sn02
SnO Sn 0.88122 9.94508 Zinc:
Sn02....... 1.1188 10.04875 Zn = 65.37
Sn02 Sn 0.78766 9.89634 BaS04... ZnS04-
SnCl2 1.2583 10.09975 7H2O. 1.2318 10.09054
SnCl2-2H20 1.4973 10.17531 Zn ZnO... 1.2447 10.09508
SnCl4 1.7289 10.23777 Zn2P207 2.3315 10.36763
SnCl4 ZnS..., 1.4904 10.17330
2.4389 10.38719 ZnCl2.. .. ZnO... 0.59702 9.77599
0.89383 9.95125 ZnCOa... ZnO... 0.64903 9.81227
Titanium: ZnO Zn... . 0.80338 9.90492
Ti=48.1 ZnCl2.. 1.6749 10.22401
Ti Ti02 1.6652 10.22148 ZnC03. 1.5407 10.18773
Ti02 Ti 0.60051 9.77852 Zn2P207 1.8773 10.27254
Tungsten : ZnS... 1.1974 10.07825
W=184 Zn2P207.. Zn 0.42891 9.63237
W WO2 1.1739 10.06963 ZnO... 0.53390 9.72746
WO3 1.2609 10.10067 ZnS.., BaS04. 2.3959 10.37947
WO2 W 0.85187 Zn.... 0.67094 9.82668
WO3 W 0.79310i 9.89933 ZnO... 0.83516 9.92177
Uranium: ZnS04-
U =238.2 7H2O, 2.9506 10.46991
U UO2 1.1343 10.05473 ZnS04'
U3O8 1.1791 10.07155 7H2O... BaS04. 0.81182 9.90940
U2P2O11.... 1.4997 10.17600 ZnO... 0.28299 9.45177
UO2 U 0.88157 9.94526 ZnS... 0.33884 9.52999

297
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

HEATS OF FORMATION AND SOLUTION

The following table gives the heat of formation and heat of
solution in small calories. To convert to British Thermal Units
multiply the values by 0.003968.
The values are given for a temperature of about 15 C. unless
otherwise stated. The heat of solution is given in most cases for
a definite number of water molecules to one of the substance.
Where this is not stated the dilution may be understood to be
such that additional dilution produces a negligible thermal effect.
lil the second column the formulae indicate the substances
entering the reaction or the nature of the compoimd where only
the heat of solution is given.
(Compiled from various sources.)
^eat of
Heat of
Physical forma Water,
Name. Formula. solution.
state. tion. mols.
Calories.
Calories.

Acetic Acid... C2, m, O2. liquid 117,200 200 +375

Almninnm
bromide Al, Bra solid 121,950 2970 +85,3009
carbide AI4, C3 solid 232,000
chloride Al, CI3 soUd -161,800 2500 +i5i*69D'
chloride AlClg. 1250 +76,845
fluoride Al. Fa dil. sol. 275,'220'
bydroade Al. O3, Ha solid 301,300
hydroxide... AI2, O3, 3H2O solid 288,920
iodide Al, I3 solid 70,300 2250 +89,0009
oxide [phate AI2, O3 solid 392,600
potassium sul- K2Al2(S04)4.24H20. 2400 -20,m'
silicate AI2, Si2, O7 solid 767,500
silicate AI2, Si2, O0, H4 solid 927,420
sulphate AI2, S3, O12 dil. sol. 879,700
sulphide AI2, S3 solid 126,400
Ammonia N, H3 12,000
.ammonia N, Hs. Iquid 21,000
Ammonium
acetate N, H7, C2, O2 solid 150,250 200 +25024
bromide. N, H4.Br solid 65,350 200 -4,380
bromide NH3, HBr solid 45,500
carbonate N2, Hg, C, O3, Aq dilitsol. 221,600
carbonate, acid. N2. He, C, O3 solid 208,600 220^40 -6,300'
chloride N, H4,C1 solid 76,800 200 -3,08818-
chloride NH3, HCl solid 41,900
chloride NH4, C1 75,790
chloroplatinite.. (NH4)2PtCl4 660 -8;480
cyanate ' N2. H4, C, O, Aq dil. sol. 68,900
cyanide N2. H4. C solid 2,300 "820 -4.4(jd
cyanide NH3. HCN solid
ferrocyanide (NH4)4Fe(CN)6.3H20 -6,800W
fluoride N, H4, F solid 101,250 -1,500
fluoride NH3, HF solid 37,300
fluosilicate N2, H. Si, F solid 458,900 2400 -8,400*
hydroxide N, H5,0
hydroxide N, H5,0,Aq dil. sol. 90,000
iodide N, H4, I solid 49,300 "266 -issd
iodide NHs, HI solid 43,460
iodide NH4, I solid 49,310
nitrate. N2, H4, O3 solid 88,060 {220-440 -6,20015
200 -6,320
nitrate, 34,800
nitrite.. Kr:;;:;:::;: 68,950 400 -4,75012-6
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

HEATS OF FORMATION AND SOLUTION (Continued)

Heat of
Heat of
Physical forma Water
rolution.
Name. Formula. mols.
state. tion.
Calories.
Calories.

Anntinftniiim
oxalate N2, Hg. C2, O4 solid 270,10() 345-690 -8,000
oxalate (NH4)2C20..H20. .... 395-790 -11,500
phosphate Ns, H,2. P,04, Aq.... dilVsolV ' 403,000
" (di-basic). N2. H, P,04,Aq dil. sol. 375,000
" (m.-bas.). N, He, P, O4, Aq dil. sol. 341,200
sulphate N2, H8, S,04 solid 283,500 400 -2,370
sulphate, acid.. N, H5, S, O4 solid 244,600 200 -20
sulphate, per-... N2, Hs, S2, Os solid 392,900 1100 -9,700.
sulphide^ N2, Hg. S.... solid ' 66,200
sulphide, acid.. N2, Hs, S solid 40,000 "890 -i'25di^->
sulphide, acid.. NH3, H2S solid 22,400
sulphite No, Hs. S, O3 solid 215,500 '446 -i,'54()8'
sulphite (NH4)2S03.H20 440 -5,360w
sulphocyanate.. N2, H4, C, S solid 20,700 -5,67012'*
sulphydrate NHs, H2S solid 22,400 890 -3,250W
sulphydrate N, Hs, S solid 40,000
Antimony
acid (stibnic)... 3H2O, Sb2, O5. solid 228,780
acid (stibnous). 3H2O, Sb2,03. solid 167,420
bromide Sb, Bra... solid 61,400
chloride, tri-.... Sb, CI3. solid 91,390 +8,910
chloride, penta- Sb, CI5 liquid 104,870 1100 +33,200
fluoride.... Sb, Fa solid 141,000
hydride (stib- Sb, Ha gas const -34,270
ine) vol.
hydride Sb, Ha. const, -33,960
press.
iodide... Sb,l3 >lid 28,800
oxide, tri- Sb2.03...... solid 166,900
oxide, penta-. Sb2,05....... solid 131,200
oxychloride... Sb2, O2, CI2.. solid 179,600
sulphide Sb2, Sa solid 34,400
Arsenic
acid H3, As, O4 solid 215,630 -400
bromide As, Brs solid 45,500
chloride As, CI3 liquid 71,390
chloride As, CI3 solid 71,500
iodide As, I3 solid 13,500
hjrdride (arsine) As (cryst.), Hs gas 44,200
oxide, tri- As2, Oa solid 154,670 -7,550
oxide As2, O3, Aq dU. sol. 147,120
oxide As2(cryst.), O3 solid 156,400 -7,50'()
oxide, tri- As2(cryst.), O3, Aq.., dil. sol. 148,900
oxide, penta-. AS2, O5 solid. 219,380
oxide, penta- As2, O5, Aq dil. sol. 225,380
Aurichlorhydric Au, CI4, H, 4H2O solid 76,950 400
Acid
Aurobromhydric Au> Br4, H, Aq dil. sol. 41,165 1000 -11,4(JP
Acid (5H2O)
Barium
acetate. Ba(C2H302)2.3H20.... 800 -1,150
acetate Ba, C4, Hg, 0< solid 349,500 600 +5,200">-8^
arsenate....... Bas, As2, Og p'p't'd.... solid 629,200
bromide Ba, Br2 solid 172,100 '"466 +4,980
bromide Ba, Br2, 2H2O. solid 181,210 400 -4,130
carbonate Ba, C, O3..... amorph. 282,500
carbonate Ba, C, Oa cryst. 283,000
carbonate BaO, CO2..... solid 63,440
chlorate Ba, CI2, Oe.... solid 171,200 500-1000 -6,700W
chlorate.. Ba(C103).H20 600 -11,240

299
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

HEATS OF FORMATION AND SOLUTION (Continued)

Heat of
Physical former Water,
Name. Formula. tion. mols.
state.
Calories.

Barium
chlorate Ba, CI2, Oe, 6H2O solid 179,710
chlorate, per-... Ba, CI2, Og solid 201,400 550-1100 -1,80010
chlorate, per-... Ba, (C104)2, 3H2O.... 650-1300 -9,400
chloride. Ba, CI2 solid *196,880 400 +2,070
chloride.. Ba, CI2, 2H2O solid 203,880 400 -4,930
cyanide Ba, C2, N2 solid 48,300 +1,800
cyanide. Ba(CN)2.2H20 -2,560'
Ba2Fe(CN)6.6H20.... -ll,40ei4
fluoride. Ba, F2 precip. 222,600 -1,900
hydride Ba, H2 solid 37,500
hydroxide Ba, O2, H2 solid 217,000 +12,260
hydroxide Ba(0H)2, 8H2O...... 400 -15,210
hypobromite... Ba, Br2, O2, Aq dil. sol. 168,400
hypochlorite Ba, CI2, O2, Aq dil. sol. 175,200
hypophosphite.. Ba, H4, P2, O4, Aq.... dil. sol. 403,000
BaH4(P02)2, H2O 800
Ba, I2 solid ' 136,100
iodide Ba, I2, 7H2O solid 153,510 500
nitrate Ba, N2, Oe solid 400
nitrate. Ba(N03)2.H20 800
nitride Baa, N2 solid 149,400
nitrite.. Ba, N2, Os solid 179,600
oxide Ba,0 solid 126,380
oxide Ba0.2H20
oxide, per- Ba, O2 ' *139,*400
oxide, per- Ba0,0 18,360
phosphate, tri-.. Baa, P2, Og 969,100
phosphate, di-.. Ba, H, P, O4 424,600
phosphate,mono Ba, H4, P2, Og 735,900
selenide..... Ba, Se. 69,900
silicate Ba, Si, O3 328,100
sulphate Ba, S, O4 340,200
sulphide Ba, S 102,900
sulphide Ba, S, Aq , 107,800
Beryllium
chloride.... ^ Be, CI2 solid 155,000
sulphate BeS04.4H20.. 400
Bismuth
chloride Bi, Cb solid 90,630 1600
hydroxide Bi, O3, H3 solid 171,700
hydroxide Bi2, O3, 3H2O.. solid 137,740
oxide solid 137,800
Boric Acid B203?3H26'..*.'! solid 16,400 800
Boron
bromide B, Bra liquid 43,200
chloride B, Cb 89,100
chloride B, Cls Tiquid 93,400
fluoride. B, Fs gas 234,800
oxide Bi, O3 solid 272,600
Bromic Acid H, Br, O3 dil. sol. 12,500
Bromine
chloride Br. C1 liquid 700
Cadmium
bromide Cd, Bra solid 75,200
bromide Cd, Br2, 4H2O solid
carbonate.. Cd, C, O3 solid 181,890
chloride Cd, CI2 solid 93,240 400
chloride Cd, CI2, 2H2O solid 98,530 400
cyanide Cd, C2, N2 soUd -35,200
cyanide Cd,2CN, Aq dil. sol. +33,960

300
 HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

HEATS OF FORMATION AND SOLUTION (Continued)

Heat of Heat of
Physical forma Water
solution.
Name. Formula. state. tion. mols.
Calories.
Calories.

fluoride... Cd,F2, Aq. dil. S9I. 123,500

hydroxide. Cd, O, H2O solid
iodide Cd, I2 solid 400 -960
nitrate.... Cd, N2, Oe, H2O... solid 113,300 400 +4,180
nitrate, w. Cd. N2, Oe, 4H2O.. solid 121,160 400 -5,040
oxide Cd. O solid 66,300
selenide... Cd, Se solid, cry. 14,300
eelenide... Cd, Se solid 23.700

sulphate.. Cd, SO2, O2 _ id 150,470 400 +10,740

sulphate.. Cd,S,04...
V^U, O, W4 solid 219,900
sulphate., CdS04.H20.. 400 +6,050
sulphate.. CdS04.H20. 400 +2,660
Cd.S, XH2O.. solid 34,350
telluride Cd. Te solid, cry, 16,600
Caesium
bromide Cs. Br solid 47.700 -3,250
carbonate CS20, CO2 solid 97,530
^rbonate CS2. C, O3 solid 274,540
carbonate, acid, Cs. H, C. O3 soUd 232,920
carbonate, acid. CsOH, CO2 solid 11,250
Cs.Cl... solid 109,860 -4,750
chloride
fluoride Cs, F solid 106,600 +8,350
hydroxide Cs, O, H solid 101,300 330 +15,880
.hydroxide CSOH.H2O =,317
iodide s^ii'd '*^'.*6*0*0 -1,450
solid 82,700 +83,200
oxide, mon-
oxide, di- solid 28,260
oxide, tri- 8282,0.*.*.'.'.*.'!!.*.* solid
solid
18,000
12,500
oxide, tetr- CS2O3, O
sulphate CS2. S. O4 solid 349,830 -4,970
sulphate, acid.. C&. H. S, O4 solid -3,730

Ca. C4. He, O4 soUd 335,000 440 +7,000i5

acetate
acetate Ca(CaH302)2.H20.... +5,400"
aluminate,
" mono- Ca.Al2.O4....... solid 524,550
" di-.... Ca2, AI2. Os soUd 658,900
' tri-... solid ' 789,050
aluminum ali- ^ su, o;,.; soUd 1,195,600
cate
araenate solid 732,800
Ca. Br2 solid 154,920 400 +24,510
bromide
Ca. Br2, 6H2O. solid 180,520 400 -1,090
bromide
carbide Ca. C2 soUd 13,150
carbonate... Ca. C.O3.,... solid 269.100

carbonate, Ca, C, Oa. . soSf'"- 270,800

rhomb.
carbonate. CaO, CO2. soUd 43,300

carbonate CaO, CO2 (calciite) 42,000

chloride Ca, CI2 ^ solid 190,400 300 +17,410
chloride Ca, CI2, 6H2O solid 205,640 400 -4.05516-
cyanide Ca, C2, N2, Aq dil. sol. 38,300
ferrocyanide.. Ca2Fe(CN)e.l2H20. -4.'6ddio
fluoride Ca,F2. solid **2l'8,40*0
Ca, F2. 239,200 -2.700
fluoride
hydride.... Ca, Ha solid 46,200
hydroxide. Ca. O. H2O. solid 160,540 2500 -Hi*79*d*
301
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

HEATS OF FORMATION AND SOLUTION (Continued)

Heat of
Physical Heat of
Name. forma- Water
Formula. solution.
state. _ tion. mols.
Calories.
Calories.

Calcium
hydroxide. Ca, O2, H2 solid 236,000
iodide Ca. I2 solid 127,400 400 +27,690
nitrate.... Ca, N2, Oe solid 216,770 400 +3,950
nitrate Ca(N03)2.4H20... 400 -7,250
nitride solid 112,200
nitrite H^202;Ca(6'H);' dil. sol. 21,600
2H2O
oxalate Ca, C2. O4 precip. 312,900
oxide Ca, O solid 151,900 2500 +18,830
oxide, per-, CaO, O solid 5.400
oxide, per-.. Ca, O2 solid 156,010
phosphate.. Cas, P2, Og. solid 919,200
silicate Ca. Si, O3 solid 344,400
silicate CaO. Si02 solid 33,100
selenide Ca, Se solid 68,000
sulphate... Ca, SO2, O2 solid 261,360 +2,9209
sulphate Ca, SO2, O2, 2H2O. solid
(gypsum) 266,100 -69010
sulphate., CaS04.|H20...... +3,56010
sulphate.. CaS04.4H20 400 -7,970
sulphide Ca, S solid 112,200 +6,310
sulphydrate Ca, S2, Ha, Aq dil. sol. 125,300
Carbon
chloride, di- C2, CI4 -1,150
chloride, di- C2, CI4.... iqu +6,000
chloride, di- (diamond), CU. liquid 45,500
chloride, tri-.... _ (diamond), Cle. 107,400
chloride, tetra-. C, CI4 21,030
chloride, tetra-. C, CI4 iquid 28,200
chloride, tetra-. C (diamond), CU.. 68,500
cb'oride, tetra-. C (diamond), CU.. liquid 75,700
oxide, mon- C, O.... ;as 29,000
oxide, mon- C (diamond), O... gas 26,100
oxide, di- C, O2 97.000
oxide, di- C (diamond), O2.., 94,310
oxychloride C, O, CI2 44,000
oxysulphide C, O, S solid 37,030
sulphide, di- C, S2 gas -25,400
sulphide, di- c, S2 iquid -19,000
Cerium
oxide Ce. O2 solid +224,600
Chloric acid...:.. Cl. O3, H, Aq. dil. sol. 22,000
Chlorine
oxide, mon-.... CI2, O -17,930
Chlorosulphonic S.Oa. H.Cl... gaa +127,400
acid,
acid.. S.Oa.K.Cl liquid 140,200
Chromium
brcnnide (ic) CrBr3.6H20 sreen +700
bromide (ic) CrBr3.6H20 blue +14,350
chloride (ic).... CrCl2, Aq, Cl dil. sol. 56,700
violet
chloride (ic)....
CrCU +35.900
chloride (ic) 2CrCl3.13H20. green -100
chloride (ic) 2CrCl3.13H20. gray +24,040
chloride (ous)..
CrCk +18,600
chloride (ous).. CrCl2.4H20... +2.000
oxide (ic) Cr2, O3 cryst. 267,800
oxide (ic) Cr2, O3 amorph. 243,800
oxide, tri- Cr, O3 solid 140,000 220 +1,90019

302
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

HEATS OF FORMATION AND SOLUTION (Continued)

Heat of Heat of
Physical forma Water
solution.
Name. Formula. tion. mols.
state.
Calories.
Calories.

Chromium
sulphate (ic) Cr2(S04)3.8H20... green +13,600
sulphate (ic) Cr2(S04)3.16H20.. violet +6,200
Cobalt
bromide (ous).. Co, Br2, Aq dil. sol. 72,940
chloride (ous).. Oo, CI2............. solid 76,700 400 +18,340
chloride (ous).. C0CI2.6H2O 400 -2,850
fluoride (ous)... Co, F2, Aq dil. sol. "122,200
hydroxide (ic).. C02, O3, 3H2O. solid 149,380
hydroxide (ic).. 2Co(OH)2, O, H2O... solid 22,580
hydroxide (ous) solid 63,400
iodide (ous) Co! I2! Aq dil. sol. 40,700
nitrate (ous).... CoO. N2O5, Aq dil. sol. 84,540
nitrate (ous).... Co, N2, Oe, 6H2O.... solid 120,680 400 -4,960
oxide (ous) Co,0 cryst. 57,500
oxide (ous) Co,0 amorph. 57,500
oxide (ous, ic).. Cos, O4 solid 193,400
selenide (ous)... Ck>,Se cryst. 9,900
selenide (ous).., Co, Se precip. 13,900
sulphate (ous).. Co, 0. SO3, Aq dil. sol. 88,070
sulphate (ous).. Co, O2, SO2. 7H2O... solid 164,970 800 -3,570
sulphide (ous)., Co, S, XH2O solid 19,730
telluride (ous).. Co. Te solid 13,000
Copper
acetate (ic) Cu, C4, He, O4 solid 213,900 +2.400"
acetate (ic) Cu(C2H602)2.H20.... 440 +800ifr
bromide (ic).... Cu, Br2 solid "'32V600 400 +8,250
bromide (ic).... CuBr2.4H20 -1,5008
bromide (ous).. Cu, Br solid "*24.980
carbonate (ic).. Cu, C, O3 precip. 142,800
chlorate (ic) Cu, CI2, Oe, Aq dil. sol. 28,600
choride (ic) Cu, CI2. solid 51,400 600 +11,800
chloride (ic) Cu, CI2, 2H2O solid 58,500 400 +4,210
chloride (ous).. Cu,Cl solid 35,400
cyanide (ous)... Cu,C, N.. solid -22,050
fluoride (ic) Cu, F2, Aq dil. sol. +89,600
iodide (ous) Cu, I lid 16,260
nitrate (ic) Cu, N2, 06, 6H2O..... solid 92,940 400 -10,710
oxide (ic) Cu, O lid 37,700
oxide (ic) CU2O, O __lid 36,200
oxide (ous) Cu2, O solid 43,800
selenide (ic) Cu, Se precip. 4,800
selenide (ous)... Cu2, Se cryst. 8,000
sulphate (ic) Cu, O2. SO2 solid 111,490 400 +15,800
sulphate (ic) Cu, O2, SO2, H2O solid 117,950 400 +9,340
sulphate (ic) Cu, O2, SO2, 6H2O.... solid 130,040 400 -2,750
sulphate (ic).... Cu, S, O4 solid 181,700
sulphide (ic) Cu, S solid 10,100
sulphide (ous).. Cu2, S solid 20,300
telluride.. CU2, Te solid 8,200
Cyanic acid C (diam.), N, O, H dil. sol. 74,000
Cyanogen CitSfs.!:!;;:!;;:;:;: -65,700
-73,900
cyanogen C2 (diamond), N2
(twanogen C2 (diamond), N liquid +68,500
chloride C (diamond), N, Cl. 35,200
chloride diamond), N, Cl. liquid -26,800
^ iodide diamond), N, I... solid -39,200 -2,800
Dysprosium
sulphate^....... Dy2(S04)8.8H20 .. 1200 +6,300
Erbium acetate... Er((^!H302)3.4H20.. 1500 +700

303
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

HEATS OF FORMATION AND SOLUTION (Contmued)

Heat of
Heat f
Name. Formula.
Physical forma Water
solution.
state. tion. mols.
Calories.
Calories.

Ferric and Ferrous

saUst see under
Iron
Ffuosilicic acid... Si, Fe, H2, Aq dil. sol. 374,400
Glucinum (Beryl
lium)
chloride Gl,Cl2.. solid 155,000 +44,500
sulphate GISO4.4H2O. 400 + 1,100]
Gold
bromide (ic).... Au, Bra solid 8,850 2000 - 3,760
bromide (ous).. Au, Br solid -80
chloride (ic) Au, CI3 solid +22,820 900 + 4,450
chloride (ic) AUCI3.2H2O.. 600 - 1,690
chloride (ous).. Au, C1 solid 5,810
hydroxide (ic).. AU2, O3, 3H2O solid -13,190
iodide (ous) Au, I solid -5,520
Hydrazine N2, H4, Aq... dil. sol. 4-1,700
Hydrazoic acid.. N3, H, Aq... dil. sol. 58,200
Hydrobromic acid H, Br 8,600 +20,000
Hydrochloric acid H, C1 22,000 +17,400
Hydrocyanic acid .diamond), N, H... -30,500
diamond), N, H... liquid -24,800
diamond), N, H... dil. sol. -24,400
Hydroferricyanic H3, Fe, CeNe, Aq dil. sol. -127,500
acid
acid Hs, Fe, Ce, Ne, Aq... dil. sol. -147,500
Hydroferrocyanic H4. Fe, Ce, Ne solid -102,000 +500
acid
acid H4, Fe, Ce, Ne solid -122,000
Hydrofluoric acid H, F +38,500
H, F liqui. 45,700
H, F dil. sol. 50,300
Hydr(o)iodic acid H, I gas -6,400 +19,600
Hydrogen
oxide (water)... H2, O liquid +69,0000
oxide H2, O 70,4000'
oxide H2, O 58,3000
peroxide H2, O2, Aq _ i. sol. 45,300
peroxide H2O, O, Aq.. dil. sol. -23,060
peroxide H2, O2 liquid +46,840
selenide H2. Se..... -19,400 9,300
sulphide H2, S +2,730 4,560
telluride H2, Te -34,900
Hydrosulphurous ~i,04, H2, Aq lil. sol. +156,100
acid
Hydroi^lamine N, H3, O, Aq dil. sol. 24,290
N, Ha, O solid 27,600 - 2,800
lodic acid I. O3. H soUd- 57,960 - 2,160
Iodine
bromide I, Br.. solid 2,500
chloride, mdno- I. Cl.. solid 6,800
chloride, mono- I, Cl.. liquid 5,820
chloride, tri- I, CI3.. solid 21,490
oxide, pent- I2, O5.. solid 45,030 - 1,790
Iron
acetate (ic) Fe, Ce, H9, Oe, Aq.... dil. sol. 359,350
ammonium sul (NH4)Fe(S04)2. 500
phate (ic) I2H2O
ammonium sul (NH4)2Fe(S04)2. - 9,800
phate (ous) 6H2O
bromide (ic).... Fe, Brs, Aq dil. sol. 95,450

304
 - HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
HEATS OF FORMATION AND SOLUTION (Contintted)
Heat of Heat of
Physical forma Water
Formula. solution.
Name. state. tion. mols. Calories.
Calories.

Iron
bromide (oiis).. Fe, dil. sol. 78070
carbonate (ous). Fe, , cryst. 184.500
carbonate... . Fe, C, O3.... Precjp.
carbonate FeO, CO2... solid 96,040
a 1000 +32,680
chloride (ic) Fe, CI3 solid
solid 13,990
chloride (ic) FeCb, Cl.... +2X21,000
2400
chloride (ic) 2FeCl3.5H20 + 5,650
FeCl3.6H20 1200
chloride (ic) +17,850
chloride (ous).. Fe, CI2 solid 82,200 350
1000 + 9,70020
chloride (ous). FeCl2.2H20 400 + 2,750
chloride ous... FeCl2.4H20
Fe?, C18,Ni8 precip. -317,000
fl^STic)...' Fe, Fs, Aq.
Fe, F2, Aq
dil. sol.
dil. sol.
+162,900
127,000
fluoride (ous)...
hydroxide (ic).. Fe2, O3, 3H2O solid 2X95,570
hydroxide (ic).. 2Fe(OH)2, O, H2O... solid 2X27,290
hydroxide (ous) Fe, O, H2O solid
iodide (ic).. Fe,l3, Aq.. dil. sol. 23,850
Fe, I2, Aq il. sol. 47,650
iodide (ous)
nitrate (ic). Fe, N3, O9, Aq dil. sol. 314,300
nitrate (ous).... Fe, N2, Oe, Aq il. sol. 119.000
oxide (ic).. Fe2, O3 solid 197.700
oxide (ous) Fe,0.. solid 65,700
solid 270,800
oxide (ous, ic)..
pot. sul. (ic)... ...'e?S04)2.12H20... 500 16,000
10,700
pot. sul. (ous). K2Fe(S04)2.6H20...
selenide (ous).. Fe, Se cryst. 16,000
selenide (ous).. Fe, Se. r precip. 15,200
silicate Fe, Si, O3 solid 254,600
sulphate (ic)... Fe2, S3, O12, Aq dil. sol. 650,500
sulphate (ic)... Fe2. Oa, 3S03, Aq..., dil. sol. 224,900
sulphate (ous). Fe, SO2, O2, Aq.... dil. sol. 93,200
169,040 400 - 4,510
sulphate (ous). Fe, SO2, O2, 7H2O.. solid
sulphate (ous). Fe, S, O4, Aq dil. sol. 234,900
sulphide (ous). Fe, S, XH2O solid 24,000
telluride (ous). Fe,Te.. cryst. 12,000
Lanthanum
chloride... La. CI2 solid 175,300
La2, O3 solid 447,300
oxide
Lead + 1,40016"
acetate Pb,C4, He, 04...^. solid 231,100 440
Pb(C2H302)2.3H20. 800 - 6,140
acetate
Pb(C2H302)2.3H20. 240 - 5,500"-
acetate
Pb, Br2 solid 64,450 25,000 -10,040
bromide...
carbonate, Pb, C, O3 solid 166,700
chloride... Pb, CI2 solid 83,900 "isoo -'6,800*
PbS206.4H20 400 - 8,540
dithionate.
fluoride,.. Pb, F2 precip. 107,600
iodide Pb. I2 solid 39,800
solid 105,460 400 - 7,610
nitrate Pb, N2,06...
oxalate:.. Pb. C2.O4..... precip.
oxide, mon-... Pb,0 sohd 50,300
oxide, per- PbO, O solid 12,600
Pb, O2 solid 62,400
oxide, per-....
oxybromide.. PbBr2, PbO solid 3,300
oxybromide.. PbBr2,2PbO.... solid 4,700
oxybromide.. PbBr2, 3PbO... solid 6,300
oxychloride... PbCl2,PbO.... solid 5,300
oxychloride... PbCl2.2PbO... solid 6,600
oxychloride... PbCl2, 3PbO... solid 6,700

305
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

HEATS OF FORMATION AND SOLUTION (Continued)

Heat of
Physical forma mter Heat of
Name. Formula. solution.
state. tion. mols.
Calories. Calories.

Lead
ox3dodide Pbl2,PbO.... solid
phosphite Pb, H, P, O3.. solid 227.700
selenide Pb, Se precip. 14,300
selenide Pb. Se cryst. 17.000
sulphate Pb. S, O4 solid 216,210
sulphate Pb. SO2, O2... solid 145,130
sulphide Pb, S precip. 20,300
sulphocyanate. Pb. C2. N2. S2. solid 6,100
telluride Pb. Te solid 6,200
thiosulphate... Pb, S2, O3 solid 145,600
Lithiiim
bromide Li, Br solid 79,960 +11,331
carbide Li2. C2 solid ^ 11,300
carbonate solid 54,230
chloride solid 93,810 230 + 8,440
nide Li, C. N. Aq. dil. sol. 32,600
Li. F solid 120,000 -z,m'
fluosilicate 2LiF, SiF4.... solid 25,200 800 + 1,800
hydride Li, H solid 21,600
hydroxide Li. O. H solid 112,300 '466 + 5,800
hydroxide Li0H.H20... +510i5<'
iodide Li. I solid ' "61,210 +14,886
nitrate Li. N. O3 solid 111,610 100 +300
nitride Lie, N2 solid 93,500
oxide Li2,0 solid 143,300 *222 +3i,'20016
oxide 4Li20, 5H2O.. + 8,18215-
oxide 4Li20, 3H2O .. +16,02615"
selenide. Li2, Se.. solid 83,000 +10,70020
selenide Li2Se.9H20... 1146- -12,200
6426
silicate Lia, Si. O3 solid 347,100
sulphate Li2, S, O4 solid 334,170 200 + 6,050
sulphate Li2, S. O4. H2O solid 336,810 400 + 3.410
sulphide Li2. S. Aq dil. sol. 115,400
^sulphydrate Li. S. H. Aq dil. sol. 64,110
Magnesium
ammonium
phosphate..,: cryst. 898,800
V sulphate - 9,700
sulphite. 3(MgS03.6H20), soUd -2,100
(NH4)2S03
arsenate... Mgs. As2, O4 cryst. +712.600
bromide Mg. Br2 solid 121.700 +43,300
carbonate Mg. C. O3 prwip. 266.600
chloride Mg. CI2 sohd 151,010 800 +35,92() *
chloride Mg, CI2. 6H2O solid 183.980 400 + 2,950
cyanide C2, N2,Aq dil. sol. 34.000
dithionate ._j. S2. Oe. 6H2O solid 390,570 400 + 2,m'
fluoride !ilg, F2.. V precip. 208.100 + 2.778
hydroxide
iodide
^g.p2,H2..... solid 217,800
solid 84,800 49.800
nitrate solid 210.520 400 - 4.220
oxide Mg,0 soUd 143.900
phosphate colloid 910.600
pot. chloride....
pot. chloride....
MSit'iSi.'.': solid 3,100
solid 2,700
pot. sulphate... solid 3,300 +10,600
pot. sulphate... MgS04. K2SO4. 6H2O solid 23,920 -10,020
/ sodium sulphate MgS04, Na2S04... solid 3,700

306
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYS^ICS

HEATS OF FORMATION AND SOLUTION (Continued)

Heat of
Heat of
Physical forma Water
solution.
Name. Formula. state. tion. mols.
Calories.
Calories.

_alphate. Mg, S, O4... solid 301,500 400 +20,280

sulphate. MgS04.H20. 400 +13,300
sulphate.. MgS04.7H20. 400 - 3,800
sulphide Mg, S 79,400
sulphite Mg. S. O3....... 282,000
sulphydrate Mg. S2. H2. Aq. 110,860
Manganese
bromide Mn, Br?, Aq 107,000
carbide Mns, C 9,900
carbonate Muj C, O3 207,000
carbonate Mn. C, O 208,600
carbonate MnO, CO2 27,600
chloride Mn. CI2. 111,990 350 +16,010
chloride Mn, CI2. 4H2O 126,460 400 + 1,540
dithionate Mn. 2SO2, O2, 6H2O... 188,600 400 + 1,930
fluoride... Mn. F2, Aq.. 156,800
fluoride... Mn, F2 209,500
hydroride. Mn, O, H2O. 94,770
iodide Mn, I2, Aq.. 76.200
nitrate Mn. N2, Ofi, 6H O.... 153,050 400 - 6,150
oxide (ous) Mn. O 90,800
oxide (di-). ^ Mn, O2........ 126,000
oxide Cous, ic).. Mns, O4 ...>.. 324,900
phosphate...... Mns, P .Og... 737,500
pot. sulphate... MnS04, K2SO 990 600 + 6,380
pot, sulphate... MnSOi, K2SO4, 4H2O. 13,840 600 - 6,440
selenide Mn, Se 22,400
selenide Mn, Se 21,600
silicate. MnO, SiOa 5,400
sodium sulphate MnS04. Na2S04 1,200 - 9,700
sulphate Mn. SO2, O2 249,400 400 +13,790
sulphate Mn, SO2, O2, H2O... 184,760 400 + 7,820
sulphate Mn, SO2, O2, 5H2O... 192,540 400 +40
sulphide Mn. S, XH2O 45,600
Mercury
acetate (ic).... Hg, C4, He, O4 196,900 222 - 3,800 !
acetate (ous).. Hg, C2, H , O2 101,050
bromide (ic)... Hg, Bra 40,600 -'i4ddi'2
bromide (ous). Hg. Br 24,500
chloride (ic)... Hg. CI2 53,300 300 -isdd'
chloride (ous). Hg. C1 31,300
cyanide (ic)... Hg, CCN). 11,400 'ioio -iodd^'s
fulminate Hg. N2, C2, O2 -62,900
iodide (ic)..... Hg, I2 +25,200
iodide (ous)... Hg, I 14,300
nitrate (ic).... Hg. N2, Oe, Aq 57,400
nitrate (ic) Hg. N?, Oe, IH2O... 57,400
nitrate (ous)... Hg. N. O3, H2O 34,700
nitrate (ous).,.. Hg. N, O3, Aq 28,900
l-(ous Hg, N3
nitride, tri-(ous) -144,600
oxide (ic).. Hg,0. +21,500
oxide (ous) . O 2,200
oxybromide (ic) r2, HgO 3,300
oxychloride (ic) HiCla. HgO.. 3,300
oxychloride HgCl2. 2HgO. 6,300
oxychloride HgCla, 3HgO.. 8,000
oxychloride HiCl2.4HgO. 10,000
potassium bro HgBr2. KBr... -1.000
mide (ic)
potassium bro- HgBr2. 2KBr., 600 -9,750
mide (ic)
307
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

HEATS OF FORMATION AND SOLUTION (Continued)

Heat of
Heat of
Name. Formula.
Physical forma Water
solution.
state. tion. mols.
Calories. Calories.

Mercury
potassium chlo HgCb, KCl. solid 2,400 770 - 9,500W
ride (ic)
pot. chlo. (ic)... HgCb, 2KC1 solid 3,800 930 -15,000"
pot. chlo. (ic)... Hg, CI2, 2KC1, H2O. solid 60,620 600 -16,390
pot. iodide (ic).. Hgl2,2KI....: solid 28,680 800 - 9,810
selenide (ic) Hg, Se precip. 6,300
sulphate (ic).... Hg, S, O4 solid 165,100
sulphate (ous).. Hg2, S, O4 solid 175,000
sulphide Hg,S.... precip. 10,600
sulphocyanate.. Hg, C2, N2, S2 solid -50,200
Molybdenum
oxide, di-. Mo, O2. solid -1-142,800
oxide, tri-.v Mo, O3. solid 167,000
Neodjrmu&i
chloride Nd, CI3 solid 249,500 4-35,40017
chloride Nd, CI3, 6H2O.. solid 268,900 + 7,60015
iodide Nd, I3 solid 157,700 +48,90019"
oxide Nd2, O3 solid 435,100
sulphate Nd2, S3.6O2.... solid 928,200 +36,5d(ji'4 '
sulphide Nd2, S3 solid 285,900
Kickel
bromide.. Ni, Br2, Aq dil. sol. 71,820
chloride Ni, CI2 solid 74,530 400 +19,170
chloride NiCl2, 6H.0 solid 20,330 400 - 1,160
cyanide Ni, C2, N2 precip. -23,400
dithionate Ni, 02, 2SO2.6H2O.... solid -1-154,790 400 -2,m'
fluoride Ni,F2,Aq dil. sol. 120,800
hydroxide (ic, Ni2, O3, 3H2O solid 120,380
hydroxide (ic],.. solid -1,300
hydroxide (ous) solid -1-60,840
iodide Ni, I2, Aq dil. sol. 41,400
nitrate Ni, O, N2O5, Aq dil. sol. 83,420
nitrate Ni, Na, Oe, 6H2O.. solid 120,710 400 - 7,470
oxide Ni, O solid 57,900
selenide. Ni, Se...... precip. 14,700
selenide Ni, Se cryst. 9,900
sulphate Ni, O, SO3, Aq dil. sol. 86,950
sulphate Ni, O2, SO2, 7H2O.... solid 162,530 800 -Hm'
sulphide. Ni, S, XH2O solid 17,390
telluride Ni, Te.... cryst. 11,600
Nitric acid N, O3, H liquid 41,600 '366 +'7,48()*
acid N, O3, H 34,400
mtrogen
carbide N2C2 -73,000
oxide (ic) N,0.. -21,600
oxide- (ous) N2,0.. -20,600
oxide (ous) N2, O fa^uid -18,000
oxide, pent- N2. O5 -1,200
oride, pent- quid 4-3,600
oxide, pent- solid 11,900
oxide, tetr- N2. O4 -2,650
oxide, tri- N2,03 -21,400
selenide,....... N, Se solid -42,300
N, S solid -31,900
oS^acfdV.V.V.". H2, C2, O4 solid 4-197,600
oxalic acid H2C2O4.2H2O.... 530 - 8,590
Pailadium
am. chloride PdCl2, 2NH3 solid 40,000
am. chloride... PdCl2, 2NH3, 2NH3. . solid 31,000
am. iodide Pdl2, 2NH8 solid 34,000

308
 handbook of chemistry and physics
HEATS OF FORMATION AND SOLUTION (Continued)
Heat of Heat of
Physical forma Water
Formula. solution.
Name. state. tion- mols. Calories.
Calories.

Palladium
Pdl2, 2NH3, 2NH3.... solid 25,800
am. iodide
solid 24,900
bromide
solid -52,600
cyanide
hydroxide Pd, O. H20 solid -i-21,000
hydroxide Pd, 02,2H20 solid 30,430
Pd, I2 precip. 13,400
iodide
Pd, I2, H20 solid 18,180
iodide
2,800
pot. bromide.. PdBr2, 2KBr, Aq..... dil. sol. 52,670
pot. chloride... Pd, CI2. 2KC1 solid
liquid 18,800 -1-20,300
Perchloric acid... Cl, O4. H
Periodic acid 1,04, H,Aq dil. sol. 47,680
Permanganic acid Mm, O7, H2O, Aq.... dil. sol. 2X93,550
Phosphonium
bromide P,* H4. Br. solid 40,300
iodide P.*H4,I... solid 28,100
I acid
P, O3, H solid -1-10,100
P, O4, Ha liquid 200 + 5,360
, ortho- 120 2,690
ortho- P, O4, Ha solid
P2,07.H4.. liquid 533,400
pyro-.
P2. O7. H4 solid 535,700 -hi'gdd*
P^(Sphorous acid liquid 137,660
hypo- P. O2. Ha.
solid 139,970 -170
hypo-., P, O2, Ha,
liquid 120 + 2,940
ortho-. P, Oa, Ha
solid 227,700 120 -130
ortho- P, Oa, Ha
369,900 550 4-35,600
P2, O5,H4, Aq solid
,_orus-
bromide, tri-... P, Bra.. solid 44,800
bromide, penta- P, Brs.. solid 59,050
iquid 76,600 1000 -1-65,140
chloride, tri- P, Cla..
chloride, tri-.... P, Cla.. gas 69,700
chloride, penta-^ P, CI5.. solid 109,200
hydride (phos- P,* Ha. 4,900
phine)
hydride (solid), solid 53,400
iodide, tri-..;.. solid 10,900
P2,14 solid 19,800
iodide, tetr-
nitride Pa,* N5.... solid 81,500
soUd 365,200 550 -i-35,600
oxide, pent-. P2, Os
oxybromide P, O, Bra.. solid 105,800
oxychloride P, O, Cla.. solid 143,900
sulphide, sesqui- P4. Sa solid 77,530
Platinic acid - 2,900
brom-'. H2PtBr6.9H20
H2PtCl6.6H2a.... 450 -h 4,340
chlor-
Platinum
Pt, Br4 solid 42,400 -h 9,860
bromide. -f-19,600
chloride Pt. CI4 solid 60,400
hydride Ptio, H solid 14,200
hydroxide Pt, O. H2O., soUd 19,220
iodide Pt, I4 solid 17,400
oxide Pt, O solid 17,000
Potassium , -i- 3,340
acetate K, C2, Ha, O2 solid 175,700 200
arsenate Ka, As, O4, Aq dil. sol. 396,200
arsenate K2, H, As, O4, Aq... dil. sol. 339,800
arsenate, acid.. K, H2, As, O4, Aq... dil. sol. 284,000
solid 84,300 200 - 9,760
bromate K, Br, Oa - 5,080
bromide. K, Br solid 95,310 200

P refers to white phosphoruswhere starred.

y
 BANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

HEATS OF FORMATION AITD SOLUTION (Continued)

Heat of
Physical forma Water Heat of
Name. Formula. solution.
state. tion. mols.
Calories. Calories.

Potassium
bromoplatinate. Pt, Br4, 2KBr.... solid 59,260 2000 -12.260
bromoplatinite. Pt, Br2, 2KBr.... solid 32,310 800 -10,610
carbonate K2 C, O3 solid 281.100 400 + 6.490
carbonate K2O, CO2 solid 94,260
carbonate B:2C03.iH20 "466
carbonate K2C03.HH20 400 -380
carbonate, acid K. H. C. O3 soUd 233.300 - 5.300
chlorate K. Cl, O soUd 95,860 400 -10,040
chloride K,Cl solid 105,610 200 - 4,440
chloropalladate K2PdCl6 -15.000
chloroplatinate. Pt. CI4, 2KCI. solid 89,500 -13.760
chloroplatinite. Pt. CI2. 2KC1.. solid 45,170 600 -12.22a
chlorostannate.. SnCU, 2KC1... soUd 24,160 800 - 3,380
chromate KjOO. 543 - 5.250
cyanide K, C. N soUd 3d,iob 180 - 2,900M
cyanide K, CN solid 67,100 175 - 3.010
cyanate K,C,N,0.... solid 102,500 660 - 5,20020
dUchromate.. K2, C203, O4.. . solid 226.440 400 -16,700
dithionate
thionate, di-
ferricyanide K3, Fe.C6.N6 soUd 41.600 400 -14,40012
ferricyanide K3.Fe.6CN solid OfiO qnn
ferrocyanide K4. Fe, Ce. Ne solid 137,200 "820 -ii'dddw
ferrocyanide... K4, Fe, 6CN solid 358.900
ferrocyanide... K4FecCN)6.3H20.... 940 -16.900"
fluoride K, F solid 118,100 + 3.60020-
fluoride KF.2H2O . - 1.00020*^
fluoride, acid... KF, HF solid 21.100 400 - 6.000
fluosilicate 2KF. SiF4... solid 52.800
hydroxide. K2. O. H2O soUd 137.980
hydroxide. K. O. H solid 104.600 "256 +13,290
hypochlorite K, Cl, O. Aq dil. sol. 88,010
iodate K,I. 0.1.... solid 124,490 "566 -'6,780'
iodate, acid KIO3. HIO3.... solid 3,300 865 -11.800
iodide K, I solid 80,130 200 - 5,110
iodide, tri- KI. I2 solid 13.600
nitrate K. N. O3 soUd 119.000 "266 -'i52d*
nitrite K. N. O2. Aq dil. sol. 88,900
oxalate K2. C2, O4 solid 324.700 46^930 -'4,74d
oxalate K2C2O4.H2O.... 800 - 7.410
oxalate, acid K. H. C2, O4 solid 266.900 - 9,600
oxalate, tetra-... KHC2O4.H2C2O4 -1530
oxide K2. O s^lid"" 86,800 +75.000
perchlorate K. Cl. O4 soUd 113,500 200-400 12,100io
periodate K. I. O4. Aq dil. sol. 107,700
permanganate.. K. Mn. O4 olid 200,050 "766 -i6."2dd6
phos., ortho-.... Ks. P. O4, Aq dil, sol. 483,600
phos. hydrogen, K2. H, P. O4, Aq il. sol. 429,200
phos. dihydro-.
phos. dihydro-.
K.^a.^P.O..Aq dil. sol. 374,400
- 4.850
selenide K2,se solid 79,600 1762- + 8,500""
1965
selenide.. K2Se.9H20. 921- -19,200"
4844
selenide.. K2Se.l4H20..... 2145- -20.40018
5914
selenide.. K2Se.l9H20. -29.300"'
sulphate.. K2. S.O4 ... solid 344,300 400 - 6,380
sulphate.. K2,S02.02. solid 273.560

310
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

HEATS OF FORMATION AND SOLUTION (Continued)

Heat of Heat of
Physical forma Water
Name. Formula. solution.
state. tion. mols.
Calories.
Calories.

Potassium
sulphate, acid.. K, H, S, O4.... solid 276,100 200 - 3,800
sulphate, per-... K2, S2, Og solid 454,500 3300 -14,550
sulphate, pyro-. K2, 82,07..., solid 474,200
sulphide mono-, solid 103,500 "m +i6,*ddd
sulphide mono-, + 3,80018'
sulphide mono-, K2S.5H2O - 5,20016*
sulphide tetra-. K2, S4... solid 118,600 600 + l,400i
sulphide tetra-. KsSaHaO....: - 1,21216
sulphite K2, S, O3 solid 273,200 350 + 1,44012
sulphite K2SO3.H2O 245 + 1,10012"
sulphide, acid.. K, H, S, O3, Aq dil. sol. *211,300
sulphocyanate.. K, C, N, S solid 49,800 "266 -'MOdis'*
sulphocyanate. K.CN,S solid 86,700
sulphydrate,.. K, S, H solid 64,500 154-'' +7761''
1568
sulphydrate KSH.iH20 +60016
thionate, di- K2, S2, Off solid ' 415,720 500 -13,010
thionate, tri-... K2, S3. Oe solid 405,850 500 -12,460
thionate, tetra- K2, 84,06.. solid 397,210 500 -13,150
thionate, penta- K2, 85, Oe. solid 390,100
thionate, penta- K2S5O6.UH2O '2636 -^ii'iddw
thiosulphate.... K2, 82, O3 solid 272,300 950 - 5.00010
thiosulphate.. K2S2O3.H2O - 6,200"
Praseod3rmium
oxide, tri- Ft-2, O3. solid 412,400
Rubidium
bromide Rb, Br solid 95,700 - 2,450
carbonate Rb20, CO2 solid 97,420 + 9,077
carbonate, acid. Rb, H,C, O solid 231,920 + 4,731
chloride Rb,a... solid 105,000 - 4,46015
fluoride Rb, F solid 107,950 + 5,800
hydroxide Rb,0, H solid 101,990 +14,26415
hydroxide RbOH.HaO +3,70025
Rb0H.2H20 -65015
hydroxide
iodide Rb, I solid 80,650 +300
oxide Rb2,0 solid 83,500 +80,000
sulphate Rb2, 8, O4 solid 344,680 - 6 600
sulphate, acid.. Rb,H,8,04 solid 277,370 - 3,730
Selenium
chloride Se2,*Cl2 liquid 22,150
chloride, tetra-. Se,*Cl4 solid 46,160
hydride Se,* H2 -19,400 + 9,300*
hydride Se (cryst.), H2., -25,100 + 9,300
hydroxide (ic).. Se, O3, H3 I. sol. +79,300
hydroxide (ous) Se, O2, H2 solid 52 400
nitride Se, N solid -421300
oxide, di- Se,*02 solid +57,080 -740 '
Seleiiic acid... Se, O4, H2 liquid 128,220 +16,800
Selenious acid ... Se, O3, H2, Aq.. dil. sol. 124,500
Silicon
carbide Si.C solid 2,000
bromide, Si, Br4
tetra-. liquid 71 000
chloride, Si, CI4
tetra-. : 121^800
chloride, Si, CI4
tetra-. fiquid 128,100
9QQ onA
fluoride, Si, F4
tetra-. ^ou |OUU
liydride Si, H4 -6,700
iodide, tetrar... Si, I4 solid +6,700
oxide, di- Si,02 solid 191,000
sulphide Si, 82 solid 10,400
Silver acetate Ag, C2, H3, O2 solid 95,600 "i26

* Amorphous selenuim.
311
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

HEATS OF FORMATION AND SOLUTION (Continued)

Heat of
Physical forma Water Heat of
Name. Formula. solution.
state. tion. mols.
Calories. Calories.

Silver
bromide Ag, Br solid 23,400
carbide Ag, C solid 43,575
carbonate... Ag2, O, CO2. solid . 120,500
chloride Ag, Cl.... solid 29,000 -15,900
chloride 2Ag, Cl... solid 29,500
cyanate solid +23,100
cyanide solid -31,410
fluoride solid 23,200 + 3,400w
fluoride - 1,500W'
iodide Ag, I solid '14,200
nitrate Ag, N. O3 solid 28,700 200 -5,'440'
nitrite Ag, N, O2 solid 11,300 - 8,800
oxide........ solid 7,000
pot. broniide AgBr, KBr... solid -400
pot. cyanide....
AgCN, KCN. solid +11,900 440 - 8,350U
pot. iodide Agl, KI solid -1,800
pot. iodide Agl, SKI solid -900
selenide Ag2, Se precip. +2,000
sulphate Ag2, SO2, O2... solid 96,200 1400 -'4,480*
sulphate.... Ag2, S, O4 solid 167,100
sulphide Ag2, S solid 3,000
sulphocyanate.. Ag, C. N, S... solid -21,900
thionate, di- Ag2S206.2H20. 400 -i6,*36d'
Sodium
acetate Na, C2, H3, O2 solid +170,300 200 + 3,870
acetate NaC2H302 400 - 4,810
aluminate Na20, AI2O3... solid 30,000
amide Na, N, H2.* solid 33,500
ammon. phos... Na(NH4)HP04.4H20 800 -i6,'7'5'd'
arsenate Nas, As, O4 soUd ' 360,800
arsenate Na.3As04.12H20 *670 -i2,"60'd^
arsenate, acid... Na2, H, As, O4, Aq... dil. sol. ' 3297700
arsenate, acid... Na, H2, As, O4, Aq... dil. sol. 273,700
borate, tetra-... Na2, B4, O7 ... solid 748,100 +10,200
borate, tetra- Na2B407.10H20 1600 -25,860
(borax)....
bromide Na, Br -SOOio
solid 86,100
200 -190
bromide Na, Br, 2H2O solid 90,290
450 - 4,45011
300 - 4,710
bromoplatinate 2NaBr, Br4, Pt solid 46,790 600 9,990
bromoplatinate 2NaBr,Br4, Pt,6H20 solid 65,330 800 - 8,550
carbide Na, C solid -4,400
carbonate Na2, C, O3 solid + 272,640 400 + 5,640
carbonate Na20, CO2 solid 76,880
carbonate, acid Na, H, C, O3 solid 227,700 -'4,'3*00*
(bicarb.)
chlorate Na, Cl, O3. solid 84,800 180-360 - 5,600
chloride Na, Cl solid 97,900 1 325 - 1,010
\ 100 1,180
chloroplatinate. 2NaCl, Pt, CI4 solid 73,720 800 - 8,540
chloroplatinate. 2NaCl. Pt, Cli, 6H2O. solid 92,890 900 -10,630
chromate Na20, CrOs solid 77,000 360-720 + 2,200U
chromate Na2Cr04.10H20 760 -15,800"'
cyanate Na, C, N, O solid 101,700 - 4,80018
cyanide. Na, C,^N solid 23,100 100 -5009
cyanide NaCN.iH20 100 - l.OOOff
cyanide NaCN.2H20 ..... - 4.4009
dithionate see
mideT thionate.

312
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

HEATS OF FORMATION AND SOLUTION (Continued)

Heat of Heat of
Physical forma Water
Name. Formula. solution.
state. tion. , mols.
Calories.
Calories.

Sodium
fluoride Na,P solid 109,300 400 -600i2'
fluosilicate 2NaF, SiF4 soUd 35,400
formate... NaCH02 150
hydroxide Na, O, H solid 102,700 200 -f 9,940
hydroxide Naa, O, H2O solid 135,380
hsrpochlorite.... Na, Cl, O, Aq dil. sol. 84,700
hypophosphite. Na2, H, P, O2, Aq dil. sol. 198,400
Na.I solid + 1,200
iodide Na, I, 2H2O solid 74,310 - 4,010
manganate. Mn, O3, Na20 solid 169,000
manganate Mn02, O, Na20 solid 49,400
molybdate M0O2, Na202 solid 101,200
molybdate M0O3, NazO solid 181,600
nitrate Na, N, O3 solid 110,700 200
oxalate........Na^, C2. O4 solid 315,000
oxalate, acid Na, H, C2. O4 solid 268,200
oxide Na,0 solid 100,700 +56,500
oxide, per- Na2,02 solid 119,800
perchlorate Na, Cl, O4 solid 100,300 200-400 - 3,50010
phos. (trisod.). Naa, P, O4 solid 452,400
phos. (trisod.). Na3P04.12H20 670 -14,50020
phos.Jdisod.).. Na2, H, P, O4 solid 414,900 400 -f 5,640
phos. (disod.).. NaaHP04.2H20 400 -390
phos. (disod.).. Na2HP04.7H20 -11,000
phos. (disod.).. Na2HP04.12H20... 466 -22,830
phos. (mono- Na, H2, P,04. Aq.... dil. sol. ' ^'55,666
sodium)
phos. pyro- Na4, P2O7 800 +11,850
phos. pyro- Na4P207.10H20. 800 -11,670
phosphite Na2, H, P, O 285,100 550 + 9,150
. ph<phite, acid Na, H2, P, O3 333,800 550 +750
phosphite, acid 550 - 5,300i6"
selenate Na2, Se, 64, Aq 262,300
selenate, acid.. Na, H, Se, O4, Aq....
selenide Na2, Se 60,900 789- +i8600W'>
2587
selenide, acid... Na, H, Se, Aq. dil. sol. 35,300
selenide Na2Se.4|H20... 1030^' -'7,9(jd<
2125
selenide. Na2Se.9H20.... 723- -10,600
1352
selenide NaaSe.l6H20 1476- -22,00014
3672
stannate NaaO, Sn, O2 solid 172,600
sulphate Na2. S, O4 soUd 328,100 400{ fused+460
efflor.+170
sulphate Na2S04.H20 400 - 1,900
sulphate Na2. SO2, O2, IOH2O, solid 276,730 400 -18,760

sulphate, acid. Na, H, S, O4 solid 269,100{200 + 1,190

330-600 -800
sulphide Na2, S solid 89,300 584-
1027 +15,00014
sulphide Na2S.4^H20. 889-
1059 - 5,000iT
NaaS.5HO.. 513-
1167 - 6,6001'
sulphide... Na2S.9H20.. 774-
1495 -16,720i
sulphide, bi-.... Na2, S?, Aq.. dil. sol. 105,200
sulphide, tri-... Na2. S8, Aq.. dil. sol. 107,000

313
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

HEATS OF FORMATION AND SOLUTION (Gontmued)

Heat of
Physical Heat of
Name. Formula. forma Water
solution.
state. tion. mols.
Calories.
Calories.
{Sodium
' sulphide,>tetra-. Naa, S4 solid " 99,000 600 + 9,80017'^
sulphocyanate.. Na, C, N, S, Aq.... dil. sol. 39 200
sulphydrate Na, S.H...... solid solaoo +'4,*4()()
sulphydrate NaSH.2H20 - l.SOOis"
thionate, di-.... Naa. S2, Oe s^iid" "398,810 .400 - 5,370
thionate, di- Na2,S2,06, 2H2O.... solid 405,090 400 -11,650
thionate, tri-,,.. Na2, ^3, Oe. Aq...... dil. sol. 387,500
thionate, tri-.^. Na2, S3, Oe, 3H2O.... "675
thionate, tetrar. Na2, S4, Oe, Aq dilV^i. 375,^0 ....

thionate, tetra-. Na2. S4O6.2H2O 620 - '9,'7*d()io

thiosulphate Na2. 32,O3 aiiM" *256,300 440 + 1,700
thiosulphate Na2, p2,03, 5H2O.... solid 265,070 400 -11,370
tungstate.. N2O, WO3 solid 94,700
Stannic acid. Sn, O2, H2O solid 133,500
Stannic and Stan-
nous salts, see
under Tin
Strontium acetate Sr. C4, He, O4 solid 345,600 300 -F 5,60012
acetate... Sr(C2H302).iH20 440 + 5,30012
arsenate.. Sr3, As2, Os predp.' 761,000
bromide Sr, Br2 sohd 158,100 "466 -Hi6,*U()'
bromide Sr, Br2, 6H2O solid 181,010 400 - 7,220
carbonate.. Sr, C, O3 amorp. 278,100
carbonate Sr,C,03 cryst. 279,200
carbonate SrO, CO2 solid 67,300
chloride Sr, CI2 solid 184,700 "466 +ii,*i4()
chloride Sr. CI2. 6H2O soUd 203,190 400 - 7,500
cyanide dil. sol. 47,000
cyanide
dithionate
iKra)?4^a:
Sr. 2SO2, O2, 4H2O....
"ioo -*4,'l5(i8"
solid 263,610 400 - 9,250
fluoride Sr, F2 solid 234,400 - 2,100
hydrate Sr, H2 solid 45,600
hydroxide Sr, O2, H2 solid 217,300 +11,616'
hydroxide Sr, O, H2O solid 146,140
hydroxide Sr(0H)2.8H20
hydroxide Sr(0H)2.9H20 -14,600
iodide Sr, I2 solid ' 122,900 -t-20,50012'
iodide Srl2.7H20 - 4,470
jiitrate ;. Sr, N2, Oe s^ii'd" *219,900 *'466 - 4,620
nitrate Sr(N03)2.4H20.... 400 -12,300
oxide Sr, O solid 131,200 +29,340
oxide, per- Sr. O2.... solid 151,710
phosphate Srs, P2, Og prwip. 94,700
selenide Sr. Se. .. solid 67,600 +"7,*4do"
sulphate Sr. S, O4 solid 330,090
sulphydrate Sr, S2, H2, Aq dil. sol. 119,750
Sulphur
bromide S2. Br2 liquid 2,000
chloride S2. CI2 liquid 14,260
iodide S2.I2 solid 13,600
oxide, di- S. O2 69,260
oxide, di-
oxide, tri-
g, O2 l^uid 74,700 300 + 1,500
S. O3 ^as 91,900
oxide, tri- S. O3 iquid 103,240 *1600 +39,170 *
oxide, di- s, O3 solid 103,700
oxide, hept- 2S2O3, o solid -9,710 +37,290
oxychloride (ic) S2,02.Cl2 liquid -1-89,780
oxychloride (ic) S02, C12 liquid 18,700
oxychl. (ous).. S, O, CI2 40,900
oxychl. (ous).. S, O. CI2 l^uid 47,400

314
 HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

Heat of Heat of
Physical forma Water
Formula. solution.
Name. state. tion. mols.
Calories.
Calories.

Sulphur
penjoxy dichlo- Ok r!U liquid >159,400
ride
Sulphuiic acid.... S. O4.H9 liquid 192,200 1600 +17,850
SO3, H2O liquid 21,300
sulp. acid, per-, S2, Oa, H2, Aq dil. sol. 316,400
sulp. acid, thio-. S2, O3, H2, Aq dil. sol. 141,700
Tan^um
Ta2. O5 siolid 301,500
Telluric acid Te, O4, H2, Aq ^1. sol. 166,740
Tellurium
Te, CI4.... solid 77,380
oxide . Te, O2 solid 78,300
Tellurous acid... Te.03. H2. solid 145,600
Thallium
Tl Br solid 41,290
bromide, tri-... Ti; Bra, Aq dil. sol. 56,450
phloride Tl C1 solid 48,580 '4566 -i6,l()d*
. chloride, tri-.... Tl, Cla, Aq dil. sol. 89,250
Tl. F. Aa dil, sol. 52,000
hydroxide (ic).. TK O3, 3H2O solid 2X43,170
h:^^oxide (ous) Tl! I.' solid 56,910 "235 -z,im
solid 30,180
iodide, tri- Tl, I3. Aq dil. sol. 10,820
nitrate (ous).... Tl, N, O3 solid 58,150 "366
TI2,0 solid 42,240 570
OAI A TI2 Se precip. 13,400
sulphate (ous).. TI2, s, 04
sulphate (ous).. Tb SO2. O2
solid
solid
220,980
149,900
1600
1- ; 8,280
TI2 S solid 19,650 !

Thionic acid
thionic, di- 2, Oe, H2,Aq dil. sol. 279.440
thionic, tri-..... 53, Oe, H2, Aq dil. sol. 272,90^
thionic, tetra-.. 54. Oe, H2, Aq. dil. sol. 260,790
thionic, penta-.. So, Oe, H2, Aq dil. sol. 261,200
Thorium
nViTr^rirlA Th, CI4 solid 300,200
Th, O2 solid 326,000
Tm +16,600
bromide (ic).... Sn, Br4 solid 98,000 970
Sn Br2 solid 61,500 - 1,600
bromide (ous)..
Sn, CI4 solid 129,800 300 +29,920
chloride (ic)
Sn.Cb solid 80,790 300 +350
chloride (ous)..
SnHlo 2H9O 200 - 5,370
chloride (ous)..
hydroxide (ous) solid 68.090
Sn, O2 cryst. 137,200
oxide (ic)
Sn. 0 solid 70,700
pot. chloride.... SnCh 2KC1 solid 24,160 "m -3,m'
Titanium
oxide Ti O2 amorp. 215,600
oxide Ti,02 cryst. 218,400 .....

Tungsten
oxide, di- W, O2 solid 131,400
oxide, tri- W, O3 solid 196,300
Vanadium
nviriA Vo Ok solid 310,500
oxiae
Water see hydro
gen oxide.
Zinc
solid 267,400 720 + 9,8002'
Zn(&&30^)2.Hs6.... 1 800 + 7,00023*
acetate

315
 , HANDWOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

HEATS OF FORMATION AND SOLUTION (Cdntinued)

Heat of
Physical Heat of
Name. Formula. forma Water
tion. solution.
mols.
Calories. Calories.

Zinc
acetate Zn(C2H302)2.2H20... 500 + 4,20010
bromide Zn, Br2 solid 76,000 400 +15,030
carbonate Zn, C, O3 precip. 194,200
chloride Zn,Cl2 soUd 97,400 +i5,'63(i*
cyanide Zn, C2, N2 solid 27,900
dithionate.. Zn, 2SO2, O2, 6H2O... solid 173,850
fluoride Zn, F2, Aq dil. sol. 140,000
hydroxide Zn, O, H2O solid
hydroxide Zn, O2, H2 solid 83,500
iodide Zn, I2 solid 49,231 400 +11,310
nitrate......... Zn, O2, N2O4, 6H2O... solid 140,820 400 - 5,840
oxide Zn, o r soUd 84,800
pot. sulphate... ZnS04, K2SO4 solid 4,145 600 + 7,910
pot. sulphate... ZnS04, K2SO4. 6H2O. solid 23,950 -11,900
selenide. Zn, Se precip. 30,300
selenide Zn, Se 29,600
sulphate... Zn, S, O4 solid . 229,600 400 +18,430
sulphate Zn, O2. SO2. solid 158,990
sulphate Zn, O2, SO2, H2O solid 167,470 400 + 9,950
sulphate Zn,02, SO2, 7H2O.... solid 181,^ 400 - 4,260
sulphide Zh, S, XH2O solid 43,000
telluride Zn, Te' solid 31,000
Zirconium
oxide Zr, O2 solid 177,500

316

V
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

HEATS OF FORMATION AND COMBUSTION

For Organic Compounds
The heat of formation is given in gram calories per gram molecular weight
for the formation of the compound from the elements in the state in which
they exist at ordinary temperatures. Carbon is assumed to be in its crystalline
form, the diamond.
The heat of combustion is also given in gram calories per gram molecular
weight. The compound is assumed to be originally tit ordinary temperature
and the products of combustion returned to ordinary temperature.

Heat of Heat of
Physical forma com
Name Formula
state tion. bustion.
Calories Calories

Acetaldehyde. CH3CHO,... liquid 57,100 269,500

gas 61,000
Acetamide.. CH3CONH2. solid 78,400 282,700
Acetic acid. CH3.COOH.. solid 119,700
liquid 117,200 209,400
112,100
anhydride. (CH3C0)20. . l^uid 152,300
?as 145,600
Ai3etone..... CH3COCH3. iquid 66,300 423,600
68,800
Acetonitrile CH3CH liquid 450 291,^0
{methyl cyanide)
Acetylene HC'CH gas -68,100 315,700
Acetylurea nh;.conh.c6ch3 .* solid 129,000 360,900
Alcohol, see Ethyl
alcohol
Amyl alcohol CsHuO... liquid 91,600 793,900
80,900
Aniline. C6H5NH2. -11,200 818,^0
-19,800
Anthracene. C6H4:(CH)2:C6H4. solid -42,400 1,707,600
Benzene CsHe solid -1,800
liqui4 -4,100 776,900
gas -11,300
Benzoic acid. C6H6.COOH solid 94,200 772,900
liquid 91,900
Bromomethane. CHBrs. 13,700
(Bromoform)
Butyric acid... CH3-(CH2)2-C00H. solid 130,300
Uquid 128.800 524,400
Camphor - CioHieO. soHd 80,300 1,414,700
Carbon hexachloride C2CI6. .. solid 85,600
Carbon tetrachloride CCU . . . liquid 75,700
gas 68,500
Catechol C6H4(0H)2 solid 87,600 685,200
Chloroform. CHCI3..., liquid 53,900 107,000
46,600
Dichlormethane.... CH2CI2 g^uid 37,800
(Methylene chloride)
31,400
(CH3)2NH 4,100 426,000
Dimethylamine. 372,300
CH3CH3 23,300
Ethane 651,700
C2H50C2H6... 70,500
Ether
62,800
CH3COOC2H5. liquid 116,100 537,100
Ethyl acetate.
105,200
alcohol C2H50H 69,900 32^700
59,800
Ethylene CH2:CH2 -14,600 '^'i,i6o

317
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

HEATS OF FORMATION AND COMBUSTION

(Continued)
For Organic Compounds

Heat of Heat of
Name Formula
Physical forma com
state tion. bustion.
Calories Calories

Formic acid . HCOOH. solid 104,000

liquid 101,500 61,700
gas 96,700
Fructose.. CeHiaOs solid 303,900 675,9P0
Glucose. . C6H12O6 solid 302,600 677,200
Glycerine. H0CH2Cir0H.CH20H solid 165,600
liquid 161,700 ' *397,^0
Hydroquinone.. C6H4 (0H)2 . soUd 87,300 685,500
Lactose C12H22O11.. . soUd 537,400 1,351,400
Maltose Ci2H220ii. . . soUd 538,100 1,350,700
Methane CH4 18,900 213,500
Methyl alcohol. CH3OH 61,700 170,600
53,300
amine... CH3NH2. 9,900 256,900
chloride. CH3CI. , . 33,900
sas 29,000
formate. HCOOCHs. iquid 94,800 m76o
^as 87,900
oxalate C4H6O4 solid 186,000 " 398,200
liqmd 181,700
Naphthalene. CioHs -22,800 i,241,^0
-27,400
Nitrobenzene. C6H5-N02. .. 7,800
liquid 5,100 733,200
-2,000
Nitroglycerine. C3H6(N03)2. iqmd 14,700
Nitromethane. CH3 NO2. . . . liquid 28,800 169,800
21,800
Oleic acid... . C17H33COOH 188,000 2,682,000
Oxalic acid. . .
Palmitic acid.
COOHCOOH
CH3 (CH2)14.C00H. ..
JS'
solid
197,600 60,200
214,400 2,398,400
liquid 207,200
Phenol CeHs-OH soUd 36,800
(Carbolic add) liquid 34,500 736,000
Propane CH3CH2CH3. 30,500 528,400
Propylene CH3 CH:CH2. . -9,400 499.300
Resorcinol C6H4-(OH)i. . . solid - 89,400 683,400
Sucrose C11H22OU solid 535,600 1,355000
{Cane sugar)
Stearic acid CH3 (CH2)i6 COOH. .. solid 227,600 2,711,800
Succinic acid....... HOOC.CH2CH2COOH solid 229,800 354,400
Tartaric acid....... solid . 302,300 281,000
Tefcrachlor-ethylene. liquid 45,500
Toluene. CeHe-CHa liquid 2,300 *'933,800
-5,400
Toluidine
Trimethylamine.
CH3-C6H4NH2.
(CH3)3N
&d 5,900 ' 964J60
liquid 5,600
gas 1,400 592,000
Urea.... NH2CONH2. soUd 80,800 151,500
Xylenes. C6H4 (CH3)2 . . liquid 15,200 1,084,300

318
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

HEATS OF COMBUSTION
Heat of combustion in gram calories per gram. Products of combustion
gaseous unless stated.

Calories
Substance per gram Observer
of substance

Acetylene 11,923 Thomsen

Alcohol, see Ethyl alcohol
Amyl alcohol. 8,958 Favre & Silbermann
Asphalt 9,532 Slossen & Colburn
Benzene 9,977 Stohmann
Butter 9,200
Carbon, crystal to CO2. 7.859 Berthelot
{(
Carbon disulphide 3,244
Casein 5.860
Charcoal to CO2 8,080 Favre & Sill3ermami
Coal, anthracite 70,000-84,000
bituminous 61,000-87,000
lignite 45,000-79,000
Coke 8,000
Copper to CuO: 590 Thomsen
Dynamite, 75 % 1,290 Roux and Sarran
Egg white 5,700
yolk 8,100
Ethyl alcohol 7,080
Ethylene 11,293 Berthelot
Fats, animal, mean 9,500
Gas, coal 5,800-11,000
Glycerine, CO2 and Uq.
H2O 4,316 Stohmann
Graphite 7,901 Berthelot
Gunpowder 720-750
Hemoglobin 5,900
Hydrogen, to liquid.... 33,900 Mean
34,500 Berthelot
to gas. 29,150
Iron to Fe203 1,582
Magnesium to MgO.... 6,077
Methane 13,063 Favre & Silbermann
u it
Methyl alcohol 5,307
Naphthalene 9,354 Berthelot
Oil, cotton seed 9,500
lard 9,200-9,400
olive 9,328-9,442 Stohmann
paraffin 9,800
petroleum, crude 11,094 Mohler
" refined 11,045
" Russian... 10,800

319
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS .
HEATS OF COMBUSTION^ (Continued)
Calories
Substance per gram Observer
of substance

Oil,
rape 9,489 Stohmann
sperm 10,000 Gibson
Paraflfin 10,340 Stohmann
Peat 5,940 Bainbridge
Pitch 8,400
Silicon to Si02 7,407 Berthelot
Wood
4,774
Sirch 4,771
Oak 4,620
Pine 5,085

320

V
HANDBOOK OF CHEM18TRJ AND PHYSICS
SULPHURIC ACID
Specific Gravity of Aqueous Solutions.
Lunge, Isler and Naef

Per Total Per Totul

Deg. Sp. gr. Deg. cent. H2SO4
Deg. Twad- cent. H2SO4 Deg. Twad-
at H2SO4 kg. in
B6. H2SO4 kg. in B6. dell.
dell. 15 C. by wt. 1 liter.
by wt. liter.

0.0 0 0 .09 0.001 1.210 25.0 42 28.58 0.346

1 0 .95 0.009 1.215 25.5 43 29.21 0.355
0.7
1.4 2 1 .57 0.016 1.220 26.0 44 29.84 0.364
3 2 .30 0.023 1.225 26.4 45 30.48 0.373
2.1
2 7 4 3 03 0.031 1.230 26.9 46 31.11 0.382
3.4 5 3 76 0.039 1.235 27.4 47 31.70 0.391
4.1 6 4 .49 0.046 1.240 27.9 48 32.28 0.400
4.7 7 5 .23 0.054 1.245 28.4 49 32.86 0.409
5.4 8 5 .96 0.062 1.250 28.8 50 33.43 0.418
6.0 9 6 .67 0.071 1.255' 29.3 51 34.00 0.426
6.7 10 7 .37 0.077 1.260 29.7 52 34.57 0.435
7.4 11 8 .07 0.085 1.265 30.2 53 35.14 0.444
8.0 12 8 .77 0.093 1.270 30.6 54 35.71 0.454
8.7 13 9 .47 0.102 1.275 31.1 55 36.29 0.462
9.4 14 10 .19 0.109 1.280 31.5 56 36.87 0.472
10.0 15 10 .90 0.117 1.285 32.0 57 37.45 0.481
10.6 16 11 .60 0.125 1.290 32.4 58 38.03 0.490
11.2 17 12 .30 0.133 1.295 32.8 59 38.61 0.500
11.9 18 12 .99 0.142 1.300 33.3 60 39.19 0.510
12.4 19 13 .67 0.150 1.305 33.7 61 39.77 0.519
13.0 20 14 .35 0.158 1.310 34.2 62 40.35 0.529
13.6 21 15 .03 0.166 1.315 34.6 63 40.93 0.538
14.2 22 15 .71 0.175 1.320 35.0 64 41.500.548
14.9 23 16. 36 0.183 1.325 35.4 65 42.08 0.557
15.4 24 17. 01 0.191 1.330 35.8 66 42.66 0.567
16.0 25 17. 0.199 1.335 36.2 67 43.20 0.577
16.5 26 18 31 0.207 1.340 36.6 68 43.74 0.586
17.1 27 18..96 0.215 1.345 37.0 69 44.28 0.596
17.7 28 19. 61 0.223 1.350 37.4 70 44.82 0.605
18.3 29 20 26 0.231 1.355 37.8 71 45.35 0.614
18.8 30 20 91 0.239 1.360 38.2 72 45.88 0.624
19.3 31 21 55 0.248 1.365 38.6 73 46.41 0.633
19.8 32 22 19 0.257 1.370 39.0 74 46.94 0.643
20 3 33 22 ,83 0.266 1.375 39.4 75 47.47 0.653
20.9 34 23 .47 0.275 1.380 39.8 76 48.00 0.662
21.4 35 24 .12 0.283 1.385 40.1 77 48.53 0.672
36 24 .76 0.292 1.390 40.5 78 49.06 0.682
22.0
22.5 37 25 .40 0.301 1.395 40.8 79 49.59 0.69^
23.0 38 26 .04 0.310 1.400 41.2 80 50.11 0.702
23.5 39 26 .68 0.319 1.405 41.6 81 50.63 0.711
24.0 40 27 ,32 0.328 1.410 42.0 82 51.15 0.721
24.5 41 27 .95 0.337 1.415 42.3 83 51.66[Q).730
321,
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

SULPHURIC ACID (Continued)

Per Total Per Total

Sp. gr. Deg.
Deg. Sp. gr. Deg.
at Twad-
cent. H2SO4
at
Deg. cent. HiSOi
B6. H2SO4 kg. in Twad-
15 C dell. 15 C. B6.
dell. H2SO4 kg. in
by wt. 1 liter. by wt. 1 Uter.

1.420 42.7 84 52.15 0.740 1.645 56.6 129 72.55 1.193

1.425 43.1 85 52.63 0.750 1.650 56.9 130 72.96 1.204
1.430 43.4 86 53.11 0.759 1.655 57.1 131 73.40 1.215
1.435 43.8 87 53.59 0.769 1.660 57.4 132 73.81 1.225
1.440 44.1 88 54.07 0.779 1.665 57.7 133 74.24 1.230
1.445 44.4 89 54.55 0.789 1.670 57.9 134 74.66 1.246
1.450 44.8 90 55.03 0.798 1.675 58.2 135 75.08 1.259
1.455 45.1 91 55.50 0.808 1.680 58.4 136 75.50 1.268
1.460 45.4 92 55.97 0.817 1.685 58.7 137 75.94 1.278
1.465 45.8 93 56.43 0.827 1.690 58.9 138 76.38 1.289
1.470 46.1 94 56.90 0.837 1.695 59.2 139 76.76 1.301
1.475 46.4 95 57.37 0.846 1.700 59.5 140 77.17 1.312
1.480 46.8 96 57.83 0.856 1.705 59.7 141 77.60 1.323
1.485 47.1 97 58.28 0.865 1.710 60.0 142 78.04 1.334
1.490 47.4 98 58.74 0.876 1.715 60.2 143 78.48 1.346
1.495 47.8 99 59.22 0.885 1.720 60.4 144 78.92 1.357
1.500 48.1 100 59.70 0.896 1.725 60.6 145 79.36 1.369
1.505 48.4 101 60.18 0.906 1.730 60.9 146 79.80 1.381
1.510 48.7 102 60.65 0.916 1.735 61.1 147 80.24 1.392
1.515 49.0 103 61.12 0.926 1.740 61.4 148 80.68 1.404
1.520 49.4 104 61.59 0.936 1.745 61.6 149 81.12 1.416
1.525 49.7 105 62.06 0.946 1.750 61.8 150 81.56 1.427
1.530 50.0 106 62.53 0.957 1.755 62.1 151 82.00 1.439
1.535 50.3 107 63.00 0.967 1.760 62.3 152 82.44 1.451
1.540 50.6 108 63.43 0.977 1.765 62.5 153 83.01 1.465
1.545 50.9 109 63.85 0.987 1.770 62.8 154 83.51 1.478
1.550 51.2 110 64.26 0.996 1.775 63.0 155 84.02 1.491
1.555 51.5 111 64.67 1.006 1.780 63.2 156 84.50 1.504
1.560 51.8 112 65.20 1.017 1.785 63.5 157 85.10 1.519
1.565 52.1 113 65.65 1.027 1.790 63.7 158 85.70 1.534
1.570 52.4 114 66.09 1.038 1.795 64.0 159 86.30 1.549
1.575 52.7 115 66.53 1.048 1.800 64.2 160 86.92 1.564
1.580 53.0 116 66.95 1.058 1.805 64.4 161 87.60 1.581
1.585 53.3 117 67.40 1.068 1.810 64.6 162 88.30 1.598
1.590 53.6 118 67.83 1.078 1.815 64.8 163 89.16 1.618
1.595 53.9 119 68.26 1.0S9 1.820 65.0 164 90.05 1.639
1.600 54.1 120 68.70 1.099 1.821 90.20 1.643
1.605 54.4 121 69.13 1.110 1.822 65.'i 90.40 1.647
1.610 54.7 122 69.56 1.120 1.823 90.60 1.651
1.615 55.0 123 70.00 1.131 1.824 65.2 90.80 1.656
1.620 55.2 124 70.42 1.141 1.825 i65 91.00 1.661
1.625 55.5 125 70.85 1.151 1.826 6513 91.25 1.666
1.630 55.8 126 71.27 1.162 1.827 91750 1.671
1.635 56.0 127 71.70 1.172 1.828 65!4 91.70 1.676
1.640 56.3 128 72.12 1.182 1.829 ... 91.90 1.681

322
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
SULPHURIC ACID (Continued)

Per Total Per. Total

Sp. gr. Deg. Sp. gr. D^. H2SO4
Deg. Twad- cent. H2SO4 Deg. Twad- cent.
at at H2SO4 kg. in
B6. H2SO4 kg. in B6.
15C. dpU. by wt. 1 Hter. 15C. deU.
by wt, 1 Uter.

1.830 166 92.10 1.685 1.840 65.9 168 95.60 1.759

1.831 65^5 92.43 1.692 1.8405 95.95 1.765
1.832 92.70 1.698 1.8410 96.38 1.774
1.833 65.6 92.97 1.704 1.8415 97.35 1.792
1.834 93.25 1.710 1.8410 98.20 1.808
1 835 65.7 i67 93.56 1.717 1.8405 98.52 1.814
1.836 93.80 1.722 1.8400 98.72 1.816
1.837 94.25 1.730 1.8395 98.77 1.817
1.838 65is 94.60 1.739 1.8390 99.12 1.823
1.839 95.00 1.748 1.8385 99.31 1.826

ACETIC ACm
Specific Gravity of Aqueous Solutions, at 15 C.
OUDEMANS

Specific Pr. ct. Specific Per Specific Per Specific Per

gravity. by wt. gravity. cent. gravity. cent. gravity. cent.

0.9992 0 1.0363 26 1.0631 52 1.0748 78

1.0007 1 1.0375 27 1.0638 53 1.0748 79
1.0022 2 1.0388 28 1.0646 54 1.0748 80
1.0037 3 1.0400 29 1.0653 55 1.0747 81
r.0052 4 1.0412 30 1.0660 56 1.0746 82
1-.0067 5 1.0424 31 1.0666 57 1.0744 83
1.0083 6 1.043a 32 1.0673 58 1.0742 84
7 1.0447 33 1.0679 59 1.0739 85
1.0098
8 1.0459 34 1.0685 60 1.0736 86
1.0113
1.0127 9 1.0470 35 1.0691 61 1.0731 87
1.0142 10 1.0481 36 1.0697 62 1.0726 88
1.0157 11 1.0492 37 1.0702 63 1.0720 89
1.0171 12 1.0502 38 1.0707 64 1.0713 90
13 1.0513 39 1.0712 65 1.0705 91
1.0185
14 1.0523 40 1.0717 66 1.0696 92
1.0200
1.0214 15 1.0533 41 1.0721 67 1.0686 83
1.0228 16 1.0543 42 1.0725 68 1.0674 94
1.0242 17 1.0552 43 1.0729 69 1.0660 95
18 1.0562 44 1.0733 70 1.0644 96
1.0256
19 1.0571 45 1.0737 71 1.0625 97
1.0270
1.0284 20 1.0580 46 1.0740 72^ 1.0604 98
1.02Si8 21 1.0589 47 1.0742 73 1.0580 99
22 1.0598 48 1.0744 74 1.0553 100
1.0311
1.0324 23 1.0607 49 I 1.0746 75
1.0337 24. 1.0615 50 1.0747 76
1.0350 25 1.0623 51 1.0748 77
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

NITRIC ACID
Specific Gravity of Aqueous Solutions

Degrees Degrees Per cent HNOs Total HNOa

Baum. TwaddeU. tby weight. kg. in 1 liter.

1.000 0.0 0 0.10 0.001

1.005 0.7 1 1.00 0.010
1.010 1.4 2 1.90 0.019
1.015 2.1 3 2.80 0.028
1.020 2.7 4 3.70 0.038
1.025 3.4 5 4.6a 0.047
1.030 4.1 6 5.50 0.057
1.035 4.7 7 ^ 6.38 0.066
1.040 5.4 8 7.26 0.075
1.045 6.0 9 8.13 0.085
1.050 6.7 10 8.99 0.094
1.055 7.4 11 9.84 0.104
1.060 8.0 12 10.68 0.113
1.065 8.7 13 11.51 0.123
t.070 - 9.4 14 12.33 0.132
1.075 10.0 15 13.15 0.141
1.080 10.6 16 13.95 0.151
1.085 11.2 17 14.74 0.160
1.090 . 11.9 18 15.53 0.169
1.095 12.4 19 16.32 0.179
1.100 13.0 20 17.11 0.188
1.105 13.6 21 17.89 0.198
1.110 14.2 22 18.67 0.207
1.115 14.9 23 19.45 0.217
1.120 15.4 24 20.23 0.227
1.125 16.0 25 21.00 0.236
1.130 16.5 26 21.77 0.246
1.135 17.1 27 22.54 0.256
1.140 17.7 28 23.31 0.266
1.145 18.3 29 24.08 0.276
1.150 18.8 30 24.84 0.286
1.155 19.3 31 25.60 0.296
1.160 19.8 32 26.36 0.306
1.165 20.3 33 27.12 0.316
1.170 20.9 34 27.88 0.326
1.175 21.4 35 28.63 0.336
1.180 22.0 36 29.38 0.347
1.185 22.5 37 30.13 0.357
1.190 23.0 38 30.88 0.367
1.195 23.5 39 31.62 0.378
1.200 24.0 40 32.36 ^ 0.388
1.205 24.5 41 33.09 0.399
1.210 25.0 42 33.82 0.409
1.215 25.5 43 34.55 0.420
324
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

NITRIC ACID (Continued)

Sp. gr. Degrees pegrees Per cent HNOs Total HNOa

at 16 C. Baum6. TwaddeU. by weight. kg. in 1 Uter.

1.220 26.0 44 35.28 0.430

1.225 26.4 45 36.03 0.441
1.230 26.9 46 36.78 0.452
1.235 27.4 47 37.53 0.463
1.240 27.9 48 38.29 0.475 .
1.245 28.4 39.05 0.486
1.250 28.8 50 39.82 0.498
1.255 29.3 51 40.58 0.509
1.260 29.7 52 41.34 0.521
1.265 30.2 53 42.10 0.533
1.270 30.6 54 42.87 0.544
li275 31.1 55 43.64 0.55G
1;280 31.5 56 44.41 0.568
1.285 32.0 57 45.18 0.581
1.290 32.4 58 45.95 0.593
1.295 32.8 59 46.72 0.605
1.300 33.3 60 47.49 0.617
1.305 33.7 61 48.26 0.630
1.310 34.2 62 49.07 0.643
1.315 34.6 63 49.89 0.656
1.320 35.0 64 50.71 0.669
1.325 "35.4 65 51.53 0.683
1.330 35.8 66 52.37 0.697
1.3325 36.0 66.5 52.80 0.704
1.335 36.2 67 53.22 0.710
1.340 36.6 68 54.07 0.725
1.345 37.0 69 54.93 0.739
1.350 37.4 70 55.79 0.753
1.355 37.8 71 56.66 0.768
1.360 38.2 72 57.57 0.783
1.365 38.6 73 58.48 0.798
1.370 39.0 74 59.39 0.814
1.375 39.4 75 60.30 0.829
1.380 39.8 76 61.27 0.846
1.3833 40.0 61.92 0.857
1.385 40.1 77 62.24 0.862
1.390 40.5 78 63.23 0.879
1.395 40.8 79 64.25 0.896
1.400 41.2 80 65.30 0.914
1.405 41.6 81 66.40 0.933
1.410 42.0 82 67.50 0.952
1.415 42.3 83 68.63 0.971
1.420 42.7 84 69.80 0.991
1.425 , 43.1 85 70.98 1.011
1.430 43.4 86 72.17 1.032
1.435 43.8 87 73.39 1.D53
1.440 44 1 88 74.68 1.075
325
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
NITRIC ACID (Continued)
Sp. gr. Degrees Degrees Per cent HNOa Total HNO
at 15 C. Baum6. Twaddell. by weight. kg. in 1 liter.

1.445 44.4 89 75.98 1.098

1.450 44.8 90 77.28 1.121
1.455 45.1 91 78.60 1.144
1.460 45.4 92 79.98 1.168
1.465 45.8 93 81.42 1.193
1.470 46.1 94 82.90 1.219
1.475 46.4 95 . 84.45 1.246
1.480 46.8 96 86.05 1.274
1.485 47.1 97 87.70 1.302
1.490 47.4 98 89.60 1.335
1.495 47.8 99 91.60 1.369
1.500 48.1 100 94.09 1.411
1.505 48.4 101 96.39 1.451
1.510 48.7 102 98.10 1.481
1.515 49.0 103 99.07 1.501
1.520 49.4 104 99.67 1.515

HYDROCHLORIC ACID
Specific Gravity of Aqueous Solutions

Total Total
Sp. gr. Deg.
Deg. Per Sp. gr. Deg. Per
Twad
HCl Deg. HCl
at
B6.
cent.
kg. per at Twad cent.
15 C. dell. HCl. 15 C.
B6.
dell. HCl.
kg. per
liter. liter.

1.000 0.0 0.16 0.0016

0.0 1.115 14.9 23 22.86 0.255
1.005 0.7
1 1.15 0.012 1.120 15.4 24 23.82 0.267
1.010 1.4
2 2.14 0.022 1.125 16.0 25 24.78 0.278
1.015 2.1 3 3.12 0.032 1.130 16.5 26 25.75 0.291
1.020 2.7 4 4.13 0.042 1.135 17.1 27 26.70 0.303
.1.025 3.4 5 5.15 0.053 1.140 17.7 28 27.66 0.315
1.030 4.1 6 6.15 0.064 1.1425 18.0 28.14 0.322
1.035 4.7 7 7.15 0.074 1.145 18.3 29 28.61 0.328
1.040 5.4 8 8.16 0.085 1.150 18.8 30 29.57 0.340
1.045 6.0 9 9.16 0.096 1.152 19.0 29.95 0.345
1.050 6.7 10 10.17 0.107 1.155 19.3 3i 30.55 0.353
1.055 7.4 11 11.18 0.118 1.160 19.8 32 31.52 0.366
1.060 8.0 12 12.19 0.12^ 1.163 20.0 32.10 0.373
1.065 8.7 13 13.19 0.141 1.165 20.3 33 32.49 0.379
1.070 9.4 14 14.17 0.152 1.170 20.9 34 33.46 0.392
1.075 10.0 15 15.16 0.163 1.171 21.0 33.65 0.394
1.080 10.6 16 16.15 0.174 1.175 21.4 35 34.42 0.404
1.085 11.2 17 17.13 0.186 1.180 22.0 36 35.39 0.418
1.090 11.9 18 18.11 0.197 1.185 22.5 37 36.31 0.430
1.095 12.4 19 19.06 0.209 1.190 23.0 38 37.23 0.443
1.100 13.0 20 20.01 0.220 1.195 23.5 39 38.16 0.456
1 105 13.6 21 20.97 0.232 1.200 24.0 40 39.11 0.469
1.110^ 14.2 22 21.92 0.243
326
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

AMMONIUM HYDROXTOE
Specific Gravity of Aqueous Solutions at 15 C.

Specific Per cent Total NHs Specific Per cent Total NHa
gravity NHa g. per liter gravity NHs g. per liter

1.000 0.00 0.0 0.940 15.63 146.9

0.998 0.45 4.5 0.938 16.22 152.1
0.996 0.91 9.1 0.936 16.82 157.4
0.994 1.37 13.6 0.934 17.42 162.7
0.992 1.84 18.2 0.932 18.03 168.1
0.990 2.31 ' 22.9 0.930 18.64 173.4
0.988 2.80 27.7 0.928 19.25 178.6
0.986 3.30 32.5 0.926 19.87 184.2
0.984 3.80 37.4 0.924 20.49 189.3
0.982 4.30 42.2 0.922 21.12 194.7
0.980 4.80 47.0 0.920 21.75 200.1
0.978 5.30 51.8 0.918 - 22.39 205.6
0.976 5.80 56.6 0.916 23.03 210.9
0.974 6.30 61.4 0.914 23.68 216.3
0.972 6.80 66.1 0.912 24.33 221.9
0.970 7.31 70.9 0.910 24.99 227.4
0.968 7.82 75.7 0.908 25.65 232.9
0.966 8.33 80.5 0.906 26.31 238.3
0.964 8.84 85.2 0.904 26.98 243.9
0.962 9.35 89.9 0.902 27.65 249.4
0.960 9.91 95.1 0.900 28.33 255.0
0.958 10.47 100.3 0.898 29.01 260.5
0.956 11.03 105.4 0.896 29.69 266.0
0.954 11.60 110.7 0.894 30.37 271.5
0.952 12.17 115.9 0.892 31.05 277.0
0.950 12.72 121.0 0.890 31.75 282.6
0.948 13.31 126.2 0.888 32.50 288.6
0.946 13.88 131.3 0.886 33.25 294.6
0.944 14.46 136.5 0.884 - 34.10 301.4
0.942 15.04 141.7 0.882 34.95 308.3

327
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE
Specific Gravity of Aqueous Solutions at 15 G.
Specific Deg. Per cent KOH, kg.
gravity Baum6 T^deU KOH by wt. per cu. m.

1007 1 1-4 0.9 9

1014 2 2-8 1-7 17
1022 3 4-4 2.6 26
1-029 4 5-8 3-5 36
1037 5 7-4 4-5 46
1045 6 90 5-6 58
1052 7 10-4 6-4 67
1060 8 12-0 7-4 78*
1067 9 13-4 8-2 88
1075 10 15-0 9-2 99
1083 11 16-6 10-1 109
1.091 12 18-2 10-9 119
1100 13 20 0 12-0 132
1108 14 21-6 V 12-9 143
1116 15 23-2 13-8 153
1125 16 250 14-8 167
1134 17 26-8 15-7 178
1-142 18 28-4 16-5 188
1-152 19 30-4 17-6 203
. 1162 20 32-4 18-6 216
1-171 21 34-2 19-5 228
1-180 22 36-0 20-5 242
1.190 23 380 21-4 255
1-200 24 40-0 22-4 269
1-210 25 42-0 23-3 282
1-220 26 44 d 24-2 295
1-231 27 46-2 25-1 309
1-241 28 48-2 26-1 324
1-252 29 50-4 27-0 338
1-263 30 52-6 28-0 353
1-274 31 54-8 28^9 368
. 1-285 32 57-0 29-8 385
1-297 33 59-4 30-7 398
1-308 34 61-6 31-8 416
1-320 35 64.0 32-7 432
- 1-332 36 66-4 33-7 449
1-345 37 69.0 34-9 469
1-357 38 71-4 35.9 487
1-370 39 74-0 36-9 506
1-383 40 76-6 37-8 522
1-397 41 79.4 38.9 543
1-410 42 82.0 39-9 563
1-424 43 84-8 40.9 582
1-438 44 87-6 42-1 605
1-453 45 90-6 43-4 631
1-468 46 93-6 44-6 655
1-483 47 96-6 45-8 679
1-498 48 99.6 47-1 706
1-514 49 102-8 48-3 731
1-530 50 106-0 49-4 756
1-546 51 109-2 50-6 779
1-563 52 112-6 51-9 811
1-580 53 116-0 53-2 840
1-597 54 119.4 54-5 870
1-615 55 123 0 55-9 902
1-634 56 126-8 57-5 940

328
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

SODltTM HYDROXTOE
Specific Gbavity of Aqueous Solutions at 15 C.
Specific Deg. Per cent NaOH, kg.
gravity Baum6 T^ddell NaOH by wt. per cu. m.

1-007 1 1-4 0-59 6-0

1014 2 2-8 1-20 \ 12-0
1022 3 4-4 1-85 18-9
1029 4 5-8 2-50 25-7-
1^036 5 7-2 3-15 32-6
1045 6 9-0 3-79 39-6
1052 7 10-4 4-50 47-3
1060 8 12-0 5-20 55-0
1-067 9 13-4 5-86 62-5
1-075 10 150 6-58 70-7
1-083 11 16-6 7-30 791
1-091 12 18-2 8-07 88-0
1-100 13 20-0 8-78 96-6
iao8 14 21-6 9-50 105.3
1-116 15 23-2 10-30 114-9
1 125 16 250 11-06 124-4
1-134 17 26-8 11-90 134-9
1-142 18 28-4 12-69. 145-0
11'52 19 30-4 13-50 155-5
1-162 20 32-4 14-35 166-7
1-171 21 34-2 15-15 177-4
1-180 22 360 16-00 188-8
1-190 23 38-0 16-91 201-2
1-200 24 40 0 17-81 213-7
1-210 25 420 18-71 226-4
1-220 26 44-0 19-65 239-7
1-231 27 46-2 20-60 253-6
1 - 241 28 48-2 21-55 267-4
1-252 29 50-4 22-50 281-7
1-263 30 52-6 23-50 296-8
1-274 31 54-8 24-48 311-9
1-285 32 57-0 25-50 327-7
1-297 33 59-4^ 26-58 344-7
1-308 34 61-6 27-65 361-7
1-320 35 , 640 28-83 380-6
1-332 36 66-4 30-00 399-6
1-^5 37 69-0 31-20 419-6
1-357 38 71-4 32-50 441-0
1-370 39 74-0 33-73 462-1
1-383 40 76-6 35-00 484-1
1-397 41 79-4 36-36 507-9
1-410 42 82 0 37-65 530-9
1'424 43 84-8 39-06 556-2
1-438 44 87-6 40-47 582 0
1-453 45 90-6 42-02 610-6
1-468 46 93-6 43-58 639-8
1-483 47 96-6 45-16 669-7
1-498 48 99-6 46-73 700-0
1-514 49 102-8 48-41 732-9
1-530 50 106-0 50-10 766-5

329
 HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

POTASSIUM CARBONATE
Specific Gbavitt of Aqueous Solutions at 15 C.

Specific Per cent Specific Per cent Specific Per cent

gravity K2CO3 gravity K2CO3 gravity K2COS

1 00914 1 1-18265 19 1-38279 37

1-01829 2 1.19286 20 1-39476 38
1-02743 3 1-20344 21 1-40673 39
1-03658 4 1-21402 22 1-41870 40
1 04572 5 1-22459 23 1-43104 41
1 05513 6 1-23517 24 1-44338 42
1 06454 7 1-24575 25 1-45573 43
1-07396 8 1-25681 26 1-46807 44
1-08337 9 1-25787 27 1-48041 45
1 09278 10 1-27893 28 1-49314 46
1-10258 11 1-28999 29 1-50588 47
1-11238 12 1-30105 30 1-51861 48
1-12219 13 1-31261 31 1-53135 49
1-13199 14 1-32417 32 1-54408 50
1-14179 15 1-33573 33 1-55728 51
1-15200 16 1-34729 34 1-57048 52
116222 17 1-35885 35 1-57079 51-024
1-17243 18 1-37082 36

SODIUM CARBONATE
Specific Gbavitt of Aqueous Solutions at 15 C.

Per cent Per cent

Specific Na2C03 Per cent Specific Na2C03 Per cent
gravity +IOH2O Na2C03 ^ gravity +IOH2O NaaCOs

1-0038 1 -370 1 0628 16 6-929

1-0076 2 .741 1 0668 17 6-299
1-0141 3 1-112 1 0708 18 6-670
1-0153 4 1-482 1-0748 19 7-011
1-0192 5 1-853 1 0789 20 7-412
1-0231 6 2-223 1-0830 21 7-782
1-0270 7 2-594 1-08:^1 22 8-153
1-0309 8 2-965 10912 23 8-523
1-0348 9 3-335 1 0953 24 8-894
1-0388 10 3-706 1 0994 25 9-264
1-0428 11 4-076 1-1035 26 9-635
1-0468 12 4-447 11076 27 10-006
1-0508 13 4-817 11117 28 10-376
1-0548 14 5-188 1-1158 29 10-746
1-0588 16 6-558 1-1200 30 11118

330
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

SODIUM CHLORIDE
Sfecifio Gbavitt opAqototo Solotions ai 15 C. {Geplah).

specific Percent Specific Per cent Specific Per cent

gravity. NaCI. gravity. NaCl. gravity. NaCl.

1.07335 10 1.14315 19
1.00725 1
1.08097 11 1.15107 20
1.01450 2
1.08859 12 1.15931 21
1.02174 3
1.09622 13 1.16755 22
1.02899 4
1.10384 14 1.17580 23
1.03624 5
24
6 1.11146 15 1.18404
1.04366
1.11938 16 1.19228 25
1.05108 7
1.12730 17 1.20098 26
1.05851 8
1.13523 18 1.20433 26.395
1.06593 9

POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
Specific Gravitt of Aqueous Solutions at 15 C. (Gerlach).
Specific Per cent Specific Per cent Specific Per cent
KCl. gravity. KCl. gravity. KCl.
gravity.

10 1.12179 18
1.00650 1 1.06580
11 1.12894 19
1.01300 2 1.07271
1.07962 12 1.13608 20
1.01950 3
1.08652 13 1.14348 21
1.02600 4
14 1.15088 22
1.03250 5 1.09345
15 1.15828 23
1.03916 6 1.10036
1.10750 16 1.16568 24
1.04582 7 24.9
1.11465 17 1.17234
1.05248 8
1.05914 9

ammonium chloride
' Specific GravityofAqueous Solutions at 15 C. (Gerlach).
Specific Per cent Specific Per cent
Specific Per cent
gravity. NH4CI.
gravity. NHiCl. gravity. NHiCl. .

10 1.05648 19
1.00316 1 1.03081
1.03370 11 1.05929 20
1.00632 2
12 1.06204 21
1.00948 3 1.03658
^1.06479 22
1.01264 4 1.03947
1.06754 23
1.01580 5 1.04325
15 1.07029 24
1.01880 6 1.04524
16 1.07304 25
1.02180 7 1.04805
17 1.07575 26
1.02481 8 1.05806
18 a.07658 26.297
1.02781 9 1.05367

V '

,331

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ETHYL ALCOHOL
Specific Gravity of Mixtures of Ethyl Alcohol and
Water by Volume and by Weight
Giving thespecific gravity at ;5.56 C.referred to water at the same tempera-
tiire. Toreduce tospecific gravity referred towater at 4 C.multiply by0.99908.
(U. S. Department ofAgriculture.)
Per cent Percent Grams Per cent Percent
Specific alcohol alcohol alcohol Specific alcohol alcohol
gravity. by by gravity. by by
volume. weight. ior^.c. volume. weight,

1.00000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.99431 3.90 3.12

0.99984 0.10 0.08 0.08 0.99417 4.00 3.20
0.99968 0.20 0.16 0.16 0.99403 4.10 3.28
0.99953 0.30 0.24 0.24 0.99390 4.20 3.36
0.99937 0.40 0.32 0.32 0.99376 4.30 3.44
0.99923 0.50 0.40 0.40 0.99363 4.40 3.52
0.99907 0.60 0.48 0.48 0.99349 4.50 3.60
0.99892 0.70 0.56 0.56 0.99335 4.60 3.68
0.99877 0.80 0.64 0.64 0.99322 4.70 3.76
0.99861 0.90 0.71 0.71 0.99308 4.80 3.84
0.99849 1.00 0.79 0.79 0.99295 4.90 3.92
0.99834 1.10 0.87 0.87 0.99281 5.00 4.00
0.99819 1.20 0.95 0.95 0.99268 5.10 4.08
0.99805 1.30 1.03' 1.03 0.99255 5.20 4.16
0.99790 1.40 1.11 1.11 0.99241 5.30 4.24
0.99775 1.50 1.19 1.19 0.99228 5.40 4.32
0.99760 1.60 1.27 1.27 0.99215 5.50 4.40
0.99745 1.70 1.35 1.35 0.99202 5.60 4.48
0.99731 1.80 1.43 1.43 0.99189 5.70 4.56
0.99716 1.90 1.51 1.51 0.99175 5.80 4.64
0.99701 2.00 1.59 1.59 0.99162 5.90 4.72
0.99687 2.10 1.67 1.66 0.99149 6.00 4.80
0.99672 2.20 1.75 1.74 0.99136 6.10 4.88
0.99658 2.30 1.83 1.82 0.99123 6.20 4.96
0.99643 2.40 1.91 1.90 0.99111 6.30 5.05
0.99629 2.50 1.99 1.98 0.99098 6.40 5.13
0.99615 2.60 2.07 2.06 0.99085 6.50 5.21
0.99600 2.70 2.15 2.14 0.99072 6.60 5.29
0.99586 2.80 2.23 2.22 0.99059 6.70 5.37
0.99571 2.90 2.31 2.30 0.99047 6.80 5.45
0.99557 3.00 2.39 2.38 0.99034 6.90 5.53
0.99543 3.10 2.47 2.46 0.99021 7.00 5.61
0.99529 3.20 2.55 2.54 0.99009 7.10 5.69
0.99515 3.30 2.64 2.62 0.98996 7.20 5.77
0.99501 3.40 2.72 2.70 0.98984 7.30 5.86
0.99487 3.50 2.80 2.78 0.98971 7.40 5.94
0.99473 3.60 2.88 2.86 0^98959 7.50 6.02
0.99459 3.70 2.96 2.94 0.98947 7.60 6.10
0.99445 3.80 3.04 3.02 0.98934 7.70 6.18

332
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ETHYL ALCOHOL (Continued)

Specific Gravity of Mixtures of Ethyl Alcohol and
Water BY Volume and by Weight

Per cent Percent Grams Per cent Per cent Grams

Specific alcohol alcohol alcohol Specific alcohol alcohol alcohol
gravity. by by gravity. by per
volume. weight. volume. we^ight. 100 c.c.

0.9g922 7.80 6.26 6.19 0.98435 12.00 9.67 9.52

0.98909 7.90 6.34 6.27 0.98424 12.10 9.75 9.60
0.98897 8.00 6.42 6:35 0.98413 12.20 9.83 9.68
0.98885 8.10 6.50 6.43 0.98402 12.30 9.92 9.76
0.98873 8.20 6.58 6.51 0.98391 12.40 10.00 9.84
0.98861 8.30 6.67 6.59 0.98381 12.50 10.08 9.92
0.98849 8.40 6.75 6.67 0.98370 12.60 10.16 10.00
0.98837 8.50 6.83 6.75 0.98359 12.70 10.24 10.07
0.98825 8.60 6.91 6.83 0.98348 12.80 10.33 10.15
0.98813 8.70 6.99 6.91 0.98337 12.90 10.41 10^23
0.98801 8.80 7.07 6.99 0.98326 13.00 10.49 10.31
0.98789 8.90 7.15 7.07 0.98315 13.10 10.57 10.39
0.98777 9.00 7.23 7.14 0.98305 13.20 10.65 10.47
0.98765 9.10 7.31 7.22 0.98294 13.30 10.74 10.55
0.98754 9.20 7.39 7.30 0.98283 13.40 10.82 10.63
0.98742 9.30 7.48 7.38 0.98273 13.50 10.90 10.71
0.98730 9.40 7.56 7.46 0.98262 13.60 10.98' 10.79
0.99719 9.50 7.64 7.54 0.98251 13.70 11.06 10.87
0.98707 9.60 7.72 7.62 0.98240 13.80 11.15 10.95
0.98695 9.70 7.80 7.70 0.98230 13.90 11.23 11.03
0.98683 9.80 7.88 7.78 0.98219 14.00 11.31 11.11
0.98672 9.90 7.96 7.85 0.98209 14.10 11.39 11.19
0.98660 10.00 8.04 7.93 0.98198 14.20 11.47 11.27
0.98649 10.10 8.12 8.01 0.98188 14.30 11.56 11.35
0.98637 10.20 8.20 8.09 0.98177 14.40 11.64 11.43
0.98626 10.30 8.29- 8.17 0.98167 14.50 11.72 11.51
0.98614 10.40 8.37 8.25 0.98156 14.60 11.80 11.59
0.98603 10.50 8.45 8.33 0.98146 14.70 11.88 11.67
0.98592 10.60 8.53 8.41 0.98135 14.80 11.97 11.75
0.98580 10.70 8.61 8.49 0.98125 14.90, 12.05 11.82
0.98569 10.80 8.70 8.57 0.98114 15.00 12.13 11.90
0.98557 10.90 8.78 8.65 0.98104 15.10 12.21 11.98
0.98546 11.00 8.86 8.73 0.98093 15.20 12.29 12.06
0.98535 11.10 8.94 8.81 0.98083 15.30 12.38 12.14
0.98524 11.20 9.02 8.89 0.98073 15.40 12.46 12.22
0.98513 11.30 9.11 8.97 0.98063 15.50 12.54 12.30
0.98502 11.40 9.19 9.05 0.98052 15.60 12.62 12.37
0.98491 11.50 9.27 9.13 0.98042 15.70 12.70 12.45
0.98479 11.60 9.35 9.21 0.98032 15.80 12.79 12.53
0.98468 11.70 9.43 9.29 0.98021 15.90 12.87 12.61
0.98457 11.80 9.51 9.36 0,98011 16.00 12.95 12.69
0.98446 11.90 9.59 9.44 0.98001 16.10 13.03 12.77

333
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ETHYL ALCOHOL (Continued)

Specific Gravity of Mixtures of Ethyl Alcohol and
Water by Volume and by Weight

Per cent Percent Grams Percent Percent Grams

Specific alcohol alcohol alcohol Specific alcohol alcohol alcohol
gravity. by by per gravity. by by
volume. weight. 100 c.c. volume. weight.

0.97991 16.20 13.12 12.85 0.97568 20.40 16.59 16.18

0.97980 16.30 13.20 12.93 0.97558 20.50 16.67 16.26
0.97970 16.40 13.29 13.01 0.97547 20.60 16.75 16.34
0.97960 16.50 13.37 13.09 0.97537 20.70 16.84 15.42
0.97950 16.60 13.45 13.17 0.97527 20.80 16.92 16.50
0.97940 16.70 13.53 13.25 0.97517 20.90 17.01 16.58
0.97929 16.80 13.62 13.33 0.97507 21.00 17.09 16.66
0.97917 16.90 13.70 13.41 0.97497 21.10 17.17 16.74
0.97909 17.00 13.78 13.49 0.97487 21.20 17.26 16.82
0.97899 17.10 13.86 13.57 0.97477 21.30 17.34 16.90
0.97889 17.20 13.94 13.65 0.97467 21.40 17.43 16.98
0.97879 17.30 14.03 13.73 0.97457 21.50 17.51 17.06
0.97869 17.40 14.11 13.81 0.97446 21.60 17.59 17.14
0.97859 17.50 14.19 13.89 0.97436 21.70 17.67 17.22
0.97848 17.60 14.27 13.96 0.97426 21.80 17.76 17.30
0.97838 17.70 14.35 14.04 0.97416 21.90 17.84 17.38
0.97828 17.80 14.44 14.12 0.97406 22.00 17.92 17.46
0.97818 17.90 14.52 14.20 0.97396 22.10 18.00 17.54
0.97808 18.00 14.60 14.28 0.97386 22.20 18.09 17.62
0.97798 18.10 14.68 14.36 0.97375 22.30 18.17 17.70
0.97788 18.20 14.77 14.44 0.97365 22.40 18.26 17.78
0.97778 18.30 14.85 14.52 0.97355 22.50 18.34 17.86
0.97768 18.40 14.94 14.60 0.97345 22.60 18.42 17.94
0.97758 18.50 15.02 14.68 0.97335 22.70 18.51 18.02
0.97748 , 18.60 15.10 14.76 0.97324 22.80 18.59 18.10
0.97738 18.70 15.18 14.84 0.97314 22.90 18.68 18.18
0.97728 18.80 15.27 14.92 0.97304 23.00 18.76 18.26
0.97718 18.90 15.38 15.00 0.97294 23.10 18.84 18.33
0.97708 19.00 15.43 15.08 0.97283 23.20 18.92 18.41
0.97698 19.10 15.51 15.15 0.97273 23.30 19.01 18.49
0.97688 19.20 15.59 15.23 0.97263 23.40 19.09 18.57
0.97678 19.30 15.68 15.31 0.97253 23.50 19.17 18.65
0.97668 19.40 15.76 15.39 0.97242 23.60 19.25 18.73
0.97658 19.50 15.84 15.47 0..97232 23.70 19.34 18.18
0.97648 19.60 15.93 15.55 0.97222 23.80 19.42 18.88
0.97638 19.70 16.01 15.63 0.97211 23.90 19.51 18.96
0.97628 19.80 16.09 15.71 0.97201 24.00 19.59 19.04
0.97618 19.90 16.18 15.79 0.97191 24.10 19.67 19.12
0.97608 20.00 16.26 15.87 0.97180 24.20 19.76 19.20
0.97598 20.10 16.34 15.95 0.97170 24.30 19.84 19.28
0.97588 20.20 16.42 16.03 0.97159 24.40 19.93 19.36
0.97578 20.3d 16.51 16.10 0.97149 24,5a 20.01 19.44

334
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ETHYL ALCOHOL (Continued)

Specific Gravity of Mixtures of Ethyl Alcohol and
Water by Volume and by Weight

Per cent Percent Grams Per cent Percent Grams

Specific alcohol alcohol alcohol Specific alcohol alcohol alcohol
gravity. by per gravity. by by per
vohLe. weight. 100 c.c. volume. weight. 100 0.0.

0.97139 24!60 20.09 19.52 0.96681- 28.80 23.64 22.85

0.97128 24.70 20.18 19.60 0.96669 28.90 23.72 22.9?
0.97118 24.80 20.26 19.68 0.96658 29.00 23.81 23.01
0.97107 24.90 20.35 19.76 0.96646 29.10 23.89 23.09
0.97097 25.00 20.43 19.84 0.96635 29.20 23.98 23.17
0:97086 25.10 20.51 19.92 0.96623 29.30 24.06 23.25
0.97076 25.20 20.60 20.00 0.96611 29.40 24.15 23.33
0.97065 25.30 20.68 20.08 0.96600 29.50 24.23 23.41
0.97055 25.40 20.77 20.16 0.96587 29.60 24.32 23.49
0.97044 25.50 20.85 20.24 0.96576 29.70 24.40 23.57
0.97033 25.60 20.93 20.32 0.96564 29.80 24.49 23.65
0.97023 25.70 21.02 20.40 0.96553 29.90 24.57 23.73
0.97012 25.80 21.10 20.47 0.96541 30.00 24.66 23.81
0.97001 25.90 21.19 20.55 0.96529 30.10 24.74 23.89
0.96991 26.00 21.27 20.63 0.96517 30.20 24.83 23.97
0.96980 26.10 21.35 20.71 0.96505 30.30 24.91 24.04
0.96969 26.20 21.44 20.79 0.96493 30.40 25.00 24.12
0.96959 26.30 21.52 20.87 0.96481 30.50 25.08 24.20
0.96949 26.40 21.61 20.95 0.96469 30.60 25.17 24.28
0.96937 26.50 21.69 21.03 0.96457 30.70 25.25 24.36
0.96926 26.60 21.77 21.11 0.96445 30.80 25.34 24.44
0.96915 26.70 21.86 21.19 0.96433 30.90 25.42 24.52
0.96905 26.80 21.94 21.27 0.96421 31.00 25.51 24.60
0.96894 26.90 22.03 21.35 0.96409 31.10 25.60 24.68
0.96883 27.00 22.11 21.43 0.96396 31.20 25.68 24.76
0.96872 27.10 22.20 21.51 0.96384 31.30 25.77 24.84
0.96861 27.20 22.28 21.59 0.96372 31.40 25.85 24.92
0.96850 27.30 22.37 21.67 0.96360 31.50 25.94 25.00
0.96839 27.40 22.45 21.75 0.96347 31.60 26.03 25.08
0:96828 27.50 22.54 21.83 0.96335 31.70 26.11 25.16
.0.96816 27.60 22.62 21.90 0.96323 31.80 26.20 25.24
0.96805 27.70 22.71 21.98 0.96310 31.90 26.28 25.32
0.96794 27.80 22.79 22.06 0.96298 32.00 26.37 25.40
0.96783 27.90 22.88 22.14 0.96285 32.10 26.46 25.48
0.96772 28.00 22.96 22.22 0.96273 32.20 26.54 25.56
0.96761 28.10 23.04 22.30 0.96260 32.30 26.63 25.64
0.96749 28.20 23.13 22.38 0.96248 32.40 26.71 25.71
0.96738 28.30 23.21 22.45 0.96235 32.50 26.80 25.79
0.96(726 28.40 23.30 22.53 0.96222 32.60 26.89 25.87
0.9^15 28.50 23.38 22.61 0.96210 32.70 26.97 25.95
0.96704 28.60 23.47 22.69 0.96197 32.80 27.06 26.03
0.96692 28.70 23.55 22.77 0.96185 32.90 27.14 26.11

335
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ETHYL ALCOHOL (Continued)

Specific Gravity of Mixtures of Ethyl Alcohol an
Water by Volume and by Weight
Per cent Percent Gram's Per cent Percent
Specific alcohol alcohol alcohol Specific alcohol alcohol
gravity. by gravity. by
volume. weight, 10?.c. vohLe. weight.

0.96172 33.00 27.23 26.19 0.95603 37.20 30.88

0.96169 33.10 27.32 26.27 0.95589 37.30 30.96
0.96146 33.20 27.40 26.35 0.95574 37.40 31.05
0.96133 33.30 27.49 26.43 0.95560 37.50 31.14
0.96120 33.40 27.57 26.51 0.95545 37.60 31.23
0.96108 33.50 27.66 26.59 0.95531 37.70 31.32
0.96095 33.60 27.75 26.67 0.95516 37.80 31.40
0.96082 33.70 27.83 26.75 0.95502 37.90 31.49
0.96069 33.80 27.92 26.82 0.95487 38.00 31.58
0.96056 33.90 28.00 26.90 0.95472 38.10 31.67
0.96043 34.00 28.09 26.98 0.95457 38.20 31.76
0.96030 34.10 28.18 27.06 0.95442 38.30 31.85
0.96016 34.20 28.26 27.14 0.95427 38.40 31.94
0.96003 34.30 28.35 27.22 0.95413 38.50 32.03
0.95990 34.40 28.43 27.30 0.95398 38.60 32.12
0.95977 34.50 28.52 27.38 0.95383 38.70 32.20
0.95963 34.60 28.61 27.46 0.95368 38.80 32.29
0.95950 34.70 28.70 27.54 0.95353 38.90 32.37
0.95937 34.80 28.78 27.62 0.95338 39.00 32.46
0.95923 34.90 28.87 27.70 0.95323 39.10 32.55
0.95910 35.00 28.96 27.78 0.95307 39.20 32.64
0.95896 35.10 29.05 27.86 0.95292 39.30 32.72
0.95883 35.20 29.13 27.94 0.95277 39.40 32.81
0.95869 35.30 29.22 28.02 0.95262 39.50 32.90
0.95855 35.40 29.30 28.09 0.95246 39.60 32.99
0.95842 35.50 29.38 28.17 0.95231 39.70 33.08
0.95828 35.60 29.48 28.25 0.95216 39.80 33.17
0.95814 35.70 29.57 28.33 0.95200 39.90 33.27
0.95800 35.80 29.65 28.41 0.95185 40.00 33.35
0.95787 35.90 29.74 28.49 0.95169 40.10 33.44
0.95773 36.00 29.83 28.57 0.95154 40.20 33.53
0.95759 36.10 29.92 28.65 0.95138 40.30 33.61
0.95745 36.20 30.00 28.73 0.95122 40.40 33.70
0.95731 36.30 30.09 28.81 0.95107 40.50 33.79
0.95717 36.40 30.17 28.88 0.95091 40.60 33.88
0.95703 36.50 30,26 28.96 0.95075 40.70 33.97
0.95688 36.60 30.35 29.04 0.95059 40.80 34.06
0.95674 36.70 30.44 29.12 0.95044 40.90 34.15
0.95660 36.80 30.52 29.20 0.95028 41.00 34.24
0.95646 36.90 30.61 29.29 0.95012 41.10 34.33
0.95632 37.00 30.70 29.36 0.94996 41.20 34.42
0.95618 37.10 30.79 29.44 0.94980 41.30 34.50

336
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ETHYL ALCOHOL (Continued)

Specific Gravity of Mixtures op Ethyl Alcohol and
Water by Volume and by Weight

Per cent Percent Grams Per cent Percent Grams

Specific! alcohol alcohol alcohol Specific alcohol alcohol alcohol
gravity. by by gravity. by by
volume. weight. iorc.c. volume. weight.

0.94964 41.40 34.59 32.86 0.94258 45.60 38.39 36.19

0.94948 41.50 34.68 32.93 0.94241 45.70 38.48., 36.26
0.94932 41.60 34.77 33.01 0.94223 45.80 38.57 36.34
0.94916 41.70 34.86 33.09 0.94206 45.90 38.66 36.42
0.94900 41.80 34.95 33.17 0.94188 46.00 38.75 36.50
0:94884 41.90 35.04 33.25 0.94170 46.10 38.84 36.58
0.94868 42.00 35.13 33.33 0.94152 46.20 38.93 36.66
0.94852 42.10 35.22 33.41 0.94134 46.30 39.03 36.74
0.94835 42.20 35.31 33.49 0.94116 46.40 39.12 36.82
0.94810 42.30 35.40 33.57 0.94098 46.50 39.21 36.90
0.94802 42.40 35.49 33.65 0.94080 46.60 39.30 36.98
0.94786 42.50 35 58 33.73 0.94062 46.70 39.39 37.06
0.94770 42.60 35.67 33.81 0.94044 46.80 39.49 37.13
0.94753 42.70 35.76 33.89 0.94026 46.90 39.58 37.21
0.94737 42.80 35.85 33.97 0.94008 47.00 39.67 37.29
0.94720 42.90 35.94 34.04 0.93990 47.10 39.76 37.37
0.94704 43.00 36.03 34.12 0.93971 47.20 39.85 37.45
0.94687 43.10 36.12 34.20 0.93953 47.30 39.95 37.53
0.94670 43.20 36.21 34.28 0.93934 47.40 40.04 37.61
0.94654 43.30 36.30 34.36 0.93916 47.50 40.13 37.69
0.94637 43.40 36.39 34.44 0.93898 47.60 40.22 37.77
0.94620 43.50 36.48 34.52 0.93879 47.70 40.32 37.85
0.94603 43.60 36.57 34.60 0.93861 47.80 40 41 37.93
0.94586 43.70 36.66 34.68 0.93842 47.90 40 51 38.01
0.94570 43.80 36.75 34.76 0.93824 48.00 40.60 38.09
0.94553 43.90 36.84 34.84 0.93805 48.10 40.69 38.17
0.94536 44.00 36.93 34.91 0.93786 48.20 40.78 38.25
0.94519 44.10 37.02 34.99 0.93768 48.30 40.88 38.33
0.94502 44.20 37.11 35.07 0.93749 48.40 40.97 38.41
0.94484 44.30 37.21 35.15 0.93730 48.50 41.06 38.49
0.94467 44.40 37.30 35.23 0.93711 48.60 41.15 38.57
0.94450 44.50 37.39 35.31 0.93692 48.70 41.24 38.65
0.94433 44.60 37.48 35.39 0.93679 "48.80 41.34 38.72
0.94416 44.70 37.57
35.47 0.93655 48.90 41.43 38.80
0.94398 44.80 37.66
35.55 0.93636 49.00 41.52 38.88
0.94381 44.90 35.63
37.76 0.93617 49.10 41.61 38.96
0.94364 45.00 37.84
35.71 0.93598 49.20 41.71 39.04
0.94346 45.10 37.93
35.79 0.93578 49.30 41 80 39.12
0.94329 45.20 38.02
35.87 0.93559 49.40 41.90 39.20
0.94311 45.30 38.12 35.95 0.93540 49.50 41.99 39.28
0.94294 45.40 38.21 36.03 0.93521 49.60 42.08 39.36
0.94276 45.50 38.30 36.11 0.93502 49.70 42.18 39.44

337
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY ANf) PHYSICS

ETHYL ALCOHOL (Continued)

Specific Gravity of Mixtures of Ethyl Alcohol and
Water by Volume and by Weight

Per cent Percent Grams Per cent Percent Grams

Specific alcohol abohol alcohol Specific alcohol alcohol alcohol
gravity. by per gravity. by by per
volume. weight. 100 c.c. volume. weight. 100 c.c.

0.93482 49.80 42.27 39.52 0.8773 75.00

0.934'63 49.90 42.37 39.60 0.8747 76.00
0.9344 50.00 0.8721 77.00
0.9325 51.00 0.8694 78.00
0.9305 52.00 0.8667 79.00
0.9285 53.00 0.8639 80.00
0.9264 54.00 0.8611 81.00
0.9244 55.00 0:8583 82.00
0.9222 56.00 0.8554 83.00
0.9201 57.00 0.8525 84.00
0.9180 58.00 0.8496 85.00
0.9158 59.00 0.8465 86.00
0.9136 60.00 0.8435 87.00
0.9113 61.00 0.8404 88.00
0.9091 62.00 0.8372 89.00
0.9068 63.00 0.8339 90.00
0.9044 64.00 0.8306 91.06
0.9021 65.00 0.8272 92.00
0.8997 66.00 0.8236 93.00
0.8974 67.00 0.8199 94.00
0.8949 68.00 0.8161 95.00
0.8925 69.00 0.8121 96.00
0.8900 70.00 0.8079 97.00
0.8876 71.00 0.8035 98.00
0.8850 72.00 0.7989 99.00
0.8825 73.00 0.7939 100.00
0.8799 74.00

For specific gravity of mixtures by weight see following table.

338
 HANDBOOK OP CHmi^TRY AND PHYSICS

ETHYL ALCOHOL
Specific Gravity of Mixtures of Ethyl Alcohol and
Water by Weight
The^table gives the specific gravity at the temperature indicated referred to
water at 4
(U. S. Bureau of Standards.)
Per cent Per cent
alcohol alcohol
by
^15" C. 20 C. 25 C. by
15" C. 20 C. 25 C.
weight. weight.

0 0.99913 0.99824 0.99708 51 0.91566 0.91164 0.90758

1 0.99725 0.99636 0.99521 52 0.91344 0.90940 0.90538
2 0.99543 0.99453 0.99338 53 0.91120 0.90715 0.90307
3 0.99366 0.99274 0.99159 54 0.90895 0.90488 0.90079
4 0.99197 0.99102 0.98984 55 0.90670 0.90262 0.89851
5 0.99033 0.98936 0.98815 56 0.90443 0.90034 0.89622
6 0.98877 0.98776 0.98651 57 0.90215 0.89805 0.89392
7 0.98726 0.98620 0.98491 58 0.89987 0.89576 0.89162
8 0.98581 0.98470 0.98336 59 0.89758 0.89346 0.88931
9 0.98442 0.98325 0.98185 60 0.89528 0.89115 0.88700
10 0.98307 0.98185 0.98038 61 0.89297 0.88883 0.88467
11 0.98176 0.98047 0.97893 62 0.89066 0.88651 0(88234
12 0.98049 0.97913 0.97752 63 0.88834 0.88418 0.88000
13 0.97925 0.97781 0.97612 64 0.88601 0.88185 0.87766
14 0.97803 0.97651 0.97474 65 0.88368 0.87950 0.87530
15 0.97683 0.97522 0.97336 66 0.88134 0.87716 0.87295
16 0.97563 0.97393 0.97199 67 0.87899 0.87480 0.87058
17 0.97444 0.97264 0.97061 68 0.87664 0.87244 0.86821
18 0.97324 0.97134 0.96922 69 0.87428 0.87008 0.86583
19 0.97203 0.97003 0.96782 70 0.87192 0.86770 0.86344
20 0.97080 0.96870 0.96640 71 0.86954 0.86532 0.86105
21 0.96956 0.96736 0.96497 72 0.86716 0.86292 0.85864
22 0.96829 0.96599 0.96352 73 0.86477 0.86052 0.85622
23 0.96699 0.96459 0.96203 74 0.86237 0.85812 0.85380
24 0.96566 0.96317 0.96052 75 0.85997 0.85570 0.85137
25 0.96430 0.96171 0.95897 76 0.85755 0.85328 0.84893
26 0.96289 0.96021 0.95739 77 0.85513 0.85084 0.84648
27 0.96145 0.95868 0.95577 78 0.85270 0.84840 0.84403
28 0.95997 0.95711 0.95412 79 0.85026 0.84595 0.84157
29 0.95845 0.95550 0.95244 80 0.84781 0.84349 0.83909
30 0.95688 0.95385 0.95071 81 0.84534 0.84101 0.83660
31 0.95526 0.95215 0.94894 82 0.84286 0.83852 0.83410
32 0.95360 0.95042 0.94713 83 0.84037 0.83602 0.83159
33 0.95191 0.94865 0.94529 84 0.83786 0.83350 0.82906
34 0.95017 0.94684 0.94342 85 0.83534 0.83097 0.82652
35 0.94839 0.94499 0.94152 86 0.83279 0.82842 0.82396
36 0.94657 0.94311 0.93957 87 0.83022 0.82583 0.82137
37 0.94471 0.94119 0.93760 88 0.82762 0.82323 0.81876
38 0.94282 0.93924 0.93560 89 0.82500 0.82060 0.81613
39 0.94089 0.93725 0.93356 90 0.82235 0.81795 0.81348
40 0.93893 0.93524 0.93151 91 0.81966 0.81527 0.81080
41 0.93694 0.93320 0.92943 92 0.81694 0.81255 0.80809
42 0.93491 0.93113 0.92732 93 0.81418 0.80979 0.80534
43 0.93286 0.92904 0.92519 94 0.81138 0.80700 0.80256
44 0.93078 0.92693 0.92305 95 0.80854 0.80417 0.79974
45 0.92868 0.92480 0.92088 96 0.80564 0.80129 0.79689
46 0.92655 0.92264 0.91870 97 0.80271 0.79838 0.79400
47 0.92441 0.92047 0.91650 98 0.79972 0.79541 0.79106
48 0.92225 0.91828 0.91429 99 0.79668 0.79240 0.78809
49 0.92006 0.91608 0.91207 100 0.79358 0.78933 0.78507
50 0.91787 0.91386 0.90983

339
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

TABLES OF THE MANUFACTURING CHEMISTS'

ASSOCIATION

SULPHURIC ACID
AuthoritiesW. C. Ferguson; H, P. Talbot
This table has been approved and adopted as a standard by
the Manufacturing Chemists' Association of the United States.
Specific Gravity determinations .were made at 60 F., com
pared with water at 60 F.
From the Specific Gravities the corresponding degrees Baum6
were -calculated by the following formula:
Baum6 = 145 -
Sp. Gr.
Baume Hydrometers for use with this table must be graduated
by the above formula, which formula should always be printed
on the scale.
66 Baume = Sp. Gr. 1.8354.
1 cu. ft. water at 60 F. weighs 62.37 lbs. av.
Atomic weights from F. W. Clarke's table of 1901. O = 16.
H2SO4 = 100 per cent.
H2SO4 O. V. 60
O.V. 93.19 100.00 119.98
60 77.67 83.35 100.00
50 62.18 66.72 80.06
Acids stronger than 66 B^. should have their percentage
compositions determined by chemical analysis.
Wei^t Pounds * Freezing
Per cent Per cent
Sp. gr. Tw. 0. V. (melting)
H2SO 1 cu. ft. O.V.
in lbs. av. in 1 cu. ft. point.

0 1.0000 0.0 0.00 62.37 0.00 0.00 32.0 F.

1 1.0069 1.4 1.02 62.80 1.09 .68 31.2 "
2 1.0140 2.8 2.08 63.24 2.23 1.41 30.5 "
3 1.0211 4.2 3.13 63.69 3.36 2.14 29.8 "
4 1.0284 5.7 4.21 64.14 4.52 2.90 28.9 "
5 1.0357 7.1 5.28 64.60 5.67 3.66 28.1 "
6 1.0432 8.6 6.37 65.06 6.84 4.45 27.2 "
7 1.0507 10.1 7.45 65.53 7.99 5.24 26.3 "
8 1.0584 11.7 8.55 66.01 9.17 6.06 25.1 "
9 1.0662 13.2 9.66 66.50 10.37 6.89 24.0 "
10 1.0741 14.8 10.77 66.99 11.56 7.74 22.8 "
11 1.0821 16.4 11.89 67.49 12.76 8.61 21.5 "
12 1.0902 18.0 13.01 68.00 13.96 9.49 20.0 "
13 1.0985 19.7 14.13 68.51 15.16 10.39 18.3 "
14 1.1069 21.4 15.25 69.04 16.36 11.30 16.6 "

Calculated from Pickering's results, Journal of London Chemical Society,

vol. 57, p. 363.
340
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

SULPHURIC ACID (Continued)

!
Weight Pounds Freezing
Per cent Per 6ent
Be. Sp. gr. Tw. 0. V. (melting)
H2SO4 1 cu. ft. 0. V.
in lbs. av.
in 1 cu.ft. point.

15 1.1154 23.1 16.38 69.57 17.58 12.23 14.7 F.

16 1.1240 24.8 17.53 70.10 18.81 13.19 12.6
ti
17 1.1328 26.6 18.71 70.65 20.08 14.18 10.2
it
18 1.1417 28.3 19.89 71.21 21.34 15.20 . 7.7
((
19 1.1508 30.2 21.07 71.78 22.61 16.23 4.8

(f
20 1.1600 32.0 22.25 72.35 23.87 17.27 + 1.6
t(
21 1.1694 33.9 23.43 72.94 25.14 18.34 - 1.8
it
22 1.1789 35.8 24.61 73.53 26.41 19.42 -6.0
it
23 1.1885 37.7 25.81 74.13 27.69 20.53 -11
it
24 1.1983 39.7 27.03 74.74 29.00 21.68 -16

tt
25 1.2083 41.7 28.28 75.36 30.34 22.87 -23
it
26 1.2185 43.7 29.53 76.00 31.69 24.08 -30
it
27 1.2288 45.8 30.79 76.64 33.04 25.32 -39
it
28 1.2393 47.9 32.05 77.30 34.39 26.58 -49
a
29 1.2500 50.0 33.33 77.96 35.76 27.88 -61

It
30 1.2609 52.2 34.63 78.64 37.16 29.22 -74
tt
31 1.2719 54.4 35.93 79.33 38.55 30.58 -82
tt
32 1.2832 56.6 37.26 80.03 39.98 32.00 -96
tt
33 1.2946 58.9 38.58 80.74 41^40 33.42 -97
tt
34 1.3063 61.3 39.92 81.47 42.83 34.90 -91
it
35 1.3182 63.6 41.27 82.22 44.28 36.41 -81
it
36 1.3303 66.1 42.63 82.97 45.74 37.95 -70
it
37 1.3426 68.5 43.99 83.74 47.20 39.53 -60
it
38 1.3551 71.0 45.35 84.52 48.66 41.13 -53
it
39 1.3679 73.6 46.72 85.32 50.13 42.77 -47
tt
40 1.3810 76.2 48.10 86.13 51.61 44.45 -41
it
41 1.3942 78.8 49.47 86.96 53.08 46.16 -35 .
tt
42 1.4078 81.6 50.87 87.80 54.58 47.92 -31
tt
43 1.4216 84.3 52.26 88.67 56.07 49.72 -27
tt
44 1.4356 87.1 53.66 89.54 57.58 51.56 -23

tt
45 1.4500 90.0 55.07 90.44 59.09 53.44 -20
tt
46 1.4646 92.9 56.48 91.35 60.60 55.36 -14
a
47 1.4796 95.9 57.90 92.28 62.13. 57.33 -15
it
48 1.4948 99.0 59.32 93.23 63.65 59.34 -^18
it
49 1.5104 102.1 60.75 94.20 65.18 61.40 -22

Calculated from Piekering's results, Journal ofLondon Chemical Society,

Vol. 57, p, 363p
341
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

SULPHURIC ACID (Continued)

Weight
Per cent Per cent Pounds Freezing
Sp. gr. Tw. 0. V. (melting)
H2SO4 1 cu. ft. 0. V.
in 1 cu.ft. point.
in lbs. av.

50 1.5263 105.3 62.18 95.20 66.72 63.52 -27 F.

51 1.5426 108.5 63.66 96.21 68.31 65.72 -33
(t

52 1.5591 111.8 65.13 97.24 69.89 67.96 -39 ((

{(
53 1.5761 115.2 66.63 98.30 71.50 70.28 -49
u
54 1.5934 118.7 68.13 99.38 73.11 72.66 -59

55 1.6111 122.2 69.65 100.48 74.74 75.10

56 1.6292 125.8 71.17 101.61 76.37 77.60 9
57 1.6477 129.5 72.75 102.77 78.07 80.23 ^
58 1.6667 133.3 74.36 103.95 79.79 82.95 s
59 1.6860 137.2 75.99 105.16 81.54 85.75 -*7^

60 1.7059 141.2
77.67 106.40 83.35 88.68 +12.6 F.
61 1.7262 145.2
79.43 107.66 85.23 91.76 27.3 "
62 1.7470 149.4 81.30 108.96 87,24 95.06 39.1 "
63 1.7683 153.7 83.34 110.29 89.43 98.63 46.1 "
64 1.7901 158.0 85.66 111.65 91.92 102.63 46.4 "

64i 1.7957 159.1 86.33 112.00 92.64 103.75 43.6 "

64i 1.8012 150.2 87.04 112.34 93.40 104.93 41.1 "
64f 1.8068 161.4 87.81 112.69 94.23 106.19 37.9 "
65 1.8125 162.5 88.65 113.05 95.13 107.54 33.1 "
65i 1.8182 163.6 89.55 113.40 96.10 108.97 24.6 "

65i 1.8239 164.8 90.60 113.76 97.22 110.60 13.4 "

65i 1.8297 165.9 91.80 114.12 98.51 112.42 - 1 ft

n
66 1.8354 167.1 93.19 114.47 10.00 114.47 -29

* Calculated from Pickering's results, Journal of London Chemical Society,

vol. 57, p. 363.

Pounds
Per cent Per cent Pounds
60 50"
APPROXIMATE BOILr- 60 50''
in 1 cu. ft. in 1 cu. ft
ING POINTS
61.93 53.34 77.36 66.63
50 Be. 295 63.69 55.39 79.56 69.19
a
60 386 57.50 81.81
u
65.50 71.83
61 400 67.28 59.66 84.05 74.53
62 i.i 415 69.09 61.86 86.30 77.27
n
63 432
64
((
451 70.90 64.12 88.56 80.10
65
u
485 72.72 66.43 ^0.83 82.98
66
{(
538 74.55 68.79 93.12 85.93
76.37 71.20 95.40 88.94
78.22 73.68 97.70 92.03

342
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

SULPHURIC ACID (Continued)

FIXED POINTS
I Pounds Per cent
Pounds
Per cent Per cent Per cent
60" 50
Sp. gr. H2SO4 Sp. gr. VH2SO4 60"
in 1 cu. ft.
50
inlcu.ft.

l.DOOO .00 1.5281 62.34 80.06 76.21 100.00 95.20

1.0048 .71 1.5440 63.79 81.96 78.85 102.38 98.50
1.0347 5.14 1.5748 66.51
1.0649 9.48 1.6272 71.00 83.86 81.54 104.74 101.85
1.0992 14.22 1.6679 74.46 85.79 84.33 107.15 105.33
1.1353 19.04 1.7044 77.54 87.72 87.17 109.57 108.89
1.1736 23.94 1.7258 79.40
1.2105 28.55 1.7472 81.32 89.67 90.10 112.01 112.55
1.2513 33.49 1.7700 83.47 91.63 93.11 114.46 116.30
1.2951 38.64 1.7959 86.36 93.67 96.26 117.00 120.24
1.3441 44.15 1.8117 88.53 95.74 99.52 119.59 124.31
1.3947 49.52 1.8194 89.75 97.84 102.89 122.21 128.52
1.4307 53.17 1.8275 91.32
1.4667 56.68 1.8354 93.19 100.00 106.40 124.91 132.91
1.4822 58.14 102.27 110.10 127.74 137.52
104.67 114.05 130.75 142.47
107.30 118.34 134.03 147.82
ALLOWANCE FOR TEM 110.29 123.14 137.76 153.81
PERATURE

At lO'' B6. mr B6. or .00023 Sp. Gr. 111.15 124.49 138.84 155.50
= V F. 112.06 125.89 139.98 157.^
At 20" B6. .036 B6. or .00034 Sp. Gr. 113.05 127.40 141.22 159.14
= 1" F.
At 30 B6. .035" B6. or .00039 Sp. Gr. 114.14 129.03 142.57 161.17
= 1"F. 115.30 130.75 144.02 163.32
At 40" B6. .031" BL or .00041 Sp. Gr.
= 1" F.
At 50" B6. .028" B6. or .00045 Sp. Gr. 116.65 132.70 145.71 165.76
= 1"F. 118.19 134.88 147.63 168.48
At 60" B^. .026" B6. or .00053 Sp. Gr. 119.98 137.34 149.87 171.56
= 1" F.
At 63" B6. .026" B6. or .00057 Sp. Gr.
= 1"F.
At 66; B6. .0235" B6. or.00054 Sp.Gr.
= 1" F,

843
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

NITRIC ACID
Authority W.C.Ferguson
This table has been approved and adopted as a Standard
by the Manufacturing Chemists' Association of the United
St^.tes.
Specific Gravity determinations were made at 60 F., com
pared with water at 60 F.
From the Specific Gravities, the corresponding degrees Baum^
were calculated by the following formula:
Baum6 = 145 -

Baum^ Hydrometers for use with this table must be graduated

by the above formula, which formula should always be printed
on the sc^e.
Atomic weights from F. W. Clarke's table of 1901. O =16.
Allowance for Temperature
At 10-20 B^. 1/30 Be. or .00029Sp. Gr. = 1 F. .
20-30 B6. 1/23 B^. or .00044 " " = 1 F.
30-40 Be.1/20 Be. or .00060 " " = 1 F.
40-48.5 B6. 1/17 B6. or .00084 " " = 1 F.

Per cent Per cent

Sp. gr. Tw. Sp. gr. Tw.''
HNOa.
HNOs.

10.00 1.0741 14.82 12.86 15.25 1.1176 23.52 19.70

10.25 1.0761 15.22 13.18 15.50 1.1197 23.94 20.02
10.50 1.0781 15.62 13.49 15.75 1.1219 24.38 20.36
10.75 1.0801 16.02 13.81 16.00 1.1240 24.80 20.69
11.00 1.0821 1.6.42 14.13 16.25 1.1262 25.24 21.03
11.25 1.0841 16.82 14.44 16.50 1.1284 25.68 21.36
11.50 1.0861 17.22 14.76 16.75 1.130S 26.12 21.70
11.75 1.0881 17.62 15.07 17.00 1.1328 26.56 22.04
12.00 1.0902 18.04 15.41 17.25 1.1350 27.00 22.38
12.25 1.0922 18.44 15.72 17.50 1.1373 27.46 22.74
12.50 1.0943 18.86 16.05 17.75 1.1395 27.90 23.08
12.75 1.0964 19.28 16.39 18.00 1.1417 28.34 23.42
13.00 1.0985 19.70 16.72 18.25 1.1440 28.80 23.77
13.25 1.1006 20.12 17.05 18.50 1.1462 29.24 24.11
13.50 1.1027 20.54 17.38 18.75 1.1485 29.70 24.47
13.75 1.1048 20.96 17.71 19.00 1.1508 30.16 24.82
14.00 1.1069 21.38 18.04 19.25 1.1531 30.62 25.18
14.25 1.1090 21.80 18.37 19.50 1.1554 31.08 25.53
14.50 1.1111 22.22 18 ."70 19.75 1.1577 31.54 25.88
14.75 1.1132 22.64 19.02 20.00 1.1600 32.00 26.24
15.00 1.1154 23.08 19.36 20.25 1.1624 32.48 26.61

344
 handbook of chemistry and physics

NITRIC ACID (Continued)

Per cent Per cent

36." Sp. gr. Tw. BL'' Sp. gr. Tw.*'
HNOs. HNOs.

20.50 1.1647 32.94 26.96 31.50 1.2775 55.50 43.89

20.75 1.1671 33.42 27.33 31.75 1.2804 56.08 44.34
21.00 1.1694 33.88 27.67 32.00 1.2832 56.64 44.78
21.25 1.1718 34.36 28.02 32.25 1.2861 57.22 45.24
21.50 1.1741 34.82 28.36 32.50 1.2889 57.78 45.68
21.75 1.1765 35.30 28.72 32.75 1.2918 58.36 46.14
22.00 1.1789 35.78 29.07 33.00 1.2946 58.92 46.58
22.25 1.1813 36.26 29.43 33.25 1.2975 59.50 47.04
22.50 1.1837 36.74 29.78 33.50 1.3004 60.08 47.49
22.75 1.1861 37^22 30.14 33.75 1.3034 60.68 47.95
23.00 1.1885 37.70 30.49 34.00 1.3063 61.26 48.42
23.25 1.1910 38.20 30.86 34.25 1.3093 61.86 48.90
23.50 1.1934 38.68 ^31.21 34.50 1.3122 62.44 49.35
23.75' 1.1959 39.18 31.58 34.75 1.3152 63.04 49.83
24.00 1.1983 39.66 31.94 35.00 1.3182 63.64 50.32
24.25 1.2008 40.16 32.31 35.25 1.3212 64.24 50.81
24.50 1.2033 40.66 32.68 35.50 1.3242 64.84 51.30
24.75 1.2058 41.16 33.05 35.75 1.3273 65.46 51.80
25.00 1.2083 41.66 33.42 36.00 1.3303 66.06 52.30
25.25 1.2109 42.18 33.80 36.25 1.3334 66.68 52.81
25.50 1.2134 42.68 34.17 36.50 1.3364 67.28 53.32
25.75 1.2160 43.20 34.56 36.75 1.3395 67.90 53.84
26.00 1.2185 43.70 34.94 37.00 1.3426 68.52 54.36
26.25 1.2211 44.22 35.33 37.25 1.3457 69.14 54.89
26.50 1.2236 44.72 35.70 37.50 1.3488 69.76 55.43
26.75 1.2262 45.24 36.09 37.75 1.3520 70.40 55.97
27.00 1.2288 45.76 36.48 38.00 1.3551 71.02 56.52
27.25 1.2314 46.28 36.87 38.25 1.3583 71.66 57.08
27.50 1.2340 46.80 37.26 38.50 1.3615 72.30 57.65
27.75 1.2367 47.34 37.67 38.75 1.3647 72.94 58.23
28.00 1.2393 47.86 38.06 39.00 1.3679 73.58 58.82
28.25 1.2420 48.40 38.46 39.25 l;3712 74.24 59.43
28.50 1.2446 48.92 38.85 39.50 1.3744 74.88 60.06
28.75 1.2473 49.46 39.25 39.75 1.3777 75.54 60.71
29.00 1.2500 50.00 39.66 40.00 1.3810 76.20 61.38
29.25 1.2527 50.54 40.06 40.25 1.3843 76.86 62.07
29.50 1.2554 51.08 40.47 40.50 1.3876 77.52 62.77
29.75 1.2582 51.64 40.89 40.75 1.3909 78.18 63.48
30.00 1.2609 52.18 41.30 41.00 1.3942 78.84 64.20
30.25 1.2637 52.74 41.72 41.25 1.3976 79.52 64.93
30.50 1.2664 53.28 42.14 41.50 1.4010 80.20 65.67
30.75 1.2692 53.84 42.58 41.75 1.4044 80.88 66.42
31.00 1.2719 54.38 43.00 42.00 1.4078 81.96 67.18
31.25 1.2747 54.94 43.44 42.25 1.4112 82.24 67.95

3i5
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PBYSWS

NITRIC ACm (Continued^

Sp. gr. Per cent Per cent

B6.- Tw. Sp. gr. Tw.
HNOa. HNOa.

42.50 1.4146 82.92 68.73 45.50 1.4573 91.46 79.03

42.75 1.4181 83.62 69.52 45.75 1.4610 92.20 80.04
43.00 1.4216 84.32 70.33 46.00 1.4646 92.92 81.08
43.25 1.4251 85.02 71.15 46.25 1.4684 93.68 82.18
43.50 1.4286 85.72 71.98 46.50 1.4721 94.42 83.33
43.75 1.4321 86.42 72.82 46.75 1.4758 95.16 84.48
44.00 1.4356 87.12 73.67 47.00 1.4796 95.92 85.70
44.25 1.4392 87.84 74.53 47.25 1.4834 96.68 86.98
44.50 1.4428 88.56 75.40 47.50 1.4872 97.44 88.32
44.75 1.4464 89.28 76.28 47.75 1.4910 98.20 89.76
45.00 1.4500 90.00 77.17 48.00 1.4948 98.96 91.35
45.25 1.4536 90.72 78.07 48.25 1.4987 99.74 93.13
48. SO 1.5026 100.52 95.11

346

V
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

HYDROCHLORIC ACID
AuthorityW. C. Ferguson
This table has been approved and adopted as a standard by
the Manufacturing Chemists' Association of the United States.
Specific Gravity determinations were made at 60 F., com
pared with water at 60 F.
From the Specific Gravities, the corresponding degrees Baum6
were calculate by the following formula:
Sp. Gr.
Baume = 145 -
145

Baum^Hydrometersfor use with this table must be graduated

by the above formula which formula should always be printed
on the scale.
Atomic weights from F. W. Clarke's table of 1901. O = 16.
Allowance for Temperature
10 - 15" B6. 1/40 Be. or .0002 Sp. Gr. for 1 F.
15 - 22' B6. 1/30 B6. or .0003 " " " 1 F.
22 - 25 B6. 1/28 B6. or .00035 " " " 1 F.
Per cent Per cent
,Sp. gr. Tw. Sp. gr. Tw."
HNOs.
HNOs.

1.00 1.0069 1.38 1.40 10.25 1.0761 15.22 15.22

2.00 1.0140 2.80 2.82 10.50 1.0781 15.62 15.62
3.00 1.0211 4.22 4.25 10.75 1.0801 16.02 16.01
4.00 1.0284 5.68 5.69 11.00 1.0821 16.42 16.41
5.00 1.0357 7.14 7.15 11.25 1.0841 16.82 16.81
5.25 1.0375 7.50 7.52 11.50 1.0861 17.22 17.21
5.50 1.0394 7.88 7.89 11.75 1.0881 17.62 17.61
5.75 1.0413 8.26 8.26 12.00 1.0902 18.04 18.01
6.00 1.0432 8.64 8.64 12.25 1.0922 18.44 18.41
6.25 1.0450 9.00 9.02 12.50 1.0943 18.86 18.82
6.50 1.0469 9.38 9.40 12.75 1.0964 19.28 19.22
6.75 1.0488 9.76 9.78 13.00 1.0985 19.70 19.63
7.00 1.0507 10.14 10.17 13.25 1.1006 20.12 20.04
7.25 1.0526 10.52 10.55 13.50 1.1027 20.54 20.45
7.50 1.0545 10.90 10.94 13.75 1.1048 20.96 20.86
7.75 1.0564 11.28 11.3^ 14.00 1.1069 21.38 21.27
8.00 1.0584 11.68 11.71 14.25 1.1090 21.80 21.68
8.25 1.0603 12.06 12.09 14.50 1.1111 ^2.22 22.09
8.50 1.0623 12.46 12.48 14.75 1.1132 22.64 22.50
8.75 1.0642 12.84 12.87 15.00 1.1154 23.08 22.92
9.00 1.0662 13.24 13.26 15.25 1.1176 23.52 23.33
9.25 1.0681 13.62 13.65 15.50 1.1197 23.94 23.75
9.50 1.0701 14.02 14.04 15.75 1.1219 24.38 24.16
9.75 1.0721 14.42 14.43 16.0 1.1240 24.80 24.57
10.00 1.0741 14.82 14.83 16.1 1.1248 24.96 24.73

347
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

HYDROCHLORIC ACID (Continued)

Per cent Per cent
Sp. gr. Tw.'' Sp. gr. Tw.
HNO3. HNOj.

16.2 1.1256 25.12 24.90 20.9 1.1684 33.68 33.12

16.3 1.1265 25.30 25.06 21.0 1.1694 33.88 33.31
16.4 1.1274 25.48 25.23 21.1 1.1703 34.06 33.50
16.5 1.1283 25.66 25.39 21.2 1.1713 34.26 33.69
16.6 1.1292 25.84 25.56 21.3 1.1722 34.44 33.88
16.7 1.1301 26.02 25.72 21.4 1.1732 34.64 34.07
16.8 1.1310 26.20 25.89 21.5 1.1741 34.82 34.26
16.9 1.1319 26.38 26.05 21.6 1.1751 35.02 34.45
17.0 1.1328 26.56 26.22 21.7 1.1760 35.20 34.64
17.1 1.1336 26.72 26.39 21.8 1.1770 35.40 34.83
17.2 1.1345 26.90 26.56 21.9 1.1779 35.58 35.02
17.3 1.1354 27.08 26.73 22.0 1.1789 35.78 35.21
17.4 1.1363 27.26 26.90 22.1 1.1798 35.96 35.40
17.5 1.1372 27.44 27.07 22.2 1.1808 36.16 35.59
17.6 1.1381 27.62 27.24 22.3 1.1817 36.34 35.78
17.7 1.1390 27.80 27.41 22.4 1.1827 36.54 35.97
17.8 1.139 27.98 27.58 22.5 1.1836 36.72 36.16
17.9 1.1408 28.16 27.75 22.6 1.1846 36.92 36.35
18.0 1.1417 28.34 27.92 22.7 1.1856 37.12 36.54
18.1 1.1426 28.52 28.09 22.8 1.1866 37.32 36.73
18.2 1.1435 28.70 28.26 22.9 1.1875 37.50 36.93
18.3 1.1444 28.88 28.44 23.0 1.1885 37.70 37.14
18.4 1.1453 29.06 28.61 23.1 1.1895 37.90 37.36
18.5 1.1462 29.24 28.78 23.2 1.1904 38.08 37.58
18.6 1.1471 29.42 28.95 23.3 1.1914 38.28 37.80
18.7 1.1480 29.60 29.13 23.4 1.1924 38.48 38.03
18.8 1.1489 29.78 29.30 23.5 1.1934 38.68 38.26
18.9 1.1498 29.96 29.48 23.6 1.1944 38.88 38.49
19.0 1.1508 30.16 29.65 23.7 1.1953 39.06 38.72
19.1 1.1517 30.34 29.83 23.8 1.1963 39.26 38.95
19.2 1.1526 30.52 30.00 23.9 1.1973 39.46 39.18
19.3 1.1535 30.70 30.18 24.0 1.1983 39.66 39.41
19.4 1.1544 30.88 30.35 24.1 1.1993 39.86 39.64
19.5 1.1554 31.08 30.53 24.2 1.2003 40.06 39.86
19.6 1.1563 31.26 30.71 24.3 1.2013 10.26 40.09
19.7 1.1572 31.44 30.90 24.4 1.2023 40.46 40.32
19.8 1.1581 31.62 31.08 24.5 1.2033 40.66 40.55
19.9 1.1590 31.80 31.27 24.6 1.2043 40.86 40.78
10.0 1.1600 32.00 31.45 24.7 1.2053 41.06 41.01
20.1 1.1609 32.18 31.64 24.8 1.2063 41.26 41.24
20.2 1.1619 32.38 31.82 24.9 1.2073 41.46 41.48
20.3 1.1628 32.56 32.01 25.0 1.2083 41.66 41.72
20.4 1.1637 32.74 32.19 25.1 1.2093 41.86 41.99
20.5 1.1647 32.94 32.38 25.2 1.2103 42.06 42.30
20.6 1.1656 33.12 32.56 25.3 1.2114 42.28 42.64
20.7 1.1666 33.32 32.75 25.4 1.2124 42.48 43.01
20.8 1.1675 33.50 32.93 25.5 1.2134 42.68 43.40

348
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

AQUA AMMONIA '

AuthorityW. C, Ferguson
This table has been approved and adopted as a standard by
the Manufacturing Chemists' Association of the United States.
Specific Gravity determinations were made at 60 F., com
pared with water at 60 F.
From the Specific Gravities, the corresponding degrees Baume
were calculated by the following formula:

' Baume Hydrometers for use with this table must be graduated
by the above- formula, which formula should always be printed
on the scale.
Atomic weights from F. W. Clarke's table of 1901. O = 16.
Allowance for Temperature
The coefficient of expansion for Ammonia Solutions varying
with the temperature, correction must be applied according to
the following table:

Corrections to be added for each Corrections to be subtracted for each

degree below 60 F. degree above 60 F.

Degrees
40 F. 50 F. 70 F. 80 F. 90 F. 100 F.
Baumd

14 0.015 B6. 0.017 B6. 0.020 B6. 0.022 B6. 0.024 B6. 0.026 B#.
16 0.021 " 0.023 " 0.026 " 0.028 " 0.030 " 0.032 "
18 0.027 " 0.029 " 0.031 " 0.033 " 0.035 " 0.037 "
20 0.033 " .0:036 " 0.037 " 0.038 " 0.040 " 0.042 "
22 0.039 ' 0.042 " 0.043 " 0.045 " 0.047 "
26 0.053 " 0.057 " 0.057 " 0.059 "

Per cent Per cent

B6. " Sp. gr.
NHs.
B6. Sp. gr.
NHa.

10.00 1.0000 0.00 12.25 0.9842 3.73

10.25 0.9982 0.40 12.50 0.9825 4.16
10.50 0.9964 0.80 12.75 0.9807 4.59
10.75 0.9947 1.21 13.00 0.9790 5.02
11.00 0.^929 1.62 13.25 0.9773 5.45
11.25 0.9912 2.04 13.50 0.9756 5.88
11.50 0.9894 2.46 13.75 0.9739 6.31
11.75 0.9876 2.88 14.00 0.9722 6.74
12.00 0.9859 3.30 14.25 0.9705 7.17

349
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

AQUA AMMONIA (Continued)

Per cent Per cent

Be." Sp. Gr. Be.' Sp. gr.
NHa. NHa.^

14.50 0.9689 7.61 22.00 0.9211 21.60

14.75 0.9672 8.05 22.25 0.9195 22.0^
15.00 0.9655 8.49 22.50 0.9180 22.56
15.25 0.9639 8.93 22.75 0.9165 23.04
15.50 0.9622 9.38 23.00 0.9150 23.52
15.75 0.9605 9.83 23.25 0.9135 24.01
16.00 0.9589 10.28 23.50 0.9121 24.50
16.25 0.9573 10.73 23.75 0.9106 24:99
^16.50 0.9556 11.18 24.00 0.9091 25.48
16.75 0.9540 11.64 24.25 0.9076 25.97
17.00 0.9524 12.10 24.50 0.9061 26.46
17.25 0.9508 12.56 24.75 0.9047 26.95
17.50 0.9492 13.02 25.00 0.9032 27.44
17.75 0.9475 13.49 25.25 0.9018 27.93
18.00 0.9459 13.96 25.50 0.9003 28.42
18.25 0.9444 14.43 25.75 0.8989 28.91
18.50 0.9428 14.90 26.00 0.8974 29.40
18.75 0.9412 15.37 26.25 0.8960 29.89
19.00 0.9396 15.84 26.50 0.8946 30.38
19.25 0.9380 16.32 26.75 0.8931 30.87
19.50 0.9365 16.80 27.00 0.8917 31.36
19.75 0.9349 17.28 27.25 0.8903 31.85
20.00 0.9333 17.76 27.50 0.8889 32.34
20.25 0.9318 18.24 27.75 0.8875 32.83
20.50 0.9302 18.72 28.00 0.8861 33.32
20.75 0.9287 19.20 28.25 0.8847 33.81
21.00 0.9272 19.68 28.50 0.8833 34.30
21.25 0.9256 20.16 28.75 0.8819 34.79
21.50 0.9241 20.64 29.00 0.8805 35.28
21.75 0.9226 21.12

350
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF GASES AND VAPORS

Mass of Density, air = l Density, 0=1

1 liter
For Mol.
Name in g.
mula wt.
760mm. Ob Com Ob Theo-
0 C. served puted served ret.

Acetylene C2H2 26.02 1.1708 0.9056 0.9056 0.8193 0.8133

Air..... 1.2928 1.0000
Ammonia NHa 17.03 0.7708 0.5962 0.5963 6.5394 6.'532i*
Argon A 39.88 1.7828 1.379 1.378 1.248 1.247
Bromine BT2 159.84 7.1388 5.524 5.524
Butane C4H10 58.08 2.5985 2.01 i.82" i.8155
Carbon dioxide.. CO2 44. 1.9768 1.5288 i.5289 1.3832 1.3766
mono3dde CO 28. 1.2501 0.9670 0.9670 0.8749 0.8752
oxychloride COCI2 4.5313 3.505 3.171 3.0914
oxysulphide. . . COS 60.07 2.7201 2.104 1.9041.8786
Chlorine CI2 70.92 3.2204 2.491 2.4906 2.2542.2162
monoxide CI2O 86.92 3.8874 3.007 2.72 2.716
Cyanogen C2N2 52.02 2.3348 1.806 i.*^53 1.6341.6257
Ethane C2H6 30.05 1.3567 1.0494 1.0496 0.9494
0.9392
Ethyl chloride... C2H5CI 64.49 2.8700 2.22 2.257 2.01 2.0159
Ethylene C2H4 28.03 1.2644 0.978 0.9753 0.8850.8762
Fluorine Fa 38. 1.6354 1.265 1.1451.187
TTftliiim He 4.00 0.1769 0.1368 0.1238
0.125
Hydrochloric acid HCl 36.47 1.6394 1.2681 1.2683 1.1473 1.1396
Hydrofluoric acid. HF 20.01 0.9218 0.713 0.645 0.625
Hydriodic acid... HI 127.93 5.7245 4.428 4.01 4.02a
Hydrogen H2 2.016 0.08982 0.06948 0.06949 0.06286 a06297
selemde HsSe 81.21 3.6134 2.795 2.850 2.529 2.538
H2S 34.08 1.5392 1.1895 1.1773
,_liuride H2Te 129.52 5.8034 4.489 4.062 4.066
' Krypton Kr 82.92 3.6431 2.818 i832 * 2.550 2.556
0 .Methane
5 5 4CH4
4.1.785 16.03 0.7167 0.5544 0.5016 0.5011
Methyl chloride.. CH3CI 50.48 2.3044 1.7825 1.6127 1.578
Neon Ne 20.20 0.8713 0.674 0.610 0.625
Nitric oxide NO 30.01 1.3401 1.0366 1.0366 0.9397 0.9391
Nitrous oxide N2O 44.02 1.9781 1.5301 1.5303 1.3844 1.3754
Nitrosyl chloride. goa 65.47 2.9864 2.31 2.09 2.046
Oxygen 32. 1.4289 1.1053 1.'i653 1.000 1.0000
Phosphine. PH3 34.06 1.5293 1.1829 1.1830 1.0702 1.063
Silicon fluoride... SiF4 104.30 4.6541 3.60 3.26 3.259
Sulphur dioxide.. SO2 64.07 2.9268 2.2639 2.'2638 2.0482 2.0034
Xenon X 130.2 5.7168 4.422 4.506 4.001 4.00

351
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

DEHYDRATION OF METALLIC SULPHATES

Temp, of
Metallic Products Color of
sulphates. formed. products.
position,

CaS04.2H20..., CaS04.H20 White

CaS04.H20...., 80 2CaS04.H20 ... White
2CaSO4.H20.... 149 CaS04 White
MgS04.7H20... 19 MgS04.6H20... White
MgS04.6H20... 38 MgS04.2H20... White
" ~a4.2H20... 112 MgS04.H20.... White
O4.H2O.... MgS04 White
_ D4.H20. .. CdS04.2H20... White
CdS04.2H20... 41 CdS04.H20.... White
CdS04.H20 170 CdS04 White
C0SO4.7H2O.... 14 C0SO4.4H2O... Rose
C0SO4.4H2O .... 58 C0SO4.H2O... T.iW
C0SO4.H2O..... 276 C0SO4 Lilac
NiS04.7H20 40 NiS04.4H20.... Gr^n
NiS04.4H20 106 NiS04.H20 Yellow
NiS04.H20 279 NiS04 Orange
ZnS04.7H20.... 25 ZnSG4.6H20... White
ZnS04.6H20 28 ZnS04.2H20... White
ZnS04.2H20.... 115 ZnS04.H20 White
ZnS04.H20 225 ZnS04..... White
MnS04.5H20... 25 M11SO4.2H2O... Pale peach blossom
MnS04.2fi20... 60 MnS04.H20.... Paler than above
MnS04.H20 152 MnS04 Paler than above
CUSO4.5H2O... 27 CUS04.3H20..: Blue
CUSO4.3H2O;., 93 CUSO4.H2O.... Pale blue
CUSO4.H2O 155 CuS04 White
Al2(S04)3.16H20 51 Al2(S04)3.13H20 White
Al2(S04)3.13H20 82 Al2(S04)3.10H20 White
Al2(S04)3.10H20 97 Al2(S04)3.7H20.. White
Al2(S04)3.7H20., 109 Al2(S04)3.4H20.. White
Al2(S04)3.4H20., 180 Al2(S04)3.H20... White
Al2(S04)3.H20... 316 Al2(S04)3 White
FeS04.7H20 21 FeS04.4H20..... Light apple gr^n
FeS04.4H20 80 FeS04.H20 White
FeS04.H20 406 Fe208, SO3 Yellowish green

352
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
DECOMPOSITION OF ANHYDROUS METALLIC
SULPHATES

Temp, at Temp, of
Metallic beginning energetic products of Color of
sulphate. of decom decomposi decomposition. product.
position. C. tion, C.

FeS04......... 167 480 Fe203, 2SO4 Yellow brown

Fe203, 2S08 ... 492 560 FeaOs Red
Bi2(S04)3 570 , 639 5Bi203, 4(803)3.. White \
Al2(S04)3 590 639 AI2O3 White
637 705 6PbO. 5SO3 White
Cusol'.*.'.!'.!!! 670 2CuO. SO3 Orange
Dark re^d to black
MnSOi 790 Mn304
ZI1S04 702 720 3ZnO, 2SO3 White
2CuO, SO3.... 702 736 CuO Black
NiS04 703 764 NiO Brownish green
C0SO4 720 770 CoO Brown to black
3ZnO, 2SO3... 755 767 ZnO White
CdS04 827 846 5CdO, SO3 White
SBizOs, 4(S03)3 .870 Yellow
SCdO.SOs... 878 Brown
MgS04. 890 972 MgO White
917 925 Silver white
elbassbs'.'.'.* 952 962 2Pb6Vsb3(?V.!.'.'
CaO.
White to yellow
White
CaS04........ 1200
BaS04 1510 BaO ; White

353

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS^

DEGREE OF IONIZATION

In Normal Solution at 18 Unless Indicated

Acids
Nitric acid 0.82 t Permanganic acid 0.933
Hydrochloric acid 0.784 t Hydriodic acid 0.901
Sulfuric acid 0.510 t Hydrobromic acid 0.899
Hydrofluoric acid 0.070 t Perchloric acid 0.880
Oxalic acid .0.500 t Chloric acid. . . 0.878
* Tartaric acid 0.082 t Hydrochloric acid 0.876
* Acetic acid 0.004 t Phosphoric^acid 0.170
Carbonic acid 0.0017
Hydrogen sulfide 0.0007
* Boric acid .0.0001
Hydrocyanic acid 0.0001
In o.l M. solution; primary ionizalion.
t In N/2 solution, at 25^

Potassium hydroxide 0.77 t Strontium hydroxide .... .0.93

Sodium hydroxide .0.73 t Barium hydroxide 0.92
Barium hydroxide 0.69 t Calcium hydroxide 0.90
Lithium hydrokide 0.63
Ammonium hydroxide 0.004
Tetramethyi ammonium
hydroxide 0.96
I In N /64 solution,nt 25**.

Salts
Approximate degree of ionization for active salts in N/10 solution:
Type R+R-(e.g. KCl) 0.86
Type R+ (R-)2 (e.g. BaCh) 0.72
Type (R+)2R-- (e.g. K2SO4) 0.72
TS^ R++ R (e.g. BaSOO 0.46

354

V
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

SOLUBILITY PRODUCT

The solubiUty product (or ion product constant) is the product

of the concentrations of the ions in the saturated solution of a
difficultly soluble salt. The concentrations are expressed as
moles per liter of solution. The number of cations (or amons)
resulting from the dissociation of one molecule of the salt, ap
pears in the formula for calculations of the solubihty product as
the exponent of the concentration of the cation (or anion).
If two solutions, each containing one of the ions of a difficultly
soluble salt, are mixed, no precipitation t^es place unless the
product of the ion concentrations in the mixture is greater than
the solubihtjr product.
In a solution containing two salts which jdeld a common ion
the ratio of solubUities of the two salts is the ratio of the
solubiUty products.

Solubility Solubility
product at product at
Substance temperature Substance temperature
noted noted

Barium carbonate. 1.9X10- (16) Manganese sulfide. 1.4X10-18 (18)

BaFium chromate.. 2.4X10-10 (28) Nickel sulfide 1.4X10-24 (18)
Barium oxalate 1.2X10-^ (25) Lead carbonate 3.3X10-14 (18)
Barium sulfate 1.0X10-1 (25) Lead chromate.... 1.77X10-14(18)
Calcium carbonate. 2.8X10-9 (16) Lead oxalate 3.5X10-11 (25)
Calcium oxalate... 2.5X10-7 (25) Lead sulfate. 1.0X10-8 (18)
Calcium sulfate. . .6.0X10-6 (18) Lead sulfide 3.4X10-28 (18)
Cadmium sulfide. . 3.6X10-29 (18) Silver chloride.... 1.5X10-10 (25)
Cobalt sulfide 3.0X10-26 (18) Silver bromide.... 4.4X10-13 (25)
Cupric sulfide 8.5X10- (18) Silver iodide 9 .0X10-17 (25)
Ferrous sulfide... 3.7X10-19 (18) Silver bromate.... 5.77X10-6(25)
Mercurous chloride 3.5X10-18 (25) Silver chromate. . . 2.6X10-12(25)
MercUrous bromide 1.3X10-21 (21) Silver iodate 3.4X10-8 (25)
Mercurous iodide.. 1.2X10-28 (25) Silver sulfide.... 1.6X10-49 (18)
Mercuric sulfide... 4X10-64(25) Silver thiocyan- 1.1X10-12 (25)
Magnesium car 2.6X10-6 (12) ate
bonate Strontixmi oxalate.. 5.6X10-8 (18)
Magnesiimi oxalate 8.5X10-6 (18) Strontium sulfate.^. 2.8X10-7 (18)"
Magnesium ammo 2.5X10-13 (18) Zinc sulfide 1.2X10-23 (25)
nium phosphate

355
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYStCS

DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ACIDS

Constant Constant
for the Temp. for the Temp.
Name Formula
&st "C. second ''C.
hydrogen hydrogen

Acetic CH3COOH. 1.8X10-5 25

Arsenious...... H3ASO3 6X10-10 25
Arsenic H3ASO4 5X10-3 25
Benzoic CeHsCOOH 6X10-6 25
Boric H3BO3 5X10-10 15
Butyric CH3(CH2)2C00H 1.5X10-5 25
Carbonic H2CO3 3X10-^ 18 3X10-11
Cj^omic H2Cr04 6X10-7
Dichlor acetic CHCI2COOH. ... 5.1X10^
Formic HCOOH 2.14X10-4
Hydrocyanic HCN 7X10-10
Hydro-siilfuric. .. H2S 9X10-8 18 1X10-15
Hjrpo-chlorous.. HCIO 3.7X10- 17
Lactic CH3CHOHCOOH 1.4X10-4 25
Malonic. . . . . . . . CH2(C00H)2 1.6X10-3 25 2.ixio- 25
Monochlor acetic CH2C1COOH 1.55X10-^
Nitrous HN02. 4X10-4 25
Oxalic (C00H)2 3.8X10-2 25 4.9X10-5
Phenol CeHftOH l.lXlO-10
Phosphoric H3PO4 1.1X10-^ 25 2X10-7
Propionic CH3CH2COOH... 1.4X10-6 25
Sulfuric. H2SO4 3X10-2 25
Sulfurous H2SO3 1.7X10-2 '25 5X10^
Succinic C2H4(C.
Trichlor acetic... CCI3COOH 3X10-1 18

DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF BASES

Name Formula Constant Temp. C

Ammonium hydroxide NH4OH 1.8X10-5 25

Aniline C6H5NH2.. . . 3.5X10-10 18
Dimethyl-aniline C6H6N(CH3)2 2.4X10-10 18
Ethylamine C2H6NH2. . . . 5.6X10-1 25
Methylamine CH3NH2 5X10-4 25
Monomethyl-aniline. . GeHsNHCHs. 7.4X10-0 60
Silver hydroxide AgOH 1.1X10-4 25

356
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE SERIES OF METALS

Alkali...Cs.Kb.K.Na.Li... Lead..... Pb 0.148
Alkaline-earth. .Ba.Sr.Ca. . Hydrogen (H) 0.000
Magnesium Mg Copper Cu 0.336
Aluminum A1 1.276 Arsenic As
Manganese Mn ,1.075 Bismuth Bi
Zinc .Zn 0.770 Antimony.. Sb
Chromium Cr Mercury Hg 0.748
Cadmium .Cd ^ 0.420 Silver. Ag 0.771
Iron. Fe 0.340 PaUadium Pd
Cobalt Co 0.232 Platinum Pt 0.863
Nickel, .i Ni 0.228 Gold Au 1.079
Tin Sn 0.192

1. Any metal will replace any other metal, helow it in the series, thus;

Fe +CuS04 =FeS04+Cu
Zn -l-FeS04 = ZnS04 -j-Fe
Fe+2HC1 = FeCl2+H2
Zn+H2S04 = ZnS04+H2
Cu+HCl = No action. Cu insoluble.
Ag+HCl = No action. Ag insoluble.
Cu-i" (dilute) H2S04=No action.
Ag -|-CuS04 = No action. Ag below Cu.

Note.It is true that dilute and conc. HNOs and hot conc. H2SO4 will
dissolve most of the metals. When they thus dissolve metals below hydrogen
in the series, the action is an oxidizing one, and the acids are reduced to
NO and SO2 respectively. The metal is first oxidized to the oxide, the
acid being thus at the same time reduced, and the oxide thus formed then
reacts with the acid molecule present, and goes into solution as a salt.
() Cu-I-(dilute) H2 SO4 = No action.
(6) Cu-}-2 (hot conc.) H2SO4 =CuS04+S02-l-2H20.
In (jb),the Cu is first converted to CuO, thus
Cu+H2SO4-CuO+H2O+SO2,
then the CuO reacts with another molecule of H2SO4, thus
CuO +H2SO4 = CuS04 +H2O.
3Cu +2HNO3 = 3CuO 4-2NO +H2O
3CuO+6HNO3 =3Cu(N03)2+3H2O
Added 3Cu+8HN03=3Cu(N08)2+2N0-l-4H20.
2. In Regard to Ease of Reduction of Oxides.The metallic oxides down
to and including Mn can not be completely reduced to the metal state,
even in a current of hydrogen. The oxides of Cd and succeeding metals
are easily reduced, and far down the list, the oxides of silver, platinum,
mercury, and gold are reduced (decomposed into metal and oxygen) even
by heat alone.
3. In Regard to Ease of Rusting. (Oxidation in the Air.)The alkali and
alkaline-earth metals rust very rapidly and with considerable evolution
of heat. All the metals down to copper rust with comparative ease.
The metals below copper do not rust. Assuming the electrolytic theory
of the process of rusting to be true, these facts are just about what might
^^4.^ ^ Regard to the-Occurence of the Metals in the Free State in Nature.
Natural waters are fiequently dilute solutions of carbonic,fnitric, humic,
etc., acids. As such they contain displaceable hydrogen. Metals above
hydrogen in the E.M.F. series scarcely, if ever, occur in the free state
in nature, but are practically without exception found in the combined
state, as sulphides, carbonates, etc. Metals below hydrogen are frequently
found in the free state in nature. Thus gold is found in the form of nuggets
of. metallic ^old. However, metals below hydrogen are also found in the
combined ^ate, as cinnabar, HgS, etc. n, ,
5. In Regard to Action of the Metals on Water.The alkah and
ftlkaline-earths metal displace hydrogen from water, even in the cold,
.357
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

and with evolution of much heat. Mg and succeeding metals will dis
place hydrogen from steam. Metals at the bottom of the list will not
displace hydrogen from steam.
6. In Regard to the SolubiUty and StabUity of Hydroxides.The alkali
metal oxides have great avidity for water, forming hydroxides. The
alk^ine-earth metal oxides react with less readiness, forming hydroxides.
slowly and incompletely with water, 'forming the hydroxide.
All the other metallic'oxides and hydroxides are insoluble in water and
have no perceptible reaction therewith. When a solution of NaOH acts on
^lutionsof salts of the metals, the alkali metal salts are not precipitated.
The alkahne-earth metal salts are not precipitated unless in very con
centrated solution. All the other metal solutions are acted upon, with
precipitation of hydroxides, except in the case of copper which first gives
copper hydroxide (blue), and which, on warming, changes to coppei oxide
(black). Also in the case of arsenic, no precipitate falls, sodium arsenite
being formed. In the case of the last metals in the series, the oxide is
precipitated, instead of the hydroxide, thus NaOH acting on salts of Sb,

soluble carbonates, not easUy decomposed on heating. The alkaline-earth

as a rule, a basic carbonate is precipitated, being insoluble in water, and

decomposed by heat into oxide and carbon dioxide. If the solution is cold,
bb, S^' a' S
Ug, Ag, normal
Pd, Pt, and Au give carbonates.of the
a precipitate If the solution
oxide, is warm,
instead of the
carbonate, thus showing the instability of the carbonates of the lowest
metals in the series.
8. In Regard to Voltuc Cells.In choosing metals to acts as electrodes
m voltaic cells, the farther apart the metals chosen, the greater the electro-
force of the voltaic cell. Thus the Al-Au couple gives a greater
Jb.M.F. than the Zn-Cu couple.
For complete information, see Alex. Smith's Gen. Inorganic Chem.,
362-376 664-680. J. W. Mellor's Modern Inorg. Cheifi., pages
TABLES SHOWING THE FUNCTIONS, USES AND
COMPO^TIONS OF FOODS
Functions and Uses of Food in the Body.
Protein. Builds and repairs tissue:
Albumen (white of eggs)
Casein (curd of milk)
Lean meat
Gluten of grains All serve as fuel to
Fats. Are stored as fat: yield energy in the
Fat of meats, butter, olive oil, oils forms of heat and
of corn, wheat and other grains. muspular power.
Carbohydrates. Are transformed
into fat:
Sugar, starch, etc.
Mineral Matter of Ash.Shares in forming bones and assist
m processes of digestion.
Phosphates of lime potash, soda, etc.
Food is that which, taken into the body, builds tissue and
yields energy.
358
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

TABLES SHOWING THE FUNCTIONS, USES AND

COMPOSITIONS OF FOOD (Continued)
Dietary Standards

Protein Energy

Grams Large calories

F'ood eaten. 100 3500
Food digested 95 3200

Mineral Matter (Required per Day)

grama
Phosphoric acid,^^P206). 3 to4
Sulphuric acid, (SOs) 2 to 3.5
Potassium oxide, (K2O) 2 to 3
Sodium oxide, (Na20) 4 to 6
Galcium oxide, (CaO) 0.7 to 1.0
Magnesium oxide, (MgO) 0.3 to 0.5
Iron, (Fe) 0.006to0.012
Chlorine, (Cl) 6 to 8
These tables are compiled from charts of the United States
Department of Agriculture, prepared by C. F. Langworthy,
expert^ in charge of nutrition investigations.
Fuel
Carbo- value
Name of the food Protein. Fat. hy Ash. Water. in cal
material drates. ories
per lb.

Apple 0.4 0.5 14.2 0.3 84.6 290

Bacon 9.4 67.4 4.4 18.8 3030
Beef suet 4.7 81.8 0.3 13.2 3510
Butter 1.0 85.0 3.0 11.0 3410
Buckwheat. 10.0 2.2 73!2 2.0 12.6 1600
Beefsteak 18.6 18.5 1.0 61.9 1130
Buttermilk 3.0 0.5 *4!8 0.7 91.0 160
Bean, fresh shelled.. 9.4 0.6 29.1 2.0 58.9 740
Bean, green string.. 2.3 0.3 7.4 0.8 89.2 195
Bean, navy dry. . .. 22.5 1.8 59.6 3.5 12.6 1600
Banana 1.3 0.6 22.0 0.8 75.3 460
Codfish, fresh 12.8 0.4 1.2 82.6 325
Codfish, salt 21.5 0.3 24.7 53.5 410
Com, dried 10.0 4.3 7SA 1.5 10.8 1800
Com, green.. 3.1 1.1 19.7 0.7 75.4 500
Com bread 7.9 4.7 46.3 2.2 38.9 1205
Cream cheese 25.9 33.7 2.4 3.8 34.2 1950
Cottage cheese 20.9 1.0 4.3 1.8 72.0 510
Cream 2.5 18.5 4.5 0.5 74.0 865
359
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

TABLES SHOWING THE FUNCTIONS, USES AND

COMPOSITIONS OF FOODSContinued

NAMB OF THB FOOD MATERIAL

Candy stick 96.5 0.5 3.0

Celery 1.1 3.4 1.0 94.5
Chestnut 10.7 7.0 74.2 2.2 5.9
Cocoanut, dried 6.3 57.4 31.5 1.3 3.5
Dried beef 30.0 6.6 9.1 54.3
Egg, whole.. . 14.8 10.5 1.0 73.7
Egg, white 13.0 0.2 0.6 86.2
16.1 33.3 1.1 49.5
IMS::;:::::::::::::
Fruit, canned
4.3
1.1
0.3
0.1
74.2
21.1
2.4 18.8
0.5 77.2
Grapes 1.3 1.6 19.2 0.5 77.4
Grape juice, unfermented 0.2 7.4 0.2 92.2
Herring, smoked 36.4 15.8 13.2 34.6
Honey 0.4 81.2 0.2 18.2
Jelly, fruit 78.3 0.7 21.0
Lard 100.0
Lamb chop 17.6 28.3 1.0 53.1
Mackerel... 18.3 7.1 1.2 73.4
Macaroni 3.0 1.5 15.8 1.3 78.4
Milk, whole 3.3 4.0 5.0 0.7 87.0
Milk, skimmed 3.4 0.3 5.1 0.7 90.5
Molasses 2.4 69.3 3.2 25.1
Oat 11.8 5.0 69.2 3.0 11.0
Olive oil 100.0
Oyster 6.2 1.2 3.7 2.0 86.9
Onion 1.6 0.3 9.9 0.6 87.6
Pork chop 16.9 30.1 1.0 52.0
Parsnip 1.6 0.5 13.5 1.4 83.0
Potato 2.2 0.1 18.4 1.0 78.3
Peanut 25.8 38.6 22.4 2.0 9.2
Peanut butter 29.3 46.5 17.1 5.0 2.1
Rye 12.2 1.5 73.9 1.9 10.5
Rice 8.0 2.0 77.0 1.0 12.0
Rolled oats, cooked 2.8 0.5 11.5 0.7 84.5
Raisins 2.6 3.3 76.1 3.4 14.6
Smoked ham 16.1 38.8 4.8 40.3
Sugar granulated 100.0
Sugar, maple 82.8 0 9 16.3
Strawberry 1.0 0.6 7,4 0.6 90.4
Toasted bread 11.5 1.6 61.2 1.7 24.0
Wheat 12.2 1.7 73.7 1.8 10.6
White bread 9.2 1.3 53.1 1.1 35.3
Whole wheat bread 9.7 0.9 49.7 1.3 38.4
Walnut...... 16.6 63.4 16.1 1.4 2.5
330
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PROPERTIES OF MATTER
DENSITY OF VARIOUS SOLIDS
The approximate density of temperature.
various solids at ordinary atmospheric
(Selected principally from theSmithsonian Tables.)
Pounds Grams Pounds
Grams
Substance. per per
Substance. per per
cu. cm. cu. ft.
cu. cm. cu. ft.

156-168 Glass, common.. 2.4-2.8 150-175

2.5-2.7
flint; 2.9-5.9 180-370
Alabaster, carbon 1.27* 80
2.69-2.78 168-173 Glue
ate 2.64-2.76 165-172
sulphate.. .2.26-2.32 141-245 Granite
Graphite 2.30-2.72 144-170
Albite 2.62-2.65 163-165
Gum arabic 1.3-1.4 80-85
Amber 1.06-1.11 66-69
Gypsum 2.31-2.33 144-145
Amphoboles 2.9-3.2 180-200
Hematite 4.9-5.3 306-330
Anorthite 2.74-2.76 171-172
Hornblende 3.0 187
Asbestos 2.0-2.8 125-175
Ice 0.917 57.2
Asphalt 1.1^.5 69-94
India rubber 0.91-0.93 57-58
Basalt 2.4-3.1 150-190
Ivory 1.83-1.92 114-120
Beeswax 0.96-0.97 60-61
Leather, dry... 0.86. 54
Beryl 2.69-2.7 168
170-190 Lime, slaked... 1.3-1.4 81-87
Biotite 2.7-3.1
Limestone 2.68-2.76 167-171
Bone 1.7-2.0 106-125
Magnetite 4.9-5.2 306-324
Brick 1.4-2.2 87-137
53-54 Malachite 3.7-4.1 231-256
Butter 0.86-0.87
255-280 Marble 2.6-2.8 160-177
Calamine 4.1-4.5
Meerschaum... 0.99-1.28 62-80
Calcspar 2.6-2.8 162-175
Mica 2.6-3.2 165-200
Caoutchouc 0.92-0.99 57-62
Muscovite 2.76-3.00 172-225
Celluloid 1.4 87
170-190 Ochre 3.5 218
Cement, set 2.7-3.0
1.9-2.8 118-175 Opal 2.2, 137
Chalk 0.7-1.15 44-72
Charcoal, oak... 0.57 35 Paper
Paraffin. 0.87-0.91 54-57
pine 0.28-0.44 18-28
Peat 0.84 52
8.12 507
122-162 Pitch 1.07 67
1.8-2.6
87-112 Porcelain 2.3-2.5 143-156
Coal, anthracite. 1.4-1.8
75-94 Porphyry 2.6-2.9 162-181
bitimiinous,.. 1.2-1.5
Pyrite 4.95-5.1 309-318
Cocoa butter 0.89-0.91 56-57
62-105 2.65 165
Coke 1.0-1.7
1.07 67
Copal 1.04-1.14 65-71
14-16 Rock salt 2.18 136
Cork 0.22-0.26
245-250 Sandstone 2.14-2.3 134-147
Corundum 3.9-4.0
Serpentine 2.50-2.6 156-165
Diamond 3.01^3.52 188-220
Dolomite 2.84 177 Silica, fused trans
parent, 2.21 142
Ebonite.. 1.15, 72
translucent 2.07 133
Emery 4.0 250
203-218 Slag 2.0-3.9 125-240
Epidote 3.25-3.50
159-172 Slate 2.6-3.3 162-205
Feldspar 2.55-2.75
164 Soapstone 2.6-2.8 162-175
Flint 2.63
198 Starch 1.53 95
Fluorite 3.18
1.61 100
Galena 7.3-7.6 460-470
-2.7-2.8 168-174
Gamboge 1.2 75
3.15-4.3 197-268 Tallow 0.91-0.97 57-60
Garnet 1.02 66
1.88 117 Tar
Gas carbon 3.5-3.6 219-223
Gelatine 1.27 80 Topaz...

361
 . HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

DENSITY OF VARIOUS SOLIDS (Continued)

Grams Pounds Grams Pounds
Substance. per per Substance. per per
cu. xjm. cu. ft. cu. cm. cu. ft.

Tourmaline 3.0-3.2 190-200 lignum vitae. 1.17-1. 73-83

Wax, sealing 1.8 117 locust 0.67-0.71 42-44
Wood'(seasoned) dogwood 0.91 57
alder 0.42-0.68 26-42 mahogany
apple. 0.66-0.84 41-52 Honduras. 0.66 a
ash 0.65-0.&5 40-53 Spanish... 0.85 53
bamboo 0.31-0.40 19-25 maple 1. 0.62-0.75 39^7
basswood 0.32-0.59 20-37 oak 0.60-0.90 37-56
beech 0.70-0.90 43-56 pear 0.61-0.73 38-45
blufegum. 1.00 62 pine, pitch... 0.83-0.85 52-53
birch 0.51-0.77 32-48 white 0.35-0.50 22-31
box 0.95-1.16 59-72 yellow 0.37-0.60 23-37
butternut 0.38 24 plum 0.66-0.78 41^9
cedar 0.49-0.57 30-35 poplar 0.35-0.50 22-31
cherry,,., 0.70-0.90 43-56 satinwood... 0.95 59
dogwood. 0.76 47 spruce 0.48-0.70 30^
ebony 1.11-1. 69-83 sycamore 0.40-0.60 24-37
elm 0.54-0.60 34-37 teak, Indian. 0.66-0.88 41-55
hickory........ 0.60-0. 37-47 African 0.98 61
holly 0.76 47 walnut 0.64-0.70 40-43
0.56 35 water gum.,. 1.00 62
0.50-0.56 31-35 willow 0.40-0.60 24-37

For the specific gravity of alloys see Composition^nd Physical

Properties of Alloys.
For the specific gravity of the elements see Physical Constants
of the Elements.
For specific gravity of inorganic corn-pounds see Physical
Constants of Inorganic Compoimds.
^For specific gravity of organic compounds see Physical Con
stants of Organic Compounds.

DENSITY OF WATER

The temperature of maximum density for pure water, free

from air = 3.98 C.
The density at this temperatui^e = 0.999973 (C. G. S.).
(International Bureau of Weights and Measures, 1910.)

362
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

DENSITY OF VARIOtJS LIQUIDS

(Selected from Smithsonian Tables.)

Liquid. Grams per Pounds Temp.

cu.cm. per cu.ft. C.

Acetone 0.792 49.4 0"

Alcohol, ethyl. 0.791 49.4 0
methyl 0.810 50.5 0
Benzene 0.899 56.1 a
Carbolic acid. 0.950-0.965 59.2-60.2 15
Chloroform. 1.480 92.3 18
Ether. 0.736 45.9 0
GasoUne 0.66-0.69 41.0-43.0
Glycerine 1.260 78.6 0
Milk 1.028-1.035 64.2-64.6
Naphtha, wood 0.848-0.810 52.9-50.5 *6
Naphtha, ^troleum ethSr 0.665 41.5 15
Oils:
castor. 0.969 60.5 15
cocoanut 0.925 57.7 15
cotton seed 0.926 60.2 16
creosote 1.040-1.100 64.9-68.6 15
linseed, boiled 0.942 58.8 15
olive 0.918 57.3 15
turpentine 0.873 54.2 16
Sea water. 1.025 64.0 15

HYDROMETER CONVERSION TABLES

Showing the Relation between Density (C. G, S.) and
Degrees Baum^ for Densities less than Unity.

Degrees Baum6.
Density.
.00 .01 .02 .03 .04

0.60 103.33 99.51 95.81 92.22 88.75

.70- 70.00 67.18 64.44 61.78 59.19
.80 45.00 42.84 40.73 38.68 36.67
.90 25.56 23.85 22.17 20.54 18-94
1.00 10.00

Degrees Baum^
Density.
.05 .06 .07 ^08 .09

0.60 85.38 82.12 78.95 75.88 ' 72.90

.70 56.67 54.21 51.82 49.49 47.22
.80 34.71 32.79 30.92 29.09 27.30
.90 17.37 15.83 14.33 12.86 11.41
1.00

363
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

HYDROMETER CONVERSION TABLES

(Continued)
Showing the Relation between Density (C. G. S.) and the
Baum6 and Twaddell Scales for Densities above Unity.

Density. Degrees Degrees Degrees Degrees

Baum6. TwaddeU.
Density.
Baum(. Twaddell.

1.00 0.00 0 1.41 42.16 82

1.01 1.44 2 1.42 42.89 84
1.02 2.84 4 1.43 43.60 86
1.03 4.22 6 1.44 44.31 88
1.04 5.58 8 1.45 45.00 90
1.05 6.91 10 1.46 45.68 92
1.06 8.21 12 1.47 46.36 94
1.07 9.49 14 1.48 47.03 96
1.08 10.74 16 1.49 47.68 98
1.09 11.97 18 1.50 48.33 100
1.10 13.18 20 1.51 48.97 102
' 1.11 14.37 22 1.52 49.60 104
1.12 15.54 24 1.53 50.23 106
1.13 16.68 26 1.54 50.84 108
1.14 17.81 28 1.55 51.45 110
1.15 18.91 30 1.56 52.05 112
1.16 20.00 32 1.57 52.64 114
1.17 21.07 34 1.58 53.23 116
1.18 22.12 36 1.59 53.80 118
1.19 23.15 38 1.60 54.38 120
1.20 24.17 40 1.61 54.94 122
1.21 25.16 42 1.62 55.49 124
1:22 26.15 44 1.63 56.04 126
1.23 27.11 46 1.64 56.58 128
1.24 28.06 48 1.65 57.12 130
1.25 29.00 50 1.66 57.65 132
1.26 29.92 52 1.67 58.17 134
1.27 30.83 54 1.68 58.69 136
1.28 31.72 56 1.69 59.20 138
1.29 32.60 58 1.70 59.71 140
1.30 33.46 60 1.71 60.20 142
1.31 34.31 62 1.72 60.70 144
1.32 35.15 64 1.73 61.18 146
1.33 35.98 66 1.74 61.67 148
1.34 36.79e 68 1.75 62.14 150
1.35 37.59 70 1.76 62.61 152
1.36 38.38 72 1.77 63.08 154
1.37 39.16 74 1.78 63.54 156
1.38 39.93 76 1.79 63.99 15&
1.39 40.68 78 1.80 64.44 160
1.40 41.43 80
364
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ABSOLUTE DENSITY OF WATER

Density in Grams per Cubic Centimeter, Computed from
THE Relative Values by Thiesen, Scheel and Dissel-
HORST (1900), AND THE ABSOLUTE VaLUE AT 3.98 C. BY
the International Bureau of Weights and Measures
(1910).

Degrees 0 6 8 9

0.999841 847 854 860 866 872 878 884 889 895
900 905 909 914 918 923 927 930 934 938
941 944 947 950 953 955 958 960 962 964
985 967 968 969 970 971 972 972 973 973
973 973 973 972 972 972 970 969 968 966

965 963 961 959 957 955 952 950 947 944
941 938 935 931 927 924 920 916 911 907
902 898 893 888 883 877 872 866 861 855
849 843 837 830 824 817 810 803 796 789
781 774 766 758 751 742 734 726 717 709

700 682 673 664 654 645 635 625 615

605 595 585 574 564 553 542 531 520 509
498 486 475 463 451 439 427 415 402 390
377 364 352 339 326 312 299 285 272 258
244 230 2^16 202 188 173 159 144 129 114

099 084 069 054 038 023 007 *991 *975 *959
0.998943 926 910 893 877 860 843 826 809 792
774 757 739 722 704 686 668 650 632 613
595 576 558[ 539 520 501 482 463 444 424
405 385 365 345 325 305 285 265 244 224

203 183 162 141 120 099 078 056 035 013
0.997992 970 94S 926 904 882 860 837 815 792
770 747 724 701 678 655 632 608 585 561
538 514 490 466 442 418 394 369 345 320
296 271 246 221 196 171 146 120 095 069

044 018 *992 *967 *941 *914 *888 *862 *836 *809
0.996783 756 729 703 676 m 621 594 567 540
512 485 457 429 401 373 345 317 289 261
232 204 175 147 118 089 060 031 002 *973
0.995944 914 885 855 826 796 766 736 706 676
646 616 586 555 525 494- 464 433 402 371

365
 BANDBOOR OP CBEMISTRY AND PBYSIC8
RELATIVE DENSITY AND VOLUME OF WATER
The mass of one cubic centimeter of water at 4 C is tak^ as unity.
The absolute density in C. G. S. units is obtained by multiplying the rel
ative density by 0.999973.

Temp. Temp.
C. Density. Volume. C. Density. Volume

-10 0.99815 1.00186 4-35 0.99406 1.00598

-9 843 157 36 371 633
-8 869 131 37 336 669
-7 892 108 38 299 706
-6 912 088 39 262 743
-5 0.99930 1.00070 40 0.99224 1.00782
-4 945 055 41 186 821
-3 958 042 42 147 861
-2 970 031 43 107 901
~1 979 021 44 066 943
4-0 0.99987 1.00013 45 0.99025 1.00985
1 993 007 46 0.98982 1.01028
2 997 003 47 940 072
3 999 001 48 896 116
4 1.00000 1.00000 49 852 162
5 0.99999 1.00001 50 0.98807 1.01207
6 997 003 51 762 254
7 993 007 52 715 301
8 988 012 53 669 349
9 981 019 54 621 398
10 0.99973 1.00027 55 0.98573 1.01448
11 963 037 60 324 705
12 952 048 65 059 979
13 940 060 70 0.97781 1.02270
14 927 073 75 489 576
15 0.99913 1.00087 80 0.97183 1.02899
16 897 103 85 0.96865 1.03237
17 880 120 90 534 590
18 862 138 95 192 959
19 843 157 100 0.95838 1.04343
20 0.99823 1.00177 110 0.9510 1.0515
21 802 198 120 0.9434 1.0601
22 780 221 130 0.9352 1.0693
23 756 244 140 0.9264 1.0794
24 732 268 150 0.9173 1.0902
25 0.99707 1.00294 160 0.9075 1.1019
26 681 320 170 0.8973 1.1145
27 654 347 180 0.8866 1.1279
28 626 375 190 0.8750 1.1429
29, 597 405 200 0.8628 1.1590
30 0.99567 1.00435 210 0.850 1.177
31 537 466 220 0.837 1.195
32 505 497 230 0.823 1.215
33 473 530 240 0.809 1.236
34 440 563 250 0.794 1.259
366
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

DENSITY AND VOLUME OF MERCURY

Based on the Density of Mercury at 0 C. by Thiesen and Scheel
(1898) ^
(Selected from Smithsonian Tables.)

Temp. Mass in gr. Vol. of 1 gr. Temp. Mass in gi. Vol. in 1 gr.
C. per cu.cm. in cu.cms. C. per cu.cm. in cu.cms.

-10 13.6202 0.0734205 30 13.5217 0.0739552

-9 6177 4338 31 5193 9686
-8 6152 4472 32 5168 9820
-7 6128 4606 33 5144 9953
-6 6103 4739 34 5119 40087
-5 13.6078 0.0734873 35 13.5095 0.0740221
-4 6053 5006 36 5070 0354
-3 6029 5140 37 5046 0488
-2 6004 5273 38 5021 0622
1 5979 5407 39 4997 07^6
0 13.5955 0.0735540 40 13.4973 0.0740891
1 5930 5674 50 4729 2229
2 ' 5906 .5808 60 4486 3569
3 5881 5941 70 4244 4910
4 5856 6075 80 4003 6252
5 13.5832 0.0736209 90 13.3762 0.0747594
6 5807 6342 100 3522 ' 8939
7 5782 6476 110 3283 50285
8 5758 6610 120 3044 1633
9 5733 6744 130 2805 2982
10 13.5708 0.0736877 140 13.2567 0.0754334
11 5684 7011 150 2330 5688
12 5659 7145 160 2093 7044
13 5634 7278 170 ^ 1856 8402
14 5610 7412 180 1620 9764
15 13.5585 0.0737546 190 13.1384 0.0761128
16 5561 7680 200 1148 2495
17 5536 7813 210 0913 3865
18 5512 7947 220 0678 5239
19 5487 8081 230 0443 6616
20 13.5462 0.0738215 240 13.0209 0.0767996
21 5438 8348 250 12.9975 9381
22 5413 8482 260 9741 70769
23 5389 8616 270 9507 2161
24 5364 8750 280 9273 3558
25 13.5340 0.0738883 290 12.9039 0.0774958
26 5315 9017 300 8806 6364
27 5291 9151 310 8572 7774
28 5266 9285 320 8339 9189
29 5242 9419 330 8105 80609
30 13.5217 0.0739552 340 12.7872 0.0782033
350 7638 3464
360 7405 4900

367
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

DENSITY OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

(Selected from Smithsonian Tables.)

Density in graifis per cubic centimeter.

Substance. Parts of solute in 100 parts of solution by weight.

a
5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 H

Ammonium chloride. . 1.015 1.030 1.044 1.058 1.072 15.

Barium chloride 1.045 r.094 1.147 1.205 1.269 15.
Cadmium chloride.. . . 1.043 1.087 1.138 1.193 1.254 l!3i9 i!4^ i.m 1*887 19.5
Calcium chloride 1.041 1.086 1.132 1.181 1.232 1.286 1.402 15.
Cane sugar 1.019 1.039 1.060 1.082 1.129 1.178 1.289 17.5
Copper sulphate 1.031 1.064 1.098 1.134 1.173 1.213 18.
Mercuric chloride 1.041 1.092 20.
Potassium bichromate. 1.035 1.071 i . m 19.5
hydroxide 1.040 1.082 1.027 i!676 L229 L286 i'.4io i.m l!666 15.
chloride. 1.031 1.065 1.099 1.135 15.
bromide.. 1.035 1.073 1.114 1.157 L265 I . m i.m 19.5
iodide r 1.036 1.076 1.118 1.164 1.216 1.269 1.394 L544 i;732 19.5
nitrate 1.031 1.064 1.099 1.135 15.
Sodium hydroxide 1.058 1.114 1.169 1.2^ L279 i.m L436 i!539 l'.^ 15.
chloride 1.035 1.072 1.110 1.150 1.191 15.
Silver nitrate 1.044 1.090 1.140 1.195 1.255 L322 L479 i!675 l'.9i8 15.
Zinc chloride 1.043 1.089 1.135 1.184 1.236 1.289 1.417 1.563 1.737 19.5
sulphate 1.027 1.057 1.089 1.122 1.156 1.191 1.269 1.351 1.443 20.5

DENSITY OF ALCOHOJ.
Density of Ethyl Alcohol in Grams per Cubic Centimeter,
Computed from Mendelejeff's Formula
(Selected from Smithsonian Tables.)

Temp. C. 0 1 2 3 4

0 .80625 .80541 .80457 .80374 .80290

10 .79788 .79704 .79620 .79535 .79451
20 .78945 .78860 .78775 .78691 .78606
30 .78097 .78012 .77927 .77841 .77756 ^

Temp. C. 5 6 7 8 9

0 .80207 .80123 .80039 .79956 .79872

10 .79367 .79283 .79198 .79114 .79029
20. .78522 .78437 .78352 .78267 .78182
30 .77671 .77585 .77500 .77414 .77329
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

DENSITY OF DRY AIR

At the Tempebatube t, and under the Pressure H cm. of Mebcurt,
THE DeNSITT of AiR
0.001293 H
"1+0.00367 <76*
(From MMer's LaboratoryPhysics, Ginn &Co.publishers, by permission.)
Pressure H in Centimeters.
Proportic
irtional
Parts.
72.0 73.0 74.0 75.0 76.0 77.0

r 17
0.001182 0.001198 0.001215 0.001231 0.001247 0.001264 cm.

178 193 210 227 243 259 0.1 2

173 190 206 222 239 255 0.2 3
169 186 202 218 234 251 0.3 5
165 181 198 214 230 246 0.4 7
0.5 8
0.6 10
0.7 12
14
0.001161 0.001177 0.001193 0.001210 0.001226 0.001242 0.8
173 189 205 221 238 0.9 15
157
153 169 185 201 217 233
16
149 165 181 197 213 229
cm.
145 161 177 193 209 225
0.1 2
0.2 3
0.3 6
0.4 6
20 0.001141 0.001157 0.001173 0.001189 0.001205
0.001221
0.5 8
137 15? 169 185 201 216
21 0.6 10
134 14 165 181 197 212
22 0.7 11
130 145 161 177 193 208
23 0.8 13
126 142 157 173 189 204
24 0.9 14

cm.
0.001200 0.1 1
25 0.001122 0.001138 0.001153 0.001169 0.001185
134 149 165 181 196 0.2 3
26 118
146 161 177 192 0.3 4
27 115 1.30
126 142 157 173 188 0.4 6
28 111
123 138 153 184 0.5 7
29 107
0.6 9
0.7 10
0.8 12
30 0.001104 e.001119 0.001134 0.001150 0.001165 0.001180 0.9 13

DENSITY OF SATURATED VAPORS AT THE TEMPERA

TURE OF NORMAL EBULLITION

Vapor. Temp. C Density.

Acetic acid. . ., 118.5 0.00315

Benzene 0.00275
Chloroform 0.00443
Ether 0.00311
Ethyl alcohol. 0.00164
Methyl alcohol 0.00121
Water 100.0 0.000596
 HANDBOOK^OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

DENSITY OF GASES IN LIQUID AND SOLID FORM

Temperatures marked * are the temperatures of normal ebxillition.

Liquid. Solid.

Gas. Observer.
Temp. D Temp. D
C. g/cm3. g/cm3.
Acetylene. - 23.5 0.52 Mathias, 1909
30.8 0.40
Air (20.9% oxygen). -147. 0.92
Ammonia - 10.7 0.65 Andreeff, 1859
+ 16.3 0.61 Andreeff, 1859
Argon -187.* 1.41 Baly & Donnan,
1902
Carbon dioxide 1.19 - 79. 1.53 Behn, 1910
+ 20. 0.77 Amagat
Carbon monoxide... -190.* .79
-68. .86 Baly & Donnan
Chlorine.. - 33.6* 1.56 Knietsch, 1890
Chlorine. , + 20. 1.41 Knietsch, 1890
Ethylene. - 21. 0.41 Cailletet & Mathias,
1886
Ethylene. + 10. 0.21
, Helium,.. -269.* 0.122 Kamerling-Onnes &
Perrier, 1910
Hydrogen -253.* 0.07 -260 .076 Dewar, 1904
Hydrogen iulphide . - 61. 0.86
Nitrogen -196.* 0.804 -253. 1.03 Dewar, 1904
Nitrous oxide - 20. 1.0 Cailletet & Mathias
Nitrous oxide + 17. .80 ViUard, 1897
Oxygen - 23. 0.89 Cailletet & Haute-
feuille, 1881
-182.7* 1.14 -253 -1.41 Kamerling-Onnes &
Perrier, 1910
-205. 1.25 Baly & Donnan
Sulphur dioxide.... - 10.* 1.46 Pierre
+ 20. 1.38 Cailletet & Mathias

ELASTIC CONSTANTS FOR SOLIDS

Young's Modulus and Modulus of Rigiditt
The values can be considered only as approximations. They are for.
ordinary atmospheric temperatures.

Young's Modulus. Modulus of rigidity.

Material.
Dynes per Pounds per Dynes per Pounds per
sq.cm. sq.in. sq.cm. sq.in.
Aluminum 7X10i 10.2 X10 2.5X10" 3.63X108
Bismuth 3.2 4.65 1.24 1.80
Brass 9.2 13.4 3.7 5.38
Bronze. 10.6 15.4 4.06 5:91
phosphor... . 12.0 17.4 4.36 6.32
Cadmium 5.0 7.26 2.45 3.56
Copper 10. 14.5 4.2 6.10
German silver.. 10.8 15.7 4.5 6.54
Glass ordinary. 4.7-7.8 6.83-11.3 1.8-3.2 ' 2.62-4.65
crown 6.5-7.8 9.45-11.3 2.6-3.2 3.78-4.65
flint 5.0-6.0 7.26-8.52 2.0-2.5 2.91-3.63
Gold, pure 8.0 11.6- 3.0 4.36
Granite 1.46 2.12
Ice. .28 .407
Iron, drawn. . . 20.0 29.1 8.00 11.6
cast 11.5 16.8 5.10 7.41
370
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ELASTIC CONSTANTS FOR SOLIDS (Continued)

Young's Modulus and Modulus of Rigidity (Continued)

Young's Modulus. Modulus of rigidity.

Gas.
Dynes per Pounds per Dynes per Pounds per
sq.cm. sq.in. sq.cm. sq.in.

Ivory .9X10" 1.31 X10

Lead 1.7 2.47 0.7X10" 1.02X10fi
Magnesium 4.2 6.10 1.7 2.47
Manganin 12.4 18.0 4.66 6.70
Nickel 22.0 32.0 8.0 11.6
Platinum. 17.0 24.7 6.6 9.46
Platinum-iridium. .. 21.4 31.1
Quartz, costal:
IJ to axis 10.30 16.0
X to axis 7.85 11.4
fiber 6.6 8.14 3.0 4.36 ,
Rhodium.. 28.0 40.7
Silver, pure 7.6 10.9 2.7 3.94
Steel, ordinary mild 22.0 32.0 8.00 11.6
cast 19.6 28.3 7.60 10.9
drawn , 18^8 27.3
invar 14.1 20.3 6.63 8.18
Tantalum . . . . . . . . . 18.6 27.0
Tin.,. 5.0 7.26 2.0 2.91
Wood .03-1.0 .0436-1.46
Zinc 9.0 13.1 3.4 4.94

Bulk Modulus, Limit op Elasticity and Breaking Strain

The values can be considered only as approximations. They are for ordi-
nary atmospheric temperatures.

Limit op Elas
Breaking Strain.
ticity,
Bulk Mod
ulus Dynes
Material. per
Dynes Pounds
Dynes per Pounds per sq.cm.
per per
sq.cm. sq.in.
sq.cm. sq.in.

Aluminum 5.0X108 7.25X103 10-25X108 14.5-36.3X103 7.0X10"

Bismuth... 3.0
Brass 22.-48. 32.-76! 6.1
Bronze.. . . 5!6-i2! 7'.2^i7*.4 20.-40. 29.-58. 8.9
Cadmium . 4.12
Copper O'.MO'.O 0.73-29.0 16.-45. 23.2-65.3 12.0
German
/ silver. . . 15.0
Glass:
crown.. . 4.0-5.9
flint 3.6-3.8
Gold 11.0 15.6 16.0
Iron:
drawn... 29. 66. 96. 15.4
cast. 26. 33. 48. 9.6
Lead 3. 4.4 0.76
Manganin. 12.1
Nickel. . .. 42. 61. 17.0
Platinum. 36. 52. 24.0
Quartz
Silvei 15. 22. 28. 41. if.l
Steel, mild. 20.-100. 29.-145 35.-150. 51.-218. 16.0
Tin 8. 12. ^ 5.0
Zinc 6. 8.7 ^ 3.5

371
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

COMPRESSIBILITY OF LIQUIDS
Contraction in nnit volume per atmosphere.

Temp. Pressures in
Liquid. Coefficient. Observer.
C. atmospheres.

Acetone. 0. 1-500 82x10-6 Amagat, 1893

0. 500-1000 59.^
0. 1000-1500 47.
99.5 8.94^36.5 276.
Aniyl alcohol. 17.7 8 90.5 Rontgen, 1891
Benzene CeHe 12.9 0.^18 87. Suchodski, 1910
a
34.9 2-18 100.
(t
99.9 4.5-19 190.
Butyl alcohol. 17.4 8 90. Rontgen
Carbon disul-
phide. 0. 1-500 66. Amagat, 1893
49.2 1000-1500 51.
Carbon tetra-
chloride 20. 100-200 90.7 Richards^ 1907
Chlorobenzene 13. 0.4-18 67. Suchodski, 1910
35. 0.4-18 77.
100. 0.^18 127.
Chloroform 0. 101. Grimaldi, 1887
20. 128.
40. 162.
60. 204.
100. 8-9 211. Amagat
100. 19-34 206. a

20. 1-98 94.^ Richards&Stall,

1904
20. 98.7-197.4 89. Richards&Stall,
1904
20. 197.^296.1 80. Richards&Stall^
1904
Ether. 12.2 0.4r-17.6 163. Suchodski, 1910
34.8 2-19 207. u

63. 8.6-34.3 293. Amagat, 1893

78.5 8.6-34.3 363.
99. 8.6^36.5 523.
Ethyl acetate. 13.3 8.1-37.4 104.
Ethyl alcohol. 28. 150-400 81. Barus, 1890
65. 150-400 100.
100. 150-400 132.
185. 150-400 245.
310. 150-400 1530.
28. 150-200 86.
100. 150-200 168.
310. 150-200 4200.

372

V
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
COMPRESSIBILITY OF LIQUIDS (Continued)
Contraction in unit volume per atmosphere.

Temp. Pressures in Coefficient. Observer.

Liquid. 'c. atmospheres.

Ethyl alcohol:
0. 1-50 96.X10-6 Amagat, 1893
20. 1-50 112.
40. 1-50 125.
0. 100-200 85.
0. 300-400 73.
0. 500-600 64.
0. 900-1000 52.
Ethyl bromide. 10.1 1-500 89.6 Amagat
u

10.1 500-1000 63.4

13.7 0.4r-18.5 113. Suchodski, 1910
u
35. 2-19 138.
Ethyl chloride. 0. 1-500 103. Amagat, 1893
u
0. 500-1000 69.2
II
11. 8.5-34.2 138.
n
62. 12.7-32.8 255.
((

99. 12.8-34.5 495.

Ethyl iodide... 10.6 1-500 73.8 Amagat
a
500-1000 56.2
Fluor-benzene. 13.9 0.4r-18 88. Suchodski, 1910
35.3 0.4r-18 103.
99.7 4.3-18.5 190.
Glycerine. 14.9 1-10 22. De Metz, 1890
Mercury.. 0. 3.92 Amagat
15. 100-200 3.76 Richards, 1907
Methyl acetate 14.3 8.1-37.5 97. Amagat
99. 8.3-37 250.
Methyl alcohol 0. 1-500 79.4
0. 500-1000 58.3
14:7 8.5-371 104.
100. 8.7-37.3 221.
Nitric acid. 20.3 1-32 338.
Palmitic acid., 65. 20-100 88. Bams, 1890
100. 20-100 99.
It

Parafl&ne. 64. 20-100 84.

II
100. 20-100 107.
Oil, almond. . 17. 55. Quincke
a
pUve 20.5 63.
n
turpentine.. 19.7 79.
Toluene 10. 1-5.25 79. DeHeen, 1885

100. 1-5.25 150.
H (t
Xylene. 10. 1-5.25 74.
<< ((
100. 1-5.25 132.

373
 HANDBOQR OP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
COMPRESSIBILinr OF LIQUIDS (Continued)
Contraction in unit volume per atmosphere.

Liquid. Temp. Pr^ur^ in

Coefficient. Observer.
"C. atmoipheres.

Water 0. 1-25 52.5x10- Amagat, 1893

10. 1-25 50.0
20. 1-25 49.1 (t

0. 25-50 51.6 tt

10. 25-50 49.2 ((

20. 25-50 47.6 tt

0. 100-200 49.2 tt

10. 100-200 46.1 tt

20. 100-200 44.2 tt

50. 100-200 42.5 tt

100. 100-200 46.8 tt

tt
0. 500-1000 41.6
tt
0. 1000-1500 35.8
it ^
0. 1500-2000 32.4
it
0. 2000-2500 29.2
0. 2500-3000 26.1 it

374
 HANDBOCK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ELASTIC CONSTANTS FOR GASES

For short rangesof pressure, at a constant temperature, the volumeof
a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure or pressureXvolume = a
constant. (Boyle's Law.) , , , ^ i. i
For high pressures, the table below shows the relative volumes at various
temperatures. The volume at 0 C. and 76 cm. pressure (1 atmosphere)
being taken as 1,000,000.
(From Smithsonian Tables.)

Oxygen. Air.
f Atm.
0 99.5 199.5 0 99.4 200.4

100 9265 9730

200, 4570 7000 9095 5050 7360 9430
300 3208 4843 6283 3658 5170
400 2629 3830 4900 3036 4170 5240
500 2312 3244 4100 2680 3565 4422
600 2115 2867 3570 2450 3180 3883
700 1979 2610 3202 2288 2904 3502
800 1879 2417 2929 2168 2699 3219
900 1800 2268 2718 2070 2544 3000
1000 1735 2151 1992 2415 2828

Nitrogen. Hydrogen.
Atm.

0 99.5 199.6 0 99.3 200.5

100 9910
200 5195 7445 9532 5690 7567 9420
300 3786 5301 6715 4030 5286 6520
400 3142 4265 5331 3207 4147 5075
500 2780 3655 4515 2713 3462 4210
600 2543 3258 3973 2387 3006 3627
700 2374 2980 3589 2149 2680 3212
800 2240 2775 3300 1972 2444 2900
900 2149 2616 3085 1832 2244 2657
1000 2068 1720 2093

375
 HANDBOOK OF CHEAflb'THY AND FHYISICS

COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION
(From Rankine's Compilation, 1858; Smithsonian Tables.)

Materials. Coefficient of Angle of repose

friction. in degrees.

Wood on wood, dry .25-.50 14.0-26.5

Wood on wood, soapy .20 11.5
Metals on oak, dry .50-.60 26.5-31.0
Metals on oak, wet .24-.26 13.5-14.5
Metals on oak, soapy .20 11.5
Metals on elm, dry .20-.25 11.5-14.0
Hemp on oak, dry .53 28.0
Hemp on oak, wet .33 18.5
Leather on oak .27-.38 15.0-19.5
Leather on metals, dry .56 29.5
Leather on metals, wet .36 20.0
Leather on metals, greasy .23 13.0
Leather on metals, oDy .15 8.5
Metals on metals, dry .15-.20 8.5-11.5
Metals on metals, wet .3 16.5
Smooth surfaces occasionally greased.. .07-.08 4.0-4.5
Smooth surfaces continually greased. . .05 3.0
Smooth surfaces, best results .03-.036 1.75-2.0
Steel on agate, dry .20 11.5
Steel on agate, oiled .107 6.1
Iron on stone .30-.70 16.7-35.0
Wood on stone. . about .40 22.0
Masonry and brick work, dry .60-.70 33.0-35.0
Masonry and brick work, damp mortar .74 36.5
Masonry on dry clay .51 27.0
Masonry on moist clay .33 18.25
Earth on earth .25-1.00 14.0-45.0
Earth on earth, dry sand, clay and
mixed earth .38-.75 21.0-37.0
Earth on earth, damp clay 1.00 45.0
Earth on earth, wet clay .31 17.0
Earth on earth, shingle and gravel.. .. .81-1.11 39.0-48.0

RESISTANCE TO CRUSHING FOR VARIOUS MATERIALS

Approximate values in pounds per square inch.

Resistance to Resistance to
Material. crushing in Material. crushing in
lbs. per sq. in. lbs. per sq.in.

Brick: Granite.. . 9700-34000

soft burned.. 3000-6000 limestone .. 6000-25000
hard burned. 4500-6500 Marble 7600-20700
vitrified 8500-25000 Sandstone . . 2400-29300
Brownstone 7300-23600 Tufa 7700-11600
Concrete 800-3800

376
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

TENSILE STRENGTH OF METALS

(Selected from Smithsonian Tables.)
Given in pounds per square inch. The values can be considered only as
approximations.

Tensile Strength
Metal.
in lbs. per sq.in.

Aluminum wire 30000-40000

Brass wire 50000-150000
Bronze wire, phosphor, hard drawn 110000-140000
Bronze wire, silicon, hard drawn... 95000-115000
Bronze. 60000-75000
Copper wire, hard drawn 60000-70000
Gold wire 20000
Iron, cast 13000-33000
Iron wire, hard drawn 80000-120000
Iron wire, annealed 50000-60000
Lead, cast or drawn 2600-3300
Palladium ; 39000
Platinum wire 50000
Silver wire.. 42000
Steel., 80000-330000
Steel wire, maximum. 460000
Steel, specially treated nickel steel., 250000 ^
Steel, piano wire, 0.033 in. diam.. . 357000-390000
Steel, piano wire, 0.051 in. diam.. . 325000-337000
Tin, cast or drawn 4000-5000
Zinc, cast 7000-13000
Zinc, drawn 22000-30000

MODULUS OF kUPTURE. TRANSVERSE TESTS FOR

VARIOUS WOODS
(Smithsonian Tables.)

Modulus, Modulus,
Material. Material.
lbs. per sq.in. lbs. per sq.in.

Ash, white 10,800 Maple, sugar .... 16,500

JBasswood 8,340 Maple, white 14,640
Beech .... 16,200 Oak, red. 11,400
Cedar, red 11,800 Oak, white 13,100
Cedar, white 6,300 Pine, white 7,900
CjHpress, bald 7,900 Pine, red ......:. 9,100
Elm, white....... 10,300 Poplar 9,400
Fir, red 13,270 Spruce, pine 10,000
Hemlock 9,480 Walnut, black.... 11,900
Hickory, pignut... 18,700
377
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

HARDNESS

Scale of Hardness

Talc 4 Fluorite 8 Topaz

Rocksalt 5 Apatite 9 Corundum
Calcite 6 Feldspar 10 Diamond
7 Quartz

Hardness op Materials
The numbers give only the order of arrangement as to hardness.
(Fiom Smithsonian Tables.)

Agate 7. Hematite 6.
Alabaster.. 1.7 Hornblende 5.5
Alum.... 2-2.5 Iridium 6.
Aluminum. 2. Iridosmium - 7.
Amber.... 2-2.5 Irop 4-5.
Andalusite 7.5 Kaolin 1.
Anthracite 2.2 Lead 1.5
Antimony. 3.3 Loess (0) 0.3
Apatite. . . 5. Magnetite 6.
Aragonite. 3.5 Marble 3-4.
Arsenic 3.5 Meerschaum..... 2-3.
Asbestos. . 5. Mica 2.8
Asphalt. . . 1-2. Opal 4-6.
Au^te. . .. 6. Orthoclase 6.
Barite 3.3 Palladium 4.8
Beryl. .... 7.8 Phosphor bronze.. 4.
Bell-metal. 4. Platinum 4.3
Bismuth... 2.5 Plat-iridium 6.5
Boric acid. 3. Pyrite 6.3
Brass 3-4. Quartz; 7.
Calanime.. 5. Rock-salt 2.
Calcite.. . . 3. Ross' metal .5-3.0
Copper.. .. 5-3. Silver chloride.... 1.3
Corundum. 9. Sulphur .5-2.5
Diamond.. 10. Stibnite 2.
Dolomite.. 5-4. Serpentine 3-4.
Feldspar. . 6. Silver .5-3.
Flint 7. Steel 5-8.5
Fluorite... 4. Talc 1.
Galena.. .. 2.5 Tin 1.5
Garnet.. .. 7. Topaz 8.
Glass 5-6:5 Tourmaline 7.3
Gold 5-3. Wax (0) 0.2
Graphite. . 5-1. Wood's metal.... 3.
Gypsum... fr-2. Zinc 2.5

378
 HANDBOOK, OP CBBMISTBY AND PHYSICS

SURFACE TENSION OF VARIOUS LIQUIDS 11^

CONTACT WITH AIR
(Compiled from Various Sources.)

Tension,
Liquid. Temp. C. dynes per Observer.
cm.

Acetic acid. ..... 20 23.5 Ramsay & Shields

Acetone 17.6 23.3 Jaeger
Alcohol, ethyl 20 21.7 Magie
Alcohol, methyl.. 20 23.0 Ramsay & Shields
Anilin. 17.5 44.1 Volkmann
Benzol (CeHc).. .. 22.5 29.4 Cantor
Bromine -21 62.1 Quincke
Carbon disulphide 20 31.7 Magie
Chloroform 20 26.7 Magie
~Ether. 20 16.8 Brunner
Glycerine 18 65.2 Cantor
Hydrochloric acid. 20 72.9 Quincke
Mercury .... 18 520.
Oil, olive 20 33.5 Mean of various
Oil, turpentine. .. 20 27.1 Mean of various
Petroleum 20 25.9 Magie

SURFACE TENSION OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

/
Tension in
Density of dynes per
Salt in solution. Temp. C. cm- against
solution.
air.

Barium <;hloride 1.282 15-16 81.8

Calcium chloride 1.351 19 95.0
Calcium chloride 1.277 19 90:2
Copper sulphate 1.178 15-16 78.6
Hydrochloric acid 1.119 ^ 20 73.6
Hydrochloric acid 1.089 20 74.5
Hydrochloric acid 1.024 20 75.3
Potassium chloride 1.170 15-16 82.8
Potassium chloride. ..... 1.101 15-16 80.1
Sodium chloride. 1.193 20 85.8
Sodium chloride.. 1.107 20 80.5
Sodium nitrate 1.302 12 83.5
Sodium oleate saturated 20 25.0
Sulphuric acid. ......... 1.445 15 79.7
Sulphuric acid 1.264 15 7&.7
Zinc sulphate 1.398 15-16 83.3
Zinc sulphate 1.104 15-16 77.8

379
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

SURFACE TENSION OF FUSED SOLIDS

(With One Exception from Quincke, 1868.)

Gas with Surface

Substance. which liquid Temp. C. tension,
is in contact. dynes per cm.

Antimony CO2 432. 245.

Borax air fusion 212.
Copper air fusion 581. ,
Gold* air 1070 612.
Iron air fusion 950.
Lead !... CO2 330 448.
Phosphorus CO2 fusion 41.2
Platinum air 2000 1658.
Potassium..... 58 371.
Potassium chloride. fusion 93.
Silver au* 1000 782.
Selenium air fusion 70.
Sodium 90 258.
Sodium chloride.. . . fusion 115.
Sugar air 160 66.9
Sulphur. air 111 42.
Tin CO2 fusion 352.
Zinc 360 877.

Heydweiller.

SURFACE TENSION OF WATER AND ALCOHOL

Surface Tension for Water and Alcohol (Ethyl) in
Contact with Air in Dynes per Centimeter

Surface tension, dynes Surface tension, dynes,

per centimeter. per centimeter.
Temp. Temp.
C. C.
Water.
Ethyl Ethyl
alcohol. Water.
alcohol.

0 - 75.6 23.5 55 67.8 18.6

5 74.9 23.1 60 67.1 18.2
10 74.2 22.6 5 66.4 17.8
15 73.5 22.2 70 65.7 17.3
20 72.8 21.7 75 65.0 16.9
25 72.1 21.3 80 64.3
30 71.4 20.8 85 63.6
35 70.7 20.4 90 62.9
40 70.0 20.0 95 62.2
45 69.3 19.5 100 61.5
50 68.6 19.1
380
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

VISCOSITY OF WATER AND QTHER LIQUIDS

(1) Thorpe-Rodgers, 1894; (2) Gartenmeister. 1390.

CoeflScient of viscosity, C. G. S.

Temp. Carbon
C. Alcohol, Chloro Acetic Amy!
Water Ether Benzol bisul
ethyl form acid
phide acetate

(1) (1) (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2)

0 .01778 .01770 .00700 .00902 .00429

10 .01303 .01449 .00626 .0026 .00759 .0150 .00396 .0106
20 .01002 .01192 .00564 .0023 .00649 .0126 .00367 .0089
30 .00798 .00990 .00511 .0021 .00562 .0109 .00342 .0077
! 40 .00654 .00828 .00466 .00492 .0094 .00319 .0065
60 .00548 .00698 .00390 .00437 .0082 .0058
60 .00468
70 .00406 .00504 .00351
80 V00356
90 .00316

VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS
Coefficient of Viscosity in C. G. S. Units

Temp. Viscosity. Observer.

Liquid. C.

Acetone 20. .0033 Thorpe-Rodgers

Air, liquid 0.0033 Forch
Bromine. 16. 0.010 Thorpe-Rodgers
Carbon dioxide (liquid) . 20. 0.00071 Warburg-Babo
Glycerine 2.8 42.2 Schottner
20.3 8.3 Schottner
Mercury. 0. 0.0170 Koch
20. 0.0157 Koch
300. 0.0093 Koch
Olive oil 15. 0.9890 Brodmann
Sulphuric acid..... 20. 0.22 Graham

VISCOSITY OF GASES
C. G. S. Units.

Temp. Viscosity. Observer.

Gas.
C.

0^ 0.000173 Breitenbach
Carbon dioxide -20. 0.000129 Breitenbach
15. 0.000145 Breitenbach
Chlorine 20. 0.000147 Graham
Hydrogen 0. 0.000086 Markowski
Nitrogen 10.9 0.t)00171 Obermayer
Oxygen 0. 0.000193 Markowski
Water vapor 0. 0.000090 Puluj
100. 0.000132 Meyer-Schumann

381
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

DIFFUSION
Gases into Aib

Gas or vapor. Temp. Coefficient of

C.
diffusion, / Observer.
sq.cm./8ec.
Alcohol, vapor 40.4 0.137 Winkelmann
Carbon dioxide 0.0 0.139 Mean of various
Carbon disulphide 19.9 0.102 Winkelmann
Ether, vapor 19.9 0.089 Winkelmann
Hydrogen 0.0 0.634 Obermayer
Oxygen 0.0 0.178 Obermayer
Water, vapor 8.0 0.239 Guglielmo
Aqueous Solutions into Pure Water
Concentration in igram-molecules per liter.

Substance. Concen Temp. Diffusion

tration. sq.cm./day. - Observer.
Acetic acid. 0.2 13.5 0.77 Scheffer
1.0 12. 0.74 Arrhenins
2.0 12. 0.69 Arrhenius
3.0 12. 0.68
4.0 12. 0.66 Arrhenius
Ammonia. 1.0 15.23 1.54 Abegg
Barium cUoride.. . . 0.2 8. 0.66 Scheffer
Bromine 0.1 12. 0.8 Euler
Cadmium sulphate. . 2.0 19.04 0.246 Seitz
Calcium chloride. . . 2.0 10. 0.68 Schuhmeister
Chlorine 0.1 12. 1.22 Euler
Copper sulphate.. .. 0.1 17. 0.39 Thovert
Formic acid 1.0 12. 0.97 Abegg
Glycerine 0.1 10.14 0.357 Heimbrodt
0.2 10.1 3.55 Heimbrodt
1.0 10.14 0.339 Heimbrodt
Hydrochloric acid. ., 0.1 19.2 2.21 Thovert
1.0 12. 2.09 Arrhenius
2.0 12. 2.21 Arrhenius
Iodine 0.1 12. (0.5) Euler
Magnesium sulphate. 1.0 7. 0.30 Scheffer
Nitric acid.... .... 0.1 19.5 2.07 Thoveit
Potassium bromide. . 1.0 10. 1.13 Schuhmeister
carbonate 3.0 10. 0.60 Schuhmeister
chloride 0.1 17.5 1.38 Thovert
chloride 4.0 10. 1.27 Schuhmeister
hydrate 0.1 13.5 1.72 Thovert
1.0 12. 1.72 Arrhenius
3.0 12. 1.89 Arrhenius
Silver nitrate 0.1 12. 0.985 Thovert
Sodium acetate 0.2 12. 0.67 Kawalki
chloride 0.1 15.0 0.94 Thovert
0.2 15.0 0.94 Thovert
1.0 15.0 0.94 Thovert
1.0 14.3 0.964 Heimbrodt
hydrate 1.0 12. 1.11 Thovert
iodide 1.0 10. 0.80 Schuhmeister
2.0 10. 0.90 Schuhmeister
Sugar 1.0 12. 0.254 Arrhenius
Sulphuric acid 1.0 12. 1.12 Arrhenius
2.0 12. 1.16 Arrhenius
Urea. 0.1 14.8 0.97 Heimbrodt
0.2 14.8 0.969 Heimbrodt
Zinc acetate 2.0 18.05 0.210 Seitz
2.0 0.04 0.120 Seitz
sulphate 1.0 14.8 0.236 Seitz
382*
 HANDBOOK OF CHEmSTRY AND PHYSICS

OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

For a Membrane op Ferrocyanide op Copper

Gms.substance Temp. Pressure,

Observer.
Dissolved Substance. C. cm. Hg.
in 1 cm. sol.

Glycerine ^ .00199 0 36.7

Gum arabic. 0.0099 15.5 7.0 Pfeffer
Gum arabic.. 0.164 15.6 119.3- Pfefifer
Phenol (carbolic acid) .00127 0 23.3 Naccari

Gm.-mol. sub Pressure

stance per gm. in atm.
sol.

Glucose. .0001 10.2 2.39 Morse,1911

.0005 10.2 11.55 Morse,1911
.0010 10.0 23.80 Morse,1911
Saccharose (cane
sugar) .0001 10.0 2.50 Morse,1911
.0005 . 10.0 12.30 Morse,1911
.0010 10.0 25.69 Morse,1911

Gm.-mol. sub
stance in 1
ccm. sol.

Potassium carbonate .00005 15 1.17 Adie, 1891

ferrocyanide .00005 15 3.44 Adie, 1891
nitrate .00005 15 1.56 Adie, 1891
Sodium citrate (acid) .00005 15 4.32 Adie, 1891

I
 HEAT
CONVERSION OF THERMOMETER SCAUES
:.-32)4
Degrees C. Xl84"32' Degrees F. Degrees =Degrees R.
9
F.-32 R. X5
Degrees =Degrees C. =Degrees C.
1.8 4
R.X9 C. X4
Degrees +-32= Degrees F. =Degrees R.
For Centigrade^Fahrenheit Conversion Tables see.under Measures and Units.
REDUCTION OF MERCURY IN GLASS THERMOMETER READING
TO THE HYDROGEN SCALE
Jena Normal Glass, 16ni
(From Miller's Laboratory Physics, Ginn & Co., publishers, by permission.)
Reading
1 O'' 1 20 30 11 40 50
Correction... .1 0.000 1 -0055 -0090 -0109 1 -0115 -0109
Reading .1 50 60
1 1 80 90 100
Correction... .I-0M09 -0096 1 -0076 1 -0053 -0027 OOOO

COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION

Linear
The coeflBicient given is the increase in length per unit length (measured
at 0 C.) per degree Ontigrade.
Substance Temp. C. Coefficient Observer
xio-4
Aluminum. -191 to +16 0.1835 Henning, 1907
20 0.255 Voigt, 1893
/40 0.2313 Fizeau, 1869
600 0.3150 Chatelier
Aluminum-bronze. 20 0.170 National Physical
Laboratory
Antimony- . . . . . -180 to +13 1023 Griineisen, 1910 ,
20 12 Fizeau, 1869
15-101 1088 Griineisen, 1910
parallel to axis 10-90 1730 Fizeau, 1869
dicular to axis. 10-90 0828
10-90 0386
Bismuth -180 to +15 .1298
19-101 1345
parallel to axis 10-90 .1537
perpendicular to axis. 10-90 1084
Brass
cast 0-100 0.1875 Smeaton
wu-e 0-100 0.1930
66Cu, 34Zn. 20 0.189 National Phjrsical
Laboratory
Brick...... 0.095 National Physical
Laboratory
Bronze
3Cu, ISn. 16.6-100 0.1844 Daniell
16.6-350 0.2116
16.6-957 0.1737
93.5CU, 6.5Sn 16-100 0.365 Bein, 1912
90Cu, lOSn 0-900 0.220 Le ChateUer, 1889
80Cu, 20Sn 0-800 0.270
70Cu, 30Sn 0-700 0.295
phosphor
97.6CU, 2Sn, 0.2P . 0-85 0.168 Mean
Cadmium -183 to+14 0.446 Griineisen, 1901
20 0.288 Matthi^en, 1866
0-100 0.3159
10-90 0.2939 Fizeau
315 0.316 Vicentini & Omodei
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION (Contintted)
Linear
The coefficient given is theincrease in length per unit length (measured
at 0 C.) perdegree Centigrade.
Temp. C. Coefficient Observer
Substance

0-85 0.2514 X 10-4 Benoit, 1888

Calcite, parallel to axis.
perpendicular to axis. 0-85 -0.0558
0.657-0.686 Various
Caoutchouc Kohlrausch
17-25 0.770
Carbon
40 0.0118 Fizeau, 1869
diamond
40 0.0540
gas carbon........
graphite 40 0.0786
Cement and concrete. 0.10-0.14
Cobalt 40 0.1236
Constantan. 4-29 0.1523
60Cu, 40Ni 20 0.170 National Physical
Laboratory
-191 to 4-16 0.1202 Henning, 1907
0-38 0.1448 Guillaume, 1896
0-500 0,1481 Holborn & Day,
1900
Copper. -191 to +16 0.1409 Henning, 1907
10-90 0.1596 Fizeau, 1869
0-625 0.1607 Dittenberger, 1902
Diamond, see Carbon
Ebonite. 25-35 0.842 Kohlrausch
Emerald, parallel to axis. 0-85 -0.0135 Benoit
perpencficular to axis. . 0-85 +0.0100
Fluor spar, CaFa 0-100 0.195 Pfafif
Galena. 0.199
German silver 0-100 0.1836 Pfaff
60Cu, 15Ni, 25Zn
Glass
tube 0-100 0.0833 Fizeau
soft 0.085 Schott
i
hard 0.097
platQ 0-100 0.0891 Lavokier &Laplace
crown 0-100 0.0897
flint 50-60 0.0788 PuHrich
Jena thermometer
normal 0-100 0.081 Schott
59111 0-100 0.058
59111 -191 to +16 0.0424 Henning, 1907
Gold. -183 to+16 0.132 Griinelsen, 1910
16-100 0.143
0-100 0.1552 Matthiessen
2Au, IC _
Gold-platinum . 0-100 0.1523
2Au, IPt^
Granite. 0.083
Gim metal... 0.183 Nat: Phys. Lab.
Gutta percha. 1.983 Russner, 1882
Ice -20 to -1 0.510
-lOtoO .507 Vincent'1902*
Indium 40 .417 Fizeau, 1869
Invar, see Nickel steel
Iodine -188 to 16 1.837 Dewar, 1902
Indium -183 to +19 1.0571 Gruneisen, 1910
Iron -190 to+17 D.0907 Henning, 1907
soft. 40 .1210 Fizeau, 1869
cast. 40 .1061
cast. -190 to+161 .0850 Henning, 1907

385

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION (Continued)

Linear
The coefficient given is the increase in length per unit length (measured
at 0C.) per degree Centigrade.

Substance Temp. C. Coefficient Observer

Iron, wrought... -18 to+100 0.1140 X 10-4 Andrews

steel 40 0.1322 Fizeau, 1869
steel, annealed, 40 0.1095 Fizeau, 1869
steel, 1.2% C.. , 0-100 0.105 Le ChateUer. 1899
100-200 0.115
200-300 0.13
300-400 0.15
400-500 0.14
500-600 0.16
600-700 0.16
above 900 0.29
Lead. -183 to+14 0.2708 Griineisen, 1910
18-100 0.2940
Lead-tin O-lOO 0.2508 Smeaton
2Pb, ISn
Magnesium. -183 to +15 0.2140 GrUneisen, 1910
18-100 0.2608
cast. 20-100 0.2696 C. D. H., 1917
20-100 0.2673
0-13 0.22 GuiUaume, 1902
96A1, 4]V
86A1, 14 12-39 0.238 Stadhagen, 1901
Marble.. . 15-100 0.117 Frohlich
Masonry. 0.04-0.07
Mercury. . -183 to-39 0.30 Dewar,'1902* *"
-78 to -38 0.41 Gnrnmach, 1901
Nicke^ -191 to+16 0.1012 He&ning, 1907
40 0.1279 Fizeau
16-250 0.1397 Holborn & Day,
1901
375-1000 0.1346 Holborn & Day,
1901
Nickel steel
10% Ni 20 130 Nat. Phys. Lab.
20..... 20 195
30 20 120
36 (Invar) 20 009
40 20 060
50 20 097
80 20 125
Osmium 40 0657 Fizeau
Palladium 40 1176
0-100 1104 Matthiessen
Paraffine 0-16 066 RodweU
16-38 303
38r^9 771
Phosphorous. t 0-44 24 Laduc, 1891
Phosphor bronze, see Bronze
Platinum 40 0.0899 Fizeau
Platinimi iridium 40 0.0884 Fizeau
lOPt, llr
Platinum silver 0-100 0.1523 Matthi^sen
33Pt, 67Ag
Porcelain 20-790 0.0413 Braun
Ber^ 0-100 0.031 Holborn & Griin
eisen
Bayeux 0 0.025 Tuttoh, 1902
1000-1400 0.0553 Deville & Troost

386
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION (Continued)

Linear
The coefficient given is the increase in length per unit length (measured
at 0C.) per degree Centigrade.

Substance Temp. C. Coefficient Observer

Quartz (crystal)
parallel to axis. -190 to +16 ,0521 X 10-4 Scheel
0-80 .0797 Benoit, 1888
perpendicular to axis. 0-80 0 .1337
fused -191 to +16 00256 Henning, 1^7
0-30 .0042 Chappius, 1903
0-100 .0050 Scheel, 1907
0-800 .00546 Randall, 1910
" . i
0-1200 .00585
Rhpdiu^... 40 .0850 Fizeau
Rock salt.. 40 .4040
Rubidium.. 2-17 .862 Elsa Deuss, 1911
Ruthenium. 40 .0963 Blzeau
Sandstone.. 20 .07-0.12
Selenium... -180 to 0 .372 Dorseyi 1908 *" *
40 .3680 Fizeau
Silicon i 40 .0763
Silver.. -191 to +16 .1704 ^ Henning, 1907
20 .188 Voigt, 1893
Slate....... 20 .06-0.10
.Solder, see Lead-4in
Speculimi metal.... 20 0.193 Smeaton
68Cu, 32Sn
Sodium -188 to+17 0.622 Dewar, 1902
Sulphur, crystal 40 0.6413 Fizeau. 1869
Tellurium 40 0.1675
Thallium 40 0.3021
Tin -183 to+16 0.2257 Griineisen, 1910
18-100 0.2692
Top^z, axis a. 0-100 0.0832 Pfaff
" b. 0-100 0.0836
0-100 0.0472
Tourmaline
parallel to axis 0-100 0.0937
perpendicular to axis. 0-100 0.0773
Timgsten 20-100 0.0336 Colin, 1910
Type metal 17-254 0.1952 Daniell
Vulcanite. 0-18 0.6360 Mayer
Wood
parallel to fiber
ash 0-100 0951 Glatzel
beech 2-34 0257 ViUari
chestnut 2-34 0649
elm 2-34 0565
mahogany 2-34 0361
maple 2-34 0638
oak 2-34 0492
pine. 2-34 0541
walnut 2-34 0658
across fiber
beech 2-34 614
chestnut 2-34 325
film 2-34 443
mahogany 2-34 404
maple 2-34 484
oak 2-34 544
pme. . . 2-34 341
walnut. 2-34 484
Zinc. 180 to 0 264 Dorsey, 1908
10-100 2628 Thiesen, Scheel &
Sell, 1895
"isT^
y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

EQUATION FOR THE LINEAR EXPANSION OF SOLIDS

If h is the length at 0 C. the length at C. is -1^ (1+a<+/92).
The table gives the values of these coefficients.

Temp,
Substance. limits. . a. /5. Observer.
C.

Aluminum. 10-90 .2221X10'^ .114X10-7 Fizeau

Brass 10-90 .1781 .098 Fizeau
10-90 .1596 .102 Fizeau
8sr:::: 10-90 .1410 .042 Fizeau
Iron, pure. 0-38 .1145 .071 Guillaume
Lead. 10-90 .2829 .120 Fizeau
Nickel.. .. 0-38 .1255 .057 Guillaume
Platinum.. 0-1000 .0868 .013 Holborn and
Valentine
Silver 10-90 . 1862 .074 Fizeau
Tin. . . . . . 10-90 .2094 .175 Fizeau
Zinc 10-90 .2969 -.0635 Fizeau

CUBICAL EXPANSION OF SOLIDS

The coefficient of cubical expansion for a solid is approximately three
times the linear coefficient.
The experimental values for various solids are given in the following
table. The coefficient is the increase in volume per unit volume per degree
Centigrade.

Substance. Temp. C. Coefficient. Observer.

Antimony 0-100 0.3167X10-4 Matthieson

Bismuth 0.4000 Kopp
Diamond * *40 0.0354 Fizeau
Fluor spar 14-47 0.6235 Kopp
Glass, white tube. p-100 0.2648 Regnault
green tube..... 0-100 0.2299 Regnault
Jena O-lOO 0.2533 Reichsanstalt
Ice -20to-l 1.1250 Brunner
Iceland spar 50-60 0.1447 Pulfrich
Iron 0-100 0.3550 Dulong and Petit
Porcelain 0-100 0.1080 Deville and Troost
Quartz 50-60 0.3530 PuKrich
Rock salt 50-60 1.2120 Pulfrich

388
 CUBICAL EXPANSION OF LIQUIDS
The table gives the mean coefficient of cubical expansion for the range 0-100 C. and the values of the quantities a, $ and
in the equation 7<= 7o(l+a<+/3<2+7<'). ^
(From Smithsoman Tables.)

Temp.
Mean
Observer.

Liquid. coef.
Range C. 0-100 C. 8
16-107 .001433 1.0630X10-^ 0.1264X10- 1.0876X10-'Zander
Acetic acid.......... Zander 0
0-54 1616 1.3240 3.8090 0.8798
Acetone.
Alcohol: Pierre

1
-15 to +80 0.8900 0.6573 1.1846
amyl 1.7168 Kopp
0-80 1.0414 0.7836
ethyl, sp.gr. .8095 ...... 0.730 Recknagel
0-39 0.7450 1.850
ethyl, 50% by volume.. . 17.900 11.87 Recknagel Co
ethyl, 30% by volume... 18-39 0.2928
-38 to +70 1433 1.1856 1.5649 0.9111 Pierre 3
methyl. 0.8065 Kopp
11-81 1385 1.1763 1.2775
Benzene. Pierre
- 7 to +60 1168 1.0382 1.7114 0.5447
Bromine.
Calcium chloride: Decker

18-25 0506 0.0788 4.2742
CaCl2, 5.8% solution. .. Decker
CaCl2, 40 .9% solution . . 17-24 0510 0.4238 0.8571
1.9122 Pierre
s
-34 to +60 1468 1.1398 1.3706
Carbon disulphide Pierre
Chloroform
Ether
Glycerine
0-63
-15 to +38
1399 1.1071
2150 1.5132
0534 0.4853
4.6647
2.3592
0.4895
1.7433
4.0051 Pierre
Emo
i
09

Hydrochloric acid: Marignac

HCH-6.25H2O 0-30 0489 0.4460 0.430
0-30 0933 0.0625 8.710 Marignac
HCI+5OH2O..
 CUBICAL EXPANSION OF LIQUIDS (Continued)

Mean
Liquid. Temp.
coef. Observer.
Range C. O-lOO' C.

Mercury. 24-299 0.18182X10- 0.00078X10-6 Scheel

Olive oil.. .000742 0.6821 1.1405 -.539 XlO-8 Spring
Potassium chloride:
KCl, 2.5% solution..... 0572 Decker
KCl, 24.3% solution.... 0477 Decker
Potassium nitrate:
KNO3, 5.3% solution.. . 0539 Nicol
j KNO3, 21.9% solution.. 0577 Nicol
I Phenol, CeHeO 36-157 0899 0.8340 0.1073 0.4446 Pinette
Petroleum, sp.gr. 0.8467 24-120 1039 0.8994 1.396 Frankenheim
Sodium chloride, NaCl, 1.6%
solution 1067 0.0213 10.462 Marignac
Sodium sulphate, Na2S04,
24% solution 10-40 0611 0.3599 2.516 Marignac
Sodium nitrate, NaNOa,
36.2% solution 20-78 0627 0.5408 1.075 Nicol
Sulphuric acid:
HaSO^ 0-30 0489 0.5758 0.864 Marignac
H2SO4+5OH2O 0-30 0799 0.2835 5.160 Marignac
Turpentine -9 to +106 1051 0.9003 1.959 Kopp
Water 0-33 -.0643 8.505 6.790 Scheel
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

COEFFICIENTS OF EXPANSION OF GASES AT

CONSTANT PRESSURE
Change in volume per unit volume per degree Centigrade.
(From Smithsonian Tables.)

Pressure
Temp. Coeffi Observer.
Gas. in cm. of cient.
mercury.

Acetylene. 0 76. .003772 Leduc, 1912

Acetylene 0-100 76. 3739 Leduc, 1912
Air. 0-100 76. 3670 Regnault, 1842
Air...., 0-100 100.1 36728 Chappuis, 1903
Ammonia 0 76. 3860 Leduc, 1912
Ammonia. 0-100 76. 3800 Leduc, 1912
Carbon dioxide.... 0 76. 3751 Leduc, 1912
Carbon dioxide... 0-100 76. 3723 Leduc, 1912
Carbon dioxide.... 0-20 51.8 37128 Chappuis, 1903
Carbon dioxide 0-40 51.8 37100 Chappuis, 1903
Carbon dioxide.... 0-100 51.8 37073 Chappuis, 1903
Carbon dioxide 0-20 99.8 37602 Chappuis, 1903
Carbon dioxide.... 0-100 99.8 37410 Chappuis, 1903
Carbon dioxide.. .. 0-20 137.7 37972 Chappuis, 1903
Carbon dioxide 0-100 137.7 37703 Chappuis, 1903
Carbon dioxide 0-7.5 2621. 1097 Baly-Ramsay, 1894
Carbon dioxide 64-100 2621. 6574 Baly-Ramsay, 1894
Carbon monoxide.. 0-100 76. 3669 Regnault, 1842
Chlorine 0 76. 3900 Leduc, 1912
Chlorine. 0-100 76. 3830 Leduc, 1912
Cyanogen .'... 0 76. 396 Leduc, 1912
Cyanogen.... 0-100 76. 387 Leduc, 1912
Hydrochloric acid.. 0 76. 3770 Leduc, 1912
Hydrochloric acid.. O-lOO 76. 3734 Leduc, 1912
Hydrogen 0-100 100.0 36600 Chappuis, 1903
Hydrogen O-lOO 200. atm 332 Amagat, 1890
Hydrogen 0-100 400. atm 295 Amagat, 1890
Hydiogen 0-100 600. atm 261 Amagat, 1890
Hydrogen 0-100 800. atm 242 Amagat, 1890
Nitrogen 0 76. 3673 Leduc, 1912
Nitrogen 0-100 76. 3671 Leduc, 1912
Nitrous oxide 0-100 76. 3719 Regnault, 1842
Oxygen 0-100 100. atm 486 Amagat
Oxygen 0-100 200. atm 534 Amagat
Oxygen 0-100 400. [atm 459 Amagat
Oxygen 0-100 600. atm 357 Amagat
Oxygen 0-100 800. atm 288 Amagat
0-100 1000. atm 241 Amagat
Sulphur dioxide. . 0-100 76. 3903 Regnault, 1842
Sulphur dioxide. . 98. 3980 Regnault, 1842
Water vapor o^iio 76. 4187 Hirn, 1862
Water vapor 0-141 76. 4189 Hirn, 1862
Water vapor 0-162 76. 4071 ' Hirn, 1862
Water vapor 0-200 76. 3938 Hirn, 1862
Water vapor 0-247 76. 3799 Hirn. 1862

391

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION OF GASES AT

CONSTANT VOLUME
Change in pressure per unit pressure per degree Centigrade.
(From Smithsonian Tables.)

Gas.
Temp. Pressure Coeffi
^C cm. of Hg. cient. Observer.

Acetylene. 0 76. 003741 Leduc, 1912

Acetylene. O-lOO 76. 3726 Leduc, 1912
Air .6 37666 Meleander, 1890-92
Air. . . . . . . 1.3 37127 Meleander, 1890-92
Air 10.0 36630 Meleander,. 1890-92
Air . . . . . . 25.4 36580 Meleander, 1890-92
Air 75.2 36660 Meleander, 1890-92
Air 0-100 100.1 36744 Chappuis, 1903
Air 76.0 36650 Regnault, 1842
Air 200.0 36903 Regnault, 1842
Air 2000. 38866 Regnault, 1842
Air. 10000. 4100 Regnault, 1842
Ammonia.. 0 76. 3800 Leduc, 1912
Ammonia.. Q-lOO 76. 3770 Leduc, 1912
Argon.... 51.7 Keunen-Randall,
1896
Carbon dioxide 0-20 51.8 36985 Chappuis, 1903
Carbon dioxide.. .. 0-40 51.8 36972 Chappuis, 1903
Carbon dioxide 0-100 51.8 36981 Chappuis, 1903
Carbon dioxide.... 0-20 99.8 37335 Chappuis, 1903
Carbon dioxide.. .. 0-100 99.8 37262 Chappuis, 1903
Carbon dioxide 0-100 100.0 37248 Chappuis, 1892
Carbon dioxide.. .. 0 76. 3724 Leduc, 1912
Carbon dioxide.. .. 0-100 76. 3714 Leduc, 1912
Carbon monoxide.. 76. 36667 Regnault, 1842
Cyanogen 6 76. 3870 Leduc, 1912
Cyanogen 0-100 76. 3830 Leduc, 1912
Ethane 0 76. 3780 Leduc, 1912
Ethane. 0-100 76. 3750 Leduc, 1912
Helium 56.7 3665 Keunen-Randall,
1896
Hydrochloric acid. . , 76. 3740 Leduc, 1912
Hydrochloric acid. . , 0-100 76. 3721 Leduc, 1912
Hydrogen 0 76. Leduc, 1912
Hydrogen 0-100 76. 3664 Leduc, 1912
Hydrogen 16-132 .0077 3328 Baly-Ramsay, 1894
Hydrogen 15-132 .025 3623 Baly-Ramsay, 1894
Hydrogen. 12-105 .47 3656 Baly-Ramsay, 1894
Hydrogen 0-100 100.0 36626 Chappuis, 1903
Methane 0 76. 3680 Leduc, 1912
Methane 0-100 76. 3678 Leduc, 1912
Nitrogen, 0 76. 3672 Leduc, 1912
Nitrogen 0-100 76. 3672 Leduc, 1912
Nitrogen 13-132 .06 3021 Baly-Ramsay, 1894
Nitrogen 9-133 .53 3290 Baly-Ramsay, 1894
Nitrogen 0-20 100.2 36754 Chappuis, 1903
Nitrogen 0-100 100.2 36744 Chappuis, 1903
Oxygen 0 76. 3673 Leduc, 1912
Oxygen 0-100 76. 3672 Leduc, 1912
Oxygen 11-132 .007 4161 Baly-Ramsay, 1894
Oxygen 9-132 .25 3984 Baly-Ramsay, 1894
Oxygen 11-132 .51 3831 Baly-Ramsay, 1894
Oxygen 1.9 36683 Meleander, 1891
Oxygen 18.5 36690 Meleander, 1891
Nitrous oxide 76. 3676 Regnault, 1842
Sulphur dioxide, SO2. 76. 3845 Regnault, 1842
392
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
REDUCTION OF GAS VOLUME

0 3 7 8 9

1.0037 1.0073 1.0110 1.0147 1.0183 1.0220 1.0257 1.0294 1.0330

00 1.0000
10 1.0367 1.0404 1.0440 1.0477 1.0514 1.0550 1.0587 1.0624 1.0661 1.0697
1.0771 1.0807 1.0844 1.0881 1.0917 1.0954 1.0991 1.1028 1.1064
20 1.0734
1.1138 1.1174 1.1211 1.1248 1.1284 1.1321 1.1358 1.1395 1.1431
30 1.1101
1.1505 1.1541 1.1578 1.1615 1.1651 1.1688 1.1725 1.1762 1.1798
40 1.1468
1.1872 1.1908 1.1945 1.1982 1.2018 1.2055 1.2092 1.2129 1.2165
60 1.1835
1.2239 1.2275 1.2312 1.2: 1.2385 1.2422 1.2459 1.2496 1.2532
60 1.2:
1.2606 1.2642 1.2679 1.2716 1.2752 1. 1.2826 1.2863 1.2899
70 1.2569
1.2973 1.3 1.3046 1.3 1.3119 1.3156 1.3193 1.3230 1.3266
80 1.2
1.3340 1.3376 1.3413 1.3450 1.3486 1.3523 1.3560 1.3597 1.3633
90 1.3
1.3707 1.3743 1.3780 1.3817 1.3853 1.3890 1.3927 1.3964 1.4000
100 1.3670
1.4074 1.4110 1.4147 1.4184 1.4 1.4257 1.4294 1.4331 1.4367
110 1.4037
120 1.4404
Values of H/760 fob Pressures from 700 to 780 ^mm. of Mercury.
3 8

700 0.9211 0.9224 0.9237 0.9250 0.9263 0.9276 0.9289 0.9303 0.9316 0.9329
710 0.9342 0.9355 0.9368 0.9382 0.9395 0.9408 0.9421 0.9434 0.9447 0.9461
720 0.9474 0.9487 0.9500 0.9513 0.9526 0.9539 0.9553 0.9566 0.9579 0.9592
730 0.9605 0.9618 0.9632 0.9645 0.9658 0.9671 0.9684 0.9697 0.9711 0.9724
0.9756 0.9763 0.9776 0.9789 0.9803 0.9816 0.9829 0.9842 0.9855
740 0.9737
0.9882 0.9895 0.9908 0.9921 0.9934 0.9947 0.9961 0.9974 0.9987
750 0.9868
760 1.0000 1.0013 1.0026 1.0039 1.0053 1.0066 1.0079 1.0 1.0105 1.0118
770 1.0132 1.0145 1.0158 1.0171 1.0184 1.0197 1.0211 1.0224 1.0237 1.0250
780 1.0263

SPECIFIC HEAT OF WATER AND MERCURY

Values for water from 0-100 C. are the mean of various determinations
including .Calendar and Blonsfield, 1912; above 100, Regnault's values
recomputed by Guillaume, 1912. , ^
Values for mercury 0-80 C. due to Barnes and Cooke; 90-140 , mean
of Winkelmann, Naccari and Milthaler; above 140, mean of Naccan
and Milthaler.

Temp. Temp. Water. Mercury.

Water. Mercury.
C. C.

0 1.00874 .03346 80 1.00239 .03284

5 1.00477 .03340 85 1.00329
10 1.00184 .03335 90 1.00433 .03277
15 1.00000 .03330 95 1.00534
20 0.99859 .03325 100 1.00645 .03269
25 0.99765 .03320 110 1.0116 .03262
30 0.99745 .03316 120 1.0144 .03255
35 0.99743 .03312 130 1.0174 .03248
40 0.99761 .03308 140 1.0206 .03241
45 0.99790 150 1.0240 .0324
60 0.99829 .03300 160 1.0275
55 0.99873 170 1.0313 .0322
60 0.99934 .03294 180 1.0353
65 1.00001 190 1.0395 .0320
70 1.00077 .03289 200 1.0439
75 1.00158
393
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

SPECIFIC HEAT OF ELEMENTS

Element. Temp. C. Specific heat,

Observer.
Cal./gm.

Aluminum. -240.6 0.0092 Nemst, 1911

-233. 0.0165
_iQn 0.0889
-190 to ^82 0.1466 Koref, 1911
n
-76 to -1 0.1962
17-100 0.217 Schimpff, 1910
15-435 0.236 Tilden, 1902
500 0.274 Bontschew
Antimony. -186 to -79 0.0462 Behn, 1900
-188 to +20 0.0468 Richards & Jackson,
1910
20 0.0503 Gaede, 1902
it
100 0.0513
200 0.0520 Naccari, 1887
300 0.0537
Arsenic, gray,
crystal . 0-100 0.0822 Wigand, 1903
black amor... 0-100 0.0861
-188 to +20 0.0704 Richards & Jackson,
1910
Barium -185 to +20 0.068 Nordmeyer-Ber-
nouli, 1907
Beryllium 0-100 0.425 Nilson & Pettersson,
1880 ,
Bismuth -188 to +20 0.0284 Richards & Jackson,
1910
-79 to +17 0.0285 Schimpff, 1910
17-100 0.0303
liquid 280-360 0.0363 Peraon
Boron, amor -191 to-78 0.071 Koref, 1911
u
-78-0 0.165
0-100 0.307 Moissan & Gautier
u
0-234 0.357
Bromine, solid... -191 to -81 0.070 Koref, 1911
-78 to -20 0.084 Regnault, 1849
liquid.., 1-32 0.107 Andrews, 1848
Cadmium. -186 to -79 0.0498 Behn, 1910
a
-79 to +18 0.0537
20 0.0549 Gaede, 1902
u
100 0.0566
200 0.0594 Naccari, 1887
300 0.0617
Caesium., 0-26 0.048 Eckardt & Graefe,
1900
Calcium. -185 to +20 0.157 Nordmeyer & Ber-
nouli, 1906
0-20 0.145 Bernini, 1907

V
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
SPECIFIC HEAT OF ELEMENTS (Contiimed)
Specific heat, Observer.
Element. Temp. C. Cal./gm.

Calcium 0-157 0.152 ]Bernini, 1907

Carbon:
gas carbon. 24-68 0.204 ]Bettendorff & Wiill-
ner

charcoal. 0-24 0.165 ^Weber, 1875

graphite. -243 0.005 ;Nemst, 1911
it
-203 0.0175
-188 to -78 0.060 Dewar, 1905
11 0.160 Weber, 1875
it
138 0.254
It
642 0.445
diamond. -233 0.0005 Nernst, 1911
It
-185 0.0025
-188 to -78 0.019 Dewar, 1905
ti
-78 to +18 0.079
11 0.113 Weber, 1875
it
140 0.222
it
247 0.303
it
606 0.441
Cerium......... 0-100 0.0448 HiUebrand, 1876
0-24 0.226 Knietsch
Chlorine, liquid.
Chromium -188 to +20 0.0793 Richards & Jackson,
1910
-79 to +17 0.098 Schimpff, 1910
ti
17-100 0.110
100 0.112 Adler, 1903
it
4-00 0.133
Cobalt. -188 to +20 0.0827 Richards & Jackson,
1910
15-100 0.1035 TUden, 1900
15-185 0.1047 " 1902
300 0.121 Gobi, 1911
ti
(0.145
*508
to.125 it

it
800 0.160
it .
1000 0.184
ti
. (0.270
=^1112 ti
10.170
Copper. -253 0.0031 Nernst, 1911
a
0.029
ti
0.047
0.0788 Richards & Jackson,
1910
0.0883 Behn, 1900
0.0912 Gaede, 1902
0.0930^) Bartoli & Stracciati

Temperaturesof Transformation.
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

SPECIFIC HEAT OF ELEMENTS (Continued)

Element. Temp. "C. Specific heat,
Cal./gm. Observer.

Copper:
IOC1 0.0942 Gaede, 1900
200 0.0963 Naccari, 1887
900 0.1259 Richards, 1893
Didymium.... O-lOO 0.046 HiUebrand, 1876
Gallium, liquid. 13-110 0.080
solid 12-23 0.079
Germanium O-lOO 0.074
Uus, 1881
Glucinium. 0-46 0.397 filson & Pel
1880
0-300 0.505
1880
Gold. . -188 to 20 0.0297 Lichard
1910
-79 to +17 0.0297
0-100 0.0316
17-100 0.031
0-900 0.0345 ^
Hy(^ogen, liq. -253 6.0 ]
Indium -186 to -79 0.0263 ]
-79 to +18 0.0303
18-100 0.0323
Iodine. -243 0.031 I
-193 0.043
-189 to -76 0.0467 1910
-76-0 0.0516
9-98 0.054 1
liquid 107-180 0.108 I
1863
Iridium. -186 to -79 0.0263 I
-79 to +18 0.0302
18-100 0.0323
0-900 0.0371 \
iron -186 to -79 0.0721 I
-79 to +18 0.1000
18-100 0.113
300 0.138
0-650 0.138 V
650 0.195
850 0.23
cast 20-100 0.1189 S
wrought 15-100 0.1152 JN
hard drawn.. 20-100 0.1146 E
Lanthanum 0-100 0.0448 E

V
 HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
SPECIFIC HEAT OF ELEMENTS (Contintted)
Specific heat, Observer.
Element.' Temp, C. Cal./gm.

Lead. -253 0.0120 :Nemst, 1911

a
-233 0.0220
a
-173 0.0275
-192 to +20 0.0293 Schmitz, 1903
-186 to -79 0.0291 Behn, 1910
it
^ -79 to +18 0.0300
20-100 0.0305 Schmitz, 1903
100 0.0313 Gaede, 1902
300 0.0338 Naccari, 1887
liquid. 360 0.0410 Spring, 1886
Lithium. -191 to -80 0.52 Koref, 19ir
-100 0.5997 Laemmel, 1905
n
0 0.7951
u
50 0.^3
100 1.0407
ti
190 1.3745
0-100 1.09 Bernini, 1907
M^esium. -185 to +20 0.222 Nordmeyer-Ber-
nouli, 1907
-186 to -79 0.189 Behn, 1900
ti
- 79 to +18 0.233
17-100 0.248 Schimpff, 1910
325 0.3235 Stlicker, 1905
625 0.4352
Manganese. -188 to +20 0.093 Richards & Jackson,
1910
-100 0.0979 Laenmiel, 1905
It
0 0.1072
it
100 0.1143
325 Stiicker, 1905
Mercury:
solid... -213 0.0266 PoUitzer, 1911
-183 0.0285
-185 to +20 0.032 Nordmeyer-Ber-
nouli, 1907
-78 to -40 0.0315 Regnault, 1849
liquid. 0 0.03346>Barnes&Cooke,1903
. H ti
20 0.0332
1 t(
40 0.0330S
60 0.03295\ tt
100 0.0328 Naccari, 1888
tt ^
200 0.0323
tt
250 0.0321
Molybdenum. -185 to +20 0.062 Nordmeyer-Ber-
nouli, 1907

397
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

SPECIFIC HEAT OF ELEMENTS (Continued)

Element. Temp. 'C. Specific heat

Cal./gm. Observer.

Molybdenum:
15-93 0.072 Guichard & Defacqz,
1901
60 0.0647 Stiicker, 1905
a
475 0.0750
Nickel. -185 to +20 0.092 Nordmeyer-Ber-
nouli, 1907
-186 to -79 0.0743 Behn, 1900
{(
-79 to +18 0.0983
15-100 0.1089 Tilden, 1900
100 0.1128 Pionchon, 1886
o-ax) 0.1140 Weiss & Beck, 1908
0-400 0.1256
0-800 0.131
Nitrogen, liquid. -208 to-196 0.0284 Alt, 1904
Osmium 19-98 0.311 Regnault
Oxygen, liquid. . -200 to -183 0.35 idrews
lium...... -186 to +18 0.0528 Behn, 1900
-79 to +18 0.0567
O-lOO 0.0592 VioUe, 1878
0-500 0.0632
0-900 0.0672
Phosphorus, yel
low -188 to +20 0.169 Richards & Jackson,
1910 /
-186 to +20 0.17- Nordmeyer-Ber-
nouli, 1907
7-30 0.190 Regnault
red.... 0-51 0.1829 Wiegand, 1906
Platiniun. -180 to +18 0.0293 Behn, 1900
15-100 0.03224 Bartoli & Stracciati,
1895
0-500 0.0347 VioUe, 1878
100 0.0275 Tilden, 1903
500 0.0356 White
600 0.0344
800 0.0369
1000 0.0382
1200 0.0398
1500 0.0368
Potassium. -185 to +20 0.170 Nordmeyer-Ber-
nouli, 1907
0-22 0.188 Bernini, 1906
22-56 0.192
liquid ... 78-100 0.217
100-157 0.224

398
V
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
SPECIFIC HEAT OF ELEMENTS (Contiatted)
Specific heat, Observer.
Element. Temp. C. CaL/gm.

Rhodium 10-97 0.0580 Regnault, 1861

Ruthenium. .. 0-100 0.061 Bunsei^ 1870
Selenium.. . ., -188 to +18 0.068
crystal^ 22-^3 0.084 Bettendorf&Wullner
Silicon -185 to +20 0.123 Nordmeyer-Ber-
nouli, 1907
amorphous. -190 to -80 0.091 RusseU, 1912
-79 to +17 0.147 Schimpff, 1910
3-50 0.179 Russell, 1912
crystal. -40 0.136 Weber, 1875
21 0.170
129 0.196
Silver -186 to -70 0.0496 Behn, 1900
a
-79 to +18 0.0544
-233 0.0175 Nemst, 1911
0.040

-193
15-100 0.05625 Bartoli & Stracciati,
1895
500 0.0581 Tilden, 1900
800 0.076 Pionchon, 1886
((

fluid. 907-1100 0.0748

Sodium. -185 to +20 0.253 N ordmeyer-Ber-
nouli, 1907
-80 0.266 Thum, 1906
-40 0.279
0 0.293
100 0.323
Sulphur. .. -188 to +18 0.137
rhombic, 0-54 0.1728 Wiegand, 1906
monocl.. 0-52 0.1809
liquid... 119-147 0.235 Naccari, 1887
Tantalum. -185 to +20 0.033 Nordmeyer-Ber-
nouh, 1907
58 0.036 V. Bolton, 1905
1400 0.043
Tellurium. -188 to +18 0.047
crystal.. 15-100 0.0483 Kopp, 1865
15-300 0.0490 Tilden, 1904
Thallium. -185 to +20 0.038 N ordmeyer-Ber-
nouli, 1907
20-100 0.0326 Schmitz, 1903
Thoriimi. 0-100 0.0276 Nilson, 1883
Tin -186 to -79 0.0486 Behn, 1900
ti
79 to +18 0.0518
20 0.0541 Gaede, 19t)2

399
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

SPECIFIC HEAT OF ELEMENTS (Cantmued)

Element. Temp. C. Specific heat,

Cal./gm. Observer.

Tin
100 0.0565 Gaede, 1902
liquid.. 250-350 0.0608 Honchon, 1887
(C
1100 0.0758
^.gray... 0-18 0.0589 Wigand, 1907
Titanium -185 to +20 0.082 N ordmeyer-Ber-
nouli, 1907
20 0.142 Weiss, 1910
Tungsten -185 to +20 0.036 N ordmeyer-Ber-
nouli, 1907
15-93 0.034 Guichard & Defacqz,
1901
20-100 0.034 Gin, 1908
Uranium. 0-98 0.028 Blumcke, 1885
11-98 0.062 Regnault, 1840
Vanadium. 0-100 0.1153 Mache, 1897
Zinc -192 to +20 0.0836 Schmitz, 1903
-186 to -79 0.080 Behn, 1900
-79 to +18 0.0895 it

-233 0.0268 Nemst, 1911

-193 0.063
20 0.0924 Gaede, 1900
H
100 0.0951
300, 0.1040 Naccari, 1887
Zirconium. 0-100 0.0660 Mixter^Dana, 1873
0-100 0.068 Wedekind & Lewis,
1910

COLOR SCALE OF TEMPERATURE

This table is the result of an effort to mterpret in terms of thermometric
readings, the commonexpressionsused in describing temperatures. It is obvi
ous that the values are only approximations.

Color. Tem^ature,

Incipient red heat... 500-550

Dark red heat 650-750
Bright red heat..... 850-950
Yellowish red heat .. 1050-1150
Incipient white heat. 1250-1350
White heat 1450-1550

400

V
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

SPECIFIC HEAT OF VARIOUS SOLIDS

Values &ven in calories per gram.

Substance. Temp. C. p. heat. Observer.

Alloys, bell metal.. 15-98 0.0858 Regnault

brass, red 0 .08991 Lorenz
brass, yellow.. .. 0 .08831 Lorenz
Germaa silver... 0-100 .09464 Tomlinson
Asbestos 20-98 .195 Ukich
Basalt . . . . . . . 20-100 .20 Mean
Calespar . . ....... 0-100 .2005 Lindner
Carborundum.. ... 3-44 .162
Cellulose, dry..... .37 Mean
Cement, powder... 200-10 .20
Chalk....... 20-99 .214 Regnault
Charcoal..... 10 .16 Weber, 1875 ^
Clay, dry.. 20-100 .22 Mean
Ebonite. 20-100 .40 Louguinine,1882
Glass, normal ther
mometer . .. 19-100 .1988 Wachsmuth
crown. 10-50 .161 KH. Meyer
flint . 10-50 .117 H. Meyer
Granite.... 12-100 .192 Joly
Ice -200 .168 Nernst, 1910
-180 .199 Nemst, 1910
-160 .230 Nernst, 1910
-140 .262' Nernst, 1910
-100 .325 Nernst, 1910
- 60 .392 Nernst, 1910
- 20 .480 Nemst, 1910
- 10 .530 Nernst, 1910
India rubber (Para) ?-100 .481 Gee and Terry
Leather, dry .36
Marble 0-100 .21
Mica (Mg)..... 20-98 .2061 Ulrich
Paraffin 0-20 .6939 R. W. Weber
Porcelain 15-950 .26 Barker, 1905
Quartz 12-100 .188 Joly
Rock-salt....... 13-45 .219 Kopp
20 .274 Hess, 1888
Vulcanite. 20-100 .3312 A. M. Mayer
Wood... . .42

401
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

SPECIFIC HEAT OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS (Cont

Values given in calories per ^am.

Element. Temp. C. Sp. heat. Observer.

Phosphorus, red... 0-51 0.1829 Wiegand, 1906

yellow 13-36 .202 Wiegand, 1906
Platinum -186-+18 .0293 Behn, 1898-1900
Platinum 0-100 .0323 Violle, 1878
Platinum. 500 .0356 White, 1909
Rhodium 10-97 .0580 Regnault, 1840-1861
Silver 0-100 .0559 Bunsen, 1870-1887
Silver 500 .0581 Tilden, 1900-1903
Sulphur, rhombic.. 0-54 .1728 Wiegand, 1906
monoclinic 0-52 .1809 Wiegand, 1906
Tin, cast. 21-109 .0551 Spring, 1886-1895
Titanium 0-100 .1125 Nilson-Pettersson, 1887
Tungsten 0-100 .0336 Mache, 1897
Uranium 0-98 .028 Blumcke, 1885
Vanadium 0-100 .1153 Mache, 1897
Zinc 0-100 .0935 Bunsen, 1870-1887
Zinc 300 .1040 Naccari, 1887-88
SPECIFIC HEAT FOR AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
Giving the specific heat referred to that of water at the same temperature.
Concentration of the solutions is stated as the number of molecules of water to
each molecule of the solutes (anhydrous.)
Values from Marignac, Thomsen and others.

Concentration

Substance
C.
25 50 100

Acetic acid.. ^ . . . . 21-52 0.957 0.977 0.987

Aluminum sulphate 21-53 0.870
Anmionium acetate 17.5 6.*9ii 0.951 0.976
chloride 18 0.881 0.937 0.966
hydroxide. 18 0.999
nitrate 18 0.880 0.929 0.962
sulphate 19-51 0.803 0.879 0.933
Barium chloride. . . 2^27 0.780 0.875
Cadmium sulphate. 12 0.696 0.813 0.893
Calcium acetate. . . 22-52 0.896 0.939
chloride 21-51 0.754 0.851 0.917
nitrate 21-51 0.760 0.846 0.911
Chromic acid 21-53 0.825 0.896 0.942
Copper chloride. . . 19-51 0.779 0.864 0.920
nitrate 18-50 0.826 a 899
sulphate 18-23 0.841 0.908
Ferric chloride.... 0-98 6.'666 0.750 0.854

402
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

SPECIFIC HEAT OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

(Continued)
Givingthe specific heat referred to that of water at the same temperatures.
Concentration of the solutions is stated as the number of molecules of water to
* each molecule of the solutes (anhydrous).
Values from Marignac, Thomsen and others.

^ Concentration.
Temp.
Substance. -c.
25 50 100

Hydrochloric acid... 18 0.932 0.964

Lactic acid 16.5 0.947 0.970 0.982
Lead acetate 18-51 0.682 0.794 0.881
nitrate. 18-51 0.750 0.851
Lithium chloride 11 0.941 0.973
^ hydroxide 13 , 0.958 0.978
Ma^esiimi chloride. 22-52 6*772 0.866 0.923
nitrate 19-51 0.832 0.903
Sulphate. 18 0.857 0.917
Manganese chloride. 0-98 6!787 0.861 0.914
nitrate 19-51 0.832 0.903
sulphate. . 19-51 0.844 0.912
Nickel chloride... .. 24-55 6.735 0.831 0.902
nitrate 24r-55 0.717 0.823 0.895
sulphate 25^56 0.837 0.910
Nitric acid 18 0.930 0.963
OxaUc acid 20-52 0.942 0.965
Potassixmi bromide . 20-51 0.769 0.864 0.925
carbonate 21-52 0.760 0.851 0.916
chloride 18 0.828 0.904 0.948
chromate 20-51 0.810 0.890
hydroxide 18 0.916 0.954
iodide 20-51 0.715 0.830 0.906
nitrate 18-23 0.832. 0.900 0.943
oxalate 21-52 0.839 0.908
sulphate 19-52 0.902
Silver nitrate 25-52 6.* 756 6.* 849 0.913
Sodium acetate 18 0.938 0.965
bromide 20-52 0.809 0.886 0.939
carbonate 21-52 0.865 0.907 0.943
chloride 18 0.880 0.931 0.962
chromate. . . . . . . 21-52 0.781 0 856 0.913
hydroxide 18 0.908 0.942 0.968
iodide 20-51 0.749 0.850 0.917
nitrate 18 0.863 0.918 0.950
sulphate..... 21-52 0.819 0.878 0.960
Strontium chloride. 21-26 . . . . .
0.814 0.894
nitrate. . 19-51 0.817 0.890^
Sulphuric acid 21 0.854 0.915 0.956
Zinc chloride 19-51 0.796 0.884 0.933
nitrate 20-52 0.718 0.823 0.899
sulphate 20-52 0.842 0.911

403
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

SPECIFIC HEAT OF GASES

Giving the specific heat of gases at constant pressure in calories per
gram and the ratio of the specific heat at constant pressuie to that at con- ^
stant volume.
Values are for atmospheric pressure.
(Selected from Smithsonian Tables.)

Specific heat at con

stant pressure. Ratio of specific heats.
Gas or vapor.
Temp. p. ht. Temp. Ratio
Obs.* Obs*
Cp/Cv

Acetone. 26-110 .3468 W

Air 0-100 .2374 R
Air 0-200 ,2375 R
Air. 20-630 2429 A
Alcohol 108-220 4534 R 53 1.133 J
Ammonia 23-100 5202 W 0 1.3172 Wr
Argon 20-90 1233 D 0 1.667 N
Benzol 34-115 2990 W 20 1.403 P
Bromine 83-228 0555 R 20-388 1.293 S
Carbon dioxide 15-100 2025 R
Carbon monoxide... 23-99 2425 W 0 1.403 Wr
Carbon disluphide.. 86-190 1596 R 3.67 1.205 B
Chlorine 13-202 1241 R 20-340 1.323 S
Chloroform 27-118 1441 W 22-78 1.102 B
Ether 25-111 4280 W 12-20 1.024 L
Hydrochloric acid. . 13-100 1940 S 20 1.389 S
Hydrogen 12-198 4090 R
Hydrogen sulphide.. 20-206 2451 R 10-40 1.276 Mr
Methane 18-208 5929 R 11-30 1.316 Mr
Nitrogen 0-200 2438 R 1.41 C
1
Nitric oxide 13-172 2317 R
Nitrous oxide 16-207 2262 R 0 1.311 Wr
Oxygen. 13-207 2175 R 5-14 1.3977 L-P
Sulphur dioxide.... 16-202 1544 R 16-34 1.256 Mr i
Water vapor 0 4655 T 78 1.274 B
Water vapot 100 421 T 94 1.33 J
Water vapor 180 51 T

A Austin L Low R Regnault

B Beyme L-P Lummer & Pringsheim f S Strecker
C Cazin Mr Muller T Thiesen
D Dittenberger N Niemeyer W Wiedemann
J Jaeger P Pagliani Wr Wttllner

404
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

BOILING-POINT OF WATER'
(Hydrogen Scale)
Tenths of millimeters
mni-
.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

700 97.714 718 722 725 729 733 7^7 741 745 749
701 753 757 761 765 769 773 777 781 785 789
702 792 796 800 804 808 812 816 820 824 828
703 832 836 840 844 847 851 855 859 863 867
704 871 875 879 883 887 891 895 899 902 906

705 97.910 914 918 922 926 930 934 938 942 946
706 949 953 957 961 965 969 973 977 981 985
707 989 993 996 *000 *004 *008 *012 *016 *020 *024
708 98.028 032 036 040 043 047 051 055 059 063
709 067 071 075 079 082 086 090 094 098 102

710 98.106 110 114 118 121 125 129 133 137 141
711 145 149 153 157 160 164 168 172 176 180
712 184 188 192 195 199 203 207 211 215 219
713 223 227 230 234 238 242 246 250 254 258
714 261 265 269 273 277 281 285 289 292 296

715 98.300 304 308 312 316 320 323 327 331 335
716 339 343 347 351 355 358 362 366 370 374
717 378 382 385 389 393 397 401 405 409 412
718 416 420 424 428 432 436 440 443 447 451
719 455 459 463 467 470 474 478 482 486 490

720 98.493 497 501 505 509 513 517 520 524 528
721 532 536 540 544 547 551 555 559 563 567
722 570 574 578 582 586 590 593 597 601 605
723 609 613 617 620 624 628 632 636 640 643
.724 647 651 655 659 662 666 670 674 678 682

725 98.686 689 693 697 701 705 709 712 716 720
726 724 728 732 735 739 743 747 751 755 758
727 762 766 770 774 777 781 785 789 79a 797
728 800 804 808 812 816 819 823 827 831 835
729 838 842 846 850 854 858 861 865 869 873

730 . 98.877 880 884 888 892 896 899 903 907 911
731 915 918 922 926 930 934 937 941 945 949
732 953 956 -^60 964 968 972 975 979 983 987
733 991 994 998 *002 *006 *010 *013 *017 *021 *025
734 99.029 032 036 040 044 048 051 055 059 063

735 99.067 070 074 078 082 085 089 093 097 101
736 104 108 112 116 119 123 127 131 135 138
737 142 146 150 153 157 161 165 169 172 176
738 180 184 187 191 195 199 203 206 210 214
739 218 221 225 229 233 236 240 244 248 252

740 99.255 259 263 267 270 274 278 282 285 289
741 293 297 300 304 308 312 316 319 323 327
742 331 334 338 342 346 349 353 357 361 364
743 368 372 376 379 383 387 391 394 398 402
744 406 409 413 417 421 424 428 432 436 439

745 99.443 447 451 454 458 462 466 469 473 477
746 481 484 488 492 495 499 503 507 510 514
747 518 522 525 529 533 537 540 544 548 551
748 = 555 559 563 566 570 574 578 581 585 589
749 592 596 600 604 607 611 615 619 622 626

See also under Vapor Tension.

405
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

BOILING-POINT OF WATER (Continued)

(Hydrogen Scale)
Tenths of millimeters

mm.
.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

750 99.630 633 637 641 61,5 648 652 656 659 663
751 667 671 674 678 682 686 689 693 697 700
752 704 708 712 715 719 723 726 730 734 738
753 741 745 749 752 756 760 764 767 771 775
754 778 782 786 790 793 797 801 804 808 812

755 99.815 819 823 827 830 834 838 841 845 849
756 852 856 860 863 867 871 875 878 882 886
757 889 893 897 900 904 908 911 915 919 923
. 758 926 930 934 937 941 945 948 952 956 959
759 963 967 970 974 978 982 985 989 993 996

760 100.000 004 007 Oil 015 018 022 026 029 033
761 037 040 044 048 052 055 059 063 066 070
762 074^ 077 081 085 088 092 096 099 103 107
763 110 114 118 121 125 129 132 136 140 143
764 "147 151 154 158 162 165 169 173 176 180

765 100.184 187 191 195 198 202 206 209 213 216
766 220 224 227 231 235 238 242 246 249 253
767 257 260- 264 268 271 275 279 283 286 290
768 293 297 300 304 308 311 315 319 322 326
769 330 333 337 341 344 348 352 355 359 363

770 100.366 370 373 377 381 384 388 392 395 399
771 403 406 410 414 417 421 424 428 432 435
772 439 442 446 450 453 457 461 464 468 472
773 475 479 483 486 490 493 497 501 504 508
774 511 515 519 522 526 530 533 537 540 544

775 100.548 551 555 559 562 566 569 573 577 580
776 584 588 591 595 598 602 606 609 613 616
777 620 624 627 631 634 638 642 645 649 653
778 656 660 663 667 671 674 678 681 685 689
779 692 696 689 703 707 710 714 718 721 725

780 100.728 732 735 739 743 746 750 753 757 761
781 764 768 772 775 779 782 786 789 793 797
782 800 804 807 811 815 818 822 825 829 833
783 836 840 843 847 851 854 858 861 865 869
784 872 876 879 883 886 890 894 897 901 904

785 100.908 912 915 919 922 926 929 933 937 940
78Q 944 947 951 954 958 962 965 969 972 976
787 979 983 987 990 994 997 *001 *005 *008 *012
788 101.015 019 022 026 029 033 037 040 044 047
789 051 054 058 062 065 069 072 076 079 083

790 101.087 090 094 097 101 104 108 112 115 119
791 .122 126 129 133 136 140 144 147 151 154
792 158 161 165 168 172 176 179 183 186 190
793 193 197 200 204 207 211 215 218 222 225
794 229 232 236 239 243 246 250 254 257 261

795 101.264 268 271 275 278 282 286 289 293 296
796 300 303 307 310 314 317 321 324 328 332
797 335 339 342 346 349 353 356 60 363 367
798 370 374 377 381 385 388 392 395 399 402
799 406 409 413 416 420 423 427 430 434 437
.800 101.441

406
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
MELTING AND BOILING TEMPERATURES
Temperature of Fusion for Various Substances for Atmospheric
Pressure
For the melting- and boiling-points of the chemical elements and (rf
inorganic compounds see und.er Physical Constants of the Elements, and
Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds.

Substance. Temp, of fusion Substance. Temp, of fusion

C. OC.

Acetylene -81 German silver 1000.

Alcohol, ethyl. . -130. Glass. 1100.
Brass 900. Glycerine 17.
Butter 31-31.5 Olive oil. 2-6
Camphor. 177.7 Paraffin. 55.
Caoutchouc, Resin... 135.
pure gum 120. Sea water. . -2.5
Chloroform.... -63.2 Sugar (cane) 160.
Ether -117.6

Boiling-pointfor Various Substances

Gi^-ing the boiling-point at atmospheric pressure and the variation per
cm. pressure near 76 cm.

Substance. Temp. C. Variation.

A cetone 57. 0.39

-72.2
Alcohol, ethyl. 78.3 0.34
methyl. 64.7 0.35
Amyl acetate 148.
T^pnzftiiG 80. 0.43
205. 0.56
Chloroform 61.2 . 0.41
Ether 34.6 0.40
Oaaoline 70-90.
Glycerine 291.
159.

MELTIWG POINT OF ICEVARIATION WITH PRESSURE

(From Tamann, 1900, by permission.)

Pressure in kg. Pressure in kg. Temp. C."

Temp. C. per sq.cm.
per sq.cm.

1 0.0 1410 -12.5

336 - 2.5 1625 -15.0
615 - 5.0 1835 -17.5
890 - 7.5 2042 -20.0
1155 -10.0 2200 -22.1

407
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

BOILmG POINTS OF WATER-ALCOHOL MIXTimES

(P. N. Evans, Journalof Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.)

t per cent Weight per cent

Boilin^^int, )hol in
Boiling point,
mcollol in

Liquid. Vapor. Liquid. Vapor.

78.2 91 92 86.5 18 71
78.4 85 89 87.0 17 70
78.6 82 88 87.5 16 69
78.8 80 87 88.0 15 68
79.0 78 86 88.5 13 67
79.2 76 85 89.0 12 65
79.4 74 85 89.5 11 63
79.6 72 84 90.0 10 61
79.8 69 84 90.5 10 59
80.0 67 83 91.0 9 57
80.2 64 83 91.5 8 55
80.4 62 82 92.0 8 53
80.6 59 82 92.5 7 51
80.8 56 81 93.0 6 49
81.0 53 81 93.5 6 46
81.2 50 80 94.0 5 44
81.4 47 80 94.5 5 42
81.6 45 80 95.0 4 39
81.8 43 79 95.5 4 36
82.0 41 79 96.0 3 33
82.5 36 78 96.5 3 30
83 0 33 78 97.0 2 27
83.5 30 77 97.5 2 23
84.0 27 76 98.0 1 19
84.5 25 75 98.5 1 15
85.0 23 74 99.0 0 10
85.5 21 73 99.5 0 5
86.0 20 72 100.0 0 0

408
 ^ HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

MOLECULAR ELEVATION OF BOILING POINT

Showing the elevation of the boiling point due to the addition of,one gram
molecular weight of dissolved substance, for various solvents.

Constant for 1 gm. Constant for 1 gm.

mol. wt. dissolved in
Solvent. mol. wt. dissolved
100 c.c. of solvent at
in 100 gms. solvent.
its boiling point.

Acetone. 16.7 22.2

Benzene 26.7 32.0
Chloroform. 36.6 26.0
Ether. 21.1 30.3
Ethyl alcohol 11.5 15.6
Water r 5.2 5.4

MOLECULAR DEPRESSION Of FREEZmO POINT

Showing the depression of the freezing point due to the addition of one gram
molecular weight of dissolved substance, for various solvents.

iforli
j1. wt. dissolved ia
Solvent.
100 gms. of solvent*
C.

Acetic acid. 39.0

Benzene. 49.0
Ethylene dibromide 118.0
t^ormic acid ... 27.7
Nitrobienzene 70.0
Phenol.. 74.0
Water.... 18.7

40D
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

CRITICAL AND VAN DER WAALS' CONSTANTS

FOR GASES

Critical. Van der Waals'.

Name.
Teni] Pressure, Density,
c?" atm.
gms. per
em .8

Acetylene 36.5 61.6 0.2315 00880

Air.. -140 39 00257
Ammonia 130 115.0 00798
Aniline.. 425.6 52.3 05282
Argon -117.4 52.9 i)0259
Benzene 288.5 47.9 0.3045 03726
Bromine 302 131 01434
Carbon bisulphide 273 72.9 0.4408 02316
Carbon dioxide 31.1 73 0.464 00717
Carbon monoxide -141.1 35.9 0.328 00275
Chlorine 146 93.5 0.547 01063
Chloroform 260 54.9 0293
Ethane. 34 50.2 01060
Ether 197 35.8 0.2622 03496
Ethyl alcohol 243 62.7 0.2755 02407
Ethylene 10 51.7 0.210 00877
Helium -268 2.3 0000615
Hydrochloric acid 52.3 86 00697
Hydrogen -234.5 20 0.03346 00042
Hydrogen sulphide 100 88.7 00888
Krypton - 62.5 54.3 00462
Methane. - 95.5 50 00357
Neon -205
Nitric oxide, NO - 93.5 71.2 0.524 0.00257
Nitrogen -146 33 0.3269 0.00259
Nitrogen tetroxide, NO2. 171.2 147 0.00756
Nitrous oxide, N2O 38.8 77.5 0.454 0.00710
Oxygen -118 50 0.4292 0.00273
Sulphur dioxide 155.4 7a.9 0.520 0.01316
Water. 365 1W.6 0.329 0.0118
Xenon 14.7 57.2 0.00818

410
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

FREEZING MIXTURES
A is the proportion of the substance named in the first column to be
added to the proportion of the substance given in column B. The table
gives the temperature of the separate ingredients and the temperature
attained by the mixture.
(From Smithsonian Tables.)

Initial
Temp. C.
Substance. attained
Temp. C.
by mixt.

NaC2H302 (cryst.). 85 H2O 100 10.7 -4.7

NH4CI. 30 H2O 100 13.3 - 5.1
NaNOs 75 H2O 100 13.2 - 5.3
Na2S203 (cryst.)... 110 H2O 100 10.7 - 8.0
KI. 140 H2O 100 10.8 -11.7
CaCl2 (cryst.). 250 H2O 100 10.8 -12 4
NH4NQ3 60 ao 100 13.6 -13.6
CaCl2. 30 * Snow 100 - 1 -10.9
NH4CI 25 Snow 100 - 1 -15.4
NH4NO3...... 45 Snow 100 - 1 -16.75
NaNOs 50 Snow 100 - 1 -17.75
NaCl 33 Snow 100 T 1 -21.3
1 Snow 1.097 - 1 -37.0
1 Snow 2.52 - 1 -30.0
H2SO4+H2O i Snow 4.32 - 1. -25.0
(66.1%H2S04). 1 Snow 7.^2 - 1 -20.0
1 Snow 13.08 - 1 -16.0
1 Snow . 49 0 -19.7
1 Snow . 61 0 -39.0
1 Snow . 70 0 -54.9
CaCl2+6H20. 1 Snow . 81 0 -40.3
1 Snow 1.23 0 -21.5
1 Snow 2.46 0 - 9.0
1 Snow 4.92 0 - 4.0
Snow 73. 0 -30.0
Alcohol at 4
Chloroform..
t" CO2 solid
CO2 solid
-72.0
-77.0
Ether CO2 solid -77,0
Liquid SO2.. CO2 solid -82.0
H2O .94 20 - 4.0
Snow .94 0 - 4.0
H2O 1.20 10 -14.0
NH4NO3. Snow 1.20 0 -14.0
H2O 1.31 10 -17.5
Snow 1.31 0 ^-17.5
^ Or finely pulverized ice.

411 .
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

HEAT EQUIVALENT OF FUSION

The table gives the heat equivalent in calories per gram at the temperature
of fusion. ~
(From Smithsonian Tables.)

Heat
Substance. Temp. C. Observer,
cal/g.

Aluminum 658. 76.8 Glaser

Ammonia -75. 108. Massol
Benzole 5.4 30.6 Mean
Bromine -7.3 16.2 Regnault
Bismuth 268. 12.64 Person
Cadmium........ 320.7 13.66 Person
Calcium chloride. . 28.5 40.7 Person
Copper 1083 42. Mean
Iron, gray cast 23. Grumer
white cast 33. Grumer
slag.. 50. Grumer
Iodine. 11.71 Favre & Silbermanii
Ice. 0 79.24 Regnault
Ice 0 80.02 Bun^n
Ice from sea water. -8.7 54.0 Petterson
Lead. 327 5.86 Rudberg
Mercury -39 ^.82 Person
Naphthalene 79.87 35.62 Pickering
1435 4.64 Pionchon
Palladium 1545 36.3 VioUe ,
Phosphorus 44.2 4.97 Petterson
Platinum 1755 27.2 VioUe
Potassium 62 15.7 Joannis
Potassium nitrate. 333.5 48.9 Person
Phenol 25.37 24.93 Petterson
Parafl&n 52.40 35.10 Batelli
Silver 961 21.07 Person
Sodiimi 97 31.7 Joannis
Sodiimi nitrate.. . . 305.8 64.87 Josannis
phosphate 36.1 66.8 Joannis
43.9 36.98 Batelli
' Sulphur. 115 9.37 Person
Tin 232 14.0 Mean
Wax (Bees'). 61.8 42.3 Mean
Zinc 419 28.13 Mean

412
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
HEAT EQUIVALENT OF VAPORIZATION
The table gives the heat equivalent (or latent heat) of vaporization m
calories per gram, at the temperature of ebullition, and at the pressure
of the vapor for that temperature. , ; rr- ui \
(Principally from the Smithsonian Tables.)
Heat Observer.
Substance. Temp. C. Cal/g.

Acetic acid 118* 84.9 Ogier

Air 50.97 Fenner-Richtmyer
Alcohol: amyl 131* 120 Schall
ethyl.. 78.1* 205 Wirtz
ethyl 0 236 Regnault
I methyl 64.5* 2.67 Wirtz
methyl 0 289 Ramsay & Young
Ammonia 7.8 294.2 Regnault
Ammonia 11 291.3 Regnault
Ammonia 16 297.4 Regnault
Ammonia 17 296.5 Regnault
Benzene. 80.1* 92.^ Wirtz
BFomine. 61* 45.6 Andrews
Carbon dioxide, Hq. . - 25 72.23 Cailletet & Mathias
Carbon dioxide, liq. . 0 57.48 Cailletet & Mathias
Carbon dioxide, liq. . 12.35 44.97 Mathias
Carbon dioxide, liq. . 22.04 31.8 Mathias
Carbon dioxide, Hq.. 29.85 14.4 Mathias
Carbon dioxide, hq. . 30.82 3.72 Mathias
Carbon disulphide... 46.1* 83.8 Wirtz
Carbon disulphide... 0 90 Regnault
Chloroform 60.9*58.5 Wirtz
Ether 34.5*88.4 Wirtz
Ether. 34.9 90.5 Andrews
Ether 0 94 Regnault
Iodine 184* 23.95 Favre-& Silbermann
Mercury 357* 65 Mean
Nitrogen -195.6* 47.65 Alt
Oxygen -182.9* 50.97 Alt
Sulphiir dioxide 0 91.2 Cailletet & Mathias
Sulphur dioxide 30 80.5 Cailletet & Mathias '
Sulphur dioxide 65 68.4 Cailletet & Matluas
Turpentine 159.3 74.04 Brix
Water. 100 535.9 Andrews
Water 0 596.8 Dieterici, 1889
Water 20 585.3 Smith, 1908
Water 40 574.0 Henning, 1909
Water 60 562.9 Henning, 1909
Water.. 80 551.1 Henning, 1909
Water 100* 538.7 Henning, 1909
Water. 120 525.3 Henning, 1909
Water 140 510.9 Henning, 1909
Water T 160 496.6 Henning, 1909
Water. 180 482.2 Henning, 1909
Temperature values marked * are those of normal ebullition, at 76
cm. pressure.
413
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

CHANGE IN VOLUME DUE TO FUSION

The table gives the variation in volume expressed in c.cm. for one gram
of the substance.

Substance. Variation, cm. pbserver.

\ -

Aluminum +0.019 Toepler, 1894

Bismuth....... -0.0034 Toepler, 1894
Cadmium +0.0064 Toepler, 1894
Iron -0.0085 Wrightson, Roberts, 1881
I^ead*. +0.0034 Toepler, 1894
Tin +0.0039 Toepler, 1894
Water.. -0.083* Toepler, 1894
Zinc +0.0105 Toepler, 1894
*For one cubic centimeter.

FIXED POINTS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURES

Temperatures are for 76 cm. pressure.

Variation per
Substance. Boiling-point C. cm. ^rgssure.

Alcohol, ethyl.. 78.26 0.34

Aniline 184. 0.51
Benzene 80. 0.43
Chloro benzene. 132. 0.50
Diphenylamine. 302.
Mercury 356.
Naphthaline.. 218. 0.59
Sulphur 445.2
Toluidine, o. . . 199.7 0.58
Toulene 109.2 0.45
Water 100. 0.37
Xylene, m 138.8 0.50
Zinc . 930.

Substance. Melti^ng point Substance. Melting point

Aluminum 657 Platinum 1775

1084 Sodium chloride . 800
ar 1064 Tm 232
Nickd 1427 Zinc 419

414
1M HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

VAPOR TENSIOir OF WATER

Tension of Aqueous-Vapor, 30 to 0 C., Over WatUr
The tension is givenin millimeters of mercury at 0 C.
(From International Bureau of Weights and Measxires.)

Temp. O.O 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

C.

-30 0.3805

0.4185 0.4106 0.4028 0.3952 0.3878

-29
0.4598 0.4512 0.4428 0.4346 0.4265
-28
0.5047 0.4954 0.4862 0.4772 0.4684
-27
0.5433 0.5333 0.5236 0.5141
-26 0.5535
0.6064 0.5955 0.5847 0.5741 0.5637
-25

0.6637 0.6518 0.6402 0.6288 0.6175

0.7258 0.7130 0.7003 0.6879 0.6757
0.7930 0.7792 0.7655 0.7520 0.7388
0.8656 0.8506 0.8359 0.8214 0.8071
0.9441 0.9279 0.9120 0.8963 0.8808

1.0288 1.0114 0.9941 0.9772 0.9605

-19
1.1202 1.1013 1.0828 1.0646 1.0465
-18
1.1985 1.1785 1.1588 1.1394'^
-17 1.2187

1
-16
-15

-14
1.3248
1.4390

1.5618
1.3030
1.4155

1.5366
1.2814
1.3924

1.5117
1.2602
1.3695

1.4872
1.2393
1.3470

1.4629
1.6939 1.6667 1.6399 1.6135 1.5874
-13
1.8065 1.7776 1.7493 1.7214
-12 1.8357
1.9880 1.9567 1.9258 1.8953 1.8653
-11
2.1514 2 1178 2.0847 2.0520 2.0198
-10

2.3266 2.2905 2.2550 2.2199 2.1854

2.4758 2.4378 2.4002 2.3632
2.5143
2.6740 2:6332 2.5930 2.5534
2.7153
2.8863 2.8427 2.7997 2.7572
2.9304
3.1132 3.0665 3.0205 2.9751
3.1605

3.3560 3.3062 3.2570 3.2084

- 4 3.4065
3.6153 3.5620 3.5095 3.4576
- 3 3.6693
3.9499 3.8923 3.8355 3.7794 3.7240
- 2
4.1878 4.1271 4.0672 4.0082
- 1 4.2493
4.5687 4.5032 4.4385 4.3747 4.3116
- 0

415
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

1 /
VAPOR TENSION OF WATER
Tension OF Aqueous Vapor. 40 to 0 C., Over Ice
The tension ip given in millimeters of mercury,
(Juhlin and Marvin.)

Temp,
C. 0. 1. 2. 3. 4.

0.105 0.095 0.085 0.076 0.068

0.292 0.264 0.238 0.215 0.193
0.787 0.714 0.648 0.589 0.534
1.974 1.806 1.650 1.506 1.375

Temp.
6. 7. 8. 9.

0.061 0.054 0.048 0.043 0.038

0.173 0.156 0.141 0.127 0.115
0.484 0.438 0.397 0.358 0.324
1.257 1.148 1.048 0.955 0.868

Temp.
C. .0 .1 .2 3 .4

-10 1.974 1.956 1.939 1.922 1.905

1
- 9
-
-
^ j
7
2.154
2.347
2.557
2.136
2.327
2.535
2.118
2.307
2.514
2.100
2.287
2.492
2,082
2.268
2.470
- 6 2.785 2.761 2.738 2.715 2.692
- 5 3.032 3.006 2.981 2.956 2.931
- 4 3.299 3.271 3.244 3.217 3.190
- 3 3.586 3.556 3.527 3.498 3.469
- 2 3.894 3.862 3.831 3.799 3.768
- 1 4.223 4.189 4.155 4.122 4.089
- 0 4.579 4.543 4.507 4.470 4.^34

Temp.
<>C. .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

-10 1.888 1.872 1.855 1.838 1.822

- 9 2.064 2.046 2.028 2.010 1.992
- 8 2.249 2.230 2.211 2.192 2.173
- 7 2.449 2.428 2.407 2.387 2.367
- 6 2.669 2.646 2.624 2.601 2.579
- 5 2.906 2.882 2.857 2.833 2.809
~ 4 3.163 3.136 3.110 3.084 3.058
- 3 3.440 3.411 3.382 3.354 3.326
- 2 3.737 3.706 3.676 3.646 3.616
- 1 4.056 4.023 3.990 3.958 3.926
- 0 4.398 4.362 4.327 4.292 4.257
416
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
VAPOR TENSION OF WATER
Tension of Aqueous Vapor, 0 to 100 C.
The tension is given in millimeters of mercury at 0 C.
(International Bureau of Weights and Measures.)
g

Temp. 0.2 0.4 0.6 d.8

0.0
C.

0 4.5687 4.6350 4.7022 4.7703 4.8393

1 4.9091 4.9798 5.0515 5.1240 5.1975
2 5.2719 5.3472 5.4235 5.5008 5.5790
3 5.6582 5.7383 5.8195 5.9017 5.9850
4 6.0693. 6.1546 6.2410 6.3285 6.4171

5 6.5067 6.5974 6.6893 6.7824 6.8765

6 6.9718 7.0682 7.1658 7.2646 7.3647
7 7.4660 7.5685 7:6722 7.7772 7.8834
8 7.9909 8.0998 8.2099 8.3214 8.4342
9 8.5484 8.6641 8.7810 8.8993 9.0189

10 9.1398 9.2623 9.3863 9.5117 9.6387

11 9.7671 9.8969 10.028 10.161 10.296
12 10.432 10.570 10.709 10.850 10.993
13 11.137 11.283 11.430 11.580 11.731
14 11.884 12.038 12.194 12.352 12.512

15 12.674 12.837 13.003 13.170 13.339

16 13.510 13.683 13.858 14.035 14.214
17 14.395 14.578 14.763 14.950 15.139
18 15.330 15.524 15.719 15.917 16.117
19 16.319 16.523 16.730 16.939 17.150

20 17.363 17.579 ^ 17.997 18.018 18.241

21 18.466 18.694 18.924 19.157 19.392
22 19.630 19.870 20.113 20.359 20.607
23 20.858 21.111 21.367 21.626 21.888
24 22.152 22.420 22.690 22.963 23.239

25 23.517 23.799 24.084 24.371 24.662

26 24.956 25.252 25.552 25.855 26.161
27 26.471 26.783 27.099 27.418 27.740
28 28.065 28.394 28.727 ^ 29.062 29.401
29 29.744 30.090 30.440 30.793 31.149

30 31.510 31.873 32.341 32.61^ 32.988

31 33.366 33.749 34.136 34.526 34.920
32 35.318 35.720 36.126 36.536 36.951
33 37.369 37.791 38.218 38.649 39.084
34 39.523 39.966 40.414 40.866 41.323
417
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

VAPOR TENSION OF WATER (Continued)

Tension of Aqueous Vapor, 0 to 100 C.
In millimeters of mercury.

Temp.
"C.
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

35 41.784 42.250 42.720 43.195 43.674

36 44.158 44.646 45.139 ^ 45.637 46.140
37 46.648 47.160 47.677 48.200 48.727
38 49.259 49.796 50.339 50.886 51.439
39 51.997 52.560 53.128 53.702 54.281

40 54.865 55.455 56.051 56.652 57.258

41 57.870 58.488 59.111 59.741 60.376
42 61.017 61.664 62.316 62.975 63.640
43 64.310 64.987 65.670 56.359 67.055
44 67.757 68.465 69.180 69.901 70.628

45 71.362 72.102 72.850 73.603 74.364

46 75.131 75.906 76.687 77.475 78.270
47 79.071 79.880 80.696 81.520 82.350
48 83.188 84.034 84.886 85.746 86.614
49 87.488 88.371 89.261 90.159 91.064

50 91.978 92.900 93.829 94.766 95.711

51 96.664 97.626 98.595 99.573 100.56
52 101.55 102.56 103.57 104.59 105.62
53 106.65 107.70 108.76 109.82 110.89
54 111.97 113.06 114.16 115.27 116.39

55 117.52 118.65 119.80 120.95 122.12

56 123.29 124.48 125.67 126.87 128.09
57 129.31 130.54 131.79 133.04 134.30
58 135.58 136.86 138.15 139.46 140.77
59 142.10 143.43 144.78 146.14 147.51

60 148.88 150.27 151.68 153.09 154.51

61 155.95 157.39 158.85 160.32 161.80
62 163.29 164.79 166.31 167.83 169.37
63 170.92 172.49 174.06 175.65 177.25
64 178.86 180.48 182.12 183.77 185.43

65 187.10 188.79 190.49 192.20 193.93

66 195.67 197.42 199.18 200.96 202.75
67 204.56 206.38 208.21 210.06 211.92
68 213.79 215.68 217.58 219.50 221.43
69 223.37 225.33 227.30 229.29 231.29
418
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRT AND PHYSICS

V^OR TENSION OF WATER (Continued)

Tension op Aqueous Vapok, 0 to 100 C.
In millimeters of mercurj^.

Temp. 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

C.
0.0

70 233.31 235.34 237.39 239.45 241.52

71 243.62 245.72 247.85 249.98 252,14
72 254.30 256.49 258.69 260.91 263.14
73 265.38 267.65 269.93 272.23 274.54
74 276.87 279.21 281.58 283.96 286.35

75 288.76 291.19 293.64 296.11 298.59

76 301.09 303.^0 306.14 308.69 311.26
77 313.85 316.45 319.07 321.72 324.38
78 327.05 329.75 332.47 335.20 337.95
79 340.73 343.52 346.33 349.16 352.01

80 354.87 357.76 360.67' 363.59 ^66.54

81 369.51 372.49 375.50 378.53 381.58 "
82 384.64 387.73 390.84 393.97 397.12
83 400.29 403.49 406.70 409.94 413.19
84 416.47 419.77 423.09 426.44 429.81

85 433.19 436.60 440.04 443.49 446.97

86 450.47 454.00 457.54 461.11 464.71
87 468.32 471.96 475.63 479.32 483.03
88 486.76 490.52 494.31 498.12 501:95
89 505.81 509.69 513.60 517.53 521.48 '

90 525.47 529.48 533.51 537.57 541.65

91 545.77 549.90 554.07 558.26 562.47
92 566.71 570.98 575.28 579.61 583.96
93 588.33 592.74 597.17 601.64 606.13
94 610.64 615.19 619.76 624.37 629.00

95 633.66 638.35 643.06 647.81 652.59

96 657.40 662.23 667.10 672.00 676.92
97 681.88 686.87 691.89 696.93 702.02
98 707.13 712.27 717.44 722.65 727.89
99 733.16 738.46 743.80 749.17 754.57

100 760.00 765.47 770.97 776.50 782.07

419
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
VAPOR TENSION OF WATER ^
Tension op Aqueous V^ipor, 100-230 C.
^ Giving the vapor tension in millimeters of mercury, in pounds per square
inch and the corresponding temperature Fahrenheit.
(From RegnaultSmithsonian Tables.)

Pressure. Pressure.
Temp.* Temp.* Temp,* Temp.*
C. Pounds C. Pounds
mm. per mm. per
sq.in. sq.m.

100 760.00 14.70 212.0 145 3125.55 60.44 293.0

101 787.59 15.23 213.8 146 3212.74 62.13 294.8
102 816.01 15.79 215.6 147 3301.87 63.86 296.6
103 845.28 16.35 217.4 148 3392.98 65.62 298.4
104 875.41 16.94 219.2 149 3486.09 67.41 300.2
105 906.41 17.53 221.0 150 3581.2 69.26 302.0
106 938.31 18.15 222.8 151 3678.4 71.14 303.8
107 971.14 18.78 224.6 152 3777.7 73.06 305.6
108 1004.91 19.44 226,4 153 3879.2 75.02 307.4
109 1039,65 20.11 228.2 154 3982.8 77.03 309.2
110 1075.37 20.80 230.0 155 4088.6 79.07 311.0
111 1112.09 21.51 231.8 156 4196.6 81.22 312.8
112 1149.83 22.24 233.6 157 4306.9 83.29 314.6
113 1188.61 22.99 235.4 158 4419.5 85.47 316.4
^ 114 1228.47 23.76 237.2 159 4534.4 87.69 318.2
115 1269.41 24.55 239.0 160 4651.6 89.96 320.0
116 1311.47 25.37 240.8 161 4771.3 92.27 321.8
117 1354.66 26.20 242.6 162 4893.4 94.63 323.6
118 1399.02 27.06 244.4 163 5017.9 97.04 325.4
119 1444.55 27.94 246.2 164 5145.0 99.50 327.2
120 1491.28 28.85 248.0 165 5274.5 102.01 329.0
121 1539.25 29.78 249.8 166 5406.7 104.56 330.8
122 1588.47 30.73 251.6 167 5541.4 107.18 332.6
123 1638.96 31.70 253.4 168 5678.8 109.84 334.4
124 1690.76 32.70 255.2 169 5818.9 112.53 336.2
125 1743.88 33.72 257.0 170 5961.7 115.29 338.0
X26 1798.35 34.78 258.8 171 6107.2 118.11 339.8
127 1854.20 35.86 260.6 172 6255.5 120.98 341.6
128 1911.47 36.97 262.4 173 6406.6 123.90 343.4
129 1970.15 38.11 264.2 174 6560.6 126.87 345.2
130 2030.28 39.26 266.0 175 6717.4 129.91 347.0
131 2091.94 40.47 267.8 176 6877.2 133.00 348.8
132 2155.03 41.68 269.6 177 7040.0 136.15 350.6
133 2219.69 42.93 271.4 178 7205.7 139.35 352:4
134 2285.92 44.21 273.2 179 7374.5 142.62 354.2
135 2353.73 45.52 275.0 180 7546.4 145.93 356.0
136 2423.16 46.87 276.8 181 7721.4 149.32 357.8
137 2494.23 48.24 278.6 182 7899.5 152.7-} 359.6
138 2567.00 49.65 280.4 183 8080.8 156.32 361.4
139 2641.44 51.06 282.2 184 8265.4 159.84 363.2
140 2717.63 52.55 284.0 185 8453.2 163.47 365.f
141 2795.57 54.07 285.8 186 8644.4 167.17 366.8
142 2875.30 55.60 287.6 187 8838.8 170.94 368.6
143 2956.86 57.16 289.4 188 9036.7 174.76 370.4
144 3040.26 58.79 291.2 189 9238.0 178.65 372.2
* These are the temperatures at which water boils under pressures shown.
420
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

VAPOR TENSION OF WATER (Continued)

Tension of Aqueous Vapor, 100-230 C.
Giving the vapor tension in miUimeters of mercupr, in pounds per
square inch and the corresponding temperature Fahrenheit.)
(FromRegnaull^^mithsonian Tables.)

Pressure. Pressure.

Temp. Temp.
Temp. o p
Pounds C. mm. Pounds,
C.
per per
mm.
sq.in. sq.in.

182.61 374.0 210 14324.8 277.01 410.0

190 9442.7
186.63 375.8 211 14611.3 282.58 411.8
191 9650.9
190.72 377.6 212 14902.2 288.21 413.6
192 9862.7
194.88 379.4 213 15197.5 293.92 415.4
193 10078.0
199.13 381.2 214 15497.2 299.72 417.2
194 10297.0

203.43 383.0 215 15801.3 305.57 419.0

195 10519.6
207.81 384.8 216 16109.9 311.57 420.8
196 10746.0
212.25 386.6 217 16423.2 317.62 422.6
197 10975.0
216.77 388.4 218 16740.9 323.78 424.4
198 11209.8
221.37 390.2 219 17063.3 330.01 426.2
199 11447.5

11689.0 226.04 392.0 220 17390.4 336.30 428.0

200
11934.4 230.79 393.8 221 17722.1 342.70 429.8
201
12183.7 235.61 395.6 222 18058.6 349.21 431.6
202
12437.0 240.54 397.4 223 18399.9 355.81 433.4
203
12694.3 245.49 399.2 224 18746.1 362.50 435.2
204

12955.7 250.53 401.0 225 19097.0 369.29 437.0

205
13221.1 255.67 402.8 226 19452.9 376.17 438.8
206
13490.8 260.88 404.6 227 19813.8 383.15 440.6
207
13764.5 266.18 406.4 228 20179.6 390.22 442.4
208
14042.5 271.55 408.2 229 20550.5 397.40 444.2
209

VAPOR TENSION OF MERCURY

(From Gebhardt, Hertz, Regnault, Van der Plaats, and others.)

Temp. C. Pressure, mm. Temp. C. Pressure, mm.

0 0.0004 200 18.3

20 0.0013 220 33.7
40 0.006 240 59.
60 0.03 260 98
80 0.09 280 156.
100 0.28 300 246.
120 0.8 320 371.
140 1.85 340 548.
160 4.4 360 790.
180 9.2

421
 HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

LOWERING OF VAPOR PRESSmiE BY SALTS IN

AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
r^uotion of the vapor pressure in millimeters due to
^ t iu "^ber of grammoleoules of salt per liter of water given
tiim columns,
ture the vapor pressux-e at water
of Dure the temperature 100 C., at which tempera-
is 76.0 centimeters.
(I rom omithsonian Tables.)

Substance 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 15.0 6.0 8.0 10.0

Ammonium chloride. 12.0 23.7 45.1 69.3 94.2 118.5 138.2 179.0 213.8
Barium chloride 16.4 36.7 77.6
Calcium chloride. . .. 17.0 39.8 95.3 166.6 241.5 319.5
Ferrous sulphate.... 5.8 10.7 24.0 42.4
Potassium hydroxiae. 15.0 29.5 64.0 99.2 140.0 181.8 223.0 309.5 387.8
Potassium iodide 12.5 25.3 52.2 82.6 112.2 141.5 171.8 225.5 278.5
Sodium chloride 12.3 25.2 52.1 80.0 111.0 143.0 176.5
Sodium hydroxide. .. 11.8 22.8 48.2 77.3 107.5 139.1 172.5 243.3 314.0
Sulphuric acid 12.9 26.5 62.8 104.0 148.0 198.4 247.0 343.2
Zinc sulphate 4.9 10.4 21.5 42.1 66.2

CONSTANTS OF THE KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

Giving the velocity, mean free path and diameter of molecules for various
5S and vapors at 0 C. and 760 mm. pressure.

Gas. Mean vel. Mean free

cm./a. Diam. cm. Observer.
path, cm.

Ammonia... 5.8X104 6.2X10-6 3.9X10-8 Graham, 1846

Argon 3.81 8.84 3.23 Schultze, 1901
Benzene.... 2.7 21 6.6
Carbon dioxide 3.6 5.6 4.1 Breitenbach
1899
Chlorine 2.86 4.07 4.76 Graham, 1846
Chloroform... 2.2 2.3 ^ 6.3 Puluj, 1878
Ether 2.8 2.1 6.6 Pului, 1878
Ethyl alcohol. 3.5 3.2 5.3 Puluj, 1878
Helium 12.02 25.1 1.9 Schultze, 1901
Hydrogen.. .. 16.94 16.3 2.38 Puluj, 1878
Nitrogen 4.53 8.61 3.27 Markowski,
1904
Oxygen 4.25 9.06 3.19 Markowski,
1004
Water vapor. 5.7 5.7 4.0 Puluj, 1878

NUMBER OF MOLECULES IN A MOLECULE-GRAM

Perrin, 1909-11 6.2X1028
Perrin (Brownian movement) 6.85 '
Millikan, 1910 * 6!2
MASS OF THE HYDROGEN ATOM
1.46X10-24
422 .
 134.
101.874953
88.97
65
52.87
199.
43.69
*8!83
86.055405
116.
75.54
44.74
172.
60
35.02
72.59
63.77
37.63
100.
55116
148.
27.86
85.71
62.29
5.63
126.
53.5048
21.99
31.44
50
VAPOR PRESSUIUeS OF
In centimeters

(Principally from

173.65

CsHeO. Acetone,
110.43

870.10
214.46
264.42

747.70
457.40

638.78
318.33
383.03
139.21

1007.02

1721.98
86.61

543.34

1328.73

1515.83
1159.53

2467.55

2763.00

3433.09
3810.92
4219.57
1948.21

4660.82
2196.51

3084.31
72.95
44.60
50.75426
7631.
26.08
107.
45
17.22
*3!42
6918,
36.9344
42.01
90.70
21.48
40
61.75
13.37
30.3573
51.97
6244.
10.29
34.52
76.12
17.55
35
*2;6i
43.46
24.75
28.10
63.48
5611.
14.23
3090
7.85
5020.
52.59
22.6373
20.02
11.43
36.11
25
5.94
BANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY-AND PHYSICS

acid. Acetic
i7,'4471.20
i6!65
'i.'is
43.28
29.80
9.10
4.45 9666
7.17
3964.
35.36
1569
24.41
3.30
'16.05
62.42
.3499.19.85
*6486
28.68
5.60
10
516.0038
23.09
3075.
1.76
4.32
5.97
2690.
11.27
2.7966
00.35
3.29
18.44
2344.
-13
1514.61
0.13
2.48
.91
AlcohC2H6O.ol, Ethyl
7.94
11.4702
2034.
.65
1.85
-10 ....
6.16
1758.
1.3525
8.93
-15
.51 ....
teCrHacChIl3o.rCidhel,oCroafrobromn,
*4.73
'6.-20
*8924
1514.
.98
.33.....
...
1300.
-25 70
-30
....

424
CCl4.
bisudlipohxiiddee,, CaCarrbboonn
1 COj.
CSz.
C.
Temp.
 HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

VARIOUS SUBSTANCES
of mercury.
Regnault.)

0 s
6
%
1
3
i
It.
.o
o

"o-S
o.

O 1 i III
6 5? 2 S
58.52 28.75

.41 1569.49 67.64 37.38 374.93

.58 .63 1758.66 74.48 47.95 443.85
.88 .93 . . . . 1968.43 89.68 60.79 519.65
1.29 1.35 2200.80 101.84 76.25 608.46
1.83 1.92 2457.92 121.60 94.69 706.60

2.53 0.006 2.68 0.002 2742.10 139.08 116.51 820.63 .21

3.42 3.69 3055.86 167.20 142.11 949.08
. 4.52 o!6i6 5.01 6!665 3401.91 193.80 171.95 1089.63 .29
6.89 6.71 0.005 3783.17 226.48 206.49 1244.79
7.56 o!6i5 8.87 0.008 4202.79 258.40 246.20 1415.15 .44

9.59 11.60 4664.14 297.92 291.60 1601.24

12.02 o!626 15.00 6!6i3 5170.85 338.20 343.18 1803.53 .69
14.93 19.20 6335.98 383.80 401.48 2002.43
. . . .

18.36 oioeo 24.35 0.032 434.72 467.02 2258.25 1.08

22.41 30.61 478.80 540.35 2495.43

27.14 0.130 38.17 0.081 521.36 622.00 2781.48 1.70

32.64 47.22 712.50 3069.07
39.01 0.255 57.99 6!i83 812.38 3374.02 2.65
46.34 70.73 922.14 3696.15
54.74 o'.im 85.71 6.395 4035.32 4.06

64.32 103.21
75.19 o!9i5 123.85 0.74 6.13
87.46 147.09
101.27 174.17 1.26 9.06
116.75 205.17

134.01 240.51 1.85 13.11

153.18 280.63
174.44 325.96 2.73 18.60
197.82 376.98
223.54 434.18 4.02 . . . . . 25.70

251.71 498.05
282.43 569.13 6.19 34.90
315.85 647.93
352.07 733.71 46.40
391.21 830.89

433.37 936.13
478.65 60.50
527.14 68.60
568.30 - 77.50
425

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
HEAT CONDUCTIVITY
Giving the quantity of heat in calories which is transmitted per second
throudbTa plate one centimeter thick across an area of one square centimeter
whenthe temperature difference is one degreeCentigrade.
Metals

Temp. Conduc
Substance Observer
''C. tivity

Aluminum. -160 0.514 Lees, 1908

18 0.480 Jaeger & Diesselhorst,
1900
18 0.504 Lees, 1908
100 0.492 Jaeger & Diesselhorst,
1900
100 0.49 AngeU, 1911
200 0.55
300 0.64
400 0.76
600 1.01
Antimony. 0 0.0442 Lorenz, 1881
u
100 0.040
0-30 0.042 Berget, 1890
Bismuth. . -186 0.025 Macchia, 1907
0 0.0177 Lorenz
18 0.0194 & Diesselhorst,
1
100 0.0161 Jaeger & Diesselhorst,
1900
Brass (70Cu+30Zn) -160 0.181 Lees, 1908
(70Cu+30Zn)... 17 0.260
yeUow 0 0.204 Lorenz
a
red 0 0.246
Bronze, aluminimi 0.18 . Van Aubel
(90Cu, lOAl)
Cadmium -160 0.239 Lees, 1908
0 0.220 Lorenz
18 0.222 Jaeger & Diesselhorst,
1900
100 0.216 Jaeger & Diesselhorst,
1900
Constantan 18 0.054 Jaeger & Diesselhorst,
1900
(60Cu, 40Ni) 100 0.064 Jaeger & Diesselhorst,
1900
Copper, pure. . -160 1.097 .ees, 1908
13 1.00 Angstrom, 1863
18 0.918 Jaeger & Diesselhorst,
1900

426
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

HEAT CONDUCTIVITy (Continued)

Metals

Temp. Conduc Observer

Substance tivity

Copper, pure. 100 0.908 Jaeger & Diesselhorst,

1900
100 197 1.043 Hering, 1910
a
100-268 0.969
((
100-370 0.931
a
100-541 0.902
a
100-837 0.858
German silver. 0 0.070 Lorenz, 1881.
((
100 0.089
(52Cu, 26Zn, 22Ni) 0.10 Glage, 1905
Gold 17 0.705 Barratt, 1914
18 0.700 Jaeger & Diesselhorst,
1900
100 0.703 Jaeger & Diesselhorst,
1laUU
onn

Iridium 17 0.141 Barratt, 1914

Iron, pure 18 0.161 Jaeger & Diesselhorst
u ii (
100 0.151
100-727 0.202 Hering, 1910
(C
100-1245 0.191
wrought. -160 0.152 Lees, 1908
18 0.144 Jaeger & Diesselhorst
(( ii
100 0.143
U it
cast. 18 0.109
(t it
100 0.108
54 0.114 Callendar
a
102 0.111
Steel -160 0.113 LeeS; 1908
n u
18 0.115
18 0.108 Jaeger & Diesselhorst
U ^ it
100 0.107
Lead. -160 0.092 Lees, 1908
18 0.083 Jaeger & Diesselhorst
100 0.082
Magnesium 0-100 0.376 Lorenz, 1881
Manganin 18 0.15186 Jaeger & Diesselhorst
ti 11
(84Cu, 4Ni, 12Mn) 100 0.06310
-160 0.035 Lees, 1908
Mercury. . 0 0.0148 H. F. Weber, 1880
tc it
50 0.0189
17 0.0197 R. Weber, 1902
Molybdenum 17 0.346 Barratt, 1914
Nickel -160 0.129 Lees, 1908

427
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

HEAT CONDUCTIVITY (Continued)

Metals

Temp. Conduc Observer

Substance tivity

Nickel 18 0.142 Jaeger & Diesselhorst,

1900
100 0.138 Jaeger & Diesselhorst,
1900
300 0.126 AngeU, 1911
600 0.088
800 0.068
1200 0.058
Palladium. 18 0.1683 Jaeger & Diesselhorst,
1900
100 0.182
Platinum.. 18 0.1664 Jaeger &, Diesselhorst,
1900
100 0.1733 Jaeger & Diesselhorst,
1900
Platinum-iridium. . 17 0.074 Barratt, 1914
10%Ir
Platinimi-rliodium. 17 0.072 Barratt, 1914
10 % Rh
Platinoid 18 0.060 Lees, 1908 t
Rhodium 17 0.210 Barratt, 1914
Silver, pure -160 0.998 Lees, 1908
18 0.974
18 1.006 & Diesselhorst,

100 0.992 & Diesselhorst,

Tin. -160 0.192 Lees, 1908

0 0.1528 Lorenz, 1881
18 0.155 Jaeger & Diesselhorst,
1900
100 0.145 Jaeger & Diesselhorst,
^ 1900
100 0.1423 Lorenz, 1881
Tantalum. 17 0.130 Barratt, 1914
({
Tungsten.. 17 0.476
18 0.35 Coolidge
Wood's alloy. 0.0319 H. F. Weber
Zinc -160 0.278 Lees, 1908
18 0.2653 Jaeger & Diesselhorst
100 0.2619

428
 HANDBOOK OP CUBMISTRY AND PHYSICS

HEAT CONDUCTIVITY (Continued)

Various SoLros
Approidmate values at ordinary temperatures.

Substance Conductivity Observer

Asbestos fiber, 500 C.. 0.00019 Randolph, 1912

paper 0.0006
0.0004 Lees-Chorlton, 1896
Basalt 0.0052 Hecht, 1903
Brick^ common red.... 0.0015 Herschel-L e b o u r
Dunn, 1879
Blotting paper 0.00015 LeeS'Charlton, 1896
Carbon 0.01
Carborundum 0.0005 Lorenz
brick, 150-1200. . . 0.0032-0.0027 Wologdine
Cardboard 0.0005
Cement, Portland 0.00071 Lees-Chorlton, 1896
Chalk 0.0020 Herschel-L e b o u r &
Dunn, 1879
Concrete, cinder 0.00081
stone 0.0022 Norton
Cork 0.00072 G. Forbes, 1875
0.00013 Lees, 1892-8
Cotton wool 0.000043 G. Forbes
a
felted 0.000033
Diatomic earth 0.00013 Hutton-Blard
Earth^s crust, ave 0.004
Ebonite 0.00042 Lees
0.00014 Barratt, 1914
Eiderdown 0.000011 Peclet, 1878
Felt. 0.000087
Fiber, red 0.0011 Barratt, i9i4
Fire brick 0.00028 Hutton-Blard
0.0011 Barratt, 1914
Flannel 0.00023
Gas carbon, 20 0.0085 Barratt, 1914
100 0.0095
Glass
crown (window). . . . 0.0025 Lees, 1892-8
u
flint 0.002
((
Jena 0.001-0.002
soda, 20 0.0017 ' Barratt, 1914
i(
100 0.0018
Granite, 100 0.0045-0.0050 Poole, 1912
a
500 0.0040
Graphite 0.012
Graphite brick, 300 to'
700 0.24 Wologdine, 1909

429

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

HEAT CONDUCTIVITY (Continued)

Various Solids (Continued)
Approximate values at ordinary temperatures.

I Conductivity Observer
Substance

Gutta percha. 0.00048 P^clet, 1878

Gypsum 0.0031 R, Weber, 1878
Haircloth, felt 0.000042 G. Forbes
Ice.. 0.005
0.0039
0.0022 Forbes, 1875
Infusorial earth, 100.. 0.00034 Skinner
300.. 0.00040
pressed bricks, 100. 0.00030
Lamp black, 100 o.oooor Randolph, 1912
Leather, cowhide 0.00042 Lees-Chorlton, 1896
a t(
chamois 0.00015
Lime. 0.00029 Hutton-Blard
Linen Lees-Chorlton, 1896
0.00021
Magnesia, MgO 0.00016-0.00045 Hutton-Blard
brick, 50-1130. ... 0.0027-0.0072 Wologdine, 1909
Magnesium carbonate,
100 0.00023 Skinner
it
300 0.00025
Marble 0.0071 Lees, 1892-8
Mica, perpendicular to
cleavage plane.... 0.0018 Lees
Paper. 0.0003
Paraffine 0.0006
t).. 0.00023 R. Weber, 1878
Plaster of Paris 0.00070 Lees-Chorlton, 1896
Porcelain 0.0025 Lees, 1,892-8
165-1055 0.0039-0.0047 Wologdine, 1909
Quartz, parallel to axis. 0.030 Lees, 1892-8
perpendicular to axis. 0.16
Rubber, para 0.00045
Sand, dry 0.00093 Herschel-L e b o u r
Dunn, 1879
Sandstone 0.0055 Herschel-L e b o u y
Dunn, 1879
Sawdust 0.00012 G. Forbes, 1875
Silica, fused, 20 0.00237 Barratt, 1914
100 0.00255
Silica brick, 100 to
1000C 0.002-0.003 Wologdine, 1909
Silk. 0.000095 Lees-Chorlton, 1896
Slate 0.004700 Lees, 1892-8

430
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

HEAT CONDUCTIVITY (Continued)

Vabious Solids (Continued)
Approximate values at ordinary temperatures.

Substance Conductivity Observer

Snow, compact 0.00051 Hjeltstrom

Soil, dry 0.00033 Lees-Chorlton, 1896
Wax, bees* 0.00009 G. Forbes
Wood, fir 11 to axis, ,, 0.00030
perpendicular to axis. 0.00009

Liquids
Acetic acid 0.00047 H. F. Weber
Amyl alcohol 0.000328
(t

Aniline, 12 0.00041
Benzole, 5 0.000333 H. F. Weber
Carbon disulphide, 9
(<
to 15 0.00Q343
Chloroform, 9 -15... 0.000288
it

it
Ether, 9-15 0.000303
tt
Ethyl alcohol 0.000423
Glycerine, 9-15 0.000837 Graetz
Methyl alcohol 0.000495 H.F.Weber
Oils: olive . . . . . . . 0.000395 Wachs;muth
{(
castor. 0.000425
petroleum, 13^...... 0.000355 Graetz
turpentine 0.000325
Vaseline, 25. 0.00044 Lees
Water, 4 0.00138 H. F.Weber
{(
0 0.00120
17 0.00131 R. Weber
20 0.00143 Mibier & Chattock

Gases

Air, 0 0.0000568 Winklemann

Argon, 0 0.0000389 Schwarze
Ammonia gas, 0 0.0000458 Winklemann
Carbon dioxide, 0 0.0000307 a

It
monoxide 0.0000499
Ethylene 0.0000395
(t

HeHum, 0 0.000339 Schwarze

Hydrogen, 0 0.000327 Winklemann
100........ 0.000369 Graetz
Methane, 7-8 0.0000647 Winklemann
Nitric oxide,KO, 8. . T 0.0000460
it

Nitrogen, 7-8 ... 0.0000524

t(

Nitrous oxide, N2O ... 0.0000350

Oxygen, 7-8 0.0000563

431
 TempratuedegresCentigrade. HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PROPERTIES OF

Milmetrsomfer cury.
The heat units used are the large calorie, 15 to 16 C. and the B.T.U., 62 to
63 F. The heat of the liquid, q, is the heat required to raise unit mass of water
Metric and

from 0C. (32F.) to the temperature indicated.

Kilograms spquearcntimer.
is the heat required to valorize unit mass of water at the indicated temperature
and pr^ure. Total heat involved, iT = r + 5.
, The h^t of vaporization overcomes external pressure and chaises the state
The heat of vaporization, r,

from liquid to vapor at constant temperature and pressure. K w is the change

Popunedsr squareinch. Heat of Heat equiva

Caploreiskilogram.
Heat of
Pressure. vaporiza lent of inter
the liquid. tion. nal work.

Caploreiskilogram.
t P P V Q. r

B.TUperpound.
r P P t

0
1
2
4.579 0.00623 0.0886
4.924 0.00670 0.0952
5.290 0.00719 0.1023
0.00
1.01
2.02
0.0
1.8
3.6
595.4 1071.7 565.3
594.9 1070.8 564.7
594.4 1069.9 564.0 Caploreiskilogram. 1017.5
1016.4
1015.3
32
33.8
35.6

8
4
5.681 0.00772 0.1099
6.097 0.00829 0.1179
3.03
4.03
5.5
7.3
593.9 1069.0 563.4 1014.2
593.3 1068.0 562.8 1013.1
B.pTeUr.pound. .37.4
39.2

9
6

6
7
8
6.541 0.00889 0.1265

7.011 0.00953 0.1356

7.511 0.01021 0.1453
8.042 0.01093 0.1555

8.606 0.01170 0.1664

5.04

6.04
7.05
8.05

9.05
9.1

10.9
12.7
14.5

16.3
592.8 1067.1 562.2 1011.9

592.3 1066.1 561.5

591.8 1065.2 560.9
591.2 1064.2 560.2

590.7 1063.3 559.6

1010.7
1009.6
1008.5

1007.4
Tempratue,degresFahrenit.
41

42.8
44.6
46.4

48.2
10 9.205 0.01252 0.1780 10.06 18.1 590.2 1062.3 559.0 1006.2 60
11 9.840 0.01338 0.1903 11.06 19.9 589.6 1061.3 558.3 1005.0 51.8

12 10.513 0.01429 0.2033 12.06 21.7 589.1 1060.4 557.7 1003.9 53.6
13 11.226 0.01526 0.2171 13.06 23.5 588.6 1059.4 557.1 1002.7 55.4
14 11.980 0.01629 0.2317 14.06 25.3 588.1 1058.5 556.5 1001.6 57.2

15 12.779 0.01737 0.2471 15.06 27.1 587.6 1057.6 555.9 1000.5 59

16 13.624 0.01852 0.2635 16.06 28.9 587.0 1056.6 555.2 999.4 60.8
17 14.517 0.01974 0.2807 17.06 30.7 586.5 1055.7 554.6 998.3 62.6

18 15.460 0.02102 0.2990 18.06 32.5 585.9 1054.7 553.9 997.1 64.4
19 16.456 0.02237 0.3182 19.06 34.3 585.4 1053.8 553.3 996.0 66.2
20 17.51 0.02381 0.3386 20.06 36.1 584.9 1052.8 552.7 994.8 68

21 18.62 0.02532 0.3601 21.06 37.9 584.4 1051.9 552.1 993.7 69.8
22 19.79 0.02691 0.3827 22.06 39.7 583.9 1051.0 551.5 992.6 71.6
23 21.02 0.02858 0.4065 23.06 41.5 583.3 1050.0 550.8 991.4 73.4

24 22.32 0.03035 0.4316 24.06 43.3 582.8 1049.1 550.2 990.3 75.2
25 23.69 0.03221 0.4581 25.05 45.1 582.3 1048.1 549.5 989.1 77
26 25.13 0.03417 0.4860 26.05 46.9 581.8 1047.2 548.9 988.0 78.8

27 26.65 0.03623 0.5154 27.05 48.7 581.2 1046.2 548.2 986.9 80.6
28 28.25 0.03841 0.5463 28.05 50.5 580.7 1045.2 547.6 985.7 82.4
29 29.94 0.04071 0.5790t 29.04 52.3 580.2 1044.3 547.0 984.6 84.2

80 31.71 0.04311 0.61321 30.04 54.1 579.6 1043.3 546.3 983.4 86

432

V
Tempratue,dgresCentigrade. HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

SATURATED STEAM
Engush Units
Caplorei1
skilogram.
in volumethe external workis pu and the corrMponding ^ount ofheat is Ajm
where A is the reciprocal of the mechanical equivalent of heat. The part of the
heat of vaporization not used in external work is considered i^ed in changmg
the state from liquid to vapor. The heat required for this work may be repr-

otEhnrfepy^liqud.
(B^m^Peabody, Steam and Entropy Tables, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,
publishers, by permission.)

oEntfrop^yvaoriztn.
Heat equiva Specific vol
lent of external Density.
ume.
work.

Cubic mp8etrs fCeubitc^

kilo.
pounedr. Kpiloesr
cu0b9ic1 metr.
1PpouenCrdOcfsoubitc. Tempra,tu,
0 30.1 54.2 0.0000 2.1804 206.3 3304 0.00485 0.000303 32
1 30.2 54.4 0.0037 2.1706 192.7 3087 0.00519 0.000324 33.8
2

3
4
30.4

30.5
30.5
54.6

54.8
54.9
punod 0.0074 2.1609 180.0

0.0110 2.1513 168.2

0.0146 2.1416 157.2
2884

2694
2518
0.00556

0.00595 0.000371
0.00636 0.000397
0.000347 36.6

37.4
39.2

9
6
7
8
6 30.6

30.8
30.9
31.0

31.1
55.2

55.4
55.6
55.7

55.9
0.0183 2.1320 147.1

0.0219 2.1225 137.7

0.0256 2.1130 129.0
0.0290 2.1036 120.9

0.0326 2.0943 113.4

2356

2206
2067
1937

1816
0.00680 0.000424

0.00726 0.000453
0.00775 0.000484
0.00827 0.000516

0.00882 0.000551
degr sFahrenit,
41

42.8
44.6
46.4

48.2
10 31.2 56.1 0.0361 2.0850 106.3 1703 0.00941 0.000587 60
11 31.3 56.3 0.0397 2.0758 99.8 1599 0.01002 0.000625 61.8

12 31.4 56.5 0.0433 2.0667 93.7 1502 0.01067 0.000666 63.6

13 31.5 56.7 0.0467 2.0576 88.1 1411 0.01135 0.000709 66.4
14 31.6 56.9 0.0502 2.0486 82.9 1327 0.01206 0.000754 67.2

15 31.7 57.1 0.0537 2.0396 77.9 1248 0.01283 0.000801 69

16 31.8 57.3 0.0571 2.0308 73.3 1174 0.01364 0.000852 60.8
17 31.9 57.4 0.0607 2.0220 69.1 1105 0.01447 0.000905 62.6

18 32.0 57.6 0.0641 2.0132 65.1 1041 0.01536 0.000961 64.4

19 32.1 57.8 0.0675 2.0045 61.3 982 0.01631 0.001018 66.2
20 32.2 58.0 0.0709 1.9959 57.8 926 0.01730 0.001080 68

21 32.3 58.2 0.0743 1.9873 54.5 873 0.01835 0.001145 69.8

22 32.4 58.4 0.0776 1.9788 51.5 824 0.01942 0.001214 71.6
23 32.5 58.6 0.0811 1.9703 48.60 778 0.02058 0.001286 73.4

24 32.6 58.8 0.0845 1.9620 45.92 735 0.02178 0.001361 76.2

26 32.8 59.0 0.0878 1.9536 43.40 695 0.02304 0.001439 77
26 32.9 59.2 0.0911 1.9453 41.05 657 0.02436 0.001522 78.8

27 33.0 59.3 0.0945 1.9370 38.83 622 0.02575 0.001608 80.6

28 33.1 59.5 0.0978 1.9288 36.74 589 0.02722 0.001698 82.4
29 33.2 59.7 0.1011 1.9207 34.78 557 0.02875 0.001795 84.2

30 33.3 59.9 0.1044 1.9126 32.95 528 0.03035 0.001894 86

433
 iSANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

Tempratue,degresCentigrade. PROPERTIES OF

Milmetrsomfer cury. Pressure.

Heat of
the liquid.
Heat of
vaporiza
tion.
Heat equiva
lent of inter
nal work.

Kilogra,m8 psqeuar centimer. Pg

i ^
|i
Popunedsr squareinch. H'a
pq

Calporieskilogram.
t P P P Q. r r t
5 P p

31 33.57 0.04564 0.6492 31.04 55.9 579.1 1042.4 545.7 982.2 87.8

B.TpUe.rpoimd.
32 35.53 0.04830 0.6871 32.04 57.7 578.6 1041.4 545.1 981.t) 89.6
33 37.59 0.05111 0.7269 33.04 59.5 578.0 1040.4 544.4 979.9 91.4

Calporieskilogram.
34 39.75 0.05404 0.7687 34.03 61.3 577.4 1039.4 543.7 978.7 93.2
36 42.02 0.05713 0.8126 35.03 63.1 576.9 1038.5 543.1 977.6 96
36 44.40 0.06037 0.8586 36.03 64.9 576.4 1037.5 542.5 976.4 96.8

37 46.90 0.06376 0.9068 37.02 66.6 575.8 1036.5 541.8 975.2 98.6
38 49.51 0.06731 0.9574 38.02 68.4 575.3 1035.5 541.2 974.0 100.4
39 52.26 0.07105 1.0105 39.02 70.2 574.7 1034.5 540.5 972.8 102.2

40
41
42
55.13
58.14
61.30
0.07495 1.0661
0.07905 1.1243
0.08334 1.1854
40.02
41.01
42.01
72.0
73.8
75.6
574.2 1033.5 539.9
573.6 1032.5 539.2
573.1 1031.5 538.6 Calporieskilogram. 971.7
970.5
969.3
104
105.8
107.6

43
44
45

46
64.59
68.05
71.66
0.08782 1.2492 43.01 77.4
0.09252 1.3159 44.01 79.2
0.09743 1.3858 45.00 81.0

75.43 0.10256 1.4587 46.00 82.8

572.5 1030.5 537.9
571.9 1029.4 537.2
571.3 1028.4 536.5

570.8 1027.4 535.8

B.pTUe.rpound.
968.2
966.9
965.7

964.5
109.4
111.2
113

114.8
47 79.38 0.10792 1.5350 47.00 84.6 570.2 1026.4 535.1 963.3 116.6
48 83.50 0.11353 1.6147 48.00 86.4 569.6 1025.3 534.4 962.0 118.4

49 87.80 0.11937 1.6979 48.99 88.2 569.0 1024.3 533.7 960.8 120.2
60 92.30 0.12549 1.7849 49.99 90.0 568.4 1023.2 533.0 959.6 122
/ 61 96.99 0.13187 1.8756 50.99 91.8 567.8 1022.2 532.3 958.4 123.8

52 101.88 0.13852 1.9701 51.99 93.6 567.3 1021.2 531.7 957.2 126.6
63 106.99 0.14546 2.0689 52.99 95.4 566.8 1020.2 531.1 956.0 127.4
54 112.30 0.15268 2.172 53.98 97.2 566.2 1019.1 530.4 954.7 129.2

66 117.85 0.16023 2.279 54.98 99.0 565.6 1018.1 529.7 953.5 131
66 123.61 0.16806 2.390 55.98 100.8 565.1 1017.1 529.1 952.3 132.8
67 129.63 0.17624 2.506 56.98 102.6 564.5 1016.1 528.4 951.1 134.6

68 135.89 0.18475 2.627 57.98 104.4 563.9 1015.1 527.7 949.9 136.4
59 142.41 0.19362 2.754 58.97 106.2 563.4 1014.1 527.1 948.7 138.2
60 149.19 0.20284 2.885 59.97 108.0 562.8 1013.1 526.4 947.5 140

61 156.24 0.21242 3.021 60.97 109.8 562.2 1012.0 525.7 946.3 141.8
62 163.58 0.2224 3.163 61.97 111.6 561.7 1011.0 525.1 945.1 143.6
63 171.20 0.2328 3.310 62.97 113.4 561.1 1009.9 524.4 943.8 145.4

64 179.13 0.2435 3.464 63.98 115.2 560.5 1008.9 523.7 942.6 147.2
65 187.36 0.2547 3.623 64.98 117.0 559.9 1007.8 523.0 941.3 149
66 195.92 0.2664 3.789 65.98 118.8 559.3 1006.8 522.3 940.1 150.8

67 204.80 0.2784 3.960 66.98 120.6 558.8 1005.8 521.7 938.9 162.6
68 214.02 0.2910 4.139 67.98 122.4 558.2 1004.7 521.0 937.6 164.4
69 223.58 0.3040 4.324 68.98 124.2 557.6 1003.6 520.3 936.3 166.2

70 233.53 0.3175 4.516 69.98 126.0 556.9 1002.5 519.5 935.0 158

434.

\
Tempratue,degresCentigrade.
SATURATED STEAM (Continued)
HANDBOOK OP CBEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

Heat equiva Specific vol

lent of external Density.
ume.
work.
o

^.a II |H
t Apu
pq

Apu
h'"
6
oEntrfopyvaorizt
T
r

31.24
s

501
8
1
s

0.03201 0.001996 87.8

t

mpetrskilo.
31 33.4 60.2 0.1077 1.9046
32
33
33.5
33.6
60.4
60.5
0.1110 1.8966
0.1142 1.8886 Cubic
29.62 474.7
28.08' 449.7
0.03376 0.002107
0.03561 0.002224
89.6
91.4

fCeubitcpounedr.
34 33.7 60.7 0.1175 1.8806 26.62 426.5 0.03757 0.002345 93.2
35 33.8 60.9 0.1207 1.8728 25.25 404.7 0.02960 0.002471 95
36 33.9 61.1 0.1239 1.8650 23.98 384.2 0.04170 0.002603 96.8

37 34.0 61.3 0.1272 1.8572 22.78 364.9 0.04390 0.002740 98.6

38 34.1 61.5 0.1304 1.8494 21.65 346.8 0.04619 0.002884 100.4
39 34.2 61.7 0.1336 1.8417 20.58 329.7 0.04859 0.003033 102.2

Popunedsr'fcoubti.
40 34.3 61.8 0.1368 1.8341 19.57 313.5 0.0511 0.003190 104
41 34.4 62.0 0.1399 1.8265 18.61 298.0 0.0537 0.003356 105.8
42 34.5 62.2 0.1431 1.8189 17."B9 283.3 0.0565 0.003530 107.6

43
44
45

46
47
34.6
34.7
34.8

35.0
35.1
62.3
62.5
62.7

62.9
63.1
0.1463
0.1494
0.1526
1.8113
1.8038
1.7693

0.1557 1.7889
0.1588 1.7815
16.82
16.01
15.25

14.54
13.86
269.5
256,5
244.4

233.0
222.1
0.0595 0.003711 109.4'
0.0625 0.003899 111.2
0.0656 0.004092 113

0.0688 0.004292 114.8

0.0722 0.004502 116.6
Tempratue,degresFahrenit
48 35.2 63.3 0.1619 1.7742 13.21 211.7 0.0757 0.004724 118.4

49 35.3 63.5 0.1650 1.7669 12.60 201.9 J0.0794 0.00495 120.2

50 35.4 63.6 0.1682 1.7597 12.02 192.6 0.0832 0.00519 122
51 35.5 63.8 0.1713 1.7525 11.47 183.8 0.0872 0.00544 123.8

52 35.6 64.0 0.1743 1.7454 10.96 175.5 0.0912 0.00570 125.6

53 35.7 64.2 0.1774 1.7383 10.47 167.7 0.0955 0.00596 127.4
54 35.8 64.4 0.1804 1.7312 10.00 160.3 0.1000 0.00624 129.2

55 35.9 64.6 0.1835 1.7242 9.56 153.2 0.1046 0.00653 131

56 36.0 64.8 0.1865 1.7173 9.14 146.5 0.1094 0.00683 132.8
57 36.1 65.0 0.1895 1.7104 8.74 140.1 0.1144 0.00713 134.6

58 36.2 65.2 0.1925 1.7035 8.36 134.0 0.1196 0.00746 136.4

59 36.3 65.4 0.1955 1.6967 8.00 128.3 0.1250 0.00779 138.2
60 36.4 65.6 0.1986 1.6890 7.66 122.8 0.1305 0.00814 140

61 36.5 65.7 0.2016 1.6831 7.34 117.6 0.1362 0.00850 141.8

62 36.6 65.9 0.2046 1.6764 7.03 112.7 0.1422 0.00887 143.6
63 36.7 66.1 0.2075 1.6696 6.74 108.0 0.1484 0.00926 145.4

64 36.8 66.3 0.2105 1.662S 6.46 103.5 0.1548 0.00966 147.2

65 36.9 66.5 0.2135 1.6563 6.19 99.2 0.1615 0.01008 149
66 37.0 66.7 0.2164 1.6497 5.94 95.1 0.1684 0.01051 150.8

67 37.1 66.9 0.2194 1.6431 5.70 91.3 0.1754 0.01095 152.6

68 37.2 67.1 0.2222 1.636e 5.47 87.6 0.1828 0.01142 154.4
69 37.3 67.3 0.2252 1.630( 5.25 84.1 0.1905 0.01189 156.2

70 37.4 67.4 0.22825 1.623e 5.04 80.7 0.1984 0.01239 158

435

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

Tempratue,degresCentigrade PROPERTIES OP

Milmetrsomfer cury. Heat equilra-

Heat of
Heat of
Pressure. vaporiza lent of inter
the liquid.
tion. nal work.

Kilograms pquearcenti h
met r. Poupndesr squareinch. H'a
pq W

Calporieskilogram.
t P P P Q 9 r r P P t

71 243.8 0.3315 4.715 70.98 127^8 556.4 1001.5 518.8 169.8

933.9
72 254.5 0.3460 4.921 71.99 129.6 555.8 1000.4 518.1 161.6
932.6
73 265.6 0.3611 5.136 72.99 131.4 555.2 999.4 517.4 163.4
931.4
74 277.1 0.3767

Calporieskilogram.
5.358 73.99 133.2 554.6 998.3 516.7 930.1 166.2
76 289.0 0.3929 5.589 74.99 135.0 554.0 997.3 516.0 928.8 167
76 301.3 0.4096 5.826 76.00 136.8 553.4 996.2 515.3 927.6 168.8
77 314.0 0.4269 6.072 77.00 138.6 552.9 995.2 514.7 926.4 170.6
78 327.2 0.4449 6.327 78.00 140.4 552.3 994.1 514.0 925.2 172.4
79 340.9 0.4635 6.592 79.01 142.2 551.7 993.0 513.3 923.9 174.2

80
81
82

83
84
355.1 0.4828
369.7 0.5026
384.9 0.5233

400.5 0.5445
6.867 80.01 144.0
7.150 81.02 145.8
7.443 82.02 147.6

7.745 83.03 149.4

551.1
550.5
549.9

549.3
991.9
990.8
989.8

988.7
Calporieskilogram.
512.6
511.9
511.2

510.5
922.6
921.3
920.1

918.8
176
177.8
179.6

181.4
416.7 0.5665 8.058 84.03 151.2 548.7 987.6 509.8 917.6 183.2

Tempratue,degresFahrenit.
86 433.5 0.5894 8.383 85.04 153.1 548.1 986.5 509.1 186
916.3
86 450.8 0.6129 8.717 86.04 154.9 547.4 985.4 508.3 915.0 186.8
87 468.6 0.6371 9.062 87.05 156.7 546.8 984.3 507.6 913.7 188.6
88 487.1 0.6623 9.419 88.06 158.5 546.2 983.2 506.9 912.5 190.4
89 506.1 0>6881 9.787 89.06 160.3 545.6 982.1 506.2 911.2 192.2
90 525.8 0.7149 10.167 90.07 162.1 544.9 980.9 505.4 909.9 194
91 546.1 0.7425 10.560 91.08 163.9 544.3 979.8 504.7 908.5 196.8
92 567.1 0.7710 10.966 92.08 165.7 543.7 978.7 504.0 907.2^ 197.6
93 588.7 0.8004 11.384 93.09 167.5 543.1 977.6 503.3 906.0 199.4
94 611.0 0.8307 11.815 94.10 169.3 542.5 976.5 502.6 904.7 201.2
96 634.0 0.8620 12.260 95.11 171.2 541.9 975.4 501.9 903.4 203
96 657.7 0.8942 12.718 96.12 173.0 541.2 974.2 501.1 902.1 204.8
97 682.1 0.9274 13.190 97.12 174.8 540.6 973.1 500.4 900.8 206.6
98 707.3 0.'9616 13.678 98.13 176.6 539.9 971.9 499.6 899.4 208.4
99 733.3 0.9970 14.180 99.14 178.5 539.3 970.8 498.9 898.2 210.2
100 760.0 1.0333 14.697 100.2 180.3 538.7 969.7 498.2 896.9 212
101 787.5 1.0707 15.229 101.2 182.1 538.1 968.5 497.5 895.5 213.8
102 815.9 1.1093 15.778 102.2 183.9 537.4 967.3 496.8 894.1 216.6
103 845.1 1.1490 16.342 103.2 185.7 536.8 966.2 496.1 892.9 217.4
104 875.1 1.1898 16.923 104.2 187.6 536.2 965.1 495.4 891.6 219.2
106 906.1 1.2319 17.522 105.2 189.4 535.6 964.0 494.7 890.3 221
106 937.9 1.2752 18.137 106.2 191.2 534.9 962.8 493.9 889.0 222.8
107 970.6 1.3196 18.769 107.2 193.0 534.2 961.6 493.1 887.6 224.6
108 1004.3 1.3653 19.420 108.2 194.8 533.6 960.5 492.4 886.3 226.4
109 1038.8 1.4123 20.089 109.3 196.7 532.9 959.3 491.6 885.0 228.2
110 1074.5 1.4608 20.777 110.3 198.5 532.3 958.1 490.9 883.6 230

436

V
 2.197
35.19
0.197.692
1.0.39.7
071.5 42552894
42842906
39.6
2.275
36.45
0.195.8 491
0.1.071.3
24395879
2743952
90
1.0.71.0
039.5
0.37.77
2.358
194 52241010
851
42648
Fahrenheit. 1.0.70.9
039.4
2.444
39.15
0.192.2 52091823.
489 069
2554
fTeopmetdegrees
perature, 2.534
40.59388
0.70.7
1.039.3
0.190.425946795
2463128
387
1.0.070.6
39.2
0.42.08
2.627 52807187
767
r. Pocubuincds ^^
188.6 2376
2.723
43.62 386
39.1
1.0.070.4
0.186.8 52672247
739
2293
45.23
0.185
2.824385
39.0
0.1.070.2
25541711
307
2211
2.929
46.92384
33.9
1.0.070.0
0.183.2 52414682
2131366
38.8
3.040
48.71 383
1.0.069.9
0.181.4 52289654
2053426
1cubi
Kilos c OS
HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

permeter.
38.7
3.156
50.6
0.179.6382
1.00.69.7
52168487
1976626
381
38.6
*1.0.069.5
3.277
52.5
0.177.8 5598548
2052
1905
54.5280
38.5
0.1.069.3
3.404
0.176 25938570
1835609
pefremet Cuterbsic teos
pound. per 68.6
3.973
0.63.7
168.8 76
00.1.238.1
25456
856
517
1570

3.822277
38.2
1.0.068.8
0.170.6
61.2 52616793
1634484
3.676
58.8
0.172.4278
38.3
1.00.68.9
52720731
1700513
279
0.01.69.1
38.4
3.537
56.6
0.174.2 5541
670
2827
1767
kilo. 274
1.0.037.9
4.130
66.2
0.167 75
0.1.068.5
238.02421
5427
918
1510
vaporizaCubictioi
68.2
68.8
4.294
0.165.2 52981
398
329
1453
SATURATED STEAM (Contmued)

the ooff EnEnttrrooppyy ^,

437
273
0.1.037.8
68.0
0.71.5
4.466
163.4 26239639
1398044
4.647272
1.0.067.8
37.7
0.74.4
161.6 62152107
1344340
237.6
1.0.067.6
4.838
77.5
0.159.8 7162171
067311
1290
liquid. PQ

Apu
k H.a
ume.
work. kilogram. =8
CeTepnmedrtipCagerraealdoteusri.rees, ^
^
extof
lent
ertnyal.
SpecivDensi
vol
equi
Heat a fic
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

Tempratue,degresCentigrade Heat of
Heat of
PROPERTIES OF
Heat equiva

Milmetrsomfer-
Pressure. vaporiza lent of inter
the liquid.
tion. nal work.

1 *S
Kilograms spquearcenti H a

t V V
met r. Poupnedsr squareinch.
V 3
pq

r
pq

r P
^'0
P t

ill
112
113

114
nil.][
1148.^'
1187.^

1227.1
1.5106 21.486
1.5617 22.214
1.6144 22.962

1.6684 23.729
Calporieskilogram.
111.a! 200.3
112.3! 202.1
-Ufai 203.S
114.31 205.8
531. e1 956.c> 490.JI
530. c1 955.7' 489.^I
530.2! 954.Si. 488.1^

529. i 953.31 487.1)

882.3
880.9
879.5

878.2
231.8
233.6
235.4

23772
115 1267.S 1.7238 24.518 115.31 207.6 528. S1 952.1 487.]L] 876.8

Calporeiskilogram.
239
116 1309.g 1.7808 25.328 116.4 209.4 528.2! 950.8 486.51 875.4 240.8
117 1352.8 1.8393 26.160 117.4 211.2 527.5. 949.5 485.S 873.9. 242.6
118 1397.0 1.8993 27.015 118.4 213.0 526.9 948.4 484. J1 872.6 244.4
119 1442.4 1.9611 27.893 119.4 214.9 526.2 947.2 484. C1 871.3 246.2

Calporeiskilogram.
120 1488.9 2.0243 28.792 120.4 216.7 525.6 946.0 483.4: 870.0 248
121 1536.6 2.0891 29.715 121.4 218.5 524.9 944.8 482. 868.6 249.8
122 1585.7 2.1556 30.664 122.5 220.4 524.2 943.5 481.8 ,867.1 251.6
123 1636.0 2.2241 31.637 123.5 222:2 523.5 942.3 481. C 865.8 253.4
124 1687.5 2.2943 32.64 124.5 224.1 522.8 941.0 480.2 S54.3 255.2
125 1740.5 2.3663 33.66 125.5 225.9 522.1 939.8 479.4 863.0 257
126 1794.7 2.4401 34.71 126.5 227.7 521.4 938.6 478. C 861.6 258.8
127 1850.3 2.5156 35.78 127.5 229.5 520.7 937. g 477.8 860.2 260.6
128 1907.3 2.5931 36.88 128.6 231.4 520.0 936.1 477.0 858.8 262.4
129 1965.8 2.6726 38.01 129.6 233.3 519.3 934.8 476.3 857.4 264.2
ISO 2025.6 2.7540 39.17 130.6 235.1 518.6 933.6 475.5 856.0 266
131 2086.9 2.8373 40.36 131.6 236.9 517.9 932.3 474.7 854.6 267.8
132 2149.8 2.9227 41.57 132.6 238.7 517.3 931.1 474.0 853.2 269.6
133 2214.0 3.0101 42.81 133.7 240.6 516.6 929.8 473.3 851.8 271.4
134 2280.0 3.0999 44.09 134.7 242.4 515.9 928.5 472.5 850.4 273.2
135 2347.5 3.1916 45.39 135.7 244.2 515.1 927.2 471.6 848.9 275
136 2416.5 3.2854 46.73 13'6.7 246.0 514.4 925.9 470.8 847.5 276.8
137 2487.3 3.3816 48.10 137.7 247.9 513.7 924.6 470.1 846.1 278.6
138 2559.7 3.4801 49.50 138.8 249.7 513.0 923.3 469.3 844.6 280.4
139 2633.8 3.581 50.93 139.8 251.6 512.3 922.1 468.5 843.3 282.2
140 2709.5 3.684 52.39 140.8 253.4 511.5 920.7 467.6 841.8 284
141 2787,1 3.789 53.89 141.8 255.3 510.7 919.3 466.8 840.2 285.8
142 2866.4 3.897 55.43 142.8 257.1 510.1 918.1 466.1 838.9 287.6
143 2947.7 4.008 57.00 143.9 259.0 509.3 916.7 465.3 837.4 289.4
144 W30.5 4.121 158.60 144.9 260.8 508.6 915.4 464.4 835.9 291.2
145 5115.3 4.236 (50.24 145.9 262; 7 507.8 914.1 463.6 834.5 293
1^ ^5202.1 4.354 (51.92 146.9 264.5 507.1 912.8 462.8 833.1 294.8
147 S1290.8 4.474 (53.64 148.0 266.4 506.4 911.5 462.0 831.6 296.6
148 S1381.3 4.597 (55.39 149.0 268.2 505.6 910.1 461.2 298.4
149 S!474.0 4.723 (57.18 150.0 270.1 504.9 908.8 460.4 300.2
150 Z1568.7 4.^2 e19.01 151.0 271.9 504.1 907.4 459.5 827.2 302

438

V
TempratudegresCentigrad
SATURATED STEAM (Continued)
HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

Caploreiskilogram.
Heat equiva
lent of external
work.
o
Specific vol-
imie.
Density.

s|
^1
^.a |l
.
r
t Apu Apu ft s t
T

111 41.4 74.6 0.3418 1.3842 1.172 18.77 0.863 0.0533 231.8
112 41.5 74.8 0.3445 1.3789 1.136 18.20 0.880 0.0660 233.6
76.0 0.3471 1.3736 1.101 17.64 0.908 0.0667 235.4

mpeterskilo.
113 41.6

114 41.7 75.1 0.3498 1.3683 Cubic

1.068 17.10 0.936 0.0585 237.2

Cfeubict pound.
115 41.8 75.3 0.3524 1.3631 1.036 16.69 0.965 0.0603 239
116 41.9 76.4 0.3550 1.3579 1.005 16.09 0.996 0.0622 240.8

117 42.0 75.6 0.3576 1.3527 0.9746 16.61 1.026 0.0641 242.6
118 42.1 75.8 0.3602 1.3475 0.9460 16.16per 1.057 0.0659 244.4
119

120
121
122
42.2

42.2
42.3
42.4
75.9

76.0
76.2
76.4
0.3628

0.3654
0.3680
0.3705
1.3423

1.3372
1.3321
1.3269
0.9183

0.8914
0.8653
0.8401
14.72

14.28
13.86
13.46
Kpiloesrcu6^
1.089

1.122
1.166
1.190
b0i1c metr.
0.0679

0.0700
0.0721
0.0743
246.2

248
249.8
251.6

123
124
125

126
42.5
42.6
42.7

42.8
76.5
76.7
76.8

77.0
0.3731
0.3756
0.3782

0.3807
1.3218
1.3167
1.31:17

1.3067
0.8158
0.7924
0.7698

0.7479
13.07
12.69
12.33

11.98
1.226
1.262
1.299

1.337
cfuobitc
0.0766
0.0788
0.0811

0.0835
253.4
255.2
257

258.8
127 42.9 77.1 0.3833 1.3017 0.7267 11.64 1.376 0.0869 260.6
128 43.0 77.3 0.3858 1.2967 0.7063 11.32 1.416 0.0883 262.4

129 43.0 77.4 0.3884 1.2917 0.6867 11.00 1.466 0.0909 264.2
130 43.1 77.6 0.3909 1.2868 0.6677 10.70 1.498 0.0935 266
131 43.2 77.7 0.3934 1.2818 0.6493 10.40 1.640 0.0961 267.8

132 43.3 77.9 0.3959 1.2769 0.6316 10.12 1.683 0.0988 269.6
133 43.3 78.0 0.3985 1.2720 0.6142 9.839 1.628 0.1016 271.4
134 43.4 78.1 0.4010 1.2672 0.6974 9.569 1.674 0.1046 273.2

135 43.6 78.3 0.4035 1.2623 0.6812 9.309 ^ 1.721 0.1074 275
136 43.6 78.4 0.4060 1.2574 0.6656 9.060 1.768 0.1104 276.8
137 43.6 78.5 0.4085 1.2526 0.5606 8.820 1.816 0.1134 278.6

138 43.7 78.7 0.4110 1.2479 0.5361 8.587 1.866 0.1165 280.4
139 43.8 78.8 0.4135 1.2431 0.6219 8.360 1.916 0.1196 282.2
140 43.9 78.9 0.4160 1.2383 0.6081 8.140 1.968 0.1229 284

141 43.9 79.1 0.4185 1.2335 0.4948 7.926 2.021 0.1262 285.8
142 44.0 79.2 0.4209 1.2288 0.4819 7.719 2.075 0.1296 287.6
143 44.0 79.3 0.4234 1.2241 0.4694 7.619 2.130 0.1330 289.4

44.2 79.5 0.4259 1.2194 0.4574 7.326 2.186 0.1365 291.2

in 44.2 79.6 0.4283
0.4307
1.2147 0.4457
0.4343
7.139
6.967
2.244
2.303
0.1401
0.1437
293
294.8
146 44.3 79.7 1.2100

147 44.4 79.9 0.4332 1.2054 0.4232 6.780 2.363 0.1475 296.6
148 44.4 80.0 0.4356 1.2008 0.4125 6.609 2.424 0.1613 298.4
149 44.5 80.1 0.4380 1.1962 0.4022 6.443 2.486 0.1552 300.2

160 : 44.6 80.2 0.4405 1.1916 0.3921 6.282 2.560 0.1592 302

439
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

Tempratue,degresCentigrade, - \
Heat of
PROPERTIES OF
Heat equiva

M'ilmetrsofmer
Heat of
Pressure.
the liquid. vaporiza lent of inter
tion. nal work.

cury.
Kilograms jsq)uearcenti w
t P V
met r. Potu)nedsr squareinch.
P a Q r r P P t

151
152
153
3665.3
376i.l
386i.9
4.984
5.118
5.255
70.88
72.79
74.74 Caloprieskilogram.
152.1
153.1
154.1
273.8 503.4
275.6 502.6
277.4 501.9
906.1
904.7
903.3
458.7
457.9
457.1
825.7
824.2
822.7
303.8

154
155
3968
4073
5.395
5.538
76.73
78.76
155.1
156.2
B.TpUe.rpound.
279.2
281.1
501.1
500.3
901.9
900.5
456.3
455.4
821.2
819.6
309.2
311

Calporieskilogram.
156 4181 5.6S4 80.84 157.2 283.0 499.6 899.2 454.6 818.2 312.8

157 4290 5.833 82.96 158.2 284.8 498.8 897.8 453.8 816.7 314.6
158 4402 5.985 85.12 159.3 286.7

B.TpUe.rpound.
498.1 896.5 453.0 815.3 316.4
159 4517 6.141 87.33 160.3 288.5 497.3 895.1 452.1 813.7 318.2

160 4633 6 300 X89.59 161.3 290.4 496.5 893.7 451.2 812.2 320
161
162

163
4752
4874

4998
6.462
6.628

6.796
91.89
94.25

96.65
162.3
163.4

164.4
292.2
294.1

295.9
495.7
494.9

494.2
892.3
890.9

889.5
Calporieskilogram.
450.4
449.5

448.7
810.7
809.2

807.7
321.8
323.6

325.4
164
165

166
167
168
5124
5253

5384
5518
5655
6.967
7.142

7.320
7.502
7.688
99.09
101.58

104.11
106.71
109.35
165.4
166.5

167.5
168.5
169.5
297.7
299.6

301.5
303.3
305.1
493.4
492.6

491.9
491.1
490.3
888.1
886.7

885.4
883.9
882.5
447.9
447.0

446.3
445.4
444.6
B.TUperpound.
806.2
804.7

803.3
801.7
800.1
327.2
329

330.8
332.6
334.4

169 5794 7.877 112.04 170.6 307.0 489.5 881.0 443.7 798.5 336.2
170 5937 8.071 114.79 171.6 308.9 488.7 879.6 442.8 797.0 338
171 6081 8.268 117.59 172.6 310.7 487.9 878.3 441.9 795.6 339.8

172 6229 8.469 120.45 173.7 312.6 487.1 876.9 441.1 794.1 341.6
173 6379 8.673 123.36 174.7 314.5 486.3 875.4 440.2 792.5 343.4
174 6533 8.882 126.33 175.7 316.3 485.5 873.9 439.4 790.9 345.2

175 6689 9.094 129.35 176.8 318.2 484.7 872.4 438.5 789.3 347
176 6848 9.310 132.43 177.8 320.0 483.9 871.0 437.7 787.8 348.8
177 7010 9.531 135.56 178.8 321.8 483.1 869.5 436.8 786.2 350.6

178 7175 9 755 138.75 179 9 323.7 482.3 868.1 436.0 784.7 352.4
179 7343 9.983 142.00 180.9 325.6 481.4 866.6 435.0 783.1 354.2
180 7514 10.216 145.30 181.9 327.5 480.6 865.1 434.2 781.5 356

181 7688 10.453 148.67 183.0 329.3 479.8 863.6 433.3 779.9 357.8
182 7866 10.695 152.11 184.0 331.2 479.0 862.2 432.5 778.4 359.6
183 8046 10.940 155.60 185.0 333.0 478.2 860.7 431.6 776.9 361.4

184 8230 11.189 159.15 186 1 334.9 477 4 859.2 430-8 775.3 363.2
185 8417 11.444 162.77 187.1 336.8 476.6 857.7 429.9 773.7 365
186 8608 11.703 166.46 188.1 338 6 475.7 856.3 429.0 772.2 366.8

187 8802 11.967 170.21 189.2 340 5 474.8 854.7 428.0 770.5 368.6
188 8999 12.235 174.02 190.2 342.4 474.0 853.2 427.2 768.9 370.4
189 9200 12.508 177.90 191.2 344.2 473.2 851.7 426.3 767.4 372.2

190 9404 12.786 181.85 192.3 346.1 472.3 850.2 425.4 766.8 374

440

V
TemperadegresCentig HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

SATURATED STEAM (Contimued)

Heat equiva Specific vol
lent of external Density.
ume.
work.
a
."S
1i 1
'6

H I. if II
ofthe
W 1^r
.s|o
o P1
fl
&
1
fU
t Apu Apu e s 8 t
T s

151 44.6 80.4 0.4429 1.1870 0.3824 6.126 2.615 0.1632 303.8
162 44.7 80.5 0.4453 1.1824 0.3729 5.974 2.682 0.1674 305.6
153 44.8 80.6 0.4477 1.1778 0.3637 5.826 2.750 0.1716 307.4

154 44.8 80.7 0.4501 1.1733 0.3548 5.683 2.818 0.1759 309.2
155 44.9 80.9 0.4525 1.1688 0.3463 5.546 2.888 0.1803 311
156 45.0 81.0 0.4549 1.1644 0.3380 5.413 2.959 0.1847 312.8

157 45.0 81.1 0.4573 1.1599 0.3298 5.282 3.032 0.1893 314.6
158 45.1 81.2 0.4596 1.1554 0.3218 5.154 3:108 0.1940 316.4
159 45.2 81.4 0.4620 1.1509 0.3140 5.029 3.185 0.1988 318.2

160 45.3 81.5 0.4644 1.1465 0.3063 4.906 3.265 0.2038 320
161 45.3 81.6 0.4668 1.1421 0.2989 4.789 3.345 a.2088 321.8
162 45.4 81.7 0.4692 1.1377 0.2920 4.677 3.425 0.2138 323.6

163 45.5 81.8 0.4715 1.1333 0.2855 4.571 3.503 0.2188 325.4
164 45.5 81.9 0.4739 1.1289 0.2792 4.469 3.582 0.2238 327.2
165 45.6 82.0 0.4763 1.1245 0.2729 4.368 3.664 0.2289 329

166 45.6 82.1 0.4786 1.1202 0.2666 4.268 3.751 0.2343 330.8
167 45.7 82.2 0.4810 1.1159 0.2603 4.168 3.842 0.2399 332.6
168 45.7 82.4 0.4833 1.1115 0.2540 4.070 3.937 0.2457 334.4

169 45.8 82.5 0.4857 1.1072 0.2480 3.975 4.032 0.2516 336.2
170 45.9 82.6 0.4880 1.1029 0.2423 3.883 4.127 0.2575 338
171 46.0 82.7 0.4903 1.0987 0.2368 3.794 4.223 0.2636 339.8

172 46.0 82.8 0.4926 1.0944 0.2314 3.709 4.322 0.2696 341.6
173 46.1 82.9 0.4949 1.0901 0.2262 3.626 4.421 0.2758 343.4
174 46.1 83.0 0.4972 1.0859 0.2212 3.545 4.521 0.2821 345.2

175 46.2 83.1 0.4995 1.0817 0.2164 3.467 4.621 0.2884 347
176 46.2 83.2 0.5018 1.0775 0.2117 3.391 4.724 0.2949 348.8
177 46.3 83.3 0.5041 1.0733 0.2072 3.318 4.826 0.3014 350.6

178 46.3 83.4 0.5064 1.0691 0.2027 3.247 4.933 0.3080 352.4
179 46.4 83.5 0.5087 1.0649 0.1983 3.177 5.04 0.3148 354.2
180 46.4 83.6 0.5110 1.0608 0.1941 3.109 5.15 0.3217 356

181 46.5 83.7 0.5133 1.0567 0.1899 3.041 5.27 0.3288 357.8
182 46.5 83^.8 0.5156 1.0525 0.1857 2.974 5.38 0.3362 359.6
183 46.6 83.8 0.5178 1.0484 0.1817 2.911 5.50 0.3435 361.4

184 46.6 83.9 0.5201 1.0443 0.1778 2.849 5.62 0.3510 363.2
185 46.7 84.0 0.5224 1.0403 0.1740 2.787 5.75 0.3588 365
186 ^ 46.7 84.1 0.5246 1.0362 0.1702 2.727 5.88 0.3667 366.8

187 46.8 .84.2 0.5269 1.0321 0.1666 2.669 6.00 0.3746 368.6
188 46.8 84.3 0.5291 1.0280 0.1632 2.614 6.13 0.3826 370.4
189 46.9 84.3 0.5314 1.0240 0.1598 2.560 6.26 0.3906 372.2

190 46.9 84.4 0.5336 1.0200 0.1565 2.507 6.39 0.3989 374

441
 Tempratued,egresC/entigrade.
HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRT AND PHYSICS

PROPERTIES OF

Milmetrso'mefr- cury. Pressure.

Heat of
the liquid.
Heat of
vaporiza
tion.
Heat equiva
lent of inter
nal work.

Kilograms pquearcenti P1 ^1 D
met r. Popunedsr squareinch. H 8. ^.a
pq
^ s.
PQ

Calporieskilogram.
t P V P Q. a r r P P t

191 9612 13.068 185.87 193.3 347.9 471.5 848.7 424.5 764.2 375.8
192 9823 13.355 189.96 194.4 349.8 470.6 847.1 423.6 762.5 377.6
193 10038 13.647 194.11 195.4 351.7 469.8 845.6 422.8 761.0 379.4

Caploreiskilogram.
194 10256 13.944 198.33 196.4 353.5 468.9 844.1 421.9 759.4 381.2
195 10479 14.247 202.64 197.5 355.4 468.1 842.5 421.0 757.7 383
196 10705 14.554 207.01 198.5 357.3 467.2 841.0 420.1 756.1 384.8

197 10934 14.866 211.45 199.5 359.2 466.4 839.5 419.2 754.6 386.6
198 11168 15.184 215.96 200.6 361.1 465.6 838.0 418.4 753.0 388.4
199 11406 15.507 220.56 201.6 362.9 464.7 836.4 417.4 751.3 390.2

200
201
202

203
11647
11893
12142
15.835 225.23
16.169 229.98
16.508 234.80

12395 16.852 239.71 205.8 370.4 461.2 830.2 4ia.8

202.7
203.7
204.7
364.8 463.8 1834.8 416.5
366.7 462.9 833.3 415.6
368.5 462.1 831.8 414.8
Calporeiskilogram. 749.7
748.1
746.6

744.9
392
393.8
395.6

397.4
204 12653 17.202 244.69 206.8 372.3 460.3 828.6 412.9 743.3 399.2
205 12915 17.558 249.75 207.9 374.1 459.4 827.0 412.0 741.6 401

206 13181 17.921 254.89 208.9 376.0 458.6 825.4 411.1 740.0 402.8
207 13452 18.289 260.13 210.0 377.9 457.7 823.8 410.2 738.3 404.6
208 13727 18.663 265.45 211.0 379.8 456.8 822.2 409.3 736.7 406.4

209 14006 19.042 270.85 212.0 381.6 455.9 820.6 408.4 735.1 408.2
210 14290 19.428 276.34 213.1 383.5 455.0 819.1 407.5 733.6 410
211 14578 19.820 281.91 214.1 385.4 454.1 817.4 406.6 731.9 411.8

212 14871 20.218 287.57 215.2 387.3 453.2 815.8 405.7 730.2 413.6
213 15168 20.622 293.31 216.2 389.2 452.4 814.3 404.9 72a. 7 415.4
214 15470 21.033 299.16 217.3 391.1 451.5 812.7 404.0 727.1 417.2

215 15778 21.452 305.10 218.3 392.9 450.6 811.0 403.1 725.4 419
216 16090 21.876 311.14 219.3 394.8 449.6 809.3 402.1 723.7 420.8
217 16406 22.306 317.26 220.4 396.7 448.7 807.7 401.2 722.1 422.6

218 16728 22.743 323.48 221.4 398.5 447.8 806.1 400.3 720.5 424.4
219 17055 23.188 329.81 222.5 400.4 446.9 804.5 399.4 718.9 426.2
220 17387 23.639 336.24 223.5 .402.3 446.0 802.9 398.5 717.3 428

442

\
Tempratue,d-gresCentigrade, HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

Caplorei1
skilogram.
SATURATED STEAM (Concluded)
Heat equiva Specific vol
lent of external Density.
ume.
work.
o

a
.

^.8.
I'l
E o* Ill
Eontrf^pyvaporizt
pq W
1
Apu e t
s

191
192
193

194
195
196
47.0
47.0
47.0

47.0
47.1
47.1
84.5
84.6
84.6

84.7
84.8
84.9
0.5358
0.5381
1.0160 0.1533
1.0120 0.1501
0.5403 1.0080 0.1470

0.5426 1.0040 0.1440

0.5448 1.0000 0.1411
0.5470 0.9961 0.1382
Cubic mepotrs Cfeubict Cpoer
kilo.
2.456
2.405
2.355

2.306
2.259
2.214
6.52
6.66
6.80

6.94
7.09
7.23
0.4072
0.4158
0.4246

0.4336
0.4426
0.4516
375.8
377.6
379.4

S81.2
383
384.8

197
198
199
47.2
47.2
47.3
84.9
85.0
85.1
0.5492
0.5514
0.5536
0.9922
0.9882
0.9843
0.1354
0.1327
0.1300
2.169
2.126
2.083
pound. 7.38
7.53
7.69
0.4610
0.4704
0.4801
386.6
388.4
390.2

200 47.3 85.1 0.5558 0.9804 0.1274 2.041 7.84 0.4900 392

Popunedlsrocubtic.
201 47.3 85.2 0.5580 0.9765 0.1249 2.001 8.00 0.4998 393.8
202 47.3 85.2 0.5602 0.9727 0.1225 1.962 8.16 0.510 395.6

203 47.4 85.3 0.5624 0.9688 0.1201 1 923 8.33 0.520 397.4
204 47.4 85.3 0.5646 0.9650 0.1177 1.885 8.50 0.531 399.2
205 47.4 85.4 0.5668 0.9611 0.1153 1.847 8.67 0.541 ' 401

206 47.5 85.4 0.5690 0.9572 0.1130 1.810 8.85 0.552 402.8
207 47.5 85.5 0.5712 0.9534 0.1108 1.774 9.03 0.564 404.
208 47.5 85.5 0.5733 0.9496 0.1086 1.739 9.21 0.575 406.4

209 47.5 85.5 0.5755 0.9458 0.1065 1.705 9.39 0.587 408.2
210 47.5 85.5 0.5777 0.9420 0 1044 1.673 9.58 0.598 410
2U 47.5 85.5 0.5799 0.9382 0.1024 1.640 9.77 0.610 411.8

212 47.5 85.6 0.5820 0.9344 0.1004 1.608 9.96 0.622 413.6
213 47.5 85.6 0.5842 0.9307 0.0984 1.577 10.16 0.634 415.4
214 47.5 85.6 0.5863 0.9269 0.0965 1.546 10.36 0.647 417.2

215 47.5 85.6. 0.5885 0.9232 0.0947 1.516 10.56 0.660 419
216 47.5 85.6 0.5906 0.9195 0.0928 1.486 10.78 0.673 420.8
217 47.5 85.6 0.5927 0.9157 0.0910 1.458 10.99 0.686 422.6

218 47.5 85.6 0.5948 0.9120 0.0893 1.430 11.20 0.699 424.4
219 47.5 85.6 0.5969 0.9084 0.0876 1.403 11.41 0.713 426.2
220 47.5 85.6 0.5991 0.9047 0.0860 1.376 11.62 0.727 428

443

V
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
HIGH AND LOW TEMPERATURES OBTAINED BY
VAklOUS MEANS
Absolute zero, 273 C.
Freezing-point of helium 272 (
Freezing-point of hydrogen 259
Boiling-point of hydrogen 252
Boiling-point of liquid air at atmospheric pressure.. 192
Freezing-point of carbon dioxide 57
Industrial furnaces +1700 to 1800
Bunsen burner. 1870
Oxy-coal gas flame. 2000
Oxy-hydrogen flame 2800
Oxy-acetylene flame 3500
Electric arc (furnace) 3500
(Sun's Temperature, 5000 C.)

HEAT VALUES OF FUEL

(From Smithsouian Tables.)

Fuel. Calories B.T.U.

per gm. per lb.

Coal:
Lignite
low grade 3247 5845
high grade 6764 12175
Sub-bituminous
low grade 5115 9207
high"grade 5865 10557
Bitimiinous
low grade 6088 10958
high grade 7852 14134
Semi-bituminous
Low grade. 7845 14121
high grade 8166 14699
Semi-anthracite 7612 13702
Anthracite
low grade 6987 12577
high grade 7417 13351
Peats (air dried) i
From Franklin Co., N. Y 5726 10307
From Sawyer Co., Wis 4867 8761
Liquid fuel:
Petroleum ether : 12215^ 21987
Gasoline 11250 20250
Kerosene ; 11100 19980
Fuel oils, heavy petroelum or refinery residue 10350 18630
Alcohol, fuel or denatured with 7-9 per cent
water and denaturing material 6455 11619
444
HYGROMETRIC AND BAROMETRIC
TABLES

CONVERSION TABLE FOR BAROMETRIC READINGS

U. S. inches to cm.

Inches. .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09

27.0 68.580 .606 .631 .656 .682 .707 .733 .758 .783 .809
27.1 .834 .860 .885 .910 .936 .961 .987 *.012 *.037 *.063
27.2 69.088 .114 .139 .164 .190 .215 .241 .266 .291 .317
27.3 .342 .368 .393 .418 .444 .469 .495 .520 .545 .571
27.4 .596 .622 .647 .672 .698 .723 .749 .774 .799 .825

27.5 .850 .876 .901 .926 .952 .977 *.002 *.028 *.053 *.079
27.6 70.104 .130 .155 .180 .206 .231 .257 .282 .307 .333
27.7 .358 .384 .409 .434 .460 .485 .511 .536 .561 .587
27.8 .612 .638 .663 .688 .714 .739 .765 .790 .815 .841
27.9 .866 .892 .917 .942 .968 .993 *.018 *.044 *.069 *.095

28.0 71.120 .146 .171 .196 .222 .247 .273 .298 .323 .349
28.1 .374 .400 .425 .450 .476 .501 .527 .552 .577 .603
28.2 .628 .654 .679 .704 .730 .755 .781 .806 .831 .857
28.3 .882 .908 .933 .958 .984 *.009 *.035 *.060 *.085 *.111
28.4 72.136 .162 .187 .212 .238 .263 .289 .314 .339 .365

28.5 .390 .416 .441 .466 .492 .517 .543 .568 .593 .619
28.6 .644 .670 .695 .720 .746 .771 .797 .822 .847 .873
28.7 .898 .924 .949 .974 *.000 *.025 *.051 *.076 *.101 *.127
28.8 73.152 .178 .203 .228 .254 .279 .305 .330 .355 .381
28.9 .406 .432 .457 .482 .508 .533 .559 .584 .609 .635

29.a .660 .686 .711 .736 .762 .787 .813 .838 .863 .889
29.1 .914 .940 .965 .990 *.016 *.041 *.067 *.092 *.117 *.143
29.2 74.168 .194 .219 .244 .270 .295 .321 .346 .371 .397
29.3 .422 .448 .473 .498 .524 .549 .575 .600 .625 .651
29.4 .676 .702 .727 .752 .778 .803 .829 .854 .879 .905

29.5 .930 .956 .981 *.006 *.032 *.057 *.083 *.108 *.133 *.159
29.6 75.184 .210 .235 .260 .286 .311 .337 .362 .387 .413
29.7 .438 .464 .489 .514 .540 .565 .591 .616 .341 .667
29.8 .692 .718 .743 .768 .794 .819 .845 .870 .895 .921
29.9 .946 .972 .997 *.022 *.048 *.073 *.099 *.124 *.149 *.175

30.0 76.200 .226 .251 .277 .302 .327 .353 .378 .404 .429
30.1 .454 .480 .505 .531 .556 .581 .607 .632 .658 .683
30.2 .708 .734 .759 .785 .810 .835 .861 .886 .912 .937
30.3 .962 .988 *.0J3 *.039 *.064 *.089 *.115 *.140 *.166 *.191
30.4 77.216 .242 .267 .293 .318 .343 .369 .394 .420 .445

30.5 .470 .496 .521 .547 .572 .597 .623 .648 .674 .699
30.6 .724 .750 .775 .801 .826 ;851 .877 .902 .928 .953
30.7 .978 *.004 *.029 *.055 *.080 *.105 *.131 *.156 *.182 *.207
30.8 78.232 .258 .283 .309 .334 .359 .385 .410 .436 .461
30.9 .486 .512 .537 .563 .588 .613 .639 .664 .690 .715

445

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

TEMPERATURE CORRECTION, BRASS SCALE

Metric

To reduce readings of a mercurial barometer with a brass scale to 0C.

subtract the appropriate quantity as found in the table.

Observed height in centimeters.

Temp.
70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78
cm. cm. cm. cm. cm. cm. cm. cm. cm.

0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

1 .011 .011 .012 .012 .012 .012 .012 .012 .013
2 .023 .023 .023 .024 .024 .024 .024 .025 .025
3 .034 .034 .035 .035 .036 .036 .037 .037 .038
4 .045 .046 .046 .047 .048 .048 .049 .050 .050

5 0.056 0.057 0.058 0.059 0.060 0.060 0.061 0.062 0.063

6 .068 .069 .069 .071 .072 .072 .073 .074 .075
7 .079 .080 .081 .082 .083 .085 .086 .087 .088
8 .090 .092 .093 .094 .095 .097 .098 .099 .101
9 .102 .103 .104 .106 .107 .109 .110 .112 .113

10 0.113 0.114 0.116 0.118 0.119 0.121 0.122 0.124 0.126

11 .124 .126 .128 .129 .131 .133 .135 .137 .138
12 .135 .137 .139 .141 .143 .145 . 147 .149 .151
13 .147 .149 .151 .153 .155 .157 .159 .161 .164
14 . 158 .160 .163 .165 .167 .169 .172 .174 .176

15- 0.169 0.172 0.174 0.177 0.179 0.181 0.184 0.186 0.189
16 .181 .183 .186 .188 .191 .194 .196 .199 .201
17 .192 .195 .197 .200 .203 .206 .208 .211 .214
18 .203 .206 .209 .212 .215 .218 .221 .224 .227
19 .215 .218 .221 .224 .227 .230 .233 .236 .239

20 0.226 0.229 0.232 0.236 0.239 0.242 0.245 0.248 0.252

21 .237 .241 .244 .247 .251 .254 .258 .261 .264
22 .249 .252 .256 .259 .263 .266 .270 .273 .277
23 .260 .264 .267 .271 .275 .278 .282 .286 .290
24 .271 .275 .279 .283 .287 .291 .294 .298 .302

25 0.283 0.287 0.291 0.295 0.299 0.303 0.307 0.311 0.315

26 .294 .298 .302 .306 .311. .315 .319 .323 .327
27 .305 .310 .314 .318 .323 .327 .331 .336 .340
28 .317 .321 .326 .330 .335 .339 .344 .348 .353
29 .328 .333 .337 .342 .347 .351 .356 .361 .365
30 0.339 0.344 0.349 0.354 0.359 0.363 0.368 0.373 0 378

CONVERSION TABLE FOR PRESSURE UNITS

Correct for mercury at 0 C.

Dynes per sq.cm.

Cms. of Hg. Grams per sq.cm. Lbs. per sq.in.
(g =980).

1 13.5956 13,323.7 0.193376

2 27.1912 26,647.4 0.386752
3 40.7838 39,971.1 0.580123
4 54.3824 53,294.8 0.773504
5 67.9780 66,618.4 0.966^80
6 81.5736 79,942.1 1.160256
7 95.1692 93,265.8 1.353632
8 108.7648 106,5.89.5 1.547008
9 122.3604 119.913.2 1.740384

446
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

TEMPERATURE CORRECTION, GLASS SCALE '

Metric
To reduce readings of a mercurial barometer with a glass scale to 0 C.
subtract the appropriate quantity as found in table.

Observed height in centimeters.

ocr-
70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78
cm. cm. cm. cm. cm. cm. cm. cm. cm.

0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

1 .012 .012 .013 .013 .013 .013 .013 .014
2 .025 .025 .025 .026 .026 .026 .026 .027 .027
3 .036 .036 .037 .037 .038 .038 .039 .039 .040
4 .048 .049 .049 . b.050 .051 .051 .052 .053 .053
CO
5 0.060 0.061 0.062 0.063 0.064 0.064 0.065 0.066 0.067
/ 6 .073 .074 .074 .076 .077 .077 .078 .079 .080
7 .085 .086 .087 .088 .089 .091 .092 .093 .094
8 .096 .098 .099 .100 .101 .103 .104 .105 .107
9 .109 .110 .111 .113 .114 .116 .117 .119 .120

10 0.121 0.122 0.124 0.126 0.127 0.129 0.130 0.132 0.134

11 .133 .135 .137 .138 .140 .142 .144 .146 .147
12 .144 .146 .148 .150 .152 .154 .156 .158 .160
13 .157 .159 .161 .163 .165 .167 .169 .171 .174
14 .169 .171 .174 .176 .178 .180 .183 .185 .187

15 0.181 0.184 0.186 0.189 0.191 0.193 0.196 0.198 0.201

16 .194 .196 .199 .201 .204 .307 .209 .212 .214
17 .205 .208 .210 .213 .216 .219 .221 .224 .227
18 .217 .220 .223 .226 .229 .232 .235 .238 .241
19 .230 .233 .236 .239 .242 .245 . .248 .251 .254

20 0.242 0.245 0.248 0.252 0.255 0.258 0.261 0.264 0.268

21 .254 .258 .261 .264 .268 .271 .275 .278 .281
22 .266 .269 .273 .276 .280 .283 .287 .290 .294
23 .278 .282 .285 .289 .293 .296 .300 .304 .308
24 .290 .294 .298 .302 .306 .310 .313 .317 .321

25 0.303 0.307 0.311 0.315 0.319 0.323 0.327 0.331 0.335

26 .315 .319 .323 .327 .332 .336 .340 .344 .348
27 .326 .331 .335 .339 .344 .348 .352 .357 .361
28 .339 .343 .348 .352 .357 .361 .366 .370 .375
29 .351 .356 .360 .365 .370 .374 .379 .384 .388

30 0.363 0.368 0.373 0.378 0.383 0.387 0.392 0.397 0.402

MASS OF WATER VAPOR IN SATURATED AIR

Mass in grams per cubic meter.
(From Smithsonian Tables.)
Temp.
C. 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0

-20 0.892 0.810 0.737 0.673 0.613 0.557 0.505 0.457 0.413 0.373
-10 2.154 1.978 1.811 1.658 1.519 1.395 1.282 1.177 1.079 0.982
- 0 4.835 4.468 4.130 3.813 3.518 3.244 2.988 2.752 2.537 2.340

+ 0 4.835 5.176 5.538 5.922 6.330 6.761 7.219 7.703 8.215 8.757
10 9.330 9.935 10.574 11.249 11.961 12.712 13.505 14.339 15.218 16.144
20 17.118 18.143 19.222 20.355 21.646 22.796 24.109 25.487 26.933 28.450
30 30.039 31.704 33.449 35.275 37.187 39.187 41.279 43.465 45.751 48.138
447
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

DEDUCTION OF BAROMETER READINGS TO STANDARD

TEMPERATURE
Bbass Scale, Bbitish Units.
The table gives the corrections for the barometer reading in inches
and the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit for a brass scale graduated
to be correct at 62 F. The correction is to be subtracted.
Observed height in inches.
Temp.
o F
27.6 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0 30.5 31.0

32 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0..009 0.010 0.010 0.010

34 .013 .014 .014 .014 .014 .015 .015 .015 .015
36 .018 .019 .019 .019 .020 .020 .020 .021 .021
38 .023 .024 .024 .025 .025 .025 .026 .026 .027
40 .028 .029 .029 .030 .030 .031 .031 .032 .032
42 .033 .034 .034 .035 .036. .036 .038 .037 .038
44 .038 .039 .039 .040 .041 .041 .042 .043 .044
46 .043 .044 .044 .045 .046 .047 .048 .048 .049
48 .048 .049 .050 .050 .051 .052 .053 .054 .055
50 .053 .054 .055 .055 .057 .058 .058 .059 .060
52 .058 .059 .060 .060 .062 .063 .064 .065 .066
54 .062 .063 .065 .066 .067 .068 .069 .071 .072
56 .067 .068 .070 .071 .072 .074 .075 .076 .077
58 .072 .073 .075 .076 .078 .079 .080 .082 .083
60 .077 .078 .080 .081 .083 .084 .086 .087 .089
62 .082 .083 .085 .086 .088 .090 .091 .093 .094
64 .087 .088 .090 .092 .093 .095 .097 .098 .100
66 .092 .093 .095 .097 .099 .100 .102 .104 .105
68 .097 .098 .100 .102 .104 .106 .107 .109 .111
70 .102 .103 .105 .107 .109 .111 .113 .115 .117
72 .107 .108 .110 .112 .114 .116 .118 .120 .122
74 .111 .113 .116 .117 .120 .122 .124 .126 .128
76 .116 .118 .121 .123 .125 .127 .129 .131 .133
78 .121 .123 .126 .128 .130 .132 .135 .137 .139
80 .126 .128 .131 .133 .135 .138 .140 .142 .145
82 .131 .133 .136 .138 .141 .143 .146 .148 .150
84 .136 .138 .141 .143 .146 .148 .151 .153 .156
86 .141 .143 .146 .148 .151 .154 .156 .159 .162
88 .146 .148 .151 .154 .156 .159 .162 .165 .167
90 .151 .153 .156 .159 .162 .165 .167 .170 .173
92 .156 .158 .161 .164 .167 .170 .173 .176 .178
94 .160 .163 .166 .170 .172 .175 .178 .181 .184
96 .165 .168 .171 .174 .178. .181 .184 .187 .190
98 .170 .173 .177 .179 .183 .186 .189 .192 .195

CORRECTION FOR CAPILLARY DEPRESSION OF

MERCURY IN A GLASS TUBE
Correction to be added.
Height of meniscus in centimeters.
xjiaiu..

of
tube. 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18

cm. cm. cm. cm. cm. cm. cm. cm. cm.

0.4 0.083 0.122 0.154 0.198 0.237

0.5 .047 .065 .086 .119 .145 0.180
0.6 .027 .041 .056 ' .078 .098 .121 0.143
0.7 .018 .028 .040 .053 .067 .082 .097 .113
0.8 -.020 .029 .038 .046 .056 .065 0.077

0.9 0.015 0.021 0.028 0.033 0.040 0.046 0.052

1.0 .015 .020 .025 .029 .033 .037
1.1 .010 .014 .018 " .021 .024 .027
1.2 .007 .010 .013 .015 .018 .019
1.3 .004 .007 .010 .012 .013 .014

448
 \
HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

REDUCTION OF BAROMETER TO SEA LEVEL

Metric Units
- Correction to be added (in cm.)
(From Smithsonian Tables.)

Observed Height in Centimeters.

Height above
sea fevel
in meters. 66 60 65 70 75 80

100 .0014 .0015 .0016

200 .0028 .0030 .0032
300 .0041 .0044 .0047
400 .0056 .0059 .0063
600 .0064 .0068 .0073 .0078
600 .0077 .0082 .0088
700 .0090 .0096 .0102
800 .0103 .0109 .0117
900 .0115 .0123 .0131
1000 0108 .0118 .0128 .0137 .0146
1100 0118 .0130 .0141 .0150
1200 0129 .0142 .0154 .0164
1300 0140 .0153 .0166 .0178
1400 0161 .0166 .0179 .0191
1600 0162 .0176 .0191 .0205
1600 0172 .0188 .0204
1700 0183 .0200 .0217
1800 0194 .0212 .0230
1900 0204 .0224 .0242
2000 0216 .0235 .0256
2100 0226 .0247
2200 0237 .0259
2300 0248 .0271
2400 0269 .0283
2500 0270 .0295

English Units

Observed Height in Inches.

Height-abov
sea level
in feet. 22 24 26 28 32
20

500 .078 .084 .090 .096

1000 .155 .167 .179 .192
1500 .215 .233 .251
2000 .287 .311 .335 .359
2500 .369 .389 .419
3000 396 .431 .467 .503
3500 461 .503 .545
4000 526 .574 .623
4500 692 .646 .701
5000 598 658 .718 .779
6500 658 724 .790
6000 718 789 .862
6500 777 666 .934
7000 837 721 1.005
7500 897 787 1.077
8000 957 853
8600 016 918
9000 076 984
9500 136 050

449

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

REDUCTION OF BAROMETER TO LATITUDE 45

Metric Scale
For latitudes below 45, subtract the correction; for latitudes greater
than 45 it is to be added. Corrections in cm.
(From Smithsonian Meteorological Tables.)

Observed Height of BiiROMEXER in Centimeters.

Liatitude.

68 70 72 74 76 78

25 65 0.116 0.120 0.123 0.127 0.130 a. 133

26 64 .111 .115 .118 .121 .125 .128
27 63 .106 .110 .113 .116 .119 .122
28 62 .101 .104 .107 .110 .113 .116
29 61 .096 .099 .102 .104 .107 .110

30 60 0.091 0.094 0.096 0.098 0.101 0.104

31 59 .085 .087 .090 .092 .095 .097
32 58 .079 .082 .084 .086 .089 .091
33 57 .074 .076 .078 .080 .082 .084
34 56 .068 .070 .072 .074 .076 .078

35 55 0.062 0.064 0.066 0.067 0.069 0.071

36 54 .056 .058 .059 .061 .063 .064
37 53 .050 .051 .053 .054 .056 .057
38 52 .044 .045 .046 .048 .049 .050
39 51 .038 .039 .040 .041 .042 .043

40 50 0.031 0.032 0.033 0.034 0.035 0.036

41 49 .025 .026 .027 .027 .028 .029
42 48 .019 .019 .020 .021 .021 .022
43 47 .013 .013 ^013 .014 , .014 .014
44 46 .006 .007 .007 .007 .007 .007

English Scale
Corrections in inches.

Obbebvbd Height in Inches.

Latitude.

25 26 27 28 29 30

25 65 0.043 0.044 0.046 0.048 0.050 0.051

26 64 .041 .043 .044 .046 .048 .049
27 63 .039 .041 .042 .044 .045 .047
28 62 .037 .039 ,040 .042 .043 .045
29 61 .035 .037 .038 .039 .041 .042

30 60 0.033 0.035 0;036 0.037 0.039 0,040

31 59 .031 .032 .034 .035 .036 .037
32 58 .029 .030 .032 .033 .034 .035
33 57 .027 .028 .029 .030 .031 032
34 56 .025 .026 .027 .028 .029 !o3o
35 55 0.023 0.024 0.025 0.025 0.026 0.027
36 54 .021 .021 .022 .023 .C34 .025
37 53 .018 .019 .020 .021 .021 .022
38 52 .016 .017 .017 .018 .019 .019
39 51 .014 .014 .015 .015 .016 .017

40 50 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.014

41 49 .009 .010 .010 .010 .011 Oil
42 48 .007 .007 .008 .008 .008 .008
43 47 .005 .005 .005 .005 .005 .006
14 46 .002 .002 .003 .003 .003 .003
450
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
RELATIVE HUMIDITYDEW-POINT
The table gives the relative humiditjrof the air for temperature t andde\r-
point d. ,, V
X (From Smithsonian Meteorological Tables.)
Dew-point (d).
Depression
of dew-point
("d-C. -10 0 +10 +20 +30

0.0 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

0.2 98 99 99 99 99
0.4 97 97 ' 97 98 98
0.6 95 96 96 96 97
0.8 94 94 95 95 96

1.0 92 93 94 94 94
1.2 91 92 92 93 93
1.4 90 90 91 92 92
1.6 88 89 90 91 91
1.8 87 " 88 89 90 90

2.0 86 -87 88 88 89
2.2 84 85 86 87 88
2.4 83 84 85 86 87
2.6 82 83 84 85 86
2.8 80 82 83 84 85

3.0 79 81 82 83 84
3.2 78 80 81 82 83
3.4 77 79 80 81 82
3.6 76 77 79 80 82
3.8 75 76 78 79 81

4.0 73 75 77 78 80
4.2 72 74 76 77 79
4.4 71 73 75 77 78
4.6 70 72 74 76 77
4.8 69 71 73 75 76

5.0 68 70 72 74 75
5.2 67 69 71 73 75
5.4 66 68 70 72 74
5.6 65 67 69 71 73
5.8 64 66 69 70 72

6.0 63 66 68 70 71
6.2 62 65 67 69 71
6.4 61 64 66 68 70
6.6 60 63 65 67 69
6.8 60 62 64 66 68

7.0 59 61 63 66 68
7.2 58 60 63 65 67
7.4 57 60 62 64 66
7.6 56 59 61 63 65
7.8 55 58 60 63 65
451
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

RELATIVE HUMIDITYDEW-POINT (Continued)

Dew-point (d). ,
Depression
of dew-point
i-d C. -10 0 + 10 +20 +30

8.0 54 57 60 62 64
8.2 54 56 59 61 63
8.4 53 56 58 60 63
8.6 52 55 57 60 62
8.8 51 54 57 59 61
9.0 51 53 56 58 61
9.2 50 53 ^5 58 60
9.4 49 52 55 57 59
9.6 48 51 54 56 59
9.8 48 51 53 56 58
10.0 47 50 53 55 57
10.5 45 48 51 54
11.0 44 47 49 52
11.5 42 45 48 51
12.0 41 44 47 49
12.5 39 42 45 48
13.0 38 41 44 46
13.5 37 40 43 45
14.0 35 38 41 44
14.5 34 37 40 43
15.0 33 36 39 42
15.5 32 35 38 40
16.0 31 34 37 39
16.5 30 33 36 '38
17.0 29 32 35 37
17.5 28 31 34 36
18.0 27 30 33 35
18.5 26 29 32 34
19.0 25 28 31 33
19.5 24 27 30 33
20.0 26 29 32
21.0 22 25 27
22.0 21 23 26
23.0 19 22 24
24.0 18 21 23
25.0 17 19 22
26.0 16 18 21
27.0 15 17 20
28.0 14 16 19 -
29.0 13 15 18
30.0 12 14 17

452
 handbook of chemistry and physics

REDUCTION OF PSYCHROMETRIC OBSERVATION

For the reduction of observations with the wet and dry bulb thermometer.
Assuming the relative velocity of the air to the thermdmetef- bulbs iffat least
three meterspersecond; if t is the temperatureof the air as indicated by the
drybulb, the temperature ofthewet bulb, B,thebarometric pressure, and
Eyj, thevapor tension ofwater corresponding to then theactual vapor ten
sion is ~
E =Ey,-0.00066B(e+0.00115(
The value of the term

0.00066B(-/^)[H-0.00115-<^)]
is given in the following table.

(From MiUer's Laboratory Physics, Ginn &Co., publishers, by permission.)

Barometric Pressure B is Centimeters.

t-t^
70.0 71.0 72.0 73.0 74.0 75.0 76.0 77.0

o
cm. cm. cm. cm. cm. cm. cm. cm.

1 0.047 0.048 0.048 0.049 0.050 0.050 0.051 0.052

2 .093 .094 .096 .097 .098 .100 .101 .103
3 .139 .141 .143 .145 .147 .149 .152 .154
4 .186 .189 .191 .194 .197 .199 .202 .204

5 0.232 0.236 0.239 0.243 0.246 0.249 0..252 0.256

6 .279 .283 .287 .291 .295 .299 .303 .307
7 .326 .331 .336 .340 .345 .350 .354 .359
8 .373 .379 .384 .389 .395 .400 .405 .411
.421 .427 .432 .438 .444 .450 .456 .462
9

10 0.468 0.474 0.481 0.488 0.494 0.501 0.508 0.515

11 .515 .522 .530 .537 .544 .551 .559 .566
12 .562 .570 .578 .586 .594 .602 .611 .619
13 .610 .618 .627 .636 .645 .653 .662 .671
14 .658 .667 .676 .686 . 695 .705 .714 .723

15 0.706 0.716 0.726 0.736 0.746 0.756 0.766 0.776

16 .754 .764 .775 .786 .796 .807 .818 .829
17 .802 .813 .824 .836 .847 .859 .870 .882
18 .850 .862 .874 .886 .898 .910 .922 .935
19 .898 .911 .923 .936 .949 .962 .975 .987

20 0.946 0.960 0.973 0.987 1.000 1.014 1.027 1.041

453
 SOUND

yELOCITY OF SOUND
Solids
Approximate values.
(From Smithsonian Tables.)

Veloc., Veloc.,
Temi
feet Observer.
Substance.
c" meters
per sec. per sec,

Metals:
Aluminum 5104 16740 Masson
Brass 3500 11480 Various
Cadmium 2307 7570 Masson
Cobalt. 4724 15500 Masson
Copper ' 20 3560 11670 Wertheim
Copper........- 100 3290 10800 Wertheim
Copper. 200 2950 9690 Wertheim
Gold, soft 20 1743 5717 Wertheim
Gold, hard 2100 6890 Various
Iron and soft steel.. . . . 5000 16410 Various
Iron 20 5130 16820 Wertheim
Iron. 100 5300 17390 Wertheim
Iron 200 4720 15480 Wertheim
Iron cast steel - 20 4990 16360 Wertheim
Iron cast steel 200 4790 15710 Wertheim
Lead 20 1227 4026 Wertheim
Magnesium 4602 15100 Melde
NicM 4973 16320 Masson
Palladium 3150 1034D Various
Platinum 20 2690 8815 Wertheim
Platinum 100 2570 8437 Wertheim
Platinum.. 200 2460 8079 Wertheim
Silver 20 2610 8553 Wertheim
Silver 100 2640 8658 Wertheim
Tin 2500 8200 Various
Zinc. 3700 12140 Various
Various:
Brick 3652 11980 Chladni
3480 11420 Gray and Milne
Slf/kr."'--.-.:;;:::;:: 500
3950
1640
12960
Stefan
Gray and Milne
Granite
Marble. 3810 12500 Gray and Milne
Paraffin 15 1304 4280 Warburg
Slate 4510 14800 Gray and Milne
TaUow 16 390 1280 Warburg
Glass, from 5000 16410 Various
Glass, to 6000 19690 Various
Ivory' 3013 9886 Ciccone & Campftnile
Vulcanized rubber 0 54 177 Exner
Wax 17 880 2890 Stefan
Woods: ,
Ash, along the fiber.. . 4670 1531Q Wertheim
Ash, across the rings. . 1390 4570 Wertheim
Ash, along the rings .. 1260 4140 Wertheim
Beech, along the fiber. 3340 10960 Wertheim
Elm, along the fiber .. 4120 13516 Wertheim
Fir, along the fiber. . . 4640 15220 Wertheim
Maple, along the fiber. 4110 13470 Wertheim
Oak, along the fiber... 3850 12620 Wertheim
Pine, along the fiber. . 3320 10900 Wertheim
Poplar, along the fiber. 4280 14050 Wertheim
Sycamore, along fiber. 4460 14640 Wertheim
454
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

VELOCITY OF SOUND (Continued)

Liquids and Gases
(From Smithsonian Tables.)

Veloc., Veloc.,
Substance.
Temp.
meters feet Observer.
C.
per sec. per sec.

Liquids:
Alcohol, 95% 12.5 '1241. 4072. Dorsing, 1908
Alcohol 20.5 1213. 3890. Dorsing, 1908
Ammonia, cone 16. 1663. 5456. Dorsing, 1908
Benzine 17. 1166. 3826. Dorsing, 1908
Carbon bisulphide 15. 1161. 3809. Dorsing, 1908
Chloroform. 15. 983. , 3225. Dorsing, 1908
Ether. 15. 1032. 3386. Dorsing, 1908
NaCl, 10% sol 15. 1470. 4823. Dorsing, 1908
NaCl, 15% sol... 15. 1530. 5020. Dorsing, 1908
NaCl, 20% sol 15. 1650. 5414. Dorsing, 1908
Turpentine oil 15. 1326. 4351. Dorsing^ 1908
Water, air-free 13. 1441. 4728. Dorsing, 1908
Water, air-free 19. 1461. 4794. Dorsing, 1908
Water, air-free 31. 1505. 4938. Dorsing, 1908
Water, Lake Geneva.. . 9. 1435. 4708. Colladon-Sturm
Water, Seine River. . .. 15. 1437. 4714. Wertheim
Water, Seine River 30. 1528. 5013. Wertheim
Water, Seine River.... 60. 1724. 5657. Wertheim
Gases:
Air, dry, C02-free 0. 331.78 1088.5 Rowland
Air, dry, 0. 331.36 1087.1 Violle, 1900
Air, dry, CCVfree 0. 331.92 1089.0 Thiesen, 1908
Air 1 atmosphere 0. 331.7 1088. Mean
Air 25 atmospheres. ... 0. 332.0 1089. Mean (Witkowski)
Air 50 atmospheres.... 0. 334.7 1098. Mean (Witkowski)
Air 100 atmospheres. ., 0. 350.6 1150. Mean (Witkowski)
Air... 20. 344. 1129.
Air 100. 386. 1266. Stevens
Air 500. 553. 1814. Stevens
Air 1000.~ 700. 2297. Stevens
Ammonia 0. 415. 1361. Masson
Carbon monoxide 0. 337.1 1106. Wullner
Carbon dioxide.. 0. 258.0 846. Backendahl, 1906
Carbon disulphide 0. 189. 606. Masson
Chlorine. 0. 205.3 674. Strecker
Ethylene 0. 314. 1030. Dulong
Hydrogen 0. 1269.5 4165. Dulong
Illuminating gas 0. 490.4 1609. Zoch
Methane 0. 432. 1417. Masson
Nitric oxide 0. 325. 1066. Masson
Nitrous oxide 0. 261.8 859. Dulong
Oxygen 0. 317.2 1041. Dulong
V apors
Alcohol 0. 230.6 756. Masson
Ether 0. 179.2 588. Masson
Water 0. 401. 1315. Masson
Water 100. 404.8 1328. Treitz, 1903
Water 130. 424.4 1392. Treitz, 1903

455

y
 HANDBOOK OT CHEMISTRY ^ND PHYSIC

MUSICAL SCALES
(From MOler's Laboratory Physics, Ginn & Co., publishers, by permission

Vibration Frequency op Tones in the Mttsical Scale for

Higher or LoWer Octaves are Obtainei^ by Multiplying
BY Some Power op 2

Scientific diatonic scale. Musical equal-tempered chromatic scale..

08=256. A8M35.

c, 266. c, 258.65 Ga 387.54

D, 288. Cfe 274.03 G#3 410.58
Es 320. 1^8 290.33 As 486
F, 341.33 Dfe 307.59 A#3 460"87
Ga 384. Ea 325.88 Ba 488.27
A, 426.66 F, 345.26 C4 517.30
B, 480. 365.79
C4- 512.

456

V
 ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

SPARKING POTENTIAL OR DIELECTRIC STRENGTH

Air

Potential in volts necessary to produce a spsirk in air at atmospheric

pressure and ordinary temperatures, the potential required depends on the
shape and size of the electrodes and increases with the pressure of the air.
(From Smithsonian Tables.)

Ball electrodes, 1 cm. diam.

Spark length, Point electrodes,
cm. steady potential. Alternating
Steady potential. potential.

.02 1530
.04 2430
.06 3240
,08 3990 3770
.10 3720 4560 4400
.2 4680 8490 7510
.3 5310 11340 10480
.4 5970 14340 13360
.5 6300 17220 16140
.6 6840 20070 18700
.8 8070 24780 23820
1.0 8670 27810 28380
2.0 10140 45480 42950
3.0 11250 46710
4.0 12210 49100
5.0 13050 50310
6.0
8.0 52400
10.0 74300

457

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

SPECIFIC INDUCTIVE CAPACITY

Solids
Atmospheric temperatures except where noted.
(From Smithsonian Tables.)

Specific
Substance. Wave inductive Observer.
length. capacity.

Asphalt 00 2.68 V. Pirani, 1903

Caoutchouc 00 2.22 Gordon, 1879
Calcspar:
Xto axis 00 8.49 FaUinger, 1902
11 to axis 00 7.56 Fallinger, 1902
Diamond 00 16.5 V. Pirani, 1903
Ebonite 00 2.72 Winklemann, 1889
Glass flint, extra
heavy 00 9.90 Hopkinson, 1891
hard crown 00 6.96 Hopkinson, 1891
lead (Powell) 00 5.4-8.0 Gray-Dobbie, 1898
Jena, barium...... 00 7.8-8.5 Lowe, 1898
Gutta percha 3.3-4.9 (submarine-data)
Ice-5C 1200 2.85 Thwing, 1894 v
-18 5000 3.16 Abegg, 1897
-190........... 75 1.76-1. Behn-Kiebitz, 1904
Iodine, cryst........ 75 4.00 Schmidt, 1903
Marble, Carrara... .. 75 8 3 Schmidt, 1903
Mica 00 5.66-5!97 Elsas, 1891
Mica, Canadian am
ber. 00 3.0 E. Wilson
Paraffin. 00
2.10 Zietkowski, 1900
Phosphorus, yellow.. 75 3.60 Schmidt, 1903
Porcelain, hard
(Royal Berlin). . 5.73 Starke, 1897
Quartz:
J.to axis. 00 4. Fallinger, 1902
II to axis 00 5.06 Fallinger, 1902
Selenium 00 6.13 Vonwiller-Mason, 1907
Shellac 00 3.10 Winkelmann, 1889
Sulphur, amorphous.. 00 3.98 V. Pirani, 1903
Sulphur, cast, fresh.. 00 .4.22 V. Pirani, 1903
Wood, dry:
red beech 00 4.83-2.51
red beech. 00 7.73-3.63
oak 00 4.22-2.46
oak 00 6.84-3.64

m
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTBt AND PHYSICS

SPECIFIC INDUCTIVE CAPACITY (Continued)

Gases ^
The specific inductive capacity of a vacuum is taken as unily. Wave
lengths of the measuring current greater than 10,000 cm.
(Dielectric constant.)

Pressure Specific
Temp. inductive Observer.
Gas. in atmos-
C.
capacity.

Air 0 1 000590 Boltzmann, 1875

Air. 19 20 0108 Tangl, 1907
Air 40 0218 Tangl, 1907
Air 60 0330 Tangl, 1907
Air 80 0439 Tangl, 1907
Air. 100 0548 Tangl, 1907
Ammonia 20 1 00718 Badeker, 1901
Carbon bisulphide.. 0 1 00290 Klemenci6
Carbon bisulphide.. 100 1 00239 Badeker
Carbon dioxide. ... 0 1 000985 Klemen6ic
Carbon dioxide 15 10 008 Linde, 1895
Carbon dioxide 20 020 Linde, 1895
Carbon dioxide 40 060 Linde, 1895
Carbon monoxide... 0 1 000690 Boltzmann
Ethylene. 0 1 00131 Boltzmann
H>drochloric acid... 100 1 00258 BMeker
Hydrogen 0 1 000264 Boltzmann
Methane. 0 1 000944 Boltzmann
Nitrous oxide (N2O). 0 1 ,00116 Boltzmann
Nitrous oxide (N2O), 15 10 .010 Linde, 1895
Nitrous oxide (N2O). 20 .025 Linde, 1895
Nitrous oxide (N2O). 40 .070 Linde, 1895
Sulphur dioxide 0 1^ .00993 Badeker
Sulphur dioxide 0 1 .00905 KlemenSic
Water vapor 145 4 .00705 Badeker . -

Liquids
Where the wave-length is not specified it is greater than 10,000 cm.

Specific
Temp. Wave induc
Liquid. Observer.
length. tive ca
pacity.

Acetic acid 18 00 9.7 ' Francke, 1893

Acetone 0 00 26.6 Abegg, 1897
-191 00 1.43 V. Pir|tni, 1903
Alcohol:
amyl 0 00 17.4 Abegg-Seitz, 1899
amyl +20 00 16.0 Abegg-Seitz, 1899
ethyl frozen 00 2.7 Abegg-Seitz, 1899
ethyl -120 00 54.6 Abegg-Seitz, 1899
459
 HANDBOOK OF CHEUJSTRY AND PHYSICS

SPECIFIC INDUCTIVE CAPACITY^ (Continued)

Liquids (Continued)
Specific
Temp. Wave induc
Liauid. length. tive ca Observer.
pacity.

Alcohol:
ethyl -80 00 44.3 Abegg-Seitz, 1899",'
ethyl..., -40 CO 35.3 Abegg-Seitz, 1899
ethyl 0 00 28.4 Abegg-Seitz, 1899
ethyl +20 00 25.8 Abegg-Seitz, 1899
ethyl. ... 17 200 24.4 Drnde, 1896
ethyl.... 17 75 23.0 Drud, 1896
ethyl 17 53 20.6 Marx, 1898
ethyl 17 4 8.8 Marx, 1898
ethyl... 17 0.4 5.0 Lampa, 1896
methyl.. 0 00 35.0 Abegg-^eitz, 1899
methyl.. +20 00 31.2 Abegg-Seitz, 1899
propyl.. 0 00 24.8 Abegg-Seitz, 1899
propyl.. +20 00 22.2 Abegg-Seit2, 1899
Ammonia.. -34 75 21-23 Goodwin-Thomp
son, 1899
Amyl acetate 19 00 4.81 Lowe, 1898
Anilin. 18 00 7.316 Turner, 1900
Benzol (Benzene).. 18 00 2.288 Turner, 1900
Bromine 23 84 3.18 Schlundt
Carbon bisulphide. 20 00 2.626 Tangl, 1903
Carbon dioxide.... -5 00 1.60 Linde, 1895
Chlorine -60 00 2.15 Linde, 1895
Chloroform... 18 00 5.2 Turner, 1900
Ethyl ether 0 00 4.68 Abegg, 18^
Ethyl ether 20 00 4.30 Tangl, 1903^
Glycerine 15 1200 56.2 Thwing, 1894
Hydrogen peroxide
46%inH20... 18 75 84.7 Calvert,1900
Hydrogen sulphide. 10 00 5.93 Eversheim, 1904
Nitrous oxide, N2O -88 00 1.93 Hasenhorl, 1900
Oils:
castor 11 00 4.67 Arons-Rubens,
1892
cottonseed. 14 00 3.10 Salvioni, 1888
linseed^ 13 00 3.35 Salvioni, 1888^
olive 20 00 3.11 Heinke, 1896
petroleum. 2000 2.13 Marx
sperm 20 00 3.17 Hopkinson, 1881
turpentine.. 20 00 2.23 Hopkinson, 1881
Oxygen -182 00 1.49 Fleming-Dewar,
1896
Phenol 48 73 9.68 Dnide, 1896
Sulphur dioxide. 20 00 14.0 Eversheim, 1904
Water. 18 00 81.07 Turner, 1900
460
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
SPARKING POTENTIAL OR DIELECTRIC STRENGTH
Various Insulators.
Potential to puncture in kilovolts per centimeter. 1 kilovolt =1000 volts.

Thickness Kilovolts
Substance. used mm. per cm.

Air^ liquid.. 40-90

Ebonite.... 300-1100
Fiber 20
Glass. 300-1500
Guttapercha. 80-200
Kerosene 1.0 164
Linen, varnished. 100-200
Mica. ~ 0,1 1500-2200
Mica 1.0 300-700
Oils:
castor.. 0.2 190
castor.. 1.0 130
cottonseed.. .... 70
lard........ 0.2 140
lard 1.0 40
linseed, raw......... 0.2 185
raw.. . . . . . . 1.0 90
boiled.. ......... 0.2 190
boiled.. 1.0 80
lubricating.......... 50
olive 0.2 170
olive.. 1.0 75
paraffin... 0.2 215
paraffin 1.0 160
sperm, mineral 0.2 180
mineral 1.0 85
natural 0.2 195
natural 1.0 90
turpentine 0.2 160
turpentine 1.0 110
Papers:
beeswaxed.. . 770
c blotting.. 150
Manilla 25
paraffined 500
varnished 100-250
Paraffin:
melted. 75
solid, melt, point 43 350
solid, melt, point 70 450
Rubber 160-500
Vaseline.. 90-130
Xylol. 0.2 140
Xylol............... 1.0 80
461

y
 ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE AND COMPOSITION OF VOLTAIC CELLS
Standard Cells
(From Smithsonian Tables.)

Name of cell. Negative pole. Positive E.M.F.

Solution.
pole. Depolarizer.
in volts.

Weston normal.. Cadmium amalgam... Saturated solution of CdS04 Mercury. . Paste of Hg2S04 and CdS04 1.0183 at 20 C.
Clark standard. . Zinc amalgam Saturated solution of ZnS04 Mercury. . Paste of Hg2S04 and ZnS04. 1.4328 at 15" C.

Temperature equations:
Clark cell: = 1.4328[1 - 0.00119 - 15) -0.000007 -15)2] volt
Weston cell: Et = 1.0183C1- 0.0000406( - 20) - 0.C0000095 - 20)2+ 0.00000001 - 20)3] volt
Double Fluid Cells

Name of cell. Negative pole. Solution. Positive Solution. E.M.F. in

pole. ^ volts.

Bunsen Amal. zinc 1 part H2SO4 to 12 parts H2O.... Carbon... Fuming nitric acid 1.94
Bunsen Amal. zinc 1 part H2SO4 to 12 parts H2O Carbon... HNOa. densitv. 1 38 1.86
Bichromate Amal. zinc 12 parts K2Cr207 to 25
parts H2SO4 and 100 parts H2O. Carbon... 1 part H2SO4 to 12 parts H2O 2.00
Bichromate Amal. zinc 1 part H2SO4 to 12 parts H2O.... Carbon... 12 parts K2Cr207 to 100
2.03
Daniell Amal. zinc. 1 part H2SO4 to 4 parts H2O Copper.. ^ Saturated solution of
CuS04+5H20 1.06
Daniell ... Amal. zinc........... 5% solution of ZnS04H-6H20^. .. Copper... Saturated solution of
CUSO4+5H2O. 1.08
Daniell Amal. zinc 1 part NaCl to 4 parts H2O. Copper... Saturated solution of
CUSO4+5H2O 1.05
Grove Amal. zinc 1 part H2SO4 to 12 parts H2O Platinum . Fumins nitric acid 1.93
Grove Amal. ainc Platinum . HNO3 density 1.33. 1.66
 ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE AND COMPOSITION OF VOLTAIC CELLS (Contused)
Double Fluid Cells (Continued)

Positive Solution. E.M.F. in

Name of cell. Negative pole. Solution.
pole. volts. as

Grove Amal. zinc H2SO4 solution, density 1.136.. .. Platinum . HNOs density 1.33........ i.79
Amal. zinc. ^ H2SO4 solution, density 1.14 Platinum . HNO3 density 1.19.. 1.66
Orove.. NaCl solution Platinum . HNO? density, 1.33 1.88

o
Single Fluid Cells '

o
Name of cell. Negative pole. Solution. Positive pole. E.M.F.

Solution of sal-ammoniac....... Carbon, depolarizer; mangan S

Leclanch^ 03
ese peroxide with powd. carbon 1.46
Edison-Lalande Amal. zinc Solution of caustic potash.. Copper, depolarizer, CuO. .... 0.70
Chloride of silver. . . 23% sol. of sal-ammoniac Silver, depolarizer; silver
1.02

Storage Cells
Name of cell. Negative pole. Solution. Positive pole. E.M.F. S
H2SO4 solution of density 1.1.... 2.2
Lead accumulator...
Regnier (1) CuS04 4-HeS04. PbOa 1.68 to 085.
average. 1.3
/Q\
Amal. zinc.......... ZnS04 solution Pb02 in H2SO4 2.36
H2S04, density about 1.1 Pb02 2.60
w-yTT A/V/W -.1 ' *
KOH, 20% solution............ 1.1, mean of full
discharge
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
CONTACT DIFFERENCE OF POTENTIAL
Metals
The values in the table give the potential in volts of the metal at the top
of the column with respect to the metal named at the left.
-- (Tabulated'fromresults by Pellat, 1881.)
Bis
Brass.
Cop
muth. per.
Gold. Iron.

Antimony. 0 -.08 -.06 -.30 -.48 -.15

Bismuth. . . + .08 0 -.07 -.22 -.40 -.07
Brass + .06 h.07 0 + .15 -.33 0
+ .30 h.22 -.15 0 -.18 + .15
8?rr::;: + .48 h.40 + .33 + .18 0 + .33
Iron + .15 1-.07 0 -.15 -.33 0
Lead -.26 -.34 -.41 -.56 -.74 -.41
Nickel. . .. + .06 -.02 -.09 -.24 -.42 -.09
Platinum.. . + .46 + .39 + .32 + .17 -.01 + .32
Silver..... + .50 + .42 + .35 + .20 + .02 + .35
Tin.. -.16 -.24 -.31 -.46 -.64 -.31
Zinc -.41 -.49 -.56 -.71 -.89 -.56
Carbon*... + .-41 + .37 + 48
Mercury. . . + .31 + .50
Plati Car
Lead. Nickel. Silver. Tin. Zinc.
num. bon,
Antimony. h.26 -.06 -.46 -.50 h.l6 I-.41
Bismuth... [-.34 + .02 -.39 -.42 -.24 -.49
Brass. h.41 + .09 -.32 -.35 h.31 f-.56 -.41
h.56 + .24 -.17 -.20 h.46 f-.71
8srr::
Go h.74 + .42 + .01 -.02 1-.64 [-.89
-.37

Iron. + .41 + .09 -.32 -.35 h.31 [-.56

-.48
Lead............ 0 -.32 -.73 -.76 -.10 [-.15
-.85
Nickel. h.32 0 -.41 -.44 1-.22 -.47
Platinum h.73 + .41 0 -.03 h.63 -.88 -.11
Silver h.76 + .44 + .03 0 h.66 -.91
Tin h.io -.22 -.63 -.66 0 -.25 -.79
Zinc. -.15 -.47 -.88 -.91 -.25 0 -1.10
Carbon* + .85 + .11 + .79 +1.10 0
Mercury + .16 + .09
* Asrrton and Perry.

DIFFERENCE OF POTENTIAL BETWEEN METALS IN

SOLUTIONS OF SALTS
The table gives the difference in potential in hundredths of a volt between
zinc in a normal solution of sulphuric acid and the metal named at the
head of the columns in the solution named at the side. The signs given
refer to the external difference of potential.
(Magnanini.)
Difference of potential in centivolts.
Strength of the solution in
gramme molecules per liter. Zinc*
Cad
Lead. Tin.
Cop
mium. per.
SUver.

0.5 Sulphuric acid 0.0 36.6 51.3 51.3 100.7 121.3

1.0 Sodium hydroxide. . -32.1 19.5 31.8 0.2 80.2 95.8
1.0 Potassium hydroxide -42.5 15.5 32.0 -1.2 77.0 104.0
0.5 Sodium siilphate. . . 1.4 35.6 50.8 51.4 101.3 120.9
1.0 Potassium nitrate. . 11.8 31.9 42.6 31.1 81.2 105.7
1.0 Sodium nitrate 11.5 32.3 51.0 40.9 95.7 114.8
0.5 Potassium bichromate. 72.8 61.1 78.4 68.1 123.6 132.4
0.5 Potassium sulphate. 1.8 34.7 51.0 40.9 95.7 114.8
0.2 Potassium chlorate. 15.-10. 39.9 53.8 57.7 105.3 120.9
1.0 Ammonium chloride 2.9 32.4 51.3 50.9 81.2 101.7
1.0 Sodium chloride.. . . 31.9 51.2 50.3 80.9 101.3
1.0 Potassium chloride. 32.1 51.6 52.6 81.6 107.6
464
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

SPECIFIC RESISTANCE AND TEMPERATURE

COEFFICIENT

For Metals

Resistance in ohms oi unit length and unit cross-section at 0^ C.

Variation of
resistance per ohm,
Metal. Specific resistance. per dgeree C., at

Aluminum....... 2. 6-3.0X10-6 .0039

Antimony 35 ^ 5 . 8 .0039
Arsenic 33. 3 .0042
Bismuth. 108. 0 .0045
Brass. 8. 5 .0040
Cadmium 6. 2-7.0 .0042
Cobalt. 9. 8 .0033
Constantin 49. -.00001
Copper, annealed, 1. 55-1.63
hard drawn.. . . 1. 61-1.68
pure 1. 54 .0041
Gas carbon...... 5000. .0005
German silver.. 30, .00036
Gold... .. ..... 2 04-2.09 .0037
Iron, commercial. 9 7-12.0 .0055
cast hard 97 8
Lead.. 18 4-19.6 .0042
Magnesimn 4 1-5.0 .0039
Manganin 42 .00003
Mercury. 94 .0009
Nickel 10 7-12.4 .0060
Platinum.. . 9 0-15.5 .0038
Platinum iridium. 24 .0012
Silver......:.... 1 5-1.7 .0040
Steel, hard 45 7 .0016
. soft 15 9 .0042
Tantalum 14 5 .0027
Tin.. 9 53-11.4 .0043
Tungsten.. 7 0 .0039
Zinc. 5 56-6.04 .0040

465

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

RESISTANCE OF ELECTROLYTES
Resistance of aqueous solutions of various salts and acids in ohms per
centimeter cube for a temperature of 18 C.
(From observations by Kohlrausch.)

Number of grams of salt in 100 grams solution.

Salt.
5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50

Acetic acid 654. 616. 622.5 658. 714. 925. 1351.

Ammonium chloride. . .. 10.89 5.63 3.86 2.97 2.48
Copper nitrate 27.4 15.7 11.7 9.82 9.17
sulphate 52 9 31.2 23.7
Hydrochloric acid 2.54 1.51 1.34 1.31 1.51 1.94
Potassium iodide 29.5 14.7 6.88 4.34 3.16 2.55
Silver nitrate 0 21.0 u.'m 11.46 9.45 8.07 5.39
Sodium carbonate 22.2 14.2 12.0
chloride. 14.94 8.33 6.10 5.11 4
hydroxide 5.08 3.20 2.89 3.06 3.68 4.95 8.61
Sulphuric acid. 4.79 2.55 IM 1.53 1.31 1.35 1.47 1.85
Zinc chloride 20.70 13 75 10.96 10.80 11.83 15.87
sulphate 52.3 31.2 24.1 21.4 26!8 22.5

(Concentration) 12 4 18.6 24.8 31. 37.2 43.4

Nitric acid 1.84 1.45 1.30 1.2s 1.32 1.43

(Concentration) 8.4 12.6 16.8 21. 25.2 29.4 33 6

Potassium hydroxide.. .. 3.67 2.66 2.19 1.9( 1.85 1.84 1.91

SAFE CARRYING CAPACITY OF COPPER WIRE

(Ftom Collins' Design and Construction of Induction Coils, by permission.)

Brown & Number of

Diameter Number of
Area in amperes, .
Sharpe amperes,
in mils. circular mils. confined *'
gauge. exposed work.
spaces.

18 40 1.624 5 3
17 45 2.048 6 4
16 51 2.583 8 6
15 57 3.257 10 8
14 64 4.106 16 12
13 72 5.178 19 14
12 81 6.530 23 17
11 91 8.234 27 21
10 102 10.380 32 25
9 114 13.090 39 29
8 128 16.510 46 33
. 7 144 20.820 56 39
6 162 26.250 65 45
5 182 33.100 77 53
4 204 41.740 92 63
3 229 52.630 110 75
2 258 66.370 131 88
1 289 83.690 156 105
0 325 105.500 185 125
00 365 133.100 220 150
m
 HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
CONDUCTIVITY OF STA^TOARD SOLUTIONS
Giving the conductivity in reciprocal ohms (mho) per cm. for NaCI, KCI,
HjS04 and MgS04 forvarious
1 temperatiu:^.
-I . Sdutions
, we as foUom^
qj yy ^ acidi

]VigS04i C.); liter of distilled

water 552 g. of MgS047H20, Density at 18 C., 1.190.
NaCl,solutionsaturated ataU temperatur^^yen An An excess of NaCl in
distilled water, about 450 g. per Uter. D = 1-2014 (18 C.).
KCI,normalsolution, 74.59 gramsper liter of solutionat 18 C. Dissolve
74.555 grams (weired in air) ofKCI anddilute to 1 liter. Density, 1.04492.

Solution. 0 C. 5 10 15

0.5184 0.7952 0.6408 0.7028

H2SO4
0.02877 0.03402 0.03963 0.04555
MgS04
NaCl 0.1345 0.1555 0.1779 0.2014
0.06541 0.07414 0.08319 0.09252
KCI, normal
KCI, 1/10 normal... 0.00715 0.00822 0.00933 0.01048
KCI, 1/100 normal.. 0.000776 0.000896 0.001020 0.001147

16 17 18 19 20

0.7151 0.7275 0.7522

0.7398 0.7645
H2SO4
0.05046
0.04922 0.05171
MgS04........ 0.04676 0.04799
0.2062 0.2111 0.2209
0.2160 0.2259
NaCl
KCI, n ^ . 0.09441 0.09631 0.10014
0.09822 0.10207
0.01143
0.01119 0.01167
KCI, 1/10 n.... 0.01072 0.01095
0.001278
KCI, 1/100 n... 0.001173 0.001199 0.001225 0.001251

21 22 23 24 25

0.7890 0.8013 0.8135 0.8257

H2SO4........ 0.7768
MgS04... 0.05297 0.05424 0.05551 0.05679 0.05808
0.2309 0.2360 0.2411 0.2462 0.2513
NaCl
KCI, n.. 0.10400 0.10594 0.10789 0.10984 0.11180
KCI, 1/10, n... 0.01191 0.01215 0.01239. 0.01264 0.01288
KCI, 1/100 n... 0.001305 0.001332 0.001359 0.001386 0.001413

26 27 28 29 30

0.8378 0.8499 0.8620 0.8740 0.8860

H2SO4
MgS04 0.05937 0.06067 0.06197 0.06328 0.06459
0.2565 0.2616 0.2669 0.2721 0.2774
NaCl
KCI, n 0.11377 0.11574
KCI, 1/10 n,... 0.01313 0.01337 6.61362* 6*. 61387 6.61412*
KCI, 1/100 n... 0.002819 0.002873 0.002927 0.002981 0.003036

467
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

EQUIVALENT CONDUCTIVITY OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

The conductivity is given in reciprocal ohms per centimeter cube. Concen
tration Is given in milli-equivalents of solute per liter of solution. Corrected
for conductance of water except in case of the strong acids.

Concentra
tion
Substance. milli- 18 C. 100 C."
equivalents
per liter.

Acetic acid. 0. 347. 773.

10. 14.50 25.1
30, 8.50 14.7
80. 5.22 9.05
100. 4.67 8.10
*Ammonium acetate.. 0. 99.8 338.
10. 91.7 300.
25. 88.2 286.
*Ainmonium chloride.. 0. 131.1 415.
2. 126.5 399.
10. 122.5 382.
30. 118.1
Ammonium hydroxide 0. 238. 647!'*
10. 9.66 23.2
30. 5.66 13.6
100. 3.10 7.47
Barium ferrocyanide.. 0. 91.- 521.
2. 46.9 202.3
12.5 30.4 129.8
Barium, hydroxide. ... 0. 222. 645.
2. 215. 591.
10. 207. 548.
50. 191.1 478.
100. 180.1 443.
Barium nitrate. 0. 116.9 385.
2. 109.7 352.
10. 101. 322.
40. 88.7 280.
80. 81.6 258.
100. 79.1 249.
Calcium ferrocyanide. 0. 88. 512.
100. 21.9 84.3.
200. 20.6 77.5
400. 202. 76.2
Calcium nitrate 0. 70.4 369.
2. 66.5 346.5
50. 55.6 276.8
100. 51.9 255.5
200. 48.3 234.4

* Values have been corrected for hydrolysis.

468

V
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

EQUIVALENT CONDUCTIVITY OF AQUEOUS

SOLUTIONS (Continued)
Concentra
tion
Substance. milli- IS'^C. 100" C.
equivalents
per liter.

Hydrochloric acid 0. 379. 850.

2. 373.6 826.
. N
10. 368.1 g07. .
80. 353. 762.
100. 350.6 754.
Lanthanum nitrate 0. 75.4 413.
2. 68.9 363.5
12.5 61.4 311.2
50. 54. 261.4
100. 49.9 236.7
200. 46. 210.8
Magnesium sulphate 0. 114.1 426.
2. 94.3 302.
10. 76.1 234.
20. 67.5 190.
40. 59.3 160.
80. 52. 136.
100. 49.8 130.
200. 43.1 MO.
Nitric acid.... 0. 377. 826.
2. 371.2 806.
10. 365. 786.
50. 353.7 750.
100. 346.4 728.
Phosphoric acid 0. 338.3 730.
2. 283.1 498.
10. 203. 308^.
50. 122.7 168.
100. 95.7 128.
Potassium chloride 0. 130.1 414.
2. 126.3 393.
10. 122.4 377.
80. 113.5 342.
100. 112. 336.
Potassium citrate 0. 76.4 420.
2. 71. 381.2
5. 67.6 357.2
50. 54.4 273.
100. 50.2 247.5
300. 43.5 209.5
Potassium nitrate 0. 80.8 384.
2. 78.6 370.3
12.5 75.3 351.5
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

EQUIVALENT CONDUCTIVITY OF AQUEOUS

SOLUTIONS (Continued)
Concentra
tion
Substatnce. milli- 18 C. 100 c.
equivalents
per liter.

Potassium nitrate 50. 70.7 326.1

100. 67.2 308.5
Potassium ferrocyanide. 0. 98.4 527.
2. 84.8 427.6
50. 58.2 272.4
100. 53. 245.
206. 48.8 222.3
400. 45.4 203.1
Potassium oxalate. 0. 79.4 419.
2. 74.9 389.3
50. 63. 312.2
100. 59.3 288.9
200. 55.8 265.1
Potassium sulphate. 0. 132.8 455.
2. 124.8 402.
10. 115.7 365.
40. 104.2 320.
80. 97.2 294.
100 95. 286.
Silver nitrate. 0. 115.8 867.
2. 112.2 353.
10. 108. 337.
20. 105.1 326.
40. 101.3 312.
80. 96.5 294.
100. 94.6 289.
Sodium acetate., 0. 78.1 285.
2. 74.5 268.
10. 71.2 253.
80. 63.4 221.
Sodium chloride. 0. 109. 362.
2. 105.6 349.
10. 102. 336.
80. 93.5 301.
100. 92.0 296.
Sodium hydroxide. 0. 216.5 594.
2. 212.1 582.
20. 205.8 559.
50. 200.6 54d.
Sulphuric acid.... 0. 383. 891.
2. 353.9 571.
10. 309. 446.
50. 253.5 384.
100. 233.3 369.

470

V
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMTSTRY AND PHYSICS

THE EQUIVALENT CONDUCTANCE OF THE

SEPARATE IONS
(From Smithsonian Physical Tables.)

Igo - 25 50'' 75'* 100" 1*28" 156"

Ion. 0"

K 40.4 64.6 74.5 115 159 206 263 317

Na 26. 43.5 50.9 82 116 155 203 249
NH4 40.2 64.5 74.5 115 159 207 264 319
Ae 32.9 54.3 63.5 101 143 188 245 299
|Ba 33. 55 65. 104 149 200 262 322
JCa 30. 51 60. 98 142 191 252 312
|La 35. 61. 72. 119 173 235 312 388

Cl..... 41.1 65.5 75.5 116 160 207 264 318

NO3 40.4 61.7 70.6 104 140 178 222 263
C2HSO2 20.3 34.6 40.8 67 96 130 171 211

ISO4 41. 68 79. 125 177 234 303 370

39. 63 73. 115 163 213 275 336

IC6H5O7 ..... 36. 60. 70. 113- 161 214

iFe(CN)6. . 58. 95. 111. 173 244 321

H 240. 314. 350. 465 565 644 722 777

OH. 105. 172. 192. 284 360 439 525 592

471
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

RESISTANCE OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES

Solids
Resistance in ohms per centimeter cube.

Substance. Temp. C. Resistance, ohms.

Celluloid 16 2-80X109
Ebonite 2-30X1015
Fiber 2-10 XIO^
Glass. 20 9X1013
Ice. -1 5X109
Mica 5-10X1013
Paper variable with dryness.. 1-1000X10
Paraffin 3-300X1016
Paraffin paper. 1-20X101S
Porcelain. 50 2X1016
enameled 210 6X109
porous 20 2X106
Quartz crystal 20 1X1014
fused 101 4X10"
Rock salt. 20 9X1016
Slate. 2-4X108
Sulphur, prismatic 70-390X1013
octahedral (resistance too high
for measurement.)
Varnish la 2X1012
Wood dry .5-10X108
green 5-10X103
Zirconium oxide. 1200 1.2X103

Liquids
Resistance in ohms per centimeter cube.

Substance. Temp. C. Resistance, ohms.

Alcohol; ethyl.. 15 .3X106

, methyl .14X106
Oils, olive 5X1012
paraffin 1X1016
Petroleum 2X1016
Water distilled. 18 0.5X106

Fused Salts
(Poincar^.)

Substance. Temp. C. Resistance, ohms.

Calcium chloride 750 .862

Potassium bromide 750 .714
chlorate fused 355 2.2Q
Silver nitrate 350 .820
Sodium chloride fused 750 .294
472
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

THERMOELECTRIC POWER

The table gives the electromotive force in microvolts per degree difference
in temperature between the two junctions, for various metals With lead.
The temperature given is the mean temperature of the two junctions.
A is the thermo-electric power at 0 C. and B the coeflScient in the equa
tion for the thermoelectric power at any temperature,
Q=A-\-Bt,
where t is the mean temperature of the two junctions. The thermo
electric power of any two metals in the table may be found by subtracting
the value for the first from that of the second, a positive difference indicating
that the current will flow from the cold to the hot junction in the second
metal.
The sign of the values given is so chosen that if A is positive the cur
rent flows in the metal listed from the cold to the hot junction. When B
is positive Q increases with the temperature.
(Principally from the Smithsonian Physical Tables.)

Thermo
B
A electric Neu
micro
Metal. micro
volts
Temp. C. power, tral
volts.
per C. micro point.
volts.

Aluminum^ 0.76 -0.0039 20 0.68 195

Antimony comm'l.-press-
edwire^ 20 -6.0
pure -0.018 -100-+ 100 -1.49^
Argentan^ 11.94 0.0506 20 12.95 - 236
Arsenic^.. 20 13.56
Bismuth comm'l.-press-
ed wires 20 97.0
pure pressed wire^.... 20 89.0
commercial^ 50 39.9
Bras8. -0.0026 0.260 -0.65
Cadmium1 2.63 -0.0424 20 -3.48 - 62
Cobalt^ 20 22.
CoDstantin 50 +19.3
Copper! 'i!34 -0.0094 20 -1.52 - 143
commercial^ 20 -0,10
Crerman silver^ +6!6i9 -100-+100 +10.7
Gold - 2.80 -0.0101 20 -3.0 - 277
Ironi -17.15 0.0482 20 -16.2 356
pianoforte wire 20 -17.5
Magnesium! - 2.22 0.0094 20 -2.03 236
Manganin' 0.003 -100-+100 1.12
Mercury 20 0.413
Nickel* 50 15.50
Paladium* 6.18 0.0355 20 6.9 - 174
Platinum, purp. -i-0.011 0-200 . +3.04
Platinum-iridium alloys:
86%Pt+15%lri...... 7.90 -0.0062 20 -8.03 -1274
90%Pt+10%Iri. 5.90 0.0133 20 -5.63 444
Selenium 20 -807.
Silver* - 2.12 -6!6i47 20 -2.41 - 144
pure hard 20 -3.00
Steel* -ii'.27 '6!0325 20 - 10.62 347
Tellurium 20 -502.
Tin, commercial* 50 -0.33
Tin 0.43 -0.0055 20 0.33 78
Zinc* 2.32 -0.0238 20 -2.79 - 98

Observers: *Tait. Matthiesen. Dewar Fleming. 1895. * Ed.

Becquerel. ' Steinmann. Noll, 1894.
473

y
 "HANDBOOK bP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

MAGNETIC CONSTANTS OF IRON

Penneability of Transfonner Iron
Giving M, the total magneto motive force applied. M/l, the magneto
motive force per umt length of iron circuit. B the total induction, B/a the
induction per unit cross-section of iron, M/B, the magnetic reluctance of
tire iron circuit and BUMa,the permeability; showing the typical relations
of the magnetic constants for varying field.
(From Smithsonian Tables.)

Permea
M. MIL B. Bla. Reluctance bility
MIB=K, BUMa

20 0.597 218X103 1406 0.917X10-4 2360

40 1.194 587 3790 0.681 3120
60 1.791 878 5660 0.683 3180
80 2.338 1091 7040 0.734 2960
100 2.985 1219 7860 0.819 2640
120 3.582 1330 8580 0.903 2410
140 4.179 1405 9060 0.994 2186
160 4.776 1475 9510 1.090 2000
180 5.373 1532 9880 1.180 1850
200 5.970 1581 10200 1.270 1720
220 6.567 1618 30430 1.360 1590
260 7.761 1692 10910 1.540 1410

MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF IRON AND STEEL

(From Gumlich, 1909.)

Coer
Sample. cive
Residual Maximum Bior
AttI for
B. permea satu
force. bility. H =150.
ration.
Electrolytic iron 2.83 11400 1850 19200 21620
The same annealed 0.36 10800 14400 18900 21630
Cast steel 1.51 10600 3550 18800 21420
The same annealed 0.37 11000 14800 19100 21420
Steel hardened 52.4 7500 110 11700 18000
Cast iron. 11.4 6100 240 10400 16400
The same annealed 4.6 5350 600 11000 16800
Electrical iron in sheets
annealed 1.30 9400 3270 18200 20500

SATURATION CONSTANTS FOR BUGNETICSUBSTANCES

Field in Induced Induced

Field in
Substance. tensity. magnet Substance. tensity. magnet
ization, ization,
(For sat uration.) (For sat uration.)
Cobalt. .. 9000 1300 Nickel, hard.. 8000 400
Iron, wrought.. . 2000 1700 annealed..... 7000 515
cast 4000 1200 Vicker'a steel,... 15000 1600.
Manganese steel. 7000 200

474
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY. OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES

Metals

Magnetic susceptibility or the ratio of the magnetic moment per unit

volumeto the magnetizing field is given for various substances. ^The value
is negative for diamagnetic bodies, positive for paramagnetic bodies.
(C. G. S. Electromagnetic units.)

Temp. Susceptibility Observer.

Substance. (vacuum =0).
C.

Aluminum., -1.8X10-
Antimony. -4.6 Curie, 1895
Bismuth... -13.3 Curie, 1895
-1.33 . Becquerel, 1855
Go -4 5 Hanriot & Raoxjlt, 1911
Lead.. -1.21 Becquerel
Mercury 15 -2.1 St. Mayer
Platinum +29.0 J. Konigsberger, 1898 '
Selenium 20 -1.54 Curie, 1895
Silver -1.8 Becquerel, 1855
Tellurium *20* -1.94 Curie, 1895
Zinc -1.16 Owen, 1912
Iron annealed..' +37.4X101 For weak fields
Nickel +4. XIO^ For H =100 C. G. S.
Steel tempered. +3.4X10' For weak fields

Inoroanic Compounds
-L.

Substance. Temp. Susceptibility Observer.

C. (vacuum =0).

Boric acid -0.88X10- Meslin, 1906

Cobalt sulphate (7H20).. +76.3 Meslin, 1906
Copper sulphate (5H2O). +13.4 Mile. Feytis, 1911
Ferric chloride +287. Meslin. 1906
Ferrous sulphate (THjO). +95.3 Meslin, 1906
Glass -0.15 Faraday, 1853
Nickel sulphate (THjO) . +37. Meslin, 1906
Potassium bichromate.. . +0.36 Meslin, 1906
Potassium chloride 18 -1.09 Curie, 1895
Potassium ferrocyanide . +16.0 Meslin, 1906
Quartz 20 -1.20 J. Konigsberger
Sodiiim chloride 22 -1.02 Meslin, 1906

Liquids

Substance. Temp. Susceptibility Observer.

C. (vacuum =0).

Acetic acid. . . . -0.61 Meslin, 1906

Alcohol, ethyl.. -0.65 Meslin, 1906
Benzene -0.69 Meslin, 1906
Chloroform.... -0.86" Meslin, 1906
Ether -0.61 Meslin, 1906
Glycerine -0.81 Meslin, 1906
Sulphuric acid. -0.77 Quincke, 1885
Water 20 -0.72 Piccard, 1912

475

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

VARIATION OF RESISTANCE DUE TO A

MAGNETIC FIELD
Bismuth

The tp.ble shows the proportional values of the resistance for values o!
the magnetic field from 0 to 35,000 and for diflFerent temperatures. The
resistance at 0 C. and H =0 is taken as 1.
Proportional values of resistance.
(From Smithsonian Tables.)

H. -192 -135 -100 -37 0 +:8 +60 +100 +183

Gauss.

0 0.40 0.60 0.70 0.88 1.00 1.08 1.25 1.42 1.79

2000 1.16 0.87 0.86 0.96 1.08 1.11 1.26 1.43 1.80
4000 2.32 1.35 1.20 1.10 1.18 1.21 1.31 1.46 1.82
6000 4.00 2.06 1.60 1.29 1.30 1.32 1.39 1.51 1.85
8000 5.90 2.88 2.00 1.50 1.43 1.42 1.46 1.57 1.87
10000 8.60 3.80 2.43 1.72 1.57 1.54 1.54 1.62 1.89
12000 10.8 4.76 2.93 1.94 1.71 1.67 1.62 1.67 1.92
14000 12.9 5.82 3.50 2.16 1.87 1.80 1.70 T.73 1.94
16000 15.2 6.95 4.11 2.38 2.02 1.93 1.79 1.80 1.96
18000 17.5 8.15 4.76 2.60 2.18 2.06 1.88 1.87 1.99
20000 19.8 9.50 5.40 2.81 2.33 2.20 1.97 1.95 2.03
26000 25.5 13.3 7.30 3.50 2.73 2.52 2.22 2.10 2.09
3000(1 30.7 J8.2 9.8 4.20 3.17 2.86 2.46 2.28 2.17
35000 35.5 20.35 12.2 4.95 3.62 3.25 2.69 2.45 2.25

Various Metals
^ The table gives the per cent, change in the resistance due to a field of
10,000 gauss with respect to the value at 0 C. and H =0.
(Grumach.)

Metal. Per cent, Metal Per cent,

change. change.
Cadmium +0.03 Palladium +0.001
Cobalt. .. -0.53 Platinum.. +0.0005
+0.004 Silver.... 4-0.004
S^ofr.;: +0.003 Tantalum: +0.0003
Lead +0.0004 Tin +0.002
Nickel. . . -1.4 Zinc +0.01

INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF VARIOUS VOLTAIC CELLS

The internal resistance ig subject to large variations; the values given
can be considered only approximate.

Cell. Resistance, Cell. Resistance,

ohms. ohms.

Edison-Lalande. . 0.03 Grove 0.1-0.2 ;

Daniell 0.85 Bunsen. 0.1-0.2
Gravity 1-5 Bichromate 0.08-0.40
Silver chloride. . . 4. Storage 0.004-0.02
Dry cell......... 0.2-1.0 Clark standard. . 20-50
Leclanche 0.4-0.2 Weston standard 20-50

476
 HANDBOOK QF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

HALL EFFECT

If
1*
a 11strip
\ *
of metal of thickness t, in which
rmnn4-ifk
a current
V
is flowing (longi-
n ^iffAvonAO n/'k'fain

3 a constant specific with ( . .

units. The table gives values obtained at ordinary room temperatures,
18-24 C. If the value of R is independent of the field, or nearly so, the
field intensity is not given. The positive sign indicates that if a strip o
metal were considered to be in the plane of this page with its long axis
horizontal, the primary current flowing from left to right and the magnetic
field directed away from the observer, normal to the plane of the strip,
the upper edge of the strip would be at a higher potential than the lower.

Field
Substance. strength, Observer.
gausses.

Aluminum -.00038 Von Ettinghausen & Nernst, 1886

Antimony. . .. 1750 +0.219 Bariow, 1903
Bismuth 1650 -10.27 Von Ettinghausen & Nernst, 1886
Bismuth 11100 -4.95 Von Ettinghausen & Nernst, 1886
Cadmium. . . . + .00055 Von Ettinghausen & Nernst, 1886
Carbon....... -.17 Von Ettinghausen & Nernst, 1886
Cobalt. . . . . . . 3463 + .24 Hall, 1885
-.00052 Hall, 1885
-.00066 Hall, 1885
Iron. 6290 + .0108 Zahn, 1904
Lead.. .00009 Von Ettinghausen & Nernst, 1886
Magnesium... -.00094 Von Ettinghausen & Nernst, 1886
Nickel 16620' -.0047 Zahn, 1904
Platinum... .. -.00024 Von Ettinghausen & Nernst, 1886
Silver. -.00083 Von Ettinghausen & Nernst, 1886
Tellurium. . .. +530. Von Ettinghausen & Nernst, 1886
Tin -.00004 Von Ettinghausen & Nernst, 1886
Zinc. +.00033 Barlow, 1903

ELECTROCHEMICAL EQUIVALENTS
Grams per ^ulomb.

Va Va
Element. Equiv. Element. Equiv.
lence. lence.

Aluminum 3 .0936X10-3 Iron 3 . 1929X10-3

Antimony. 3 .4153 Lead 2 1.0731
Antimony. 5 .2492 ^Magnesium 2 . 1260
Bismuth. . 3 .7185 Mercury. .. 1 2.0788
Cadmium. 2 . 5824 Mercury .. 2 1.0394
Chromium 3 . 1796 Nickel.... 2 .3040 .
Cobalt .. . 2 .3055 Oxygen. . . 2 .0829
Copper. . . 1 .6588 Platinum.. 2 1.0104
2 .3294 Silver 1 1.1180
ar.::
Hydrogen.
3
1
.6812
.0105
Tin
Tin
2
4
.6166
.3083
Iron 2 .2893 Zinc 2 .3387

477
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

MAGNETIC mCLINATION OR DIP AND HORIZONTAL

! INTENSITY
_ The mean or limiting values are given for the territory covered by the
State. named. The horizontal intensity is given in gausses. The table is
compiled from the results of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey for 1911
and 1912.

State. Dip, degrees. Horizontal

intensity.
Alabama 62. to 66. .23 to .26
Alaska 67. 74. .16 .21
Arizona 59. .27
Arkansas 63. 65. .24 .25
California. . . . . 58. 62. .25 .27
Colorado 67. 68. .22 .23
Connecticut . . . 72. 73. 17 .18
Delaware. 70. 7U5 19 .20
Florida 57. 58. 27 .29
Georgia 62. 66* .23 .26
Hawaii 39. .29
Idaho 69. .21 ^ -

Indiana 69. ' 72. .18 .21

Iowa 71. 73. .18 .20
Kansas 67. 69. .21 .23
Kentucky 68. 70. .20 .22
Maine. 74. 76. .14 .16
Maryland. .... 70.5 .20
Massachusetts. . 73. .17
Michigan. 73. 76. .15 .18
Mississippi. . . .. 61. 66. .24 .26
Missoun 67. 71. .20 .22
Montana....... 70. 72. .18 .20
Nebraska 70. 71. . .20
New Hampshire, 73. 74. .16 .17
N^w Jersey. . ... 71. -19
New Mexico 63. 65. .24 .25
New York 74. .16 .17
North Carolina., 66. 68. .21 .23
North Dakota. . 74. 77. .15 .16
Olhio 71. 73. .18 .20
Oklahoma 63. 67. .23 .25
Oregon.,....... 68. 69. .21
Pennsylvania. .. 71. 72. .18 .19
Philippines 0. 23. .37 .39
Porto Rico. . . .. 49. 50. .29 .30
South Carolina.. 66. 67. .23
South Dakota... 71. 74. .17 ,19
Tennessee. . . . . . 66. 68. .22 .23
Texas : 57. 63. .25 .29
Utah 66. 67. .22 .23
Vermont 73. 75. .16 .17
Virginia 68. 70. .20 .21
Washington 71. .19
West Virginia..,. 7a. 5 .20
Wisconsin 74. 76. .15 .17
Wyoming 68. 72. .19 .22

478
 BANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

MAGNETIC DECLINATION
An annual decrease in declination
^ase in deolinatien is indicated by
is indicated by the negative sign,
an increase by the positive.
(From U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey)

Magnetic declination in degrees

and tenths. Ann.
State. Station.
(?9%.
1870 1880 1890 1900 1910
Montgomery. 4.5 E 3.9 E 3.2 E 2.8 E 2.9 E -.012
Ala
Sitka 29.0 E 29.3 E 29.5 E 29.7 E 30.2 E
Alaska....
Kodiak 25.6 E 25.1 E 24.7 E 24.4 E 24.1 E
Unalaska. . .. 20.1 E 19.6 E 19.0 E 18.3 E 17.5 E
24.7 E 23.1 E 22.1 E 21.4 E
St. Michael. .

Holbrook. . . 13!8E 13.7 E 13.4 E 13.5 E 13.9 E + .072

Ariz.
Prescott. . .. 13.7 E 13.6 E 13.5 E 13.7 E 14.3 E + .077
Little Rock. 8.2 E 7.6 E 7.0 E 6.6 E 6.9 E + .023
Ark..
Los Angeles. 14.4 E 14.6 E 14.6 E 14.9 E 15.5 E + .083
Cal.. + .075
San Jo^.. . . 17.3 E 17.5 E 17.5 E 17.8 E 18.5 E

Redding. 18.1 E 18.2 E 18.3 E 18.6 E 19.3 E + .075

Cal... + .050
Pueblo 13.8 E 13.5 E 13.0 E 12.9 E 13.3 E
Colo.. + .062
Glenwood Sp. 16.3 E 16.1 E 15.7E 15.6 E 16.1 E
Hartford 8.7 W 9.4 W 9.8 W 10.4 W 11.0 W + .097
Conn.
Dover 4.7 W 5.3 W 5.9 W 6.4 W 7.0 W --.080
Del.. .

Washington.. 2.4 W 3.0 W 3.6 W 4.2 W 4.7 W + .075

D. C.
Jacksonville.. 3.1 E 2.4 E 1.8 E 1.3 E 1.2 E -.033
Flar. .
Tampa 3.9 E 3.3 E 2.8 E 2.3 E 2.0 E -.013
Macon 3.9 E 3.2 E 2.6 E 2.1 E 2.0 E -.033
Ga
Hawaii.. . Honolulu. . .. 9.5 E 9.8 E 10.1 E 10.4 E 10.6 E

Pocatello. . . . 17.8 E 17.9 E 17.7 E 17.8 E 18.4 E + .067

Idaho.. . .
Boise.. 18.6 E 18.7 E 18.6 E 18.8 E 19.4 E + .075
Bloomington. 5.4 E 4.7 E 4.1 E 3.6 E 3.4 E -.013
lU...
Indianapolis.. 3.2 E 2.6 E 2.0 E 1.4 E 1.1 E - .030
Ind..
Des Moines. 9.7 E 9.1 E 8.4 E 7.9 E 8.1 E + .017
la. ..

Emporia.. . 11.2 E 10.7 E 10.1 E 9.8 E 10.1 E + .030

Kans.
Ness City.. 12.2 E 11.9 E 11.4 E 11.1 E 11.4 E + .040
Lexington.. 2.5 E 1.9 E 1.2 E 0.7 E 0.5 E -.033
Ky... 3.7 E -.017
Princeton.. 5.6 E 5.0 E 4.3 E 3.8 E
Alexandria. 8.0 E 7.4 E 6.9 E 6.6 E 6.8 E + .030
La....

Eastport... 18.2 W 18.6 W 18.7 W 19.0 W 19.4 W + .100

Me...
Portland.. . 12.8 W 13.4 W 13.9 W 14.4 W 14.8 W + .100
Baltimore.. 3.8 W 4.4 W 5.0 W 5.6 W 6.1 W + .075
Md.. .
Boston 11.0 W 11.5 W 12.0 W 12.6 W 13.1 W + .100
Pittsfield... 9.3 W 10.0 W 10.4 W 11.0 W 11.^ W + .097

Mar<juette 4.6 E 3.8 E 3.0 E 2.3 E 2.0 E -.027

Mich.
Lansing ^ 1.3 E 0.5 E 0.0 E 0.4 B + .040
Northome 10.0 E 9.3 E 8.6 E 8.0 E 8.1 E + .017
Minn.
Mankato....... 10.9 E 10.4 E 9.5 E 9.0 E 9.1 E + .020
Jackson.... 7.5 E 6.9 E 6.4 E 6.0 E 6.2 E + .017
Miss..
Sedalia. . 9.4 E 8.7 E 8.0 E 7.6 E 7.9 E + .020
Mo...
Forsyth.. 18.6 E 18.4 E 17.9 E 17.8 E 18.3 E + .050
Mont. + .062
Helena. . 19.8 E 19.6 E 19.4 E 19.5 E 20.0 E
Hastings. 11.7 E 11.2 E 10.5 E 10.2 E 10.5 E + .033
fJebr..
Alliance. . 15.3 E 14.8 E 14.3 E 14.2 E 14.5E + .043

479
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

MAGNETIC DECLINATION (Continued)

An annual decrease in declination is indicated by the negative sign
and an increase by the positive.
(From U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.)

Magnetic declination in degrees

and tenths. Ann.
State. Station. Chge.

1870 1880 1890 1900 1910

Nevada Elko 17.7 E 17.7 E 17.6E 17.8 E 18.3 E

Hawthorne 16.9 E 17.0 E 17.0 E 17.3 E 17.8 E
N. H... Hanover 11.1 W 11.6 W 12.0 W 12.5 W 13.0 W
N. J.. . Trenton 6.0 W 6.7 W 7.2 W 7.8 W 8.4 W
N. Mex Santa Rosa 12.7 E 12.5 E 12.1 E 12.0 E 12.4 E

N. Mex Laguna 13.6 E 13.4 E 13.0 E 13.0 E 13.5 E

N. Y... Albany 9.1 W 9.8 W 10.2 W 10.8 W 11.4 W
Elmira 5.4 W 6.3 W 7.0 W 7.6 W 8.1 W
N. C... Newbern 1.0 W 1.6 W 2.2 W 2.8 W 3.3 W
Salisbury 1.5 E 0.8 E 0.2 E 0.4 W 0.7 W

N. Dak Jamestown 14.0 E 13.5 E 12.7 E 12.4 E 12.8 E

Dickinson 17.4 E 17.0 E 16.4 E 16.2 E 16.6 E
Ohio.. . Columbus 1.2 E 0.6 E 0.0 E 0.7 W 1.1 W
Okla.. . Okmulgee 9.8 E 9.4 E 8.8 E 8.5 E 8.9E
Enid 10.9 E 10.5 E 9.9 E 9.7 E 10.1 E

Oregon. Sumpter. 20.0 E 20.2 E 20.2 E 20.4 E 21.0 E

Detroit 20.1 E 20.4 E 20.5 20.8 E 21.5 E
Penn... Philadelphia 5.5 W 6.3 W 6.8 W 7.4 W 8.0 W
Altoona. 3.1 W 3.8 W 4.5 W 5.1 W 5.6 W
P. R.. . San Juan LOW 2.0 W

R.I... Newport 10.3 W 10.8 W 11.3 W 11.9 W 12.4 W

S. C... Columbia 2.1 E 1.4 E 0.8 E 0.2 E 0.1 W
S. D... Huron . 12.6 E 12.1 E 11.4 E 11.1 E 11.4 E
Rapid City 16.3 E 15.8 E 15.3 E 15.1 E 15.4 E
Tenn.. Chattanooga.... 3.3 E 2.6 E 2.0 E 1.5 E 1.3 E

Tenn.. Huntington 6.1 E 5.5 E 4.9 E 4.4 E 4.3 E

Texas.. Houston 8.9 E 8.5 E 7.9 E 7.7 E 8.1 E
San Antonio 9.6 E 9.3 E 8.9 E 8.7 E 9.1 E
Pecos ^ 11.0 E 10.8 E 10.4 E 10.3 E 10.7 E
Floydada 11.2 E 10.9 E 10.4 E 10.3E 10.7 E

Utah.... Salt Lake City . . 16.7 E 16.5 E 16.3 E 16.5 E 17.0 E

Vermont Rutland 10.6 W 11.2W 11.6 W 12.1 W 12.7 W
Va Richmond 1.8 W 2.5 W 3.1 W 3.7 W 4.2 W
Lynchburg 0.5 W 1.2 W 1.8 W 2.4 W 2.8 W
Wash... Wilson Creek.. .. 21.9 E 21.9 E 22.1 E 22.4 E 22.9 E

Wash. .. Seattle 22.1 E 22.3 E 22.6 E 23.0 E 23.5 E

W. Va. . Charleston 0.2 W 0.9 W 1.5 W 2.1 W 2.6 W
Wis Madison 7.2 E 6.4 E 5.6 E 5.0 E 4.9 E
Wyo Douglas 16.0 E 15.8 E 15.4 E 15.3 E 15.7 E
Green River 17.0 E 16.9 E 16.6 E 16.6 E 17.0 E

480
 LIGHT

PHOTOMETRIC STANDARDS

Value of Various Standards in International Candles

Standard Pentane Lamp, burning pentane
Standard Hefner Lamp, burning amylacetate 0.9 ^^
Standard Carcel Lamp, burning colza oil 9.0
Standard English Sperm Candle, about ^
The Carcel unit is the horizontal intensity of the carcel lamp,
burning 42 grams of colza oil per hour. For a consumption
between 38 and 46 grams per hour the intensity may be con-
'sidered proportional to the consumption.
The Hefner unit is the horpontal intensity of the Hefner
lamp burning amyl acetate, with a flame 4 cm. high. If the
flame is I mm. high, the intensity / = l-|-0.027(?--40).

STANDARD CANDLES
The 4iorizontal intensity may be considered proportional to the rate of
consumption of material if the variation is small.

French. English. German. !

Material 2 pts. stearic Spermaceti Paraffin

acid
1 pt. palmitic
acid
Temp, of fusion. 54 C. 44.4-46MC. 55 C.
' Wick (cotton).. . 81 threads 54 to 63 threads 24 to 25 threads
Height of flame.. 5.24 cm. 4.5 cm. 5 cm.
^ Rate of consump 10 g. per hr. 7.78 g. per hr. 7.7 g. per hr.
tion of material
Horizontal inten 1.34 1.05 1.11
sity in Inter-
nat. candles

481
 HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

MEAN HORIZONTAL CANDLE POWER OF VARIOUS

LIGHT SOURCES
Given in International Candles.
(Lux, 1907.)

Total power Mean Efficiency

Source. consumed horizontal in watts
in watts. candle per candle
power. (spherical)

Acetylene flame 96 6.9 17.7

Electric arcs:
Carbon, open air, continuous
current 435 171 0.92
alternating current. 181 98 2.27
Flaming arc, yellow 350 816 0.34
Mercury arc, uviol tiibe 199 393 0.64
quartz tube 691 3060 - 0.25
Incandescent electric, carbon fil
ament 98 28.3 4.54
tantalum filament 44 31.1 1.83
tungsten filament 38 32.7 1.59
tungsten filament, gasMed... 1000 1670 0.66
Incandescent gas mantle, vertical 717 96.3 8.9
inverted 571 96.3 7.7
Nernst lamp 181 108 2.12

PRIMARY COLOR SENSATIONS PRODUCED BY VARIOUS

LIGHT SOURCES
The relative values of the excitation of the three primary sensations
are given.
(Ives, 1911.)

Source. Red. Green. Blue.

Black body at 5000 absolute 33 33 33

Blue sky . 29 30 41
Clouded sky 35 34 31
Sim. 38 37 25
Hefner lamp 54 40 6
Acetylene flame 49 40 11
Incandescent carbon filament 51 41 8
Tungsten filament 48 41 11
Nernst filament 49 40 11
Electric arc, carbon 41 36 23
Mercury arc 29 30 41
Flaming arc 52 37.5 10.5
Incandescent gas mantle, thorium
with 0.25 part in 100 of cerium.... 42 41 17
482
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

INTRINSIC BRILLIANCY OF SURFACE INTENSITY OF

LIGHT SOURCES
Given in Inteenational Candles peb Square Centimeteb.
Surface Observer.
Sources. intensity.

Electric arc:
^ current of 10 amperes.. . . 16000 Blondel, 1897
current of 25 amperes.. . . 19500 Blondel, 1897
current of 250 amperes.. . 30000 Rey & Blondel, 1902
Flaming arc 4000
Flames, candle 0.4-0.6
petroleum lamp, round wick 3.3 Stockhausen, 1910
petroleum lamp, flat wick... .67 Stockhausen, 1910
gas, argand burner 1.14 Stockhausen, 1910
acetylene, flat flame 5.6 Stockhausen, 1910
Incandescent electric:
filament of carbon (3.3 watts
per candle) 75. Blondel, 1911
filament of tungsten (1.2
watts per candle) 150. Blondel, 1911
Nemst 350-470 Ives & Luckiesch, '11
Gas mantle 4.8-6.7 Ives & Luckiesch
Mercury arc 2.5 Ives & Luckiesch
Moon. 0.4 Pickering, 1908
Star (Algol) 840000 Nordmann, 1910
Sun at zenith 160000 Palaz, 1893

WAVE LENGTHS OF VARIOUS RADIATIONS

Microns
RSntgen (X) rays ;
Shortest ultra-violet radiation. U.U51
Shortest ultra-violet radiation in the solar spectrum
(limited by atmospheric absorption) 0.292
Limit of the visible spectrum ./; niin

Green, representative
o.422|t|
a yino n
Includes....
Maximum visual intensity, about
Yellow, representative 0.680
Includes; ,
'''fnTudS^""".-.:o.58^n|
Limit of the visible spectrum
6.647||O
Limit of the solar spectrum o.iUi
Infra-red (heat waves) A Qin_Qi a nn
Includes. . 0-810t314.00
Shortest measured Hertzian wave.. 400(^
Used for wireless telegraphy 100-5000 meteia
483
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

VARIATION IN THE SENSITIVENESS OF THE EYE

WITH THE WAVE LENGTH
For Low Intensities
(Konig.)

Wave length... .410 .430 .450 .470 .490 .510 .530 .550 .570 .590 .eie
Mean sensitive
ness 0.02 0.06 0.23 0.49 0.81 1.00 0.81 0.49 0.22 0.077 0.026

WAVE LENGTHS OF THE FRAUNHOFER LINEg

Sun's Spectrum
At 15 C. and 76 cm. pressure. Wave length in microns (Fabry and
Buisson system).

Line. Due to
Wave length in Wave length in
Line. Due to
Microns. microns.

U Fe 2947.9 h H 4101.9
t Fe 2994.4 '9 Ca 4226.7
T Fe 3020.7 /Ca f4307.7
G
s Fe 3047.6 IFe [4307.9
Fe [3099.9 G H 4340.5
S Fe 3100.0 F H 4861.4
Fe, Mn 3100 3 64 Mg 5167.3
Fe, Ti 3100.7 h Mg 5172.7
R Ca 3179.3 hi Mg 5183.6
Fe 3286.8 E Fe 5269.6
P Ti 3361.2 Z)2 Na 5890.0
0
/Fe / 3440.6 Di Na 5895.9
\ Fe 13441.0 a H 6562.8
N Fe 3581.2 B 0 6867.2
M Fe 3719.9 A 0 7593.8
L Fe,C 3820.4 Z 8228.5
K Ca 3933.7 V 8990.0
H Ca 3968.5

WAVE LENGTHS FOR SPECTROSCOPE CALIBRATION

Source. Wave Source. Wave

length. length.
Potassium flame.......... 0.7699m E, solar.... 0.5270/
Potassium f l a m e . ^ . 0.7666 h, solar or magnesium flame 0.5184
B, solar 0.6867 ?>2, solar or magnesium flame 0.5173
I.ithium flame 0.6708 solar or hydrogen tube... 0.4867
C, solar or hydrogen tube.. 0.6563 Strontium flame 0. 4608
Di, solar or sodium flame.. 0.5896 0, solar or hydrogen tube... 0.4308
D2, solar or sodium flame.. 0.5893 Hi, solar 0.3969
Thallium flame. 0.5351 solar... 0.3934

484
 BANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

WAVE LENGTH OF PRINCIPAL LINES OF VARIOUS

ELEMENTS
Solids
Wave lengths of the most prominent lines in microns. The letters
a, s and f after a wave length indicate its occurrence as a strong line in
the arc, spark oi flame epcctrum respectively.

Aluminum. 3082 a, s Caesium. .4555 a,f

.3092 a, s .4593 a,f
.3587 8 .6723 a

.3944 a, s .6974 a

.3961 a, s Calcium. .3934 a, s

.5697 s .3969 a, s
.5723 s .4227 a, s, f
Antimony. 3268 s Calcium chloride
.6005 s in the Bunsen
.6079 s flame also gives
.6130 s lines not due to
Arsenic. 2745 8 calcium 5517
.2861 S 5543
.3923 8 6181
.4037 8 6202
3891 8 6265
Barium.
.4131 S Cerium. 4012 s

.4554 a, s 4134 s

.4934 a, s 4150 s

.5535 a, 8, f 4165 s
.5853 a, s 4187 s

.6141 a, s 4297 8]
.6497 a, s 4527 s

Barium chloride in 4628 s'

the Bunsen flame 5274 s

gives other lines 5353 s

not due to bar Chromium*. 4255 a, s

ium .5136 4275 a, s
.5242 4290 a, s
.5313
Bismuth.. 3596 8 4559 s
.4723 a, 8 4588 s
.4994 8 5205 a, 8
5206 a, s
Cadmium. 3611 a, 8
.4678 a, 8 5209 a, s
.4800 a, 8 5410 a
.5086 a, 8 Cbbaltt. 3846 a, 8
.5338 s 3873 a, 8
.5378 8 3894 a, 8
.6439 a, s 4531

* More than twenty fairly prominent hnes occur m the spark spectrum
of chromium having wave lengths from ,2763 to .3606/*. - , ,
t A large number of Jines occur in the arc and spark spectrum of cob&It
having wave lengths less than .3600 (ultraviolet).
485
 HANDBOOK OP CBEMISTRY AND PHYSIOS
WAVE LENGTH OF PRINCIPAL LINES OF VARIOUS
(Contiiiucd)
Solids (Continued)
Cobalt (Cont.). 4581 a Iron*. a, 8
.4780 a, 8 .4064 a, 8
.4793 a, s .4071 a, 8
.4814 a, 8 ; .4118 a
.4840 a, 8 .4132 a, 8
.4868 a, 8 .4134 a
.4143 a
Copper. 3248 a
.4144 a, 8
3274 a
.4187 a, 8
a
.4188 a, 8
;4063 a
.4191 a
.5106 a, 8
.4198 a^s
.5153 a, 8
.4199 a, 8
.5218 a, 8
.4202 a, s
.5700 a
.4227 a, 8
.5782 a, 8 .4234 a, 8
Gold..; 2428 a, 8 .4236 a, 8
.2676 a, 8 .4250 a, 8
.2802 8 ,4251 a, 8
.3898 8 .4261 a, 8
4065 8 .4272 a, 8
.4315 8 .4282 a, 8
.6278 8 .4294 a, 8
.4299 a, 8
Iodine (spark) .5159 .4308 a, 8
.5244 .4315 a
.5339 .4326 a, 8
.5349 .4337 a
.5408 .4384 a, 8
.5448 .4405 a, 8
.5471 .4415 a, 8
.5631 .4476 a
.5686 .4528 a, 8
.5716 .4655 a, 8
.5741 .4736 a
.5766 .4892 a
.57ai .4921 a, 8
.5961 .4957 a, 8
.5139 a, 8
Indium. ,3606 8 .5167 a, 8
.3653 8 .5192 a, sf
.3675 8 ^ .5227 a
.3800 8 .5233 a, 8
.3903 8 .5267 a, 8
.4400 a, 8 .5270 a, 8

The ultraviolet spectrum of iron shows over 100 lines of intensity

comparable with those listed above. .
486

V
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY^ AND PHYSICS

WAVE LENGTH OF PRINCIPAL LINES OF VARIOUS

ELEMENTS (Continued)
Solids (Continued)

Iron (Cont.). 5284 a, s .4602 a, 8

.5302 a, s .6104 a
.5324 a .6708 a, s, f
.5328 a .2537 a
.5372 a .2967 a, 8
.5397 a .3022 a
.5406 a .3023 8
.5447 a .3126 a, 8
.5455 a .3132 a, 8
.5570 a .3341 a, 8
.5573 a .3650 a, 8
.5587 a .3654 a, 8
.5616 a .3663 a, 8
.5659 a .3984 8
.5763 a .4046 a, 8
.5862 a .4078 a, 8
.5930 a .4358 a, 8
.6065 a .5426 8
.6137 a .5461 a, 8
.6138 a .5770 a, 8
.6192 a .5791 a, 8
.6231 a .5804 8
.6253 a
.6302 a Magnesium. ,2796 a, 8
.6318 a .2803 a, 8
.6337 a .2852 a, 8, f
.6400 d .3097 a, f
.6495 a .3829 a, 8, f
.6546 a .3832 a, 8, f
.6593 a .3838 a, 8, f
.4481 8
Lead*.. 3640 a. s .5173 a, 8
.3684 a, s .5183 a, 8
3740 a, 3
3807 a, s
.3786 8
.4031 a, s
.3854 S
.4033 a
.4058 a, s
.4035 a
.4245 8
.4042 a
.4387 8
.4754 a
.5374 8
.4784 a
.5547 8.
.4824 a, 8
.5608 Si
.6014 a, s
.6657 8
.6017 a, s
Litliium. 4132 a .6022 a, s

The arc and spark spectra of lead include a large number of lines in
the ultraviolet not ^iven above.
487
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
WAVE LENGTH OF PRINCIPAL LINES OF VARIOUS
ELEl^NTS (Continued)
Solids (Continued)

Molybdenum. .3635 s Radium (Cont.).. .4826 s,f

.3688 s .5661 s
.3798 a, s .5814 s
.3864 a, s band .6130^ .6330 f
3903 a, s .6349 f
.3961 s band .6530- .6700 f
.5506 a, s
.5533 a, s Rubidium..... .4202 a,s,f
.5570 .4215 a, s, f
.6207
.6030 s .6298 a, s, f
.7806 a,f
Nickel. .4714 a, s .7811 a
.4855 a, s .7950 a,f
.4866 a, s
.4873 s Selenium. .4606 8

.5035 a, s .4840 S

.5081 a .4842 S

.5477 a .4972 S

.5893 s .4993 8
.5094 8
Osmium. .3753 s
.5142 8
.4067 s
.5176 8
.4136 .5225 8
.4212 .5270 8
.4261
.5305 8
.4294
.4421 Silicon. 2516 a, s
,2881 a, 8
Platmum. .3687 s
.3923 s Silver.. 3281 a, 8
4552 s 3383 a, 8
.5228 a, B 4055 a
.5301 4212 a

5369 5209 a, s
5466 a, 8
Potassium. 3447 a, s, f
4044 a, s, f Sodium. 3302 a,s, f
6911 a 3303 a, 8, f
a 5683 a
7665 a, s, f 5688 a
a, s, f 5890 a, 8, f
Radimn. 5896 a,s, f
3650 s
6154 a
3815 s
.6161 a
4341 s

4436 s Strontium. 4078 a, 8

4533 8 4216 a, 8
4683 S 4607 a, 8,
48S

V
 HANDBOOK OF XJHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

WAVE LENGTH OF PRINCIPAL LINES OF VARIOUS

ELEMENTS (Continued)
Solids (Continued)
Strontium com Tin. s
pounds, chloride, .4525 a, s
nitrate, etc., give .5564 Sj
other bands not .5589 s
due to strontium .6032 .5632 a, s
.6060 .5799 s
.6351 .6453 s
.6464 Tungsten. .4843 s
.6597 .5059 s
.6664 .5224 s
.UUa^
.5514 s
Sulphur. 4465 s
Uranium. 5478 s
.4486 s
.5480 s
.4525 s
.^482 s
.4552 s
.5494 s
.5021 s
.5528 s
.5033 s
Zinc. .3345 a, s
.5201 s
.4680 a, s
.5215 s
.4722 a, s
.5320 s
.5343
.4811 a, s
s
.4912 s
.5605 s
.5640
.4925 s
s
.6103 s
.6290 s
.6362 a, s
Tantalum. 3906 s
Zirconium. 3958 a, s
.4059 s
.3982 a
.4080 s
.4101 s
:3991 a,>
.4124 .3999 s
s
.4049 a, s.
Thallium. 2918 a
.4073 a
.3230 a .4081 a
.3519 a, s
.4149 a, s
.3529 a .4156 a, s
.3776 a, s, f .4161 a, s
.4737 s .4360 a, s
.5351 a, s, f .4371 a, s
Thorium. 3221 s .4380 a, s
.3272 s .4443 s
.3291 s .4494 s
.3301 s .4497 a, s
.3314 s .4688 s
.3508 s .4710 s
.3539 s .4739 s
.4019 s = .4772 s
.4382 s .4816 s
.4391 s - .6128 .8
.4555 s .6142 S
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

WAVE LENGTH OF PRINGIPAL LINES OF VARIOUS

ELEMENTS (Continued)
^ Gases

Air (spark) line due to N .3995 Bromine.. .4785

N .4447 .5332
N .4631 .6150
O .4642 .6351
N .4643 Chlorine, Plucker
.5001 tube .^851
N .5005 .3861
N .5679 .4133
^Argon, Pliicker tube .4253
(blue spectrum)... .3491 .4344
.3560 .4794
.3589 .4810
.3638 .4819
.3729 .5423
.3850
.4072 Helium. .3188
.4104 .3888
.4228 .4026
.4331 .4471
.4348 .5016
.4426 ^.5876
.4430 -.6678
.4806 Hydrogen. .4102
(red spectrum)... .4158 .4341
.4191 .4861
4198 .6563
.4200 Nitrogen. . See air
.4259
.4511 Oxygen. .. See air
.6965
.7067

RELATIVE STIMULATION OF THE THREE PRIMARY

COLOR SENSATIONS BY DIFFERENT WAVE LENGTHS

Wave
length... 0.36m 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.50 0.52 0.54

Red 0.0 0.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 9.0 23.0 39.0
Green 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 7.0 23.0 61.0 87.0
Blue...... 0.0 10.5 29.0 52.0 76.0 78.0 68.0 46.0 16.0 7.0

Wave
length... 0.66m 0.58 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.74

Red 56.0 69.0 71.5 59.0 30.0 12.0 5.0 2.0 1.0 0.0
Green 67.0 37.0 10.0 2.5 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Blue...... 1.8 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

490

V
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
INDEX OF REFRACTION OF OPTICALLY ISOTROPIC
SOLIDS
(From Smithsonian Tables.)

Line of
Index of
Substance. spec Observer.
refraction.
trum.

Agate (light color). . red 1.537 De Senarmont

Ammonium chloride D 1.642 Grailich
Arsenite. D 1.755 DesCloiseaux
Barimn nitrate D 1.572 Fock
Bell metal. D 1.005 Beer
Blende. Li 2.342 Ramsay
Blende Na 2.369 Ramsay
Blende Tl 2.401 Ramsay
Boric acid C 1.462 Bedson & C. Williams
Boric acid. D 1.463 Bedson & C. Williams
Boric acid F 1.470 Bedson & C. Williams
Borax (vitrified).. .. C 1.512 Bedson & C. Williams
Borax (vitrified).. .. D 1.515 Bedson & C. WiUiams
Borax (vitrified).. .. F 1.521 Bedson & C. Williams
Camphor D 1.532 Kohlrausch
Camphor D 1.546 1 Miilheims
Diamond (colorless). red 2.414 DesCloiseaux
Diamond (colorless). 2.428 DesCloiseaux
Diamond (brown). . rn 2.461 Schrauf
Diamond (brown).; D 2.470 Schrauf
Diamond (brown).. E 2.479 Schrauf
Ebonite D 1.6 Ayrton & Perry
Fuchsin A 2.03 Means
Fuchsin B 2.19 Means
Fuchsin. C 2.33 Means
Fuchsin G 1.97 Means
Fuchsin H 1.32 Means
Garnet (different
varieties) D 1.74-1.90 Various
Gum arabic.. red 1.480 Jamin
Gum arabic red i.514 Wollaston
Hanyne. D 1.496 Tschichatscheff
Helvine. . . . . . . . . . . D 1.739 Levy&Lecroix
Obsidian D 1.482-1.496 Various
. Opal. D 1.406 Various
Opal.. D 1.450 Various
Pitch. . red 1.531 Wollaston
Potassium bromide ; D 1.559 Topsoe and Chris
tiansen
chlorstannate. . .. D 1.657 Topsoe and Chris
tiansen
iodide.. .. D 1.667 Topsoe and Chris
tiansen
Phosphorus. D 2.144 Gladstone & Dale

"491
y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

INDEX OF REFRACTION OF OPTICALLY ISOTROPIC

SOLIDS (Continued)

Line of Index ol
Substance. spec- refraction. Observer.

Resins: aloes red 1.619 Jamin

Canada bal^m... red 1.528 Wollaston
colophony. red 1.548 Jamin
copal red 1.528 Jamin
mastic red 1.535 Wollaston
Peru balsam D 1.593 Baden Powell
Selenium, vitreous. . A 2.612 Wood
Selenium, vitreous. . B 2.680 Wood
Seleniimi, vitreous. . C 2.729 Wood
Selenium, vitreous.. D 2.93 Wood
Silver bromide D 2.253 Wemicke
chloride D 2.061 Wemicke
iodide D 2.182 Wemicke
Sod^alite, blue D 1.483 Feusnerj
Sodalite, clear like
water. D 1.483 Feusner
Sodium chlorate.. . . D 1.515 Dussaud
Spinel. D 1.716 DesCloiseaux
Strontium nitrate... D 1.567 jFockj
INDEX OF REFRACTION OF TJNIAXIAL CRYSTALS

Index of refraction.

Substance. Extra
Line of Ordi ordi
spec nary- nary Observer.
trum. ray. ray.

Alunite (alum stone).. . . D 1.573 592 Levy & Lacroix

Apatite D 1.639 635 Schrauf

Byi {" D
D
1.589
1.570
582 Various
566 Various
Calomel red 1.96 60 De Senarmont
Cinnabar red 2.854 199 DesCloiseaux
Corundum (ruby, / from red 1.767 759 DesCloiseaux
sapphire, etc.) \ to red 1.769 762 DesCloiseaux
Emerald (pure).... g.en 1.584 578 DesCloiseaux
Ice at 8 C 1.309 313 Meyer
Ivory. D 1.539 541 Kohlrausch
Sodium nitrate D 1.587 336 Schrauf
Tourmaline (colorless) D 1.637 619 Heusser
Tourmaline (differ- (from D 1.633 616 Jerof^jew
ferent colors).... \ to D 1.650 625 Jerof^jew

492
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMI&TRY AND PtiYStCS

INDEX OF REFRACTION OF BIAXIAL CRYSTALS

Index of refraction.

Substances. Line of Inter

Mini Maxi
spec medi Observer.
mum. mum.
trum. ate.

Borax D 1.447 1.469 ,472 Dufet

Copper sulphate... D 1.5M 1.537 543 Kohlrausch
Gj^sum D 1.521 1.523 .530 Miilheims
Mica (muscovite).. D 1.560 1.594 .598 Pulfrich
Potassium bichromate D 1.720 1.738 ,820 Dufet
nitrate D 1.335 1.506 .506 Schrauf
sulphate. D 1.493 1.495 ,498 Topsoe & Chris
tiansen
Sugar (cane) D 1.540 1.567 ,572 Calderon
Sulphur (rhombic)... D 1.951 2.038 ,241 Schrauf
Topaz (Brazilian) D 1.629 1.631 ,638 Miilheims

INDEX OF REFRACTION OF GLASS

Relative to Air

Wave length in microns.

Variety.
.589
.361 .434 .486 .656 .768 1.20 2.00
(Na)

Zinc crown 1.539 1.528 1.523 1.517 1.514 1.511 1.505 1.497
Higher dispersion crown 1.546 1.533 1.527 1.520 1.517 1.514 1.507 1.497
Light flint 1.614 1.594 1.585 1.575 1.571 1.567 1.559 1.549
Heavy flint 1.705 1.675 1.664 1.650 1.644 1.638 1.628 1.617
Heaviest flint 1.945 1.919 1.890 1.879 1.867 1.848 1.832

INDEX OF REFRACTION OF ROCK SALT, SILVINE,

CALCITE, FLUORITE AND QUARTZ
(Compiled from data of Martens, Fascben, and others.)

Calcspar, Calcspar, Quartz, Quartz,

Wave Rock Silvine, Fluorite. ordinary extraor extraor
length. salt. KCl. dinary ordinary dinary
ray. ray.
ray. ray.

G.185 1.893 1.827 1.676^ 1.690

0.198 1.496 'l'.'578 1.651 1.664
0.340 V.Voi 1.506 1.567 1.577
0.589 i.'^4 1.490 V.434' 1.658 1.486 1.544 1.51^3
0.760 1.431 1.650 1.483 1.539 1.548
0.884 i.'534 1.481 1.430
1.179 1.530 1.478 1.428
1.229 1.639 1.479
2.324 1.474 1.516
2.357 i!526 1.475 *1.421
3.536 1.523 1.473 1.414
5.893 1.516 1.469 1.387
8.840 1.502 1.461 1.331

493
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

INDEX OF REFRACTION, LIQUIDS

(From Smithsonian Tables.)

Index of refrection for

Temp. spectrum lines.
Substance. Observer.
C.
C D F H

Acetone 10. 1.363 1.365 1.369 Korten

Almond oil... 0 1.476 1.478 1.485 Olds
Anilin 20. 1.599 1.586 1.604 Weegman
Aniseed oil... 21.4 1.541 1.548 1.^65 Willigen
Aniseed oil 15.1 1.551 1.557 1.574 i!^8 Baden Powell
Benzene 10 1.498 1.503 1.515 1.536 Gladstone
Benzene. 21.5 1.493 1.498 1.510 1.530 Gladstone
Bitter almond oil. .. 20 1.539 1.562 Landolt
Brbmnaphthalin.. . . 20 1.650 i!658 1.682 i!729 Walter
Carbon disulphide. . 0 1.634 1.643 1.669 1.718 Ketteler
Carbon disulphide.. 20 1.618 1.628 1.652 1.699 Ketteler
Carbon disulphide. . 10 1.625 1.634 1.659 1.708 Gladstone
Carbon disulphide.. 19 1.619 1.628 1.635 1.701 Dufet
Cassia oil 10 1.601 1.610 1.639 1.704 Baden Powell
Cassia oil 22.5 1.593 1.603 1.631 1.699 Baden Powell
Cedar oil 22 1.515 Texier
Chinolin 20 1.609 1.617 1 *636 Gladstone
Chloroform. 10 1.447 1.449 1.456 1*461 Gladstone & Dale
Chloroform 30 1.440 1.456 Gladstone & Dale
Chloroform 20 i!444 1.446 l.*453 Lorenz
Cinnamon oil 23.5 1.608 1.619 1.651 Willigen
Ether 15 1.355 1.357 1.361 i;368 Gladstone & Dale
Ether 15 1.357 1.359 1.364 1.371 Kundt
Ethyl alcohol 0 1.368 1.369 1.374 Korten
Ethyl alcohol 10 1.364 1.365 1.370 Korten
Ethyl alcohol 20 1.360 1.361 1.366 Korten
Ethyl alcohol 15 1.362 1.364 1.368 l.*375 Gladstone & Dale
Glycerine 20 1.471 1.478 Landolt
Methyl alcohol 15 1.331 i!333 1.336 i!342 Baden Powell
Olive oil 0 1.474 1.476 1.483 Olds
Rock oil 0 1.435 1.457 1.464 Olds
Turpentine oil..... 10.6 1.472 1.474 1.481 i'am Frauenhofer
Turpentine oil 20.7 1.469 1.472 1.479 1.491 Willigen
Toluene 20 1.491 1.496 1.507 Bruhl
Water '. 20 1.331 1.333 1.337 i!344 Means

DISPERSION
The dispersionfor various types of optical glass is shown in the following
table, nj) = index of refraction for the D line (of the solar spectrum) and
Tip and the index for the F and C lines respectively (np njy) shows the
dispersion for these two wave lengths.

Glass. nj) (npriQ)

Light phosphate crown 1.5159 .00737

Barium-silicate crown 1.5399 .00909
High-dispersion crown 1.5262 .01026
Borate flint 1.5686 .01102
Extra }ight flint 1.5398 .01142
Heavy flint 1.7174 .02434
Heaviest flint 1.9626 .04882
 HANDBQOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

INDEX OF REFRACTION, AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

Index for
Substance. Density. Temp. C. X =.5893 Observer.
(Na)
Ammonium chloride . 1.067 27.05 1.379 Willigen
Ammonium chloride. 1.025 29.75 1.351 Willigen
Calcium chloride.... 1.398 25.65 1.443 Willigen
Calcium chloride. . . . 1.215 22.9 1.397 Willigen
Calcium chloride.... 1.143 25.8 1.374 Willigen
Hydrochloric acid. . . 1.166 20.75 1.411 Willigen
Nitric acid 1.359 18.75 1.402 Willigen
Pbtash (caustic) 1.416 11.0 1.403 Frauenhofer
Potassium chloride... Normal solution 1.343 Bender
Potassium chloride.. . Double normal 1.352 Bender
Potassium chloride... Triple normal 1.360 Bender
Soda (caustic) 1.376 21.6 1.413 Willigen
Sodium chloride 1.189 18.07 1.378 Schutt
Sodium chloride.. . . . 1.109 18.07 1.360 Schutt
Sodium chloride 1.035 18.07 1.342 Schutt
Sodium nitrate 1.358 22.8 1.385 Willigen
Sulphuric acid 1.811 18.3 1.437 Willigen
Sulphuric acid 1.632 18.3 1.425 Willigen
Sulphuric acid 1.221 18.3 1.370 Willigen
Sulphuric acid 1.028 18.3 1.339 Willigen
Zinc chloride 1.359 26.6 1.402 Willigen
Zinc chloride 1.209 26.4 1.375 Willigen

INDEX OF REFRACTION OF METALS

For Sodium Light
(Drude.)

Index of Index of
Metal. Metal.
refraction. refraction.

.Aluminum.. 1.44 Mercury., 1.73

Antimony. , 3.04 Nickel... 1.79
Bismuth 1.90 Platinum, 2.06
Cadmium. . 1.13 Silver. . . 0.181
0.641 Steel.. .. 2.41
ofdr:;:: 0.366 Tin, solid 1.48
Iron 2.36 Tin, fluid 2.10
Lead 2.01 Zinc 2.12
Magnesium 0.37

DIFFUSED REFLECTION (ALBEDO)

Ratio of total quantity of light reflected by a surface to the total incident
light.

White pinewood. 0.40 Blotting paper, white. 0.70-.80

Paper, ordinary white .60-.70 blue .25
Black velvet.... .004 yellow .40
Snow .78 Earth, moist .08

495

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 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

INDEX OF REFRACTION, GASES

Values are relative to a vacuum and for a temp, of 0 C. and 760 mm.
pressure.
(From Smithsonian Tables.)

Kind of
Substance. Indices of refraction. Observer.
light.
Acetone D 1.001079-1.001100
Air. D 1.0002926 Perreau
Ammonia white K000381-1.000385
Ammonia D 1.000373-1.000379
Argon D 1.000281 Rayleigh
Benzene. D 1.001700-1.001823
Bromine D 1.001132 Mascart
Carbon dioxide white 1.000449-1.000450
dioxide - D 1.000448-1.000454
disulphide white 1.001500 Dulong
disulphide D 1.001478-1.001485
monoxide white 1.000340 Dulong
monoxide white 1.000335 Mascart
Chlorine white 1.000772 Dulong
Chlorine D 1.000773 Mascart
Chloroform D 1.001436-1.001464
Cyanogen white 1.000834 Dulong
Cyanogen. . D 1.000784-1.000825
Ethyl alcohol D 1.000871-1.000885
ether D 1.001521-1.001544
Helium. D 1.000036 Ramsay
Hydrochloric acid white 1.000449 Mascart
Hydrochloric acid D 1.000447 Mascart
Hydrogen white 1.000138-1.000143
Hydrogen D 1.000132 Burton
sulphide. D 1.000644 Dulong
sulphide D 1.000623 Mascart
Methane white 1.000443 Dulong
Methane D 1.000444 Mascart
Methyl alcohol D 1.000549-1.000623"
D 1.000891 Mascart
Nitric oxide white 1.000303 Dulong
Nitric oxide.. D 1.000297 Mascart
Nitrogen white 1.0002Q5-1.000300
Nitrogen. D 1.000296-1.000298
Nitrous oxide white 1.000503-1.000507
Nitrous oxide D 1.000516, Mascart
Oxygen white 1.000272-1.000280
Oxygen D 1.000271-1.000272
Pentane D 1.001711 Mascart
Sulphur dioxide white 1.000665 Dulong
Sulphur dioxide D 1.000686 Ketteler
Water white 1.000261 Jamin
Water D 1.000249-1.000259

COEFFICIENT OF TRANSPARENCY OF UVIOL GLASS

FOR THE ULTRA-VIOLET
For a thickness of 1 mm.

Wave length, mi
crons 0.280 0.309 0.325 0.346 0.361 0.383 0.397

Uviol crown 0.56 0.95 0.990 0.996 6.999 1.000 1.000

496
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

REFLECTION OF LIGHT BY GLASS IN AIR

The table giyes the per cent of the incident light which is reflected from
the surface of glass in air assuming an index of refraction of 1.55; i repre
sents the angle of incidence and R the per cent of light reflected.
(Computed according to Fresnel's formula, see page 223.)

i R i R i R

. 0 4.65
5 4.65 35 4.98 65 12.91
10 4.66 40 5.26 70 18.00
15 4.66 45 5.73 ' 75 26.19
20 4.68 50 6.50 80 39.54
25 4.73 55 7.74 85 61.77
30 4.82 60 9.73 90 100.

REFLECTION BY TRANSPARENT MEDIA IN AIR

For Normal Incidence
The table gives the i)er cent of the normally incident light which is re
flected by transparent media of various indices of refraction, n = index
of refraction, = reflected light, i = angle of iiicidence = 0. .
(Computed from Fresnel's formula.)

n n R n R

1.0 0.00 1.7 6.72 2.4 17.0

1.1 0.23 1.8 8.16 2.5 18.4
1.2 0.83 1.9 9.63 2.6 19.8
1.3 1.70 2.0 11.11 2.7 21.1
1.4 2.78 2.1 12.6 2 8 22.5
15 4.00 2.2 14.1 2.9 23.8
1.6 5. 33 2 3 15.5 3.0 25.0

COEFFICIENT OF TRANSPARENCY OF GLASS FOR THE

INFRA-RED
Normal incidence thickness 1 cm.

Wave length, microns 0.7 1.1 1.7 2.3 2.7 3.1

Grown, b o r a t e . 1.00 .55 .21 .025 .04

borosilicate .74 .61 .33 .034 .021
Flint, light i!6o .91 .82 .45 .083 .019
heavy 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .45 .019

m
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

REFLECTION OF LIGHt BY METALS

^ The table gives the per cent of normally incident light whichis reflected
by the polished surface of various metals.

Bronze Copper, Gold, Mer

Wave Anti Magna- Mag
(68Cu, cury,
length. mony.
commer electro Iron. lium, net
68Sn). cial. lytic. Mach's. backied
sium.
glass.
.251 .30 25.9 38,8 67.0
.288 . . . . . . . . 24.3 34.0 70.6
.305 25.3 31.8 72.2
.326 . . . . . . . . 24.9 28.6 75.5
.357 . . . . .... 27.3 27.9 .... 81.2

.385 .53 28.6 27.1 83.9

.420 32.7 29.3 .... 83.3
.450 . . . 37.0 33.1 83.4 72.8
.500 .63 43.7 47.0 ".55 83.3 '.72 70.9
.550 47.7 74.0 .... 82.7 71.2

.600 .53 .64 71.8 84.4 .57 83.0 .73 69.9

.650 ., i. .... 80.0 88.9 82.7 71.5
.700 83.1 92.3 ".59 83.3 72.8
.800 88.6 94.9 84.3
1.00 ".55 '!76 90.1 *.*65 84.1 .74

2.0 .60 .80 95.5 96.8 .78 86.7 .77

3.0 .65 .86 97.1 .84 87.4 .80
4.0 .68 .88 97.3 *96!9' .89 88.7 .83
9.0 .72 .93 98.4 98.0 .94 90.6 .93

Plati
Silver,
Wave
Nickel, chemi Silver- Specu
num, Tung
length. electro
electro
cally backed lum Steel.
lytic. depos glass. sten.
lytic. metal.
ited.

.251 37.8 33.8 34.1 29.9 32.9

.288 42.7 38.8 21.2 37.7 35.0
.305 44.2 39.8 9.1 41.7 37.2
.326 45.2 41.4 14.6 40.3
.357 48.8 43.4 74.5 hi'.o' 45.0

.385 49.6 45.4 81.4 53.1 47.8

.420 56.6 51.8 86.6 56.4 51.9
.450 59.4 54.7 90.5 85.7 60.0 54.4
.500 60.8 58.4 91.3 86.6 63.2 54.8 .49
.550 62.6 61.1 92.7 88.2 64.0 54.9

.600 64.9 64.2 92.6 88.1 64.3 56.4 .51

.650 66.6 66.5 94.7 89.1 65.4 56.4
.700 68.8 69.0 95.4 89.6 66.8 57.6 .54
.800. 69.6 to. 3 96.8 58.0
1.00 72.0 72.9 97.0 *76!5* 63.1 .62

2.0 83.5 80.6 97.8 80.4 76.7 .85

3.0 88.7 88.8 98.1 ...... 86.2 83.0 .90
4.0 91.1 91.5 98.5 88.5 87.8 .93
9.0 95.6 95.4 98.7 92.2 92.9 .95

498
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

TRANSMISSIBILITY FOR RADIATIONS

Ratio of the transmitted light to the incident light for a definite thickness
of the substance, usually 1 cm.

Glass.
Glass in general is opaque to the ultra-violet and infra-red. Uviol glass
is transparent to the longer radiations of the ultra-violet.
Coefficient of transparency of glass for visible and ultra-violet radiations.

Normal incidence, tMckness 1 cm.

Wave length
microns. 0.309 0.330 0.347 0.357 0.361 0.375 0.384 0.388 0.396

Crown, ^tfdinary.. .947

Crown, Iborosili-
cate 0.08 0.65 0.88 0.95 0.972 0.975 0.986
Flint, ordinary... o!72 0.904
Flint, heavy o!6i o!i6 0*58

Normal incidence, thickness 1 cm.

Wave length,
microns....... 0.40Q 0.415 0.419 0.425 0.434 0.455 0.500
0,580 0.677

Crown, ordinary.. 0.964 0.952 0.960 0.981 0.986 0.9^0

Crown, borosili-
cate 0.985 0.993 0.993
Flint, ordinary... 0.959 1.00
Flint, heavy. .... o!965

See also pp. 175 and 176.

Quartz
Quartz is very transparent to theultra-violet andto the visible
spectrum, but opaque for the infra-red beyond 7.0/*.
(PflOger.)

Wave length, microns. 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22

Transmission for 1 mm .67 .84 .92 .94

Fluorite

Fluorite is very transparent to the ultra-violet, nearly to

0.10m. Coefficient of transparency at X= 186 is found by
Pfliiger to be 0.80. . ,, , ,
For the infra-red the values are given m a table below.

499
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

TRANSMISSDBILITY FOR RADIATIONS (Continued)

Rock Salt aijd g-n.viuE and Fluobite
Tbanspabenct roR the Infea-eed,
Thickness 1 cm.

Wave length,
microns. Rock salt. Sylvine KCl. Fluoiite.

8. " .844
9. 0.995 1.000 .543
10. .995 .988 .164
12. .993 .995 .010
14. .931 .975 .000
16. .661 .936
18. .275 .862
19. .096 .758
20.7 .006 .585
23.7 .000 .155

PHOSPHORESENCE BY CATHODE RAYS

Substances Luminous under Excitation by Cathode Rays.
Substance Wave lengths of principal bands in microns.
(with calcium oxide). (Urbain, 1909.)

Dysprosium oxide 0.480, 0.489, 0.585, 0.675

Europium oxide . 0.416-0.426, 0.469
Eurwium oxide 0.589-0.593, a.613, 0.625
Neod ymium oxide 0.392, 0.41^0.429, 0.458
Praesodymium oxide 0.488, 0.604, 0.606, 0.626, 0.634

One part. 100 parts. Wave

length. Color. Observer.

Antimony oxide.. calcium oxide 0.560 yellow Bruninghaus, 1910

Antimony trisul-
phide calcium sulphide 0.569 How
Bismuth oxide. . . calcium oxide Bruninghaus, 1910
0.522 Bruninghaus, 1910
Bismuth sulphate. calcium sulphate 0.640 red Bruninghaus, 1910'
Manganous car
bonate magnesium car
bonate 0.620 red Bruninghaus, 1910
oxide. calcium oxide 0.589 yellow & Boisbaudran,
phosphate
0.633 red Bruni: 1910
sulphate calcium sulphate 0.540 green Lecoq Boisbaudran,
1886
sulphide...... calcium sulphide 0.589 yellow Bruninghaus, 1910

500
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

FLUORESCENCE OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES IN

SOLUTION
Excitation by White Light.

Wave
Solvent. length Observer.
Substance.
microns.

f0.400
Anthracene alcohol 0.430
0.436
Kosine alcohol or 0.589 Nichols & Merritt, 1907
water
THsftiiline. . . . . . . . alcohol 0.460 Nichols & Merritt, 1907
Pliiorescein water (al 0.542 Nichols & Merritt, 1907
kaline)
Naphthalin, red.. alcohol 0.632 Nichols & Merritt, 1907
Quinine sulphate. water 0.437 Nichols & Merritt, 1907
Resorcin blue water 0.65 Nichols & Merritt, 1907
T^hodamin water 0.554 Nichols & Merritt, 1907

FLUORESCENCE
Gases and Vapors.

Color or wave
Gas or Excitation. length of emitted Observer.
Condition.
vapor. Ught.

Iodine.. . Vapor at or Mercury arc Strongest bands

dinary tem X = .546/i X = .6460m, .5774m
perature. , .5730,-5796 Wood, 1911
Mercury . Vapor at or Spark between Broad band
aluminum X=.590(>-.3000 Wood, 1909
dinary tem
perature electrodes
Oxygen .. Mercury arc in Strongest lines
quartz tube X=.1849, .1851
(ultra-violet) Streubing, 1910
Potassium Vapor, 300- White light Many strong lines
400 C. jfrom .6416-
. 6768, strongest Wood & Carter,
.6544 and .6584 1908

Hubidium Vapor, at White light Strong red band

(elec. arc) X =.6900-.6620. Dunoyer, 1912
270 C.
Sodium .. Vnpor at White light D, X = 5893
(elec. arc) (mean) Dunoyer, 1912
350 C.

601

7
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSIQS

SPECIFIC ROTATION
The tables give the specific rotation in degrees for one decimeter; + sig
nifiea right-handed rotation, left. Rotation is for sodium light.

Liquids

Temp. Specific
Liquid. Rotation. Observer.
C.
Degrees.

Amyl alcohol -5.7 LeBel

Camphor.. 204* +70.33 Gemez
Cedar oil / 15 -30 to -40
Citron oil 15 . +62
Menthol 35.2 -49.7 Paterson & Taylor
Nicotine 22.7 +150.0 Molby
Oil of turpentine... 15 -20 to -40

Solutions .
Giving the rotation for one decimeter, for oae gram of active substance
in one cubic centimeter of solution.

Temp.
Active substance. Solvent.
C.
Spec. rot. Observer.

Albumenj egg.. water -25 to38

Camphor....... ether +57. Darmois, 1910
Dextrose (jS) water 'is* +52.5 Tanret, 1896
Glucose (/3) water 20 +51.4
Lactose... water .15 56.
Maltose water 20 +136.9
Quinine sulphate alcohol 17 -57.5 Oudemans, 1876
Sugar cane^.... water 20 66.5
Tartaric acid water 20 +13.44 Wendel, 1898

Solids

(Rotation per millimeter.)

Substance. Rotation. Substance. Rotation.

Cinnabar (HgS); 32.5 -Quartz...^^ 21.7

Lead hyposulphate. 5.5 Sodium bromate. .. 2.8
Potassium " 8.4 Sodium chlorate... 3.13

502
 HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
MAGNETO OPTIC ROTATION
Verdet'8 Constant:

The specific power of magnetic rotation p, is expressed in the above

formula, where a is the tota| angle of rotation in minutes, t the thickness
of the substance in centimeters, H the magnetic field intensity m gausses
and e the angle between the direction of the magnetic field and the path
of light.
Solids
For sodium light.

Verdet's
Temp. Constant, Observer.
Substance.
c. Minutes.

Amber 18-20 0.0095 Quincke

Blende 15 0.2234 Becquerel
Diamond 15 0.0127 Becquerel
Fluorspar 15 0.0087 Becquerel
Glass, crown.. 15 0.0203 Becquerel
flint. 18-20 0.0420 Quincli;e
flint, dense. 15 0.0647 Becquerel
Quartz ( to axis). 18-20 0.0172 Quincke
Eock salt. 15 0.0355 Becquerel
Selenium. 15 0.4625 Becquerel
Svlvine 15 0.0283 Becquerel

Liquids
For sodium light.

Verdet's
Density Temp. Constant, Observer.
Substance. g/cm.8 C. minutes.

Acetone 0.7947 20 0.0113 Jahn

Acids: (s^also solutions
in water) acetic 1.0561 21 0.0105 Perkin
hydrochloric. . 1.2072 15 0.0224 Perkin
hydrobromic 1.7859 15 0.0343 Perkin
nitric 1.5190 13 0.0070 Perkin
sulphuric. 15 0.0121 Becquerel
sulphurous....... 15 0.0153 Becquerel
Alcohols: amyl..... 15 0.0131 Becquerel
ethyl............ 0.7929 18-20 0.0107 Quincke
methyl 0.7915 18-20 0.0094 Quincke
Benzine 0.8796 20 0.0297 Jahn
Carbon disulphide.... 1.2644 18-20 0.0441 Quincke
Chloroform 1.4 20 0.0164 Jahn
Phosphorus (melted) 33 0.1316 Becquerel
Sulphur (melted)... 114 0.0803 Becquerel
Toluene 28.4 0.0269 Becquerel
Water. 18-20 0.0130 Schonrock
Xylene. 15 0.0221 Becquerel
Zinc bichloride 15 0.0437 Becquerel
503
 BANBBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

MAGNETO OPTIC ROTATION (Continued)

Aqueous Solutions
For sodium light.

Density, Temp. Verdet's

Salt. constant, Observer.
g/cm'. C.
minutes.

Acids:hydrochloric. . 1.1856 15 0.0219 Perkin

hydrochloric. 1.1279 15 0.0193 Perkin
hydrochloric 1.0323 20 0.0150 Jahn
nitric 1.3560 20 0.0105 Perkin
Ammonia. 0.8918 15 0.0153 Perkin
Bromides: barium..., 1.5399 20 0.0215 Jahn
potassium 1.1424 20 0.0163 Jahn
sodium 1.1351 20 0.0165 Jahn
Carbonate of potas
sium 1.1960 20 0.0140 Jahn
Carbonate of sodium,. 1.1006 20 0.0140 Jahn
Chlorides: barium... 1.2897 20 0.0168 Jahn
cadmium 1.3179 20 0.0185 Jahn
calcium. 1.1504 20 0.0165 Jahn
iron (ferrous). 1.4331 15 0.0025 Becquerel
iron (ferric) 1.6933 15 -0.2026 Becquerel
lithium 1.0619 20 0.0145 Jahn
mercupr 1.0381 16 0.0137 Schonrock
potassium 1.6000 15 0.0163 Becquerel
sodium 1.2051 15 0.0180 Becquerel
zinc 1.2851 15 0.0196 Veraet
Bichromate of potas
sium 1.0786 15 0.0126 Verdet
Iodides: potassium... 1.6743 15 0.0338 Becquerel
Sulphates: barium 1.1788 20 0.0134 Jahn
potassium 1.0475 20 0.0133 Jahn
sodium 1.0661 20 0.0135 Jahn

Gases
For sodium light.

Verdet's
Substance. Pressure. Te.g.. constant, Observer.
minutes.

Atmospheric air atmos. ordinary 6.83X10-6 Becquerel

Carbon dioxide..... atmos. ordinary 13.00 Becquerel
Carbon disulphide.. 74 cms. 70 23.49 Bichat
Ethylene. atmos. ordinary 34.48 Becquerel
Nitrogen atmos. ordinary 6.92 Becquerel
Nitrous oxide atmos. ordinary 16.90 Becquerel
atmos. ordinary 6.28 Becquerel
Sulphur dioxide atmos. ordinary 31.39 Becquerel
Sulphur dioxide.... 246 cms 20 38.40 Bichat
504
 MISCELLANEOUS TABLES

a RAYS
The a rays are thought to be positively charged particles,
moving with a h^ velocity. They are only slightly deviaple
by a strong magnetic or electric field and have small penetrating
power. The initial velocity has been found to be about 2X10
cms./s. The mass of each particle is 6.2X10- g. (Rutherford
and Geiger, 1910.) The charge carried by each, as measuredby
the same authors, is 9.3 X10- electro static units.

^ RAYS
The jS rays are similar to the cathode rays produced by an
electric discharge in a vacuum tube. They are judged to be
negatively charged particles moving with high velocity. They
are much more penetrating than the a rays, and are strongly
deviated by a magnetic or electric field. The velocity of the
moving particle is in the neighborhood of that of light, about
2X10^ cm./s. The charge on each particle is approximately
4.7X10r^ electro static units.

7 rays
The y rays are similar to the X rays and are not deviable
by magnetic or electric fields. They are more penetrating than
either the a orjS rays, and are considered to be of the nature
of wave pulses in the ether.

RONTGEN RAYS

Scale of Hardness
The "radiochrometer" of Benoist consists of a disk of silver
0.11 mm. thick, which is surrounded by 12 sectors of aluminum
ranging in thickness from 1 to 12 millimeters. The sector
which shows the same absorption as the central disk gives the
degree of hardness according to Benoist. The relation of this
to other scales is shown below.

Benoist 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Wehnelt 1.8-2 5 6.5 7.5 8 9 10-11
Walter... 2.0-3 4-5 5-6 6 6-7 7 7-8

The absorption of rays is very nearly proportional to the

mass of substance penetrated.
505
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

lOIflZATION DUE TO RONTGEN RATS IN VARIOUS

GASES
From Smithsonian Physical Tables

Relative ionization

Gas Density
Soft rays, Hard rays,
Strutt Eve

Hydrogen 0.11 0.42 0.069

Air. 1.00 1.00 1.00
Oxygen. . . 1.39 1.11
Carbon dioxide 1.60 1.53
Cyanogen. . . . 1.05 1.86
Sulphur dioxide.... 7.97 2.3 2.19
Chloroform 31.9 4.6 4.32
Methyl iodide 72.0 13.5 5.05
Carbon tetrachloride 45.3 4.9 5.31
Hydrogen sulphide. . 0.9 1.18

506

V
 MEAN ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS
(From Smithsonian Physical Tables) *
If /o be the intensity of a parallel beam of homogeneous radiation incident normally on a plate of absorbing material of thick
ness <, then I - h gives the intensity I at the depth x. Because of the great homogeneity of the secondary X-rays they were
used in the determination of the following coefficients. The coefficients X have been divided by the density d,
Absobbeb *3

Radiator C. Mg. Al. Fe. Ni. Cu. Zn. Ag. Sn. Pt. Au.

Cr.. . 15.3i 126. 136. 104. 129. 143. 170. 580. 714. (517.) (507.)
Fe 10.1 80. 88. 66. 84. 95. 112. 381. 472. 340. 367.
72.

i
Co 80.0 64. 67. 67. 75. 92. 314. 392. 281*. 306.
Ni 6.6 52. 59. 314. 56. 62. 74. 262. 328. 236. 253.
Cu 5.2 41. 48. 268. 63. 53. 61. 214. 272. 194. 210.
Zn 4.3 35. 39. 221. 265. 56. 50. 175. 225. 162. 178.
As.. . 2.5 19. 22. 134. 166. 176. 204. 105. 132. 106. 106.
Se 2.0 16. 19. 116. 141. 150. 175. 88. 112. 93. 100.
Ag............ .4 2.2 2.5 17. 23. 24. 27. 13. 16. 56. 61.
s
s
g
 X-RAY SPECTRA AND ATOMIC NUMBERS
(From Smithsonian Physical Tables)
Kaye has shown that an element excited by sufficiently rapid cathode rays emits characteristic Rontgen radiations. These
have beenanalyzed and the wave lengths obtained by Moseley (Phil. Mag.27,p. 703, 1914) using a crystalof potassium ferrocyanide
as ft grating. The *'K" series of elements shows 2 lines a and /8, the "L" series several. The wavelengths of the ctandlines
of each series are given in the following table. Qk = (v/i vo)^; Ql = (v/5/36 vo)^ where v is the frequency of the a Une and
VQ the fundamental Rydberg frequency. The atomic number for the K series= Qk+ 1; for the L series= Ql + 7.4 approxi
mately. vo = 3.29 X 10^.

Atomic
a line
number
^ line a line Atomic
jS line
Element AX108 cm. Qk XX108 cm. Element
XXlOScm. Ql number
XXlOScm.
N N %

Al.. 8.364 12.0 13 7.912 Zr.. 6.091 32.8 40 e

Si.. 7.142 13.0 14 6.729 Cb.... 5.749 33.8 41 5.507 Gq
CL. 4.750 16.0 17 Mo 5.423 34.8 42 5.187
K.. 3.759 18.0 19 3.463 Ru...... 4.861 36.7 44 4.660 3
Ca. 3.368 19.0 20 3.094 Rh 4.622 37.7 45
Ti. 2.71 21.0 22 2.524 Pd.. 4.385 38.7 46 4.168
v.. 2.5] 22.0 23 2.297 4.170 39.6 47
Cr.. 2.301 23.0 24 2.093 Sn 3.619 42.6 50
Ma 2.111 24.0 25 1.818 Sb 3.458 43.6 51 3.245
Fe.. 1.946 25.0 26 1.765 La... 2.676 49.5 57 2.471
Co.
Ni..
Cu.
1.798
1.662
26.0
27.0
27
28
1.629
1.506
1.402
Ce
Pr.. .
Md. ;....
2.567
(2.471)
50.6
51.5
58
59
2,360
2.265
i
Cq

1.549 28.0 29 2.382 52.5 60 2.175

Zn.. 1.445 29.0 30 ' 1.306 Sa 2.208 54.5 62 2.008
Yt.. 0.838 38.1 39 2.13p 55.5 63 1.925
 X-RAY SPECTRA AND ATOMIC NUMBERS
(From Smithsonian Physical Tables)

Atomic Atomic
Element
a line
Qk number
jSline Element
. ia line Ql number
^ jSline
XX108 cm. XXlOScm. \X108cm. XXlOScm.
N N
I
Zr.. 0.794 39.1 40 Gd.. 2.057 56.5 64 1.853
Cb. 0.750 40.2 41 Ho., 1.914 58.6 66 1.711
Mo 0.721 41.2 42 Er.. 1.790 60.6 68 1.591
Ru. 0.638 43.6 44 Ta.. 1.525 65.6 73 1.330
Pd. 0.584 45.6 46 W.. 1.486 66.5 74 8
Ag. 0.560 46.6 47 Os.. 1.397 68.5 76 1.201
Ir. . 1.354 69.6 77 1.155
to
Pt.. 1.316 70.6 78 1.121
Au., 1.287 71.4 79 1.092

Moseley's summary condensed is as follows: Every element from A1 to Au is characterized by an integer N which determines
its X-ray spectrum; N is identified with the number of positive units of electricity in its atomic nucleus. The order of these atomic I
numbers (N) is that of the atomic weights except where the latter disagrees with the order of the chemical properties. Known ele
ments correspond with all the numbers between 13 and 79 except 3. There are here 3 possible elements still undiscovered. The
frequency of any line in the X-ray spectrum is approximately proportional to A (N b)^, where A and b are constants. All X-ray
s
spectra of each series are similar in structure differing only in wave lengths.

V
 RADIOACTIVITY
RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES

A lifit of the fully recognized radioactive substances and transformation products. In each series, each product is
obtained from the substance preceding. The table gives also (1) the rays emitted, (2) the transformation period, that is, >-
the tme taken for half the active product to undergo change and (3) the radioactive constant, X, the proportion of^active ^
matter which undergoes change each second.

Transforma Transforma
Substance Properties, etc. Atomic
wt.
Rays tion ^riod tion constant
X
0

Uranium I Soluble in excess (NH4)2COs. One gram emits

TTTftniiiiYi 2
UrEnium X
2.37X10* tt particles per second
Inseparable from Ur 1 ....
Less volatile than Ur 1. Insoluble in excess of
238.5
234.5
a
a
5X109 yrs.
2X108 yrs.?
1.4X10-10 yrs.
7X10-^ yrs. 1
(NH4)2C03. Soluble in water and ether.
ically allied to Th
Chem
*.. 230.5 24.6 days 0.0282 days
I
(21.5)
XJrRXiiuni Y . Probably branch product exists in small quantity.. 230.5? 1.5 days 0.46 days
Ionium Nonseparable from Th. Soluble in excess of am-
mon. oxalate. Carried down by H2O2 in pres
ence of U salts 230.5 2X105 yrs. 3.5X10-yrs.
a
(3X10*) I
Radium Chemical properties of Ba. Characteristic spect.
Spontaneously luminous. RBr2 and RCI2 less
soluble than BaBrz and BaCh. One gr. in
s
equilibrium emits 13.6X101 a particles per sec.. a,/3 2000 yrs. 3.5X10-yrs.
1
226.4
(1750)
Radium emanation (Niton) Inert gas, density 111 H. Boiling point 65 C.,
density of solid 56. 222 a 3.85 days 0.180 days
Radium A Acts as solid. Has + charge, deposits on cathode
in electric field. Volatile at 800-900 C. Sol
uble in strong acids. 218 a 3 min. 0.231 min.
 I
Transforma Transforma
Substance Properties, etc.
Atomic
wt.
Rays tion |)eriod tion constant
X

Radium B. , Like Ra A. Volatile 600-700'> C. Precipitated

by BaSOi. Separated pure by recoil from Ra A. 214 At 26.8 min. 0.0258 min.
Radium C. , . . .... . Physically like Ra A, chemicaUy like Ra B. Vol
atile 800-1300 C. Deposited on Cu and Ni.
Perhaps a mixture 214 a,/3,y 19.5 min. 0.0355 min.
Radium C2.,............ Probably branch product. Separated by recoil
from Ra C 210? 1.4 min. 0.495 min.
Radium D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Radio lead. Separated with Pb. Not separable.
Volatile below 1000 C. Soluble in strong acids. 210 Slow/3 16.5 3nrs. 0.042 yrs.
Radium E . . . . . . . .. . Reactions analogous to Pb. Volatile at red heat.
Soluble in cold acetic acid 210 6.2 days 1.3X10-6 sec.
(5 days) (. 139 day)
01 Radium Ei Not volatile at red heat. Reactions analogous to
Bi 4.8 days 1.7X10-sec.
Radium F (Polonium) Separated with Bi. Probably changes to Pb.
Volatile about 1000 C 210 a 136 days - 0.00510 day
(140)

Actinium Probably branch product Ur series. Chemically

allied to lanthanum. Precipitated by oxalic acid
in acid solutions. With thoriiun and rare earths. None
Radio-actinium Slightly volatile at high temperature. Insoluble
in NH4OH. a,/3 19.5 days 0.0355 day
Actinium X Not precipitated by NH4OH. Chemical proper
ties analogoxis to Ra a 10.2 days 0.068 day
Actinium emanation Inert gas, condenses 120 to 150 a 3.9 sec. 0.178 sec.
Actinium A Analogous to Ra A. Volatile above 400 C. Sol
uble in NH4OH and strong acids a 0.002 sec. 350 dec.
Actinium B Analogoiis to Ra B. Volatile below 700 C. Sol
uble in NH4OH and strong acids. Slow jS 36 min. 0.0193 min.
Actinium C Analogous to Ra C a 2.1 min. 0.33 min.
Actinium D Analogous to Ra D ^ + 7 4.7 min. 0.147 min.
 RADIOACTIVITY (Continued)
RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES
A list of the fully recognized radioactive substances and transformation products. In each series, each product is obtained
from the substance preceding. The table gives also (1) the rays emitted, (2) the transformation period, that is, the time
taken for half the active product to undergo change and (3) the radioactive constant, X, the proportion of active matter
which imdergoes change each second.

Transforma Transforma
Substance Properties, etc. Atomic
wt.
Rays tion j^eriod tion constant
X

Thorium Volatile in arc. Colorless salts not spontaneous eg

by phosphorescent salts precipitated by NH4OH
and oxalic acid 232 a 1.3X1010 yrs. 5.3X10-11 yr.
Mesothorium 1 Chemical properties analogous to Ra, from which
(3X1010)
1
it is inseparable 228 None 5.5 yrs. 0.126 yr.
Mesothorium 2 228 6.2 yrs. 0.112 yr.
Radiothorium.. * Chemically allied to thorium, from which it is non-
t separable 228 a 2 yvB. 0.347 yr.
Thorium X Chemically analogous to Rat. Soluble in NH4OH. 224 a,^ 3.65 days 0.190 day
Thorium emanation Inert gas. Condenses just above 120 C.... 220 a 54 sec. 0.0128 sec. '
Thorium A Volatue under 630 C. Positively pharged. Sol
Thorium B
uble in strong acids
Chemically analogous to Ra B. Volatile above
216 a 0.14 sec. 4.95 sec. S
Thorium C
630 C. and below 730 C.
Chemically analogous to Ra C. Volatile above 730.
212
212 a,
10.6 hours
60 mm.
0.0654 hour
0.0118 min.

Thorium Ca. Th C2 and Th D are probably and \ ray
products respectively from Th C 212 a Short
Thorium D By recoil from Th C. Probably transforms to Bi . 208 3.1 min. 0.224 min.
l^otassium Activity 1/1000 that of U 39.1
%
... ..

Rubidium Activity 1/500 that of U 85.6

 RADIOACTIVITY, PROPERTIES OF RAYS
Range of the a particle at 76.0 cdi. and 15 C. Initial velocity is deduced from formula = aB, where R is range. Ve
locity for RaC of range 7.06 at 20 is assumed 2.06 X 10 cm. per sec. or = 1.077ri /K
If /A is the coefficient of absorption, d the thickness of absorbing mediuni, Jo the intensity before passage, the intensity
after passage I = jn for jS rays is in terms of cms. of Al; for y rays, cms. of lead. ^ g
a Rays Rays y Rays

Substance Initial
Kinetio
Total num
Absorption Velocity, Absorption

Range velocity energy
ber of ions
coefficient vel. of light coefficient
cm. cm. per produced
sec.
ergs.
by a part. (Al) taken as 1 (Pb)

g-
TTl*OiTl{llTVl 1

If
2.50
2.90
1.45X10"
1.53
0.65X10-6
0.72
1.26X106
137
15510 Wide range 0.72
!
3.00 1.56X109 0.75X10-6 1.40X106
I
T^A^tiirn
ATviciTio^'ion ^
3.30
4.16
1.61
1.73
0.79
0.92
1.50
1.74
312 0.52-0.65
3
4.75 1.82 1.01 1.88
13, 80, 890 0.36-0.74 4 to 6 s
Itadium Ci 6.94' 2;06' i!3i* 2.37* 13, 53 0.80-0.98 0.50
Cyfl! 13
0.33, 0.39
15^ . - . . 43 Wide range
TP /T^n1/\miiTn 1 ^ 3.77 1.68 6.87 1.63
 RADIOACTIVITY, PROPERTIES OP RAYS (Continued)
a.Rays /SRays y Rays

Substance Initial Total num

Range velocity Kinetic Absorption Velocity, Absorption
energy
ber of ions
cm. per produced coefficient vel. of Ught coefficient
sec. by a part. (Al) taken as 1 (Pb)

Actinium
Radio-actinium 4.80 1.83X10 1.02X10-6 1.89X106 140
Actinium X 4.40 1.76 0.94 1.79
Actinium emanation. 5.70 1.94X109 1.16X10-^ 2.10X106
Actinium A 6.60 2.02 1.25 2.27
Actinium B Very soft
c;, Actinium C 5.40 1.89 1.10 2!62'
J- Actinium D *"*28!5" 0.217 (Al)

Thorium 2.72 1.60X109 0.69X10-6 1.32X106

Mesothorium 1
Mesothorium 2 0.37-0.66
20-385 0.53
Radiothorium...... 3.87 1.70 0.89 1.66
Thorium X 5.7 1,.94
Thorium emanation.
1.16 2.1 "336! ** *'.'47-.*51 '
5.5 1.90 1.10 2.0
Thorium A 5.9 1.97 1.19 2.2
Thorium B
Thorium Ci 110. 0 0.*63-b'.72'
5.0 1.85 1.06 1.9 16.6
Thorium C2 Weak
8.6 2.22 1.63 2.0
Thoriimi D
24.8 3,' .4,'!93-5 ""6'A6

Potassium.
38, 102
Rubidium..
380. 1020
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS ^

DECLINAtlON OF THE SUN AND EQUATION OF TIME

Decli Diff. Equation Date.
Decli Diff. Equation
Date. nation. 1 day. of time.
nation. 1 day. of time.
O o o o
m s m s

Jan. 0 -23.1 0.11 + 3 15 July 9 +22.4 0.15 + 4 49

10 -22.0 0.18 + 7 42 19 +20.9 0.21 + 5 58
20 -20.2 0.25 +11 13 29 +18.8 0.26 + 6 13
30 -17.7 0.30 Hhl5 32 Aug. 8 +16.2 0.30 + 5 27
Feb. 9 -14;7 0.34 Hhl4 27 18 +13.2 0.34 + 3 44

19 -11.3 0.37 hl4 5 28 + 9.8 0.36 + 1 11

Mar. 1 - 7.6 0.38 1-12 36 Sept. 7 + 6.2 0.39 - 1 59
11 - 3.8 0.40 hio 15 17 + 2.3 0.39 - 5 26
21 + 0.2 0.39 h 7 23 27 - 1.5 0.38 - 8 55
31 + 4.1 0.38 h 4 19 Oct. 7 - 5.4 0.38 -12 4

Apr. 10 4- 7.9 0.35 + 1 23 17 - 9.2 0.35 -14 31

20 +11.4 0.33 - 1 5 27 -12.7 0.32 -16 0
30 +14.7 0.29 - 2 52 Nov. 6 -15.9 0.26 -16 16
May 10 +17.6 0.23 - 3 48 16 -18.7 0.22 -15 7
20 +19.9 0.18 - 3 45 26 -20.9 0.16 -12 36

30 +21.7 0.12 - 2 49 Dec. 6 -22.5 0.08 - 8 54

June 9 +22.9 0.05 - 1 11 16 -23.3 0.01 - 4 17
+23.4 0.01 + 0 55 26 -23.4 0.08 41
19
+23.3 0.09 2 Jan. 5 -22.6
t ^
+ 5 34
29 + 3

MEAN PLACES OF STARS

Jan. 0, 1913
(Ephemeris, 1913.)

Annual Annual
Name of star. Right Ascen. Var.
Declination.
Var.
o // /f
h m 3 s

a Andromeda (Alpheratz). 0 3 53.3 h 3.10 +28 36 '36.5 -i-19.88

a Urs Min. (Polaris). . . , 1 28 19.0 h28.06 H-88 50 29^^.4 4 -18.58
a Arietis 2 2 15.9 h 3.38 Hh23 3 5.6 -f-17.12
a Persei 3 18 6,3 h 4.27 +49 33 8.6 -12.98
a Tauri (Aldebaran) 4 30 55.6 h 3.44 +16 20 6.7 4 - 7.41
a Aurigffi (Capella) 5 10 15.6 h 4.43 +45 54 38.2 + 3.89
Orionis (Rigel) 5 10 21.4 h 2.88 - 8 18 5.0 + 4.31
c Orionis 5 31 47.9 ^ 3.04 --- - 1 15 24.0 - 2.46
Aurigse 5 53 8.9 f- 4.40 +44 56 22.9 - 0.59
fi Canis Majoris 6 18 52.1 h 2.64 -17 54 43.1 - 1.65
a Canis Majoris (Sirins)... 6 41 18.9 h 2.64 -16 35 46.2 - 4.80
Canis Majoris. 6 55 12.4 1-2.36 -28 51 11.0 - 4.78
a Can. Min. (Procyon) 7 34 44.9 1- 3.14 + 5 26 54.8 - 9.09
a Hydrae 9 23 18.8 1- 2.95 - 8 16 51.4 -15.51
a Leonis (Regulus) 10 3 44.4 H 3.20 1-12 23 34.1 -17.52
a Ursae Majoris. 10 58 22.2 1- 3.73 h62 13 15.3 -19.40
$ Leonis (Denebola) 11 44 37.4 f- 3.06 hi5 3 30.4 -20.12
e Ursse Majoris (Alioth) . 12 50 12.3 2.65 +56 25 54.8 -19.58
a Virginis (Spica) 13 20 36.5 \- 3.16 -10 42 26.8 -18.85
a Bootis (Arcturus) 14 11 41.6 t- 2.74 +19 38 5.7 -18.83
/8 Ursae Minoris. 14 50 56.9 - 0.21 +74 30 39.7 -14.72
a Scorpii (Antares) 16 24 4.2 t- 3.67 -26 14 23.1 - 8.18
X Scorpii.. 17 27 41.9 { 4.07 -37 2 28.3 - 2.84
a Ophiuchi 17 30 53.7 f 2.78 +12 37 21.2 - 2.77
a Ursae Minoris 18 0 19.3 -19.50 +86 36 51.1 1- 0.08
a Lyras (Vega) 18 33 59.6 + 2.03 ^38 42 7.6 1- 3 .24
a Cygni (Deneb) 20 38 .27.9 + 2.04 f44 58 8.3 +12.78
a Aquilae (Altair).. ... .. . 19 46 32.3 + 2.93 + 8 38 16.1 + 9.37
a Pise. Aust. (Fomalhaut) 22 52 50.8 + 3.32 -30 5 1.1 +19.02
a Pegasi (Markab) 23 0 25.6 + 2.99 +14 44 13.1 +19.33
515
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

APPROXIMATE CORRECTION FOR REFRACTION

For Astronomical Observations
Corresponding to temperature of 50 F,, and to a barometric pressure
of 29.6 inches.
(From Young's General Astronomy, by permission.)

Altitude. Refraction. Altitude. Refraction. Altitude. Refraction.

o / // f It o / //

0 34 50 11 4 47.7 30 1 39.5
1 24 22 12 4 24.5 35 1 22.1
2 18 06 13 4 04.4 40 1 08.6
3 14 13 14 3 47.0 45 57.6
4 11 37 16 3 18,2 50 48.3
5 9 45 18 2 55.5 55 40.3
6 8 23 20 2 37.0 60 33.2
7 7 19 22 2 21.6 65 26.8
8 6 29 24 2 08.6 70 20.9 .
9 5 49 26 .1 57.6 80 10.2
10 5 16 28 1 48.0 90 0.0

For every 5 F. by which the temperature is less than 50 F., add one
per cent to the tabular refraction, and decrease it in the same ratio for
temperatures above 50 F.
Increase the tabular refraction by three and a half per cent for every
inch of barometric p^ressure above 29.6 inches, and decrease it in the same
ratio below that point. These corrections for temperature and pressure,
though only approximate, will give a result correct within 2" except in
extreme cases.

DATA IN REGARD TO THE EARTH

(Radius, U. S. C. & G. Survey.)
Equatorial radius, 6,378,388 meters, 3,963.399 miIes/>
Polar radius, 6,365,909 meters, 3,949.^2 miles.
1 latitude at the equator=68.70 miles.
1 latitude at the pole=69.41 miles.
Mean density of the earth, 5.52 g. per cu.cm.
Mean distance from the earth to the sun
149,500,000 kilometws,
92,900,000 miles.
Mean digitance from the earth to the moon
384,393 kilometers,
238,854 mUes.
DATA CONCERNING THE SOLAR SYSTEM
(Values from Young's General Astronomy, by permission.)

Mean dis.
from sun, Mean dia.
Mass, Mean
Name. Period in
millions years. in miles.
the earth density,
=1- water =1.
of miles.

Mercury 36.0 0.24 3030 0.047 4.70

Venus.. 67.2 0.62 7700 0.82 4.94
The earth. . .. 92.9 1.00 7917.6 1.000 5.55
Mars 141.5 1.88 4230 0.107 3.92
Jupiter 483.3 11.86 86500 317.7 ^ 1.32
Saturn 886.0 29.46 73000 94.8 0.72
Uranus. . . . . . . 1781.9 84.02 31900 14.6 1.22
Neptune..... 2791.6 164.78 34800 17.0 1.11
Sun 866400 332000. 1 39
Moon 2163 0.0123 3.39

516
 , HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICB

METEOROLOGICAL DATA

The Atmosphere

Total mass, estimated by Elkholm;

6.2X1021 grams.
11.4 XlOw pounds.
Composition:
The total volume =1.

Elevation.
Substance.

Sea level. 10000 meters. 50000 meters.

Argon 0.009 0.006 0.0003

Carbon dioxide 0.0003 0.00015 0.0000
Helium 0.0000016 0.0000 0.00126
Hydrogen........... 0.0001 0.00035 0.136
Neon 0.000015 0.00002 0.0000
Nitrogen 0.780 0.812 0.792
Oxygen .. 0.210 0.182 0.070

Atmospheric Potential

The potential of the atmosphere increases with the elevation

130 to 200 volts per meter.

Velocity of Seismic Waves in the Earth's Crust

Longitudinal 4 to 14 kilometers per sec.
Transverse. 3 to 10 kilometers per sec.

Angular Radius of Halos and Rainbows

Coronae due to small water drops 1 to 10

Small halo, due to 60 angles of ice crystals........ 22
Large halo, due to 90 angles of ice crystals... 46
Rainbow, primary. . 41 20'
Rainbow, secondary. 52 16'

Solar Constant ,
The energy falling on one sq.cm. area at normal incidence
equals 1.92 small calories per minute.
517 ,
 ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY, LATITUDE, LONGITUDE AND ELEVATION
United States

Station. Latitude. Longitude (Greenwich). Elevation, meters. cm/fec.2'

0 / // o / n

Atlanta, Ga 33 44 58 84 23 18 324
Austin, Tex. (University). 979.523
30 17 11 97 44
Austin, Tex. (Capitol)
Baltimore, Md
30 16 30 97 44
14
16
189
170
979.282
979.287
g
39 17 50 76 37 30 30
Boston, Mass 980.096
42 21 33 71 ^ 03 50 22
CaUas, Me 980.395
45 11 11 67 16 54 38
Cambridge, Mass 42
980.630
48 71 07 45 14
Charleston, S. C 980.397 O
32 47 14 79 56 03 6
Charlottesville, Va. 979.545
38 02 01 78 30 16 166
Chicago, 111 979.937
41 47 25 [87 36 03 182 0
Cincinnati, Ohio 980.277
39 08 20 84 25 20 245
Cleveland, Ohio 980.003
41 30 22 81 36 38 210 tsj
2 Colorado Springs, Colo 980.240
38 50 44 104 49 02 1841 979.489
00 Deer Park, Md
Denver, Colo.
Ellsworth, Kansas
39
39
25
40
02
36
79
104
19
56
50
55
770
1638
979.934
979.608
1
38 43 43 98 13 32 469
Ft. Egbert, Eagle, Alaska 979.925
64 47 22 141 12 24 174
Galveston, Texas 982.182
29 18 12 94 47 29 3
Grand Canyon, Wyo. 979.271
44 43 16 110 29 44 2386
Grand Junction, Colo 979.898
39 04 09 108 33 56 1398
Green River, Utah. 979.632 b
38 59 23 110 09 56 1243
Gunnison, Colo 979.635
38 32 33 106 56 02 2340
Ithaca, N. Y. 979.341
Kansas City, Mo
42
39
27
05
04
50
76
94
29
35
00
21
247 980.299 5
Key West, Fla. 278 979.989
24 33 33 81 48 25 1
Laredo, Texas 978.969
27 30 29 99 31 12
Little Rock, Ajrk
Lower Geyser Basin, Wyo
34
44
44
33
57
21
92
110
16
48
24
08
129
89
979.081
979.720
2200 979.931,
Madison, Wis. (Univ. of Wis.).. 43 04 35 89
New Orleans, La
24 00 270 980.364'
29 56 58 90 04 14 2
New York. i}. Y 40 48 27 73 57 43 38
979.323
Norris Geyser Basin. Wyo.. . . .. 980.266
44 44 09 110 42 02 2276 979.949
 ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY, LATITUDE, LONGITUDE AND ELEVATION (Continued)
United States (Continued)
Station, Latitude. Longitude (Greenwich). Elevation, meters. cm/sec.
/ e f n

Philadelphia, Pa...
0

39 57 06 75 11 40 16 980.195 5
4293 978.953
Pike's Peak, Colo
Pleasant Valley Junction, Utah
38
39
50
50
20
47
105
111
02
00
02
46 2191 979.511 g
57 74 39 28 64 980.177
40 20
Princeton, N. J
Salt Lake City, Utah
San Francisco, Cal
St. Louis, Mo
40
37
38
46
47
38
04
00
03
111
124
90
53
46
12
46
00
13
1322
114
154
979.802
979.965
980.000
980.071
I
49 151
Terre Haute, Ind 39
38
28
54
42
44
87
101
23
35 26 1005 979.754
Wallace, Kans 00 32 14 980.111
38 53 13 77
Washington, C. & G. S.' 77 01 32 10 980.113
Washingt^on, Smithsonian 38 53 20
7r 48 28 170 980.323 feel
Worcester, Mass 42 16 29

Foreign Cities I
Longitute (Paris). Elevation, meters. cm/sec.
Station. Latitude.
o '

981.287
Berlin
Calcutta, India
+52
+22
-33
30
33
56
+
+
+
11
86
16 9
38
6
11
978.822
979.659
I
Cape of Good Hope, Africa 12 3 978.966
Honolulu, Hawaii
London (Greenwich)
+21
+51
18
17
-160
- 2 12 48 981.188 s
~ 6 1 656 979.981
Madrid +40 24

i
+142 38 27 979.985
Melbourne, Australia -37 50
0 0 60 980.943
Paris . - +48 50 Cq
- 45 30 45 978.801
-22 54
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 54 + 10 9 59 980.350
Rome . . . . . +41 981.938
+59 56 + 27 59 2
St. Petersburg --119 6 8 979.443
Shanghai, China +31 12
+ 15 43 45 981.84S
Stockholm +59 21
+137 26 18 979.801
Tokio, Japan +35 43
- 73 58 0 979.630
-33 2
Valparaiso. Chili
 MOMENT OF INERTIA FOR VARIOITS BODIES
The mass of the body is indicated by m.

Body. Axis. Moment of inertia.

Uniform thin rod Normal to the length, at one end mj

Uniform thin rod Normal to the length, at the center
^12
Thin rectangular sheet, sides a and b Through the center parallel to b
"^12
Thin rectangular sheet, sides o and b Through the center perpendicular to the sheet a^-hb^
m

Thin circular sheet'of radius r Normal to the plate through the center r2
i
Thin circular sheet of radius r Along any diameter r

Thin circular ring. Plane figure formed by two con Through center normal to plane of ring m
ri2 -f-raS
2
centric circles of radius n and n
Tl^in circular ring. Plane figure formed by two con
g
Any diameter
centric circles of radius, n and n
Rectangular parallelopiped, edges a, 6, and c Through center perpendicular to face ab, (parallel t6 02+62
4
s
edge c)
Sphere, radius r Any diameter
4*
12
i
Spherical shell, ezWnal radius, n internal, radius n Any diameter ^2 (n-r26)
 MOMENT OF INERTIA FOR VARIOUS BODIES (Continued)
The mass of the body is indicated by wi.

Axis. Moment of inertia. ;CEJ

Body. 1

is;
2ri ]
Spherical siell, very thin,mean radius, r Any diameter "T i . I
r - \
Right circular cylinder of radius r, length I The longitudinal axis of the solid '2
0
Through center perpendicular to the axis of the figure,
Right circular cylinder of radius r, length I (transverse diameter)
(ri2+r22)

1
Hollow circular cylinder, length 1, external radius n The longitudinal axis of the figure III 2
internal radius n
The longitudinal axis of the figure mr2
Thin cylindrical shell, length Z, mean radius, r

Hollow circular cylinder, length Z, external radius r, Transverse diameter

internal radius n
Hollow circular cylinder, len^h Z, very thin, mean Transverse diameter
radius r

Elliptic cyiindet,len^h Z,'transverse semiaxesa and 6 Longitudinal ax' -m 15!

Right cone, altitude h, radius of.base r Axis of the figure "ft" i

2r2^ to
Spheroid of revolution, equatorial radius r Polar axis
(62+C2)
Ellipsoid, axes 2a, 25, 2c Axis 2 a m ^
 hai/dbook of chemistry and physics

ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY AND LENGTH OF

THE SECONDS PENDULUM
Fob Sea Level at Diffebent Latitudes

Latitude. g g
cm./sec.2 ft./sec.2 Length in cm. Length in ins.

0 977.989 32.0862 99.0910 39.0121

6 8.029 .0875 .0950 .0137
10 . 147 .0916 .1079 .0184
15 .339 .0977 .1265 .0261
20 .600 .1062 .1529 .0365

25 978.922 . 32.1168 99.1855 39.0493

30 9.295 .1290 .2234 .0642
31 .374 .1316
32 .456 .1343
33 .538 .1370

34 979.622 32.1398
35 .707 .1425 .2651 .0806
36 .793 .1454
37 .880 .1490
38 .968 .1511

39 980.057 32.1540
40 .147 .1570 .3096 .0982
41 .237 .1607
42 .327 .1630
43 .418 . 1659

44 980.509 32.1688
45 .600 .1719 .3555 .1163
46 .691 .1748
47 .782 .1778
48 0-873 .1808

49 - 980.963 32.1838
50 1.053 .1867 99.4014 39.1344
51 .143 .1896
52 .231 .1924
53 .318 .1954

54 981.407 32.1983
55 .493 .2011 .4459 .1520
56 .578 .2039
57 .662 .2067
58 .744 .2094

59 981.825 32.2121
60 .905 .2147 .4876 .1683
65 2.278 .2276 .5255 .1832
70 .600 .2375 .5581 .1960
75 .861 . .2460 99.5845 39.2065

80 983.053 32.2523 .6040 .2141

85 .171 .2562 .6160 .2188
90 .210 .2575 .6200 .2204

522
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR CONSTANTS

{From Smithsonian Physical Tables)
Elementary electrical charge,
charge on electron, r" - 7 "X 10-1 e.s.u.
e = 4.774
I charge on a particle, ] -1.591
= X e.m.u.
X 10-i coulombs
Mass of an electron, = about8.8 x 10 28 grams
Ratio e/m, smaU velocities, e/m = 1770 X10^ eanu.gm 1
Radius of an electron, - 1 = about 1 X 10 cm.
Number of molecules per gram
molecule, N = 6.06 X10 gr ^
Number of gas molecules per cc., . _ .
760^", 0C., n = 2.70X1019
Kinetic energy of a molecule at
0 ^C., Eo ^ 5.62 X10-1^ ergs
Constant of molecular energy,
Eo/T, = 2.06 X10-18 ergs/degrees
Constant of entropy equation
(Boltzmann), = R/N = k =1.37 X 10-18 "
poVo/TN = (2/3) e,
Elementary " Wirkungsquan-
turn " li = 6.62 X 10- erg. sec.
Mass of hydrogen atom, = 1-64 XlO"" gram
Radius of an atom, = about 10 cm.

Rydberg's constant =^ =109675.

Mol (e) of gas, 76" pressure,
Qo Q = 22.4 liters
PVm = RT, Vm = vol. of molec.
wt. in grams,
when P in grams percm2, Vw
in cm, .^ ^ 84.780 gram. cm.
when P in atmospheres, Vm in , .
liter R = 0.082041. atm.
when P indynes, Vm in cmS R = 8.31 x 10 ergs
H2 He N2 O2 Xe CO2 H2O
Sq. rt. of mean sq. molec. /
vaoc.cm./sec.atOC.^^^ 13.1 4.93 4.61 2.28 3.92 7.08
M^n free path cm. x ^ -73
Mdecdax diameter cm. ^^ ^^ ^^ 3.8

523
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
MISCELLANEOUS CONSTANTS
Mean radius of the earth, 6.371 XIO^ cm. =6371 kilometers.
1 degree of latitude at 40=69 miles.
1 knot or nautical mile = l' of arc on the earth's surface at
the equator.
Mean density of the earth, 5.52 grams per cu.cm.
Constant of gravitation, iir=6.667X10-8^the attraction in
dynes between two ^am masses onecentimeter apart.
Accele^tion due to gravity at sea level, lat. 45=980.60 cm.
per sec. per sec. =32.172 feet per sec. per sec.
Length of seconds pendulum at sea level, lat. 45 =99.356
cm. =39.116 in. V
Density of mercury at 0 C. = 13.5955 g. per c.c.
Density of water, maximum at 3.98 C. =0.999973 g. per c.c.
Density of dry air at 0 C. and 760 mm. = .001293 g. per c.c.
Velocity of sound in dry air at 0 C., 33,136 cm. per sec.= 1089
feet per sec.
Velocity of light in a vacuum=2.9989 XIO* cm. per sec. =
984X10 feet per sec. ^
Heat equivalent of fusion of water 79.24 cal. per gram.
Heat equivalent of vaporization of water, 535.9 caL per gram.
Coefficient of expansion of gases, .003665.
Specific heat of air, at constant pressure, 0.238,
Electrochemical equivalent of silver, 0.001118 g. per sec. per
ampere.
Mean wave length of sodium light, .00005893 cm. or 5893.
angstrom units.
Absolute wave length of red cadmium line in air, 760 mm.
pressure, 15 C., angstrom units: 6438.4722 (Michelson):
6438.4696 (Fabry and Perot).

Greek Greek English Greek Greek English

letter name equivalent letter name equivalent

A a Alpha Nv
a Nu n
Bi8 Beta b HI Xi X
Gamma g 0 0 Omicron 6
A8 Delta d Ha- Pi P
Ec Epsilon Pp Bho r
zi Zeta z S o- Sigma s
H, Eta e T T Tau t
Theta th Y V Upsilon u
11 Iota i $ ^ Phi ph
Kk Kappa Xx Chi ch
AA. . Tiambda 5 'iff Psi ps
Mft Mu m Q (0 Omega 0
 DEFINITIONS AND FORMULAE
FUNDAMENTAL CHEMICAL LAWS
Scientific laws are statements of facts which have been estab
lished by .direct experiment.
Boyle's Law for Gases.At a constant tempefature the Vol
ume of a givenquantity ofany gas variesinverselyas the pressure
to which the gas is subjected. This idea is expressed m the fol
lowing formiSe: -
P7=a constant, or P = l/7, or F = l/P, or PV=PiVi
The Law of Combining Weights.If the weights of elements
which combine with each other be called their "combining
wei^ts," then elements always combine either in the ratio of
their combining wei^ts or of simple multiples of these weights.
Law of Defnite Proportions.In every sample of each com
pound substance the proportions by weight of the constituent
iements are always the same.
Dalton's Lkw of Partial Pressures.The pressure exerted by
a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the separate pressures
which eachgaswould exertif it aloneoccupied the whole volume.
This fact is expressed in the following formula:
PV = V{pi+p2+p^,etc.)
Faraday's Law.The amounts of decomposition effected by
the passage of equal quantities of electricity through them are,
for the same electrolyte, ^ual, and fordifferent electrolytes are
proportional to the combinmg weights ofthe elements or radicles
which are deposited.
Gay-Lussac's Law for Gases (or Charles' Law).^At a constant
pre^ure, the volume of a given quantity of any gas increases
afeofiai 1/273 of its volume at 0 C. for each rise of 1 C. and at
volume the pressure of a given quantity of any gas
increases a.bout 1/273 df the pressure at 0 C. for each rise of
1 C. in temperature.
Gay-Lussa0's Law of Combining Volumes.If gases mteract
33:^ form a gaseous product, the volumes of the reacting gases
aaad ihe volumes of the gaseous products are to each other iii
verysimple proportions, which can be expressed by small whole
numbers. .
Hess' Law of Constant Heat Sun^tion.The amount of
heat generated by a chemical reaction is the same whether
i-eaction takesplacein onestep pr in several steps,or all chemical
^actions which start with the same original substances, and end
the same final substances, liberate the same amounts of
Ihesi. irrespective of the process by which the final state is
Hemf*sLaw.--The amountof gas which a liquidwill dissolve
iis directly proportional to the pressure of the gas. This holds
Scar all gases which do not unite chemically with the solvent.
525
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

The Law of Mass Action.^At a constant temperature the

product of the active masses on one side of a chemical equation
when divided by the product of the active masses on the other
side of the chemical equation is a constant, regardless of the
amounts of each substance present at the beginning of the action.
Law of Multiple Proportions.Two elements may combine
in more than one proportion by weight, but if so, the weights of
one element which combine with a fixed weight of'the other
element, are always in a simple ratio to each other.
The Periodic Law.The physical and chemical properties of
the elements are functions of their atomic weighte, and most
of these properties are periodic functions of the atomic weights.

FUNDAMENTAL CHEMICAL THEORIES

A scientific hypothesis is an endeavor to form a rational

mental picture of the causes which lead to a group of observed
facts even though these causes may not be subject to direct
proof.
A scientific theory is an hypothesis whose consequences have
been so thoroughly tested by experiment that it has become
generally accepted as the correctexplanationfor a groupof facts.
The Atomic Theory.^AU elementary forms of matter are com
posed of very small unit quantities called atoms. The atoms
of a given element all have the same size and weight. The
atoms of different elements have different size and weight.
Atoms of the same or different elements unite with each other
to form very small unit quantities of compound substances
called molecules.
Avogadro's Theory.^Equal volumes of all gases under the
same conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal
numbers of molecules.
The Electroljrtic Dissociation or lonization Theory.^When an
acid, base or salt is dissolved in water or any other dissociating
solvent, a part or all of the molecules of the dissolved substance
are broken up into parts called ions, soine of which are charged
with positive electricity and are called cations, and an equivalent
number of which are charged with negative electricity and are
called anions.
Electrolytic Solution Tension Theory (or the Helmholtz Double
Layer Theory).When a metal, or any other substance capable
of existingin solution as ion is placed in water or any other dis
sociating solvent, a part of the metal or other substance passes
into solution in the form of ions, thus leaving the remainaer of
the metal or substance charged with an equivalent amount of
electricity of opposite sign from that carried by the ions. This
establishes a difference in potential between the metal and the
solvent in which it is immersed.
The Electron Theory.^An atom of any element cbnsists of a
definite number of unit negative charges of electricity moving
in orbits inside the atom with velocities which approach the
velocity of light.
526
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
DEFINITION OF CHEMICAL TERMS
An Acidis any substancewhichyieldshydrogenions.
The Active Mass of a substa;^ce is the number of gram-moleo-
ular-weights per liter in solution, or in gaseous form.
Adsorption. The abilityof a solid to condense gases, hquids,
or dissolved substances on their surfaces is called adsorption.
It is a manifestation of the force of adhesion.
An Atom is the smallest unit quantity of an element that is
capable of entering into chemical combination.
A Base is any substancewhichyieldshydroxylions.
A Balanced or Reversible Action is one which can be caused
to proceed in either direction by suitable variation in the con
ditions of temperature, volume, pressure or of the quantities
of reacting substances. ,. , , .
A Cata^c Agent is a substance which by its mere presence
alters the velocity of a reaction, and maybe recovered imaltered
in nature or amount at the end of the reaction.
AColUgative Propen^ is a property numerically thesame for
a group of substances, independent of their chemical nature.
A Constitutive Property is a property which depends on the
constitution or structure of the molecule.
A Crybhydrate is the solid which separates when a sati^ated
solution freezes. It contains the solvent and the solute it the
same proportions as they were in the saturated solution.
The Combining Weight of an element or radicle is its atomic
weight divided by its valence. .
Eutectic, a term applied to the mixture of two or more sub
stances which has the lowest melting point.
The Hydrogen Equivalent of a substance is the number oi
replaceable hydrogen atoms in 1molecule orthe number ofatoms
of hydrogen with which 1 molecule could react.
The Heat of Combustion of a substance is the amount of heat
evolved by the combustion of 1 gram molecular weight of the
substance. . .
An Ion is a charged atom or group of atoms m solution. Solu
tions alwayscontain equivalent numbers of positiveand negative
^^^Moleculeisthesmallestunitquantityofmatterwhichcan exist
by itself and retain all the properties of the original substance.
A Molar Solution contains 1 gram molecular weight of dis
solved substance per liter of solution.
A Normal Solution contains 1 gram molecular weight of dis
solved substance divided by the hydrogen equivalent of the sub
stance per Uterof solution. . r
Oxidation is any process which increases the proportion of
oxygen or acid-forming element or radicle in a compound.^
Reduction is any process which increases the proportion of
hydrogen or base-forming elements or radicle in a compound.
' A Salt is any substance which yields ions, other than hydrogen
^^'ae^Sdub^ Product or precipitation value is the product
of the concentrations of the ions of a substance in a saturated
solution of the substance.
527

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY. AND PHYSICS

A METHOD OF BALANCmO EQUATIONS FOR

OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS

On the left-hand side of the equation write the formulsB for

all the compounds entering into the reaction. On the right-
hand side write the formufie for all the compoimds formed in
the reaction.
Determine the L. C. M. (least common multiple) of the
numbers representing the changes in valence per molecule of
the oxidizing and reducing agents.
The quotient obtained in dividing the L. C. M. by the number
representing the valence change per molecule is the number
of molecules of that compound required, or formed.
The reaction between FeS04, KMn04, and H2SO4 serves to
illustrate. Following the rule as given above we writ^, KMnOj
+ FeS04 + H2SO4 K2SO4 -I- MnS04 + Fe2(S04)3 + H2O.
The valence change of manganese is five, that of iron is two
per molecule of Fe2(S04)8. The L. C. M. of thesse two mmibers
is ten.
The quotient obtained by dividing the L. C. M. by the valence
change of manganese is two. Therefore two molecules of
KMn04 are required. The quotient obtained by dividing the
L. C. M. by the valence change of iron per molecule of Fe2(S04)3
is five. Five molecules of Fe2(804)3 are formed. Ten molecules
of FeS04 are needed. From the two molecules of KMn04
used one molecule of K2SO4 is formed, as well as two molecules
ofMnS04.
Eighteen sulfate radicals are used in forming the salts; ten
of these radicals are supplied by the FeS04 used, the other eight
inust be supplied by the free acid. The sixteen hydrogens
form eight molecules of water.
The complete equation is, therefore,
2KMn04 + 10FeS04 + 8H2SO4 K^aSO^ + 2MnS04 +
6Fe2(S04)3 + 8H2O.

628
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

ONE HUNDRED COMPLETED CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

1. PtCU + 2KC1 = 2HC1 + KjPtCl,
2. KjPtCle + heat = 2KC1 + Pt + 2Clj
3. KHCjaiO. + NaOH = KNaC^HiG. + HjO
4. NajOj + 2H2O = 2NaOH + HjGj
5. 2KMn04 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2O2 = K2SO4 + 2MnS04 + 8H2O
f" 5^. *
6. 2KI + H2O2 = 2K0H + I2
7. 2AuCls + 3H2O2 + 6NaOH = 6NaCI + CHjO + SOj + 2Au
8. MnCls + 2K0H + HjC^ = 2KC1 + HjO + MnO . {OH)^
(brown)
9. 2NiCl2 + 4K0H + H2O2 = 4KC1 + 2Ni (OH), (black)
10. 2C0CI2 + 4K0H + H2O2 = 4KC1 +2Co (OH), (black)
11. MgCls + NajHPOi + NH, =?2NaCl + MgNH4P04
12. 2BaCl2 + KjCraOr + H2O = 2BaCrOi4- 2HC1 + 2KC1
13. AlCl, + 3K0H = 3KC1 + Al(OH),
14. A1 (OH), + 3K0H = 3H2O + Al(OK),
15. 2A1C1, + SNasSaO, + 3HsO = 6NaCl + 3S + 3SOs + 2A1
(OH)j
16. 2CrCl, + 3(NH4)2S + 6H2O = 6NH4CI SHsS + 2Cr(0H),
17. CrCl, + 8NaC2H,Os + 4H,0 + 3C1 = 6NaCl + 8HC2H,0,
+ NaCr04
18. 2CrCl, + SMnOs + 2H2O = SMnCU + 2H2Cr04
19. KjCrjOr + 2K0H = H2O + 2K2Cr04
20. KjCrjOi + 6FeS04 + 7H2SO1 = 7H2O + K2SO4 + SFe,
(S04), + Cr2(S04),
21. K2Cr207 + 6HI + 4H2SO4 = K2SO4 + Cr2(S04),+ 7H2O+ 6
22. KjCrjOj + 14HC1 = 2KC1 + 2CrCl3 + 7H2O + 3Ch
23. FeCU + 2KCN = 2KC1 + Fe(CN)2
24. FeCN, + 4KCN = K4lFe(CN)6]
25. FeCl, + 3NaC2H,02 = 3NaCl + re(C2Hs02),
26. Fe(C2H,02), + 2H2O = 2HC2H,02 + Fe(0H)2(C2H,02)
27. K4[Fe(CN)6l + 6H2SO4 + 6H2O = 2K2SO4 + FeSO, +
3(NH4)2S04 + 6C0
28. 2Mn02 + 8HC1 = 4H2O + 2MnCl2 + 2CI2
29. 2MnS04 + 5Pb02 + 6HNO3 = 2PbS04 + 3Pb(NO,)8 + 2H2O
+ 2B!Mn04
30. 2HMn04 + 14HCI = 8H2O + 2MnCl2 + SCU
31. MnS04 + 2Na2CO, + 02 = 2CO2 + Na2S04 + Na2Mn04
32. 2KMn04 + lOFeSOi + 8H2SO4 = K2SO4 + 2MnS04 + 6Fe,
(S04),+8H20
33. 2KMn04 + 3M11SO4+ 2H2O = K2SO4 + SMnOj + 2H2SO4
34. NiOU + 6NH, = Ni(NH,)6Cl2
35. NiCU + 2KCN = 2KC1 + Ni(CN)2
36. Ni(CN)2 + 2K0N = K2Ni(CN)4
37. C0CI2 + 2KNO2 = Co(N02)2 + 2KC1
38. Co(N02)2 + 2HNO2 = H2O + NO + Co(N02),
39. Co(N02)8 + 3KNO2 = K,Co(N02)6
40. 3Zn + 8HNO3 = 3Zn(N03)2 + 4H2O + 2N0
41. Zn 4- 2KOH = KjZnOj + H2
42. Zn(0H)2 4- 2NH4C1 + 4NH, = Zn(NH,),Cl2 + 2H,0
43. ZnGlj + 2KCN = 2KC1 + Zn(CN),
529
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PBY8IC3

44. Zn(CN)8 + 2KCN = KjZn(CN)4

45. 3Hg + 8HN0, = 3Hg(NOs)! + 4HsO + 2N0
46. HgClj + 2NH, = NH4CI + HgNHsCl
47. 3HgCl2 + 2H2S = 4HC1 + Hg,CljSj (white)
48. HgaCUSj + HsS = 2HC1 + 3Hg8
49. 3Hg(NO,)2 + 6FeS04 = 2Fe(NO,)8 + 2Fes(S04)3 + 3Hg
50. 2HgCl + 2NH, = NH4CI + HgNHjCl + Hg
51. Hg2(NOj)2 + HsS = 2HN0, + HgS + Hg
62. H&(N0,)2 + 2KCN = 2KN08 + Hg(CN)2 + Hg
53. Pb(N0a)2 + 2K0H = Pb(0H)2 + 2KN0,
54. Pb(OH)s + 2K0H = KsPbOj + 2H2O
55. 2PbCl! + HsS = 2HC1 + PbCU.PbS (orange)
56. PbClj.PbS + HsS = 2PbS + 2HC1
57. 3Pb8 + 8HN0, = 3Pb(N0,)s + 4HsO + 2N0 + 38
58. BiCl. + HsO = 2HC1 + BiOCl
59. SnCU + 2K0H = 2KC1 + Sn(OH)s (white ppt.)
60. Sn(0H)2 + 2K0H = KsSnOs + 2H2O (soluble)
&l.,2BiCl, + 6K0H = 2Bi(0H), + 6KGI
62. 2Bi(OH)3 + 3K2Sn02 = SHjO + SKsSnO, + Bis (black)
63. 3Cu + 8HNO3 = 4H2O + 3Cu(NO,)2 + 2N0
64. Cu + H2SO4 = H2O + SO2 + OuO
65. CuO + H2SO4 = CUSO4 + H2O
66. 2C5uS04 + 2NH4OH = (NH4)2S04 + CU2SO4 (0H)2
67. Cu2S04(0H)2 + (NH4)2S04 + 6NH8 = 2CCu(NH3)J
(SO4) . H2O (soluble, blue)
68. 2Cu(NH3)4S04 . H2O + 9KCN = Cu2(CN)8NH4 . Kb +
2K2SO4 + 6NH3 + NH4CNO
69. Cd(N03)2 + 2KCN = 2KNO3 + Cd(CN)2
70. Cd(CN)2 + 2KCN = K2Cd(CN)4
71. K2Cd(CN)4 + H2S = 2KCN + 2HCN + CdS
72. H3ASO4 + II2S = H2O + S + HsAsOs
73. 2H3ASO8 + 3H2S = 6H2O + AS2S3
74. AsaSs + 3(NH4)2S = 2(NH4)3AsS3
75. 2(NH4)3AsS3 + 6HC1 = 6NH4CI + AS2S3 + 3H2S
76. AsaSfi + 3(NH4)2S = 2(NH4)3AsS4.
77. 2(NH4)3AsS4 + 6HC1 = AsgSg + 3H2S + 4NH4CI. Anti
mony reactions same as arsenic
78. 3Sn + 4HNO3 + H2O - 3H2Sn03 + 4N0
79. SnCl2 + H2S = SnS + 2HC1
80. SnS H- (NH4)2S2 - (NH4)2SnS8
81. (NH4)2SnS8 + 2HC1 = 2NH4CI + H2S + SnSa
82. SnCU + 2H2S = SnSa + 4HC1
83. SnS2 + (NH4)2S = (NH4)2SnS3
84. SnO? + 2KCN == 2KCN0 + Sn (fusion)
85. 2Au + 2HNO3 + 6HC1 = 4H2O + 2N0 + 2AuCl8
86. 2AgN03 + 2K0H - 2KN08 + H2O + AgaO
87. AgaO 4- 2NH4OH = 2(AgNH3)OH + H2O
88. AgCl + 2NH4OH = Ag(NP3)2Cl 4- 2H2O
89. AgCl + 2KCN = KAg(CN)2 + KCl
90. 6NH4OH + 2NH3 + 3CI2 = 6H2O + 6NH4CI + Nz
91. 6NaOH + 3Cl2 = 5NaCl + NaC103 + 3H2O
92. H2SO4 + 2HI = H2O + H2SO3 + I2
530
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

93. H2S04+8HI=4H20+H2S+4l2
8. 2Na2S203+l2=2NaI+Na2S406
95. H3PO4 + 12(NH4)2Mo04 + 2IHNO3 = (NH4)3P04.12Mo04
+21(NH4)N03+12H20
96. (NH4)3P04 .12M0O4 + 24NH4OH = (NH4)8P04 + 12(NH4)j
M0O4+I2H2O
97. 6FeS04+3HjS04+2HN08=3Fe2(S04)3+4H20+2N0
98. Fe(N03)2+N0=Fe(N08)8N0
99. KC10+3H2S04+6FeS04=3Fe2(S04),+3H20+KCl
100. Na8Si03+2NH4CH-2H80 =2NaCl+2NH40H+H2Si0,

PHYSICAL TERMS, QUANTITIES AND UNITS

Mechanics

Unit of Time.The second, 1/86400 of a mean solar day.

One of the three fundamental units of the C. G. S. system.
Unit of Length.The centimeter, 1/100 the length of the
International Prototype Meter, at Paris, at zero degrees centi
grade. One of the three fundamental units of the C. G. S. sys
tem. The standard in the British system is the yard, the pr9to-
type of which is kept by the British government. The- United
Sta^tes standard yard is defined as 3600/3937 meter.
Unit of Area.The square centimeter. The area of a square
whose sides are one centimeter in length. Other units of area
are similarly derived.
Unit of Volume.The cubic centimeter, the volume of a cube
whoseedgesare one centimeter in length. Other units of volume
are derived in a similar manner.
Mass.Quantity of matter.
Units of Mass.^The gram is 1/1000 the quantity of matter
in the International Prototype Kilogram; one of the three
fundamental units of the C. G. S. system. The British standard
of mass is the pound, of which a standard is preserved by the
government. The United States standard mass is the avoir
dupois pound defined as 1/2 .20462 kilogram.
Inertia.^The resistance offered by a body to a change of its
state of rest or motion. A particular aspect of a mass; the
terms are practically synonymous.
Density.Concentration of matter, measured by the mass
per unit volume, expressed as grams per cubic centimeter.
Specific Gravity.The ratio of the mass of a body to the mass
of an equal volume of water at 4 C.
Angle.^The ratio between the arc and the radius of the arc.
Units of Angle.The radian, the angle subtended by an arc
equal to the radius; the degree, 1/360 part of a circumference.
$olid Angle.Measured by the ratio of the surface of the
portion of a sphere enclosed by the conical surface forming the
angle, to the square of the radius of the sphere.
Unit of Solid Angle.The steradian, the solid angle which
encloses a surface on the sphere equivalent to the square of the
radius.
531
 HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

Speed.Time rate of motion measured by the distance moved

over in unit time. Unitone centimeter per second.
Velocity.Time rate of motion in a fixed direction. Unit--
one centimeter per second.
Angular yelocity.^Time rate of angular motion about a
center. Unitone radian per second.,
Acceleration.The time rate of change of velocity either in
speed or direction measured by the change in unit time. Unit
one centimeter per second per second.
Angular Acceleration.^The time rate of change of angular
velocity. Unitone radian per second per second.
Momentum.Quantity of motion measured by the product
of mass and velocity. Unitone gram-centimeter per second.
Angular Momentum or Moment of Momentum.Quantity
of angular motion measured by the product of the angular
velocity and the moment of inertia. Unit^unnamed, its
nature is expressed by g.cm^/sec.
Force.^That which changes the state of rest or motion in
matter, measured by the rate of change of momentum. Unit
the dyne, the force which \^1 produce the change of velocity of
one centimeter per second in a gram mass in one second.
Moment of Force or Torque.The effectiveness of a force
to produce rotation about a center, measured by the product
of the force and the perpendicular distance from the line of
action of the force to the center. Unitthe dyne-centimeter.
Gravitation.The imiversal attraction existing between all
material bodies.
Acceleration Due to Gravity.The acceleration of a body
freely falling in a vacuum. Unitone centimeter per second
per second.
Weight.^The force with which a body is attracted toward
the center of the earth. The weight of any feed mass varies
according to its geographical position.
Unit of WeightThedjrne.
Moment of Inertia.measure of the effectiveness of mass
in rotation. In the rotation of a rigid body not only the body's
mass, but the distribution of the mass about the axis of rotation
determines the change in the angular velocity ,resulting from
the action of a given torque for a given time\ Moment of
inertia in rotation is analogous to mass (inertia) in simple trans
lation.^ The unit is g. cm.
Period in uniform circular motion is the time of one com
plete revolution.
Centripetal Force.The force required to keep a moving mass
in a circular path. Centrifugal force is the name given to the
outward force of a. mass in rotation.
^Simple Harmonic Motion.If a point move uniformly in a
circle, the motion of its projection on the diameter (or any
straight line in the same plane) is simple harmonic motion.
Displacement at any instant. The distance of a vibrating
or oscillating particle from its position of equilibrium or the
center of the circle of reference.
Amplitude. The maximum value of the displacement.
532
 BANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
Phasi.The fraction of a whole period which has elapsed
iince the moving partick last passed through its middle position
in a positive direction.
Work*-^When a force acts Against resistance to produce
motibn in a body the force is said to do work. Wofk is meas
ured by the product of the force acting and the distance moved
through against the resistance.
Units of Work.The erg, a force of one dyne acting through
one centimeter. The joule is 10^ ergs.
Power.The time rate at which work is done.
Units of Power.^The watt, one joule (ten miUion ergs) pef
second; the kilowatt is ei^nal to 1000 watts; the horse-power,
33,000 foot-pounds per minute, is equal to 746 watts.
Energy.The capabihty of doing work. Units of energy
the same as of work.
Potential Energy.^Energy due to position of one body with
respect to another or to the relative parts of the same body.
Kinetic Energy,^Energy due to motion.
Simple Machine.A contrivance for the transfer of energy
and for increased convenience in the performance of work.
Mechanical advantage of a machine is the ratio of the distance
through which force is applied to the distance through which
resistance is overcome, also called the velocity ratio.
Efficiency is the ratio of the work done by a machine to the
work done upon it.
Elasticity.The property by virtue of which a body recovers
from deformation produced by force.
Stress.The force producing or tending to produce deforma
tion in the body measured by the force applied per unit area.
Unitone dyne per square centimeter.
Strain.The deformation resulting from a stress measured
by the ratio of the change to the total value of the dimension in
which the change occurred.
Modulus of Elasticity.^The stress required to produce unit
strain, which may be a change of length (Young's modulus);
a twist or shear (modulus of rigidity) or of volume (bulk mod-
ulus).^
Limit of Elasticity.The smallest value of the stress pro
ducing permanent altpation.
Coefficient of Restitution of two bodies on impact, the ratio
of the difference in velocity before impact to the difference
after impact.
Viscosity.All liquids possess a definite resistance to change
of form and many solids show a gradual yielding to forces tend
ing to change their form. This property is called viscosity.
Pressure.Force applied to, or distributed, over a surface;
measured as force per unit area. Unit^the barye, one djme
per square centimeter. The mega-barye is equal to 10 dynes
per square centimeter. Pressure is also measured by the height
of the column of mercury or water which it supports.
Surface Tension.The tension exhibited by the free surface
of liquids measured in dynes per centimeter.
533
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

Heat

Temperature.^The condition of a b(^y which determines

the transfer of heat to or from other bodies. The unit of tem
perature is the Centigrade degree, 1/100 the difference in tem
perature between that of melting ice and boiling water at 76
centimeters pressure. The degree Fahrenheit is 1/180 and the
degree Reaumur is 1/80 the above-mentioned difference of
temperature.
Heat Quantity is measured by the change of temperature
produced. The unit of heat is the calorie, the quantity of heat
necessary to change the temperature of one gram of water from
3.5 C. to 4.5 C. (called a small calorie); If the temperature
changed involved is from 14.5 to 15.5 C. the unit is the normal
calorie. The mean calorie is 1/100 the quantity of heat necessary
to raise one gram of water from 0 C. to 100 C. The large
calorie is equal to 1000 small calories. The British thermal unit
is the heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of
water at its maximum density, 1 F. It is equal to 252 calories.
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion.^The coefficient of linear
expansion is the ratio of the change in length per degree to the
length at 0 C. The coefficient of surface expansion is two
times the linear coefficient. The coefficient of volume expan
sion (for solids) is three times the linear coefficient. The co
efficient of volume expansion for liquids is the ratio of the change
in volume per degree to the volume at 0 C. The value of the
coefficient varies with temperature. The coefficient of volume
expansion for a gas under constant pressure is nearly the same
for all gases and temperatures and is equal to 0.00367 for 1C,
Absolute Zero.^The temperature at which a gas would show
no pressure if the general law for gases should hold for all tem
peratures. It is equal to 273 C. or 459.4 F.
Specific Heat.^The quantity of heat necessary to cause a
unit change of temperature in unijb mass measured in C. G. S.
units as calories per gram per degree centigrade.
Thermal Capacity or Water Equivalent.^The' total quantity
of heat necessary to raise any body or system unit temperature,
measured as calories per degree centigrade in the C. G. S. system.
Heat Equivalent, or Latent Heat, of Fusion.^The quantity
of heat necessary to change one gram of solid to a liquid with
no temperature change.
Lat^t Heat of Vaporization.^The quantity of heat necessary
to change one gram of liquid to vapor without change of tem
perature. Both the above quantities are meaisured as calories
henna! Conductivity.Time rate of transfer of heat by
conduction, through unit thickness, across unit area for unit
difference of temperature. It is measured as calories per
second per square centimeter for a thickness of one centimeter
and a difference of temperature of 1 C.
Mechanical Equivalent of Heat is the quantity of energy
534
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

which, when transformed into heat, is equivalent to unit quan

tity of heat, 4.18 x 10^ ergs = 1 calorie (20 C.).
Isothermal. When a gas^passes through a series of pressure
and volume variations without change of temperature the
changes are called isothermal. A line on a pressure-volume
diagram representing these changes is called an isothermal line.
Adiabatic. A body is said to undergo an adiabatic change
when its condition is altered without gain or loss of heat. The
line on the pressure vdume diagram representing the above
change is called an adiabatic line.
Entropy. A quantity depending on the quantity of heat
in a body and on its temperature, which, when multiplied by
any lower temperature (minimum available), gives the unavail
able energy, or imavoidable waste when mechanical work is
derived from the heat energy of the body.
Absolute Humidity. Mass of water i_vapor present in the
atmosphere measured as grams per cubic meter.
Relative Humidity. The ratio of the quantity of water vapor
present in the atmosphere to the quantity which would saturate
at the existing temperature.
Wave Motion and Sound
Wave Motion; A progressive disturbance propagated in a
medium by the periodic vibration of the particles of the naedium.
Transverse wave motion is that in which the vibration of the
pailiicles is perpendicular to the direction of propagation. Longi
tudinal wave motion is that in which the vibration of the parti
cles is parallel to the direction of propagation.
Pitch of sound is determined by the frequency or number
of vibrations per second.
Intensity or loudness of a soimd depends upon the energy of
the wave motion. The term intensity as used in physics is
measured by the energy transmitted per second through one
square centimeter of surface.
Quality or timbre of a soimd depends on the coexistence
mth the fundamental of other vibrations of various frequencies
and amphtudes.
Lissajou's Figures. The path described by a particle which
is simultaneously displaced by two simple harmonic motions
at right angles, when the periods of the two motions are in the
ratio of two small whole nmnbers, shows a variety of character
istic cm*ves called Lissajou's figures.
Beats. Two tones of slightly different frequencies sounded
together interfere to give a soimd of regularly varying intensity.
The number of beats per second is the difference in frequency
of the two tones.
Static Electricity'
Unit Quantity of electricity or charge is the quantity which,
when concentrated at a point and placed at unit distance from
an equal and similarly concentrate quantity, is repelled with
unit force. If the distance is one centimeter and the force
of repulsion one dyne and the surrounding medium a vacuum,
535
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

we have the electrostatic unit of quantity. The coulomb =

3X10 electrostatic units.
Line of Force.line such that its direction at every pomt
is the same as the direction of the force which would act on a
small positive charge placed at that point. A line of force is
defined as starting from a positive charge and endingon a nega-^
tive charge. . ^
Conductors.^A class of bodies which are incapable of support
ing electric strain. A charge given to a conductor spreads to
all parts of the body. ^ ,
Dielectrics or Insulators or Non-Conductors.A class of
bodies supporting an electric strain. A charge on one part
of a non-conductor is not communicated to any other part.
Electric Surface Density.Quantity of electricity per unit area.
intensity of Electric Field is measured by the force exerted
on unit charge. Unit field intensity is the field which exerts
the force of one dyne on unit positive charge.
Electric Potential at any point is measured by the work
necessary to bring unit positive chargefrom an infinitedistance.
Difference of potential between two points is measured by the
work necessary to carry unit positive charge from one to the
other. If the work iavolved is one C. G. S. unit of work we
have the electrostatic unit of potential.
Electromotive Force is defined as that which causes a flow
of current. The electromotive force of a cell is measured by the
maximum difference of potential between its plates. The volt
is the electromotive force which performs work at the rate of one
jouleper second (one watt) in producing a currentof oneampere.
A watt hour is the work equivalent to a current of one ampere
at a pressure of onevolt flowing foronehour. A kilowatt hour
equals 1000 watt hours. A volt equals 10^ electro static units
of potential.
Capacity is measured by the charge which must be communi
cated to a body to raise its potential one unit. Electrostatic
unit capacity is that which requires one electrostatic unit
of charge to raise its potential one electrostatic unit. The
farad=9 Xl0i^ electrostatic units. .
Specific Inductive Capacity.^The ratio of the capacity of a
condensor with a given substance as dielectric to the capacity
of the same condenser with air or a vacuum as dielectric is called
the specific inductive capacity.
Magnetism
Unit Magnetic Pole or Quantity of Magnetism.Two unit
quantities of magnetism concentrated at points unit distance
apart in a vacuum repel eachother with unit force. If the dis^
tance involved is one centimeter and the force one dyne the
quantity of magnetism at each point is one C. G. S. umt of
magnetism. ^ .
Surface Density of Magnetism.Quantity of magnetism
per unit area. i. .i.
Magnetic Line of Force is a line which at every point has the
direction of the magnetic force at that point.
536
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AN^D ^HYSICS
Magnetic Field InteQsity is measured by the force acting
on unit magnetic pole. The unit of magnetic field intensity,
the gauss, is that field which, exerts a force of one dyne on unit
magnetic pole.
Magnetic Moment of a magnet is given by the product of
the quantity of magnetism in each pole by the distance between
the poles.
Intensity ofMagnetization isgiven by the quotient ofmagnetic
moment of a magnet by its volume or it is magnetic moment
per unit volume.
Declination.^The angle between the vertical plane contain-
mg the direction of the earth^s field at any point and a plane
containing the geographic north and south meridian.
Dip:The angle measured in a vertical plane between the
direction of the earth's magnetic field and the horizontal.
Paramagnetic bodies are those which tend to set the longest
dimension parallel to the magnetic field, e.g., iron, cobalt, nickel.
^Diamagnetic bodies tend to set the longest dimension across
the magnetic field, e.g., bismuth.
Hysteresis.The magnetization of a sample of iron or^steel
due to a magnetic field which is made to vary through a cycle
of values, lags behind the field. This phenomenon is called
hysteresis.

Current Electricity^
Electric Current.-The rate of transfer of electricity. The
transfer at the rate ofone electrostatic unit of electricity in one
second is the electrostatic unit of current. Theelectromagnetic
unit of Cerent is a current of such strength that one centimeter
of the wire m which it flows is pushed sideways with a force
of one dyne when the wire is at right angles to a magneticfield
of unit mtensity. The practical unit of current is the ampere,
a transfer of one coulomb per second.
Conductivity.-A property of electric conductors depending
on their dimensions, material and temperature which deter
mines the cment produced by a given electromotive force.
^^P^ctical umt of conductivity is the mho, the reciprocal of
Resistance.^The reciprocal of conductivity. The unit' of
resistance,- the legal ohm ^ defined as the resistance to an
unvarying current of a column of mercury at 0 C., 14.4521
grams in mas^ of a constant.cross-section, and 106.3 centi-
m^ers wng. The cross-section is nearly one square millimeter.
Specific Resistance.The resistance at 0 C. of a portion of
substance of unit length and cross-section.
Temperature Reswtance Coefficient.The ratio ofthe change
of resistance in a wire due to a change of temperature of 1 C.
to its resistance at 0 C.
Inducti0n.--Any change in the intensity or direction of a
ma^etic neld ^uses an electromotive force in any conductor
mthe^ field. The induced electromotive force generates an
induced current if the conductor forms a closed circuit*
d37
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
Self-induction.The change in magnetic field due to the
variation of a current in a conducting circuit causes an induced
electromotive force in the circuit itself. This phenomenon is
known as self-induction. It is measured as electromotive force
produced in a conductor by unit rate of vanation of the current
throueh it. Units of self-induction are the centimeter (elwtro
static) and the henry, which is equal to 10 centimeters of m-
Induction.A change of cprent in a conductor is
accompanied by a change of magnetic field which induces an
electromotive force in a neighboring circuit. The mutual
induction is measured by the electromotive force induc^ in
one circuit by unit rate of variation of current m the other.
Units, as of self-induction.
Light -
Index of Refraction for any substance is the ratio of the
velocity of light in a vacuum to its velocity in the substance.
It is also the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the
sine t)f the angle of refraction. In general, the in^x ot re
fraction for any substance varies with the wave length of the
refracted light. , i. j* x*
TWTttiiniiim Deviation.The deviation or change of direction
of light passing throu|h a prism is a minimum when the angle
of incid^ce is equal to the angle of empgence.
Principal Focus of a lens or spherical mirror is the point of
convergence oflight coming from a source at an infinite distance.
Conjugate Foci.Under proper conditions hght divergent
from a point on or near the axis of a lens or spherical mu-ror is
focused at another point. The point of convergence and the
position of the source are conjugate foci.
Spherical Aberration.When large surfaces of sphencalr
mirrors or lenses are used the light divergent from a point
source cannotbe exactly focused at a point. The phenomenon is
known as spherical aberration. .t, j '
Chromatic Aberration.Due to the difference m the index
of refraction for different wave lengths, light of yanous wave
lengths from the same source cannot be focused m a pomt by
a simple lens. Thisis called chromatic aberration. ^
Achromatic.A term applied to lenses signifymg their more
or less complete correction for chromatic aberration.
Magnifying Power of an optical mstmment is the jat^ of
the ande subtended by the image of the object seen through
'the instmiTeni to the angle subtended by the object when seen
bv theunaided eye at a distance of 25 cms. (10 ms.) ^ ^
Resolving Power of a telescope or micros^pe is mdicated
by the minimum separation of two objects for which th^^
distinct and separate when yiewed through x
Angular Aperture of an objective is the largest angular extent
of wave surface which it can transmit. ,
Numerical Aperture is the sme of halfJ^he angular aperture,
used as, a measure of theoptical power oftheobjective.
538
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

Dispersion.The difference between the index of refraction

of any substance for any two wave lengths is a measure of the
dispersion for these wave lengths, called the coefficient of dis
persion.
Diffraction.If the light source were a point the shadow of
any object would have its maximum sharpness; a certain amount
illumination,, however, would be found within the geometrical
shadow due to the diffraction of the light at the edge of the
object. ^
Polarized Light.Light which exhibits different properties
in different directions at right angles to the line of propagation
is said to be polarized. Specific rotation is the power of liquids
to rotate the plane of polarization. It is stated in terms of
specific rotation or the rotation in degrees per decimeter per
unit density.

PHYSICAL FORMULiE

Mechanics

Composition of Vectors.Ifthe angle between two vectors is

Ay and their magnitudes d and b, their resultant,
c^Va^-\-b^-^2ab coa A,
Velocity.If s is space passed over in time the velocity,
s

Umformly Accelerated Motion.If vo is the initial velocity,

vt the velocity after time ty the acceleration,
Vj Vo
" t '
The velocity after time tj
vt=vo-\-at.

Space passed over in time t,

s^Vot+iatK
Velocity after passing over space s,
Vs = Vi;o2 4-2os.
Space over in the nth second,
s=Vo+ia(2w-l).
Falling Bodies.Symbols as for uniformly accelerated motion
except that t?o=0 and g is the acceleration due to gravity.
The above formulae become, air resistance neglected,
s-\gt^y t;s = V^.
539
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

Bodies Projected Vertically Upward.If v is the velocity of

projection, the time to reach greatest height, neglecting the
resistance^ of the air,

g
Greatest height,

. 2g'
Projectiles.For bodies projected with velocity v at an angle
a with the horizontal, the time to highest point of flight,
^ sin a
t =
9
Total time of flight,
2 sin a
T .
9
Maximum height,
sin2 a
" 2g
Horizontal range,
sin 2a
R
9
In the above equations the resistance of the air is neglected.
Angular Velocity.If the angle described in time t is the
angular velocity,
d

Angtdar Acceleration.If the initial angular velocity is wo,

and the velocity after time I is the angular acceleration,
^ 0)1 Wo
"~r~-
The angular velocity after time t,
(i)i = (jHO+AL
The angle swept out in time <,
0 = (oo^+iA<.
The angular velocity after movement through tie arc 6,
0) = V (Oo'^ +24
Momentum.A mass m moving with velocity v has a
momentum
M^mv,
Angular momentum of a mass whose moment of inertia
is rotating with angular velocity to, is
/Ci).
540
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

Force.For a oassm and an acceleration o,

F=ma,
Moment of Force or Torque.If a force F acts to produce
rotation about a center at a distance d from the h'ne in which
the^ force acts, the force has a torque,
T=Fd.
Gravitation.The force of attraction between two masses,
m and m', separated by a distance r, k being the constant of
gravitation.

(If m amd m' are given in grams, and r in centimeters, F

will be in dynes if k = 6.658 X10- .)
Weight of mass m, where g is the acceleration due to gravity,
W=mg.
Acceleration Due to Gravity at any Latitude and Elevation.
If <f> is the latitude and H the elevation in centimeters the
acceleration in C. G. S. units is,
. gr=980.616 -2.5928 cos 2<^+0.0069 cos^ 20-3.086X10-8^7.
(Helmert's equation.)
Uniform Ckcular Motion.If r is the radius of a circle, s the
linear speed in the arc, wthe angular velocity and T the period
or time of one revolution, the angular velocity is,
s 2ir

The acceleration toward the center is

, 47rV
a=- =o.V=^.
The centrifugal force for a mass m,
ms^ , 4'7r^mr

Application to the SolarSystem.If M is the massof the sun,

G the constant of gravitation, P the period of the planet and
r the distance of the planet from the sun, then the mass of
the sun

((7=6.657 for C.G.S. units.)

If P is the period and r the distance of a satellite revolving

around the planet, the above expression for M gives the mass
of the planet. The formula is written on the assumption
that the orbit of the planet or satellite is circular, which is
only approximately true.
541
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
Simple Harmonic Motion.If r is the radius of the reference
circle, wthe angular velocity of the point in the circle, 6 the
angular displacement at the time t after the particle passes
the mid-point of its path, the linear displacement,
a;=r sin 0=r sin co^.

The velocity at the same instant,

V= m cos 0?= G)Vr2
The acceleration,
a=(i)2a;.

The force for a mass m, '

The period _

The Pendulum.For a simple pendulum of length 1, for a

small amplitude, the period, _
T=2ir\jj, or
For a sphere suspended by a wire of negligible mass where
d k the distance from the knife edge to the center of the sphere
whose radius is r, the length of the equivalent simple pendulum,
,2r^
l=^d-
' bd'

If the period is P for an arc 0, the time of vibration in an

infinitely small arc is approximately,

1+Jsin'|-
Fbucault's Pendulum.The rate of rotation in degrees per
hour of a Ime on the surface of the earth relative to the plane
of a Foucault's pendulum at latitude > is,
<i> = 15 sin 4>'
Work.If a force F act through a space s, the work done is

Power.If an amount of work W is done in time t the power

or rate of doing work is,

l'^ t '
542
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

Energy.^The potential energy of a mass m, raised through

a distance h, where g is the acceleration due to gravity, is
PE=mgh.
The kinetic energy of mass m, moving with a velocity v, is
KE^\mv\
Simple Machines.If a force P applied through a distance
p results in d force F through a distance/, neglectingfriction,
PV-FS- .
Mechanical advantage in the case stated above is

If the force applied to overcome friction alone is a;, the

efficiency is,
pf
^"(P+a:)p
Mass by Weighing on a Balance with Unequal Anns.If
Wi is the value for one side, W2 the value for the other, the
true mass,
W--y/WiW2,
Sensitiveness of a Balance.If w is the weight of the beam,
h the distance of the center of gravity below the knife edge,
a the length of the balance arms and x a small mass added to
one pan, the deflection d produced is given by
tan^=-^ar.
wh
Elastic Coefficients
Young's modulus by stretching.If an elongation s is pro
duced by the weight of the mass m, in a wire of length I, and
radius r, the modulus,

irr^s

Young's modulus by bending, bar supported at both ends.

If a flexure s is produced by the weight of mass m, added midway
between the supports separated by a distance Z, for a rectangular
bar with vertical dimensions of cross-secti6n a and horizontal
dimension 6, the modulus is.
_mgP
M-
4sa^b'

For a cylindrical bar of radius r,

543
 EANDBOOk OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
For a bar supported at one end. In the case of a rectangular
bar as describe above,

sa^b

For a round bar supported at one end,

Modulus of Rigidity.^If a couple C{=mgx) produces a

twist of e radians in a bar of length I and radius r, the modulus is

irr*e

Coefficient of Restitution.^Two bodies moving iii the same

straight line with velocities Vi and v% respectively^ collide and
after impact move with velocities vs and va* The coefficient
of restitution is

V2-V1

Viscosity.^Flow of liquids through a tube; where I is the

length of the tube, r its radius, t the difference of pressure at
the ends, 17 the coefficient of viscosity, the vojume escaping
per second, '
(Poiseuille.)

Rate of Fall of a Small Sphere in a Fluid.^Where V is the

maximum velocity, r the radius of the sphere, Mg the mass of
the sphere. Mi the mass of the same volimae of liquid, g the
acceleration due to gravity and 17 the coefficient of viscosity,

GTrrij
Diffusion.^If the concentration (mass of solid per unit
volmne of solution) at one surface of a layer of liquid is di,
and at the other surface dky the thickness of the layer h and the
area imder consideration A, then the mass of the substance
which diffuses through the cross-section A in time t is,

where K is the coefficient of diffusion.

Surface Tension.The total force along a line of length I
on the surfa(^ of a liquid whose surface tension is T,
F=IT.
544
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS -

Capillary TubesIf a liquid of density D rises a height

^ in a tube of internal radius r the surface tension is,
rp rhPg
. " 2 '

Pressure.^The pressure due to a force F distributed over

an area ii,

'-I-
Hydrostatic pressure on an area A at a distance h from
the surface of a liquid of density D is,
F=PA (total pressure)
Archimedes' Principle.A body of volume V immersed in
a liquidof densityD is buoyed up by a force
F = DgV,
Velocity of EflBlux of a Liquid.If h is the distance fropa the
opening to the free surface of the liquid, the velocity of
efflux is

Diminution of Pressure at the Side of a Moving Stream.

If a fluid of density d moves with a velocity v the diminution
ofpressure due to the motion is (neglecting viscosity),
p hdg = idv^,
Boyle's Law.For a perfect gas, changing from pressure p
and volume v to pressure p' and volume w' without change of
temperature,
pv=pV.
Altitudes with the Barometer.^If h and hi denote the cor
rected barometer readings at two stations, t the mean of the
temperatures h and k of the air at the two stations, ei ^d 62,
the tension of water vapor at the two stations, h the mean height
above sea level, <l> the latitude, then the difference m elevation
in centimeters is
H=1,843,OOOdog W(1+0.003670(1+0.^6^0^^^^^
where

An approximate formula, sufficient for differences not over

1000 meters is
ff=1,600,0001^(1+0.004t).
545
 HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

Heat

Thennal Expansion.^If h is the length at 0 C., a the

the coefficient of linearexpansion, the len^h at C. is,
k=^lo{l+od).
General Formula for Thermal Expansion.^The rate of
thermal expansion varies with the temperature. The general
equation giving the magnitude (length or volume) at a
temperature t, where mo is the magnitude at 0 C., is
. . .)
where a, /3, 7, etc., are empirically determined coefficients.
Volume expansion. If V represents volume and the coeffi
cient of expansion,
Fi = Fo(l+^0.
For solids, jS=3a (approximately).
Expansion of Gases.^For an original volume Fe at 0 C.
the volume at C. (at constant pressure) is
Fx = Fo(l+0.003670.
General Law for Gases:

Reduction of a Gas Volume to 0C., 760 mm. Pressure.^If

F is the original volume of a gas at temperature t and pressure
Hthe volume at 0 G. and 760 mm. pressure will be,

"(l+a0 760*
If d is the original density the density at 0 G. and 760 mm.
pressure will be,
do=d(l+a<)^,
a=0.00367 approximately.
Gas Thermometer.Where Po, Ps, and Px represent the total
pressures with the bulb at 0 G., at the boiling-point of water
and at the unknown temperature respectively, the tem
perature of steam and tx the unknown temperature,

(approximately). The total pressure on the gas in the bulb

is the sum of barometric pressure at the time and that measured
by the manometer.
546
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

Specific Heat.If a quantity of heat H calories is necessary

to raise the temperature of m grams of a substance from h
to ^2 C., the ^ecific heat, '
H

Specific Heat by the Method of Mixtures.^Where a mass

mi of the substance is heated to a temperature <i, then placed
in a mass of water rrh at a temperature h contained in a cal
orimeter with stirrer (of same material) of mass ms, specific
heat of the calorimeter c, the volume of the immersed portion
of the thermometer, U the final temperature, the specific heat
of the substance,
(m2+m3C+0.46t>)fefe)

Black's Ice Calorimeter.If a body of mass m and tem

perature t melts a mass m' of ice, its temperature being reduced
to 0 C., the specific heat of the substance is,
80.1m'
mt

Bunsen's Ice Calorimeter.A body of mass m at tepaperature

t causes a motion of the mercury column of I centimeters in
a tube whose volume per unit length is v. The specific heat is
miv
^ mt '
Conduction of Heat.If the two opposite faces of a cube
of a substance are maintained at temperatures h and <2, the
heat conducted across the cube of section a and thickness d
in a time T will be,

K ia & constant depending on the nature of the substance,

designated as the specific heat conductivity.
Wave Motion and Sound
Velocity of a Wave.The velocity of projjagation in terms
of wave length Xand period T or frequency n is,
T=|=nX.
Velocity of a transverse wave in a stretched cord. If T is
the tension of the cord and m the mass per unit length,

y m
m

547
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
Veioeity of Sound.^In terms of elasticity (bulk modulus)
E and density d,

'-Vf-
Frequency of Vibrating Strings.For a string of length I,
tension T, density d, and radius r, the frequency is, '

Organ Pipes.The frequency of vibration in a closed organ

pipe of length I, where V is the velocity of sound in air, is
V
(fundamental.)
In an open pipe^
(approximate.)
/

Velocity of sound in air at a temperature t,

y=33,136+60.7^ cm. per sec.

Static Electricity
Force between Two Charges.If two charges q and q' are
at a distance r in a vacuum, the force between them is,

r2

Field Intensity, or force exerted on unit chaise at a point

distant r from a charge g in a vacuum,

If the dielectric in the above cases is not a vacuum the

dielectric constant K must be introduced. The formulsB
become.

The value of K is frequently considered unity for air. If

the dielectric constant of a vacuum is considered unity the
value for'air at 0 C. and 760 mm. pressure is 1.000576.
Potential at a point due to a charge g at a distance r,

^'^Kf
648
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

Capacity in terms of charge and potential. A conductor

charged with a quantity g to a potential V has a capacity,

c=^
Capacity of a spherical conductorof radius r,
C=^Kr.

Capacity of two concentric spheres ofradiir and f',

rr'
C^K-

Capacity of a parallel plate condenser, the area of whose

plates is A and the distance between them d,
^KA

Magnetism

" Force between Two Magnetic Poles.--If two poles of strength.

m and m' are separated by a distance r in a medium whose
permeability isM(unity for a vacuum), the force between them is
mm'

The strength of a magnetic field at a point distant r from

an isolated pole of strength m is,
JJ-

Magnetic Moment.If the poles are separated by a distance

which is great compared with the dimensions of the magnet,
the magnetic moment of a magnet of length I whose poles have
values of and w is,
M^ml,

Couple acting on a magnet of magnetic moment mi in a

field of strength H. If the magnet is perpendicular to the
direction of the field.

If the angle between the magnet and the field is 0,

C=HmlBine,
549
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTR Y A ND PH Y8ICS

Action of One Magnet on Another.The turning mbment

experienced by a magnet of pole strength m' and length 2^'
placed at a distance r from aniJther magnet of length 21 and
pole strength m, where the center of the first magnet is on the
axis (extended) of the second and the axis of the first is per
pendicular to the axis of the second,
^ ^mmnV 2MM'
^=8-= -3-.
If the first magnet is deflected through an angle $, the expres
sion becomes,
^ 2MMr ,

Period of vibration of a magnet of magnetic moment M

and moment of inertia I vibrating in a field of strength

MH'

Magnetic Induction.^If a substance of permeability ^ is

placed in a magnetic field H the magnetic induction in the
substance,
B=nH.
If J is the magnetic momentfor unit volume,

The susceptibility,
K=^, ^=1+4tK.
Tractive Force of a Magnet.-If a magnet with induction
B has a pole face of area A the force is,

Sir
If B and A are in C. G. S. units, A will be in dynes.
Current Electricity
Ohm's Law.Current in terms of electromotive force E
and resistance B,
E

Current in a SimpleCircuit.The current in a circuitincluding

an external resistance R and a cell of electromotive forced,
and internal reistance r,
. E
' R+r
650
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
For two cells in parallel,
^. E

R+l
For two cells in series,
2E
\ 1 =
^R+2r
Resistance of a conductor at 0 C., of length Z, cross-section
s and specific resistance p,
Ro =p^' S

Resistance of a conductor at a temperature t who^ resistance

at 6 C. is Ro and whose temperature resistance coefficient is a,
Rt=Ro{l+o^t).
Resistance of Conductors in Series and ParallelThe total
resistance of any number of resistances joined in series is the
sum of the separate resistances.^ The total resistance of con
ductors in parallel whose separate resistances are n, r2, n,
, . , is ^ven by the formula
1=1+1+1.. .+1.
B riT^ Ti Ta

R is the total resistance.

For two terms this becomes.

ri+r2

r Wheatstone's Bridge.If the resistances n, r2, ra, and n

form the arms of a Wheatstone's bridge in order as the cu-cuit
(omitting cell and galvanometer connections) is traced, when
the bridge is b^anced,
or
ri rz n rz

Heat Effect.^The heat in calories developed in a circuit

by an electric current i flowing through a resistance r for
a time t is,
TJ
"4.18 4.18*
Electromagnetic Field.The intensity of the magnetic field
at the center of a circular conductor of radius r in which a
current t flqwing is,
hJ^. r

55i
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
, If the circular coil has n turns, the magnetic intensityat the
center is,

Tangent Galvanometer.tangent galvanometer with n

turns, of radius r, in the earth's field H, has a deflection $,
The current flowing is,
' Hr, ^

li =G (the galvanometer constant),

t=^tan^.
Electrolysis.^If a cmrent i flows for a time t and deposits
a metalwhose electrochemical equivalent is e,the mass deposited
m^eU.

Li^
Spherical Mirrors.If R is the radius of curvature, F
principal focus, and/i and/2any two conjugate focal distances,
1-1-1=1=2
/i72 f r'
Lenses.^For a single thin lens whose surfaces have radii
of curvature n and r2, whose principal focus is F, the index
of the fraction n and conjugate focal distances /i andft,

Radius of Curvature from Spherometer Readings.^If I is the

me^ length of the sides of the triangle formed by the points
of the three legs, d the sphejometer-reading, the radius of cur
vature of the surface is

Index of Refraction.^If i is the angle of incidence, r the

angle of refraction, v the velocity of light in the first medium,
v' the velocity in the second medium, the index ofrefr^tion w,
sin i _v
sin
For a prism of angle A where light passes at the a-Tigla of
minimum deviationD, the index of refraction,
^=siniyy^
siniA '
552
 HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

Reflection of Light by a Transparent Medium in Air, (Fresnera

Formulse).^If i is the angle of incidence, r the angle of refrac
tion, ni the index of refraction for air (nearly equal to unity),
ngindex of refraction for a medium, then the ratio of the reflected
light to the incident light is.
sin^ r)^tan^ (ir)'
2Lsin2 (i+r) tan2<i+r)J*
If f=0 (normal incidence), and ni = l (approximate for
air).

Diffraction Grating.^If s is the distance between the rulings,

d the angle of diffraction, then the wave length where the
angle of incidence is 90 is (for the nth order spectrum),
^ s sin

If i is the angle of incidence, d the angle of diffraction, s the

distance between the rulings, n the order of the spectrum,
the wave length is,
X=-(sini+sind).
n

Specific Rotation.If there are n grams of active substance

in Vcubic centimeters of solution and the light passes through
I centimeters, r being the observed rotation in degrees, the
specific rotation (for 1 centimeter),

553
 LABORATORY ARTS AND RECIPES
ACID PROOF WOOD STAIN
Solution No. 1 Solution No. 2
125 grams of copper sulphate 150 grams of good fresh anilin oil
125 grams of potassium chlorate 180 grams of concentrated hydrochloric acid
1000 grams of water 1000 grams of water
Wood must be free from paint, varnish, grease or chepiicals.
Apply two coats of solution No. 1 boiling hot with a paint brush,
allowing each coat to dry thoroughly before the next coat is
applied. Then apply two coats of solution No. 2 in the same
way. When the woodis completely dried wash off excess chemi
cals with hot soapsuds. Finish with raw linseed oil. Polish
comes from rubbing the oil down well with a cloth or sponge.
Whenever the tables get dingy again go over them with a coat
of linseed oil and rub smooth.
BLUE PRINT PAPER, Formula for Sensitizing
Solution A: Water .:
Iron and ammonium citrate 10. grams, 1.7 oz.
Solution B: Water 50. c.c., 8.5 oz.
Pota^ium ferricyanide 8. grams, 1.4 oz.
Filter separately. The solutions, which may be preserved
separately for some time, are best kept in the dark. For use,
mix, in a dark room or by an artificial Hght of low intensity,
equal quantities of the two solutions.
Any non-absorbent paper may be sensitized by brus^g the
solution over it rapidly with a soft, wide, flat brush, going over
the surface twice, the second coat being applied in a direction
at right angles to the first. An alternative method is lower
the paper, beginning at one edge, on to the surface of the solu
tion in a tray and allowit to float for a few seconds. Care must be
taken to exclude air bubbles. After sensitizing by either method,
the paper ^ould be hung by one edge in a darkroom to dry. ^
CEMENTS
Glues of all kinds are useful for wood, leather, paper and
glass, where the joints are not required to be waterproof.
For waterproof joints of nearly all substances, including
metals, shellac may be used. Flakes of solid shellac may be
used with heat or it may be used as a solution in alcohol.
*Kotinsky cement, Chatterton's compound and other resinous
cements are used for similar purposes and in the same way as
solid shellac. Glass cells made up with compounds of this nature
may be made impervious to alcohol by painting over the joints
with a rubber cement made by melting up small pieces of rubber
tubing and adding carbon disulphide to make a thin syrup.
For celluloid a cement made by dissolving celluloid shavings
in acetone is recommended.
Brass fittings are usually cemented on glass tubing with
sealing wax. The glass tube should be waund with thread or
twine to secure a close fit. The glass and the brass fitting
should be warmed slightly above the melting-point of wax.
(Thick, or pressed glass should be warmed slowly.) Wax may
be appliedto both parts and the thread well saturated with the
melted wax. Enough should be used to insure filling the space
554
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

completely. Join the parts while the wax is very soft and clamp
in position until it is thoroughly cold.
For optical purposes, cementing glass, etc.,^ Canada balsam
is universally employed, and makes a permanent and nearly
invisible joint.
CLEANING MERCURY
Mercury may be cleaned sufficiently for many laboratory
purposes without distilling. Allow the mercury to fall in a fine
spray-into a quantity of dilute niferic acid, 25 parts of acid to
75 parts distilled water. After being passed through the acid
one or more times it should be passed through distilled water
and dried. Most of the water may be removed with a clean
filter, and the mercury heated in a porcelain dish to about
110 C. To produce the spray the stem of a glass funnel may
be drawn down so as to leave only a small opening for the escape
of mercury or a glass tube with a capillary point attached to a
funnel with a tightly fitting rubber tube.
A three- to four-foot length of one-inch g^ass tube closed at
one end and supported in a vertical position may be used to
contain the acid solution. If a small glass tube be fused into
the lower closed end of the large tube, and bent so as to stand
up for a distance a httle greater than 1/13.6, the column of acid
solution in the large tube, a U-tube is formed in which a short
column of mercury supports the long column of acid solution.
The end of the small tube should be bent over at the top
so as to facilitate the delivery of the mercury and a short piece
of clean rubber tubing with a pinch-cock put on at the start;
as soon as mercury enough has collected in the bottom of the
tube the pinch-cock may be opened. The mercury will rise
nearly or quite to the top of the small tube, and as the quantity
increases will be delivered from the small tube as fast as it falls
in the spray.
The reversed end of the small tube should be short to avoid
forming a siphon, which would completely empty the apparatus.
An efficient procedure, especially if the mercury is greasy,
consists in spraying the mercury by means of the above appa
ratus, first, through a dilute solution (10%) of potassium hy
droxide, then through dilute nitric acid (10-15%) and finally
through distilled water.

CLEANING OPTICAL SURFACES FOR SILVERING

(From Miller's Laboratory Physics, Ginn & Co., publishers, by permission.)
Probably the most important part of the silvering process is
the proper cleamng of the surface to be silvered.
The surface is thoroughly cleaned of grease or other Organic
matter by the usual methods, using alcohol or chromic acid.
Then it should be carefully cleaned with strong nitric acid,
the whole surface being firmly rubbed with pure cotton tied to
a rod of wood or glass. Care should be takeii not to injure the
surface. Rinse with water, and then wash the surface thor
oughly with a strong solution of caustic potash, rubbing with a
555
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

cotton brush as before. Finally, rinse with dis^tilled water,

and keep the surface wet until it is placed in the silvering solu
tion. If the distilled water wets the whole surface uniformly
the cleaning may be sufficient; if it does not wet uniformly, the
operations must be repeated. The fingers should not touch
the edges of the glass during the latter cleaning operations,
as a layer of organic matter is apt to spread over the surface
and render the silvering uneven.
Dr. Brashear recommends that the surface, after the washings
described above, be rubbed with prepared chalk on a cotton
wad until it is thoroughly dry and clean. It may then be put
into the silvering solution at one's convenience.
COLORED LIQUIDS
For rendering columns of water easily visible, add a few
drops of one per cent alcoholic solution of fluorescein to a liter
of water. The dilute solution of fluorescein is bright green by
reason of its fluorescence, although colorless by transmitted
light.
A small quantity of an aqueous (1%) solution of uranine
(the sodium salt of fluorescein) may be used in place of the
alcoholic solution mentioned above.
If solutions showing color by transmission are desired, dilute
aqueous may be made with any of the following dyes:
Dye Color
Erythrosine Pink
Eosine Pink (green fluorescence)
Rhodamine B Pink (red fluorescence)
Ponceau 2R Scarlet
Naphthol green Green
Methylene green Bluish green
Methylene blue Blue
Methyl violet Purple
CROSS HAIRS
The spider lines which serve as an index in reading telescopes
may be quickly replaced in an emergency by single silk fibers
(from ordinary sewing silk) attached by soft wax. Single fibers
may easily be removed from an untwisted strand.
Spider web should be used in permanent work. The fibers
of the egg nest of certain species are employed and may be ob
tained of most dealers in scientific apparatus. In mounting
them the following suggestions may be useful: The cross hair
diaphragm of the telescope should be removed and clamped in
a horizontal position. A bow of brass wire, about No. 28,
should be employed to stretch the fiber. A background of black
velvet makes the fibers more easily visible. With soft wax
or other convenient adhesive ready on both tips of the bow,
a fiber of the required length is to be disentangled with tweezers
and wrapped several times about the ends of the bow under
tension sufficient to straighten the fiber. The fiber, now con-
656
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

veniently handled by the wire bow, should be cautiously lowered

onto the diaphragm in the proper position, the wire left h^ging.
A small drop of shellac varnish applied at each side will hold
the fiber in position as soon as it is thoroughly dry, after which
the tods of the fiber should be cut away.
FLUORESCENT SCREENS
For observations of the ultra-violet spectrum, moisten a smaU
quantity of anthracene with water and brush a thin layer over
a ground-glass surface. On drying most of the anthracene will
adhere to the glass. The prepared surface should be placed
so as to receive the radiation directly, glass being comparatively
opaque to the shorter wave lengths.
GLASS-GRINDING FLUID
Turpentine 45 c.cm.
Ether (ethyl oxide) 22.5 c.cm.
Camphor gum 31 grams
To be used with powdered emery for grinding glass.
For smoothing edges a sheet of emery cloth moistened with
the above solution may be used.
Plane surfaces should be ground on thick plate glass.
For grinding g\ass stoppers use coarse emery, turn in one
direction, finish with fine emery.
LABELS _FOR BOTTLES
Ordinary gummed labels written upon, preferably, with India
ink, may be protected after being gummed to the bottle by a coat
of lacquer or varnish. A more complete protection is obtained
by painting the label, after it is in place, with melted paraffin.
MIRRORS FOR SPECTROMETER ADJUSTMENT
A small square of thick plate glass with edges ground smooth
and silvered on one surface affords a means of accurate adjust
ment.
To avoid ^e necessity of frequently resilvering, which aris^
where the mirrors are in constant use, the following course is
suggested:
From selected German plate mirror 2 to 3 mm. thick, cut
two pieces of the same size, say 4X5 cm. Remove the pro
tective layer of varnish or paint from both pieces by soaking
in alcohol and rubbing with cotton, being careful not to inji^e
the silver surface. From one piece remove every trace of varnish
oKsh the silver surface thus exposed
by stroking lightly with a chamois rouge pad. From the other
piece remove the silver by nitric acid, wash thoroughly in dis
tilled water and dry. Cement the clear piece on the silver face
of the other with Canada balsam. This is accomplished by
placing two or three drops of Canaxla balsam in xylol (ob
tained in collapsible tubes) on the center of the silver face, and
557
 BANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

evenly lowering upon it the clear glass. The balsam should

spr^d rapidly to the edges of the plates. Minute bubbles of
air in the balsam film are harinless; if large bubbles are present
the plates should be slipped apart, cleaned with alcohol and the
process repeated.
The balsam will be sufficiently hard in a few days to allow
the excess to be scraped from the edges and the plates bound
together with lantern slide binding strip. Gentle heat may b
used to harden the balsam more rapidly.
POLARITY TEST PAPER
Dissolve one gram of phenolphthalein in a small quantity
of alcohol. Add the solution of phenolphthalein to 100 c.cm.
of a 10 per cent solution of potassium chloride in distilled water.
Filter paper should be soaked in the solution and dried. A
strip of paper moistened with water and placed in contact with
the two terminals will show a bright red stain at the negative
terminaL
SILVERING GLASS
Brashear's Process
(From Miller's Laboratory Physics, Ginn & Co., publishers, by permission.)
Two solutions are required, one, the reducing solution, should
be prepared at least a week before it is used, and it may be
made in large (quantity and kept in stock with advantage; the
other solution is to be prepared when used.
Reducing Solution
Distilled water 700 c.cm.
Pure sugar (loaf, granulated or'rock candy). 80 g.
When dissolved add
Alcohol 175 c.cm.
Strong nitric acid (sp. gr. 1.42) 3 c.cm.
Add water to make 1000 c.cm.
For silvermg, the mirror may rest face up on the bottom of
a suitable dish* it may stand on edge, or be supported in any
manner, face downward, dipping into the upper part of the
solution. In the latter case, the mirror may be fastened with
wax to a stick laid across the dish, or it may be supported on
glass feet or on paraffined wood wedges. Dr. Brashear recom-
niends that the mirror, if round, formthe bottom of the silvering
dish, whichis completed by wrappinga strip of paraffined paper
around the edge of the mirror, this being held In place by rubber
bands or fastened with several wrappings of cord.
Having selected a dish and support for the mirror, measure
with water the quantity of solution that will be required to
make a layer a centimeter or two thick over the surface to
be silvered. For each 150 c.cm. of final solution, 1 g. of
silver nitrate and 0.5 g. of caustic potash (purified by alcohol)
will be required. Dissolve the silver and potash separately,
using quantities of waterof the proportion of 100 c.cm. to 1 g.
558
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
of the solid. Ordinary graduates or flasks are the most con
venient form of vessel in which to mix the solutions. Into the
silver nitrate solution pour a few drops of dilute aqua ammonia.
The solution will turn to a dark brown color; add ammonia
little by little tiU the precipitate is nearly but not quite r^
dissolved. Now add the potash solution, when a precipitate
will again beformed. This isto benearly, but not entirely, re-
dissolved by the addition of more ammonia, a few (kops being
sufficient this time. After the ammonia has been added shake
or stir the solution well and wait a minute or two to be certain
that it does not entirely clear. If by chancetoo much arnmonm
haabeen used, a little silver nitrate is to be dissolved and added,
a few drops at a time, till a permanent precipitate is formed.
This excess of silver must be present, the solution showing a
decided brown tint. The solution may be filtered, though
usually this is not necessary. ^ . x x
A quantity of reducing solution equal to about a wenty-nttn
part of the solution just prepared is measur^ out. Themirror,
having been properly cleaned and rinsed with distilled water, is
placed in position. The reducing solution is poured into the
Slver and potash solution, and mixed by a quick shaking of
the graduate or stirring with a glass rod; the whole is then
poured into the dish. If the mirror is immersed face down,
care is necessary to remove air bubbles; the mirror may well be
immersed after the solution is in, being dipped in at one side
first. If the mirror is at the bottom of the dish, after cleaning
it is covered with a thin layer of water, and the prepared solu
tions are poured into the dish without further trouble. In
the latter case the dish must be rocked during the time of de-
^ The solution soon turns toablack color, which inafew minutes
willturn to a brown; and when it becomes a light gray and the
precipitate is flocculent, which may be in ten or fifteen minutes,
the operation is at an end. If the mirror is allowed to remain
in the solution too long, the surface wiU have a bleached appear
ance, which polishing wiU hardly remove Remove the mmor,
rinse with water, and carefully wipe off the sedimient with a
tuft of absorbent cotton. It is then set on edge to dry; a rins
ing with alcohol will facilitate the drying, or aU water m^ be
safely taken up by pressing clean blottingpaperoverthe surface.
When dry, the surface may be pohshed, if necessary, ^th a
small pad of chamois leather stuffed with cotton, on which is
spread a little rouge. Sma;ll, circular strokes of the pad, with
Imht pressure, will soon bring out the deep luster of the silver.
A uniform temperature of the bath and the glass, of about
20 is essential to success. , j i .1.
Since fulminating silver is liable to be produced by tne action
of ammoniaon silver oxide, especially in a warm room, all solu
tions should be thrown away as soon as the silvering operation
is completed. The used solutions may be poured into^a large
jar, in which is thrown some conimon salt; this causes the sil's^r
to be precipitated as the chloride, and about .90 per cent of the
original silver may be recovered.
559

V
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

RocHELXiE Salts Process

(From Miller's Laboratory Physics, Ginn & Co., publishers, by permission.)
For depositing the uniform thin film of silver required on the
half-silvered glass of the interferometer, the following method
islmore siutable than the one described above, as the silver is
deposited more slowly. If a thick film is desired, two or more
successive deposits may be made, each of which may require an
hour's time.
Dissolve 5 g. of silver nitrate in 300 c,cm. of distilled water,
and add dilute aqua ammonia until the precipitate formed is
nearly, hut not entirely, redissolved in the manner explained in
the preceding method. Filter the solution and add water to
make 500 c.cm.
Dissolve one g. of silver nitrate in a small quantity of water
and pour into about half a liter of boiling water; dissolve 0.83 g.
of Rochelle salts in a small quantity of water, and add to the
boiling solution. Continue the boiling for half an hour, till the
gray precipitate collects as a powder in the bottom of the flask.
Filter hot, and add water to make 500 c.cm.
These solutions may be kept in the dark for a month or two.
For silvering, equal volumes of the two solutions are mixed,
and the glass is supported in the mixture in whatever fashion
is convenient. Various methods are mentioned in the preceding
article. The thickest possible deposit may require an hour's
time. A second deposit may be made upon the first if necessary
to secure the desired thickness. The drying and polishing may
be carried out as described above.
A half-silvered film will be produced in about a minute; only
experience can determine when the proper thickness has been
secured. The glass appears as though it were very lightly
smoked. A film that reflects a little more than half the light
incident at 45 is desirable for interferometer use. A simple
method of testing is to look at two similar gas flames, one seen
through the film and the other seen reflected by it. It is well
to silver at once all four surfaces of the two plane-parallel plates
of the interferometer and to select for use that fihn which is of
the proper and most uniform thickness.

SOAP SOLUTION FOR SOAP FILM EXPERIMENTS

Pure castile or palm-oil soap 1 oz.

Distilled water. 8oz.
Pure glycerine 4 oz.
Cut the soap in thin shavings and dissolve in the water.
When the solution is complete, add the glycerine and mix very
thoroughly. On standing the liquid becomes clear at the bot
tom. The clear portion may conveniently be removed by a
siphon and preserved indefinitely.
560
 BANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

SODIUM LIGHT
Paperis to be soaked in a saturated solution of common salt,
borax or other salt of sodium, and dried. When wrapped around
a Bunsen burner, secured by a twist of wire and pushed up into
the edge of the flame, a sodiumflame of considerable intensity
is obtained. As the ash of the paper breaks away it must be
occasionally raised. Lithium chteide may be used in place of
or with sodium salt to give the lithium line for spectrometric
measurement. Sheet asbestos (thin) may replace the paper if
convenient.
SOLDERS

Composition by weight.
Tem Metals for Flux com
perature which it is monly used.
Cop Sil of fusion, used.
Lead. Tin Zinc. Gold.
per. ver.

1 1 ..
188 C. Lead Tallow
3 5 ... 176 Zinc Zinc chloride
with 25%
HCl
2 5 . . . 170 Copper Zinc chloride
brass (neutral) or
resiil
Iron Zinc chloride
or ammo
nium chloride
2 1 Iron or cop- Borax
per
55 45 ... 880 Iron, copper Borax
or brass
4.5 0.5 15.0 1005 Iron, copper Borax
or gold
6.5 2.0 11.0 983 Iron, copper Borax
or gold
4 6 10 Gold

STOPCOCK GREASE :
Vaseline 16 parts
Pure gum rubber 8 parts
Paraffin 1 part
Melt all together. More paraffin may be added if the com-
poimd is not stiff enough.
UNIVERSAL WAX
A soft wax useful in the laboratory may be made by
_jlting
meltin together paraffin, vaseline and paraffin oil in various
proportions according to the pliability desired.
(2) Another authority recommends equal quantities of bees
wax and tu]^entine (by weight). It is customary to color the
wax by adding finely-powdered Venetian red.
(3) Melt together 1 part of Venice turpentine and 5 parts of
beeswax. Color with vermilion.
561
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHOTOGRAPHIC FORMULiE
Developers for Plates and Films
Note. Pure water, preferably distilled, should be used in
all solutions. Chemicals should be dissolved in the order given.
The abbreviation anhy." is iised in connection with so^um
sulphite and carbonate to indicate the anhydrous or dried salt.
If crystals are used about twice the quantity is necessary.

Amidol (Diamidophenol)
1
Amidol 2-3 gr. 4.5-7 gm.
Sodium sulphite, anhy 12 29 gm.
Water:..... 1 oz. 1000 cc.
Solution mixed as above will keep about one week.

2
Stock solution of sodium sulphite:
Sodium sulphite, anhy 2 oz. ioo gm.
Potassium metabisulphite 0.5 oz. 25 gm.
Water 20 oz. 1000 cc.
Boil after dissolving in warm water. Developer is made
when needed by adding dry amidol to the stock solution of
sulphite which keeps for a long period:
Stock solution of sodium sulphite 2 oz. 200 cc.
Water.. 10 oz. 4.5-7 gm.
Amidol. 20-30 gr. 1000 cc.
Elon. See under Metol-Hydroquimme

Gltcin
Boiling water 4 oz. 1000 cc.
Sodium sulphite, anhy. 1.25 oz. 312 gm.
When dissolved add:
Glycin 1 oz. 250 gm.
Slowly add:
Potassium carbonate (dry) 5 oz. 1250 gm.
Forms thick cream; for use, shake and dilute with water.
Normal, 1 oz. stock solution to 15 oz. Water; for less contrast
use more water up to 30 oz.
Keeps indefinitely in stock solution, slow acting, free from
stmn.
m
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHOTOGRAPHIC FORMULA (Continued)

Hydroqxjinone
1
Normal developer:
'^ater. 20 oz. 1000 cc.
Hydroquinone ^oc
Sodium sulphite, anhy.. 0.75 oz. 38 gm.
Sodixmi carbonate, anhy 1.5 oz. 75 gm.
Becomes inert below 16 C. (60 F.). Is a rather slow de-
veloper. 2
Solution A:-
Woter 20 oz. 1000cc.
Hydroquinone....... 160 gr.
Sodium sulphite, anhy 1 oz. ^2
atricacid 60 gr. 7^.
Potassium bromide 40 gr. 4.5 gm.
Solution iB:
Sodium hydroxide (stick) ^52 i
Water. . 20 oz. 1000 c.c.
For use take A, 1 oz.; B, 1 oz.; water, 2 oz.
A more rapid developer than No. 1 but tends to great density
in high lights.
3
Developer for process work:
Solution A:
Wofer 40 oz. 1000 cc.
Hytoquinone::: :: lo^. 25 gm.
Potassium metabisulphite 1 oz. 25 gm.
Potassium bromide 1 oz. 25 gm.
Solution B:
, 40 oz. 1000 cc.
Potassium hydroxide (caustic potash) . 2 oz. 50gm.
To develop use equal parts A and B. Will develop m 3
minutes at 65 F. (18 C.). Inert^below 55 F Use developer
once only; if yellow stainoccurs reduce brpmide to half quantity.,
Metol - ^
Water, warm
Metdl! 17gm.
Sodium sulphite, anhy i rI
Sodium carbonate, anhy. ^15
Potassium bromide 1" Sna*
Always dissolve metol first. ^ ^ -x . c i
For use dilute with equal part water for portraiture; for land
scape use two parts of water to one of stock solution, uives
detail without density except by prolonged development.
663
 HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHOTOGRAPHIC FORMULiE (Continued)

MBTOI/-HTDROQmNONB
Note: Elon may be used with hydroquinone in place of
metol,m equal quantity. m piace oi
Solution A:
Dissolve in the order given:
El;:;:;::;:;:;:::::;::;::;---
Hydroquinone 120 S* 71
Sodium sulphite, anhy ; 2S*. J
Solution B:

SSn carbonate; ^y.:

For use take A, 4 oz.; B, 1oz.; water, 4 oz.
Factor 15

Monombt ^

Monomet ... 20
20 oz.
gr. 1000
2.2 cc.
gm.
Soium sulphite, anhy 120 gr. 14 Im.
Sodium carbonate, anhy 120 gr. 14em
Potassium bromide, 10% sol.. 20-40 drops 2-4cc.'
Use 1 part stock solution with 1 part water; gives soft nega
tives. -

Monomet-Hydroquinonb
W^ter 20 oz. lOOOcc.
Monomet 16 gr. 2 gm.
Hydroquinone 32gr. 4 gm.
Sodium sulphite, anhy 120 gr. 14 gm!
Sodium carbonate, anhy 120 gr. 14gm.
Potassium bromide, 10% sol 20 drops 2-4 cc.
For use take one part stock solution with one part water.

, . Ortol
Solution A:
sr. 16 gm.
Potassium metabisulphite 70 gr. 8 gm.
Cold water 20 oz. 1000 cc.
Solution B:
Sodium carbonate, anhy 1.25 oz. 63 gm.
Sodium sulphite, anhy 1.75 oz. 88 gm.
Potassiumbromide 10-20 gr. 1.1-2.3gm.
W^ater. 20 oz. 1000 cc.
For rapid developer take A, 1 part; B, 1 part. For slower,
softer dev^opment take A, 1 part; B, 1 part; water, 1 part.
564
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHOTOGRAPHIC FORMXJLiE (Continued)

Paramidophenol
Water, boiling 20 oz. 1000 cc.
Potassium metabisulphite 6 oz. 300 gm.
Paramidophenol 2 oz. 100 gm.
Add sodium or potassiimi hydroxide in small quantities to
dissolve the precipitate first formed.
For use take 1 part stock solution with 20 parts water.

Ptro
1
Solution A:
-^ater 16 oz. 455 cc.
Oxalic acid: 1? gr. OJ8-
Pyrogallic acid 1 oz. 28gm.
Solution B:
^2i,teT 16 oz. 455 cc.
Sodium sulphite, anhy 2 oz. 57 gm.
Solution C :
ipyater 16 oz. 455 cc.
Sodium carbonate, aiihy 1 oz- 28 gm.
For immediate use mix 1 part each of A, B and C with 10
parts water. ^ ..r.
Factor 12

2
Hurter and Driffield standard developer for plate testing:
Pyro ! 8p^s
Sodium sulphite, crystal 40 "
Sodium carbonate, crystal 40
Water to make.
Factors

If the imagefirst appears after immersion in the developer for

a certain time, then this period of time multipliedby the " factor "
forthe particulardeveloper usedwill give the total time required
for full, normal development. The factor for the degree of
development desired may well be determined by experiment;
the following are suggested.
Amidol, 2 gr. per oz.. 18
Glycin..... ^12
Hydroquinone. 42^5
Metol-hydroquinone 14
Ortol..:..r!^. ^ 10
666
 HANDBOOK OF CB^MISTBY AND PBYSICS

PHOTOGRAPHIC FORMULA(Contiaued)
Pyro, without bromide:
Igr.peroz 18
2 " " " 12
3 " - lo
4 " " " Q
5 " " " e
With 1 part bromide to 4 parts pyro:
1 gr. pyro per oz 9
2 " " " " K
34 ">; ")} ff" ".!..!!.!.!!!
}} 41
^2
FORMULA FOR TANK DEVELOPMENT
1
Water........ 48 oz. 1360 cc.
Sodium sulphite, anhy 115 gr. 7.5 gm.
Sodium carbonate, anhy. 90 gr. 5.8 gm.
45 gr. 2.9 gm.
Dissolveimmediately before use. Use full strength.
Develop 15 minutes at 65 F. (18 C.).

SolutionA: ^
Water 16 oz. 455 cc.
Oxalic acid lo gr. 0.65 gm.
Pyro 1 oz. 28 gm.
Solution B:
Water... 16 oz. 456 cc.
Sodium sulphite, anhy 3 oz. 85 gm.
Solution C:
Water... 16 oz. 456 cc.
Sodium carbonate, anhy.. 1 oz. 28 gm.
For use take A, 1 part; B, 1 part; C, 1 part; water, 61 parts.
Develop 30 minutes at 65 F. (18 C.) for best results.
For temperature 60 F. develop 35 min.
" 65 F. " 30 "
" " 70 F. " 25 "

Stock solution: ^
Pot water (200 F.). . 60 oz. 1700 cc.
Sodium carbonate, anhy. 2 oz. 57 gm.
Glycin. 0.5 oz. 14 gm.
Sodium sulphite, anhy 0.5 oz. 14 gm.
Dissolve in order. For use take stock solution, 6 parts:
water, 58 parts.
For temperature 60 F. develop 30 minutes.
" " 65 F. " 25 "
3f jy 70 F. " 20 "
666
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PHOTOGRAPHIC FORMUL- (Continued)

DEVELOPER FOR LANTERN SLIDES
1
Water 20 oz. 568 cc.
Hydroquinone 60 gr. 3.9 gm.
Sodium sulphite, anhy.. 120 gr. 7.8 gm.
Potassium bromide 6 gr. 0.4 gm.
Citric,acid 6 gr. 0.4 gm.
Sodium carbonate, anhy 1 oz. ' 28 gm.
Use full strength.
2
Solution A:
Water 24 oz. 682 cc.
Sodium sulphite, anhy 3 oz. 85 gm.
Hydroquinone 150 gr. 9.7 gm.
Solution B:
Water 16 oz. 455 cc.
Potassium carbonate, anhy 2 oz. 57 gm.
Potassium bromide. 15 gr. 1 gm.
For use take A, 3 parts; B, 2 parts.

FIXING BATHS FOR PLATES OR FILMS

A. Water (1 gallon) 128 oz. 3600 cc.
Hypo (sodium thiosulphate) 32 oz. 850 gm.
B. Water 32 oz. 852 cc.
Sodium sulphite, anhy 3 oz. 85 gm.
Sulphuric acid, C. P.. - - 0.5 oz.
Chrome alum, powd.. 2 oz. 56 gm.
Note: Be sure to mix Solution B exactly in given propor
tions and rotation. . xj
Always pour B into A while stirrmg well. If this is not done
precipitation will take place. i. a i x- t> "
During the cold season one half the quantity of ooiution 13 is
sufl&cient for full quantity of Solution A. j- i
This bath remains clear after frequent use, does not discolor
the negatives and hardens the film to such a degree that the nega
tives can be washed in warm water and dried by artmcial heat
if necessary. They should be left in the bath ten to twenty
utes after the bromide of silver appears to have been dissolved,
to insure permanency, freedom from stain ^nd perfect hardemng.
If the bath becomes exhausted by continued use, replace it
by a new one. ,^. , i.
It is not advisable to use this bath, which contains sulphunc
acid, in metal developing tanks.
567
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND RHYSICS

PHOTOGRAPHIC FORMULAE (Continued)

PLAIN FIXING BATH
Water . . . . . . . . 32 oz. 852 cc.
Hypo (sodium thiosulphate) ........ 8 oz. 227 gm.
Do not use the bath when it is discolored: it must be made-
fresh each day.

INTENSIFICATION
Prepare the following solution, which will keep and work well
until exhausted. _
No. 1. Water. . . 16 oz. 455 cc.
Mercuric chloride, HgCh 120 gr. 7.8gm.
Potassium bromide 120 gr. 7.8gm.
No. 2. Number 2 should be mixed fresh.
Water... 8 oz. 227 cc.
Sodium sulphite, anhy 1 oz. 28 gm.
After the negative is well fixed and washed, immerse in No. 1
until it has become thoroughly whitened, and after rinsing care
fully placeit in No. 2, leavingit there imtil entirely cleared. In
case suflficient intensification has not been gained, wash for ten
niinutes, repeat the operation and finally wash well. If after
intensification the negative is too dense it may be reduced by
placingit for a few seconds in water 16 oz., hypo 1 oz.
If the negative has not been thoroughly fixed and washed be
fore intensification, stains will ensue.

REDUCTION
A. Water .. ..... ... 16 oz. .455 cc.
Hypo (sodium thiosulphate) 1 oz. 28 gm.
B. Water..., 16 oz. 455cc.
Potassium femcyamde 1 oz. 28 gm.
As t^ solution is affected by fight, the bottle containing it
sho^d be of amber color or wrapped in opaque paper and kept
m the dark when not in use.
Mix for inamediate use:

^'" " parts

^ 1 part
Usein subdued daylight.
The negative can be placed in this solution directly after fix-
mg. n a d^ negative isto bereduced, it must besoaked inwater
tor at least half an hour before applying the solution. To avoid
Str^ks, always nnsethe negative before holding it up for exami
nation. As soon as sufficiently reduced wash thoroughly.
 " HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

IRON CLEARING SOLUTION

' To remove yellow stain caused by pyro or hydroquinone
developer, wash well to free from hypo and place in
Water... 20 oz. 568 cc.
Ferrous sulphate, ptire 3 oz. 85 gm.
Sulphuric acid, C. P. 1 oz. 28 gm.
Powdered alum 1 oz. 28 gm.
until stain is gone, then wash well.

DEVELOPERS FOR GASLIGHT PAPERS

Hydro-Metol
1
Water. 16 oz. 455 cc.
Metol 18 gr. 1.2 gm.
Hydroquinone 18 gr. 1.2 gm.
Sodium sulphite, dry 204 gr. 13 gm..
Sodium carbonate, dry......... 408 gr. 26 gm.
Potassium bromide. . 10 gr. 0.6 gm.
If the whites fail to develop without fog, 10% potassium
bromide solution may be added, a few drops at a time, until the
desired results are obtained.
2
Water (soft or distilled) 40 oz. 1000 cc.
Metol... 15 gr. 1 gm.
Sodium sulphite (dried powd.) 1 oz. 28 gm.
Hydroquilione 60 gr. . 4 gm.
Sodium carbonate (dried powd.)...... f oz. 21 gm.
Potassium bromide (10% solution) 40 drops 40 drops
Fixing Bath
Water 64 oz.
Hypo. 16 oz.
Dissolve, then add the following acid hardener: ^
Water * 5 oz.
Sodium sulphite (dried powd.) I oz.
Acetic acid, 25 % 3 oz.
Alum (powd.) I oz.
This fixing bath is also excellent for dry plates and films, and
will keep indefinitely before using; therefore it can be made up
some time in advance. One pint of the bath should fix at least
fifty 4 X 5 prints. The acid fixing bath can be used repeatedly.
It keeps with but little care. It wiU by degrees become
by the gradual addition of developer adhering to the prints. It
should be discarded entirely when it becomes frothy, and a fresh
bath prepared.
DIAPHRAGM NUMBERS
U. S. 1 equals F/4 U. S. 32 equals F/22
" 4 F/8 " 64 " F/32
" 8 F/11 " 128 " F/45
" 16 " F/16 " 256 " F/64
569
 MEASURES AND UNITS
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

U. S. System
Length

Inches. Feet. Yards. Rods. MUes.

12 1
36 3 1
198 16 51 1
5280 1760 320 1 .

1 fathom = 6 feet
1 furlong=40 rods=660 feet
1 knot or nautical mile = 1.15 statute miles = 1' of arc on the
earth's surface at the equator
1 surveyor's chain =66 feet = 100 links (each link=7.92 inches)
1 engineer's chain = 100 feet = 100 links
1 mil = .001 inch

Area

Square Square Square Square Acres.

inches. feet. yards. rods.

144 1
1296 9 1
272J 30i 1
.43560 4840 160 1

1 square mile=640 acres

1 acre = 10 square chains (surveyor's)
1 scl. mil= .000001 sq.in.
I circular mil == .000000785 sq.in. (area of a circle whose diameter
is one mil)

VOLITMB

1728 cubic inches=1 cubic foot

27 cubic feet =1 cubic yard
$70
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES (Continued) '

U. S. System (Continued)
Liquid Measure

Gills. Pints. Quarts. Gallons. Cubic inches.

4 1 28.38
8 2 1 57.75
32 8 4 1 231,

1 hogshead=63 gallons
1 tun=252 gallons
1 British imperial gallon=277.3 cu.in. = 1.2 U. S. gallons
Apothecaries' Fluid Measure
Minims Fluid drams Fluid punces Pints Gallons
(**1). (f3). (f5). (o). (c).

60 1
480 8 -1
7680 128 16 1
128 8 1

Dry Measure

Pints. Quarts. Pecks. Bushels. Cubic inches.

2 1 67.2
16 8 1! 537.6
32 4 1 2150.4

1 British imperial bushel=2218.2 cu.in. = 1.03 U. S. bushels

1 cord = 128 cu.ft.
Mass
Note.Three systems are in useavoirdupois, troy and apothecaries*.
The grain is the same in all.
AvoirdupoisCommercial

drains. Drams. Ounces. Pounds. Tons.

27.34 1
437.5 16 1
7000. 256 16 1
2000 1

1 long ton =2240 lbs. =20 hundred weight (long)

1 hundred weight (short measure) = 100 lbs.
1 pound avoirdupois= the mass of 27.70 cu.in. of water weighed
in air at 35.85 F. barometer pressure 30 in. of mercury.
571
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES (Contintted)
U. S. System (Contmued)
Troy Weight

Grains. Pennyweight. Ounces. Pounds.

24 1
480 20 1
5760 240 12 1

1 pound troy = .823 pound avoirdupois

1 carat=3.2 grains

Apothecaries' Weight
The grain, ounceand pound are the same as in troy weight.
Grains (gr.). Scruples O). Drams (5). Ounces (g). Pounds (K).).

20 1
60 3 1
480 24 8 i
5760 288 96 12 1

Time

Seconds. Minutes. Hours. Days. Years.

60 1
3600 60 1
86400 2040 24 1
365.24 1 (common)
365.256 1 (sidereal)

Angle

Seconds. Minutes. Degrees. Circumference.

60 1
3600 60 1
1
360 X

1 radian =57.^2958 =206265"

2ir radians=1 circumference.
572
 HANDBOOK OF CEEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES (Continued)
Metric System
Length
millimeter .001 meter
centimeter .01 meter
decimeter .1 meter
meter
dekameter 10. meters
hektometer 100. meters
kilometer 1000. meters
myriameter = 10000. meters
micron = .001 mm. (symbol /*)
angstrom unit = .0000001 mm.
micromillimeter = .000001 mm.

Area
1 square millimeter =.0000001 square met^
1 square centimeter = .00001 square meter
1 square decimeter = . 001 square meter
1 centare =1 square meter
1 are = 100 square meters
1 hectare = 10,000 square meters
Volume and Capacity
1 milliliter = . 001 liter = 1 cubic centimeter
1 centiliter = .01 liter
1 deciliter = .1 liter
1 liter = 1 cubic decimeter, 1000 cubic centimeters
1 dekaliter = 10 liters
1 hektoliter = 100 liters
1 kiloliter = 1000 liters = 1 cubic meter 1,000,000 cu.cm.
Mass
1 milligram = .001 gram
1 centigram = .01 gram
1 decigram = .1 gram
1 gram
1 dekagram =10 grams
1 hektogram = 100 grams
1 kilogram = 1000 grams
1 myriagram = 10000 grams
1 quintol = 100000 grams
I millier or tonneau = 1000000 grams
1 cubic centimeter of water at ordinary temperature weighs
about 1 gram

573

y
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

MISCELLANEOUS REDUCTION FACTORS

w radians = 180 degrees
1 degree=0.017453 radian .
1 radian=57^ 2958 3437' .75 = 206265".
1 sidereal second =0.99727 mean solar second
1 pound per cubic foot= .01602 gram pei* cubic centimeter
1 foot per second per second=30.4796 cm. per second per second
1 poundal = 13825 dynes
. 76 cm. of mercury at 0 C. (g.=980) = 1.012630 dynes per
sq.cm. or 14.697 pounds per sq.in.
1 foot-pound (g. =980) = 13.55X10 ergs
1 foot-poundal=421.390 ergs
1 horse power (g.=980) =745.2 watts
1 mean calorie=4.184 X10' ergs (mechanical equivalent of heat)
1 B.T.U.= 251.99 calories.
1 calorie=0.003968 B.T.U.
1 B.T.U. per pound =0.5556 calorie per gram
1 calorie per. gram=1.800 B.T.U. per pound

RELATIONS OF ELECTRICAL UNITS

1 ohm =10 electromagnetic units = 1/9X10-^1 electrostatic
units,
1 volt = 10 electromagnetic units = 1/3X10-2 electrostatic
units
1 ampere = 10-^electromagnetic units = 3X10 electrostatic
units
1 coulomb = 10- ^electromagnetic imits = 3 X10 electrostatic
units
1 farad = 10~^electromagnetic units = 9X10^^ electrostatic
units
1 farad = 1,000,000 microfarads.

VALUE OF THE GAS CONSTANT R FOR VARIOUS UNITS

Units of pressure. Units of volume. R per gram molecule.

Atmospheres Volume at 0 C. 0.003662

Atmospheres c.cm. 82.07
Atmospheres liters , 0.08207
Atmospheres cubic meters
Dynes per sq.cm. (barye). c.cm. 8.3156X10'
Kilograms per sq.m. (g.=
980.6) c.cm, 8.48X106
R per lb. molecule.
Pounds per sq.in cu.in. 18510.
Pounds per sq.in ...., cu.ft. 10.71
Atmospheres. .......... cu.in. 1260.
Atmospheres. cu.ft. 0.729

674
 Factors for conversion of energy units
(From Perkins' Introduction to General Thermodynamicis, John Wiley & Sons, publishers, by permission.)
Gram-
.Calories. B.T.U.* Joules.
Foot Kilogm.-
Liter-atmos. Cu.ft.-atmos.
Foot- Horae-power 5
(4C.). pounds. meters. Poundals Hours.

Gram-calorie... 1. 3.968X10-3 4.185 3.087 .4267 4.130 XlO-2 1.459 XlO-8 99.31 1.5591 X10-
B.T.U
Joule
Foot-pound.. . .
Kilogr-. meter ..
252.
.2389
.3240
2.343
1
9.482X10-
1.286X10-8
9.298X10-3
1055.
1.
777.9
.73756
1.356 1.
9.806 7.2327
107.5
.1019
.113826
10.41 .^676
9.689 XlO-3 3.485 XlO-4
1.3381X10-2 4.7253X10-4
9.678 XlO-2 3.4177X10-8
25030.
23.73
32.174
232.7
3.929 XlO-4
3.725 XIO-T
5.0505X10-7
3.6529X10-8
I
o
1.
Liter-atmos.. . . 24.21 9.607X10-2 101.32 74.733 10.333 1. 3.5319X10-2 2403.8 3.7734X10-6

* At temp, of maximum density. s

CONVERSION OF PRESSURE UNITS
s
(From Perkins* Introduction to General Thermodynamics, John Wiley & Sons, publishers, by permission.)
s
Dynes per Grams per Kilo, per Mm. of
Atmospheres. Lbs. per Lbs. per
sq.cm. sq.cm. sq. meter. Mercury. sq.in. sq.ft.
b
Dynes per sq. centimeter.. 1. 1.0198X10-8 1.0198X10-2 7.5010X10-4 9.8697 X10-' 1.4504X10-6 2.0887X10-8
Gram per sq. centimeter... 980.6 1 10 7.3551X10-1 9.6777X10-4 1.4223X10-2 2.0481
Kilogram per sq. meter.... 98.06 lO-i 1 7.3551X10-2 9.6777 XlO-6 1.4223X10-3 2.0481X10-1
Millimeter of mercury..... 133.2 1.3595 13.595 1 1.3158X103 1.9337X10-2 2.7845
Atmosphere
Pound per square inch....
1013200.
68944
1033.3
70.308 703.12
10333 760
51.715
1
6.8046X10-2 1
14.696
144
2116.32
Pound per square foot.... 478.78 4^883 XlO-i 4.883 3.5912 X10-' 4.7252X10-4 6.9445X10-8 1 a

In the two tables'above thd numbers show the value of the energy or pressure unit named at the left in the units
named at the top. For example, 1 gram-calorie is equivalent to 3.968 X10-' B.T.U.

V .
 COMPASISON OF METRIC AND CUSTOMARY UNITS FROM 1 TO 10
^ Length
U.S. KILO
INCHES
MlLLI-
METBBS
INCHIGS
CENTI-
METBBS YARDS METERS g
15!
0.914402 0.62137 1 b
0.03937 0.3937 1 0.304801 1
0.7874 2 0.609601 1.093611 1 1 1.60935
0.07874
1 2.54001 3 0.914402 2 1. 1.24274
0.11811
1.1811 3 3.28083 1 2.187222 2 1.86411
0.15748 = 4

1.5748 4 4 1.219202 3 2.743205 2 3.21869

1
0.19685 =: 6
1.9685 6 5 1.524003 3.280833 3 2.48548 4
0.23622 6
5.08001 6 1.828804 4 3.657607 3 4.82804
0.27559 7 2
3.10685 5 Co
0.31496 8 2.3622 6 6.56167 2 4.374444 4
2.7559 7 7 3.133604 6 4.572009 3.7282^ 6
0.35433 9

7.62002 8 2.438405 5.468056 6 4 6.43739

25.4001 3 is;
3.1496 8 9 2.743205 6 5.486411 4.34959 7 ,b
50.8001
76.2002 3.5433 9 9.84250 3 6.561667 6 4.97096 8
3
4 101.6002 4 10.16002 13.12333 4 7 6.400813 5 8.04674 s
9
6
6
127.0003
152.4003
6
e
12.70003
15.24003
16.40417
19.68500
6
6
7.655278
8
7
7.315215
5.59233
6 9.65608 i
17.78004 22.96583 7 8.748889 8 7 11.26543
7 177:8004 7
20.32004 26.24667 8 9 8.229616 8 12.87478
8 203.2004 8
228.6005 9 22.86005 29.52750 9 9.842500 9 9 14.48412
9
 COSIPARISON OF METRIC AND CUSTOMARY UNITS FR6M 1 TO 10Contiiiued
Area

BQUARB SQUARE
8QUABB SQUARE SQUARE SQUARE SQUARE SQUARE
BQUARB BQUARB KILO
MIIiLI- CBNTI- MILES
INCHES INCHBS FEET METERS YARDS METERS
MBTBRB METERS
MBTBRS

0,00155 0.1550 1 0.09290 1 0.8361 0.3861 1

0.00310 0.3100 2 0.18581 1.1960 1 0.7722 2
0.00465 3 0.4650 3 0.27871 2 1.6723 1 2.5900
0.00620 4 0.6200 4 0.37161 2.3920 2 1.1583 3

0.0075 5 0.7750 6 5 0.46452 3 2.5084 1.5444 4
c;, 0.00930 6 0.9300 6 6 0.55742 3.5880 3 1.9305 5
0.01085 7 1 6.452 7 0.65032 4 3.3445 2 5.1800 &9
0.01240 8 1.0850 7 8 0.74323 4.7839 4 2.3166 6
0.01395 9 1.2400 8 9 0.83613 5 4.1807 2.7027 7

645.16 1.3950 9 10.764 1 5.9799 6 3 7.7700

1,290.33 12.903 21.528 2 6 5.0168 3.0888 8
1,935.49 19.355 32.292 3 7 5.8529 3.4749 9
3
2,580.65 25.807 43.055 4 7.1759 6 4 10.3600
4

3,225.81 5 32.258 53.819 6 8 6.6890 6 12.9500 s
5
3,870.98 6 38.710 64.583 6 8.3719 7 6 15.5400
6
4,516.14 7 45.161 75.347 7 9 7.5252 7 18.1300
7
5,161.30 8 51.613 86.111 8 9.5679 8 8 20.7200
8
5,806.46 9 58.065 96.875 9 10.7639 9 9 23.3100
9
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSIGS
So
I OOrHr-i rHe9(N(N(N COCOCOtH lOCOt^COO
II II II II II II II 11 II II II II II il II II II 11
I ^eq(^^eo
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3 CO 00 C<H>
Si S SS
I
(MWCOCO^ -jHioioco ocdi>ooo>
II II II 11 II II II II II II II Ihll II II II II II
00 00
i s I s^
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CO CO tH IO lO 00 a> O O rH
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ng
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11 II II II II II II II 11 II II II II II II II II II
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rHCqCO-^ I0<0t"000> JO o g CO 1-H t> <N
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II II II II II II n n II II II
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OOOrHCOlO
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5333V
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578
 COMPARISON OF METRIC AND CUSTOMARY UNITS FROM 1 TO 10Continued
%

^ Capacity
U. S- U.S.
MILLI- U.S. MILLI- MILLI- U.S. u. s.
APOTHE- APOTHE
LITERS LIQUID LETERS LITERS LIQUID LITERS LIQUID LITERS
CARIES' CARIES' ilj
(CC.) OUNCES (CC.) (CC.) QUARTS GALLONS
DRAMS SCRUPLES
52!
b
1 = 0.03381 1
_

0.2705 0.8115 1 1 _

0.94636 0.26417 _

1
2 0.06763 2 0.5410 1 = 1.2322 1.05668 =S 1 0.52834 = 2
3

0.10144 3 0.8115 1.6231 2 2 1.89272 0.79251 3

0
4 0.13526 3.6967 1 2 = 2.4645 2.11336 2 1 =
3.78543

0.16907 ^ 4 1.0820 2.4346 3 3 2.83908 1.05668 4

1
6 _
s=

0.20288 5 =
1.3525 3 = 3.6967 3.17005 3 1.32085 == 5
S 7 0.23670 6 zs 1.6231 3.2461 s=
4 4 =s
3.78543 1.58502 6 Oa
S 0.27051 7 1.8936 4 =
4.9290 4.22673 =5 4 1.84SI9 ==
7
S
9 == 0.30432 7.3p34 = 2 4.0577 =
5 5 = 4.73179 2 = 7.57087

29.574 _

1 8

2.1641 4.8692 6 5.28341 =-

5 2.11336 S=
8
59.147
2 9 2.4346 5 = 6.1612 6 =S 5.67815 2.37753 9
5.6807 6.34009 6 3 11.35630
88.721 3 11.0901
14.7869
3
4 6
7
7.3934 7
SB

6.62451 4 15.14174
s
. 118.295 = 4 = =
ss:

147.869
177.442 S=
_

5
6

18.4836
22.1803 s=
5
6
6.4923
7
=F
=
8
8.6257
7.39677
8
_

=s
7
7.57088
5
6
--

18.92717
22.71261
i
Co

207.016 =
7 25.8770 =
7 7.3038 =s 9 8.45345 = 8 7 = ,26.49804
236.590^ 8 29.5737 =
8 8 9.8579 9 =
8.51723 8 s=
30.28348
266.163 = 9 33.2704 9 9 = 11.0901 9.51014 9 9 s=s
34.06891
V
 COMPARISON OP METRIC AND CUSTOMARY UNITS FROM I TO 10Continued
V, S. DRY U. S. DEKA U.S. HECTO
U. S. U. S. HECTO
QUARTS PECKS LITERS PECKS.
BUSHELS LITERS PER
BUSHELS LITERS
PER ACRB HEbTARE StJ
(U
0.9081 1 0.11351 1 0.8810 1
1 1.1012 0.22702 2 1 1.1351
1
2
0.35239
: 0.70479
1 0.87078
1.14840 1
1.8162 2 0.34053 3 1.7620 2 2.83774 1 2 1.74156
2 2.2025 0.45404 4 2.2702 3 1.05718 2.29680 2

2.7242 3 0.56755 5 2.6429 3 4

1 40957 3 2.61233
3 3.3037 0.68106 6 3 3.4053 5 = 1.76196 3.44519 3
3.6323
4
4.5404
4
4.4049
6
0.79457
0.90808
1
7
8
8.80982
3.5239
4
4.4049
4
4.5404
6
5.67548
6
7
2
2.11436
2.46675
4
4.59359
5
3.48311
4
4.35389
i
03

6 5.5061 1.02157 9 5 5.6755 8 2.81914 5.74199 5

5.4485 6 2 17.61964 5.2859 6 8.51323 3 6 5.22467
6 6.6074 3 26.42946 6 6.8106 9 3.17154 6.89039 6
6.3565 7 4 35.23928 6.1669 7 11.35097 4 7 6.09545
s
7
7.2646
7.7086
8
5
6
44.04910 7 7.9457 14.18871 5 8 6.96622
52.85892 7.0479 8 17.02645 6 8.D3879 7 8
8 8.8098 7 61.66874 7.9288 9 19.86420 7 9 7.83700'
8.1727 9 8 70,47856 8 9.0808 22.70194 8 9.18719 8
9 9.9110 9 79.28838 9 10.2159 25.53968 9 10.33558 9
 COMPARISON OF M^iTRIC AND CUSTOMARY UNITS FROM 1 TO 10Continued
Weight (or Mass)
AVOIRDU AVOIRDU
TROT KILO TROT KILO
GBAXMS GBAMS POIS GRAMS GRAMS POIS
OUKCBS GRAMS POUNDS GRAMS
OUNCES POUNDS
52!

1
_

0.06480 0.03527
__

1 0.03215 1 1 0.45359 1 0.37324

2 s=
0.12960 0.07055 'ss 2 0.06430 s=:
2 2 = 0.90718 2 0.74648
3 S
0.19440 0.10582 SS
3 0.09645 =5
3 2.20462 =s
1 2.67923 = 1
4 = 0.25920 0.14110 = 4 0.12860 = 4 3 = 1.36078 3 = 1.11973

6 0.32399 0.17637 SS
6 0.16075 _

5 4 SS 1.81437 4 rs
1.49297
Oi

OS 7
8
s*
=

ss
0.38879
0.45359
0.51839
0.21164
0.24692
0.28219
SS

sss

SS
6
7
8
0.19290
0.22506
0.25721
SS

sst

=
6
7
8
4.40924
6
6
6.61387
S3

S=
2
2.26796
2.72155
3
5
5.35846
6
7
SS

=
1.86621
2
2.23945
2.61269
I
9 = 0.58319 0.31747 = 9 0.28936 = 9 = =

15.4324 __

1 1 __

28.3495 1 S-.
31.10348 7 =-
3.17515 8 SS
2.98593
30.8647 S-
2 2 SS 56.6991 2 SS
62.20696 8 SS 3.62874 8.03769 = 3 g
. 46.2971 85.0486 3 93.31044 8.81849 4 9 3.35918
5
S3
-s
3 3 =s s=

61.7294 - 4 4 113.3981 4 = 124.41392 9 = 4.08233 10.71691 = 4

77.1618
_

6 6 141.7476 5 SS 155.51740 11.02311 SS

5 13.39614. SS
5 u
92.5941

6 6 sss 170.0972 6 SS
186.62088 13.22773 sss
6 16.07537 = 6
108.0265 SS
7 7 198.4467 7 SS 217.72437 15.43236 SS
7 18.75460 S= 7
123.4589 SS.
8 8 =
226.7962 8 =
248.82785 17.63698 = 8 21.43383 == 8
138.8912 9 9 =
255.1457 9 279.93133 19.84160 9 24.11306 9
COMPARISON *OF THE VARIOUS TONS AND 'POUNDS IN USE IN THE UNITED STATES
Frcm, 1 to 10 Units

Long tons Short tons Metric tons Kilograms Avoirdupois Troy pounds
pounds 5
0.00036735 0.00041143 0.00037324

0.37324 0.822857 1.
0.00044643 0.00050000 0.00045359 0.45359 1. 1.21528
0.00073469 0.00082286 0.00074648 0.74648 1.64571 2.
0.00089286 0.00100000 0.00090718 0.90718 2. 2.43056
0.00098421 0.00110231 0.00100000 1.

2.20462 2.67923
0.00110204
0.00133929
0.00123429
0.00150000
0.00111973
0.00136078
1.11973
1.36078
2.46857
3.
3.
3.64583
I
0.00146939
0.00178571
0.00164571
0.00200000
0.00149297
0.00181437 >
1.49297
1.81437
3.29143
4.
4.
4.86111
I
So
0.00183673 0.00205714 0.00186621 1.86621 4.11429 5.
0.0019^41 0.00220462 0.4)0200000 2. 4.40924 5.35846
0.00220408 0.00246857 0.00223945 2.23945 4.93714 \ 6.
0.00223214 0.00250000 0.00226796 2.26796 5. 6.07639
0.00257143 0.00288000 0.00261269 2.61269 5.76000 7. s
0.00267857 0.00300000 0.00272155 2.72155 6. 7.29167
0.00293878

0.00329143 0.00298593 2.98593 6.58286 8.
0.00295262
g
0.00330693 0.00300000 3. 6.61387 8.03769
0.00312500 0.00350000 0.00317515 3.17515 7. 8.50694
0.00330612 0.00370286 0.00335918 3.35918 7.40571 9.
0.00357143 0.00400000 0.00362874 3.62874 8. 9.72222
{
 COMPi^ISON OF THE VARIOUS TONS AND POUNDS IN USE IN THE
UNITED STATES (Continued)
From 1 to 10 Units /
Avoirdupois
Long tons Short tons Metric tons Kilograms Troy pounds.
pounds

0.00393683 0.00440924 0.00400000 4. 8.81849 10.71691
0.00401786 0.00450000 0.00408233 4.08233 9. 10.93750
0.0049^103 0.00551156 0.00500000 5. 11.0231 13.39614
0.00590524 0.00661387 0.00600000 6. 13.2277 16.07537
0.00688944 0.00771618 0.00780000 7. 15.4324 18.75460

0.00787365 0.00881849 o.ooaodooo 8. 17.6370 21.43383

.0.00885786 0.00992080 0.00900000 9. 19.8416 24.11306
0.89^87 1. 0.9718 907.18 2,000. . 2,430.56 Cq

0.98421 ^ 1.10231 1. 1,000. 2,204.62 2,679.23

1. 1.12000 1.01605 1,016.05 2,240.00 2,722.22
1.78571 2. 1.81437 1,814.37 4,000.00 4,861.11
1.96841 2.20462 2. 2,000.00 4,409.24 6,368.46 b
2. 2.24000 2.03209 2,032.09 4,480.00 6,444.44
2.67857 3. 2.72155 2,721.55 6,000.00 7,291.67 s
rj
2.95262 3.30693 3. 3,000.00 6,613.87 - 8,037.69
3. 3.36000 3.04814
3.62874
3,048.14
3,628.74
6,720.00
8,000.00
8,166.67
9,722.22
i
3.57143 4.
3.93683 4.40924 4. 4,000.00 8,818.49 10,716.91 ,
4. 4.48000 4.06419 4,064.19 8,960.00 10,888.89
4.46429 5. 4.53592 4,535.92 10,000.00 12,152.78,
 COMPARISON OF THE VARIOUS TONS AND POUNDS IN USE IN THE
UNITED STATES (Continued)

Kilograms Avoirdupois Troy pounds

Long tons Short tons Metric tons pounds

4.92103 5.51156 5. 5,000.00 11,023.11 13,396.14

5. 5.60000 5.08024 5,080.24 11,200.00 13,611.11
5.35714 6. 5.44311 5,443.11 12,000.00 14,583.33
5.90524 6.61387 6. 6,000.00 13,227.73 16,075.37
6. 6.72000 6.09628 6,096.28 13,440.00 16,333.33

,6.25000 7. 6.35029 6,350.29 14,000.00 ^17,013.89

6.88944
7.
7.71618
7.84000
7.
7.11232
7,000.00
7,112.32
15,432.36
15,680.00
18,754.60
19,055.56
i
7.14286 8. 7.25748 7,257.48 16,000.00 19,444.44
7.87365 8.81849 8. .8,000.00 17,636.98 21,433.83

8. 8.96000 8.12838 8,128.38 17,920.00 21,777.78

8.03571 9. 8.16466 8,164.66 18,000.00 21,875.00
8.85786 9.92080 9. 9,000.00 19,841.60 24,113.06 s
9.14442 9,144.42 20,160.00 24,500.00
9. 10.08000


 LENGTHS-CENTIMETERS TO INCHES
I
0.1 <0 100 Units
1 centimeter = 0.393700 inches
The values found in the body of the table give, in inches, the lengths indicated in centimeters at the
top and side. i
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0 fi
I
0 0.03937 0.07874 0.11811 0.15748 0.19685 0.23622 0.27559 0.31496 0.35433
1 0.39370 0.43307 0.47244 0.51181 0.55118 0.59055 0.62992 0.66929 0.70866 0.74803
2 0.78740 0.82677 0.86614 0.90551 0.94488 0.98425 1.0236 1.0630 1.1024 1.1417
3 1.1811 1.2205 1.2598 1.2992 1.3386 1.3780 1.4173 1.4567 1.4961 1.5354 s
4 1.5748 1.6142 1.6535 1.6929 1.7323 1.7717 1.8110 1.8504 1.88^ 1.9291
5
6
7
1.9685
2.3622
2.7559
2.0079
2.4016
2.7953
2.0472
2.4409
2.8346
2.0866
2.4803
2.1260
2.5197
2.8740 2.9134
2.1654 2.2047
2.5591 ' 2.5984
2.9528 2.9921
2.2441
2.6378
3.0315
2.2835
2.6772
3.0709
2.3228
2.7165
3.1102
i
Oq

8 3.1496 3.1890 3.2283 3.2677 3.3071 3.3465 3.3858 3.4252 3.464^ 3.9039
9 3.5433 3.5827 3.6220 3.6614 3.7008 3.7402 3.7795 3.8189 3.8583 3.8976

\
 LENGTHSCENTIMETERS TO INCHES (Continued)

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

10 3.9370 3.9764 4.0158 4.0551 4.0945 4.1339 4.1732 4.2126 4.2520 4.2913
11 4.3307 4.3701 4.4094 4.4488 4.4882 4.5276 4.5669 4.6063 4.6457 4.6850
12 4.7244 4.7638 4.8031 4.8425 4.8819 4.9213 4.9606 5.0000 5.0394 5.0787
13 5.1181 5.1575 5.1968 5.2362 5.2756 5.3150 5.3543 5.3937 5.4331 5.4724
14 5.5118 5.5512 5.5905 5.6299 5.6693 5.7087 5.7480 5.7874 5.8268 5.8661
15 5.9055 5.9449 5.9842 6.0236 6.0630 6.1024 6.1417 6.1811 6.2205 6.2598
16 6.2992 6.3386 6.3779 6.4173 6.4567 6.4951 6.5354 6.5748 6.6142 6.6535
17 6.6929 6.7323 6.7716 6.8110 6.8504 6.8898 6.9291 6.9685 7.0079 7.0472
18 7.0866 7.1260 7.1653 7.2047 7.2441 7.2835 7.3228 7.3622 7.4016 7.4409
19 7.4803 7.5197 7.5590 7.5984 7.6378 7.6772 7.7165 7.7559 7.7953 7.8346

20 7.8740 7.9134 7.9527 7.9921 8.0315 8.0709 8.1102 8.1496 8.1890 8.2283
21 8.2677 8.3071 8.3464 8.3858 8.4252 8.4646 8.5039 8.5433 8.5827 8.6220
22 8.6614 8.7008 8.7401 8.7795 8.8189 8.8583 8.8976 8.9370 8.9764 9.0157
23 9.0551 9.0945 9.1338 9.1732 9.2126 9.2520 9.2913 9.3307 9.3701 9.4094
24 9.4488 9.4882 9.5275 9.5669 9.6063 9.6457 9.6850 9.7244 9.7638 9.8031
25 9.8425 9.8819 9.9212 9.9606 10.000 10.039 10.079 10.118 10.157 10.197
26 10.236 10.276 10.315 10.354 10.394 10.433 10.472 10.512 10.551 10.591
27 10.630 10.669 10.709 10.748 10.787 10.827 10.866 10.905 10.945 10.984
28 11.024 11.063 11.102 11.142 11.181 11.220 11.260 11.299 11.339 11.378
29 11.417 11.457 11.496 11.535 11.575 11.614 11.654 11.693 11.732 11.772
 LENGTHSCENTIMETERS TO INCHES (Continued)

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

30 11.811 11.850 11.890 11.929 11.968 12.008 12.047 12.087 12.126 12.165
31 12.205 12.244 12.283 12.323 12.362 12.402 12.441 12.480 12.520 12.559
32 12.598 12.638 12.677 12.717 12.756 12.795 12.835 12.874 12.914 12.953
33 12.992 13.031 13.071 13.110 13.150 13.189 13.228 13.268 13.307 13.346
34 13.386 13.425 13.465 13.504 13.543 13.583 13.622 13.661 13.701 13.740
35 13.780 13.819 13 858 13.898 13.937 13.976 14.016 14.055 14.094 14.134
36 14.173 14.213 14.252 14.291 14.331 14.370 14.409 14.449 14.488 14.528
37 14.567 14.606 14.646 14.685 14.724 14.764 14.803 14.842 14.882 14.921
38 14.961 15.000 15.039 15.079 15.118 15.157 15.197 15.236 15.276 15.315
39 15.354 15.394 15.433 15.472 15.512 15.551 15.591 15.630 15.669 15.709 ,
40 15.748 15.787 15.827 15.866 15.905 15.945 15.984 16.024 16.063 16.102
41 16.142 16.181 16.220 16.260 16.299 16.339 16.378 16.417 16.457 16.496
42 16.535 16.575 16.614 16.654 16.693 16.732 16.772 16.811 16.850 16.890
43 16.929 16.968 17.008 17.047 17.087 17.126 17.165 17,205 17.244 17.283
44 n.323 17.362 17.402 17.441 17.480 17.520 17.559 17.598 17.638 17.677
45 17.717 17.756 17.795 17.835 17.874 17.913 17.953 17.992 18.031 18.071
46 18. no 18.150 18.189 18.228 18.268 18.307 18.346 18.386 18.425 18.465
47 18.504 18.543 18.583 18.622 18.661 18.701 18.740 18.779 18.819 18.858
48 18.898 18.987 18.976 19.016 19.055 19.094 19.134 19.173 19.213 19.252
49 19.291 19.331 19.370 19.409 19.449 19.488 19.526 19.567 19.606 19.646
 LENGTHS CENTIMETERS TO INCHES (Continued)

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

50 19.685 19.724 19.764 19.803 19.842 19.882 19.921 19.961 20.000 20.039
51 20.079 20.118 20.157 20.197 20.236 20.276 20.315 20.354 20.394 20.433
52 20.472 20.512 20.551 20.591 20.630 20.669 20.709 20;748 20.787 20.827
53 20.866 20.905 20.945 20.984 21.024 21.063 21.102 21.142 21.181 21.220
54 21.260 21.299 21.339 21.378 21.417 21.457 21.496 21.535 21.575 21.614
55 21.654 21.693 21.732 21.772 21.811 21.850 21.890 21.929 21.968 22.008
56 22.047 22.087 22.126 22.165 22.205 22.244 22.283 22.323 22.362 22.402
57 22.441 22.480 22.520 22.559 22.598 22.638 22.677 22.716 22.756 22.795
58 22.835 22.874 22.913 22.953 22.992 23.031 23.071 23.110 23.150 23.189
59 23.228 23.268 23.307 23.346 23.386 23.425 23.465 23.504 23.543 23.583

60 23.622 23.661 23.701 23.740 23.779 23.819 23.858 23.898 23.937 23.976
61 24.016 24.055 24.094 24.134 24.173 24.213 24.252 24.291 24.331 24.370
62 24.409 24.449 24.488 24.528 24.567 24.606 24.646 24.685 24.724 24.764
63 24.803 24.842 24.882 24.921 24.961 25.000 25.039 25.079 25.118 25.157
64 25.197 25.236 25.276 25.315 25.354 25.394 25.433 25.472 25.512 25.551
65 25.591 25.630 25.669 25.709 25.748 25.787 25.827 25.866 25.905 25.945
66 25.984 26.024 26.063 26.102 26.142 26.181 26.220 26.260 26.299 26.339
67 26.378 26.417 26.457 26.496 26.535 26.575 26.614 26.653 26.693 26.732
68 26.772 26.811 26.850 26.890 26.929 26.968 . 27.008 27.047 27.087 27.126
69 27.165 27.205 27.244 27.283 27.323 27.362 27.402 27.441 27.480 27.520
 LENGTHSCENTIMETERS TO INCHES (Continued)

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

70 27.559 27.598 27.638 27.677 27.716 27.756 27.795 27.835^ 27.874 27.913
71 27.953 27.992 28.031 28.071 28.110 28.150 28.189 28.228 28.268 28.307
72 28.346 28.386 28.425 28.465 28.504 28.543 28.583 28.622 28.661 28.701
73 28.740 28.779 28.819 28.859 28.898 28.937 28.976 29.016 29.055 29.094
74^ 29.134 29.173 29.213 29.252 29.291 29.331 29.370 29.409 29.449 29.488
75 29.528 29.567 29.606 29.646 29.685 29.724 29.764 29.803 29.842 29.882
76 29.921 29.961 30.000 30.039 30.079 30.118 30.157 30.197 30.236 30.276 .
77 30.315 30.354 30.394 30.433 30.472 30.512 30.551 30.590 30.630 30.669
78 30.709 30.748 30.787 30.827 30.86^ 30.905 30.945 30.984 31.024 31.063
79 31.102 31.142 31.181 31.220 31.260 31.299 31.339 131.378 31.417 31.457

80 31.496 31.535 31.575 31.614 31.653 31.693 31.732 31.772 31.811 31.850
81 31.890 31.929 31.968 32.008 32.047 32.087 32.126 32.165 32.205 32.244
82 32.283 32.323 32.362 32.402 32.441 32.480 32.520 32.559 32.598 32.638
83 32.677 32.716 32.756 32.795 32.835 32.874 32.913 32.953 32.992 33.031
84 33.071 33.110 33.150 33.189 33.228 33.268, 33.307 33.346 33.386 33.425
85 33.465 33.504 33.543 33.583 33.622 33.661 33.701 33.740 33.779 33.819
86 23.858 33.898 33.937 33.976 33.016 34.055 34.094 34.134 34.173 34.213
87 34.252 34.291 34.331 34.370 34.409 34.449 34.488 34.527 34.567 34.606
88 34.646 34.685 34.724 34.764 34.803 34.842 34.882 34.921 34.961 35.000
89 35.039 35.079 35.118 35.157 35.197 35.236 35.276 35.315 35.354 35.394
 LENGTHSCENTIMETERS TO INCHES (Continued)

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

90 35.433 35.472 35.512 35.551 35.590 35.630 35.669 35.709 35.748 35.787 5
91 35.827 35.866 35.905 35.945 35.984 36.024 36.063 36.102 36.142 36.181
92 36.220 36.260 36.299 36.339 36.378 36,417 36.457 36.496 36.535 36.575
93 36.614 36.653 36.693 36.732 36.772 36.811 36.850 36.890 36.929 36.968
94 '37.008 37.047 37.087 37.126 37.165 37.205 37.244 37.283 37.323 37.362
95 37.402 37.441 37.480 37.520 37.559 37.598 37.638 27.677 37.716 37.756
96 37.795 37.835 37.874 37.913 37.953 37.992 38.031 38.071 . 38.110 38.150
97 38.189 38.228 38.268 38.307 38.346 38.386- 38.425 38.464 38.504 38.543
98 38.583 38.622 38.661 38.701 38.740 38.77^ 38.819 38.858 38.898 38.937 i
39.331
99 38.976 39.016 39.055 39.094 39.034 39.173 39.213 39.252 39.291
i
r;

I
s

8

,
 su

LENGTHS INCHES TO CENTIMETERS
Frrni OA to 100 Units
1 inch = 2.54001 centimeters
The values found in the body of tl^e table give, in centimeters, the lengths indicated in inches at the
top and side.

0.0 ^ 0.1 0.2 0,3 0.4 . 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
!
Cq

0 0.25400 0.50800 0.76200 1.0160 1.2700 1.5240 1.7780 2.0320 2.2860

1 2.5400 2.7940 3.0480 3.3020 3.5560 3.8100 4.0640 4.3180 . 4.5720 4.8260
2 5.0800 5.3340 5.5880 5.8420 6.0960 6.3500 6.6040 6.8580 7.1120 7.3660
3 7.6200 7.8740 8.1280 8.3820 8.6360 8.8900 9.1440 9.3980 9.6520 9.9060
4 10.160 10.414 10.668 10.922 11.176 11.430 11.684 11.938 12.192 12.446 Oa
5 12.700 12.954 13.208 13.462 13.716 13.970 14.224 14.478 14.732 14.986
6 15.240 15.494 15.748 16.002 16.256 16.510 16.764 17.018 17.272 17.526 g
7 17.780 18.034 18.288 18.542 18.796 19.050 19.304 19.558 19.812 20.066
8 20.320 20.574 20.828 ^ 21.082 21.336 21.590 21.844 22.098 22.352 22.606
9 22.860 23.114 23.368 23.622 23.876 24.130 24.384 24.638 24.892 25.146

V
 LENGTHS INCHES TO CENTIMETERS (Continued)

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.^ 0.9

10 25.400 25.654 25.908 26.162 26.416 26.670 26.924 27.178 27.432 27.686
11 27.940 28.194 28.448 28.702 28.956 29.210 29.464 29.718 29.972 30.226
12 30.480 30.734 30.988 31.242 31.496 31.750 32.004 32.258 32.512 32.766
13 33.020 33.274 33.528 33.782 34.036 34.290 34.544 34.798 35.052 35.306
14 35.560 35.814 36.068 36.322 36.576 36.830 37.084 37.338 37.592 37.846
15 38.100 38.354 38.608 38.862 39.116 39.370 39.624 39.878 40.132 40.386
16 40.640 40.894 41.148 41.402 41.656- 41.910 42.164 42.418 42.672 42.926
17 43.180 43.434 43.688 43.942 44.196 44.450 44.704 44.958 45.212 45.466
18 45.720 45.974 46.228 46.482 46.736 46.990 47.244 47.498 47.752 48.006
19 48.260 48.514 48.768 49.022 49.276 49.530 49.784 50.038 50.292 50.546

20 50.800 51.054 51.308 51.562 51.816 52.070 52.324 52.578 52.832 53.086
21 53.340 53.594 53.848 54.102 54.356 54.610 54.864 55.118 55.37^ 55.626
22 55.880 56.134 56.388 56.642 56.896 57.150 57.404 57.658 57.912 58.166
23 58.420 58.674 58.928 59.182 59.436 ! 59.690 59.944 60.198 60.452 60.706
24 60.960 61.214 61.468 61.722 61.976 62.230 62.484 62.738 62.992 63.246
25 63.500 63.754 64.008 64.262 64.516 64.770 65.024 65.278 65.532 65.786
26 66.040 66.294 66.548 66.802 67.056 67.310 67.564 67.818 68.072 68.326
27 68.580 68.834 69.088 69.342 69.596 69.850 70.104 70.358 70.612 70.866
28 71.120 71.374 71.628 71.882 72.136 72.390 72.644 72.898 73.152 73.406
29 73.660 73.914 74.168 74.422 74.676 74.930 75.184 75.438 75.692 75.946
 LENGTHS INCHES TO CENTIMETERS (Continued)

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

0.0

76.200 76.454 76.708 76.962 77.216 77.470 77.724 77.978 78.232 78.486
30
78.740 78.994 79.248 79.502 79.756 80.010 80.264 80.518 80.772 81.026
31
81.280 81.534 81.788 82.042 82.296 82.550 82.804 83.058 83.312 83.566
32
83.820 84.074 84.328 84.582 84.836 . 85.090 85.344 85.598 85,852 86.106
33
34 86.360 86.614 86.868 87.122 87.376 87.630 ^7.884 88.138 88.392 88.646
88.900 89.154 89.408 89.662 89.916 90.170 90.424 90.678 90.932 91:186
35
91.440 91.694 91.948 92.202 92.456 92.710 92.964 93.218 93.472 93.726
36
93.980 94.234 94.488 94.742 94.996 95.250 95.504 95.758 96.012 96.266
37
96.520 96.774 97.028 97.282 97.536 97.790 98.044 98.298 98.552 98.806
38
99.060 99.314 99.568 99.822 100.08 100.33 100.58 100.84 101.09 101.35
39

40 101.60 101.85 102.11 102.36 102.62 102.87 103.12 103.38 103.63 103.89
104.14 104.39 104.65 104.90 105.16 105.41 105.66 105.92 106.17 106.43
41
42 1D6.68 106.93 107.19 107.44 107.70 107.95 108.20 108.46 108.71 108.97
109.22 109.47 109.73 109.98 110.24 110.49 110.74 111.00 111.25 111.51
43
44 111.76 112.01 112.27 112.52 112.78 113.03 113.28 113.54 113.79 114.05
45 114.30 114.55 114.81 115.06 115.32 115.57 115.82 116.08 116.33 116.59
46 116.84 117.09 117.35 117.60 117.86 118.11 118.36 118.62 118.87 119.13
47 119.38 119.63 119.89 120.14 120.40 120.65 120.90 121.16 121.41 121.67
48 121.92 122.17 122.43 122.68 122.94 123.19 123.44 123.70 123.95 124.21
49 124.46 124.71 124.97 125.22 125.48 125.73 125.98 126.24 126.49 126.75
 LENGTHS INCHES TO CENTIMETERS (Continued)
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

50 127.00 127.25 127.51 127.76 128.02 128.27 128.52 128.78 129.03 129.29
51 129.54 129.79 130.05 130.30 130.56 130.81 131.06 131.32 131.57 131.83
52 132.08 132.33 132.59 132.84 133.10 133.35 133.60 133.86 134.11 134.37
53 13,4.62 134.87 135.13 135.38 135.64 135.89 136.14 136.40 136.65 136.91
54 137.16 137.41 137.67 137.92 138.18 138.43 138.68 138.94 139.19 139.45
55 139.70 139.95 140.21 140.46 140.72 140.97 141.22 141.48 141.73 141.99
56 142.24 142.49 142.75 143.00 143.26 143.51 143.76 144.02 144.27 144.53
57 144.78 145.03 145.29 145.54 145.80 146.05 146.30 146.56 146.81 147.07
58 147.32 147.57 147.83 148.08 148.34 148.59 148.84 149.10 149.35 149.61
59 149.86 150.11 150.37 150.62 150.88 151.13 151.38 151.64 151.89 152.15

60 152.40 152.65 152.91 153.16 153.42 153.67 153.92 154.18 154.43 154.69
61 154.94 155.19 155.45 155.70 155.96 156.21 156.46 156.72 156.97 157.23
62 157.48 157.73 157.99 158.24 158.50 158.75 159.00 159.26 159.51 159.77
63 160.02 160.27 160.53 160.78 161.04 161.29 161.54 161.80 162.05 162.31
64 162.56 162.81 163.07 163.32 163.58 163.83 164.08 164.34 164.59 164.85
65 165.10 165.35 165.61 165.86 166.12 166.37 166.62 166.88 167.13 167.39
66 167.64 167.89 168.15 168.40 168.66 168.91 169.16 169.42 169.67 169.93
67 170.18 170.43 170.69 170.94 171.20 171.45 171.70 171.96 172.21 172.47
68 172.72 172.97 173.23 173.48 173.74 173.99 174.24 174.50 174.75 175.01
69 175.26 175.51 175.77 176.02 176.28 176.53 176.78 177.04 177.29 177.55
 LENGTHSINCHES TO CENTIMETERS (Continued)
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
0.0

178.82 179.07 179.32 179.58 179.83 180.09

70 177.80 178.05 178.31 178.56
181.36 181.61 181.86 182.12 182.37 182.63
71 180.34 180.59 180.85 181.10
183.90 184.15 184.40 184.66 184.91 185.17
72 182.88 183.13 183.39 183.64
186.44 186.69 186.94 187.20 187.45 187.71
73 185.42 185.67 185.93 186.18
188.98 189.23 189.48 189.74 189.99 190.25
74 187.96 188.21 188.47 188.72
191.52 191.77 192.02 192.28 192.53 192.79
75 190.50 190.75 191.01 191.26
194.31 194.56 194.82 195.07 195.33
193.04 193.29 193.55 193.80 194.06
76 197.36 197.61 197.87
196.09 196.34 196.60 196.85 197.10
77 195.58 195.83 200.41
198.88 199.14 199.39 199.64 199.90 200.15
78 198.12 198.37 198.63
201.68 201.93 202.18 202.44 202.69 202.95
79 200.66 200.91 201.17 201.42

204.22 204.47 204.72 204.98 205.23 205.49

80 203.20 203.45 203.71 203.96
206.76 207.01 207.26 .52 207.77 208.03
81 205.74 205.99 206.25 206.50
208.28 208.53 208.79 209.04 209.30 209.55 209.80 1210.06 210.31 210.57
82 12.60 212.85 213.11
211.33 211.58 211.84 212.09 212.34
83 210.82 211.07 215.65
214.12 214.38 214.63 214.88 !15.14 215'. 39
84 213.36 213.61 213.87
216.92 217.17 217.42 17.68 217.93 218.19
^5 215.^90 216.15 216.41 216.66
219.46 219.71 219.96 .22 220.47 220.73
86 218.44 218.69 218.95 219.20
221.23 221.49 221.74 222.00 222.25 222.50 1222.76 223.01 223.27
87 220.98 225.55 225.81
224.28 224.54 224.79 225.04 .30
88 223.52 223.77 224.03
227.08 2^7.33 227.58 17.84 228.09 228.35
89 226.06 226.31 226.57 226.82
 LENGTHSmCHES TO CENTIMETERS (Continued)*
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3. I 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

90 228.60 228.85 229.11 229.36 229.62 229.87 230.12 230.38 230.63 230.89 5
91 231.14 231.39 231.65 231.90 232.16 232.41 232.66 232.92 233.17 233.43
92 233.68 233.93 234.19 234.44 234.70 234.95 235.20 235.46 235,71 255.97

, 93 236.22 236.47 236.73 236.98 237.24 237.49 237.74 238.00
94
95
238.76
241.30
239.01
241.55
239.27
241.81
239.52
242.06
239.78
242.32
240.03
242.57
240.28
242.82
240.54
243.08
238.25
240.79
243.33
238.51
241.05
243.59
1
96 243.84 246.09 244.35
97
244.60 244.86 245.11 245.36 245.62 245.87 246.13
246.38 246.63 246.89 247.14 247.40 247.65 247.90 248.16 248.41, 248.67
98 248.92 249.17
99 251.46 251.71
249.43
251.97
249.68
252.22
249.94
252.48
250.19
252.73
250.44
252.98
250;70
253.24
250.95
253.49
251.21 i
253.75
i
Cq

s,,
N

g
S

i
 133

I
LENGTHS METERS TO FEET
From 1 to 1,000 Units
Reduction factoi*: 1 meter = 3.280833333 feet
S
The values found in the body of the table give,in feet, the length indicated in meters at the top and side.
S
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8- 9

0 3.2808 6.5617 9.8425 13.123 16.404 19.685 22.966 26.247 29.528

10 32.808 36.089 39.370 42.651 45.932 49.213 52.493 55.774 69.055 62.336
20 65.617 68.898 72.178 75.459 78.740 82.021 85.302 88.583 91,863 95.144
30 98.425 101.71 104.99 108.27 111.55 114.83 118.11 121.39 124.67 127.95)
40 131.23 134.51 137.80 141.08 144.36 147.64 150.92 154.20 157.48 160.76
60
60
164.04
196.85
167.32
200.13
170.60
203.41
173.88
206.69
177U7
209.97
180.45
213.25
183.73
216.54
187.01
219.82
190.29
223.10
193.57
226.38
i
CQ

70 229.66 232.94 236.22 239.50 242.78 246.06 249.34 252.62 255.91 259.19
80 262.47 265.75 269.03 272.31 275.59 278.87 282.15 285.43 288.71 291.99
90 295.28 298.56 301.84 305.12 308.40 311.68 314.96 318.24 321.62 324.80
 LENGTHS METERS TO FEET (Continued)
0 1

100 328.08 331.36 334.65 337.93 341:21 344.49 347.77 351.05 354.33 357.61
110 360.89 . 364.17 367.45 370.73 374.02 377.30 380.58 383.86 387.14 390.42
120 393.70 396.98 400.26 403.54 406.82 410.10 413.39 416.67 419.95 423.23
130 426.51 429.79 433.07 436.35 439.63 442.91 446.19 449.47 452.76 456.04
140 459.32 462.60 465.88 469.16 472.44 475.72 479.00 482.28 485.56 488.84
150 492.13 495.41 498.69 501.97 505.25 508.53 611.81 515.09 518.37 521.65
160 524.93 528.21 531.50 534.78 538.06 541.34 544.62 547.90 551.18 554.46
170 557.74 561.02 564.30 567.^ 570.87 574.15 577.43 580.71 583;99 587.27
180 590.55 593.83 597.11 600.39 603.67 606.95 610.24 613.52 616.80 620.08
190 623.36 626.64 629.92 633.20 636.48 639.76 643.04 646.32 649.61 652.89
200 656.17 659.45 662.73 666.01 669.29 672.57 675.85 679.13 682.41 685.69
210 688.98 692.26 695.54 698.82 702.10 705.38 708.66 711.94 715.22 718.50
220 721.78 725.06 728.35 731.63 734.91 738.19 741.47 744.75 748.03 751.31
230 754.59 -757.87 761.15 764.43 767.72 771.00 774.28 777.56 780.84 784.12
240 787.40 790.68 793.96 797.24 800.52 803.80 807.09 810.37 813.65 816.93
250 820.21 823.49 826.77 830.05 833.33 836.61 839.89 843.17 846.46 849.74
260 853.02 856.30 859.58 862.86 866.14 869.42 872.70 875.98 879.26 882.54
270 885.83 889.11 892.39 895.67 898.95 902.23 905.51 908.79 912.07 915.35
280 918.63 921.91 925.20 928.48 931.76 935.04 938.32 941.60 944.88 948.16
290 951.44 954.72 958.00 961.28 964.57 967.85 971.13 974.41 977.69 980.97
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
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1.073206.11, 08.9
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3401.71. 74.5
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699
 LENGTHSMETERS TO FEET (Continued)

500 1.640.4 1,643.7 1.647.0 1,650.3 1.653.5 1.656.8 1,660.1 1,663.4 1,666.7 1,669.9
510 1.673.2 1,676.5 1,679.8 1,683.1 1.686.3 1.689.6 1,692.9 1.696.2 1,699.5 1,702.8
520 1.706.0 1.709.3 1,712.6 1,715.9 1,719.2 1.722.4 1.725.7 1,729.0 1,732.3 1,735.6
530 1.738.8 1.742.1 1,745.4 1,748.7 1,752.0 1.755.2 1.758.5 1,761.8 1,765.1 1,768.4
540 1,771.7 1,774.9 1.778.2 1,781.5 1,784.8 1,788.1 1.791.3 1.794.6 1,797.9 1,801.2
550 1.804.5 1.807.7 1,811.0 1,814.3 1.817.6 1.820.9 1.824.1 1.827.4 1,830.7 1,834.0
560 1.837.3 1.840.5 1.843.8 1.847.1 1.850.4 1,853.7, 1,857.0 1,860.2 1.863.5 1,866.8
570 1,^70.1 1.873.4 1.876.6 1,879.9 1,883.2 1.886.5 1.889.8 1.893.0 1.896.3 1,899.6
580 1.902.9 1.906.2 1.909.4 1.912.7 1.916.0 1.919.3 1.922.6 1.925.8 1.929.1 1.932.4
590 1,935.7 1,939.0 1.942.3 1.945.5 1.948.8 1.952.1 1.955.4 1.958.7 1,961.9 1.965.2
600 1,968.5 1.971.8 1.975.1 1.978.3 1.981.6 1,984.9 1.988.2 1.991.5 1.994.7 1.998.0
610 2.001.3 2.004.6 2.007.9 2.011.2 2.014.4 2.017.7 2,021.0 2.024.3 2.027.6 2.030.8
620 2.034.1 2,037.4 2.040.7 2,044.0 2.047.2 2.050.5 2,053.8 2.057.1 2.060.4 2.063.6
630 2,066.9 2,070.2 2.073.5 2.076.8 2,080.0 2.083.3 2,086.6 2.089.9 2.093.2 2.096.5
640 2.099.7 2.103.0 2,106.3 2.109.6 2.112.9 2,116.1 2.119.4 2,122.7 2,126.0 2.129.3
650 2,132.5 2,135.8 2,139.1 2.142.4 2.145.7 2,148.9 2,152.2 2,155.5 2.158.8 2.162.1
660 2.165.4 2,168.6 2,171.9 2,175.2 2.178.5 2.181.8 2,185.0 2,188.3 2,191.6 2.194.9
670 2.198.2 2,201.4 2,204.7 2,208.0 2.211.3 2.214.6 2,217.8 2,221.1 2,224.4 2.227.7
680 2,231.0 2,234.2 2,237.5 2,240.8 2.244.1 2.247.4 2.250.7 2,253.9 2,257.2 2,260.5
690 2.263.8 2.267.1 2,270.3 2,273.6 2,276.9 2.280.2 2.283.5 2,286.7 2,290.0 2,293.3
 LENGTHS METERS TO FEET (Continued)

700 2,296.6 2,299.9 2.303.1 2.306.4 2,309.7 2,313.0 2,316.3 2.319.5 2.322.8 2.326.1
710 2,329.4 2,332.7 2,336.0 2.339.2 2.342.5 2,345.8 2,349.1 2,352.4 2.355.6 2,358.9
720 2,362.2 2,365.5 2,368.8 2.372.0 2.375.3 2,378.6 2,381.9 2,385.2 2.388.4 2.391.7
730 2.395.0 2,398.3 2,401.6 2,404.9 2.408.1 2.411.4 2,414.7 2,418.0 2,421.3 2.424.5
740 2.427.8 2,431.1 2,434.4 2,437.7 2,440.9 2.444.2 2,447.5 2,450.8 2,454.1 2.457.3
750 2.460.6 2,463.9 2.467.2 2.470.5 2.473.7 2.477.0 2.480.3 2.483.6 2.486.9 2.490.2
760 2.493.4 2.496.7 2,500.0 2.503.3 2.506.6 2.509.8 2.513.1 2,516.4 2.519.7 2,523.0
770 2.526.2 2.529.5 2,532.8 2.536.1 2.539.4 2.542.6 2,545.9 2,549.2 2.552.5 2,5^5.8
780 2.559.1 2.562.3 2.565.6 2,568.9 2.572.2 2.575.5 2.578.7 2.582.0 2,585.3 2.588.6
790 2.591.9 2.595.1 2.598.4 2,601.7 2,605.0 2,608.3\ 2.611.5 2.614.8 2,618.1 2.621.4

800 2.624.7 2,627.9 2.631.2 2.634.5 2.637.8 2.641.1 2.644.4 2,647.6 2,650.9 2,654.2
810 2.657.5 2.660.8 2.664.0 2.667.3 2,670.6 2.673.9 2.677.2 2.680.4 2.683.7 2,687.0
820 2.690.3 2.693.6 2.696.8 2.700.1 2,703.4 2.706.7 2,710.0 2.713.2 2.716.5 2.719.8
830 2,723.1 2.726.4 2.729.7 2,732.9 2.736.2 2,739.5 2.742.8 2.746.1 2.749.3 2.752.6
840 2,755.9 2.759.2 2.762.5 2.765.7 2.769.0 2.772.3 2.775.6 2.778.9 2.782.1 2.785.4
850 2,788.7 2,7&2.0 2.795.3 2.798.6 2,801.8 2,805.1 2,808.4 2,811.'^ 2,815.0 2^818.2
860 2,821.5 2,824.8 2.828.1 2.831.4 2,834.6 2,827.9 2,841.2 2.844.5 2.847.8 2,851.0
870 2,854.3 2,857.6 2.860.9 2.864.2 2,867.4 2,870.7 2,874.0 2.877.3 2.880.6 2.883.9
880 2,887.1 2.890.4 2,893.7 2,897.0 2.900.3 2,903.5 2,906.8 2,910.1 2.913.4 2.916.7
890 2,919.9 2,923.2 2,926.5 2.929.8 2.933.1 2,936.3 2,939.6 2,942.9 2.946.2 2.949.5
 LENGTHS METERS TO FEET (Continued)

900 2,952.8 2,956.3 2.959.3 2,962.6 2,965.9 2,969.2 2.972.4 2,975.7. 2,979.0
910
920
2,985.6
3,018.4
2.988.8
3.021.6
2.992.1
3,024.9
2,995.4
3.028.2
2,998.7
3,031.5
3,002.0
3,034.8
3.005.2
3,038.1
3.008.5
3.041.3
3,011.8
3.044.6
2,982.3
3,0X5.1
3,047.9
I
930 3,051.2 3,054.5 3.057.7 3.061.0 3,064.3 3,067.6 3,070.9 3.074.1 3.077.4 3,080.7
940 3,084.0 3,087.3 3.090.5 3.093.8 3,097.1 3,100.4 3,103,7 3,106.9 3.110.2 3.113.5
950 3,116.8 3,120:i 3.123.4 3,126.6 3,129.9 3,133.2 3.136.5 3,139.8 3,143.0 3,146.3
960 3,149.6 3.152.9 3.156.2 3,159.4 3,162.7 3,166.0 3.169.3 3.172.6

3,175.8 3,179.1
970 3,182.4 3.185.7 3,189.0 3.192.3 3,195.5 3,198.8/ 3,202.1 3.205.4 3.208.7 3,211.9
980 3,215.2 3,218.5 3.221.8 3.225.1 3,228.3 3,231.6 3,234.9 3.238.2 3.241.5 3,244.7 i
990 3,248.0 3,251.3 3.254.6 3.257.9 3,261.1 3,264.4 3,267.7 3,271.0 3.274.3 3.277.6
1
Oq

g
s

s
 5'
I
LENGTHS FEET TO METERS
From 1 to 1,000 Units
Reduction factor: 1 foot = 0.3048006096 meter

The values foimd in the body of the table give, in meters, the lengths indicated in feet at the top and side. i
Oq
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0 0.30480 0.60960 0.91440 1.2192 1.5240 1.8288 2.1336 2.4384 2.7432

10 3.0480 3.3528 3.6576 3.9624 4.2672 4.5720 4.8768 5.1816 5.4864 5.7912 1
20 6.0960 6..4008 6.7056 r.0104 7.3152 7.6200 7.9248 8.2296 8.5344 8.8392
30 9.1440 9.4488 9.7536 10.058 10.363 10.668 10.973 11.278 11.582 11.887 a?
40 12.192 12.497 12.802 13.106 13.411 13.716 14.021 14.326 14.630 14.935
50 15.240 15.545 15.850 16.154 16.459 16.764 17.069 17.374 17.678 17.983 2
60 18.288 18.593 18.898 19.202 19.507 19.812 20.117 20.422 20.726 21.031
70 21.336 21.641 21.946 22.250 22.555 22.860 23.165 23.470 23.774 24.079
80 24.384 24.689 24.994 24.298 25.603 25.908 26.213 26.518 26.822 27.127
90 27,432 27.737 28.042 28.346 28.651 28.956 29.261 29.566 29.870 30.175
 LENGTHS FEET TO METERS (Continued)
0 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9

lOQ 30.480 30.785 31.090 31.394 31.699 32.004 32.309 32.614 32.918 33.223
110 33.528 33.833 34.138 34.442 34.747 35.052 35.357 35.662 35.966 36.271
120 36.576 36.881 37.186 37.490 37.795 38.100 38.406 38.710 39.014 39.319
130 39.624 39.929 40.234 40.538 40.843 41.148 41.453 41.758 42.062 42.367
140 42.672 42.977 43.282 43.586 43.891 44.196 44.501 44.806 45.110 45.415
150 45.720 46.025 46.330 46.634 46.939 47.244 ' 47.549 47.854 48.169 48.463
. 160 48.768 49.073 49.378 49.683 49.987 50.292 1 50.697 50.902 51.207 51.511
170 51.816 52.121 52.426 52.731 53.035 53.340 53.645 53.950 54.255 54.559
180 54.864 55.169 55.474 55.779 56.083 56.388 i 56.693 56.998 57.303 57.607
190 57.912 58.217 58.522 58.827 59.131 59.436 59.741 60.046 60.351 60.655

200 60.960 61.265 61.570 61.875 62.179 62.484 62.789 63.094 63.399 63.703
210 64.008 64.313 64.618 64.923 65.227 65.532 65.837 66.142 66.447 66.751
220 67.056 67.361 67.666 67.971 68.275 68.580 ' 68.885 69.190 69.495 69.799
230 70.104 70.409 70.714 71.019 71.323 71.628 ^ 71.933 72.238 72.543 72.847
240 73.152 73.457 73.762 74.067 74.371 74.676 74.981 75.286 75.591 75.895
250 76.200 76.505 76.810 77.115 77.419 77.724 78.029 78.334 78.639 78.943
260 79.248 79.553 79.858 80.163 80.467 80.772 81.077 81.382 81.687 81.991
270 82.296 82.601 82.906 83.211 83.515 83.820 84.125 84.430 84.735 85.039
280 85.344 85.649 85.954 86.259 86.56? 86.868 87.173 87.478 87.783 88.087
290 88.392 88.697 89.002 89.307 89.611 89.916 90.221 90.526 90.831 91.135
 LENGTHS FEET TO METERS (Continued)

0 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9

300 91.440 91.745 92.050 92.355 92.659 92.964 93.269 93.574 93.879 94.183
94.488 94.793 95.098 95.403 95.707 96.012 96.317 96.622 96.927 97.231
320 97.536 97.841 98.146 98.451 98.755 99.060 99.365 99.670 99.975 100:28
330 100.58 100.89 101.19 101.50 101.80 102.11 102.41 102.72 103.02 103.33
340 103.63 103.94 104.24 104.55 104.85 105.16 105.46 105.77 106.07 106.38
350 106.68 106.99 107.29 107.59 107.90 108.20 108.51 108.81 109.12 109.42
360 109.73 110.03 no. 34 110.64 110.95 111.25 111.56 111.86 112.17 112.47
370 112.78 113.08 113.39 113.69 114.00 114.30 114.61 114.91 115.21 115.52
380 115.82 116.13 116.43 116.74 117.04 117.35 117.65 117.96 113.26 118.57
390 118.87 119.18 119.48 119.79 120.09 120.40 120.70 121.01 121.31 121.62^

400 121.92 122.23 122.53 122.83 123.14 123.44 123.75 124.05 124.36 124.66
410 124.97 125.27 125.58 125.88 126.19 126.49 126.80 127.10 127.41 127.71
420 128.02 128.32 128.63 128.93 129.24 129.54 129. 5 130.15 130.45 130.76
430 131.06 131.37 131.67 131.98 132.28 132.59 132.89 133.20 133.50 133.81
440 134.11 134.42 134.72 135.03 135.33 135.64 135.94 136.25 136.55 136.86
450 137.16 137.47 137.77 138.07 138.38 138.68 138.99 139.29 139.60 139.90
460 140.21 140.51 140.82 141.12 141.43 141.73 142.04 142.34 142.65 142.95
470 143.26 143.56 143.87 144.17 144.48 144.78 145.09 145.39 145.69 146.00
480 146.30 146.61 146.91 147.22 147.52 147.83 148.13 148.44 148.74 149.05
490 149.35 149.56 149.96 150.27 150.57 150.88 151.18 151.49 151.79 152.10
 LENGTHS FEET TO METERS (Continued)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

500 152.40 152,71 153.01 153.31 153.62 153.92 154.23 154.53 154.84 155.14
510 155.45 155.75 156.06 156.36 156.57 156.97 157.28 157.58 157.89 158.19
520 158.50 158.80 159.11 159.41 159.72 160.02 160.33 160.63 160.93 161.24
530 161.54 161.85 162.15 162.46 162.76 163.07 163.37 163.68 163.98 164.29
540 164.59 164.90 165.20 165.51 165.81 166.12 166.42 166.73 167.03 167.34
550 167.64 167.95 168.25 168.55 168.86 169.16 169.47 169.77 170.08 170.38
560 170.69 170.99 171.30 171.60 171.91 172.21 172.52 172.82 173.13 173.43
570 173.74 174.04 174.35 174.65 174.96 175.26 175.57 175.87 176.17 176.48
580 176.78 177.09 177.39 177.70 178.00 178.31 178.61 178.92 179.22 179.53
590 179.83 180.14 180.44 180.75 181.05 181.36 181.66 181.97 182.27 182.58

600 182.88 183.19 183.49 183.79 184.10 184.40 184.71^ 185.01 185.32 185.62
610 185.93 186.23 186.54 186.84 187.15 187.45 187.76 188.06 188.37 188.67
620 188.98 189.28 189.59 189.89 190.20 190.50 190.81 191.11 191.41 191.72^
630 192.02 192.33 192.63 192.94 193.24 193.55 193.85 194.16 194.46 194.77
640 195.07 195.38 195.68 195.99 196.29 196.60 196.90 197.21 197.51 197.82
650 198.12 198.43 198.73 199.03 199.34 199.64 199.95 200.25 200.56 200.86
660 201.17 201.47 201.78 202.08 202.39 202.69 203.00 203.30 203.61 203.91
670 204.22 204.52 204.83 205.13 205.44 205.74 206.05 206.35 206.65 206.96
680 207.26 207.57 207.87 208.18 208.48 208.78 209.09 209.40 209.70 210.01
690 210.31 210.62 210.92 211.23 211.53 211.84 212.14 212.45 212.75 213.06
 LENGTHSFEET TO METERS (Continued)

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1

700 213.36V 213.67 213.97 214.27 214.58 214.88 215.19 215.49 215.80 216.10
710 216.41 216.71 217.02 217.32 217.63 217.93 218.24 218.54 218.85 219.15
720 219.46 219.76 220.07 220.37 220.68 220.98 221.29 221.59 221.89 222.20
730 222.50 222.81 223.11 223.42 223.72 224.03 224.33 224.64 224.94 225.25
740 225.55 225.86 226.16 226.47 226.77 227.08 227.38 227.69 227.99 228.30
750 228.60 228.91 229.21 229.51 229.82 230.12 230.43 230.73 231.04 231.34
760 231.65 231.95 232.26 232.56 232.87 233.17 233.48 233.78 234.09 234.39
770 234.70 235.00 235.31 231.61 231.92 236.22 236.53 236.83 237.13 237.44
780 237.74 238.05 238.35 238.66 238.96 239.27 239.67 239.88 240.18 240.49
790 240.79 241.10 241.40 241.71 242.01 242.32 242.62 242.93 243.23 243.54

800 243.84 244.15 244.45 244.75 245.06 245.36 245.67 245.97 246.28 246.58
810 246.89 247.19 247.50 247.80 248.11 248.41 248.72 249.02 249.33 249.63
820 249.94 250.24 250.55 250.85 251.16 251.46 251.77 252.07 252.37 252.68
830 252.98 253.29 253.59 253.90 254.20 254.51 254.81 255.12 255.42 255.73
840 256.03 256.34 256.64 256.95 257.25 257.56 257.86 258.17 258.47 258.78
850 259.08 259.39 259.69 259.99 260.30 260.60^ 260.91 261.21 261.52 261.82
860 262.13 262.43 262.74 263.04 263.35 263.65 263.96 264.26 264.57 264.87
870 265.18 265.48 265.79 266.09 266.40 266.70 267.01 267.31 267.61 267.92
880 268.22 268.53 268.83 269.14 269.44 269.75 270.05 270.36 270.66 270.97
890 271.27 271.57 271.88 272.19 272.49 272.80 273.10 273.41 273.71 274.02

k
/

LENGTHSFEET TO METERS (Continued)

0 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9

900 274.32 274.63 274.93 275.23 275.54 275.84 276.15 276.45 276,76 277.06
910 277.37 277.67 277.98 278.28 278.59 278.89 279.20 279.50 279.81 280.11
920 280.42 280.72 281.03 281.33 281.64 281.94 282.25 282.55 282.85 283.16
930 283.46 283.77 284.07 284.38 284.68 284.99 285.29 285.60 285.90 286.21
940 286.51 286.82 287.12 287.43 287.73 288.04 288.34 288.65 288.95 289.26
950 289.56 289.87 289.17 290.47 290.78 291.08 291.39 291.69 292.00 292.30 , o

960 292.61 292.91 293.22 293.52 293.83 294.13 294.44 294.74 295.05 295.35
970 295.66 295.96 296.27 296.57 296.88 297.18 297.49 297.79 298.10 298.40
980 298.70 299.01 299.31 299.62 299.92 300.23 300.53 300.84 301.14 301.45
990 301.75 302.06 302.36 302.67 302.97 303.28 303.58 303.89 304.19 304.50
Oq

i
Cq
 lEKGTHSKILOMETERS TO MILES
From 1 to 1,000 Units 0

Reduction factor: 1 kilometer = 0.6213699495 mile

1
0 1 2 3
I

0 0.62137 1.2427 1.8641 2.4855 3.1069 3.7282 4.3496 4.9710 5.923

10 6.2137 6.8351 7.4564 8.0778 . 8.6992 9.3206 9.9419 10.563 11.185 11.806 I
13.049 13.670 14.292 14.913 15.534 16.156 16.777 17.398 18.020
20 12.427
18.641 19.262 19.884 20.505 21.127 21.748 22.369 22.991 23.612 24.233 IS
30
24.855 25.476 26.098 26.719 27.340 27.962 28.583 29.204 29.826 30.447
40
60
60
31.069
37.282
31.690
37.904
32.311
38.525
32.933
39.146
45.360
33.554
39.768
45.981
34.175
40.389
46.603
34.797
41.010
47.224
35.418
41.632
47.845
36.039
42.253
48.467
36.661
42.875
49.088
1
Cq

70 43.496 44.117 44.739

80 49.710 50.331 50.952 51.574 52.195 52.816 53.438 54.059 54.681 55.302
55.923 56.945 57.166 57.787 58.409 59.030 59.652 60.273 60.894 61.516
90
 LENGTHS KILOMETERS TO MILES (Continued)
0 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9

100 62.137 62.758 63.380 64.001 64.622 65.244 65.865 66.487 67.108 67.729
110 68.351 68.972 69.593 70.215 70.836 71.458 72.079 72.700 73.322 73.943
120 74.564 75.186 75.807 76.429 77.050 77.671 78.293 78.914 79.535 80.157
130 80.778 81.399 82.021 82.642 '83.264 83.885 84.506 85.128 85.749 86.370
140 86.992 87.613 88.235 88.856 89.477 90.099 90.720 91.341 91.963 92.584
150 93.205 93.827 94.448 95.070 95.691 96.312 96.934 97.555 98.176 98.798
160 99.419 100.04 100.66 101.28 101.90 102.53 103.15 103.77 104.39 105.01
170 105.63 106.25 106.88 107.50 108.12 108.74 109.36 109.98 110.60 111.23
180 111.85 112.47 113.09 113.71 114.33 114.95 115.57 116.20 116.82 117.44
190 118.06 118.68 119.30 119.92. 120.55 121.17 121.79 122.41 123.03 123.65

200 124.27 124.90 125.52 126.14 126.76 127.38 128.00 128.62 129.24 129.87
210 130.49 131.11 131.73 132.35 132.97 133.59 134.22 134.84 135.46 136.08
220 136.70 137.32 137.94 138.57 139.19 139.81 140.43 141.05 141.67 142.29
230 142.92 143.54 144.16 144.78 145.40 146.02 146.64 147.26 147.89 148.51
240 149.13 149.75, 150.37 150.99 151.61 152.24 152.86 153.48 154.10 154.72
250 155.34 155.96 156.59 157.21 157.83 158.45 159.07 159.69 160.31 160.93
260 161.56 162.18 162.80 163.42 164.04 164.66 165.28 165.91 166.53 167.15
270 167.77 168.39 169.01 169.63 170.26 170.88 171.50 172.12 172.74 173.36
280 173.98 174.60 175.23 175.85 176.47 177.09 177.71 178.33 178.95 179.58
290 180.20 180.82 181.44 182.06 182.68 183.30 183.93 184.55 185.17 185.79
 LENGTHS KILOMETERS TO MILES (Continued)

0 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9

300 186.41 187.03 187.65 188.28 188.90 189.52 190.14 190.76 191.38 192.00
310 192.62 193.25 193.87 194.49 195.11 195.73 196.35 196.97 197.60 198.22
320 ' 198.84 199.46 200.08 200.70 201.32 201.95 202.57 203.19 203.81 204.43
330 205.05 205.67 206.29 206.92 207.54 208.16 208.78 209.40 210.02 210.64
340 211.27 211.89 212.51 213.13 213.75 214.37 214.99 215.62 216.24 216.86
350 217.48 218.10 218.72 219.34 219.96 220.59 221.21 221.83 222.45 223.07
360 223.69 224.31 224.94 225.56 226.18 2216.80 227.42 228.04 228.66 229.29
370 229.91 230.53 231.15 231.77 232.39 233.01 233.64 234.26 234.88 235.50
380 236.12 236.74 237.36 237.98 238.61 239.23 239.85 240.47 241.09 241.71
390 242.33 242.96 243.58 244.20 244.82 245.44 246.06 246.68 247.31 247.93

400 248.55 249.17 249.79 250.41 251.03 251.65 252.28 252.90 253.52 254.14
410 254.76 255.38 256.00 256.63 257.25 257.87 258.49 259.11 259.73 260.35
420 260.98 261.60 262.22 262.84 263.46 264.08 264.70 265.32 265.95 266.57
430 267.19 267.81 268.43 269.05 269.67 270.30 270.92 271.54 272.16 272.78
440 273.40 274.02 274.65 275.27 275.89 276.51 277.13 277.75 278.37 279.00
450 279.62 280.24 280.86 281.48 22.10 282.72 283.34 283.97 284.59 285.21
460 285.83 286.45 287.07 287.69 288.32 288.94 289.56 290.18 290.80 291.42
470 292.04 292.67 293.29 293.91 294.53 295.15 295.77 296.39 297.01 297.64
480 298.26 298.88 299.50 300.12 300.74 301.36 301.99 302.61 303.23 303.85
490 304.47 305.09 305.71 306.64 306.96 307.58 308.20 308.82 309.44 310.06
 LENGTHS KILOMETERS TO MILES (Continued)
0 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9

500 310.68 311.31 311.93 312.55 3f3.17 313.79 314.41 315.03 315.66 316.28
510 316.90 317.52 318.14 318.76 319.38 320.01 320.63 321.35 321.87 322.49
520 323.11 323.73 324.36 324.98 325.60 326.22 326.84 327.46 328.08 328.70
530 329.33 329.95 330.57 331.19 331.81 332.43 333.05 333.68 334.30 334.92
540 335.54 336.16 336.78 337.40 338.03 338.65 339.27 339.89 340.51 341.13
550 341.75 342.37 343.00 343.62 344.24 344.86 345.48 346.10 346.72 347.35
560 347.97 348.59 349.21 349.83 350.45 351.07 351.70 352.32 352.94 353.56
570 354.18 354.80 355.42 356.04 356.67 357.29 357.91 358.53 359.15 359.77
580 360.39 361.02 361.64 362.26 262.88 363.50 364.12 364.74 365.37 365.99
590 366.61 367.23 367.85 368.47 369.09 369.72 370.34 370.96 371.5r8 372.20

eoo 372.82 373.44 374.06 374.69 375.31 375.93 376.55 377.17 377.79 378.41
610 379.04 379.66 380.28 380.90 381.52 382.14 382.76 383.39 384.01 384.63
620 385.25 385.87 386.49 387.11 387.73 388.36 388.98 389.60 390.22 390.84
630 391.46 392.08 392.71 393.33 393.95 394.57 395.19 395.81 398.43 397.06
640 397.68 398.30 398.92 399.54 400.16 400.78 401.40 402.03 402.65 403.27
650 403.89 404.51 405.13 405.75 406.38 407.00 407.62 408.24 408.86 409.48
660 410.10 410.73 411.35 411.97 412.59 ^ 413.21 413.83 414.45 415.08 415.70
670 416.32 416.94 417.56 418.18 418.80 419.42 420.05 420.67 421.29 421.91
680 422.53 423.15 423.77 424.40 425.02 425.64 426.26 426.88 427.50 428.12
690 428.75 429.37 429.99 430.61 431.23 431.85 432.47 433.09 433.72 434.34

1
 LENGTHS KILOMETERS TO MILES (Continued)

434.96 435.58 436.20 436.82 437.44 438.07 438.69 439.31 439.93 440.55
700
441.17 441.79 442.42 443.04 443.66 444.28 444.90 445.52 446.14 446.76
710
447.39 448.01 448.63 449.25 449.87 450.49 451.11 451.74 452.36 452.98
720
453.60 454.22 454.84 455.46 456.09 456.71 457.33 457.95 458.57 459.19
730
460.44 461.06 461.68 462.30 462.92 463.54 464.16 464.78 465.41
740 459.81
467.89 468.51 469.13 469.76 470.38 471.00 471.62
7^ 46^.03 466.65 467.27
472.24 472.86 473.48 474.11 474.73 475.35 475.97 476.59 477.21 477.83
760
478.45 479.08 479.70 480.32 480.94 481.56 482.18 482.80 483.43 484.05
770
484.67 485.29 485.91 486.53 487.15 487.78 488.40 489.02 489.64 490.26
780
490.88 491.50 492.13 492.75 493.37 493.99 494.61 495.23 495.85 496.47
790

497.10 497.72 498.34 498.96 499.58 500.20 500.82 501.45 502.07 502.69
800
503.93 504.55 505.17 505.80 506.42 507.04 507.66 508.28 508.90
810 503.31
509.52 510.14 510.77 511.39 512.01 512.63 513.25 513.87 514.49 515.12
820
515.74 516.36 516.98 517.60 518.22 518:84 519.47 520.09 520.71 521.33
830
840 521.95 522.57 523.19 523.81 524.44 525.06 525.68 526.30 526.92 527.54
850 528.16 528.79 529.41 530.03 530.65 531.27 531.89 532.51 533.14 533.76
860 534.38 535.00 535.62 536.24 536.86 537.49 538.11 538.73 539.35 539.97
870 540.59 541.21 541.83 542.46 543.08 543.70 544.32 544.94 545.56 546.18
880 546.81 547.43 548.05 548.67 549.29 549.91 550.53 551.16 551.78 552.40
890 553.02 553.64 554.26 554.88 555.50 556.13 556.75 557.37 557.99 558.61
 LENGTHS KILOMETERS TO MILES (Continued)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

900 559.23 559.85 560.48 561.10 561.72 562.34 562.96 563.58 564.20 564.83 5
910 565.45 566.07 566.69 567.31 567.93 568.55
920 571.66 572.28 572.90 573.52 574.15 574.77
569.17
575.39
569.80
576.01
570.42 571.04
576.63 577.25
930 577.87 578.50 579.12 579.74 580.35 580.98 581.60 582.22 582.85 583.47
940 584.09 584.71 585.33 585.95 586.57 587.19 587.82 588.44 589.06 589.68
950 590.30 590.92 591.54 592.17 592.79 593.41 594.03 594.65 595.27 595.89 0
960 596.52 597.14 597.76 598.38 599.98 599.62 600.24 600.86 601.49 602.11
970 602.73 603.35 603.97 604.59 605.21 605.84 606.46 607.08 607.70 608.32
980
990
608.94
615.16
609.56
615.78
610.19
616.40
610.81
617.02
611.43
617.64
612.05
618.26
612.67 613.29 613.91 614.53 1
618.88 619.51 620.13 620.75
Cq

S

 LENGTHS MILES TO KILOMETERS
From 1 to 1,000 Units
Reduction factor: 1 mile = 1.609347219 kilometers

Values found in the body of the table give, in kilometers, the length indicated in miles at the top and side.

0 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9
I
0 1.6094 3.2187 4.8280 6.4374 8.0467 9.6561 11.265 12.875 14.484
10
20
16.094
32.187
17.703 19.312 20.922 22.531 24.140 25.750 27.359 28.968 30.578
33.796 35.406 37.015 38.624 40.234 41.843 43.452 45.062 46.671
30 48.280 49.890 51.499 53.109 54.718 56.327 57.937 59.546 61.155 62.765 s
40 64.374 65.983 67.593 69.202 70.811 72.421 74.030 75.639 77.249 78.858
50
60
70
80.467
96.561
112.65
82.077
98.170
114.26
83.686
99.780
115.87
85.295
101.39
117.48
86.905
103.00
119.09
88.514
104.61
120.70
90.123
106.22
122.31
91.733
107.83
123.92
93.342
109.44
125.53
94.952
111.05
127.14
I
80 128.75 130.36 131.97 133.58 135.19 136.79 138.40 140.01 141.62 143.23
90 144.84 146.45 148.06 149.67 151.28 152.89 154.50 156.11 157.72 159.33

V
 LENGTHS MILES TO KILOMETERS (Continued)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

100 160.94 162.54 164.15 165.76 167.37 168.98 170.59 172.20 173.81 175.42
110 177.03 178.64 180.25 181.86 183.47 185.07 186.68 188.29 189.90 191.51
120 193.12 194.73 196.34 197.95 199.56 201.17 202.78 204.39 206.00 207.61
130 209.22 210.82 212.43 214.04 215.65 217.26 218.87 220.48 222.09 223.70
.140 225.31 226.92 228.53 230.14 231.75 233.36 234.96 236.57 238.18 239.79
150 241.40 243.01 244.62 246.23 247.84 249.45 251.06 252.67 254.28 255.89
160 257.50 259.10 260.71 262.32 263.93 265.54 267.15 268.76 270.37 271.98
170 273.59 275.20 276.81 278.42 280.03 281.64 283.25 284.85 286.46 288.07
180 289.68 291.29 292.90 294.51 296.12 297.73 299.34 300.95 302.56 304.17
190 305.78 307.39 308.99 310.60 312.21 313.82 315.43 317.04 318.65 320.26

200 321.87 323.48 325.09 326.70 328.31 329.92 331.53 333.13 334.74 336.35
210 337.96 339.57 341.18 . 342.79 344.40 346.01 347.62 349.23 350.84 352.45
220 354.06 355.67 357.28 358.88 360.49 362.10 363.71 365.32 366.93 368.54
230 370.15 371.76 373.37 374.98 376.59 378.20 379.81 381.42 383.02 384.63
240 386.24 387.86 389.46 391.07 392.68 394.29 395.90 397.51 399.12 300.73
250 402.34 403.95 405.56 407.16 408.77 410.38 411.99 413.60 415.21 416.82
260 418.43 i20.04 421.65 423.26 424.87 426.48 428.09 429.70 431.31 432.91
270 434.52 436.13 437.74 439.35 440.96 442.57 444.18 445.79 447.40 449.01
280 450.62 452.27 453.84 455.45 457.05 458.66 460.27 461.88 , 463.49 465.10
290 466.71 468.32 469.93 471.54 473.15 474.76 476.37 477.98 ' 479.59 481.19
%
 LENGTHS MILES TO KILOMETERS (Continued)

482.80 481^41 486.02 487.63 489.24 490.85 492.46 494.07 495.68 497.29
300
498.90 500.51 502.12 503.73 505.34 506.94 508.55 510.16 511.77 513.38
310
320 514.99 516.60 518.21 519.82 521.43 523.04 524.65 526.26 527.87 529.48
531.08 532.89 534.30 535.91 537.52 539.13 540.74 542.35 543.96 545.57
330
340 547.18 548.79 550.40 552.01 553.62 555.22 556.83 558.44 560.05 561.66
563.27 564.88 566.49 568.10 569.71 571.32 572.93 574.54 576.15 577.76
350
579.37 580.97 582.58 584.19 585.80 587.41 589.02 590.63 592.24 593.85
360
370 595.46 597.07 598.68 600.29 601.90 603.51 605.12 606.72 608.33 609.94
622.82 624.43 626.04
S 380 611.55 613.16 614.77 616.38 317.99 619.60 621.21
638.91 640.52 642.13
390 627.65 629.25 630.86 632.47 634.08 635.69 637.30

648.57 650.18 651.79 653.40 655.00 656.61 658.22

400 643.74 645.35 646.96
661.44 663.05 664.66 666.27 667.88 669.49 671.10 672.71 674.32
410 659.83
679.14 680.75 682.36 683.97 685.58 687.19 688.80 690.41
420 675.93 677.54
692.02 693.63 695.24 696.85 698.46 700.07 701.68 703.28 704.89 706.50
430
708.11 709.72 711.33 712.94 714.55 716.16 717.77 719.38 720.99 722.60
440
724.21 725.82 727.42 729.03 730.64 732.25 733.86 735.47 737.08 738.69
450
740.30 741.91 743.52 745.13 746.74 748.35 749.96 751.57 753.17 754.78
460
756.39 758.00 759.61 761.22 762.83 764.44 766.05 767.66 769.27 770.88
470
480 772.49 774.10 775.71 777.31 778.92 780.53 782.14 783.75 785.36 786.97
490 788.58 790.19 791.80 793.41 795.02 796.63 798.24 799.85 801.45 803.06
 LENGTHS MILES TO KILOMETERS (Continued)

500 804.67 806.28 807.89 809.50 811.11 812.72 814.33 815.94 817.55 819.16
510 820.77 822.38 823.99 825.60 827.20 828.81 830.42 832.03 833.64 835.25
520 836.86 838.47 840.08 841.69 843.30 844.91 846.52 848.13 849.74 851.34
630 852.95 854.56 856.17 857.78 859.39 861.00 862.61 864.22 865.83 867.44
540 869.05 870.66 872.27 873.88 875.48 877.09 878.70 880.31 881.92 883.53
550 885.14 886.75 888.36 889.97 891.58 893.19 894.80 896.41 898.02 899.63
560 901.23 902.84 904.45 908.06 907.67 909.28 910.89 912.50 914.11 915.72
570 917.33 918.94 920.55 922.16 923.77 925.37 926.98 928.59 930.20 931.81
580 933.42 935.03 936.64 938.25 939.86 941.47 943.08 944.69 946.30 947.91
590 949.51 951.12 952.73 954.34 955.95 957.56 959.17 960.78 962.39 964.00

600 965.61 967.22 968.83 970.44 972.05 973.66 975.26 976.87 978.48 980.09
610 981.70 983.31 984.92 986.53 988.14 989.75 991.36 992.97 994.58 996.19
620 997.80 999.40 1,001.0 1,002.6 1.004.2 1.005.8 1,007.5 1.009.1 1.010.7 1.012.3
630 1,013.9 1,015.5 1.017.1 1.018.7 1.020.3 1.021.9 1.023.5 1.025.2 1.026.8 1.028.4
640 1.030.0 1,03L6 1.033.2 1.034.8 1.036.4 1.038.0 1.039.6 1.041.2 1,042.9 1.044.5
650 1.046.1 1,047:7 1.049.3 1.050.9 1.052.5 1.054.1 1.055.7 1.057.3 1,059.0 1.060.6
660 1.062.2 1.063.8 1.065.4 1.067.0 1.068.6 1.070.2 1.071.8 1.073.4 1.075.0 1,076.7
670 1.078.3 1.079.9 1.081.5 1.083.1 1.084.7 1.086.3 1.087.9 1.089.5 1.091.1 1.092.7
680 1.094.4 1.096.0 1.097.6 1.099.2 1.100.8 1.102.4 1.104.0 1.105.6 1.107.2 1.108.8
690 1,110.4 1.112.1 1.113.7 1.115.3 1,116.9 1.118.5 1.120.1 1.121.7 1.123.3 1,124.9
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
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 LENGTHS MILES TO KH.OMETERS (Continued)

900 1.448.4 1.450.0 1.451.6 1.453.2 1.454.8 1.456.5 1.458.1 1.459.7 1.461.3 1,462.9
010 1.464.5
920 1.480.6
930 1.496.7
1.466.1
1.482.2
1.498.3
1.467.7
1.483.8
1.469.3
1.485.4
1.470.9
1.487.0
1.472.6
1.488.6
1.474.2
1.490.3
1.475.8
1.491.9
1.477.4
1.493.5
1.479.0
1.495.1
I
1.499.9 1.501.5 1.503.1 1.504.7 1.506.3 1.508.0 1.509.6 1.511.2
940 1.512.8 1;514.4 1.516.0 1.517.6 1.519.2 1.520.8 1.522.4 1.524.1 1.525.7 1.527.3
950 1,528.8 1.530.5 1.532.1 1.533.7 1.535.3 1.536.9 1.538.5 1.540.1 1.541.8 1.543.4
9601 ,545.0 1.546.6 1.548.2 1.549.8 1.551.4 1.553.0 1.554.6 1.556.2 1.557.8 1.559.5
970 1.561.1 1.562.7 1.564.3 1.565.9 1.567.5 1.569.1 1.570.7 1.572.3 1.573.9 1.575.6
980 1.577.2
990 1.593.3
1.578.8
1.594.9
1.580.4
1.596.5
1.582.0
1.598.1
1.583.6
1.599.7
1.585.2
1.601.3
1.586.8
1.602.9
1.588.4 1.590.0 1.591.6 I
1.604.5 1.606.1 1.606.7
Cq

s
i
Cq
 5

CAPACITIES LITERS TO UQUID QUARTS
- From 1 to 1,000 Units
Reduction factor: 1 litej-= 1.056681869 liquid quarts
The values found in the body of the table give, in liquid quarts, the capacities indicated in liters at the
top and side. '.
i
0 1 2

7.3968 8.4535 9.5101

0
10 10.567
1.0567
11.624
2.1134
12.680
3.1701
13.737
4.2267
14.794
5.2834
15.850
6.3401
16.907 17.964 19.020 20.077
30.644
I
25.360 26.417 27.474 28.530 29.587
20
30
21.134
31.700
22.190
32.757
23.247
33.814
24.304
34.871 35.927 36.984 38.041 39.097 40.154 41.211 's
45.437 46.494 47.551 48.607 49.664 50.721 51.777
40
50
60
42.267
52.834
63.401
43.324
53.891
64.458
44.381
54.947
65.514
56.004
66.571
57.061
67.628
58.118
68.684
59.174
69.741
60.231
70.798
61.288
71.854
62.344
72.911
83.478
i
77.138 78.194 79.251 80.308 81.365 82.421
70 73.968 75.024 76.081
88.761 89.818 90.875 91.931 92.988 94.045
80 84.535 85.591 86.648 87.705
99.328 100.38 101.44 102.50 103.55 104.61
90 95.101 96.158 97.215 98.271
 CAPACITIES LITERS TO LIQUID QUARTS (Continued)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

100 105.67 106.72 107.78 108.84 109.89 110.95 112.01 113.06 114.12 115.18
110 116.24 117.29 118.35 119.41 120.46 121.52 122;58 123.63 124.69 125.75
120 126.80 127.86 128.92 129.97 131.03/ 132.09 133.14 . 134.20 135.26 136.31
130 137.37 138.43 139.48 140.54 141.60 142.65 143.71 144.77 145.82 146.88
140 147.94 148.99 150.05 151.11 152.16 153.22 154.28 155.33 156.39 157.45
150 158.50 159.56 160.62 161.67 162.73 163.79 164.84 165.90 166.96 168.01
160 169.07 170.13 171.18 172.24 173.30 174.35 175.41 176.47 177.52 178.58
170 179.64 180.69 181.75 182.81 183.86 184.92 185.98 187.03 188.09 189.15
180 190.20 191.26 192.32 193.37 194.43 195.49 196.54 197.60 198.66 199.71
190 200.77 201.83 202.88 203.94 205.00 206.05 207.11 208.17 209.22 210.28

200 211.34 212.39 213.45 214.51 215.56 216.62 217.68 218.73 219.79 220.85
210 221.90 222.96 224.02 225.07 226.13 227.19 228.24 229.30 230.36 231.41
220 232.47 233.53 234.58 ^ 235.64 236.70 237.75 238.81 239.87 240.92 241.98
230 243.04 244.09 245.15 246.21 247.26 248.32 249.38 250.43 251.49 252.55
240 253.60 254.66 255.72 256.77 257.83 258.89 259.94 261.00 262.06 263.11
250 264.17 265.23 266.28 267.34 268.40 269.45 270.51 271.57 272.62 273.68
260 274.74 275.79 276.85 277.91 278.96 280.02 281.08 282.13 283.19 2^.25
270 285.30 286.36 287.42 288.47 289.53 290.59 291.64 292.70 293.76 294.81
280 ^ 295.87 296.93 297.98 299.04 300.10 301.15 302.21 303.27 , 304.32 305.38
290 306.44 307.49 308.55 309.61 310.66 311.72 312.78 313.83 314.89 315.95
 CAPACITIES LITERS TO LIQUID QUARTS (Continued)

d 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8

300 317.00 318.06 319.12 320.17 321.23 322.29 323.34 324.40 325.46 326.51
310 327.57 328.63 329.68 330.74 331.80 332.85 333.91 334.97 336.02 337.08
320 338.14 339.19 340.25 341.31 , 342.36 343.42 344.48 345.53 346.59 347.65
330 348.71 349.76 350.82 351.88 ,352.93 / 353.99 355.05 356.10 357.16 358.22 .
340 359.27 360.33 361.39 362.44 363.50 364.56 365.61 366.67 367.73 368.78
350 369.84 370.90 371.95 373.01 374.07 375.12 376.18 377.24 378.29 379.35
360 380:41 381.46 382.52 383.58 384.63 385.69 386.75 387.80 388.86 389.92
370 390.97 392.03 393.09 394.14 395.20 396.26 397.31 398.37 399.43 400.48
i 380 401.54 402.60 403.65 404.71 405.77 406.82 407.88 408.94 409.99 411.05
390 412.11 413.16 414.22 415.28 416.33 417.39 418.45 419.^0 420.56 421.62

400 422.67 423.73 424.79 425.84 426.90 427.96 429.01 430.07 431.13 432.18
410 433.24 434.30 435.35 436.41 437.47 438.52 439.58 440.64 441.69 442.75
420 443.81 444.86 445.92 446.98 448.03 449.09 450.15 451.20 -452.26 453.32
430 454.37 455.43 456.49 457.54 458.60 459.66 , 460.71 461.77 462.83 463.88
440 464.94 466.00 467.05 468.11 469.17 470.22 471.28 472.34 473.39 474.45
450 475.51 476.56 477.62 478.68 479.73 480.79 481.85 482.90 483.96 485.02
460 486.07 487.13 488.19 489.24 490.30 491.36 492.41 493.47 494.53 495.58
470 496.64 497.70 498.75 499.81' 500.87 501.92 502.98 504.04 505.09 506.15
480 507.21 508.26 509.32 510.38 511.43 512.49 513.55 514.60 515.66 516.72
490 517.77 518.83 519.89 520.94 522.00 523.06 524.11 525.17 526.23 527.28
 CAPACITIES LITERS TO LIQUID QUARTS (Continued)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

500 528.34 529.40 530.45 531.51 532.57 533.62 534.68 535.74 536.79 537.85
510 538.91 539.96 541.02 542.08 543.13 544.19 545.25 546.30 547.36 548.42
520 549.47 550.53 551.59 552.64 553.70 554.76 555.81 556.87 557.93 558.98
530 560.04 561.10 562.15 563.21 564.27 565.32 566.38 567.44 568.49 569.55
540 570.61 571.66 572.72 573.78 574.83 575.89 576.95 578.00 579.06 580.12
550 581.18 582.23 583.29 584.35 585.40 586.46 587.52 588.57 589.63 590.69
560 591.74 592.80 593.86 594.91 595.97 597.03 598.08 599.14 600.20 601.25
570 602.31 603.37 604.42 605.48 606.54 607.59 608.65 609.71 610.76 611.82
580 612.88 613.93 614.99 616.05 617.10 618.16 619.22 620.27 621.33 622.39
590 623.44 624.50 625.56 626.61 627.67 628.73 629.78 630.84 631.90 632.95

600 634.01 635.07 636.12 637.18 638.24 639.29 640.35 641.41 642.46 643.52
610 644.58 645.63 646.69 647.75 648.80 649.86 650.92 651.97 653.03 654.09
620 655.14 656.20 657.26 658.31 659.37 660.43 661.48 662.54 663.60 664.65 .
630 665.71 666.77 667.82 668.88 669.94 670.99 672.05 673.11 674.16 675.22
640 676.28 677.33 678.39 679.45 680.50 681.56 682.62 683.67 684.73 685.79
650 686.84 687.90 688.96 690.01 691.07 692.13 693.18 694.24 695.30 696.35
660 697.41 698.47 699.52 700.58 701.64 702.69 703.75 704.81 705.86 706.92
670 707.98 709.03 710.09 711.15 712.20 713.26 714.32 715.37 716.43 717.49
680 718.54 719.60 720.66 721.71 722.77 723.83 724.88 725.94 727.00 728.05
690 729.11 730.17 731.22 732.28 733.34 734.39 735.45 736.51 737.56 738.62
 CAPACITIESUTERS TO LIQUID QUARTS (Continued)

0 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9
3

g
700 739.68 740.73 741.79 742.85 743.90 744.96 746.02 747.07 748.13 749.19 1
710 750.24 751.30 752i36 753.41 754.47 755.53 756.58 757.64 758.70 759.75
720 760.81 761.87 762.92 763.98 765.04 766.09 767.15 768.21 769.26 770.32
730 771.38 772.43 773.49 774.55 775.60 776.61 777.72 778.77 779.83 780.89
740 781.94 783.00 784.06 785.11 786.17 787.23 788.28 789.34 790.40 7'91.45
750 792.51 793.57 794.62 795.68 796.74 797.79 798.85 799.91 800.96 802.02
760 803.08 804.13 805.19 806.25 807.30 808.36 809.42 810.47 811.53 812.59
770 813.65 814.70 815.76 816.82 > 817.87 818.93 819.99 821.04 822.10 823.16
833.72
780
790
824.21
834.7a
825.27
835.84
826.33
836.89
827.38
837.95
828.44
839.01
829.50
840.06
830.55
841.12
831.61
842.18
832.67
843.23 844.29
i
800 845.35 846.40 847.46 848.52 849.57 850.63 851.69 852.74 863.80 854.86 s.

810 855.91 856.97 858.03 859.08 860.14 861.20 862.25 863.31 864.37 >865.42
. ^
820 866.48 867.54 868.59 869.65 870.71 871.76 872.82 873.88 874.93 875.99 to
830 877.05 878.10 879.16 880.22 881.27 882.33 883.39 884.44 885.50 886.56
15
840 887.61 888.67 889.73 890.78 891.84 892.90 893.95 895.01 896.07 897.12 tn
850 898.18 899.24 900.29 901.35 902.41 903.46 904.52 905.58 906.63 907.69 2
911.92 914.03 915.09 916.14 917.20 918.26
860
870
908.75
919.31
909.80
920.37
910.86
921.43 922.48
912.97
923.54 [924.60 925.65 926.71 927.77 928.82 i
Cq

880 929.88 930.94 931.99 933.05 934.11 935.16 936.22 937.28 938.33 939.39
890 940.47 941.50 942.56 953.62 944.67 945.73 946.79 947.84 948.90 949.96
 CAPACITIES LITERS TO LIQUID QUARTS (Continued)

900 951.01 952.07 953.13 954.18 955.24 956.30 957.35 958.41 959.47 960.52
910 961.58 962.64 963.69 964.75 965.81 966.86 967.92 968.98 970.03
s
971.09
920 972.15 973.20 974.26 975.32 976.37 977.43 978.49 979.54 980.60 981.66
930 982.71 983.77 984.83 985.88 986.94 988.00 989.05 990.11 991.17 992.22
940 993.28 994.34 995.39 996.45 997.51 998.56 999.62 1,000.7 1,001.7 1,002,8
950 1,003.8 1,004.9 1,006.0 1,007.0 1,008.1 1,009.1 1,010.2 1,011.2 1.012.3 1.013.4
960 1.014.4 1.015.5 1,016.5 1.017.6 1,018.6 1.019.7 1,020.8 1,021.8 1,022.9 1,023.9
970 1.025.0 1,026.0 1.027.1 1,028.2 1.029.2 1.030.3 1,031.3 1.032.4 1.033.4 1.034.5
980 1.035.5 1.036.6 1,037.7 1.038.7 1,039.8 1.040.8 1,041.9 1,042.9 1,044.0 1,045.1
990 1.046.1 1,047.2 1.048.2 1,049.3 1.050.3 1.051.4 1,052.5 1.053.5 1,054.6 1.055.6

I
2

i
 5
g
CAPACITIES LIQUID QUARTS TO LITERS
Frrnn 1 to 1,000 Units
Reduction factor; 1 Kquid quart = 0.9463586241 liter
The values found in the body of the table give, in liters, th^ capacities indicated in liquid quarts at the
6top and side.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 . 8 9
I
Oq
-9

0 0.94636 1.8927 2.8391 3.7854 4.7318 5.6782 6.6245 7.5709 8.5172

10 9.4636 10.410 11.353 12.303 13.249 14.195 15.142 16.088 17.034 17.981
20 18.927 19:874 20.820 2i:766 22.713 23.659 24.605 25.552 26.498 27.444
30 28.391 29.337 30.283 31.230 32.176 33.123 34.069 35.015 35.962 36.908
40 37.854 38.801 39.747 40.693 41.640 42.586 43.533 44.479 45.425 46.372
50
60
47.318
56.782
48.264
57.728
49.211
58.674
50.157
59.621
51.103
60.567
52.050
61.513
52.996
62.460
53 942
63.406
54.889
64.352
55.8fe
65.299 i
Oq

70 66.245 67.191 68.138 69.084 70.031 70.977 71.923 72.870 73.816 74.862
80 75.,709 76.655 77.601 78.548 79.494 80.440 81.387 82.333 83.280 84.226
90 85.172 86.119 87.065 88.011 88.958 89.904 90.850 91.797 92.743 93.690

V
 CAPACITIES LIQUID QUARTS TO LITERS (Continued)

0 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9

100 94.636 95.582 96.529 97.475 98.421 99.368 100.31 101.26 102.21 103.15
110 104.10 105.05 105.99 106.94 107.88 108.83 109.78 110.72 111.67 112.62
120 113.56 114.51 115.46 116.40 117.35 118.29 119.24 120.19 121.13 122.08
130 123.03 123.97 124.92 125.87 126.81 127.76 128.70 129.65 130.60 131.54
140 132.49 133.44 134.38 135.33 136.28 137.22 138.17 139.11 140.06 141.01
150 141.95 142.90 143.85 144.79 145.74 146.69 147.63 148.58 149.52 150.47
160 151.42 152.36 153.31 154.26 155.20 l56.15 157.10 158.04 158.99 159.93
170 160.88 161.83 162.77 163.72 164.67 165.61 166.56 167.51 168.45 169.40
180 170.34 171.29 172.24 173.18 174.13 175.08 176.02 176.97 177.92 178.86
190 179.81 180.75 181.70 182.65 183.59 184.54 185.49 186.43 187.38 188.33

200 189.27 190.22 191.16 192.11 193.06 194.00 194.95 195.90 196.84 197.79
210 198.74 199.68 200.63 201.57 202.52 203.47 204.41 205.36 206.31 207.25
220 208.20 209.15 210.09 211.04 211.98 212.93 213.88 214.82 215.77 216.72,
230 217.66 218.61 219.56 220.50 221.45 222.39 223.34 224.29 225.23 226.18^
240 227.13 228.07 229.02 229.97 230.91 231.86 232.80 233.75 234.70 235.64
250 236.59 237.54 238.48 239.43 240.38 241.32 242.27 243:21 244.16 245.11
260 246.05 247.00 247.95 248.89 249.84 250.79 251.73 252.68 253.62 254.57
270 255.52 256.46 257.41 258.36 259.30 260.25 261.19 262.14 263.09 264.03
280 264.98 265.93 266.87 267.82 268.77 269.71 270.66 271.60 272.55 273.50
290 274.44 275.39 276.34 277.28 278.23 279.18 280.12 281.07 282.01 282.96
 CAPACITIES LIQUID QUARTS TO LITERS (Continued)

0 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9

300 283.91 284.85 285.80 286.75 287.69 288.64 289.59 290.53 291.48 292.42
310 293.37 294.32 295.26 296.21 297.16 298.10 299.05 300:00 300.94 301.89
320 302.83 303.78 304.73 305.67 306.62 307.57 308.51 309.46 310.41 311.35
330 312.30 313.24 314.19 315.14 316.08 317.03 317.98 318.92 319.87 320.82
340 321.76 322.71 323.65 324.60 325.55 326.49 327.44 328.39 329.33 330.28
350 331.23 332.17 333.12 334.06 335.01 335.96 336.90 337.85 338.80 339.74
360 340.69 341.64 342.58 343.53 344.47 345.42 346.37 347.31 348.26 349.21
370 350.15 351.10 352.05 352.99 353.94 354.88 355.83 356.78 357.72 358.67
380 359.62 360.56 361.51 362.46 363.40 364.35 365.29 366.24 367.19 368.13
390 369.08 370.03 370.97 371.92 372.87 373.81 374.76 375.70 376.65 377.60

400 378.54 379.49 380.44 381.38 382.33 383.28 384.22 385.17 386.11 387.06
410 388.01 388.95 389.90 390.85 391.79 392.74 393.69 394.63 395.58 396.52
420 397.47 398.42 399.36 400.31 401.25 402.20 403.15 ^.10 105.04 405.99
430 406.93 407.88 408.83 409.77 410.72 411.67 412.61 413.56 414.51 415.45
440 416.40 417.34 418.29 419.24 420.18 421.13 422.08 423.02 423.97 424.92
450 425.86 426.81 427.75 428.70 429.65 430.59 431.54 432.49 433.43 434.38
460 435.32 436.27 437.22 438.16 439.11 440.06 441.00 441.95 442.90 443.84
470 444.79 445.73 446.68 447.63 448.57 449.52 450.47 451.41 452.36 453.31
480 454.25 455.20 456.14 457.09 458.04 458.98 459.93 460.88 461.82 462.77
490 463.72 464.66 465.61 466.55 467.50 468.45 469.39 470.34 471.29 472.23
 CAPACITffiS LIQUID QUARTS TO LITERS (Continued)

0 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9

500 473.18 474.13 475.07 476.02 476.96 477.91 478.86 479.80 480.75 481.70
510 482.64 483.59 484.54 485.48 486.43 487.37 488.32 489.27 490.21 491.16
620 492.11 493.05 494.00 494.95 495.89 496.84 497.78 498.73 499.68 500.62
530 501.57 502.52 503.46 504.41 505.36 506.30 507.25 508.19 509.14 510.09
540 511.03 511.97 512.93 513.87 514.82 515.77 516.71 517.66 518.60 519.55
550 520.50 521.44 522.39 523.34 524.28 525.23 526.18 527.12 ^ 528.07 529.01
560 529.96 530.91 531.85 532.80 533.75 534.69 535.64 536.59 537.53 538.48
570 539.42 540.37 541.32 542.26 543.21 544.16 545.10 546.05 547.00 547.94
580 548.89 549.83 550.78 551.73 552.67 553.62 554.57 555.51 556.46 557.41
590 558.35 559.30 560.24 561.19 562.14 563.08 564.03 564.98 565.92 566.87

600 567.82 568.76 569.71 570.65 571.60 572.55 573.49 574.44 575.39 576.33
610 577.28 578.23 579.17 580.12 581.06 582.01 582.96 583.90 584.85 585.80
620 586.74 587.69 588.64 589.58 590.53 591.47 592.42 593.37 594.31 595.26
630 596 .'21 597.15 598.10 599.05 599.99 600.94 601.88 602.83 603.78 604.72
640 605.67 606.62 607.56 608.51 609.45 610.40 611.35 612.29 613.24 614.19
650 615.13 616.08 617.03 617.97 618.92 619.86 620.81 621.76 622.70 623.65
660 624.60 625.54 626.49 627.44 628.38 629.33 630.27 631.22 632.17 633.11
670 634.06 635.01 635.95 636.90 637.85 638.79 639.74 640.68 641.63 642.58
680 643.52 644.47 645.42 646.36 647.31- 648.26 649.20 650.15 651.09 652.04
690 652.99 658.93 654.88 655.83 656.77 657.72 658.67 659.61 660.56 661.50
 CAPACITIES LIQUID QUARTS TO LITERS (Continued)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

700 662.45 663.40 664.34 665.29 666.24 667.18 668.13 669.08 670.02 670.97
710 671.91 672.86 673.81 674.75 675.70 676.65 677.59 678.54 679.49 680.43
720 681.38 682.32 683.27 684.22 685.16 686.11 687.06 688.00 688.95 689.90
730 690.84 691.79 692.73 693.68 694.63 695.57 696.52 697.47 698.41 699.36
740 700.31 701.25 702.20 703.14 704.09 705.04 705.98 706.93 707.88 708.82
750 709.77 710.72 711.66 712.61 713.55 714.50 715.45 716.39 717.34 718.29
760 719.23 720.18 721.13 722.07 723.02 723.96 724.91 725.86 726.80 727.75 .
770 728.70 729.64 730.59 731.54 732.48 733.43 734.37 735.32 736.27 737.21
780 738.16 739.11 740.05 741.00 741.95 742.89 743.84 744.78 745.73 746.68
790 747.62 748.57 749.52 750.46 751.41 752.36 753.30 754.25 755.19 756.14

800 757.09 758.03 758.98 759.93 760.87 761.82 762.77 763.71 764.66 765.60
810 766.55 767.50 768.44 769.39 770.34 771.28 772.23 773.18 774.12 775.07
820 776.01 776.96 777.91 778.85 779.80 780.75 781.69 782.64 783.58 784.53
830 785.48 786.42 787.37 788.32 789.26 790.21 791.16 792.10 793.05 793.99
840 794.94 795.89 796.83 797.78 798.73 799.67 800.62 801.57 802.51 803.46
850 804.40 805.35 806.30 807.24 808.19 809.14 810.08 811.03 811.98 812.92
860 813.87 814.81 815.76 816.71 817.65 818.60 819.55 820.49 821.44 822.39
870 823.33 824.28 825.22 826.17 827.12 828.06 829.01 829.96 830.90 831.85
880 832.80 833.74 834.69 835.63 836.58 837.53 838.47 839.42 840.37 841.31
890 842.26 843.21 844.15 845.10 846.04 846.99 847.94 848.88 849.83 850.78
 CAPACITIESLIQUID QUARTS TO LITERS (Continued)
0 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 . 9

900 851.72 852.67 853.62 854.56 855.51 856.45 857.40 858.35 859.29 860.24
'5
910 861.19 862.13 863.08 864.03 864.97 865.92 866.86 867.81 868.76 869.70
920 870.65 871.60 8/2.54 873.49 874.44 875.38 876.33 877.27 878.22 879.17
930 880.11 881.06 882.01 882.95 883.90 884.85 885.79 886.74 887.68 888.63
940 889.57 890.52 891.47 892.42 893.36 894.31 895.26 896.20 897.15 898.09
0
950 899.04 899.99 900.93 901.88 902.83 903.77 904.72 905.67 906.61 907.56
960 908.50 909.45 910.40 911.34 912.29 913.24 914.18 915.13 916.08 917.02
970
980
917.97
927.43
918.91
928.38
919.86
929.32
920.81
930.27
921.75
931.22
922.70
932.16
923.65
933.11
924.59
934.06
925.54
935.00
926.49
935.95
1
990 936.90 937.84 938.79 939.73 940.68 941.63 942.57 943.52 944.47 945.41
i

s
s
i
 WEIGHTS KILOGRAMS TO AVOIRDUPOIS POUNDS
i
From 1 to 1,000 Units
Reduction factor: 1 kilogram = 2.204622341 avoirdupois pounds
The values foimd in the body of the table give, in .avoirdupois pounds, the weights indicated in kilograms
at the top and side.
Cq
0 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9

0 2.2046 4.4092 6.6139 8.8185 11.023 13.278 15.432 17.637 19.842

10 22.046 24.251 26.456 28.660 30.865 33.069 35.274 37.479 39.683 . 41.888
20 44.092 46.297 48.502 50.706 52.911 55.116 57.320 59.525 61.729 63.934
30 66.139 68.343 70.548 72.753 74.957 77.162 79.366 81.571 83.776 85.980 s
40 88.185 90.390 92.594 94.799 97.003 99.208 101.41 103.62 105.82 108.03 s
50 110.23 112.44 114.64 116.85 119.05 121.25 123.46 125.66 127.87 130.07
60 132.28 134.48 136.69 138.89 141.10 143.30 145.51 147.71 149.91 152.12 i
, 70 154.32 156.53 158.73 160.94 163.14 165.35 167.55 169.76 171.96 174.17
80 176.37 178.57 180.78 182.98 185.19 187.39 189.60 191.80 194.01 196.20
90 198.42 200.62 202.83 205.03 207.23 209.44 211.64 213.85 216.05 218.26
 WEIGHTS KILOGRAMS TO AVOIRDUPOIS POUNDS (Continued)
7

100 220.46 222.67 224.87 227.08 229.28 231.49 233.69 235.89 238.10 240.30
110 242.51 244.71 246.92 249.12 251.33 253.53 255.74 257.94 260.15 262.35
120 264.55 266.76> 268.96 271.17 273.37 275.58 277.78 279.99 282.19 284.40
130 286.60 288.81 291.01 293.21 295.42 297.62 299.83 302.03 304.24 306.44
140 308.65 310.85 313.06 315.26 317.47 319.67 321.87 324.08 326.28 328.49
150 330.69 332.90 335.10 337.31 339.51 341.72 343.92 346.13 348.33 350.54
160 352.74 354.94 357.15 359.35 361.56 363.76 365.97 368.17 370.38 372.58
170 374.79 376.99 379.20 381.40 383.60 385.81 388.01 390.22 392.42 394.63
180 396.83 399.04 401.24 403.45 405.65 407.86 410.06 412.26 414.47 416.67
190 418.88 421.08 423.29 425.49 427.70 429.90 432.11 434.31 436.52 438.72
200 440.92 443.13 445.33 447.54 449.74 451.95 454.15 456.36
210
458.56 460.77
462.97 465.18 467.38 469.58 471.79 473.99 476.20 478.40 480.61 482.81
220 485.02 487.22 489.43 491.63 493.84 496.04 498.24 500.45 502.65 504.86
230 507.06 509.27 511.47 513.68 515.88 518,09 520.29 522.50 524.70 526.90
240 529.11 531.31 533.52 535.72 537.93 540.13 542.34 544.54 546.75 548.95
250 551.16 553.36 555.56 557.77 559.97 562.18 564.38 566.59 568.79 571.00
260 573.20 575.41 577.61 579.82 582.02 584.22 586.43 588.63 590.84 593.04
270 595.25 597.45 599.66 601.86 604.07 606.27 608.48 610.68 612.89 615.Q9
280 617.29 619.50 621.70 623.91 626.11 628.32 630.52 632.73 634.93 637.14
290 639.34 641.55 643.75 645.95 648.16 650.36 652.57 654.77 656.98 659.18
 WEIGHTS KILOGRAMS TO AVOIRDUPOIS POUNDS (Continued)

300 661.39 663.59 665.80 668.00 670.21 672.41 674.61 676.82 679.02 681.23
310 683.43 685.64 687.84 690.05 692.25 694.46 696.66 698.87 701.07 703.27
320 705.48 707.68 709.89 712.09 714.30 716.50 718.71 720.91 723.12 725.32
330 727.53 729.73 731.93 734.14 736.35 738.55 740.75 742.96 745.16 747.37
340 749.57 751.78 753.98 756.19 758.39 760.59 762.80 765.00 767.21 769.41
350 771.62 773.82 776.03 778.23 780.44 782.64 784.85 787.05 789.25 791.46
360 793.66 795.87 798.07 800.28 802.48 804.69 806.89 809.10 811.30 813.51
370 815.71 817.91 820.12 822.32 824.53 826.73 828.94 831.14 833.35 835.55
380 837.76 839.96 842.17 844.37 846.58 848.78 850.98 853.19 855.38 857.60
390 859.80 862.01 864.21 866.42 868.62 870.83 873.03 875.24 877.44 879.64

400 881.85 884.05 886.26 888.46 890.67 892.87, 895.08 897.28 899.49 901.69
410 903.90 906.10 908.30 910.51 912.71 914.92 917.12 919.33 921.53 923.74
420 925.94 928.15 930.35 932.56 934.76 936.96 939.17 941.37 943.58 945.78
430 947.99 950.20 952.40 954.60 956^.71 959.01 961.22 963.42 965.62 967.83
440 970.03 972.24 974.44 976.65 978.85 981.06 983.26 985.47 987.67 989.88
450 992.08 994.28 996.49 1,000.9 1,003.1 1.005.3 1.007.5 1.009.7 1,011.9
460 1.014.1 1.016.3 1.018.5 1.020.7 1,022.9 1.025.1 1.027.4 1.029.6 1.031.8 1,034.0
470 1.036.2 1.038.4 1.040.6 1.042.8 1,045.0 1.047.2 1,049.4 1.051.6 1.053.8 1.056.0
480 1.058.2 1.060.4 1,062.^ 1.064.8 1.067.0 1.069.2 1.071.4 1.073.7 1.075.9 1.078.1
490 1.080.3 1.082.5 1.084.7 1.086.9 1.089.1 1.091.3 1.093.5 1,095.7 1,097.9 1,100.1
 WEIGHTS KILOGRAMS TO. AVOIRDUPOIS POUNDS (Continued)

500 1.102.3 1.104.5 1.106.7 1,108.9 1,111.1 1.113.3 1.115.5 1.117.7 1,119.9 1,122.2
510 1.124.4 1.126.6 1.128.8 1,131.0 1,133.2 1.135.4 1.137.6 1.139.8 1,142.0 1.144.2
520 1,146.4 1.148.6 1.150.8 1.153.0 1.155.2 1.157.4 1.159.6 1,161.8 1.164.0 1,166.2
630 1.168.4 1.170.7 1.172.9 1.175.1 1.177.3 1.179.5 1.181.7 1.183.9 1,186.9 1.188.3
540 1.190.5 1,192.7 1,194.9 1.197.1 1.199.3 1.201.5 1.203.7 1,205.9 1.208.1 1.210.3
550 1.212.5 1.214.7 1,217.0 1.219.2 1.221.4 1.223.6 1.225.8 1,228.0 1,230.2 1.232.4
560 1.234.6 1.236.8 1.239.0 1,241.2 1.243.4 1.245.6 1.247.8 1.250.0 1.252.2 1.254.4
570 1.256.6 1.258.8 1,261.0 1.263.2 1.265.5 1.267.7 1.269.9 1.272.1 1.274.3 1.276.5
580 1.278.7 1.280.9 1.283.1 1.285.3 1,287.5 1.289.7 1,291.9 1.294.1 1,296.3 1.298.5
590 1.300.7 1,302.9 1.305.1 1.307.3 1.309.5 1.311.8 1,314.0 1.316.2 1.318.3 1.320.6
600 1.322.8 1,325.0 1.327.2 1.329.4 1.331.6 1,333.8 1,336.0 1.338.2 1.340.4 1.342.6
610 1.344.8 1.347.0 1.349.2 1.351.4 1.353.6 1.355.8 1.358.0 1.360.3 1.362.5 1.364.7
620 1.366.9 1.369.1 1.371.3 1.375.5 1.375.7 1.377.9 1.380.1 1,382.3 1,384.5 1.386.7
630 1,388.9 1.391.1 1.393.3 1.395.5 1.397.7 1,399.9 1.402.1 1.404.3 1.406.5 1.408.8
640 1,411.0 1.413.2 1.415.4 1.417.6 1.419.8 1,422.0 1.424.2 1.426.4 1.428.6 1,430.8
650 1.433.0 1.435.2 1.437.4 1.439.6 1.441.8 1.444.0 1.446.2 1.448.4 1.450.6 1.452.8
660 1.455.1 1.457.3 1.459.5 1.461.7 1.463.9 1.466.1 1.468.3 1.470.5 1.472.7 1.474.9
670 1,477.1 1,479.3 1.481.5 1.483.7 1,485.9 1.488.1 1.490.3 1.492.5 1.494.7 1,496.9
680 1.499.1 1.501.3 1.503.6 1.505.8 1,508.0 1.510.2 1.512.4 1.514.6 1.516.8 1,519.0
1.521.2 1.523.4 1,525.6 1,527.8 1,530.0 1,532.2 1,534.4 1,536.6 1,538.8 1,541.0
 WEIGHTS KILOGRAMS TO AVOIRDUPOIS POUNDS (Continued)

700 1.543.2 1.545.4 1.547.6 1.549.8 1,552.1, 1,554.3 1,556.5 1,558.7 1,560.9 1,563.1
710 1.565.3 1.567.5 1.569.7 1.571.9 1,574.1 1.576.3 1.578.5 1.580.7 1,582.9 1.585.1
720 1.587.3 1.589.5 1.591.7 1,593.9 1.596.1 1.598.4 1.600.6 1.602.8 1,605.0 1.607.2
730 1.609.4 1.611.6 1.613.8 1,616.0 1.618.2 1,620.4 1,622.6 1.624.8 1.627.0 1.629.2
740 1.631.4 1.633.6 1.635.8 1.638.0 1.640.2 1.642.4 1.644.6 1.646.9 1.649.1 1.651.3
750 1.653.5 1.655.7 1.657.9 1.660.1 1.662.3 1.664.5 1.666.7 1,668.9 1.671.1 1.673.3
760 1.675.5 1.677.7 1,679.9 1,682.1 1.684.3 1.686.5 1.688.7 1,690.9 1.693.2 1.695.4
770 1.697.6 1.699.8 1,702.0 1,704.2 1.706.4 1.708.6 1.710.8 1,713.0 1,715.2 1,717.4
780 1.719.6 1.721.8 1.724.0 1.726.2 1.728.4 1.730.6 1.732.8 1.735.0 1.737.2 1.739.4
790 1.741.7 1.743.9 1.746.1 1.748.3 1.750.5 1.752.7 1.754.9 1.757.1 1.759.3 1.761.5

800 1,763.7 1,766.0 1.768.1 1.770.3 1.772.5 1.774.7 1,776.9 1.779.1 1.781.3 1.783.5
810 1.785.7 1,787.9 1.790.2 1.792.4 1.794.6 1.796.8 1.799.0 1.801.2 1.803.4 1.805.6
820 1.807.8 1,810.0 1,812.2 1.814.4 1,816.6 1,818.8 1,821.0 1.823.2 1.825.4 1.827.6
830 1.829.8 1.832.0 1.834.2 1.836.5 1.838.7 1.840.9 1.843.1 1.845.3 1.847.5 1.849.7
840 1.851.9 1.854.1 1.856.3 1,858.5 1,860.7 1,862.9 1.865.1 1.867.3 1.869.5 1.871.7
850 1,873.9 1.876.1 1.878.3 1.880.5 1.882.7 1,885.0 1.887.2 1.889.4 1.891.6 1.893.8
860 1,896.0 1.898.2 1.900.4 1.902.6 1.904.8 1,907.0 1,909.2 1.911.4 1.913.6 1.915.8
870 1.918.0 1.920.2 1.922.4 1.924.6 1.926.8 1.929.0 1.931.2 1.933.5 1.935.7 1.937.9
880 1.940.1 1.942.3 1.944.5 1.946.7 1.948.9 1.951.1 1.953.3 1.955.6 1.957.7 1,959.9
890 1,962.1 1,964.3^ 1,966.5 1,968.7 1,970.9 1,973.1 1,975.3 1,977.5 1.979.8 1,982.0

V
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
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-
 WEIGHTS AVOIRDUPOIS POUNDS TO KILOGRAMS
5
From 1 to 1,000 Units
Reduction factor: 1 avoirdupois pound= 0.4535924277 kilogram I
The values found in thebody oftheJbable give, in kilograms, theweights indicate^ in avoirdupois pounds
at the top and side. ,o

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ^ 9 i
\
Cq
0 0.45359 0.90718 1.3608 1.8144 2.2680 2.7216 3.1752 3.6287 4.0823
10 4.5359 4.9895 5.4431 5.8967 6.3503 6.8039 7.2575 7.7111 8.1647 8.6183
20 9.0719 9.5254 9.9790 10.433 10.886 11.340 11.793 12.247 12.701 13.154
30 13.608 14.061 14.515 14.969 15.422 15.876 16.329 16.783 17.237 17.690
40 18.144 18.597 19.051 19.504 19.958 20.412 20.865 21.319 21.772 22.226

50 22.680 23.133 23.587 24.040 24.494 24.948 25.401 25.855 26.308 26.762
60 27.216 27.669 28.123 28.576 29.030 29.484 29.937 30.391 30.844 31.^98
s
70 31.751 32.205 32.659 33.112 33.566 34.019 34.473
80
90
86.287
40.823
36.741
41.277
37.195
41.731
37.648
42.184
38.102
42.638
38.555
43.091
39.009
43.545
34.927
39.463
43.998
35.380
39.916
44.452
35.834
40.370
44.906
i
 WEIGHTS AVOIRDUPOIS POUNDS TO KILOGRAMS (Continued)

45.813 46.266 46.720 47.174 47.627 48.081 48.534 48.988 49.442

100 45.359
110 49.895 50.349 50.802 51.256 51.710 52.163 52.617 53.070 53.524 53.978
120 54.431 54.885 55.338 55.792 56.245 56.699 57.153 57.606 58.060 58.513
58.967 59.421 59.874 60.328 60.781 61.235 61.689 62.142 62.596 63.049
130
140 63.503 63.957 64.410 64.864 65.317 65.771 66.224 66.678 67.132 67.585
150 68.039 68.492 68.946 69.400 69.853 70.307 70.760 71.214 71.668 72.121
160 72.575 73.028 73.482 73.936 74.389 74.843 75.296 75.750 76.204 76.657
77.111 77.564 78.018 78.471 78.925 79.379 79.832 80.286 80.739 81.193
170
180 81.647 82.100 82.554 83.007 83.461 83.915 84.368 84.822 85.275 85.729
190 86.183 86.636 87.090 87.543 87.997 88.451 88.904 89.358 89.811 90.256

200 90.718 91.172 91.626 91.179 92.533 92.986 93.440 93.894 94.347 94.801
95.254 95.708 96.162 96.615 97.069 97.522 97.976 98.430 98.883 99.337
210
99.790 100.24 100.70 101.15 101.60 102.06 102.51 102.97 103.42 103.87
220
230 104.33 104.78 105.23 105.69 106.14 106.59 107.05 107.50 107.96 108.41
240 108.86 109.32 109.77 110.22 110.6S 111.13 111.58 112.04 112.49 11^.94
250 113.40 113.85 114.31 114.76 115.21 115.67 116.12 116.57 117.03 117.48
260 117.93 118*39 118.84 119.29 119.75 120.20 120.66 121.11 121.56 122.02
270 122.47 122.92 123.38 123.83 124.28 124.74 125.19 125.65 126.10 126.55
280 127.01 127.46 127.91 128.37 128.82 129.27 129.73 130.18 130.63 131.09
290 131.54 132.00 132.45 132.90 133.36 133.81 134.26 134.72 135.17 135.62
 WEIGHTS AVOIRDUPOIS POUNDS TO KILOGRAMS (Continued)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ' 8 9

300 136.08 136.53 136.98 137.44 137.89 138.35 138.80 139.25 139.71 140.16
310 140.61 141.07 141.52 141.97 142.43 142.88 143.34 143.79 144.24 144.70
320 145.15 145.60 / 146.06 146.51 146.96 147.42 147.87 148.32 148.78 149.^3
330 149.69 . 150.14 150.59 151.05 151.50 151.95 152.41 152.86 153.31 153.77
340 154.22 154.68 155.13 155.58 156.04 156.49 156.94 157.40 157.85 158.30
350 158.76 159.21 159.66 160.12 160.57 161.03 161.48 161.93 162.39 162.84
360 163.29 163.75 164.20 164.65 165.11 165.56 166.01 166.47 166.92 167.38
370 167.83 168.28 168.74 169.19 169.64 170.10 170.55 171.00 171.46 171.91
: 380 172.37 172.82 173.27 17^.73 174.18 174.63 175.09 175.54 175.99 176.45
390 176.90 177.35 177.81 178.26 178.72 179.17 179.62 180.08 180.53 180.98

400 181.44 131.89 182.34 182.80 183.25 183.70 184.16 184.61 185.07 185.52
410 185.97 186.43 186.88 187.33 187.79 188.24 188.69 189.15 189.60 190.06
420 190.51 190.96 191.42 191.87 192.32 192.78 193.23 193.68 194.14 194.59
430 195.04 195.50 195.95 196.41 196.86 197.31 197.77 198.22 198.67 199.13
440 199.58 ' 200.03 200.49 200.94 201.40 201.85 202.30 202.76 203.21 203.66
450 204.12 204.57 205.02 205.48 205.93 206.38 206.84 207.29 207.75 208.20
460 208.65 209.11 209.56 210.01 210.47 210.92 211.37 211.83 212.28 212.73
470 213.19 213.64 214.10 214.55 215.00 215.46 215.91 216.36 216.82 217.27
480 217.72 218.18 218.63 219.09 219.54 219.99 220.45 220.90 221.35 221.81
490 222.26 222.71 223:17 223.62 224.07 224.53 224.98 225.44 225.89 226.34
j
 WEIGHTS AVOIRDUPOIS POUNDS TO KILOGRAMS (Continued)
4 5 6 7

500 226.80 227.26 227.70 228.16 228.61 229.06 229.52 229.97 230.42 230.88
510 231.33 231.79 232.24 232.69 233.15 233.60 234.05 234.51 234.96 235.41
620 236.87 236.32 236.78 237.23 237.68 238.14 238.59 239.04 239.50 239.96
630 240.40 240.86 241.31 241.76 242.22 242.67 243.13 243.58 244.03 244.49
540 ' 244.94 245.39 246.86 246.30 246.75 247.21 247.66 248.12 248.67 249.02
550 249.48 249.93 260.38 250.84 251.29 251.74 252.20 252.65 263.10 253.56
660 264.01 254.47 254.92 255.37 255.83 256.28 256.73 257.19 257.64 268.09
670 258.66 259.00 259.46 269.91 260.36 260.82 261.27 261.72 262.18 262.63
580 263.08 263.54 263.99 264.44 264.90 265.35 265.81 266.26 266.71 267.17
590 2^7.62 268.07 268.63 268.98 269.43 269.89 270.34 270.79 271.25 271.70
600 272.16 272.61 273.06 273.52 273.97 274.42 274.88 275.33 276.78 276.24
610 276.69 277.14 277.60 278.05 278.51 278.96 279.41 279.87 280.32 280.77
620 281.23 281.68 282.13 282.59 283.04 283.50 283.95 284.40 284.86 285.31
630 285.76 286.22 286.67 287.12 287.58 288.03 288.48 288.94 289.39 289.85
640 290.30 290.76 291.21 291.66 292.11 292.57 293.02 293.47 293.93 294.38
660 294.84 295.29 295.74 296.20 296.65 297.10 297.56 298.01 298.46 298.92
600 299.27 299.82 300.28 300.73 301.19 301.64 302.09 302.55 303.00 303.45
670 303.91 304.35 304.81 305.27 305.72 306.17 306.63 307.08 307.64 307.99
680 308.44 308.90 309.38 309.80 310.26 310.71 311.16 311.62 312.07 312.53
690 312.98 313.43 313.89 314.34 314.79 315.25 315.70 316.15 316.61 317.06
 WEIGHTS AVOIRDUPOIS POUNDS TO KILOGRAMS (Continued)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

700 317.51 317.97 318.42 318.88 319.33 319.78 320.24 320.69 321.14 321.60
710 322.05 322.50 322.96 323.41 323.86 324.32 324.77 325.23 325.68 326.13
720 326.59 327.04 327.49 327.95 328.40 328.85 329.31 329.76 330.22 330.67
730 331.12 331.58 332.03 332.48 332.94 333.39 333.84 334.30 334.75 335.21
740 335.66 336.11 336.57 337.02 337.47 337.93 338.38 338.83 339.29 339.74
750 340.19 340.65 341.10 341.56 342.01 342.46 342.92 343.37 343.82 344.28
760 344.73 345.18 345.64 346.09 346.54 347.00 347.45 347.91 348.36 348.81
770 349.27 349.72 350.17 350.63 351.08 351.53 351.99 352.44 352.89 353.35
780 353.80 354.26 354.71 355.16 355.62 356.07 356.52 356.98 357.43 357.88
790 358.34 358.79 359.25 359.70 360.15 360.61 361.06 361.51 361.97 362.42

800 362.87 363.33 363.78 364.23 364.69 365.14 365.60 366.05 366.50 366.96
810 367.41 367.86 368.32 368.77 369.22 369.68 370.13 370.59 371.04 371.49
820 '371.95 372.40 372.85 373.31 373.76 374.21 374.67 375.12 375.57 376.03
830 376.48 376.94 377.39 377.84 378.30 378.75 379.20 379.66 380.11 380.56
840 381.02 . 381.47 381.92 382.38 382.83 383.29 383.74 384.19 384.65 385.10
385.55 386.01 386.46 386.91 387.37 387.82 388.28 388.73 389.18 389.64
. 850
860 390.09 390.54 391.00 391.45 391.90 392.36 392.81 393.26 393.72 394.17
870 394.63 395.08 395.53 395.99 396.44 396.89 397.35 397.80 398.25 398.71
880 399.16 399.61 400.07 400.52 400.98 401.43 401.88 402.34 402.79 403.24
890 403.70 404.15 404.60 405.06 405.51 405.97 406.42 406.87 407.33 407.78
 WEIGHTS AVOIRDUPOIS POUNDS TO KILOGRAMS (Continued)

900 408.23 408.69 409.14 409.59 410.05 410.50 410.95 411.41 411.86 412.32
910 412.77 413.22 413.68 414.13 -414.58 415.04 415.49 415.94 416.40 416.85
920 417.31 417.76 418.21 418.67 419.12 419.57 420.03 420.48 420.93 421.39
930 421.84 422.29 422.75 423.20 423.66 424.11 424.56 425.02 425.47 425.92
940 426.38 426.83 427.28 427.74 428.19 428.64 429.10 429.55 430.01 430.46
950 430.91 431.37 431.82 432.27 432.73 433.18 433.63 434.09 434.54 435.00
960 435.45 435.90 436.36 436.81 437.26 437.72 438.17 438.62 439.08 439.53

970 439.98 440.44 440.89 441.35 441.80 442.25 442.71 443.16 443.61 444.07
980 444.52 444.97 445.43 445.88 446.33 446.79 447.24 447.70 448.15 448.60
990 449.06 449.51 449.96 450.42 450.87 451.32 451.78 452.23 452.69 453.14
Oq

g
5

6
 TEMPERATURES

CENTIGRADE TO FAHRENHEIT
FAHRENHEIT TO CENTIGRADE
 TEMPERATURES CENTIGRADE TO FAHRENHEIT s
Conversion Table i
The values m the body of the table give, in degrees Fahrenheit, the temperatures indicated in i
Centigrade at the top and side. 0
1G. = 1.8F.
For temperatures below 0 C.
1
Temp. C. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

i
0 + 32.0 30.2 28.4 26.6 24.8 23.0 21.2 19.4 17.6 15.8
- 10 + 14.0 12.2 10.4 8.6 6.8 5.0 3.2 +1.4 -0.4 -2.2
-20 -4.0 5.8 7.6 9.4 11.2 13.0 14.8 16.6 18.4 20.2
-30 -22.0. 23.8 25.6 27.4 29.2 Sf.O 32.8 34.6 ^ 36.4 38.2
^ -40 -40.0 41.8 43.6 45.4 47.2 49.0 50.8 52.6 54.4 56.2 3
-50 -58.0 59.8 61.6 63.4 65.2 67.0 68.8 70.6 72.4 74.2
-60
-70
- 76.0
-94.0
77.8
95.8
79.6
97.6
81.4
99.4
83.2
101.2
85.0
103.0
86.8
104.8
88.6
106.6
90.4
108.4
92.2
110.2
i
Cq

-80 - 112.0 113.8 115.6 117.4 119.2 121.0 122.8 124.6 126.4 128.2
- 90 -130.0 131.8 133.6 135.4 137.2 139.0 140.8 1421.6 144.4 146.2
 TEMPERATURES CENTIGRADE^ TO FAHRENHEIT (Continued)

Temp. "C. 0 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9

- 100 -148.0 149.8 151.6 153.4 155.2 157.0 158.8 160.6 162.4 164.2
- 110 -166.0 167.8 169.6 171.4 173.2 175.0 176.8 178.6 180.4 482.2
- 120 -184.0 185.8 187.6 189.4 191.2 193.0 194.8 196.6 198.4 200.2
- 130 -202.0 203.8 205.6 207.4 209.2 211.0 212.8 214.6 216.4 218.2
- 140 -220.0 221.8 223.6 225.4 227.2 229.0 230.8 232.6 234.4 236.2
-150 -238.0 239.8 241.6 243.4 245.2 247.0 248.8 250.6 252.4 254.2
- 160 -256.0 257.8 259.6 261.4 263.2 265.0 266.8 268.6 270.4 272.2
- 170 -274.0 275.8 277.6 279.4 281.2 283.0 284.8 286.6 288.4 290.2
- 180 -292.0 293.8 295.6 297.4 299.2 301.0 302.8 304.6 306.4 308.2
- 190 -310.0 311.8 313.6 315.4 317.2 319.0 320.8 322.6 324.4 326.2

-200 -328.0 329.8 331.6 333.4 335.2 337.0 338.8 340.6 342.4 344.2
-210 -346.0 347.8 349.6 351.4 353.2 355.0 356.8 358.6 360.4 362.2
-220 -364.0 365.8 367.6 369.4 371.2 373.0 374.8 376.6 378.4 380.2
-230 -382.0 383.8 385.6 387.4 389.2 391.0 392.8 394.6 396.4 398.2
-240 -400.0 , 401.8 403.6 405.4 407.2 409.0 410.8 412.6 414.4 416.2
-250 -418.0 419.8 421.6 423.4 425.2 427.0 428.8 430.6 432.4 434.2
-260 -436.0 437.8 439.6 441.4 443.2 445.0 446.8 448.6 450.4 452.2
-270 -454.0 455.8 457.6 459.4

-273 C. = -459.4 F. = absolute zero

For 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
op
interpolation 0.18 0.36 0.54 0.72 0.90 1.08 1.26 1.44 1.62 1.80
 TEMPERATURES CENTIGRADE TO FAHRENHEIT (Continued)
Conversion Table
For temperatures above 0 C.

Temp. C. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0 32.0 33.8 35.6 37.4 39.2 41.0 42.8 44.6 46.4 48.2
10 50.0 51.8 53.6 55.4 57.2 59.0 60.8 62.6 64.4 66.2
20 68.0 69.8 71.6 73.4 75.2 77.0 78.8 80.6 82.4 84.2
30 86.0 87.8 89.6 91.4 93.2 95.0 96.8 98.6 100.4 102.2
40 104.0 105.8 107.6 109.4 111.2 113.0 114.8 116.6 118.4 m).2
60 122.0 123.8 125.6 127.4 129.2 131.0 132.8 134.6 136.4 138.2
60 140.0 141.8 143.6 145.4 147.2 149.0 150.8 152.6 154.4 156.2
70 158.0 159.8 161.6 163.4 165.2 167.0 168.8 170.6 172.4 174.2
80 176.0 177.8 179.6 181.4 183.2 185.0 186.8 188.6 190.4 192.2
90 194.0 195.8 197,6 199.4 201.2 203.0 204.8 206.6 208.4 210.2

100 212.0 213.8 215.6 217.4 219.2 221.0 222.8 224.6 226.4 228.2
110 230.0 231.8 233.6 235.4 237.2 239.0 240.8 242.6 244.4 246.2
120 248.0 249.8 251.6 253.4 255.2 257.0 258.8 260.6 262.4 264.2
130 266.0 267.8 269.6 . 271.4 273.2 275.0 276.8 278.6 280.4 282.2
140 284.0 285.8 287.6 289.4 291.2 293.0 294.8 296.6 298.4 300.2
150 302.0 303.8 305.6 307.4 309.2 311.0 312.8 314.6 316.4 318.2
160 320.0 321.8 323.6 325.4 327.2 329.0 330.8 332.6 334.4 336.2
170 338.0 339.8 341.6 343.4 345.2 347.0 348.8 350.6 352.4 354.2
180 356.0 357.8 359.6 361.4 . 363.2 365.0 366.8 368.6 370.4 372.2
190 374.0 375.8 377.6 379.4 381.2 383.0 384.8 386.6 388.4 390.2
 TEMPERATURES CENTIGRADE TO FAHRENHETT (Contiimed)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Temp. C. 0

392.0 393.8 395.6 397.4 399.2 401.0 402.8 404.6 406.4 408.2
200
411.8 413.6 415.4 417.2 419.0 420.8 422.6 424.4 426.2
^210 410.0
429.8 431.6 433.4 435.2 437.0 438.8 440.6 442.4 444.2
220 428.0
447.8 449.6 451.4 453.2 455.0 456.8 458.6 .460.4 462.2
230 446.0
464.0 465.8 467.6 469.4 471.2 473.0 474.8 476.6 478.4 480.2
240
485.6 487.4 489.2 491.0 492.8 494.6 496.4 498.2
250 482.0 483.8
501.8 503.6 505.4 507.2 509.0 510,8 512.6 514.4 516.2
260 500.0
519.8 521.6 523.4 525.2 527.0 528.8 530.6 532.4 534.2
270 518.0
537.8 539.6 541.4 543.2 545.0 546.8 548.6 550.4 552.2
280 536.0
555.8 557.6 559.4 561.2 563.0 564.8 566.6 568.4 570.2
: 290 554.0

572.0 573.8 575.6 577.4 579.2 581.0 5^2.8 584.6 586.4 588.2
300
591.8 593.6 595.4 597.2 599.0 600.8 602.6 604.4 606.2
310 590.0
609.8 611.6 613.4 615.2 617.0 618.8 620.6 622.4 624.2
320 ,608.0
627.8 629.6 631.4 633.2 635.0 636.8 638.6 640.4 642.2
330 626.0
645.8 647.6 649.4 651.2 653.0 654.8 656.6 658.4 660.2
340 644.0
663.8 665.6 667.4 669.2 671.0 672.8 674.6 676.4 678.2
350 662.0
681.8 683.6 685.4 687.2 689.0 690.8 692.6 694.4 696.2
300 680.0
698.0 699.8 701.6 703.4 705.2 707.0 708.8 710.6 712.4 714.2
370.
380 716.0 717.8 719.6 721.4 723.2 725.0 726.8 728.6 730.4 732.2
734.0 7^5.8 737.6 739.4 741.2 743.0 744.8 746.6 748.4 750.2
390

For C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7' 0.8 0.9 1.0
interpolation OF 0.18 0.36 0.54 0.72 0.90 1.08 1.26 1.44 1.62 1.80
 TEMPERATURES CENTIGRADE TO FAHRENHEIT (Continued)
Conversion Table
! For temperatures above 0 C.
Temp. C.

400 752.0 753.8 755.6 757.4 759.2 761.0 762.8 764.6 766.4 768.2
410 770.0 771.8 773.6 775.4 777.2 779.0 780.8 782.6 784.4 786.2
420 788.0 789.8 791.6 793.4 795.2 797.0 798.8 800.6 802.4 804.2
430 806.0 807.8 809.6 811.4 813.2 815.0 816.8 818.6 820.4 822.2
440 824.0 825.8 827.6 829.4 831.2 833.0 834.8 836.6 838.4 840.2
450 842.0 843.8 845.6 847.4 849.2 851.0 852.8 854.6 856.4 858.2
460 860.0 861.8 863.6 865.4 867.2 869.0 870.8 872.6 874.4 876.2
470 878.0 879.8 881.6 883.4 885.2 887.0 ' 888.8 890.6 892.4 894.2
4S0 896.0 897.8 899.6 901.4 903.2 905.0 906.8 908.6 910.4 912.2
490 914.0 915.8 917.6 919.4 921.2 923.0 924.8 , 926.6 928.4 930.2
500 932.0 933.8 935.6 937.4 939.2 941.0 942.8 944.6 946.4 948.2
510 950.0 951.8 953.6 955.4 957.2 959.0 960.8 962.6 964.4 966.2
520 968.0 969.8 971.6 973.4 975.2 977.0 978.8 980.6 982.4 984.2
530 986,0 987.8 989.6 991.4 993.2 995.0 996.8 998.6 1000.4 1002.2
540 1004.0 1005.8 1007.6 1009.4 1011.2 1013.0 1014.8 1016.6 1018.4 1020.2
550 1022.0 1023.8 1025.6 1027.4 1029.2 1031.0 1032.8 1034.6 1036.4 1038.2
560 1040.0 1041.8 1043.6 1045.4 1047.2 1049.0 1050.8 1052.6 1054.4 1056.2
570 1058.0 1059.8 1061.6 1063.4 1065.2 1067.0 1068.8 1070.6 1072.4 1074.2
580 1076.0 1077.8 1079.6 1081.4 1083.2 1085.0 1086.8 1088.6 1090.4 1092.2
590 1094.0 1095.8 1097.6 1099.4 1101.2 1103.0 1104.8 1106.6 1108.4 1110.2
 TEMPEIUITURES CENTIGRADE TO FAHRENHEIT (Continued)

Temp. C. 0 1 2

1112.0 1113.8 1115.6 1117.4 1119.2 1121.0 1122.8 1124.6 1126.4 1128.2
600
1130.0 1131.8 1133.6 1135.4 1137.2 1139.0 1140.8 1142.6 1144.4 1146.2
610
1148.0 1149.8 1151.6 1153.4 1155.2 1157.0 1158.8 1160.6 1162.4 1164.2
620
1166.0 1167.8 1169.6 1171.4 1173.2 1175.0 1176.8 1178.6 1180.4 1182.2
630
im.o 1185.8 1187.6 1189.4 1191.2 1193.0 1194.8 1196.6 1198.4 1200.2
640
1202.0 1203.8 1205.6 1207.4 1209.2 1211.0 1212.8 1214.6 1216.4 1218.2
650
1220.0 1221.8 1223.6 1225.4 1227.2 1229.0 1230.8 m2.6 1234.4 1236.2
660
1238.0 1239.8 1241.6 1243.4 1245.2 1247.0 1248.8 1250.6 1252.4 1254.2
670
680 1256.0 1257.8 1259.6 1261.4 1263.2 1265.0 1266.8 1268..6 1270.4 1272.2
1274.0 1275.8 1277.6 1279.4 1281.2 1283.0 1284.8 1286.6 1288.4 1290.2
a1 690
1292.0 1293.8 1295.6 1297.4 1299.2 1301.0 1302.8 1304.6 1306.4 1308.2
700 ^
1310.0 1311.8 1313.6 1315.4 1317.2 1319.0 1320.8 1322.6 1324.4 1326.2
710
1328.0 1329.8 1331.6 1333.4 1335.2 1337.0 1338.8 1340.6 1342.4 1344.2
720
1346.0 1347.8 1349.6 1351.4 1353.2 1355.0 1356.8 1358.6 1360.4 1362.2
730
1364.0 1365.8 1367.6 1369.4 1371.2 1373.0 1374.8 1376.6 1378.4 1380.2
740
1382.0 1383.8 1385.6 1387.4 1389.2 1391.0 1392.8 1394.6 1396.4 1398.2
750
1400.0 1401.8 1403.6 1405.4 1407.2 1409.0 1410.8 1412.6 1414.4 1416.2
760
1418.0 1419.8 1421.6 1423.4 1426.2 1427.0 1428.8 1430.6 1432.4 1434.2
770
1436.0 1437.8 1439.6 1441.4 1443.2 1445.0 1446.8 1448.6 1450.4 1452.2
780
1454.0 1455.8 1457.6 1459.4 1461.2 1463.0 1464.8 1466.6 1468.4 1470.2
790

For C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
interpolation OF 0.18 0.36 0.54 0.72 0.90 1.08 1.26 1.44 1.62 1.80
 TEMPERATURES CENTIGRADE TO FAHRENHEIT (Continued)
Conversion Table
For temperatures above 0 C.
Temp. C.

800 1472.0 1473.8 1475.6 1477.4 1479.2 1481.0 1482.8 1484.6 1486.4 1488.2
810 1490.0 1491.8 1493.6 1496.4 1497.2 1499.0 1500.8 1502.6 1504.4 1506.2
820 1508.0 1509.9 1511.6 1513.4 1515.2 1517.0 1518.8 1520.6 1522.4 1524.2
830 1526.0 1527.8 1529.6 1531.4 1533.2 1535.0 1536.8 1538.6 1540.4 1542.2
840 1544.0 1545.8 1547.6 1549.4 1551.2 1553.0 1554.8 1556.6 1558.4 1560.2
850 1562.0 1563.8 1565.6 1567.4 1569.2 1571.0 1572.8 1574.6 1576.4 1578.2
860 1580.0 1581.8 1583.6 1585.4 1587.2 1589.0 1590.8 1592.6 1594.4 1596.2
870 1598.0 1599.8 1601.6 1603.4 1605.2 1607.0 1608.8 1610.6 1612.4 1614.2
880 1616.0 1617.8 1619.6 1621.4 1623.2 1625.0 1626.8 1628.6 1630.4 1632.2
890 1634.0 1635.8 1637.6 1639.4 1641.2 1643.0 1644.8 1646.6 1648.4 1650.2
900 1652.0 1653.8 1655.6 1657.4 1659.2 1661.0 1662.8 1664.6 1666.4 1668.2
910 1670.0 1671.8 1673.6 1675.4 1677.2 1679.0 1680.8 1682.6 1684.4 1686.2
920 1688.0 1689.8 1691.6 1693.4 1695.2 1697.0 1698.8 1700.6. 1702.4 1704.2
930 1706.0 1707.8 1709.6 1711.4 1713.2 1715.0 1716.8 1718.6 1720.4 1722.2
940 1724.0 1725.8 1727.6 1729.4 1731.2 1733.0 1734.8 1736.6 1738.4 1740.2
950 1742.0 1743.8 1745.6 1747.4 1749.2 1751.0 1752.8 1754.6 1756.4 1758.2
980 1760.0 1,761.8 1763.6 1765.4 1767.2 1769.0 1770.8 1772.6 1774.4 1776.2.
970 1778.0 1779.8 1781.6 1783.4 1785.2 1787.0 1788.8 1790.6 1792.4 1794.2
980 1796.0 1797.8 1799.6 1801.4 1803.2 1805.0 1806.8 1806.6 1810.4 1812.2
990 1814.0 1815.8 1817.6 1819.4 1821.2 1823.0 1824.8 1826.6 1828.4 1830.2
 TEMPERATURES CENTIGRADE TO FAHRENHEIT (Continued)

Temp. C. 0 1 2 3 , 4 5 6 . 7 8 9

1000 1832.0 1833.8 1835.6 1837.*4 1839.2 1841.0 1842.8 1844.6 1846.4 1848.2
1010 1850.0 1851.8 1853.6 1855.4 1857.2 1859.0 1860.8 1862.6 1864.4 1866.2
1020 1868.0 1869.8 1871.6 1873.4 1875.2 1877.0 1878.8 1880.6 1882.4 1884.2
' 1886.0 1887.8 1889.6 1891.4 1893.2 1895.0 1896.8 1898.6 1900.4 1902.2
1030
1040 1904.0 1905.8 1907.6 1909.4 1911.2 1913.0 1914.8 1916.6 1918.4 1920.2
1050 1922.0 1923.8 1925.6 1927.4 1929.2 1931.0 1932.8 1934.6 1936.4 1938.2
1060 1940.0 1941.8 1943.6 1945.4 1947.2 1949.0 1950.8 1952.6 1954.4 1956.2
1958.0 1959.8 1961.6 1963.4 1965.2 1967.0 1968.8 1970.6 1972.4 1974.2
1070
1080 1976.0 1977.8 1979.6 1981.4 1983.2 1985.0 1986.8 1988.6 1990.4 1992.2
1090 1994.0 1995.8 1997.6 1999.4 2001.2 2003.0 2004.8 2006.6 2008.4 2010.2

1100 2012.0 2013.8 2015.6 2017.4 2019.2 2021.0 2022.8 2024.6 2026.4 2028.2
1110 2030.0 2031.8 2033.6 2035.4 2037.2 2039.0 2040.8 2042.6 2044.4 2046.2
2048.0 2049.8 2051.6 2053.4 2055.2 2057.0 2058.8 2060.6 2062.4 2064.2
1120
1130 2066.0 2067.8 2069.6 2071.4 2073.2 2075.0 2076.8 2078.6 2080.4 2082.2
2084.0 2085.8 2087.6 2089.4 2091.2 2093.0 2094.8 2096.6 2098.'4 2100.2
1140
2102.0 2103.8 2105.6 2107.4 2109.2 2111.0 2112.8 2114.6 2116.4 2118.2
1150
1160 2120.0 2121.8 2123.6 2125.4 2127.2 2129.0 2130.8 2132.6 2134.4 2136.2
1170 2138.0 2139.8 2141.6 2143.4 2145.2 2147.0 2148.8 2150.6 2152.4 2154.2
2156.0 2157.8 2159.6 2161.4 2163.2 2165.0 2166.8 2168.6 2170.4 2172.2
1180
1190 2174.0 2175.8 2177.6 2179.4 2181.2 2183.0 2184.8 2186.6 2188.4 2190.2

For C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
interpolatiipn F 0.18 0.36 0.54 0.72 0.90 1.08 1.26 1.44 1.62 1.80
 TEMPERATURES CENTIGRADE TO FAHRENHEIT (Continued)
Conversion Table
For temperatures above 0 C.
Temp. C. 0 1

1200 2192.0 2193.8 2195.6 2197.4 2199.2 2201.0 2202.8 2204:6 2206.4 2208.2
1210 2210.0 2211.8 2213.6 2215.4 2217.2 2219.0 2220.8 2222.6 2224.4 2226.2
1220 2228.0 2229.8 2231.6 2233.4 2235.2 2237'. 0 2238.8 2240.6 2242.4 2244.2
1230 2246.0 2247.8 2249.6 2251.4 2253.2 2255.0 2256.8 2258.6 2260.4 2262.2
1240 ^ 2264.0 2265.8 2267.6 2269.4 2271.2 2273.0 2274.8 2276.6 2278.4 2280.2
1250 2282.0 2283.8 2285.6 2287.4 2289.2 2291.0 2292.8 2294.6 2296.4 2298.2
1260 2300.0 2301.8 2303.6 2305.4 2307.2 2309.0 2310.8 2312.6 2314.4 2316.2
I 1270 2318.0 2319.8 2321.6 2323.4 2325.2 2327.0 2328.8 2330.6 2332.4 2334.2
1280 2336.0 2337.8 2339.6 2341.4 2343.2 2345.0 2346.8 2348.6 2350.4 2352.2
1290 2354.0 2355.8 2357.6 2359.4 2361.2 2363.0 2364.8 2366.6 2368.4 2370.2
1300 2372.0' 2373.8 2375.6 2377.4 2379.2 2381.0 2382.8 2384.6 2386.4 2388.2
1310 2390.0 2391.8 2393.6 2395.4 2397.2 2399.0 2400.8 2402.6 2404.4 2406.2
1320 2408.0 2409.8 2411.6 2413.4 2415.2 2417.0 2418.8 2420.6 2422.4 2424.2
1330 2426.0 2427.8 2429.6 2431.4 2433.2 2435.0 2436.8 2438.6 2440.4 2442.2
1340 2444.0 2445.8 2447.6 2449.4 2451.2 2453.0 2454.8 2456.6 2458.4 2460.2
1350 2462.0 2463.8 2465.6 2467.4 2469.2 2471.0 2472.8 2474.6 2476.4 2478.2 ^
1360 2480.0 2481.8 2483.6 2485f4 2487.2 2489.0 2490.8 2492.6 2494.4 2496.2
1370 2498.0 2499.8 2501.6 2503.4 2505.2 2507.0 2508.8 2510.6 2512.4 2514.2
1380 2516.0 2517.8 2519.6 2521.4 2523.2 2525.0 2526.8 2528.6 2530.4 2532.2
1390 2534.0 2535.8 2537.6 2539.4 2541.2 2543.0 2544.8 2546.6 2548.4 2550.2
 TEMPERATURESCENTIGRADE TO FAHRENHEIT (Continued)

Temp. C. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1400 2552.0 2553.8 2555.6 2557.4 2559.2 2581.0 2562.8 2564.6 2566.4 2568.2
1410 2570.0 2571.8 2573.6 2575.4 2577.2 2579.0 2580.8 2582.6 2584.4 2586.2
1420 2583.0 2589.8 2591.6 2593.4 2595.2 2597.0 2598.8 2600.6 2602.4 2604.2
1430 2606.0 2607.8 2609.6 2611.4 2613.2 2615.0 2616.8 2618.6 2620.4 2622.2 '
1440 2624.0 2625.8 2627.6 2629.4 2631.2 2633.0 2634.8 2636.6 2638.4 2640.2
1450 2642.0 2643.8 2645.6 2647.4 2649.2 2651.0 2652.8 2654.6 2656.4 2658.2
1460 2660.0 2661.8 2663.6 2665.4 2667.2 2669.0 2670.8 2672.6 2674.4 2676.2
1470 2678.0 2679.8 2681.6 2683.4 2685.2 2687.0 2688.8 2690.6 2692.4 2694.2
1480 2696.0 2697.8 2699.6 2701.4 2703.2 2705.0 2706.8 2708.6 2710.4 2712.2
1 1490 2714.0 2715.8 2717.6 2719.4 2721.2 2723.0 2724.8 2726.6 2728.4 2730.2

1500 2732.0 2733.8 2735.6 2737.4 2739.2 2741.0 2742.8 2744.6 2746.4 2748.2
1510 2750.0 2751.8 2753.6 2755.4 2757.2 2759.0 2760.8 2762.6 2764.4 2766.2
1520 2768.0 2769.8 2771.6 2773.4 2775.2 2777.0 2778.8 2780.6 2782.4 2784.2
1530 2786.0 2787.8 2789.6 2791.4 2793.2 2795.0 2796.8 2798.6 2800.4 2802.2
1540 2804.0 2805.8 2807.6 2809.4 2811.2 2813.0 2814.8 2816.6 2818.4 2820.2
1550 2822.0 2823.8 2825.6 2827.4 2829.2 2831.0 2832.8 2834.6 2836.4 2838.2
1560 2840.0 2841.8 2843.6 2845.4 2847.2 2849.0 2850.8 2852.6 2854.4 2856.2
1570 2858.0 2859.8 2861.6 2863.4 2865.2 2867.0 2868.8 2870.6 2872.4 2874.2
1580 2876.0 2877.8 2879.6 2881.4 2883.2 2885.0 2886.8 2888.6 2890.4 2892.2
1590 2894.0 2895.8 2897.6 2899.4 2901.2 2903.0 2904.8 2906.6 2908.4 2910.2

For C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

interpolation 0.18 0.36 0.54 0.72 0.90 1.08 1.26 1.44 1.62 1.80

\
/

TEMPERATDKES CENTIGRADE TO FAHRENHEIT (Continued)

Conversion Table
For temperatures above 0 C.

Temp. C. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1600 2912.0 2913.8 2915.6 2917.4 2919.2 2921.0 2922.8 2924.6 2926.4 2928.2
1610 2930.0 2931.8 2933.6 2935.4 2937.2 2939.0 2940.8 2942.6 2944.4 2946.2
1620 2948.0 2949.8 2951.6 2953.4 2955.2 2957.0 2958.8 2960.6 2962.4 2964.2
1630 2966.0 2967.8 2969.6 2971.4 2973.2 2975.0 2976.8 2978.6 2980.4 2982.2
1640 2984.0 2985.8 2987.6 2989.4 2991.2 2993.0 2994.8 2996.6 2998.4 3000.2
1650 3002.0 3003.8 3005.6 3007.4 3009.2 3011.0 3012.8 3014.6 3016.4 3018.2
1660 3020.0 3021.8 3023.6 3025.4 3027.2 3029.0 3030.8 3032.6 3034.4 3036.2
1 1670 3038.0 3039.8 3041.6 3043.4 3045.2 3047.0 3048.8 3050.6 3052.4 3054.2
1680 3056.0 3057.8 3059.6 3061.4 3063.2 3065.0 3066.8 3068.6 3070.4 3072.2
1690 3074.0 3075.8 3077.6 3079.4 3081.2 3083.0 3084.8 3086.6 3088.4 3090.2

1700 ' 3092.0 3093.8 3095.6 3097.4 3099.2 3101.0 3102.8 3104.6 3106.4 3108.2
1710 3110.0 3111.8 3113.6 3115.4 3117.2 3119.0 3120.8 3122.6 3124.4 3126.2
1720 3128.0 3129.8 3131.6 3133,4 3135.2 3137.0 3138.8 3140.6 3142.4 3144.2
1730 3146.0 3147.8 3149.6 3151.4 3153.2 3155.0 3156.8 3158.6 3160.4 3162.2
1740 3164.0 3165.8 3167.6 3169.4 3171.2 3173.0 3174.8 3176.6 3178.4 3180.2
1750 3182.0 3183.8 3185.6 3187.4 3189.2 3191.0 3192.8 3194.6 3196.4 3198,2
1760 3200.0 3201.8 3203.6 3205.4 3207.2 3209.0 3210.8 3212.6 3214.4 3216.2
1770 3218.0 3219.8 3221.6 3223.4 3225.2 3227.0 3228.8 3230.6 3232.4 3234.2
1780 3236.0 3237.8 3239.6 3241.4 3243.2 3245.0 3246.8 3248.6 3250.4 3252.2
1790 3254.0 3255.8 3257.6 3259.4 3261.2 3263.0. 3264.8 3266.6 3268.4 3270.2
 TEMPERATURESCENTIGRADE TO FAHRENHEIT (Continued)

Temp. C. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1800 3272.0 3273.8 3275.6 3277.4 3279.2 3281.0 3282.8 3284.6 3286.4 3288.2
1810 3290.0 3291.8 3293.6 3295.4 3297.2 3299.0 3300.8 3302.6 3304.4 3306.2
1820 3308.0 3309.8 3311.6 3313.4 3315.2 3317.0 3318.8 3320.6 3322.4 3324.2
1830 3326.0 3327.8 3329.6 3331.4 3333.2 3335.0 3336.8 3338.6 3340.4 3342.2
1840 3344.0 3345.8. 3347.6 3349.4 3351.2 3353.0 3354.8 3356.6 3358.4 3360.2
1850 3362.0 3363.8 3365.6 3367.4 3369.2 3371.0 3372.8 3374.6 3376.4 3378.2
1860 3380.0 3381.8 3383.6 3385.4' 3387.2 3389.0 3390.8 3392.6 3394.4 3396.2
1870 3398.0 3399.8 3401.6 3403.4 3405.2 3407.0 3408.8 3410.6 3412.4 3414.2
1880 3416.0 3417.8 3419.6 3421.4 3423.2 3425.0 3426.8 3428.6 3430.4 3432.2
1 1890 3434.0 3435.8 3437.6 3439.4 3441.2 3443.0 3444.8 3446.6 3448.4 3450.2

1900 3452.0 3453.8 3455.6 3457.4 3459.2 3461.0 3462.8 34^4.6 3466.4 3468.2
1910 3470.0 3471.8 3473.6 3475.4 3477.2 3479.0 3480.8 3482.6 3484.4 3486.2
1920 3488.0 3489.8 3491.6 3493.4 3495.2 3497.0 3498.8 3500.6 3502.4 3504.2
1930 3506.0 3507.8 3509.6 3511.4 3513.2 3515.0 3516.8 3518.6 3520.4 3522.2
1940 3424.0 3525.8 3527.6 3529.4 3531.2 3533.0 3534.8 3536.6 3538.4 3540.2
1950 3542.0 3543.8 3545.6 3547.4 3549.2 3551.0 3552.8 3554.6 3556.4 3558.2
1^ 3560.0 3561.8 3563.6 3565.4 3567.2 3569.0 3570.8 3572.6 3574.4 3576.2
1970 3578.0 3579.8 3581.6 3583.4 3585.2 3587.0 3588.8 3590.6 3592.4 3594.2
1980 3596.0 3597.8 3599.6 3601.4 3603.2 3605.0 3606.8 3608.6 3610.4 3612.2
1990 3614.0 3615.8 3617.6 3619.4 3621.2 3623.0 3624.8 3626.6 3628.4 3630.2

For C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
op 1.44 1.62 1.80
interpolation 0.18 0.36 0.54 0.72 0.90 1.08 1.26

\
 TEMPERATURES CENTIGRADE TO FAHRENHEIT (Continued)
Conversion Table
For temperatures above 0 C.
Temp. C. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

2000 3632.0 3633.8 3635.6 3637.4 3639.2 3641.0 3642.8 3644.6 3646.4 3648.2
2010 3650.0 3651.8 3653.6 3655.4 3657.2 3659.0 3660.8 3662.6 3664.4 3666.2
2020 3668.0 3669.8 3671.6 3673.4 3675.2 3677.0 3678.8 3680.6 3682.4 3684.2
2030 3686.0 3687.8 3689.6 3691.4 3693.2 3695.0 3696.8 3698.6 3700.4 3702.2
2040 3704.0 3705.8 3707.6 3709.4 3711.2 3713.0 3714.8 3716.6 3718.4 3720.2
2050 3722.0 3723.8 3725.6 3727.4 3729.2 3731.0 3732.8 3734.6 3736.4 3738.21
2060 3740.0 3741.8 3743.6 3745.4 3747.2 3749.0 3750.8 3752.6 3754.4 3756.2
3 2070 3758.0 3759.8 3761.6 3763.4 3765.2 3767.0 3768.8 3770.6 3772.4 3774.2
2080 3776.0 3777.8 3779.6 3781.4 3783.2 3785.0. 3786.8 3788.6 3790.4 3792.2
2090 3794.0 3795.8 3797.6 3799.4 3801.2 3803.0 3804.8 3806.6 3808.4 3810.2

2100 3812.0 3813.8 3815.6 3817.4 3819.2 3821.0 3822.8 3824.6 3826.4 3828.2
2110 3830.0 3831.8* 3833.6 3835.4 3837.2 3839.0 3840.8 3842.6 3844.4 3846.2
2120 3848.0 3849.8 3851.6 3853.4 3855.2 3857.0 3858.8 3860.6 3862.4 3864.2
2130 3866.0 3867.8 3869.6 3871.4 3873.2 3875.0 3876.8 3878.6 3880.4 3882.2
2140 3884.0 3885.8 3887.6 3889.4 3891.2 3893.0 3894.8 3896.6 3898.4 3900.2
2150 3902.0 3903.8 3905.6 3907.4 3909.2 3911.0 3912.8 3914.6 3916.4 3918.2
2160 3920.0 3921.8 3923.6 3925.4 3927.2 3929.0 3930.8 3932.6 3934.4 3936.2
2170 3938.0 3939.8 3941.6 3943.4 3945.2 3947.0 3948.8 3950.6 3952.4 3954.2
2180 3956.0 3957.8 3959.6 3961.4 3963.2 3965.0 3966.8 3968.6 3970.4 3972.2
2190 3974.0 3975.8 3977.6 3979.4 3981.2 3983.0 3984.8 3986.6 3988.4 3990.2
 TEMPERATURESCENTIGRADE TO FAHRENHEIT (Continued)
Temp. C. 0 1 2 3 ^ 4 5 6 7 8 9

2200 3992.0 3993.8 3995.6 3997.4 3999.2 4001.0 4002.8 4004.6 4006.4 4008.2
2210 4010.0 4011.8 4013.6 4015.4 4017.2 4019.0 4020.8 4022.6 4024.4 4026.2
2220 4028.0 4029.8 4031.6 4033.4 4035.2 4037.0 4038.8 4040.6 4042.4 4044.2
2230 4046.0 4047.8 4049.6 4051.4 4053.2 4055.0 4056.8 4058.6 4060.4 4062.2
2240 4064.0 4065.8 4067.6 4069.4 4071.2 4073.0 4074.8 4076.6 4078.4 4080.2
2250 4082.0 4083.8 4085.6 4087.4 4089.2 4091.0 4092.8 4094.6 4096.4 4098.2
2260 4100.0 4101.8 4103.6 4105.4 4107.2 4109.0 4110.8 4112.6 4114.4 4116.2
2270 4118.0 4119.8 4121.6 4123.4 4125.2 4127.0 4128.8 4130.6 4132.4 4134.2
2280 4136.0 4137.8 4139.6 4141.4 4143.2 4145.0 4146.8 4148.6 4150.4 4152.2
2290 4154.0 4155.8 4157.6 4159.4 4161.2 4163.0 4164.8 4166.6 4168.4 4170.2

2300 4172.0 4173.8 4175.6 4177.4 4179.2 4181.0 4182.8 4184.6 4186.4 4188.2
2310 4190.0 4191.8 4193.6 4195.4 4197.2 4199.0 4200.8 4202.6 4204.4 4206.2
2320 4208.0 4209.8 4211.6 4213.4 4215.2 4217.0 4218.8 4220.6 4222.4 4224.2
2330 4226.0 4227.8 4229.6 4231.4 4233.2 4235.0 4236.8 4238.6 4240.4 4242.2
2340 4244.0 4245.8 4247.6 4249.4 4251.2 4253.0 4254.8 4256.6 4258.4 4260.2
2350 4262.0 4263.8 4265.6 4267.4 4269.2 4271.0 4272.8 4274.6 4276.4 4278.2
2360 4280.0 4281.8 4383.6 4285.4 4287.2 4289.0 4290.8 4292.6 4294.4 4296.2
2370 4298.0 4299.8 4301.6 4303.4 4305.2 4307.0 4308.8 4310.6 4312.4 4314.2
2380 4316.0 4317.8 4319.6 4321.4 4323.2 4325.0 4326.8 4328.6 4330.4 4332.2
2390 4334.0 4335.8 4337.6 4339.4 4341.2 4343.0 4344.8 4346.6 4348.4 4350.2

For "C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
interpolation - F 0.18 0.36 0.54 0.72 0.90 1.08 1.26 1.44 1.62 1.80

\
/

TEMPERATURES CENTIGRADE TO FAHRENHEIT (Continued)

Conversion Table
For temperatures above 0 C.

Temp. C. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

2400 4352.0 4353.8 4355.6 4357.4 4359.2 4361.0 4362.8 4364.6 4366.4 4368.2
2410 4370.0 4371.8 4373.6 4375.4 4377.2 4379.0 4380.8 4382.6 4384.4 4386.2.
2420 4388.0 4389.8 4391.6 4393.4 4395.2 4397.0 4398.8 4400.6 4402.4 4404.2
2430 4406.0 4407.8 4409.6 4411.4 4413.2 4415.0 4416.8 4418.6 4420.4 4422.2
2440 4424.0 4425.8 4427.6 4429.4 4431.2 4433.0 4434.8 4436.6 4438.4 4440.2
2450 4442.0 4443.8 4445.6 4447.4 4449.2 4451.0 4452.8 4454.6 4456.4 4458.2
2460 4460.0 4461.8 4463.6 4465.4 4467.2 4469.0 4470.8 4472.6 4474.4 4476.2
2470 4478.0 4479.8 4481.6 4483.4 4485.2 4487.0 4488.8 4490.6 4492.4 4494.2
2480 4496.0 4497.8 4499.6 4501.4 4503.2 4505.0 4506.8 4508.6 4510.4 4512.2
2490 4514.0 4515.8 4517.6 4519.4 4521.2 4523.0 4524.8 4526.6 4528.4 4530.2

2500 4532.0 4533.8 4535.6 4537.4 4539.2 4541.0 4542.8 4544.6 4546.4 4548.2
2510 4550.0 4551.8 4553.6 4555.4 4557.2 4559.0 4560.8 4562.6 4564.4 4566.2
2520 4568.0 4569.8 4571.6 4573.4 4575.2 4577.0 4578.8 4580.6 4582.4 4584.2
2530 4586.0 4587.8 4589.6 4591.4 4593.2 4595.0 4596.8 4598.6 4600.4 4602.2
2540 4604.0 4605.8 4607.6 4609.4 4611.2 4613.0 4614.8 4616.6 4618.4 4620.2
2550 4622.0 4623.8 4625.6 4627.4 4629.2 4631.0 4632.8 4634.6 4636.4 4638.2
2560 4640.0 4641.8 4643.6 4645.4 4647.2 4649.0 4650.8 4652.6 4654.4 4656.2
2570 4658.0 4659.8 4661.6 4663.4 4665.2 4667.0 4668.8 4670.6 4672.4 4674.2
2580 4676.0 4677.8 4679.6 4681.4 4683.2 4685.0 4686.8 4688.6 4690.4 4692.2
2590 4694.0 4695.8 4697.6 4699.4 4701.2 4703.0 4704.8 4706.6 4708.4 4710.2
 TEMPERATURESCENTIGRADE TO FAHRENHEIT (Continued)
Temp. C. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 s 9

. 2600 4712.0 4713.8 4715.6 4717.4 4719.2 4721.0 4722.8 4724.6 4726.4 4728.2
2610 4730.0 4731.8 4733.6 4735.4 4737.2 4739.0 4740.8 4742.6 4744.4 4746.2
2620 4748.0 4749.8 4751.6 4753.4 4755.2 4757.0 4758.8 4760.6 4762.4 4764.2
2630 4766.0 4767.8 4769.6 4771.4 4773.2 4775.0 4776.8 4778.6 4780.4 4782.2
2640 4784.0 4785.8 4787.6 4789.4 4791.2 4793.0 4794.8 4796.6 4798.4 4800.2
2650 4802.0 4803.8 4805.6 4807.4 4809.2 4811.0 4812.8 4814.6 4816.4 4818.2
2660 4820.0 4821.8 4823.6 4825.4 4827.2 4829.0 4830.8 4832.6 4834.4 4836.2
2670 4838.0 4839.8 4841.6 4843.4 4845.2 4847.0 4848.8 4850.6 4852.4 4854.2
2680 4856.0 4857.8 4859.6 4861.4 4863.2 4865.0 4866.8 4868.6 4870.4 4872.2
2690 4874.0 4875.8 4877.6 4879.4 4881.2 4883.0 4884.8 4886.6 4888.4 4890.2

2700 4892.0 4893.8 4895.6 4897.4 4899.2 4901.0 4902.8 4904.6 4906.4 4908.2
2710 4910.0 4911.8 4913.6 4915.4 4917.2 4919.0 4920.8 4922.6 4924.4 4926.2
2720 4928.0 4929.8 4931.6 4933.4 4935.2 4937.0 4938.8 4940.6 4942.4 4944.2
2730 4946.0 4947.8 4949.6 4951.4 4953.2 4955.0 4956.8 4958.6 4960.4 4962.2
2740 4964.0 4965.8 4967.6 4969.4 4971.2 4973.0 4974.8 4976.6 4978.4 4980.2
2750 4982.0 4983.8 4985.6 4987.4 4989.2 4991.0 4992.8 4994.6 4996.4 4998.2
2760 5000.0 5001.8 5003.6 5005.4 5007.2 5009.0 5010.8 5012.6 5014.4 5016.2
2770 5018.0 5019.8 5021.6 5023.4 5025.2 5027.0 5028.a 5030.6 5032.4 5034.2
2780 5036.0 5037.8 5039.6 5041.4 5043.2 5045.0 5046.8 5048.6 5050.4 5052.2
2790 5054.0 5055.8 5057.6 5059.4 5061.2 5063.0 5064.8 5066.6 5068.4 5070.2

For C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
interpolation F 0.18 0.36 0.64 0.72 0.90 1.08 1.26 1.44 1.62 1.80

V
 TEMPERATURES CSINTIGRADE TO FAHRENHEIT (Continued)
Conversion Table
For temperatures above 0 C.

Temp. C. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
g

2800 5072.0 5073.8 5075.6 5077.4 5079.2 5081.0 5082.8 5084.6 5086.4 5088.2
2810 5090.0 5091.8 5093.6 5095.4 5097.2 5099. (3 5100.8 5102.6 5104.4 5106.2
2820 5108.0 5109.8 5111.6 5113.4 5115.2 5117. ( 5118.8 5120.6 5122.4 5124.2
2830 5126.0 5127.8 5129.6 5131.4 5133.2 5135.0 5136.8 5138.6 5140.4 5142.2
2840 5144.0 5145.8 5147.6 5149.4 5151.2 5153.0 5154.8 5156.6 5158.4 5160.2
2850 5162.0 5163.8 5165.6 5167.4 5169.2 5171.0 5172.8 5174.6 5176.4 5178.2
2860 5180.0 5181.8 5183.6 5185.4 5187.2 5189.0 5190.8 5192.6 5194.4 5196.2
2870 5198.0 5199.8 5201.6 5203.4 5205.2 5207.0 5208.8 5210.6 5212.4 5214.2 Oa
2880 5216.0 5217.8 5219.6 5221.4 5223.2 5225.0 5226.8 5228.6 5230.4 5232.2
2890 5234.0 5235.8 5237.6 5239.4 5241.2 5243.0 5244.8 5246.6 5248.4 5250.2

5253.8 5257.4 5259.2 5261.0 5262.8 5264.6 5266.4 5268.2

2900
2910
5252.0
5270.0 5271.8
5255.6
5273.6 5275.4 5277.2 52V9.0 5280.8 5282.6 5284.4 5286.2 I
2920 5288.0 5289.8 5291.6 5293.4 5295.2 5297.0 5298.8 5300.6 5302.4 5304.2
2930 5306.0 5307.8 5309.6 5311.4 5313.2 5315.0 5316.8 5318.6 5320.4 5322.2 3
2940 5324.0 5325.8 5327.6 5329.4 5331.2 5333.0 5334.8 5336.6 5338.4 5340.2
a
2950 5342.0 5343.8 5345.6 5347.4 5349.2 5351.0 5352.8 5354.6 5356.4 5358.2
2960 5360.0 5361.8 5363.6 5365.4 5367.2 5369.0 5370.8 5372.6 5374.4 5376.2 a
2970 5378.0 5379.8 5381.6 5383.4 5385.2 5387.0 5388.8 5390.6 5392.4 5394.2
2980 5396.0 5397.8 5399.6 5401.4 5403.2 5405.0 5406.8 5408.6 5410.4 5412.2
2990 5414. a 5415.8 5417.6 5419.4 5421.2 5423.0 5424.8 5426.6 5428.4 1 5430.2
 TEMPERATURES-centigrade TO FAHRENHEIT (Concluded)
Temp. C. 0 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9

a?
3000 5432.0 5433.8, 5435.6 5437.4 5439.2 5441.0 5442.8 5444.6 5446.4 5448.2
3010 5450.0 5451.8 5453.6 5455.4 5457.2 5459.0 5460.8 5462.6 5464.4 5466.2
3020
3030
5468.0 5469.8 5471.6 5473.4 5475.2
5493.2
5477.0 5478.8 5480.6 5482.4 5484.2 i
5486.0 5487.8 5489.6 5491.4 5495.0 5496.8 5498.6 5500.4 5502.2
3040 5504.0 5505.8 ' 5507.6 5509.4 5511.2 5513.0 5514.8 5516.6 5518.4 5520.2 i
3050 5522.0 5523.8 5525.6 5527.4 5529.2 5531.0 5532.8 5534.6 5536.4 5538.2 0
3060 5540.0 5541.8 5543.6 5545.4 5547.2 5549.0 5550.8 5552.6 5554.4 5556.2
3070 5558.0 5559.8 5561.6 5563.4 5565.2 5567.0 5568.8 5570.6 5572.4 5574.2
3080
3090
5576.0
5594.0
5577.8
5595.8
5579.6
5597.6
5581.4
5599.4
5583.2
5601.2
5585.0
5603.0
5586.8
5604.8
5588.6
5606.6
5590.4
5608.4
5592.2
5610.2
1
For C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
interpolation: : "F 0.18 0.36 0.54 0.72 0.90 1.08 1.26 1.44 1.62 1.80
I.
s
2
i

V
 s
TEMPERATTJKES FAHRENHEIT TO CENTIGRADE
Conversion Table
i
The values in the body of the table give in degrees Centigrade the temperatures indicated in degrees
Fahrenheit at the top and side.
rF. = 0.6556'>C.

Temp. F. 2
Temperatures below. 0 F.
3 4 5 G 7
1
Co
0 1
s
22. 22 22.78 V
0 - 17.78 18.33 18.89 19.44 20.00 20.56 21.11 21.67
- 10 -23.33 23.89 24.44 25.00 25.56 26.11 26.67 27.22 27. 78 28.33 g
29.44 30.00 30.56 31.11 31.67 32.22 32.78 33. 33 33.89
-20 -28.89
-30 -34.44 35.00 35.56 36.11 36.67 37.22 37.78 38.33 38. 89 39:44 S
41.11 41.67 42.22 42.78 43.33 43.89 44. 44 45.00
-40 -40.00 40.56
-50
-60
-45^.56
- 51.11
46.11
51.67
46.67
52.22
47.22
52.78
47.78
53.33
48.33
53.89
48.89
54.44
49.44
55.00
60.56
50. 00
55. 56
61. 11
50.56
56.11
61.67
1
Cq

-70 -56.67 57.22 .57.78 58.33 58.89 59.44 60.00

63.33 63.89 64.44 65.00 65.56 66.11 66 67 67.22
-80 -62.22 62.78
69.44 70.00 70.56 71.11 71.67 72, ,22 72.78
-90 - 67.7 68.33 68.89
 TEMPERATURESFAHRENHEIT TO CENTIGRADE (Continued)
Teinp. F. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

-100 -73.33 73.89 74.44 75.00 75.56 76.11 76.67 77.22 77.78 78.33
-110 -78.89 79.44 80.00 80.56 81.11 81.67 82.22 82.78 83.33 83.89
-120 -84.44 85.00 85.56 86.11 86.67 87.22 87.78 88.33 88.89 89.44
-130 -90.00 90.56 91.11 91.67 92.22 92.78 93.33 93.89 94.44, 95.00
- 140 -95.5& 96.11 '96.67 97.22 97.78 98.33 98.89 99.44 100.00 100.56
-150 -101.11 101.67 102.22 102.78 103.33 103.89 104.44 105.00 105.56 106.11
- 160 -106.67 107.22 107.78 108.33 108.89 109.44 110.00 110.56 111.11 111.67
-170 -112.22 112.78 113.33 113.89 114.44 115.00 115.56 116.11 116.67 117.22
-180 -117.78 118.33 118.89 119.44 120.00 120.56 121.11 121.67 122.22 122.76
-123.33 123.89 124.44 125.00 125.56 126.11 126.67 127.22 127.78 128.33
1 "
-200 -128.89 129.44 130.00 130.56 131.11 131.67 132.22 132.78 133.33 133.89
-210 -134.44 135.00 135.56 136.11 136.67 137.22 137.78 138.33 138.89 139.44
-220 -140.00 140.56 141.11 141.67 142.22 142.78 143.33 143.89 144.44 145.00
-230 -145.56 146.11 146.67 147.22 147.78 148.33 148.89 149.44 150.00 150.56
-240 -151.11 151.67 152.22 152.78 153.33 153.^9 154.44 155.00 155.56 156.11
-250 -156.67 157.22 157.78 158.33 158.89 159.44 160.00 160.56 161.11 161.67
-260 -162.22 163.78 16^.33 163.89 164.44 165.00 165.56 166.11 166.67 167.22
-270 -167.78 168.33 168.89 169.44 170.00 170.56 171.11 171.67 172.22 172.78
-280 -173.33 173.89 174.44 175.00 175.56 176.11 176.67 177.22 177.78 178.33
-290 -178.89 179.44 180.00 180.56 181.11 181.67 182.22 182.78 183.33 183.89

For OF 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
interpolation C 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.22 0.28 0,33 0.39 0.44 0.50 0.56
 TEMPERATURES FAHRENHEIT TO CENTIGRADE (Continued)
Conversion Tables
Temperature below 0 F.

Temp. F. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 . 8 9 5
-300
.-310
-320
-330
-184.44
- 190.00
-195.56
-201.11
185.00
190.56
196.11
201.67
185.56
191.11
196.67
202.22
186.11
191.67
197.22
202.78
186.67
192.22
197.78
203.33
187.22
192.78
^98.33
203.89
187.78
193.33
198.89
204.44
188.33
193.89
199.44
205.00
188.89
194.44
200.00
205.56
189.44
195.00
200.56
206.11
i

-340 -206.67 207.22 207.78 208.33 208.89 209.44 210.00 210.56 211.11 211.67
214.44

s
-350 -212.22 212.78 213.33 213.89 215.00 215.56 216.11 216.67 217.22
-360 -217.78 218.33 218.89 \219.44 220.00 220.56 221.11 221.67 222.22 222.78
-370 -223.33 223.89 224.44 225.00 225.56 226.11 226.67 227.22 227.78 228.33 Cq
-380 -228.89 229.44 230.00 230.56 231.11 231.67 232.22 232.78 233.33 233.89
-390 -234.44 235.00 235.56 236.11 236.67 237.22 237.78 238.33 238.89 239.44 I
-400 -240.00 240.56 241.11 241.67 242.22 242.78 243.33 243.89 244.44 245.00
-410 -245.56 246.11 246.67 247.22 247.78 248.33 248.89 249.44 250.00 250.56
-420 -251.11 251.67 252.22 252.78 253.33 253.89 254.44 255.00 255.56 256.11
-430 -256.67 257.22 257.78 258.33 258.89 259.44 260.00 260.56 261.11 261.67 3
rj
-440 -262.22 262.78 263.33 263.89 264.44 265.00 265.56 266.11 206.67 267.22
-^460 -267.78 268.33 268.89 269.44 270.00 270.56 271.11 271.67 272.22 272.78

- 469.4 F. = - 273 C. = absolute zero.

 TEMPERATURESFAHRENHEIT TO CENTIGRADE (Continued)
Temperatures above 0 F.

Temp. F 0 1 ' 2 3 4 5 ' 6 7 8 9

0 - 17.78 17.22 16.67 16.11 15.56 15.00 14.44 13.89 13.33 12.78
+ 10 - 12.22 11.67 11.11 10.56 10.00 9.44 8.89 8.33 7.78 7.22
20 -6.67 6.11 5.56 5.00 4.44 3.89 3.33 2.78 2.22 1.67
30 - 1.11 -0.56 0.00 + 0.56 + 1.11 + 1.67 + 2.22 + 2.78 + 3.33 + 3.89
40 + 4.44 5.00 5.56 6.11 6.67 7.22 7.78 8.33 8.89 9.48
50 10.00 10.56 11.11 11.67 12.22 12.78 13.33 13.89 14.44 15.04
60 15.56 16.11 16.67 17.22 17.78 18.33 18.89 19.44 20.00 20.50
, 70 21.11 21.67 22.22 22.78 23.33 23.89 24.44 25.00 25.56 26.16
80 26.67 27.22 27.78 28.33 28.89 29.44 30.00 30.56 31.11 31.61
90 32.22 32.78 33.33 33.89 34.44 35.00 35.56 36.11 36.67 37.27

100 37.78 38.33 38.89 39.44 40.00 40.56 41.11 41.67 42.22 42.72
110 43.33 43.89 44.44 45.00 45.56 46.11 46.67 47.22 47.78 48.33
120 48.89 49.44 50.00 50.56 51.11 51.67 52.22 52.78 53.33 53.89
130 54.44 55.00 55.56 56.11 56.67 57.22 57.78 58.33 58.89 59.44
140 60.00 60.56 U.ll 61.67 62.22 62.78 63.33 63.89 64.44 65.00
150 65.56 66.11 66.67 67.22 67.78 68.33 68.89 69.44 70.00 70.56
160 71.11 71.67 72.22 72.78 73.33 73.89 74.44 75.00 75.56 76.11
170 76.67 77.22 77.78 78.33 78.89 79.44 80.00 80.56 81.11 81.67
180 82.22 82.78 83.33 83.89 84.44 85.00 85.56 86.11 ^6.67 87.22
190 87.78 88.33 88.89 89.44 90.00 90.56 91.11 91.67 92.22 92.78
o
For F 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
interpolation 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.22 0.28 0.33 0.39 0.44 0.50 0.56
 TEMPEKATURES- - FAHRENHEIT TO CENTIGRADE (Continued)
Conversion Tables
Temperatures above 0 F.

Temp. "F. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

200 93.33 93.89 94.44 95.00 95.56 96.11 96.67 97.22 97.78 98.33
210 98.89 99.44 100.00 100.56 101.11 101.67 102.22 102.78 103.33 103.89
220 104.44 105.00 105.56 106.11 106.67 107.22 107.78 108.33 108.89 109.44
230 110.00 110.56 111.11 111.67 112.22 112.78 113.33 113.89 114.44 115.00
240 115.56 116.11 116.67 117.22 117.78 118.33 118.89 119.44 120.00 120.56
250 121.11 121.67 122.22 122.78 123.33 123.89 124.44 125.00 125.56 126.11
260 126.67 127.22 127.78 128.33 128.89 129.44 130.00 130.56 131.11 131.67
270 132.22 132.78 133.33 133.89. 134.44 135.00 135.56 136.11 136.67 137.22
280 137.78 138.33 138.89 139.44 140.00 140.56 141.11 141.67 142.22 142.78
290 143.33 143.89 144.44 145.00 145.56 146.11 146:67 147.22 147.78 148.33

300 148.89 149.44 150.00 150.56 151.11 151.67 152.22 152.78 153.33 153.89
310 154.44. 155.00 155.56 156.11 156.67 157.22 157.78 158.33 158.89 159.44
320 160.00 160.56 161.11 161.67 162.22 162.78 163.33 163.89 164.44 165.00
330 165.56 166.11 166.67 167.22 167.78 168.33 168.89 169.44 170.00 170.56
340 171.11 171.67 172.22 172.78 173.33 173.89 174.44 175.00 175.56 176.11
350 176.67 177.22 177.78 178.33 178.89 179.44 180.00 180.56 181.11 181.67
360 182.22 182.78 183.33 183.89 184.44 185.00 185.56 186.11 186.67 187.22
, 370 187.78 188.33 188.89 189.44 190.00 190.56 191.11 191.67 192.22 192.78
380 19^.33 193.89 194.44 105.00 195.56 196.11 196.67 197.22 197.78 198.33
390 198.89 194.94 200.00 200.56 201.11 201.67 202.22 202.78 203.33 203.89
 TEMPERATURFfFAHRENHEIT TO CENTIGRADE (Continued)
Temp. F. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ' 8 9

/
\400 204?44 205.00 205.56 206.11 206.67 207.22 207.78 208.33 208,89 209.44
. MO. 00 210.56 211.11 211.67 212.22 212.78 213.33 213.89 214.44 215.00
215.-^6 216.11 216.67 217.22 217.78 218.33 218.89 219.44 220.00 220.56
430 221.11 221.67 222.22 222.78 223.33 223.89 224.44 225.00 225.56 226.11
440 226.67 227.22 227.78 228.33 228.89 229.44 230.00 230.56 231.11. 231.67
450 232.22 232.78 233.33 233.89 234.44 235.00 ^35.56 236.11 236.67 237.22
460 237.78 238.33 238.89 239.44 240.00 240.56 241.11 241.67 242.22 242.78
470 243.33 243.89 244.44 245.00 245.56 246.11 246.67 247.22 247.78 248.33
480 248.89 249.44 250.00 250.56 251.11 251.67 252.22 252.78 253.33 253.89
490 254.44 255.00 255.56 256.11 256.67 257.22 257.78 258.33 258.89 259.44

100 260.00 260.56 261.11 261.67 26^22 262.76 263.33 263.89 264.44 265.00
iio 265.56 266.11 266.67 267.22 267.78 268.33 268.89 269.44 270.00 270 56,
520 271.11 271.67 272.22 272.78 273.33 273.89 274.44 275.00 275.56 276.11
530 276.67 277.22 277.78 278.33 278.89 279.44 280.00 280.56 281.11 281.67
540 282.22 282.7& 283.33 283.89 284.44 285.00 285.56 286.11 286.67 287.22
550 1287.78 288.33 288.89 289.44 290.00 290.56 291.11 291.67 292.22 292.78
560 293.33- 294.44 295.00 295.56 296.11 296.67 297.22 297.78 298.33
: 570 298.89 299.44 300.00 300.56 301.11 301.67 302.22 '302.78 303.33 303.84
580 1 304.44 305.00 305.56 306.11 306.67 307.22 307.78 308.38 308.89 309.49
590 310.00 310.56 311.11 311.67 312.22 312.78 313.33 313.89 314.44 315.00

For 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0,7 0.8 0.9 1.0
interpolation 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.22 0.28 0.33 0.39 0.44 0.50 0.56
 TEMPERATURES FAHRENHEIT TO CENTIGRADE (Continued)
Conversion Tables
Temperatures above 0 F.
.1
Temp. F. .0 1 3 4 5 6 7 ^ 8 9
X

, /

edoi ' 315.56"' 316.11 316.6f 317.22 317.78 318.33 318.39 319.44 320.00 320.56
610 1321.11 321.67 322.22 322.78 323.33 323.89 324.44 325.00 325.56 326.11
620 326.67 327.22 327.78 328.33 328.89 329.44 330.00 330.56 331.11 331.67
630 332.22 332.78 333.33 333.89 334.44 335.00 335.56 356.11 336.67 337.22
640 337.78 338.33 338.89 N339.44 340.00 340.56 341.11 341.67 342.22 342.78
650 343.33 343.89 344.44 345.00 345.5,6 346.11 346.67 347.22 347.78 348.33
660 348.89 349.44 350.00 350.5^ 351.11 351.67 352.22 352.78 353.33 353.89
1! 670 354.44 355.00 355.56 356.11 356.67 357.22 357.78 358.33 358.89 359.44
,680 360.00 360.56 361.11 361.67 362.22 362.78 363.33 363.89 364.44 365.00
690 365.56 366.11 366.67 367.22 367.78 368.33 368.89 369.44 370.00 370.56

700 371.11 371.67 372.22 372.78 373.33 373.89 374.44 375.00 375.56 376.11
, 710 3715.67 377.22 377.78 378.33 378.89 379.44 380.00 380.56 381.11 381.67
1 720 382.22 a$^.78 383.33 383.89 384.44 385.00 385.56 386.11 386.67 387.22
387:Y8 88.33 388.89 389.44 390.00 390.56 391.11 391.67 392.22 392.78
\ M -^.33 393.89 394.44 395.00 v395.?6 396.11 396.67 397.22 397.78 398.33
750 398.89 399.44 400.00 400.56 401.11 401.67 402.22 402.78 403.33 403.89
~ 760 404.44 405.00 405.56 406.11 406.67 407.22 407.78 408.33 408.89 409.44
770 410.00 410.56 411.11 411.67 412.22 412.78 413.33 413.89 414.44 415.00
780 415.56 416.11 416.67 417.22 417.78 418.33 418.89 419.44 420.00 420.56
790 421.11 421.67 f4^lV22 422.78 423.33 423.89 424.44 425.00 425.56 426.11

4-v.
hf-"- %'

TEMPERATURES-FAHRENHEIT TO CENHGRADE (Concluded)

Temp. 0 F. 0 1 2

800 426.67 427.22 427.78 428.33 428.89 429.44 430.00 430.56 431.11 431.67
810 432.22 432.78 433.33 433.89 434.44 435.00 -^5.56 436.11 436.67 437.22
820 437.78 438.33 438.89 439.44 440.00 440.56 441.11 441.67 442.22 442.78
830 443.33 443.89 444.44 445.00 445.56 446.11 446.67 447.22 447.78 448.33
840 448.89 449.44 450.00 450.56 451.11 451.67 452.22 452.78 453.33 453.89
850 454.44 455.00 455.56 456.11 456.67 457.22 457.78 458.33 458.89 459.44
860 460.00 460.56 461.11 461.67 462.22 462.78 463.33 463.89 464.44 465.00
870 465.56 466.11 466.67 467.22 467.78 468.33 468.89 469.44 470.00 470.56
880 471.11 471.67 472.22 472.78 473.33 473.89 474.44 475.00 475.56 476.11
890 476.67 477.22 477.78 478.33 478.89 479.44 480.00 480.56 481.11 481.67
900 482.22 482.78 483.33 483.89 484.44 485.00 485.56 486.11 486.67 487". 22
910 487.78 488.33 488.89 489.44 490.00 490.56 491.11 491.67 492.22 492.78
920 493.33 493.89 494.44 495.00 495.56 496.11 496.67 497.22 497.78 498.33
930 498.89 499.44 500.00 500.56 501.11 501.67 502.22 502.78 503.33 503.89
940 504.44 505.00 505.56 506.11 506.67 507.22 507.78 508.33 508.89 509.44
950 510.00 510.56 511.11 511.67 512.22 512.78 513.33 513.89 514.44 515.00
960 515.56 516.11 516:67 517.22 517.78 518.33 518.89 519.44 520.00 520.56
970 521.11 521.67 522.22 522.78 523.33 523.89 524.44 525.00 525.56 '526.11
980 526.67 527.22 527.78 523.33 528.89 529.44 530.00 530.56 531.11 531.67
990 532.22 532.78 533.33 533.89 534.44 535.00 535.56 536.11 536.67 537.22

For 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.10
interpolation 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.22 0.28 0.33 0.39 0.44 0.50 0.56

V
 .81285
.165
.1620
.160
.1.197
71875
.0243

y
.71443
.180
.1770
.199
.176
.1875
.0230
.61620
.203
.1920
.192
.2.201
03125
.0215
.61819
wire. Music
.220
.2070
.212
.2.204
1875
.0202
.42043
.238
.2253
.232
.2.207
34375
.0188
.25.32294
.259
.2437
.212
.252
.0178
.22576
.284
.2625
.276
.2.219
.016665625
.12893
.300
2.2830
.227
..300
8125
.0156
Stplate.
d. S. U. .03249
.340
.3065
.324
.3125
.0144
COMPARISON OF WIRE GAUGES

00
.3648
.380
3.3310
..348
4375
.0133
Ste l. Stub's 000
.4096
.425
.3625
.372
.375
.0120
Diameter op Wire in Inches

.39^
!4540000
.4600
.400
40625
.0110..
00000
WIRE TABLES

.4375
.432
.0100
StordI.mBrpeitr.ial 00000000
.0083,

.500
.0087
....
....

000000
.4.464
6875
.0095
0000000....
.,.

....
,.
Moen.
Washbur&n

673
BiStrumb'ins.gorham.
Sharpe.
&Brown
No. Gauge
 wire. Music ..0048
0.097
40 03145

.0670

.0550
.0520
.0635
.0595

.0430
.0420

.0400
.0465

0410
Size.
39.099
.0.0052
03531
003965
0625
..0060
0.101
38
.0..0068
37 004453
06640625
.103
COMPARISON OF WIRE GAUGES (Continued)

No.

.0935 52
.0890 53
.0860 54
.0820 55
.0810 56
.0785 57
.0760 58

.0700 60
.0730 59
.0960 51
Stplate.
d. S. U.

TWIST DRILL AND STEEL WIRE GAUGE

0703125
.106
.0090
0.0076
..004
36 05000
HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

.005614
0095078125
..(X)5
.0084
350.108

Size.
ste l. Stub's .0950
0859375
0.110
.0092
.0104
..007
34 06304
Diameter of Wire in Inches

09375
.0900
.0118
.0100
..008
0.112
33 07080

No.

42
43
44
45
46

50
41

47
48
49
..0860
01015625
.115
.0108
.0128
009
007950
32
iorStdI.mBrpeitr.ial 109375
,0820
.0116
0.120
..010
0132
SI 08928

. 12(X)
.1160
.1130
.1110
.1100

.1040
. 1065

.0980
.1015
.0995
Size.
.0125
.0800
.0124
.127
01003
.0140
.012
30
0..134
01126
140625
.0760
.0136
..0150
.013
29

No.
Inches

32
31

33

35
34

36
37
38

40
39
..0149
015625
.0720
.139
.0162
.014
01264
28

674
171876
0.0658
.143
.0164
..016
.0173
27 1419

.1590
.1570
.1540
.1520

.1470
. 1440
.1495

. 1360
.1405

. 1285
Size.
..146
01875
.0626
.0181
.018
01594
BiStiumb'iosg. horam 21875 .26
.0586
0.148
..0204
.020
25 1790

No.

24
22
23

25
26
27
28

30
21

29
.1910
.1890
.1850
. 1820
.1800
. 1770
.1730

.1660
.1695

.1610
Sbarpe.

Size.
da
& Brown

No.

12
13

16
15

17

19
14

18
11

20
No. Gauge

.2280
.2210
.2130
.2090
.2055
.2040
.2010
.1990
.1960
.1935
Size.
No.

10
1

4
3

5
2

9
6

V
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

DIMENSIONS OF WIRE

Stub's Gauge

Giving the diameter and cross-section in English and metdc system

ioi the Birmingham or Stub's gauge.

Diameter Section Diameter Section

Gauge No. in ins. in sq.ins. in cms. in sq.cms.

0000 0.454 0.16188 1.1532 1.0444

000 ,425 .14186 .0795 0.9152
00 .380 .11341 0.9652 .7317
0 .340 .09079 .8636 .5858

1 0.300 0.07069 0.7620 0.4560

2 .284 .06335 .7214 , .4087 -
3 .259 .05269 .6579 .3399
4 .238 .04449 .6045 .2870
6 .220 .03801 .5588 .2452

6 0.203 0.03237 0.5156 0.20881

7 .180 .02545 .4572 .16147
8 .165 .02138 .4191 .13795
9 .148 .01720 .3759 .11099
10 .134 .01410 .3404 .09098

11 0.120 0.011310 0.3048 0.07297

12 .109 .009331 .2769 .06160
13 .095 .007088 .2413 .04573
14 .083 .005411 .2108 .03491
15 .072 .004072 .1829 .02627

16 0.065 0.0033183 0.16510 0.021409

17 .058 .0026421 .14732 .017046
18 .049 .00188.57 .12446 .012166
19 .042 .0013854 .10668 .008938
20 .035 .0009621 .08890 .006207

21 0.032 0.0008042 0.08128 0.005189

22 .028 .0006158 .07112 .003973
23 .025 .0004909 .06350 .003167
24 .022 .0003801 .05588 .0024.';2
25 .020 .0003142 .05080 .002027

26 0.018 0.0002545 0.04572 0.0016417

27 .016 .0002011 .04064 .0012972
28 .014 .0001539 .03556 .0009932
29 .013 .0001327 .03302 .0008563
30 .012 .0001181 .03048 .0007297

31 0.010 0.00007854 0.02540 0.0005067

32 .009 .00006362 .02:286 .0004104
33 .008 .00005027 .02032 .0003243
34 .007 .00003848 .01778 .0002483
35 .005 .00001963 .01270 .0001267

36 0 004 0 00001257 0.01016 0.0000811

675
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICB

DIMENSIONS OF WIRE (Continued)

British Standard Gattgb
Giving the diameter and
and cross-section
croj in' English and metric system
for the British Standard Gauge.

Diameter Section Diameter Section

Gauge No. in ins. in sq.ins. in cms. in sq.cms.

7-0 0.500 0.1963 1.2700 1.267

6-0 .464 .1691 .1.1786 1.091
5-0 0.432 0.1466 1.0973 0.9456
4-0 .400 .1257 ,1.0J60 .8107
3-0 .372 .1087 0.9449 .7012
2-0 .348 .0951 .8839 .6136
0 .324 .0825 .8230 .6319
1 0.300 0.07069 0.7620 0.4560
2 .276 .05983 .7010 .3858
3 .252 .04988 .6401 .3218
4 .232 .04227 .5893 .2727
6 .212 .03530 .6386 .2277
6 0.192 0.02895 0.4877 0.18679
7 .176 .02433 -4470 .15696
8 .160 .02010 .4064 .12973
9 .144 .01629 .3658. .10507
10 .128 .01287 .3261 .08302
11 0.116 0.010568 0.2946 0.06818
12 .104 .008495 .2642 .05480
13 .092 .006648 .2.337 .04289
14 .080 .005027 .20.32 .03243
15 .072 .004071 .1829 .02627
16 0.064 0.003217 0.16256 0 020755
17 .056 .002463 .14224 .015890
18 .048 .001810 .12192 .011675
19 .040 . .001257 .10160 .008107
20 .036 .001018 .09144 .006567
21 0.032 0.0008042 0.08128 0.005189
22 .028 .0006158 . .07112 .003973
23 .024 .0004524 .06096 .002922
24 .022 .0003801 .05588 .002452
25 .020 .0003142 .05080 .002027
26 0.0180 0 0002545 0.04572 0.0016417
27 .0164 .0002112 .04166 .0013628
28 .0148 .0001728 .03759 .0011099
29 .0136 .00014.53 .03454 .0009363
30 .0124 .0001208 .03150 .0007791
31 0.0116 0.00010568 0.02946 0.0006818
32 .0108 00009161 .02743 .0005910
33 .0100 .00007854 .02540 .0005067
34 .0092 .00006648 .02337 .0004289
35 .0084 .00005542 .02134 .0003676
36 0.0076 0.00004536 0.01930 0.0002927
37 .0068 .00003632 .01727 .0002343
38 .0060 .00002827 .01524 .0001824
39 .0052 .00002124 .01321 .0001.370
40 .0048 .00001810 .01219 .0001167
41 0.0044 0.00001521 0.01118 0.0000982
42 .0040 .00001257 .01016 .0000811
43 .0036 .00001018 .00914 .0000656
44 .0032 .00000804 .00813 .0000519
46 .0028 .00000616 .00711 .0000397
46 0.0024 0 00000452 0.00610 0 0000212
47 .0020 .00000.314 .00508 .0000203
48 .0010 .00000201 .00406 .0000129
49 .0012 .00000113 .00305 .0000073
60 .0010 .00000079 .00254 0000051
676
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

PLATINUM WIRE TABLE, BROWN & SHARPS GAUGE

Giving Diameter and Approximate Mass

Gauge No. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Diameter in dec. in... . 0.106 0.091 0.081 0.072 0.064 0.057 0.051
Approximate mass in
grams, per foot 37.5 28.0 22.0 17.5 14.0 11.0 9.0

Gauge No. 17 18 19 20 21 22

Diameter in dec. in. . . 0.045 0.041 0.036 0.032 0.029 0.026

Approximate mass in
grams, per foot 7.0 5.7 4.4 3.4 2.9 2.3

Gauge Nq. 23 24 25 26 27 28

Diameter in dec. in. . . 0.023 0.020 0.013 0.016 0.014 0.013

Approximate mass in
in grams, per foot... 1.8 1.4 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.6

Gauge No. 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Diameter in dec. in. . . 0.0115 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.007 0.0063 0.0056
Approximate mass in
in gramst per foot... 0.45 0.35 0.28 0.22 0.17 0.15 0.11

RESISTANCE OF ALUMINUM WIRE

Giving the Resistance of Hard Drawn Aluminum Wire at 20 C.
(From the Bureau of Standards.)

Gauge Ohms per Ohms per Gauge Ohms per Ohms per
number. 1000 ft. kilometer. number. 1000 ft. kilometer. ^
0000 0.0804 0.264 20 16.7 54.6
OCO .101 .333 21 21.0 68.9
00 .128 .419 22 26.5 86.9.
23 33.4 110.
0 .161 .529
24 42.1 138.
1 .203 .667
2 .256 .841 25 53.1 174.
3 .323 1.06 26 67.0 220.
4 .408 1.34 27 84.4 277.
28 106. 349.
5 .514 1.69
29 134. 440.
6 .648 2.13
7 .817 2.68 30 169. 555.
8 1.03 3.38 31 213. 700.
9 1.30 4.26 32 269. 883.
33 339. lltO.
10 1.64 5.38
34 - 428. 1400.
11 2.07 6.78
12 2.61 8.55 35 540. 1770.
13 3.29 10.8 36 681. 2230.
14 4.14 13.6 37 858. 2820.
38 1080. 3550.
15* 5.22 17.1
39 4480.
16 6.59 21.6
- - 17 8.31 27.3 40 1720. 5640.
18 10.5 34.4
19 13.2 43.3

677.
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

DIMENSIONS OF WIRE, B. & S. GAUGE,

u. s.
Diameter and cross-section of wires. Brown & Sharpe Gauge, mass
of pure hard-drawn copper wire at 32 F. (density 8.90).

Gauge Diam. in Cross-section Pounds per ft. Feet per lb.

number. ins. in sq.in.

0000 0.4600 0.1662 0.6412 1.560

000 .4096 .1318 .5085 1.967
00 .3648 . 1045 .4033 2.480
0 .3249 .0829 .3198 3.127

1 0.2893 0.06573 0.2536 3.943

2 .2576 .05213 .2011 4.972
3 .2294 .04134 .1595 6.270
4 .2043 .03278 .1265 7.905
5 .1819 .02600 .1003 9.969

6 0.1620 0.02062 0.07955 12.57

7 .1443 .01635 .06309 15.85
8 .1285 .01297 .05003 19.99
9 .1144 .01028 .03968 25.20
10 .1019 .00815 .03146 31.78

11 0.09074 0.006467 0.02495 40.08

12 .08081 .005129 .01979 50.54
13 .07196 .004067 .01569 63.72
14 .06408 .003225 .01244 80.35
15 .05707 .002558 .00987 101.32

16 0.05082 0.002028 0.007827 127.8

17 .04526 .001609 .006207 161.1
18 .04030 .001276 .004922 203.2
19 .0358P .001012 .003904 256.2
20 .03196 .000802 .003096 323.1

21 0.02846 0.0006363 0.002455 408.2

22 .02535 .0005046 .001947 513.6
23 .02257 .0004001 .001544 647.7
24 .02010 .0003173 .001224 816.7
25 .01790 .0002517 .000971 1029.9

26 0.01594 0.0001996 0.0007700 1298.

27 .01419 .0001583 .0006107 1638.
28 .01264 .0001255 .0004843 2065.
29 .01126 .0000995 .0003841 2604.
30 .01003 .0000789 .0003046 3283.

31 0.008928 0.00006260 0.0002415 4140.

32 .007950 .00004964 .0001915 5221.
33 .007080 .00003937 .0001519 6583.
34 .006304 .00003122 .0001205 8301.
35 .005614 .00002476 .0000955 10468.

36 0.005000 0.00001963 0.00007576 13200.

37 .004453 .00001557 .00006008 16644.
38 .003965 .00001235 .00004765 20988..
39 .003531 .00000979 .00003778 26465.
40 .003145 .00000777 .00002996 33372.

678
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

MASS AND RESISTANCE FOR COPPER

Measure
Electrical resistance of pure hard-drawn copper wire at 32 F. (density
8.90.)

Gauge Ohms per ft. Ft. per ohm. Ohms per lb. Lbs. per ohm.
number.

0000 0.00004629 21601. 0.00007219 13852.

000 .00005837 17131. .00011479 8712.
00 .00007361 13586. .00018253 5479.
0 .00009282 10774. .00029023 3445.

1 0.0001170 ' 8544. 0.0004615 2166.8

2 .0001476 6775. .0007338 1362.8
3 .0001861 5373. .0011668 857.0
4 .0002347 4261. .0018552 539.0
5 .0002959 3379. .0029499 339.0

6 0.0003731 2680. 0.004690 213.22

7 .0004705 2125. .007458 134.08
8 .0005933 1685. .011859 84.32
9 .0007482 1337. .018857 53.03
10 .0009434 1060. .029984 33.35

11 0.001190 840.6 0.04768 20.973

12 .001500 666.6 .07581 13.191
13 .001892 528.7 .12054 8.296
14 .002385 419.2 .19166 5.218
15 .003008 332.5 .30476 3.281

16 0.003793 263.7 0.4846 2.0636

17 .004783 209.1 .7705 1.2979
18 .006031 165.8 1.2252 0.8162
19 .007604 131.5 1.9481 .5133
20 .009589 104.3 3.0976 .3228

21 0.01209 82.70 4.925 0.20305

22 .01525 65.59 7.832 .12768
23 .01923 52.01 12.453 .08030
24 .02424 41.25 19.801 .05051
25 .03057 32.71 31.484 .03176

26 0.03855 25.94 50.06 0.019976

27 .04861 20.57 79.60 .012563
28 .06130 16.31 , 126.57 .007901
29 .07729 12.94 201.26 .004969
30 .09746 10.26 320.01 .003125

31 0.1229 8.137 508.8 0.0019654

32 .1550 6.452 809.1 .0012359
33 . 1954 5.117 1286.5 .0007773
34 .2464 4.058 2045.6 .0004889
35 .3107 3.218 3252.6 .0003074

36 0.3918 2.552 5172. 0.0001934

37 .4941 2.024 8224. .0001216
38 .6230 1.605 13076. .0000765
39 .7856 1.273 20792. .0000481
40 .9906 1.009 33060. .0000303

679
 BANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

DIMENSIONS OF WIRE B; & S. GAUGE,

Metric
Diameter, cross-section'"of wires, Brown & Sharpe gauge, mass of pure
hard-drawn copper wire at 0 C. (density 8.90).

Gauge Diam. in cm.

Cross-section Grams per Meters per
number. in sq.cm. meter. gram.

0000 1.1684 1.0722 954.3 0.001048

000 .0405 0.8503 ^756.8 .001322
00 0.9266 .7643 600.1 .001666
0 .-3251 .5348 475.9 .002101

1 0.7348 0.4241 377.4 0.002649

2 .6544 .3363 299.3 .003341
3 .5827 .2667 237.4 .004213
4 .5189 .2115 188.2 .005312
5 .4621 .1677 149.3 .006699

6 0.4115 0.13302 118.39 0.00845

7 .3665 .10549 93.88 .01065
8 .3264 .08366 74.45 .01343
9 .2906 .06634 59.04 .01694
10 .2588 .05261 46.82 .02136

11 0.2305 0.04172 37.13 0.02693

12 .2053 .03309 29.45 .03396
13 . 1828 .02624 23.35 .04282
14 .1628 .02081 18.52 .05400
15 .1450 .01650 14.69 .06809

16 0.12908 0.013087 11.648 0.0859

17 .11495 .010378 9.237 .1083
18 .10237 .008231 7.325 .1365
19 .09116 .006527 5.809 .1721
20 .08118 .005176 4.607 .2171

21 0.07229 0.004105 3.653 0.2737

22 .06438 .0032.55 2.898 ,3450
23 .05733 .002582 2.298 .4352
24 .05100 .002047 1.822 .5488
25 .04545 .001624 1.445 .6920

26 0.04049 0.0012876 1.1459 0.873

27 .03606 .0010211 .9088 1.100
28 .03211 .0008098 .7207 1.388
29 .02859 .0006422 .5715 1.750
30 .02546 .0005093 .4532 2.206

31 0.02268 0.0004039 0.3594 2.782

32 .02019 .0003203 .2850 3.508
33 .01798 .0002540 .2261 4.424
34 .01601 .0002014 .1793 5.578
36 .01426 .0001597 .1422 7.034

36 0.01270 0.0001267 0.1127 8.87

37 .01131 .0001005 .0894 11.18
38 .01007 .0000797 .0709 14.10
39 .00897 .0000632 .0562 17.78
40 .00799 .0000501 .0446 22.43

680
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

MASS AND RESISTANCE FOR COPPER (Continued)

System
Electrical "resistance of pare hard-drawn copper wire at 0C. (density
8.90).

Gauge Ohms per Meters per Ohms per Grams per

number. meter. ohm. gram. ohm.

0000 0.0001519 6584. 0.0000001592 6283000.

000 .0001915 5221. .0000002531 3951000.
00 .0002415 4141. .0000004024 2485000.
0 .0003045 3284. .0000006398 1563000.

1 0.0003840 2604. 0.000001017 928900.

2 .0004842 2065. .000001618 618200.
3 ,0006106 1638. .000002572 388800.
4 .0007699 1299. .000004090 244500.
5 .0009709 1030. .000006504 153800.

6 0.001224 816.9 0.00001034 96700.

7 .001544 647.8 .00001644 60820.
8 .001947 513.7 .00002615 38250.
9 .002455 407.4 .00004157 24050.
10 .003095 323.1 .00006610 15130.

n 0.003903 256.2 0.00010511 9514.

12 .004922 203.2 .00016712 5984.
13 .006206 161.1 .00026574 3763.
14 .007826 127.8 .00042254 2367.
15 .009868 101.3 .00067187 1488.

16 0.01244 80.37 0.0010683 936.1

17 .01569 63.73 .0016987 588.7
18 .01979 50.54 .0027010 370.2
19 .02495 40.08 .0042948 232.8
20 .03146 31.79 .0068290 146.4

21 0.03967 25.21 0.010859 92.09

22 .05002 19.99 .017266 57.92
23 .06308 15.85 .027454 36.42
24 .07954 12.57 -043653 22.91
25 .10030 9.97 .069411 11.88

26 0.12647 7.907 0.11037 9 060

27 .15948 6.270 .17549 5.698
28 .20110 4.973 .27904 3.584 .
29 .25358 3.943 .44369 2.254
30 .31976 3.127 .70550 1.417

31 0.4032 2.480 1.1218 0.8914

32 .5084 1.967 1.7837 .5606
33 .6411 1.560 2.8362 .3526
34 .80.85 1.237 4.5097 .2217
35 1.0194 0.981 7.1708 .1394

36 1.2855 0.7779 11.376 0.08790

37 1.6210 .6169 18.130 .05516
38 2.0440 .4892 28.828 .03469
39 2.5775 .3880 45.8.38 .02182
40 3.2501 .3076 72.885 .01372

681
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

CROSS-SECTION AND MASS OF WIRES

U. S. Measure
Diameters are given in mils (1 mil =.001 in.), and area in square mils
(1 sq. mil =.000001 sq.in.). For sections and masses for one-tenth the
wameters given, divide by 100 and for sections and masses for ten times
the diameter multiply by 100.

Pounds per foot.

Diam. in Cros?-sec.
mils. Lnsq. mils. Copper, Iron, Brass, Aluminum,
density density density density
8.90. 7.80. 8.56. 2.67.

10 78.54 0.000303 0.0002656 0.0002915 0.0000909

11 95.03 0367 03214 03527 01100
12 113.10 0436 03825 04197 01309
13 132.73 0512 04488 04926 01536
14 153.94 0594 05206 05713 01782

15 176.71 0.000682 0.0005976 0.0006558 0.0002045

16 201.06 0776 06799 07461 02327
17 226.98 0876 07675 08423 02627
18 254.47 0982 08605 09443 02946
19 283.53 1094 09588 10522 03282

20 314.16 0.001212 0.001062 0.001166 0.0003636

21 346.36 1336 1171 1285 04009
22 380.13 1467 1286 1411 04400
23 415.48 1603 1405 1542 04809
24 452.39 1746 1530 1679 05237

25 490.87 0.001894 0.001660 0.001822 0.0005682

26 530.93 2046 1795 1970 06147
27 572.56 2209 1936 2125 06628
28 615.75 2376 2082 2285 07127
29 660.52 2549 2234 2451 07646

30 706.86 0.002727 0.002390 "0.002623 0.0008182

,31 754.77 2912 2552 2801 08737
32 804.25 3103 2720 2985 09309
33 855.30 3300 2892 3174 09900
34 907.92 3503 3070 3369 10509

35 962.11 0.003712 0.003253 0.003570 0.001114

36 1017.88 3927 3442 3777 1178
37 1075.21 4149 3636 3990 1245
38 1134.11 4376 3844 4218 1316
39 1194.59 4609 4040 4433 1383

40 1256.64 0.004849 0.004249 0.004664 0.001455

41 1320.25 5094 4465 4900 1528
42 1385.44 5346 4685 5141 1604
43 1452.20 5603 4911 5389 1681
44 1520.53 5867 5142 5643 1760

45 1590.43 0.006137 0.005378 0 305902 0.001841

46 1661.90 6412 5620 6167 1924
47 1734.94 6694 5867 6438 2008
48 1809.56 6982 6119 6715 2095
49 1885.74 7276 6377 6998 2183

50 1963.50 0.007576 0.006640 0.007287 0.002273

&1 2042.82 7882 6908 7581 2365
52 2123.72 8194 7181 7881 2458
53 2206^18 8512 7460 8187 2554
54 2290.22 8837 7744 8499 2651

682
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

CROSS-SECTION AND MASS OF WIRES (Continued)

XT. S. Measure (Continued)
Diameters aje^^ven
^ in milsjl mil =.001
=.001 in.), and area in square mils
(1 sq. mils.000001 sq. in.). For sections and masses for one-tenth the
diameters given, divide by 100 and for sections and masses for ten times
the diameter multiply by 100.

Pounds per foot.

Diam. in Cross-sec.
mils. in sq. mils. Copper, Iron, Brass, Aluminum,
density density density density
8.90. 7.80. 8.56. 2.67.

55 2375.83 0.009167 0.008034 0.008817 0.002750

56 2463.01 09504 08329 09140 2851
57 2551.76 09846 08629 09470 2954
58 2642.08 10195 08934 09805 3058
59 2733.97 10549 09245 10146 3165
60 2827.43 0.01091 0.00956 0.01049 0.003273
61 2922.47 1128 0988 1085 3383
62 3019.07 1165" 1021 1120 3495
63 3117.25 1203 t 1054 1157 3608
64 3216.99 1241 1088 1194 3724

65 331S.31 0.01280 0.01122 0.01231 0.003841

66 3421.19 1320 1157 1270 3960
67 3525.65 1360 1192 1308 4081
68 3631.68 1401 1228 1348 4204
69 3739.28 1443 1264 1388 4328
70 3848.45 0.01485 0 01302 0.01429 0.004456
71 3959.19 1528 1339 1469 4583
72 4071.50 1571 1377 1511 4713
73 4185.39 1615 1415 1553 4845
74 4300.84 1660 1454 1596 4978

75 4417.86 0.01705 0.01494 0.01639 0.005114

76 4536.46 1751 1534 1684 5251
77 4656.63 1797 1575 1728 5390
78 4778.36 1844 1616 1773 5531
79 4901.67 1892 1658 1819 5674
80 5026.55 0.01939 0.01700 0.01865 0.005818
81 5153.00 1988 1743 1912 5965
82 5281.02 2038 1786 1960 6113
83 5410.61 2088 1830 2008 6263
84 5541.77 2138 1874 2057 6415

85 5674.50 0.02189 0.01919 0.02106 0.006568

86 5808.80 2241 1964 2156 6724
87 5944.68 2294 2010 2206 6881
88 6082.12 2347 2057 2257 7040
89 6221.14 2400 2104 2309 7201
90 6361.73 0.02455 0.02151 0.02360 0.007364
91 6503.88 2509 2199 2414 7528
92 6647.61 2565 2248 2467 7695
93 6792.91 2621 2297 2521 7863
94 6939.78 2678 2347 2575 8033
95 7088.22 0.02735 0.02397 0.02630 0.008205
96 7238.23 2793 2448 2686 8378
97 7389.81 2851 2499 2742 8554
98 7542.96 2910 2551 2799 8731
99 7697.69 2970 2603 2857 8910

100 7853.98 0.03030 0.02656 0.02915 10.009091

683
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

CROSS-SECTION AND MASS OF WIRES (Continued)

Metric Measure
Diameters are given in thousandths of a centimeter and area of section
in square thousandths of a centimeter. 1 (cm./1000)2 = .000001 sq. cm.
For sections and masses for diameters 1/10 or 10 times those of the table,
divide or multiply by 100.

Grams per meter.

Oroaa-aection
Diam. in in square
thousandths thousandths Copper, Iron, Brass, Aluminum,
of a cm. of a cm. density density density density
8.90. 7.80. 8.56. 2.67.

78.54 0.06990 0.06126 0.06723 0.02097

10
95.03 .08458 .07412 .08135 .02537
11
12 113.10 .10065 ! .08822 .09681 .03020
13 132.73 .11813 ^.10353 .11362 .03544
14 153.94 .13701 .12008 .13177 .04110

176.71 0.1573 0.1378 0.1513 0.04718

15
201.06 .1789 .1568 .1721 .05368
16
226.98 .202(0 .1770 .1943 .06060
17
254.47 .2265 .1985 .2178 .06794
18
283.53 .2523 .2212 .2427 .07570
19
314.16 0.2796 0.2450 0.2689 0.08388
20
346.36 .3083 .2702 .2965 .09248
21
380.13 .3383 .2965 .3254 .10149
22
415.48 .3698 .3241 .3557 .11093
23
452.39 .4026 .3529 .3872 .12079
24
490.87 0.4369 0.3829 0.4202 0.1311
25
530.93 .4725 .4141 .4545 .1418
26
572.56 .5096 .4466 .4901 .1529
27
, 615.75 .5480 .4803 .5271 .1644
28
660.52 .5879 .5152 .5654 .1764
. 29
706.86 0.6291 0.5514 0.6051 0.1887
30
754.77 .6717 .5887 .6461 .2015
31
804.25 .7158 .6273 .6884 .2147
32
855.30 .7612 .6671 .7321 .2284
33
907.92 .8081 .7082 .7772 .2424
34
962.11 0.856 0.7504 0.8236 0.2569
35
1017.88 .906 .7939 .8713 .2718
36
1075.21 .957 .8387 .9204 .2871
37
1134.11 1.012 .8866 .9730 .3035
38
1194.59 .063 .9318 1.0230 .3190
39
1256.64 1.118 0.980 1.076 0.3355
40
1320.25 .175 1.030 .130 .3525
41
1385.44 .233 .081 .186 .3699
42
1452.20 .292 .133 .243 .3877
43
1520.53 .353 .186 .302 .4060
44
1590.43 1.415 1.241 1.361 0.4246
45
1661.90 .479 .296 .423 .4437
46
1734.94 .544 .353 .485 .4632
47
1809.56 .611 .411 .549 :4832
48
1885.74 .678 .471 .614 .5035
49
1963.50 1.748 1.532 1.681 .5243
50
2042.82 .818 .593 .753 .5454
51
2123.72 .890 .657 .818 .5670
52
2206.18 .964 .721 .888 .5891
53
2290.22 2.038 .786 .960 .6115
54

684
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

CROSS-SECTION AND MASS OF WIRES (Continued)

Metric Measure (Continued)
- Diameters are given in thousandths of a centimeter and area of section
in square thousandths of a centimeter. 1 (cm./lOOO)^ = .000001 sq. cm.
For sections and masses for diameters 1/10 or 10 times those of the table,
divide or multiply by 100.

Grams per meter.

Gross-section
Diam. in
in square
thousandths Copper, Iron, Brass, Aluminum,
thousandths
of a cm. density density density
of a cm. density
8.90. 7.80. 8.56. 2.67.

55 2375.83 2.114 1.853 2.034 0.6343

56 2463.01 . 192 .921 .108 . 6576
57 2551.76 .271 .990 .184 .6813
58 2642.08 .351 2.061 .262 .7054
59 2733.97 .433 .132 .340 .7300

60 2827.43 2.516 2.205 2.420 0.7549

61 2922.47 .601 .?80 .502 .7803
62 3019.07 .687 .355 .584 .8061
63 3117.25 .774 .431 .668 .8323
64 3216.99 .863 .509 .760 .8589

65 3318.31 2.953 2.588 2.840 0.8860

66 3421.19 3.045 .669 .929 .9135
67 3525.65 .138 .750 3.018 .9413
68 3631.68 .232 .833 .109 .9697
69 .3739.28 .328 .917 .201 .9984

70 3848.45 3.426 3.003 3.295 1.028

71 3959.19 .524 .088 .389 .057
72 4071.50 .624 .176 .485 .087
73 4185.39 .725 .265 .683 .117
74 4300.84 .828 .355 .682 .148

75 4417.86 3.932 3.446 3.782 1.180

76 4536.46 4.037 .538 .883 .211
77 4656.63 .144 .632 .986 .243
78 4778.36 .253 .727 4.090 .276
79 4901.67 .362 .823 .177 .309

80 5026.55 4.474 3.921 4.303 1.342

81 5153.00 .586 4.019 .411 .376
82 5281.02 .700 .119 .521 .410
83 5410.61 .815 .220 .631 .445
84 5541.77 .932 .323 .744 .480

85 5674.50 5.050 4.426 4.857 1.515

86 5808.80 .170 .531 .972 .551
87 5944.68 .291 .637 5.089 .587
88 6082.12 .413 .744 .206 .624
89 6221.14 .537 .852 .325 .661

90 6361.73 5.662 4.962 5.446 1.699

91 6503.88 . 788 5.073 .567 .737
92 6647.61 .916 .185 .690 .775
93 6792.91 6.046 .298 .815 .814
94 6939.78 .176 .413 .940 .853

95 7088.22 6.309 5.529 6.068 1.893

96 7238.23 .442 .646 .196 .933
97 7389.81 ,577 .764 .326 .973
98 7542.96 .713 .884 .457 2.014
99 7697.69 .851 6.004 .589 .055

100 7853.98 6.990 6.126 6.723 2.097

 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

APPROXIMATE RESISTANCE OF WIRES

Giving the resistance in ohms of one centimeter length at
20C. Owing to varying composition and physical condition,
these values can be considered only as approximations.
Gatige Diam.
Con- German
No. in Brass Iron Manganin
stantin silver
B.&S. cms.

10 .2588 .00014 .00093 .00056 .00023 .00080

12 .2053 .00023 .00148 .00089 .00036 .00127
14 .1628 .00037 .0024 .00142 .00058 .0020
16 .1291 .00058 .0037 .0023 .00092 .0032
18 .1024 .00091 .0059 .0036 .00146 .0051
20 .08118 .00147 .0095 .0057 .0023 .0081
22 .06438 .0023 .0150 .0090 .0037 .0129
24 .05106 .0037 .024 .0144 .0059 .021
26 .04049 .0059 .038 .023 .0093 .033
27 .03606 .0Q75 .048 .029 .0118 .041
28 .03211 .0093 .061 .036 .0148^ .052
30 .02546 .0147 .096 .058 .024 .083
32 .02019 .024 .153 .092 .038 .131
34 .01601 .038 .24 .148 .060 .209
36 .01270 .060 .39 .23 .094 .33
40 .00799 .15 .98 .59 .24 .84

686

V
 PROBLEMS
THE METHOD OF SOLVING CHEMICAL PROBLEMS
(From Talbot's Quantitative Analysis, by permission.)
Detailed solutions of a few typical problems are given below.
The student should study these carefully, and assure himself that
they are fully understood.
1. A "chemical factor" expresses the ratio between a sjjecific
quantity of a chemical compound and the equivalent quantity of
ome other body. For example, if it is wished to determine the
weight of sulphur whicli corresponds to a specific weight of barium
sulphate, the latter is multiplied by the factor,, or ratio, repre
sented by the fraction or = 0.1373. It may also
233.6 32.07
be expressed by the proportion BaS04 : S = wt. BaS04 : a;, from
which it is plain that x = wt. BaS04.
^oo.oU
Again, if the weight of FeO in Fe208 is desired, the factor
becomes = 0.9000. Similarly, the factor for the
conversion of KCl to KjO is = 0.6320. The loga-
rithmic equivalents of these values are called log factors.
In the calculation of these factors^, the atomic or molecular
relations of the two substance^ must be kept clearly in mind;
thus, it is plainly incorrect to express the ratio of ferrous to ferric
oxide by the fraction molecule of the higher
oxide must correspond to two molecules of the lower. Careless
ness in this respect is one of the most frequent sources of error.
2. To calculate the volume of a reagent required fol: a specific
operation, it is necessary to know the exact reaction which is to
be brought about, and, as with the calculation of factors, to keep
in mind the molecular relations between the reagent and the
substance reacted upon. For example, to estimate the weight of
barium chloride necessary to precipitate the sulphur from 0.1 gram
488.70
of pure pyrite (FeS2), the proportion should stand 2BaCls. 2 H2O:
120.16
FeS2 = X : 0,1, where x represents the weight of the chloride
Talbot's ''Quantitative Analysis."
687
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

required. Bach of the two atoms of sulphur will form a mole

culeof sulphuricacid upon oxidation, which, in turn, willrequire
a molecule of the barium chloride for precipitation. To deter
mine the quantity of the barium chloride required, it is necessary
to include in its molecular weight the water of crystallization,
since this is inseparable from the chloride when it is weighed.
This applies equally to other similar instances.
If the strength of an acid is expressed in percentage by weight,
due regard must be paid to its specific gravity. For example,
hydrochloric acid (sp. gr. 1.12) contains 23,8 per cent HGl by
weight; i.e., 0.2666 gram. ^ ^ .
3. No rules for universal application to "indirect gravimetric
analyses" can be laid down. A single example will be explained.
Given a mixture of KCl + NaCl weighing 0.15 gram, which
contains 63 per cent chlorine, to calculate the weight of KCl
and NaCl in the mixture. v "
The weight of chlorine in the mixture is (0.15 X 0.53) or 0.0795
gram. Assuming that this chlorine was all in combination with
potassium, the corresponding weight of KCl would be 0.1672
gram (C1 : KCl = 0.0795 ; 0.1672). This is an excess of 0.0172
gram over the actual weight of the mixture, and it is plain that
this difference is occasioned by the replacement of certain of the
molecules of potassium chloride, weighing 74.56 units, by mole
cules of sodium chloride weighing 58.50 units. To express this,
let it be supposed that the mixture is made up of n molecules
74.66
KCl and n' molecules NaCl; then it may be said that n KCl +
68.50 74.56 74.56
n' NaCl = 0.15 gram, and n KCl + n' KCl = 0.1672 gram, then
by subtracting the first equation from the second it is shown
74.56 68.50
that n' (KCl NaCl) =0.0172 gram. That is, the difference in
weight is equal to n' times the difference in the molecular weights
of the two chlorides. The actual weight of NaCl present {x) is equal
to 68.50n', or, since w' =74.5J?! g g . S O '
This may be expressed in the form (74.56 fe.50) : 58.50 =
0.0172: Xy from which a; = 0.0626. The weight of NaCl subtracted
from that of the mixture gives the weight of KCl.
The weights of the chlorides may also be c^lselilated algebra
ically by solving the equations x-^y = and +g|^ V
= 0.0795, where x is the weight of KCl and y is the weight of
NaCl in the mixture.
4. It is sometimes desirable to weigh out such a quantity of
substance for analysis, that the number of cubic centimeters of
standard solution entering into the reaction^^all represent di
rectly the percentage of the desired constituent. This may be
readily done, by considering the relation solution to a
- normal solution and the atomic or molecular w^ght Ofthe desired
component. For example, suppose it is desired to calculate such
a weight for KjCOs in pearl ash, when a half-normal acid solution
688

V
 BANDBOOK OF CHBMISTBr AND PBYSICS

is used. Since half-normal acid and alkali solutions are equiya-

lent, and since by definition the half-normal KjCOj solution
contains 34.55 grams per liter, each cubic centmieter of t^ acid
solution must be equivalent to 0.03455 gr^ .Hence,
100cc. would neutralize 3.455grams pure KjCOa and this becomes
the desired weight ofthe pearlash. Similarly the requiredweight
of limonite where the iron (Fe) is to be determined by means of
a deci-nonnalKjCrjOT solution is 0.5602 gram. , ,
6. .One of the most frequently recurring cases m volumetric
analysis is that in which it is wished to express the value of a
specific solution in terms of some substance other tl^n that
againstwhich it has beenstandardized as for mstance, the value
of a permanganate solution which has been standardized againsl
oxalic acid, in terms of iron. Although such probleiM appar
ently vary widely, there are common principles which can be
applied to them all. These are stated below, and the student
should assure himself that they are fully understood. .
Suppose, for example, it is desired to find the i^on value (Fe) of
a permanganate solution, of which 1 cc.is equivalent to 0.006302
gram C2H2O4 SHaO. ^ ^ xi . 1 1
From a comparisonof the reactions it is seen that 10 molecules
of ferrous sulphate and 5 molecules of oxalic acid each react
with the same amount (2 molecules) of the permanganate.
These two quantities being, then, equivalent to the same third
quantity, must be equivalent to each other; in other words, 10
molecules of ferrous sulphate and 6 molecules^of ox^ic acid
have the same reducing power. But, as stated above, the value
is desired in terms of metallic iron (Fe), not FeS04, but as it is
plain that 10FeS04 are equivalent to lOFe, it is proper to make
the proportion
560 2 ^0.25
10 Fe : 5C2H2O4. 2H2O = X : 0.006302
in which = 0.005602 gram. Here, again, as in example 2, it is
necessary to include the water of crystallizationm the molecular
weight of the oxalicacid, as it is weighed with it.
The same conclusion is arrived at, if we consider the relation of
the solution to the normal. As given, it is deci-normal and must,
therefore, be equivalent to a deci-normal solution of From
the equations cirod, it is seenthat 10FeS04, unite with 50, there
fore each molecule is^ equivalent to 1 hydrogen atom in reducing
power. The normal solution must, then, contain 1 gram-mole-
cule of ferroussulphate, or 66.02 grams Fe, and each cubic centi
meter of the deci-normal solution would contain 0.005602 gram,
the value obtained above. ,.
Again, suppose the value of the same permanganate solution
were desired in terms of molybdenum (Mo), the reactions with
permanganate being
5M012O19 + lIMnaOy = eOMoOs + 34MnO, and
SCaHaO* . 2H2O + MnaOT = 2MnO + IOCO2 + I5H2O.
(MnaOr is the anhydride of HMn04.)
689
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

It is plain that in these equations as they stand, the molecular

quantities of oxidizing agent are not equal. They can be made
be ^0 multiplying the second equation by17, andthey then
5M012O19 + 17Mn207 = 34MnO + GOMoOa, and
85C2H2O4. 2H2O + 17Mn207 = 34MnO -f 170CO2 +
255 H2O.
It is nowpossible to reason in the same way as before, and to
conclude that 85 molecules of the oxalic acid have the same reduc
ing power as 5 molecules of the oxide M012O19, or 60 atoms x)f
molybdenum. Accordingly,
5758.8 10714.25
6OM0 : 85C2H2O4.2H2O : : X : 0.006302
in which x 0.003387 gram.
Since 5Moi20i9 unite with 850, a normal solution of the former
as a reducing agent, would contain 1/170of the 5 gram-molecules
or 33.87 gramsMo, and the deci-normal solution 3.387 grams per
liter. This agrees with the values already obtained.
6. It is sometimes necessary to calculate the value of solutions
according to the principles just explained, when several succes
sive reactions are involved. Such problems may be solved by a
seriesof proportions, but it is usuallypossible, after stating these
to eliminate the common factors and solve but a sin^e one.
For example, suppose it is desired to express the value of a
permanganate solution, of which 1 cc. = 0.008 gram iron (Fe), in
terms of xalcium oxide (CaO). The reactions involved in the
volumetric determination of calcium are the following; CaCL 4-
(NH4)2C204 = CaC204 + 2NH4CI; CaC204 + H2SO4 + 2H2O =
CaS04 + C2H2O4. 2H2O; 5C2H2O4 . 2H2O + 2KMn04+ 3H2SO4
= K2SO4 + MnSp4 + IOCO2 + I8H2O.
From the considerations stated under 5, the following propor
tions may be made.
lOFe : 5C2H2O4. 2H2O = 0.008 : x
5Q2H2O4.2H2O : 5CaC204 x : y
5CaC204 : 5CaO :x
Canceling the common factors, there remains simply
560.2 280.4
lOFe : 5 CaO 0.008 :2
Similarly, from the reactions, the equivalent of the iodine liber
ated may be calculated in terms of MnOa as follows: Supposing
the weight of iodine to be 0.5 gram then
21 : 2KI = 0.5 : a;
2KI :2Cl^x:y
2C1 : 2HC1 ^y:z
2HC1 : Mn02 = 2 : u;
Canceling the common factors, there remains
21 : Mn02 = 0.5 :

V
 BANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
To solve such problems as 5and 6, it is necessary toknow the^
reactions involved, and theway in whichj;he y^ous compon^ts
break up: thento compare the reactions and to s^rch forthose
moJecular quantities of the compounds in question, which are
eouivalerd in their actionupona common agent. Having tpuna
these, as shown above, express the molecula^tao^between them
intheform ofa proportion; as, for example, 21 : Mn02= 0.5 : to.
Expressed inthe form ;= 0.5, itisplain that this ratio is
in noway different in principle from the chemical factor men
tioned in paragraph 1; inde^, it is thefactor for thecohversion
of iodine to manganese dioxide.
PROBLEMS IN ELEMENTARY PHYSICS
1 Amap isdrawn to thescale 1mile to theinch. What area
on the map in square centimeters represents 10 square miles/
Ans. 64.5 sQ.cm. ,. . x
2. Express a velocity of 2500 cm. per second infeet per minute.
Ans. 4921.2 feet per minute. ^ j
3 A rectangular tar^ 15 cm. X163 mm. X6 meters, inside
measurements, is fiUed with water. Express the mass of the
water inkilograms. One c.cm. of water weighs 1 gram (approxi-
4^.^tL raSus of^/cMe is 12 cm., what is the angle in degrees
subtended by an arc of 16 cm.? Ans. 76.39 . ^ .
5. The pitch of the screw m a micrometer^caliper is 0.5 mm.,
the rotating head of the instrument carries 50 divisions; the
vernier ofthe shank over which the head turns has 10 div^ions
which occupy the space of 9 smallest divisions
What is the smallest distance which can be measured without
estimation? Ans. 0.001 mm. i
6. How far from the point of observation must a scale be
placed in order that 1 cm. on the scale wiU subtend an angle ot
1 minute? Ans. 3438 cm. i v
7. A riveris 1 kilometer in width,and the current has a velocity
of 4 km. per hour. Whatdirection must be taken by a launch
moving at 8 km. per hour inorder toland directly opposite the
starting point? What will bethe total time for the trip? Ans.
The launch must steer 30 upstream; 8.7 minutes.
8. Apendulum having a period of 1 second and a pendulum
of nearly the same period are arranged so that it is possible to
observe when the two reach the mid point of their respective
oscillations at the same instant going in t^ same direction.
The time elapsing between coincidences is 106 seconds. If the
unknown is shorter than the known pendulum, what is its
period? Ans. 0.9906 sec. j j.i.
9. A body starts from rest and moves for 10 seconds with a
uniform acceleration of 5 cm./sec.^,
moves uniformly at the velocity acquired and is finally brought
to rest with a uniform acceleration of 5. cm./sec. , wnai is
 HANDBOOK OP CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

the total space covered and the time occupied? Ans. 1500 cm.,
40 sec.
10. Find the value of a constant force which, .acting on a
mass of 500 grams for 2 seconds, produces an increase in velocity
of 10 cm./sec. Ans. 2500 dynes, i
11. What is the weight in dynes of a sphere whose mass is
100 grams? If a spherical mass of 1000 kg. is placed vertically
beneath the body so that their centers are separated by a dis
tance of 50 cm., what is the apparent increase in weight? (g.=
980. cm./sec.2, the gravitational constant = 6.66X10-8 C. G. S.)
Ans. 98,000 dynes; .0026 dyne.
12. A uniform bar, 100 cm. long, is supported on a knife
edge 30 cm. from one end. A mass of 500 g. is suspended at a
distance of 5 cm. and a mass of 200 g. at a distance of 60 cm
from the same end. If the system is in equihbrium, what is
the mass of the bar? Ans. 325 g.
13. The beam of a balance is 25 cm. long and weighs 50 g.
If the center of gravity is 0.05 cm. below the central knife edge
through what angle will the beam be deflected by the addition
of 0.001 gram to one of the pans? Ans. 0 17.2'.
14. The mean radius of the earth is about 6,370,000 meters.
What is the acceleration toward the center of point on the
equator due to the rotation of the earth? Ans. 2910.3 meters
per sec. per sec.
15. If the period of simple harmonic motion is 10 seconds
and the amplitude 20 cm., what is the displacement, velocity
and acceleration 2 seconds after the particle has passed its
mid point in a positive direction? Ans. Displacement 19.02 cm.,
velocity 3.88 cm./sec., acceleration7.51 cm./sec.^.
16. A body of 60 g. mass falls freely from rest for 6 seconds,
what is its momentum and kinetic energy at the end of the
period? (g.=980 cm./sec.^.) How far does the body fall?
How much work would be done in raising it to its original posi
tion?- Ans. Momentum, 352,800 g. cm./sec.; kinetic energy,
1.037X10 ergs; space passed over 17,640 cm.; potential energy
(mgh) 1.037X109 ergs.
17. What power is delivered by a hoisting engine in pulling
a mass of 200 kg., (1) Upward against gravity, 5 meters per
second; (2) along a horizontal plane whose coefficient of friction
with the block is 0.20 at the rate of 2 meters per second; (3)
along a perfectly smooth (frictionless) horizontal plane at any
velocity; (4) jup an incline of 45 with the horizontal with a
coefficient of friction of 0.1 at the rate of 1 meter (measured
along the incline) per second? (The hoisting apparatus is to
be considered frictionless.) Ans. (1) 980 watts. (2) 784 watts.
(3) No work is done. , (4) 15,240 watts.
18. A bullet fired from a gun 1 cm. in internal diameter and
75 cm. long has a muzzle velocity of 500 meters per second.
What uniform pressure in the barrel would cause this velocity
if the bullet weighs 25 g.? Ans. 1.081 X10 dynes per sq. cm.
19. The pitch of a jack screw is 1 cm; the power is applied
at the end of a lever24 cm. long. When force of 30,000 c^^nes
is applied at the lever the lifting force is 1,200,000 dynes, what
692
 HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

portion of the force applied is used to overcome friction? What

is the efficiency? Ans. 22,040 dynes; 34.1%.
20. It is required to find the density of a cyhnder of alloy.
A ballast load is placed on one pan of the balance, which requires
292.560 g. to counterbalance. The sample is added to the pan
containing the weights and the amount to effect equilibrium is
reduced to 8.480 g. When the sample is suspended below the
pan in water (density 0.9977) the mass necessary in the pan is
148.627 g. The density of the brass weights was 8.45, the
density of air at the temperature and pressure of the experiment
0.00115. Find the true density, making correction for buoyancy
of the air. Ans. 3.383.
21. The cross-section of the stem of an hydrometer has an
area of 0.2 sq.cm. The total volume immersed when the in
strument floats in water at 4 C. is 6. cu.cm. If in another
liquid the hydrometer sinks until 8 cm. additional length of
stem is immersed, what is the specific gravity the liquid? Ans.
0.7894.
22. The volume of the cylinder of an air pump cleared at each
stroke of the piston is 2000 cc. If the volume of the vessel to
be exhausted with connecting tubes is 4000 cc., what pressure
should be obtained by 10 strokes? Ans. 0.0173 the original
pressure. . . , . ,
23. Water at a temperature of 20.3 C. rises to a height of
6.128 cm. in a tube whose radius is 0.0247. Compute the sur
face tension, taking g.= 980. Ans. 74.15 dynes/cm.
24. A glasstube closed at one end is 100cm. long. A column
of mercury 91 cm. long is poured into the tube and it is then
inverted with the lower (open) end in a dish of mercury. The
air now fills 40 cm. at the top of the tube and a column of mer
cury 58 cm. long is supported below. What is the barometric
pressure? Ans. 74.84 cm. ^
25. A wire 100 cm. long and 0.3 mill, in radius is stretched
2 mm. by the addition of a weight of 10 kilos. Compute the
value of Young^s Modulus. Ans. 17.3X10^^ dynes/sq.cm.
26. The thermal coefficient of linear expansion of brass is
0.000018. A cylindrical bar is 100 cm. long at 20 C. and has
a density of 8.450, what is the length and density^at 0 C?
Ans. Length 99.964 cm., density 8.451 g./cm.^.
27. A steel rod is measured with a brass scale at 15 C. The
rod appears to be 200 cm. long. The scale is correct,at 0 C.
What is the true length of the rod at 0? The coefficient of
expansion for steel is .000011. Ans. 200.021 cm.
28. If the volume of a portion of gas is 1000 ccm. under a
pressure of 30.5 cm. of mercury and at^a temperature 0 C.,
what will be the volume under a pressure of 29.5 cm. and a
temperature of 20 C.? Ans. 1109 c. cm.
29. The mass of a copper calorimeter is 110 grams. It con
tains 400 grams of water at a temperature of 16 C. A solid
-mass of 60 grams at a temperature of 98C. is placed m the
water. The temperature reaches equilibrium at 21 C. Neg
lecting radiation, find the specific heat of the solid. Ans.
0.443 cal./g.
 BANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS '
together and are arranged so that the outer
rotated whde the inner cone may be held stationary by the
A wS^n?? i9 overcome the friction between the cones.
t 30 cm m diameter is attached to the inner cone aS
the slip - ft* passing over another puUey at
40n a ^ ^9 Srais. The mass of the two conS
Is CC, of wateris placed in the inner cone. The outer cone
revohfon/^^wifQ++"^ 4. ^P, weight suspended and makes 1500
g:ar
per s^^ ^ apparent pitch? Ans. 2116.4
potentials of two insulated conducting
SdTo cm electricity if their radii are 5
nf ^ting between two concentrated positive charges
4 WK separated by a distance of 4 cm. inair? Xns. 3dynS
in diaSer at 0 cT TV,^ 48,500 cm. of copper wire 1 milUmeter
Ans 06 ohm specific resistance of copper is .0000017.
35. A circuit is composed of 8 cells in two groups. The two crouns
fo^crofrcWellt^ri^
f^, ?
mslnes'^'^he elec^?oS?l
internal resistance 0.1 ohm. The
T# consists of a senes of 5 coils, each having a resistance of
2?anel w?fh
SSr? aL 0(wn amp ' ^ resistance is 1000 ohms is placed in
36. A cell whose electromotive force is 1 volt and internal resistance
in series with a resistance of 2000 S
vanometer whose resistance is 98 ohms. The galvanometer terminals
and a ga
^ shunt having a resistance of 1 oh~d
pm ^v. deflection,is,observed
of meritthat by awhich
the current telescope,
wouldiscause
0 55
0.000W)0229 amp ^ ^ mirror? Ans.
I 37. The horizontal intensity of the earth's magnetism at a certain
ofs
a^ fo rXot^'^e'tl"
when placed 100 cm. from the candle. The standard candle is found

?Tr,oo'aa concave spherical mirror gives a sharp

mirror; find the principal focus and radius of
52j6cm mirror. Ans. Focus 26.33 cm., radius of curvature,
lenthas4ts^vprtpnti^^^^^ point source 20.5 cm from a double concave
froL a nofnti 113.9
11 qQr.1^ increased by the lens so that it appears to come
cm. from the lens (on the same side as the source)
JtJh of curvature of both faces is25.1 cm., what isthe principal focus
Mex'fert^of -20 - t
be^6b''^JAV
2'i'^Tf
J: angleofof
isobserved and found to
refraction of the material thethe pnsmAns,
pnsm? is 59 54', what is the index of
1.734.
 INDEX

A ^AQB
Aberration, chromatic, definition 538
spherical, " 538
Absolute density of water, 0-39C 365
humidity, definition. . 535
zero, definition. 534
Absorption, definition 527
Accelerated motion, umform, formula o39
Acceleration, definition and unit j ; "' V ""
due to gravity and length of seconds pendulum for various
latitudes 522
" due to gravity at any latitude and elevation, formula. . i .. 541
" due to gravity, definition and unit 532
" " " latitude, longitude and elevation of varioi^
cities. , 518
Acetic acid, specific gravity of aqueous solutions 323
Achromatic, definition 538
Acid burns, treatment of
" definition...... 527
" proof wood stain 564
Acidic constituents, detection of
Active mass, definition
Adiabatic, definition 535
Air. density of, 10-29 C., 72-77 cm. 369
" thermometer, formula
Albedo for various substances
Alcohol, density of, 0-39 C 368
" specific gravity of aqueous solutions
" surface tension of...
Algebraic formulae Jg
Alkali burns, treatment of
group, analysis of
Alkaline earth group, analysis of
Alloys, composition and physical properties of
Alpha rays
Altitudes from barometric readings, formula
Aluminum and iron group, separation of ^o4
group, analysis of
" wire, resistance of. . . ._ "1*
Ammonium chloride, specific gravity of aqueous solutions 331
" hydroxide, specific gravity of aqueous solutions 6Z7,
Ampere, unit of electric current, definition. . 537
Amplitude in simple harmonic motion, definition o6^
Analysis, anion.
of the alkah group 267
" alkaline earth group.
aluminum group.
copper group ,
iron group. 265
silver group

scheme f^^quSi'tative 262

Analytic geometry
Angle, definition and unit
695
 INDEX

Angular acceleration, formula 54/^

aperture of objectives, definition
" momentum, definition and unit !!!!!!! <5^2
units, degree-radian conversion table. .,..! - aa
velocity, definition and unit 500
. , V formula fdn
Amoti analysis, outline * 9^7
Annulus, area of on
Antidotes of poisons . 11
Aperture ofobjectives, angular, defijoition.*.' .*.*!!*.!*.!! 1 538
numerical, " kqq
Apothecaries' fluid measure
weight 572
Approximations, formulae for *
Aqueous solutions, density of * 10
diffusion of qo|
" ;; index of refraction of .W 495
magneto-optic rotation of . . . 504
" osmotic pressure of 000
" resistance of !! * 4^
" specific heat of 402
surface tension of V] 070
... , vapor tension of 400
Archimedes' principle, formula
Area of circles, table :
" " geometrical figures * r-r
unit of
Arithmetical progression, formiila '!!!'!!!! *.
Atmosphere, composition and mass ^fji 7
Atmospheric potential K17
Atom, definition !.!.!!!.!.!!!.!!!. 527
Atomic and molecular constants 503
Atomic theory 526
" weights of the elements ** 87
Avogadro's theory cofi
Avoirdupois wdght 1: 571

Balance, sensitivenessof, formula 543

Balanced action, definition !!!!!!.!!!! 527
Balancing chemical equations 528
Barometric readings, formula for altitudes from ...... 645
Barometer readings, inch-centimeter conversion table !.!!!! 445
\\ " reduction to sea level and latitude 45..... *..'.*.'. .* 449
* . " temperature correction for 445
Barye, unit of pressure, definition 533
Base, definition 527
Basic constituents, separation of !..!!.!!!! 262
Baum6 hydrometer scale, conversion table 363
Bead and flame tests 269
Beats in sound, definition !!!!!! 535
Beta rays... ;; 505
Bmoimal series 15
Birmingham wire gauge ............. 675
Blue print paper, sensitizing formula 554
Boiling point, molecular elevation of 409
\\ " of the elements 93
" inorganic compoimds 99
" " " organic compounds 143
" *' various substances 407
*1 \\ \\ water,700-800 mm 405
T. , , , * . " " high pressures, see under vapor tension. 420
Boyle's law, formula .. 545
" " statement. !.!!!! 525
Brashear's process of silvering glass 558
Breaking strain, table 371
696
 INDEX

PAGE

Brilliancy of light sources, intrinsic 483

British Standard Gauge, dimensions of wire 676
" thermal unit, definition 534
Brown and Sharpe Gauge, dimensions of wire 678
Bulk modulus, table 371
Burns and scalds, treatment of 12

C
Calculus. -
Calorie, unit of heat, defimtion 534
Calorimeters, formulae for 547
Candle power of light sources 482
Candles, standard 481
Capacity, definition 536
" formulae for 549
Capillary depression, correction for, table 448
Carcel unit, photometric 481
Carrying capacity for copper wire 466
Catalytic agent, definition 527
Cathode rays, phosphorescence caused by 500
Cells, electromotive force and composition of 404
" voltaic, internal resistance of 476
Cements.. 554
Centigrade degree, definition 534
Centigrade-Fahrenheit conversion table 646
Centi^ugal force, definition r 532
Centripetal force, definition 532
Change of volume due to fusion 414
Charles' law for gases 525
Chemical definitions 527
equations 528
" laws 525
" theories . 526
Chord, length of 19
Chromatic aberration, definition 538
Circle, equations of ^ 28
Circles, area and radius of inscribed and circumscribed 17
" circumference, area, etc., formulae 19
" " and " table ^ 67
Circular motion, uniform, formulae 541
Circumferences and areas of circles, table 67
Circumscribed ciiles, radius and area of 17
" polygons, area and perimeter 18
Cleaning mercury \ 555
" optical surfaces 555
Cobalt, separation of 266
Coefficient, of expansion for gases 391
" " friction 376
" " restitution, definition 533
formula 544
" _ " thermal expansion, definition . 534
" temperature-resistance, definition 537
table 465
Coefficients, elastic formulae 543
" " table 370
of thermal expansion, tables 3^
Colligative property, definition. 527
Color and crystalline form of inorganic compounds 98
" " " " " organic compounds 143
Color scale of temperature 400
Color sensations produced by various light sources 482
" " relative stimulation by different wave length 490
Coloredliquids for demonstration purposes 556
Combinations, algebraic formulae 14
Combining weight, definition 527
law of 525
 INDEX

PAGE
Common names of chemicals 258
Composition and uses of foods. . . 368
" of typical alloys ... 90
" " vectors, formula 539
Compoimds, physical constants of inorganic 98
" " " *' organic 142
Compressibility of liquids 372
Concentration of laboratory reagents 271
Conduction of heat, formula 547
Conductivity, electric, definition 547
" thermal, definition 534
" *' table 426
Conductors, definition 536
Cone, surface and volume 22
Conjugate foci, definition 538
Constants, critical, for gases. 410
'* miscellaneous numerical 66
Constitutive property, definition 527
Contact, difference of potential 1 464
Contrast developer. 563
Conversion factors for energy units 575
" " " pressure units 575
" " metric and English systems 576
" of barometric readings (inch-centimeter) 445
** " pressure units, table 446
" " thermometer scales. ; 646, 338
" tables for hydrometer scales > 363
" " metric-EngUsh units 585
" " Centigrade-Fahrenheit 646
Copper and tin group separation of 263
group, analysis of 263
Correction for capillary depressions of mercury in a glass tube 448
Coulomb, unit of quantity of electricity, definition 539
Couple acting on a magnet, formula 546
Critical constants for gases 410
Cross hairs 556
Crushing resistance of brick and stone 376
Cryohydrate, definition : 409
Crystalline form and color of inorganic compounds 98
" organic compounds 143
Crystals, index of refraction of 531
Cube roots, table of 64
Cubes of numbers, sum of, formula : 15
Cubes, table 64
Cubical expansion of Hquids 389
" " " solids !...!! 388
Current capacity for copper wire 466
Current, electric, definition 537
Cylinder, surface and volume ' 22

D
Palton's law 525
Date of discovery of the elements ... 93
Deci-normal solutions of reagents -274
Declination of the sun and equation of time 515
Declination, magnetic, definition 537
" " table 479
Decomposition of anhydrous metallic sulphates 353
Definite proportions, law of ' 525
Definitions, chemical 527
physical 531
Degree of ionization, table 354
Dehydration of metallic sulphates. . 352
Density and volume of mercury, 10 to +360 C 367
" critical, for gases 410
definition...... 412
 INDEX

FAGS

Density of air, 10-29 C.; 72-77 cm 369

" alcohol, 0-39 368
" " alloys 90
" " aqueous solutions, miscellaneous.. 368
" " gases in liquid and solid form 370
*' " liquids 363
" " saturated vapors at the boiling point 369
" " saturated steam 433
" ^oUds 362
" water, absolute, 0-39" C 365
" " " maximum 363
" " " relative 366
" (specific gravity) of aqueous solutions 317
" " " " elements 92
" " " " inorganic compounds 99
" " " " organic compounds 143
Depression, correction for capillary 448
" of the freezing point, molecular 409
Derivation of the names of the elements 92
Derivatives, elementary forms 26
Detection of acidic constituents 267
Developing formulae, photographic 562
Dew point, relative humidity from 451
Diamagnetic, definition 537
Diaphragm systems for photographic lenses 469
Dielectric definition 536
, strength for air. 457
" " " various instdators 461
Dietary standards 314
Difference of potential for metals 464
'* " " " " and electrolytes 464
Diffraction, definition. . ^ 539
*' grating, formula^ 553
Diffused reflection, albedo, table 495
Diffusion, formula 544
Diffusion of aqueous solutions 382
'* " gases 545
Diminution of pressure at the side of a moving stream, formula 545
Dip, magnetic, definition 537
" of the Earth's field, table 537
Discoveries of the elements _ 93
" " " " date 93
Dispersion of glass, table 494
" definition 539
Displacement, in simple harmonic motion, definition 532
Dissociation constants of acids and bases 356
Drill gauge, sizes 674
Dyne, unit of force, definition 532

E
Earth, data in regard to 516
Efficiency of light sources 482
Efilux of a liquid, formula 545
Elastic coefficients, formulae. 543
Elastic constants for gases 375
" " " solids 370
*' limit, definition 533
" table 371
Elasticity, definition 533
Electric current, definition 537
Electrical units, relations of. ... 574
Electrochemical equivalents 477
Electrolytes, resistance of 466
Electroljrtic dissociation theory 526
" solution tension theory 526
Electrolysis, formula. 552
Electromagnetic field due to a current in a coil, formula 551.
699
 INDEX

PAGE

Electromotive force, definition 536

" " of standard cells 462
" " voltaic cells 462
" " series of metals 35T
Electron theory 526
Elements, atomic weight of 87
" boiling point of 93
date of discovery 93
" derivation of the names of. . 92
" discoverers of 93
" melting point of 93
occurrence of 93
" periodic arrangement of 261
physical constants of : 92
" principal valence of 87
specific gravity of 92
heat of 394
" symbols of 92
" wave length of the principal spectrum lines 485
Elevation, latitude and longitude and acceleration due to gravity for vari
ous places 518
Elevation of the boiling point, molecular 409
Ellipse, circumference and area of 20
" equations of 29
Energy, definition 533
'* formula. 543
" units, conversion factors 575
Entropy, definition 535
" values for saturated steam 433
Equation for the linear expansion of solids 388
" of time and declination of the sun 515
Equations, chemical 529 >
" of analytical geometry 28
" quadratic formula for solution 13
Erg, imit of work and energy, definition 533
Eutectic, definition 527
Expansion coefficient for gases 391
" *' thermal 384
" of gases, formula 546
" thermal, formula 546
Exponential series 15
Exponentials, table of. , 52
Exponents, relations of 13

F
Factors, algebraic 13
" gravimetric 281
Fahrenheit degree, definition 534
Fahrenheit-Centigrade conversion table 646
Falling bodies, formulae 539
Faraday's law 525
Farad, unit of capacity, definition 536
Fats and waxes, constants of 256
Field intensity, electric, definition 536
" " " formulae 548
" magnetic, definition 549
Five place logarithm table 31
Fixed points for.high temperature testing 414
Fixing bath, formula 567
Flame and bead test 269
Fluorescence, gases and vapors 501
" organic substances 501
Fluorescent screen for observation of ultraviolet light 557
Foci, conjugate, definition 538
Focus, principle, definition 638
Foods, uses and compositions of 358
700
 INDEX

PAOB

Force between two charges, formula 548

" ' " " magnetic poles, formula 549
" definition and unit 632
" formula 541
" tractive of a magnet : 550
Formation, heats of 298
Formtilae, algebraic. 13
" mensuration 17
'" of inorganic compounds 98
" " organic compounds 142
" photographic.. 562
" physical 539
" trigonometric 23
Foucault's pendulum, formula 547
Fraunhofer lines, wave lengths of 484
Freezing mixtures 411
point, molecular depression of 409
Frequency of vibrating strings, formula 548
Friction, coefl&cient of 376
Fuel, heat values of 444
Functions, trigonometric, tables 54
" in a right-angled triangle 23
" signs and limits of value 24
" relationsof 24
" sums of angles. 24
" multiple angles 25
Fundamental units .. 531
Fusion, heat equivalent of, definition 534
volume change due to 414

G
Galvanometer, tangent, formula 552
Gamma rays. . . 505
Gas constant, value for various units 574
Gasthermometer, formula 546
" volume, reduction of 393
Gases and vapors, specific gravity 355
" constants of the kinetic theory 422
" critical temperature, pressure, etc 410
" density of, in liquid and solid form 370
" diffusion of 382
" elastic constants of 375
** expansion coefficient for 391
" " formulae 546
" index of refraction of 496
" specific heat of 404
Van der Waals' constants for 410
viscosity of 381
Gaslight paper, developer for. . . 469
Gauss, unit of magnetic field, definition 537
Gay-Lussac's law 525
Geometrical progression 14
Geometry, analytical. 28
'* formula? 17
Glass grinding fluid 557
" index of refraction of . 493
" to clean 555
Grating, diffriaction, formulae 553
Gravimetric factors and their logarithms 281
Gravitation, definition 532
" formulae 541
Gravity, acceleration due to, at sea level for various latitudes 522
Greek alphabet 524

701
 INDEX^

H
Hall^ect . 477
Halos and rainbows, angidar radius 517
Hardness, scale and table '" * 373
Hartshorn, anmionium carbonate carbatnate ! 98
Heat conductivity, definition 534
formiUafor i"' 547
table ^6
" effect of electric current, formula 55I
" equivalent of fusion, table !!!..*' 412
" " " vaporizarion, table T 413
" equivalents, definition '[ 534
" of combustion 317 319
" " " definition .......' 527
" " formation and solution, table I'' 298
" " vaporization of saturated steam !.!.!!!.!! 432
" quantity, definition and units '' 534
" specific,tables !!!!!!!. 393
" value of fuels .!!!!.!!!!!. 444
Hefner unit, photometric ....!!!!!!! 481
Helmert's equation for acceleration due to gravity at any latitude and
elevation 54I
Helmholtz' double layer theory [ 525
Henry, unit of inductance, definition 533
Heniy'slaw 525
Hess law. . . 525
High and low temperatures ...!!.!!!! 444
Humidity, definition ' *| * 525
" relative, from the dew point 451
Hydrochloric acid, specific gravity of aqueoussolutions .326,347
Hydrogen atom, mass of 422
equivalent definition !...!! 527
** thermometer scale, reduction to .* 384
Hydrometer conversion tables 363
Hydrosulphuric acid, hydrogen sulphide 112
Hyperbola, equations of 29
Hypo, hyposhulphiteof soda, sodium thiosulphate i !!! .!!!*!!! 132
I
Ice, melting point at various pressures 407
Imperial or British standard wire gauge !!!!!!!!!! 676
Index of refraction, definition * 533
!! !! a formula....
of aqueous solutions
!.'*!!!!!!!;!;;;; 495
552
II II II II crystals " 492
: " " "
fiS;
metals
^krious-.v 495
/ " " " rocksalt, sylvine, etc 493
^ " soUds, various 491
Indicators 280
Induction, definition '[ 537
Inertia, definition !!'!!!!!!....!!!* 531
Inorganic compounds, boiling point of !!!!.! 99
II " crystallineform.and colorof . 98
formulae for 98
melting point of 99
II " molecularweight of 98
physical constants of 98
solubility of 99
T "u j circles,
Inscribed 1" radiusspecific gravity of
and area ^ 99
17
Inscribed polygons, area and perimeter !..! 18
Insulators,.definition 536
" resistance of * 475
Integrals, elementary forms 33.
702
 INDEX

PAGE

Intensity of electric ifield, definition. 636

" " magnetic field, definition 537
" magnetization, definition. 537
" " sound, definition. 535
Internal resistance of voltaic cells 476
Intrinsic brilliancy of light sources 483
Ion, definition ? 527
lonization constants 356
" theory 526
Iron group, analysis of 265
Isothermal, definition. T 535

J
Joule, unit of work, definition 533
Joule's equivalent, definition 534

K
Kilowatt hour, definition ..... 536
Kinetic energy, definition 533
" theory constants for gases. : 422

L
Labels for bottles 557
Lantern slide developer 567
Large calorie, definition 534
Latent heat of fusion, definition 534
" " " " table 412
" " " vaporization, definition 534
" " " " table 413
Latitude and longitude, acqpleration due to gravity and elevation for
various cities 518
Laws, chemical 525
Lengttf, unit of 531
Lenses, formula 552
Light sources, candle power and efficiency. 482
" '* color sensations produced by 482
" " intrinsic brilliancy of 483
Limit of elasticity, definition 533
" " table..... 371
Line of force, magnetic, definition 536
" " " of an electric field, definition ... 536
Linear expansion, coefficients, table 384
Liquids, compressibility of 372
" cubical expansion of 389
" density of.. - 363
" specific heat of 402
" surface tension of 379
" ^ viscosity of 381
Lissajou's figures, definition 535
Logarithmic series 16
Logarithms, explanation of the use of table 29
" five place table. 31
" natural or Naperian, table 49
" of the trigonometric fimctions, table 59
Low and high temperatures by various means 444
Lune, area of 22

M
Maclkurin's series 15
Magnetic constants of iron, etc 474
" declination 479
" intensity, deWtion .^ 537
" inclination of the Earth's field 478
703
 INDEX
PAGE

Magnetic induction, formula 558

*' intensity of the Earth's field 478
" iron oxide, ferroso ferric oxide 110
" moment, definition 637
" " formula. 549
" pole, unit of 536
Magneto-optic rotation, table 504
Magnifying power, definition 538
Mass action, law of 526
Mass definition and unit 531
. " of the hydrogen atom, 422
" " water vapor in saturated air 447
Mean places of the stars 515
Mechanical equivalent of heat, definition 534
Megabarye, unit of pressure, definition 533
Melting point of the elements 75
" " " aUoys... 72
" " " ice at various pressures 407
" '* inorganic compounds 81
*' *' " organic compounds 143
" " " various substances 407
Mendeljeff's periodic arrangement of the elements 261
Mensuration formulae ' 17
Metals, index of refraction of 495
" tensile strength of 377
Meteorological data 517
Metric and English system conversion tables 576, 585
Metric system of weights and measures 573
Mercury, density and volume, 19 to + 360 C 367
specific heat 393
" to clean. 555
Mercury, vapor tension of T 421
Mho, unit of conductivity, definition 537
Minimum deviation, definition 538
Mirrors for spectrometer adjustment 557
Mirrors, spherical, formula 552
Miscellaneous constants 524
Moduli, elastic, formulae 425
Modulus, bulk, table 371
of elasticity, definition 533
" rigidity, table 370
" rupture for woods 377
Young's, table 370
Molar solution, definition 529
Molecular constants 523
Molecular depression of the freezing point 409
elevation of the boiling point 409
weights and their logarithms 88
" of inorganic compounds 98
" " organic compounds 142
Molecule, definition 527
Molecules, number in a molecule gram 422
Moment of force, definition and unit 532
" " " formula 541
" *' inertia, definition and unit 532
" " " for various bodies 520
Momentum, definition and unit. . 532
" formula 540
Multiple angles, trigonometric functions of , 25
" proportions, law of 526
Music wire gauge 673
Musical scales 456
Mutual induction, definition 538

N
Naperian (natural) logarithms, table 49
Natural logarithms, base of 66
 INDEX

PAGE

Natural logarithms from common logarithms, formula 66

" *' table. 49
Natural trigonometric functions, table. 54
Nickel, separation of 266
Nitric acid, specific gravity of aqueous solutions 325, 344
Normal solutioji, definition 527
Normal (deci-) .solutions of reagents 274
Number, sums of, formula. 14
Numerical aperture of an objective, definition 538
" constants 66
table . 64

O . ^
Occurrence of the elements 93
Ohm, unit of resistance, definition ; 537
Ohm's law, fbrmiila 550
Oils, constants 6f^ 252
Organ pipes, formulae. . . 548
Organic compouiids, boiling point of 143
'* crystalline form and color 143
** " formula of 143
" I.
melting point of.. . 143
" molectdar weight of 142
physical constants of 142
specific gravity of 143
solubility of 143
synonyms of 142
Osmotic ^pressurey of aqueous solutions 383
Oxidation arid reductioni equations, method of balancing 528
Oxidation, definition.................... 527

P
Paper, gaslight, developer for 569
Parabola, area of 20
" equations of. . . 29
Parallel, formula for resistances in 551
Paramagnetic, definition 537
Pendulum, simple, formulae 542
" Foucault's formula 542
*' seconds, length of 522
Perimeter of geometric figures 18
Period in uniform circular motion, definition 532
" of vibration of a magnet, formula 550
Periodic arrangement of the elements 261
Permeability, table....... 474
Permutations, formula. 14
Phase in simple harmonic motion, definition. . 533
Phosphorescence by cathode^ rays 500
Photographic formulae 562
Photometric standards 481
Physical constants of inorg^ic compounds. . r 98
" " " organic compounds 142
" " " the elements. 74
" definitions 531
" formulae. 539
" properties of alloys. 92
Pi (it), multiples, fractions, roots, arid powers of 66
Piano wire gauge 673
Pitch of sound, definition 535
Planets, data in regard to 516
Platinum wire, table 677
Poisons, antidotes of 11
Polarity test paper 558
Polarized light, definition 539
Polygons, area of.; 17
" inscribed and circumseribed, area and perimeter 18
705
 INDEX

PAGE

Polyhedra, surface and volume 21

Potassium carbonate, specific gravity of aqueous solutions ; 330
" chloride, specific gravity of aqueous solutions "331
" hydroxide, specific gravity of aqueous solutions 328
Potential difference of contact 464
" difference of metals in electrolytes 464
" electric, definition. 536
" energy, definition. 533
Pound avoirdupois, U. S. standard 531
Pounds and tons, comparison of 582
Power, definition and unit 5^
Power, formula 533
Precipitation value or solubility product, definition 409
Preparation of laboratory reagents 271
Pressure, critical for gases. 410
" definition and units 533
*' diminution at the side of a moving stream 545
formula 545
" of saturated steam 432
" units, conversion factors ; 575
table ^6
Principal focus, definition 535
" valence of the elements 87
Prism, surface and volume 21
Problems, method of solving chemical ;. 687
in elementary physics 691
Profession, arithmeticaland geometrical 14
Projectiles, formulae 540
" of saturated steam. 432
Proportion 13
Psychrometric tables. 453
Pyramid, surface and volume 21

Q
uadratic equations, solution of 13
drilaterals, area of. 17
.litative analysis scheme 262
ility of sound 535
ntity of electricity, unit of, definition 535

R
Radian, imit of angle, definition 531
Radians from degrees, conversion table 64
Radiations, wave length of 483
Radioactive substances 510
Radius of curvature, reduction from spherometer readings 552
Rainbows and halos, angular radius of 517
Rays, alpha, beta and gamma 505
Reagents, deci-normal solutions of 274
preparation and concentration of 271
Reamnur degree, definition 534
Redprocals, table of 64
Reduction, definition 527
" factors, miscellaneous 574
" of barometer readings to sea level and lat. 45 449
" * gas volume. 393
" " psychrometric observations 453
Reflection, diffused 495
" of light by glass in air 497
" " " " metals. 498
" " " " transparent media in air, formula. .. 553
" " table.. 498
Refraction, correction for astronomical observations^ 518
fJ index of for aqueous solutions 495
706
 INDEX

PAGE

Refraction, index of for crystals 492

" ' Uquids 494
*' " " " metals 495
" rock, salt, sylvine, quartz, etc 493
" *' '* " solids, various 49X
" ' *' formulae 553
Relative density and volume of water, 10 to +250 C 366
'* humidity from the dew point 451
" " definition 535
"
stimulation of the three primary color sensation by different
wave lengths 490
Resistance, definition 537
Resistance in parallel and series, formulae 551
" of a conductor, formula 551
" " aluminum'wire, table 677
" " copper wire, table 678
' "electrolytes 466
'* " various insulators 472
" " voltaic cells 476
" " wire, approximate 686
" *' specific table 465
" specific table 465
'* temperature coefficient, definition. 537.
table 465
to crushing 376
variation due to a magnetic field 476
Resolving power, definition 538
Reversible action, definition 527
Rhombus, area of , 17
Right angled triangle, trigonometric functions for. . 23
Rigidity, modulus of 370
Rochelle salts process for silvering glass 560
Rdntgen rajrs, scale of hardness... 7 505
Roots, cubes and square, table 64
Rotation, magneto optic 503
Rotation, specific, formula 553
Ruptiu-e, modulus for woods 377

S
Salt, definition .1 527
Saturation constants 355
Scale, musical- 455
Seconds pendultim, length of, for sea level, various latitudes 522
Sector of an annulus, area of. 20
" " a circle, area of 19
Segment of a circle, area of 19
Seismic waves, velocity of 517
Self-induction, definition 538
Sensitizing formula for blue print paper 554
Sensitiveness of the eye, variation with wave length 484
Separation of the aluminum and iron group 264
" " " basic constituents'into groups 262
" " " co]^per and tin group 263
. *' " zinc, nickel and cobalt r 266
Series, algebraic 15
'* formula for resistance in 551
" of metals, electromotive force 357
Signs of the trigonometric functions 23
Silver group, analysis of 262
Silvering glass 558
Simple harmonic motion, definition ^ 532
" " " formulae..... 542
" machine, definition 533
'* " formidae 543
Soap solution for soap films 560
Sodium carbonate, specific grayity of aqueous solutions 330
707
 INDEX

PAGE

Sodium chloride, specific gravity of aqueous solutions ..... 331

" h3^ro3dde, specific gravity of aqueous solutions 329
" light, to produce 561
Solar donstant 617
Solar spectrum, wave length of Fraunhofer lines 484
" system, data concerning. 516
Solders 661
Solid angle, definition and unit 613
Solids, cubical expansion of 388
fused, surface tension of 380
linear expansion of 384
various, density of 362
'"c heat oL 401
Solubility chart for inorganic compounds 277
of cane sugar 279
of inorganic salts at various temperatures 278
" inorganic compounds 99
" organic compounds. 143
product, definition 527
" table 355
Solution, heat of 298
Solution tension theory 526
Solutions, aqueous, see under aqueous solutions.
deci-normal. . > 274
density of aqueous 368
Sound, velocity of 454
Sparking potential for air 457
" " " insulators 461
Specific gravity, definition 531
of aqueous solutions 321
" of acetic acid " 323
" " alcohol 332
" ammonium chloride 331
" " " hydroxide 327
" hydrochloric acid 326
" " nitric acid. 324
" " potassium carbonate. . 330
" " potassium chloride 313
" hydroxide... 328
" '* sodium carbonate 330
" " " chloride 331
" " " hydroxide 329
" *' " sulphuric acid.......... 321
i vapors 351
inorganic compounds 99
organic compoimds 143
the elements 92
heat, definition 534
" formulae 547
" of aqueous solutions 402
404
mercury. o^o
" " the elements 394
" " various liquids 402
*' " " soUds.. . 401
" " water 393
inductive capacity, definition 536
" " tables 458
resistance, definition 537-
tables 465
rotation, formula 553
" table 502
Spectra, wave lengths of the principal lines of elements. 485
Spectroscope calibration, wave lengths for 484
Spectrum, solar, wave lengths pf the Fraunhofer lines 484
Speed, definition and unit 632
Sphere, surface ?ind volume 21
708
 INDEX

^ PAGE
Spherical aberration, definition 538
mirrors, formula 552
*' polygon, area 22
" segment, surface and volume 22
" triangle, area of 22
Spheroid, surface and volume 22
Spherometer readings, reduction of 562
Square roots, table of 64
Squares of nimibers, simi of... 14
" table of 64
Stain, acid proof, for wood 554
Standard candles 481
Standard cells, electromotive force and qpmposition 462
Stars, mean places of 515
Steam, properties of saturated 432
Steradian, unit of solid angle, definition 531
Stopcock grease 561
Stops for photographic lenses, comparison of systems 469
Straight line, equations of 28
Strain, definition 533
Strength of metals, tensile 377
Stress, definition 414
Stub's gauge, dimensions of wire 675
" steel wire gauge 673
Sugar, solubility of 279
Sulphates, decomposition of anhydrous 353
dehydration of 352
Sulphuric acidj specific gravity of aqueous solutions 321
Sums of angles, trigonometric functions of : 24
" " numbers 14
Sun, declination of 515
Surface and voliune of solids 21
*' density of electric ch^ge, definition. . 536
" magnetism, definition 536
" tension, definition and unit 533
" '* formula 544
*' " of alcohol 380
" '* '* aqueous solutions 379
" " " fused solids 380
" *' " various liquids 379
" " " water 380
Susceptibility, magnetic 475
Symbols of the elements 87
Synonyms of organic compounds 142

T
Tangent galvanometer, formulae 552
Tank developers, photographic 566
Taylor's series. 15
Temperature, color scale of 393
' correction for barometer readings 446
critical for ^ases 410
" . definition and imits. 534
* fixed points for calibration 413
" for maximum density of pure water. 362
" resistance coefficient, definition 537
" table 465
Temperatures, high and low 444
Tensile strength of metals. . 377
"Tension, surface, see under surface tension.
" vapor, see under vapor tension.
Terrestrial magnetism, constants of ....... 478
Tests, flame and bead 269
Tetrachlormethane, carbon tetrachloride ..... 106
Theories, chemical. 526
709
 INDEX

PAGE

Thermal capacity, definition - 534

*' conductivity, definition. - . 534:
" expansion coefficients ^ 384
" " formulae. 546
Thermoelectric power, table 473
Thermometer, gas formula 546
" scales, conversion of 384
Time, equation of 515
" unit of 531
Tin group, analysis of 264
" stone, flowers of tin, stannic oxide. 134
Tons and pounds comparison of 582
Torque, definition and unit 532
" formula 541
Tractive force of a magnet 550
TransmissibiUty for radiations, various substances 499
Transparency, coefficient of, for glass 496, 497
Transparent media, reflection of light by, formula 553
Triangle, area of 17
Triangles, formulae for solution of 23, 25
Trigonometric formulae 23
Trigonometric functions, logarithms of 59
natural 54
*' relations in triangles 25
^ series
Twaddell\ydrometer, conversion tables 3^
Twist drill gauge 50
-^

U
Units,, fundamental 531
Universal wax 561
U. S. standard weights and measures 570

V
Valence of the elements '
Van der Waak' constants for gases. ; 410
Vapor density of saturated vapors at the boUmgpomt 369
Vapor pressure, see under vapor tension. 415
Vapor tension, lowering by salts in solution
of mercury J21
' " " various substances 4^
" " *' water
Vaporization, heat equivalent of, definition 5^
Variation in sensitiveness of the eye
' of resistance due to magnetic field 4/d
Vectors, composition of, formula 539
Velocity, definition and unit f
formula 539
" of efflux, formula ^5
" '* soimd, formula
" " " table 454
" " waves, formula
Viscosity, definition 5dd
**
formute
q g|,S6S
^
Oox
*' " water and other liquids ; 381
Voltaic cells, electromotive force and composition of
' " internal resistance of 476
Volt, definition 536
Volumeand density of mercury, table * . go/
*' water, table 366
" " surface of solids
" change due*to f)ision 414
" imit of. . i 531
710
 INDEX

W PAGB
Washbum and Moen wire gauge 673
Water, absolute density, table 365
" boiling point of 352
" ' *' at high pressure, see under vapor tension 420
equivalent, de^ition 534
" maximum density of 362
" relative density and voliraie, table 366
" S]^cific heat, table 393
" surface tension, table 380
" vapor, mass in saturated air 447
" vapor tension of, table 415
" viscosity of, table 381
Watt, unit of power, definition
Wax, soft or imiversal 561
Waxes and fats, constants of 256
Wave length for spectroscopic calibration 484
" " of the Fraunhofer lines 484
" ' " " principal Imes of the elements 485
" " various ra^tions 483
*' motion, definition 535
" " velocity of, formula 547
Weight, definition and unit 532
" " conversion factora. 576
(mass) of one liter of various gases 351
Weights and measures, tables 570
Wet and dry bulk thermometer readings, table for reducmg ,453
Wheatstone's bridge, formula fgl
Wire, approximate resistance for variousmetals ; s' SS
" cross section and mass for copper, iron, brass and aluminum 683
" dimensions of British Standard Gauge 676
" " " mass and r^istance for copper 678
" " " Stub's Gauge 675
" gauges, com|)arison of. ?
tables. .'.V. . 673
Wolfram, tungsten
Woods, modulus of rupture for
Wood stain, acid proof f^
Work, definition and unit
" formula 542
X
X rays, scale pf hardness
y
Yard, U. S. standard, metric equivalent for
Young's modulus, formulae
" " table

Z
Zinc, separation of 266

711
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satisfactory, as it does not burden certain sizes with additional charge
to overcome a lower quotation on other sizes. You can readily realize
tke impossibility of figuring the prices accurately and giving a just price
on all the various sizes due to slight fluctuations in weight.

IVo. 4 ^ 3 OKemistss' Stoppers

Carried in stock in sizes Nos. 00 to 13. SoUd, One Hole or Two Holes.

Approximate No. Diameter Diameter

Order by of Stoppers Length.
No. at Top. at Bottom.
per Found.
00 160 per lb. in. \ in.
0 80 '
1 65
2 60
3 40
4 33 1
5 26 lA
6 20 li
7 15 n
8 12 If
9 10
10
11
12
I " I
13 I' '' 2H

555
 RUBBER APRONS
No. 1290
Alow priced equipment for
which there is a big de
mand, owing to its lightness and
serviceabihty. Used especially
where experimental work is not
continuous.

No. 1230
A MEDIUM grade material of
heavier weight, which will
give excellent service; also used
around automobiles or where
greasy substances are used.

No. 1260
USED principally by medical
students where cleanhness
must be practiced, and also in
laboratories where lady students
perform their own experiments.

No. 1215
OUR best set made of the
highest grade material for
constant use in laboratories; also
used extensively for other innumer
able purposes. Its lasting quaUties
mak^ it especially adaptable where
severe service and constant use pre
vails, affording protection against
the most trying conditions.

T^HE Apron is cut to fit the body, and will

J- in no way hamper the movements of the
student. The construction permits raising or
lowenng to fit any size person with comfort.
The apron is 36 inches wide and 46 inches
long. Extra lengths may be had at an
increase of 10 per cent over the list price.

CHEMICAL EUBBER CO.

CLEVELAND, - - . - - - - - OHIO
656
Complete Equipment for
The Modern Laboratory
In addition to our own rubber
products we are now prepared to fur
nish promptly from stock everything
required in the equipment of a com
plete modern laboratory.
Lines that we feature especially
include
Pyrex Glassware Analytical Balances
Whatman Filter Papers Porcelain
Baker's C.P. Chemicals Thermometers
Freas Ovens Hydrometers
Hoskin's Furnaces Platinum Ware
Brown Pyrometers Electric Hot Plates
Vitreosil-Pure Water Stills
Fused Silica Laboratory Hardware
Gas Testing Apparatus Laboratory Furniture
Descriptive literature and quota
tions gladly submitted.

laboratory supply division

The Chemical Rubber Company

Cleveland. OKio
AN UNEXCELLED STOCK OF

Ckemicals Reagfents
For quality, for completeness of
psortment, our stock of Chemicals
is nowhere surpassed.
Assembled with the utmost dis-
crimination the Chemicals are not only
thoroughly dependable but of the highest
uniformity. And through the exercise of
equal care and foresight these are available
at all times in abundant quantities at the
lowest prices.

Besides a representative stock of

Baker s Analyzed.Chemicals
we offer the best products of other labora
tories and manufacturers of note including,
Merck, Mallinckrodt, Baker & Adamson,
Eastman Kodak Co., Squibb and Harmer
Laboratories.
To secure prompt deliveries send your
requisitions to us. Better than 95% of or
ders received are filled immediately from
stock notwithstanding frequent market
shortages.

The Ckemical Rubber Company

Cleveland, Ohio
 Precision Graduated
CKemical Glassware
If any class of goods in our com
prehensive stock oflaboratory equip
ment has been the subject of more
thought, more painstaking care than
another it is the graduated glassware.
We have recognized the need of
accuracy by an attention to detail
that is evidenced in the superior char
acter of our cylinders, flasks, burettes
and pipettes. This is true both of
our regular line and those that are
offered with
Factory or U. S. Bureau
of Standards Certificate
Nothing hasbeen admitted to ourstock
that cannot be guaranteed in this essential
feature.

While this policy has baped inferior

grades, the difference in price is far less in
all instances than the difference in quality.
LABORATORY SUPPLY DIVISION

The Gkemical Rubber Company

Cleveland, Otio
 Our Money Back Policy
A Guarantee of Quality
iy^HETHER of our own
\J^ manufacture or not,
the goods we sell carry our
unequivocal guarantee of
reliability and the assurance
that they have been rightly
priced.
If an article proves un
satisfactory for any cause
whatsoever, we will gladly
replace it.
If it is found that the
same quality may be obtained
elsewhere for less than our price,
the goods may be returned and
credit will be allowed or money
promptly refunded.
Under this policy, cheer
fully executed at all tinies, carte
blanche orders may be given with
all the safety and protection of
those placed upon quotations.

The Chemical Rubber Company

Cleveland, Okio

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