Terrestrial Trunked Radio

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Terrestrial Trunked Radio

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Terrestrial Trunked Radio[1] (TETRA; formerly known as Trans-European Trunked Radio), a European
standard for a trunked radio system, is a professional mobile radio[2] and two-way transceiver specification.
TETRA was specifically designed for use by government agencies, emergency services, (police forces, fire
departments, ambulance) for public safety networks, rail transport staff for train radios, transport services and
the military.[3]
TETRA is a European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) standard, first version published 1995; it
is mentioned by the European Radiocommunications Committee (ERC).[4]
Contents
1 Description
2 Advantages
3 Disadvantages
4 TETRA usage
5 Technical details
5.1 Radio aspects
5.2 Radio frequencies
5.3 Air interface encryption
5.3.1 Additional information
5.4 Cell selection
5.4.1 Cell re-selection (or hand-over) in images
5.4.2 Initial cell selection
5.4.3 Cell improvable
5.4.4 Cell usable
5.4.5 Cell relinquishable (abandonable)
5.4.6 Radio down-link failure
6 Man-machine interface (MMI)
6.1 Virtual MMI for TETRA radio terminals
6.2 TETRA MMI
6.3 TETRA Enhanced Data Service (TEDS)
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Description
TETRA uses Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) with four user channels on one radio carrier and 25 kHz
spacing between carriers. Both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint transfer can be used. Digital data
transmission is also included in the standard though at a low data rate.
TETRA Mobile Stations (MS) can communicate direct-mode operation (DMO) or using trunked-mode
operation (TMO) using switching and management infrastructure (SwMI) made of TETRA base stations (TBS).
As well as allowing direct communications in situations where network coverage is not available, DMO also
includes the possibility of using a sequence of one or more TETRA terminals as relays. This functionality is
called DMO gateway (from DMO to TMO) or DMO repeater (from DMO to DMO). In emergency situations
this feature allows direct communications underground or in areas of bad coverage.
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In addition to voice and dispatch services, the TETRA system supports several types of data communication.
Status messages and short data services (SDS) are provided over the system's main control channel, while
packet-switched data or circuit-switched data communication uses specifically assigned channels.
TETRA provides for authentication of terminals towards infrastructure and vice versa. For protection against
eavesdropping, air interface encryption and end-to-end encryption is available.
The common mode of operation is in a group calling mode in which a single button push will connect the user to
the users in a selected call group and/or a dispatcher. It is also possible for the terminal to act as a one-to-one
walkie talkie but without the normal range limitation since the call still uses the network. TETRA terminals can
act as mobile phones (cell phones), with a full-duplex direct connection to other TETRA Users or the PSTN.
Emergency buttons, provided on the terminals, enable the users to transmit emergency signals, to the dispatcher,
overriding any other activity taking place at the same time.
Advantages
The main advantages of TETRA over other technologies (such as GSM) are:
The much lower frequency used gives longer range, which in turn permits very high levels of geographic
coverage with a smaller number of transmitters, thus cutting infrastructure costs.
During a voice call, the communications are not interrupted when moving to another network site. This is
a unique feature, which dPMR networks typically provide, that allows a number of fall-back modes such
as the ability for a base station to process local calls. So called 'mission critical' networks can be built with
TETRA where all aspects are fail-safe/multiple-redundant.
In the absence of a network, mobiles/portables can use 'direct mode' whereby they share channels
directly (walkie-talkie mode).
Gateway mode - where a single mobile with connection to the network can act as a relay for other nearby
mobiles that are out of range of the infrastructure.
TETRA also provides a point-to-point function that traditional analogue emergency services radio
systems did not provide. This enables users to have a one-to-one trunked 'radio' link between sets without
the need for the direct involvement of a control room operator/dispatcher.
Unlike cellular technologies, which connect one subscriber to one other subscriber (one-to-one), TETRA
is built to do one-to-one, one-to-many and many-to-many. These operational modes are directly relevant
to the public safety and professional users.
Security TETRA supports terminal registration, authentication, air-interface encryption and end-to-end
encryption.
Rapid deployment (transportable) network solutions are available for disaster relief and temporary
capacity provision.
Network solutions are available in both reliable circuit-switched (telephone like) architectures and flat, IP
architectures with soft (software) switches.
Further information is available from the TETRA Association (http://www.tandcca.com/) (formerly TETRA
MoU) and the standards can be downloaded for free from ETSI.
Disadvantages
Its main disadvantages are:
Requires a linear amplifier to meet the stringent RF specifications that allow it to exist alongside other
radio services.
Data transfer is slow by modern standards.
Up to 7.2 kbit/s per timeslot, in the case of point-to-point connections, and 3.5 kbit/s per timeslot in case of IP
encapsulation. Both options permit the use of between one and four timeslots. Different implementations
include one of the previous connectivity capabilities, both, or none, and one timeslot or more. These rates are
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ostensibly faster than the competing technologies DMR, dPMR, and P25 are capable of). Latest version of
standard supports 115.2 kbit/s in 25 kHz or up to 691.2 kbit/s in an expanded 150 kHz channel. To overcome
the limitations many software vendors have begun to consider hybrid solutions where TETRA is used for
critical signalling while large data synchronization and transfer of images and video is done over 3G / LTE.[5]
TETRA usage
At the end of 2009 there were 114 countries using TETRA systems in Europe, Middle East, Africa, Asia
Pacific, Caribbean and Latin America.[6]
The TETRA-system is in use by the public sector in the following countries. Only TETRA network
infrastructure installations are listed. TETRA being an open standard, each of these networks can use any mix
of TETRA mobile terminals from a wide range of suppliers.
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Continent Country Supplier Name Agency Status

Asia China In use: Line 1
mainland EADS / Cassidian Shenyang Metro Transport Rolling out: Line
2[7]
Utility - GuangZhou
Guangzhou Electric Electric Power
DAMM TetraFlex In Use 2010
Power Emergency
Communication
EADS / Cassidian Shenzhen Metro Transport Ordered 5/2010[8]
16th Asian Games in
EADS / Cassidian Guangzhou Ordered 2010[8]
2010
Hong Kong 2008 Beijing
Hong Kong Olympics and Used from July
EADS /
International Paralympic Games 2008 to October
Cassidian[9]
Airport (HKIA) (Hong Kong 2008
Equestrian Event)
Hong Kong Fire
Fire service and
EADS / Cassidian Services In use
ambulance
Department
Hong Kong Police
Motorola / Dimetra Police In use
Force
Mass Transit
Artevea Transport In use
Railway (MTR)[10]
Hong Kong
In use since Feb
Motorola / Dimetra International Transport
2009[11]
Airport (HKIA)
India Military College of
In use since 2004
Telecommunication
Artevea Indian Army at Mhow, Indore,
Engineering
Madhya Pradesh
(MCTE)
The First TETRA
Delhi Metro Rail
Motorola / Dimetra Transport in India, in use
Corporation Ltd.
since 2002
Mumbai Mono Rail,
Mumbai
DAMM TetraFlex / Metropolitan Mass Transport -
Consort Digital Pvt Region Indias first Monorail Awarded 2010[12]
Ltd Development Project - Mumbai
Authority
(MMRDA)
TETRA with In use by police,
C-DAC Automatic Dial 100 Kerala police Trivandrum city,
(AD100) since 2008
DAMM TetraFlex /
Police and internal
Consort Digital Pvt Tamil Nadu police Awarded 2011[13]
security and safety
Ltd
Integrated
Secure
Communication
HCL & Motorola Communication Delhi government
System used by
Network
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various
departments
under government
of Delhi and
Delhi police since
2010.
DAMM TetraFlex / Gas Authority of Gas Pipeline - Safety,
Consort Digital Pvt India Limited Telemetry and Awarded 2011[14]
Ltd (GAIL) Security
With PSTN call
BMRCL Bangalore
THALES Portugal integration designed Transport, in use
Metro Corporation
S A & Motorola by Thales Group for since March 2011
Limited
BMRCL
In use by police,
TETRA with Gurgaon city[15]
Sepura & Rohde
Automatic Dial 100 Gurgaon police Since 2009. In
and Schwarz
(AD100) Salem from
August 2011.
TETRA with In use by police,
Sepura & Rohde
Automatic Dial 100 Faridabad police Faridabad city,
and Schwarz
(AD100) since 2012
Indonesia Motorola /
Dimetra, installed SCADA PT. In use since 2009
& maintained by Chevron Pacific HOOU at Duri, Riau,
PT. Mobilkom Indonesia Indonesia.
Telekomindo
Rohde & Schwarz / Anti Corruption Anti Corruption
Operational
Accessnet - T Agency Agency
Jakarta State Operational,
Rohde & Schwarz / Jakarta Capital City
Government Installed since
Accessnet-T Jakarta
Network 2007
Macao Casino-Hotels: Altira
Melco-Crown (formerly Crown
Artevea In use since 2007
Entertainment Macau),[16] and City
of Dreams
Foras de Segurana All emergency
In use
de Macau services
Malaysia EADS Segi Maju (SEGI) Public operator In use[17]
Maldives Police
Maldives Motorola / Dimetra Police In use
Service (MPS)
NITRS Nationwide
Integrated Trunk
Radio System
Project for Police
Pakistan Motorola / Dimetra Police In use Since 2009
under Ministry of
Interior,
Government of
Pakistan
Philippines Motorola In use October
Dimetra/GA Shell Exploration Oil and Gas 2013, Phase 2 On
5 of 22 30/06/2017, 09:55
Shore Gas Plant

Technology and
for
Systems Inc.
Implementation
Motorola
Implementation
Dimetra/GA Telecommunications
Globe Telecom on Going Project
Technology and Carrier
Finish Dec 2013
Systems Inc.
Rohill (TetraNode)
Implemented Nov
SynTech Systems Meralco Electric Company
2014
Inc.
Rohill (TetraNode) Transport (Manila
Implemented Oct
SynTech Systems LRT-2 Light Rail Transit
2015
Inc. System Line 2)
Korea Electric
South Korea EADS Power Corporation Electricity In use[18]
(KEPCO)
Taiwan Taiwan Railways
Transport In use
Administration
Taiwan High Speed
Transport In use
Rail
Taipei Metro Transport In use
Kaohsiung Mass
Transport In use
Rapid Transit
Coast Guard
Republic of China
Administration In use
Armed Forces
(Taiwan)
Africa Algeria Rohde & Schwarz Sonatrach Oil & Gas company In use since 2003.
Sepura Sonelgaz Power utility In use.
Rolling out /
Morocco Rohill ADM Highway authority Almost
completed.
Nigeria Dizengoff/Motorola
Nigeria LNG Oil & Gas Since 2006
IL (Dimetra IP)
Cisan International
Limited/Rohill Mobil Ng Oil Since 2014
(TetraNode)
Dizengoff/Motorola
IL (Compact-Tetra Shell Ng Oil Since 2010
IP)
Satcomm
Nigerian Ports
Integrated [19] Authority, Nigeria Rolling out
Resources LLC
(Rolling Out)
SatCom IRL/EADS
Rohill (TetraNode) Bayelsa State Government Since June 2012
Briscoe
Lagos / Abuja / Port Oil industry / Airports
Technologies[20] / In use Since 2006
Harcourt / security companies
Artevea
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Namibian Police In use,

Namibia Artevea Police
Force[21] nationwide
South Africa Police, traffic police SAPS Gauteng Gauteng province
Municipality, fire,
City of Cape Town Cape Peninsula
and ambulance.
Mbombela Local Nelspruit,
Rohill (TetraNode) Complete
Municipality Mpumalanga
Johannesburg,
Rohill (TetraNode) City Power Complete
Gauteng
City of Tshwane
Rohill (TetraNode) Pretoria, Gauteng Complete
Municipality
Rustenburg Potgietersrus,
Rohill (TetraNode) Complete
Platinum Mine Limpopo
In use,
Sudan Artevea Ministry of Interior Police
nationwide
Europe In use, in all
Police, fire, states except
Austria Motorola / Dimetra TETRON ambulance, and local Tyrol and
train company. Vorarlberg (still
rolling out).
Belgium Police, fire,
ambulance, customs,
coast guard, hospitals,
Red Cross,
Nationwide
EADS/Since 1998 A.S.T.R.I.D. department of Justice,
network
utility companies,
airports, ports,
lifeguard service,
military.
Antwerp,
Belgium /
Motorola 2010/ ENTROPIA Commercial & Private Roaming with
DIMETRA DIGITAL Security users.[22] Entropia Digital
in The
Netherlands
Flanders &
Rohde & Schwarz
ENTROPIA Commercial & Private Brussels/Roaming
since 2011/
DIGITAL Security users.[22] with Nationwide
ACCESSNET-T
The Netherlands
Croatia Nationwide
Police, Fire Brigades,
Motorola / Dimetra MUPNet coverage (99,5%)
Ambulance Service
in use
Denmark DONG Energy
Power Plants - 11 Utilities - Safety,
DAMM TetraFlex Awarded 2009[23]
Power Plants across Security, Telemetry
Denmark
All emergency
Nationwide
authorities, incl.
Motorola / Dimetra SINE[24] coverage (99,5%)
police, fire, and
in use
ambulance.
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Police, fire,
Estonia ambulance, and Rolling out
customs
Finland Police, fire,
ambulance, customs, Nationwide
Nokia; now EADS VIRVE
defence forces, and network
border guard
Energy company
Helsingin Energia,
tram operator HKL-
Raitioliikenne, and
several bus operators
on HRTA's lines. Also In use, covers
HelenNet used by some security greater Helsinki
guard companies, region
mostly securing
HRTA's transport.
Available for lease for
various short-term
uses.
Germany Police, fire,
EADS BOSNET ambulance, customs, Nationwide
and coast guard.
Utility Windfarm -
Global Tech 1
Telemetry, Security
DAMM TetraFlex Offshore Wind Awarded 2012[25]
and Safety Critical
GmbH.
communications
Business Critical and
PPDR
communications,
public utility and oil-
gas companies, Extensive
COSMOTE TETRA seaports, airports, nationwide
Services public and private footprint,
Greece Motorola / Dimetra
Formerly branded transportation 70% population
OTElink (2009). companies, public and coverage in 2014,
private sector security in use since 2002
personnel, other. Data
applications
nationwide including
SCADA, AVL, M2M.
Ambulance, army,
Central Office for
Administrative and
Electronic Public
Services, Civil
EDR (acronym for Defence, Hungarian
Hungary Pro-M Ltd. Unified Digital Prison Service, In-use
Radiosystem) Hungarian Customs
and Finance Guard,
Disaster Management,
fire, Hungarian Secret
Services, Ministry of
8 of 22 30/06/2017, 09:55
Environment and
Water, and police
All emergency
services, most utility
Iceland TETRA Iceland In-use
companies, and
private users
An Garda Siochana,
HSE National
Ambulance Service,
Irish Prison Service,
Irish Naval Service,
Nationwide roll-
Customs & Excise,
out network
Civil Defence (Only A
complete. The
Few Units), Irish
fire services are
Coast Guard,
planning to
Mountain Rescue
implement in the
Ireland Motorola / Dimetra TETRA Ireland (Only A Few Units),
coming years. As
Order of Malta
of July 2011,
Ambulance Corps,
TETRA Ireland
Irish Red Cross, St
now operates the
John Ambulance,
national Paging
National Emergency
System.
Office, Port of Cork,
Revenue
Commissioners and
Office of Public
Works.
Italy Lombardi Ambulance - Security,
DAMM TetraFlex Ambulance Safety, Awarded 2010[26]
Emergency Services Communication
Polizia di Stato
(Italian state police),
Carabinieri (military
police), Guardia di
Finanza (financial
SELEX ELSAG Rete Interpolizie police), Polizia Rolling out
Penitenziaria (prison
police), and Corpo
Forestale Italiano
(Italian forest
brigades)
Airport - Security,
Rome International
DAMM TetraFlex Safety, Commercial, Awarded 2009[27]
Airport
Fire, Customs, Police
Ventamonjaks
Latvia Artevea Serviss Ltd, Oil and gas In use since 2007
Ventspils[28]
Luxembourg Government; Police,
Start building
Fire Brigade,
Motorola / Dimetra Renita[29] 2014, Operational
Ambulance services
2015 (planned)
and others
Motorola / Dimetra ConnectCom[30] Commercial network Operational
9 of 22 30/06/2017, 09:55
Public Transport, city

Motorola / Dimetra ConnectCom[30] Operational
of Luxembourg
Motorola / Dimetra ConnectCom[30] European Union Operational
Civil Protection
Malta Marconi July 2001
Force[31]
In use since
Police, Military, November 2012
Wireless
Montenegro Motorola / Dimetra Firebrigade, Podgorica area
Montenegro d.o.o.
Ambulance only. Rolling out
elsewhere.
Netherlands Police, fire, and Nationwide
Motorola / Dimetra C2000[32]
ambulance network
Nationwide
network
Motorola since ENTROPIA
Commercial users.[22] /Roaming with
2007/ Dimetra DIGITAL
Entropia Digital
in Belgium
Rotterdam area
Rohde & Schwarz network /
ENTROPIA Cityguards and
since 2010/ Roaming with
DIGITAL commercial use[22]
ACCESSNET-T Entropia Digital
in Belgium
Public transport The
Motorola/ Dimetra HTM Regional network
Hague
Nationwide
rollout completed
September 2015
And Metro and

Tram in Oslo
Police, fire, completed 2002.
Norwegian Public ambulance, civil
Norway Motorola / Dimetra Sporveien Metro
Safety Radio defense and search
and Sporveien
and rescue
Tram. On Norway
Sporveien
T-Banen og
Sporveien
Trikken
Nationwide roll-
Police, fire, and
Portugal Motorola SIRESP out, in use since
ambulance
2007
Poland Local TETRA
Networks in use
Ministry of Interior, Police, fire, public
since 2000;
Motorola Polish army, and transport, airports, and
national roll-out
Warsaw police army.[33]
expected to start
in 2011.
Modern IP based
Szczecin, Warsaw
Rohill (TetraNode) Roll-out ongoing. TETRA solution
and Krakw police
for 3 cities
10 of 22 30/06/2017, 09:55
Romania Special
Police, fire, and
Motorola / Dimetra Telecommunications Nationwide
search and rescue
Service (STS)
In use since 2008
Ministry of for police,
Administration and emergency and
Motorola Dimetra Interior (MAI) / search and rescue
Romanian Border agencies from
Police (RBP) Romanian border
counties-wide
In use since 2010
Ministry of for police,
Administration and emergency and
Cassidian TETRA EADS Interior (MAI) / search and rescue
Romanian Border agencies from
Police (RBP) Romanian border
counties-wide
Russia Moscow Metro
Transport - Rail -
(second most
Telemetry, Safety,
DAMM TetraFlex heavily used rapid Awarded 2011[34]
Security, Police,
transport system in
Ambulance, Fire
the world)
Unified system of
operational trunking
radio (
Fire, ambulance and
Sepura Launched in 2008
partially, police

)
Utility Power Plant -
Russias Kaliningrad Safety and Security -
Power Plant. Telemetry and
Commercial agents
Government -
Ambulance and
Emergency services,
Police, Healthcare
St Petersburg and
DAMM TetraFlex facilities, Utility Awarded 2011[36]
North West Russia.
services, St.
Petersburg Authorities
and the regional Civil
Defence
Police, Fire Brigades, Fully rolled out as
Serbia Motorola / Dimetra Ministry of Interior
Ambulance of 2009
Selex/OTE In central
Slovenia Ministry of Interior Police
/Marconi Slovenia
Spain Motorola Basque Country Mainly police In use since 2006
Mainly municipalities
Teltronic Basque Country In use since 2009
and public services
EADS Catalonia Mainly police In use since 2006
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Sweden Managed by the Civil

Contingencies Agency
for use by the In operation,
emergency services covering 99.8%
SAAB, Cassidian, and others in the fields of Sweden's
RAKEL
Eltel Networks of civil protection, population and
public safety and 95% of its
security, emergency territory
medical services and
healthcare.
Stockholm Public
Transport: Used by
Transport Security
Officers for dispatch
internal
communications,
Transport Police In operation /
Motorola Tetra
("Tunnelbanepolisen") roll-out
and other police
forces for liaison with
transport officials.
Roll-out stage for train
operations on
underground.
Got1 is a modern IP
Swedish Radio based Tetra network In operation /
Got1
Supply used in the west parts roll-out
of Sweden.
United Police, fire, NHS
Kingdom ambulance services,
Border Force,
Immigration
Enforcement, some
armed forces,
Full emergency
Motorola / Dimetra Highways Agency
Airwave service roll out
/ Sepura Traffic Officers, Civil
complete
Contingency Services,
HM Coastguard,
British Red Cross,
Highland Council, and
misc. emergency
services.
Used by all Tube
Transport for London staff and relaying
Motorola / Dimetra CONNECT (London Airwave for BTP
Underground) when
underground
(Heathrow,
Use by some
Birmingham,
AirRadio AR-en services at some
Manchester, Glasgow,
major airports
Aberdeen)
Middle Israel Defense Forces In use by IDF,
Israel Motorola[37] Mountain Rose
East (IDF) country-wide
12 of 22 30/06/2017, 09:55
Mining - Safety and

Turkey DAMM TetraFlex Alacer Gold Mine Security Critical Awarded 2012[38]
Communications
United Arab Dubai, Sharjah,
Emirates Police, emergency Ajman, Umm Al-
services, and Qaiwain, Ras Al-
EADS/Cassidian Nedaa
professional Khaimah, and
communications Fujairah
operational
Police, emergency
services, and
EADS/Cassidian Polikom Abu Dhabi
professional
communications
Initial use for the
15th Asian
Games all games
venues inclusive
of transportation
routes for "blue
Ministry of Interior, light" services,
Army, Police, Air later extended to
Qatar EADS/Cassidian Force Search and cover the State of
Rescue, EMS Qatar, in use
(Medical). since 2006,
national roll out
complete by
2008. Known as
Qatar Secure
TETRA Radio
System (QSTRS).
Mazatln, Sinaloa
Latin Rohde & Schwarz / Police, Emergency
Mexico Police & Operational
America Sepura Services operational
Emergency Services
Railroad,
Amrica Latina
Motorola communication and Operational
Logstica
South licensing.
Brazil
America In operation /
Teltronic / Polcia Rodoviria Road patrol, country-
national roll-out
Motorola Federal wide
in progress
Caribbean Windward Aruba, Bonaire,
Islands and Curaao, Sint
Police, emergency
Leeward Maarten, Saint
services, oil and
Islands Rohill Zenitel Martin, Saba, Sint
professional
Eustatius, and
communications
Anguilla
operational
Oceania Australia Temco Smeltering
Tasmania - Mining,
DAMM TetraFlex BHP Billiton Awarded 2011
Commercial, Safety,
Security
Rio Tinting Mining Western Australia
group Mining
13 of 22 30/06/2017, 09:55
Origin Energy Australian Pacific

Damm TetraFlex Kordia Solutions
(APLNG)[40] Project
Fortescue Metals
DAMM TetraFlex Open Cut Mining Awarded 2011[41]
group
Gorgon LNG
DAMM TetraFlex Project, Chevron, Gas and Pipelines Awarded 2011[42]
Australia
Operational
across Brisbane
City Council,
Motorola Zeon Local government including the
Brisbane State
Emergency
Service Unit
Military, Defence,
Australian
DAMM TetraFlex Comms, Safety, Awarded 2012
Submarine Co
Security
Used by
Queensland
Motorola Zeon Tertiary education University of
Technology
security staff.
Being used by
several Mining
Operations
throughout
Sepura
Western Australia
and Queensland -
Terminals only -
No Infrastructure.
New Aluminium Smelter -
Zealand Ore production -
DAMM TetraFlex BHP One Steel Awarded 2012
Safety, Security,
Operations
Used by
Wellington
Kordia KorKor Airports International
Airport, Air New
Zealand
Used by Hutt
Kordia KorKor Councils City, Auckland
Transport
Used by
Commercial Network University of
Teltronic Widarcom
launched 2008 Auckland,
Westpac
Technical details
Radio aspects
14 of 22 30/06/2017, 09:55
For its modulation TETRA, uses 4 differential quadrature phase-shift keying. The symbol (baud) rate is 18,000
symbols per second, and each symbol maps to 2 bits, thus resulting in 36,000 bit/s gross.
As a form of phase shift keying is used to transmit data during each burst, it would seem reasonable to expect
the transmit power to be constant. However it is not. This is because the sidebands, which are essentially a
repetition of the data in the main carrier's modulation, are filtered off with a sharp filter so that unnecessary
spectrum is not used up. This results in an amplitude modulation and is why TETRA requires linear amplifiers.
The resulting ratio of peak to mean (RMS) power is 3.65 dB. If non-linear (or not-linear enough) amplifiers are
used, the sidebands re-appear and cause interference on adjacent channels. Commonly used techniques for
achieving the necessary linearity include Cartesian loops, and adaptive predistortion.
The base stations normally transmit continuously and (simultaneously) receive continuously from various
mobiles on different carrier frequencies; hence the TETRA system is a frequency-division duplex (FDD)
system. TETRA also uses FDMA/TDMA (see above) like GSM. The mobiles normally only transmit on 1 slot/4
and receive on 1 slot/4 (instead of 1 slot/8 for GSM).
Speech signals in TETRA are sampled at 8 kHz and then compressed with a vocoder using algebraic code-
excited linear prediction (ACELP). This creates a data stream of 4.567 kbit/s. This data stream is error-
protection encoded before transmission to allow correct decoding even in noisy (erroneous) channels. The data
rate after coding is 7.2 kbit/s. The capacity of a single traffic slot when used 17/18 frames.
A single slot consists of 255 usable symbols, the remaining time is used up with synchronisation sequences and
turning on/off, etc. A single frame consists of 4 slots, and a multiframe (whose duration is 1.02 seconds)
consists of 18 frames. Hyperframes also exist, but are mostly used for providing synchronisation to encryption
algorithms.
The downlink (i.e., the output of the base station) is normally a continuous transmission consisting of either
specific communications with mobile(s), synchronisation or other general broadcasts. All slots are usually filled
with a burst even if idle (continuous mode). Although the system uses 18 frames per second only 17 of these
are used for traffic channels, with the 18th frame reserved for signalling, Short Data Service messages (like SMS
in GSM) or synchronisation. The frame structure in TETRA (17.65 frames per second), consists of 18,000
symbols/s; 255 symbols/slot; 4 slots/frame, and is the cause of the perceived "amplitude modulation" at 17 Hz
and is especially apparent in mobiles/portables which only transmit on one slot/4. They use the remaining three
slots to switch frequency to receive a burst from the base station two slots later and then return to their transmit
frequency (TDMA).
Radio frequencies
TETRA frequencies in South
America
Frequency pair (MHz)
Number
Band 1 Band 2
Emergency systems
1 380383 390393
2 383385 393395
Civil systems
1 410420 420430
2 870876 915921
3 450460 460470
4 385390 395399.9
15 of 22 30/06/2017, 09:55
TETRA frequencies in other countries

Country Allocation Frequency pairs (MHz)
France Civilian/private 410430
Emergency services 380400
Belgium Emergency services/civilian 380385, 390-395
Germany Emergency services 380385, 390395, 406 - 410 for DMO
Ireland[43] Civilian/private 385389.9, 395399.9
Emergency services 380385, 390395
Italy Emergency services / armed
380390
forces
Civilian/private 462
Norway[44] Emergency services 380385, 390395, 406.1426, 870876
South Africa TBD TBD
UK Airwave 390.0125394.9875, 380.0125384.9875
AirRadio 454, 464 or 460
Saudi 350370, 380395, 385399.99, 410430, 450470,
Arabia 870921
Air interface encryption
To provide confidentiality the TETRA air interface is encrypted using one of the TETRA Encryption Algorithm
(TEA) ciphers. The encryption provides confidentiality (protect against eavesdropping) as well as protection of
signalling.
Currently 4 different ciphers are defined. These TEA ciphers should not be confused with the block cipher Tiny
Encryption Algorithm. The TEA ciphers have different availability due to export and use restrictions. Few
details are published concerning these proprietary ciphers. Riess[45] mentions in early TETRA design documents
that encryption should be done with a stream cipher, due to the property of not propagating transmission errors.
Parkinson[46] later confirms this and explains that TEA is a stream cipher with 80-bit keys. TEA1 and TEA4
provide basic level security, and are meant for commercial use.[47] The TEA2 cipher is restricted to European
public safety organisations. The TEA3 cipher is for situations where TEA2 is suitable but not available.[48]
Additional information
Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA); Voice plus Data (V+D); Part 7: Security[49]
Cell selection
Cell re-selection (or hand-over) in images
This first representation demonstrates where the slow reselect threshold (SRT), the fast reselect threshold
(FRT), and propagation delay exceed parameters are most likely to be. These are represented in association
with the decaying radio carrier as the distance increases from the TETRA Base Station.
From this illustration, these SRT and FRT triggering points are associated to the decaying radio signal strength
of the respective cell carriers. The thresholds are situated so that the cell reselection procedures occur on time
and assure communication continuity for on-going communication calls.
Initial cell selection
16 of 22 30/06/2017, 09:55
The next diagram illustrates where a given TETRA radio cell initial
selection. The initial cell selection is performed by procedures located in
the MLE and in the MAC. When the cell selection is made, and possible
registration is performed, the mobile station (MS) is said to be attached
to the cell. The mobile is allowed to initially select any suitable cell that
has a positive C1 value; i.e., the received signal level is greater than the
minimum receive level for access parameter.
RSSI SRT FRT Cell Limit
The initial cell selection procedure shall ensure that the MS selects a cell
(Propagation Delay Exceed)
in which it can reliably decode downlink data (i.e., on a main control
channel/MCCH), and which has a high probability of uplink
communication. The minimum conditions that shall have to be met are
that C1 > 0. Access to the network shall be conditional on the
successful selection of a cell.
At mobile switch on, the mobile makes its initial cell selection of one of
the base stations, which indicates the initial exchanges at activation.
Refer to EN 300 392 2 16.3.1 Activation and control of

underlying MLE Service Cell initial selection
Note 18.5.12 Minimum RX access level
The minimum receive access level information element shall indicate the minimum received signal level
required at the SwMI in a cell, either the serving cell or a neighbour cell as defined in table 18.24.
Cell improvable
The next diagram illustrates where a given TETRA radio cell becomes
improvable. The serving cell becomes improvable when the following
occurs: the C1 of the serving cell is below the value defined in the radio
network parameter cell reselection parameters, slow reselect threshold
for a period of 5 seconds, and the C1 or C2 of a neighbour cell exceeds
the C1 of the serving cell by the value defined in the radio network
parameter cell reselection parameters, slow reselect hysteresis for a
period of 5 seconds.
Cell improvable
Cell usable
usable. A neighbour cell becomes radio usable when the cell has a
downlink radio connection of sufficient quality.
The following conditions must be met in order to declare a neighbour

cell radio usable: The neighbour cell has a path loss parameter C1 or C2
that is, for a period of 5 seconds, greater than the fast reselect threshold
plus the fast reselect threshold, and the service level provided by the
neighbour cell is higher than that of the serving cell. No successful cell Cell Usable
reselection shall have taken place within the previous 15 seconds unless
MM requests a cell reselection. The MS-MLE shall check the criterion
for serving cell relinquishment as often as one neighbour cell is scanned or monitored.
The following conditions will cause the MS to rate the neighbour cell to have higher service level than the
current serving cell:
17 of 22 30/06/2017, 09:55
The MS subscriber class is supported on the neighbour cell but not on the serving cell.
The neighbour cell is a priority cell and the serving cell is not.
The neighbour cell supports a service (that is, TETRA standard speech, packet data, or encryption) that is
not supported by the serving cell and the MS requires that service to be available.
The cell service level indicates that the neighbour cell is less loaded than the serving cell.
Cell relinquishable (abandonable)
relinquishable (abandonable). The serving cell becomes relinquishable
when the following occurs: the C1 of the serving cell is below the value
defined in the radio network parameter cell reselection parameters, fast
reselect threshold, for a period of 5 seconds, and the C1 or C2 of a
neighbour cell exceeds the C1 of the serving cell by the value defined in
the radio network parameter cell reselection parameters, fast reselect
hysteresis, for a period of 5 seconds.
Cell relinquishable
No successful cell reselection shall have taken place within the previous
15 seconds unless Mobility Management (MM) requests a cell
reselection. The MS-MLE shall check the criterion for serving cell relinquishment as often as one neighbour cell
is scanned or monitored.
Radio down-link failure
When the FRT threshold is breached, the MS is in a situation where it is

essential to relinquish (or abandon) the serving cell and obtain another
of at least usable quality. That is to say, the mobile station is aware that
the radio signal is decaying rapidly, and must cell reselect rapidly, before
communications are terminated because of radio link failure. When the
mobile station radio-signal breaches the minimum receive level, the
radio is no longer in a position to maintain acceptable communications
for the user, and the radio link is broken.
Radio down-link failure
Radio link failure: (C1 < 0). Using the suggested values, this would be
satisfied with the serving cell level below 105 dBm. Cell reselection
procedures are then activated in order to find a suitable radio base station.
Infrastructure TETRA parameters guide[a]

Coverage Parameter Distance (km) Type of communication
City <4 <8 Pedestrian/metro
Sub-urban 1018 2036 Bus/train
Countryside 1831 3662 Inter-regional train
In Air > 32 > 64 In flight
a. Data to be verified
Man-machine interface (MMI)

Virtual MMI for TETRA radio terminals
Any given TETRA radio terminal using Java (Java ME/CLDC) based technology, provides the end user with
the communication rights necessary to fulfil his or her work role on any short duration assignment.
18 of 22 30/06/2017, 09:55
For dexterity, flexibility, and evolution ability, the public transportation radio engineering department, have
chosen to use the open sources, Java language specification administered by Sun and the associated work
groups in order to produce a transport application tool kit.
TETRA MMI
Service acquisition admits different authorised agents to establish communication channels between different
services by calling the service identity, and without possessing the complete knowledge of the ISSI, GSSI, or
any other TETRA related communication establishment numbering plan. Service acquisition is administered
through a communication rights centralised service or roll allocation server, interfaced into the TETRA core
network.
In summary, the TETRA MMI aims are to:
Allow any given agent while in exercise, to exploit any given radio terminal without materiel constraint.
Provide specific transportation application software to the end-user agents (service acquisition, fraud, and
aggression control).
This transport application tool-kit has been produced successfully and with TETRA communication
technology and assures for the public transport application requirements for the future mentioned hereafter.
The home (main) menu presents the end user with three possibilities:
1. Service acquisition,
2. Status SDS,
3. End-user parameters.
Service acquisition provides a means of virtually personalising the end user to any given radio terminal and
onto TETRA network for the duration the end user conserves the terminal under his possession.
Status SDS provides the end user with a mechanism for generating a 440 Hz repeating tone that signals a fraud
occurrence to members within the same (dynamic or static) Group Short Subscriber Identity (GSSI) or to a
specific Individual Short Subscriber Identity (ISSI) for the duration of the assignment (an hour, a morning patrol
or a given short period allocated to the assignment). The advantage being that each of the end users may attach
themselves to any given terminal, and group for short durations without requiring any major reconfiguration by
means of radio software programming tools. Similarly, the aggression feature functions, but with a higher tone
frequency (880 Hz), and with a quicker repetitious nature, so to highlight the urgency of the alert.
The parameters tab provides an essential means to the terminal end-user allowing them to pre-configure the
target (preprogrammed ISSI or GSSI ) destination communication number. With this pre-programmed
destination number, the end-user shall liaise with the destination radio terminal or roll allocation server, and
may communicate, in the group, or into a dedicated server to which the service acquisition requests are
received, preprocessed, and ultimately dispatched though the TETRA core network. This simplifies the
reconfiguration or recycling configuration process allowing flexibility on short assignments.
The parameters tab also provides a means of choosing between preselected tones to match the work group
requirements for the purposes of fraud and aggression alerts. A possibility of selecting any given key available
from the keypad to serve as an aggression or fraud quick key is also made possible though the transport
application software tool kit. It is recommend to use the asterisk and the hash keys for the fraud and aggression
quick keys respectively. For the fraud and aggression tones, it is also recommend to use 440 Hz slow repeating
tone (blank space 500 milli-seconds) and 880 Hz fast repeating tone (blank space 250 milliseconds)
respectively. The tone options are as follows: 440 Hz, 620 Hz, 880 Hz, and 1060 Hz.
The parameters page provides an aid or help menu and the last tab within parameters describes briefly the tool
kit the version and the history of the transport application tool kit to date.
19 of 22 30/06/2017, 09:55
TETRA Enhanced Data Service (TEDS)
The TETRA Association, working with ETSI, developed the TEDS standard, a wideband data solution, which
enhances TETRA with a much higher capacity and throughput for data. In addition to those provided by
TETRA, TEDS uses a range of adaptive modulation schemes and a number of different carrier sizes from
25 kHz to 150 kHz. Initial implementations of TEDS will be in the existing TETRA radio spectrum, and will
likely employ 50 kHz channel bandwidths as this enables an equivalent coverage footprint for voice and TEDS
services. TEDS performance is optimised for wideband data rates, wide area coverage and spectrum
efficiency.[50]
Advances in DSP technology have led to the introduction of multi-carrier transmission standards employing
QAM modulation. WiMAX, Wi-Fi and TEDS standards are part of this family.
Refer also to:
JSR-118;
Mobile Information Device Profile, JSR-37;
Wireless Messaging API, JSR120;
Connected Limited Device Configuration, JSR-139; and
Technology for the Wireless Industry, JTWI-185.
See also
Digital mobile radio, an TDMA digital radio standard from ETSI
Digital private mobile radio, an FDMA digital radio standard from ETSI
NXDN, a two-way FDMA digital radio protocol from Icom and JVC Kenwood
P25, a TIA APCO standard
TETRAPOL, (previously MATRA)
References
1. ETSI EN 300 392-2 v3.2.1
2. "TETRA Association" (http://www.tetra-association.com). TETRA Association. 2012-03-22. Retrieved
2012-03-28.
3. "TETRA - PST" (http://www.pst.at/solutions-2/tetra/). PST. Retrieved 2017-01-25.
4. "Guide to the R&TTE Directive 1999/5/EC (April 20, 2009)" (http://www.ero.dk/B8FF1CC0-8C6C-
4C8C-9019-7EB21FCABBD6?frames=no&). pp. 910.
5. Smartphone app/apps over TETRA - Crystal Code AB (http://www.crystalcode.co.uk/TETRA). Crystalcode.co.uk.
Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
6. "TETRA Industry Group - TETRA around the world - Countries" (http://www.tetrahealth.info/worldCountries.htm).
Tetrahealth.info. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
7. "Shenyang Metro" (http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/shenyang-metro). Railway Technology.
2011-06-15. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
8. http://classic.eads.net/1024/de/investor/News_and_Events/news_ir/2010/2010
/20100528_eads_defence_tetra_shenzhen_metro.html
9. "HOME" (http://www.cassidian.com/cassidian/int/en/capabilities/security-solutions/mission-critical-networks-and-
pmr/products/tetra-terminal.html). Cassidian.com. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
10. "TETRA : Artevea Digital Limited : Digital Radio Communication" (http://www.artevea.com/casestudies-
detail.php?type=case&id=10). Artevea.com. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
11. "Motorola Media Center - Press Releases - Motorola Completes Upgrade to TETRA Digital Radio System for
Hong Kong International Airport" (http://mediacenter.motorola.com/content/Detail.aspx?ReleaseID=10788&
NewsAreaID=2). Mediacenter.motorola.com. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
12. 1st Monorail Project in India awarded to DAMM (http://www.damm.dk/news/1'st-monorail-project-in-india-
awarded-to-damm.aspx). Damm.dk (2010-08-11). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
13. Tamil Nadu Police (http://www.damm.dk/news/tamil-nadu-police-chooses-damm-for-modern-control-rooms.aspx).
Damm.dk (2011-01-31). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
20 of 22 30/06/2017, 09:55
14. DAMM chosen to provide communication for GAIL pipeline in India (http://www.damm.dk/news/damm-chosen-to-
provide-communication-for-gail-pipeline-in-india.aspx). Damm.dk (2011-07-12). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
15. "Gurgaon Police goes Hi-Tech" (http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/telecommunications
/2009022220184.htm). Retrieved 2013-01-14.
17. Launch of digital trunked radio service in Malaysia (http://mis-asia.com/resource/networking/launch-of-digital-
trunked-radio-service-in-malaysia/)
18. TETRA Association (http://www.tetramou.com/tetramou.aspx?ID=6716) Archived (https://web.archive.org
/web/20101130172334/http://www.tetramou.com/tetramou.aspx?ID=6716) November 30, 2010, at the Wayback
Machine.
19. http://www.satcomng.com/index.php#.UYo6j8omzdI
20. briscoetechnologies.com (http://www.briscoetechnologies.com)
22. entropia.eu (http://www.entropia.eu)
23. DAMM supplies safe TETRA communication for DONG Energy Power Plants (http://www.damm.dk/news/damm-
supplies-safe-tetra-communication-for-dong-energy-power-plants.aspx). Damm.dk (2009-09-02). Retrieved on
2013-07-16.
24. http://www.sikkerhedsnet.dk/about+sine
25. Global Tech 1 Offshore Wind farm relies on DAMM Infrastructure (http://www.damm.dk/news/global-tech-1-
offshore-wind-farm-relies-on-damm-infrastructure.aspx). Damm.dk (2012-08-27). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
26. TetraFlex for Public Safety in Lodi, Italy (http://www.damm.dk/news/public-safety-in-lodi,-italy.aspx). Damm.dk
(2010-02-02). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
27. Rome International Airport chooses DAMM as supplier for Mission Critical Communication (http://www.damm.dk
/news/rome-international-airport-chooses-damm-as-supplier-for-mission-critical-communication.aspx). Damm.dk
(2009-09-14). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
28. {{cite web|url=http://www.artevea.com/casestudies-detail.php?type=case&id=11 |title=TETRA : Artevea Digital
Limited : Digital Radio Communication |publisher=Artevea.com |date= |accessdate=2012-03-28}}
29. renita.lu (http://www.renita.lu)
30. connectcom.lu (http://www.connectcom.lu)
31. http://www.zoominfo.com/CachedPage/?archive_id=0&page_id=95989222&page_url=//www.marconi.net
/html/news/maltachoosesmarconitetra.htm&page_last_updated=2001-08-05T01:38:07&firstName=Peter&
lastName=Cordina
32. c2000.nl (http://www.c2000.nl)
33. "TETRA Forum Poland" (http://tetraforum.pl/component/content/article/41-co-to-jest-/145-10-years-of-tetra-in-
poland.html). Tetraforum.pl. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
34. Moscow Metro (http://www.damm.dk/news/damm-provides-enhanced-safety-for-moscow-metro.aspx). Damm.dk
(2011-01-04). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
35. Kaliningrad biggest Power Plant chooses DAMMs TetraFlex system for safety reasons (http://www.damm.dk
/news/kaliningrad-biggest-power-plant-chooses-damm%E2%80%99s-tetraflex%C2%AE-system-for-safety-
reasons-.aspx). Damm.dk (2009-10-01). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
36. DAMM deployed for regional network in North West Russia (http://www.damm.dk/news/damm-deployed-for-
regional-network-in-north-west-russia.aspx). Damm.dk (2011-08-22). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
37. "Wide Area Military Voice & Data Infrastructure Solutions based on COTS technology"
(http://www.sibat.mod.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/46327BB3-3E46-42E7-B459-ACA055C6F97D
/0/sod_motorolad_dsd_.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 2012-03-28.
38. DAMM's TetraFlex chosen for Alacer Gold Mining operation (http://www.damm.dk/news/damm's-tetraflex(r)-
chosen-for-alacer-gold-mining-operation.aspx). Damm.dk (2012-11-05). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
39. Rio Tinto Mining Group continues to deploy DAMMs TetraFlex (http://www.damm.dk/news/rio-tinto-mining-
group-continues-to-deploy-damm%E2%80%99s-tetraflex%C2%AE.aspx). Damm.dk (2009-08-03). Retrieved on
2013-07-16.
40. http://www.kordia.com.au/LiteratureRetrieve.aspx?ID=130443
41. Fortescue Metals Group Ltd deploy DAMM (http://www.damm.dk/news/fortescue-metals-group-ltd-deploy-
damm.aspx). Damm.dk (2011-03-18). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
42. Worlds largest LNG project to roll-out DAMMs TetraFlex (http://www.damm.dk/news/world%E2%80%99s-
largest-lng-project-to-roll-out-damm%E2%80%99s-tetraflex%C2%AE.aspx). Damm.dk (2010-04-26). Retrieved on
2013-07-16.
43. National Table of Frequency Allocations (http://www.comreg.ie/radio_spectrum
/table_of_frequency_allocations.496.410.html), Ireland.
21 of 22 30/06/2017, 09:55
44. National Table of Frequency Allocations (http://www.npt.no/pt_internet/ressursforvaltning/frekvenser/frekvensplan

/uhf_frames.html), Norway.
45. Riess, H.P. (1994). "Cryptographic security for the new trans-European trunked radio (TETRA) standard"
(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/srchabstract.jsp?tp=&arnumber=369664&tag=1). Security and Cryptography
Applications to Radio Systems, IEE Colloquium on. pp. 3/13/5. Retrieved 2010-03-25. (subscription required)
46. DW Parkinson (2001-07-01). "TETRA Security" (http://www.springerlink.com/content/g84477l715278156). BT
Technology Journal, Volume 19. pp. 8188. doi:10.1023/A:1011942300054 (https://doi.org
/10.1023%2FA%3A1011942300054). Retrieved 2010-03-25.
47. Doug Gray, An Overview of TETRA (http://portal.etsi.org/workshopps/Presentations/0103TETRA.pdf), etsi.org
(http://portal.etsi.org).
48. Gert Roelofsen (1999). "Cryptographic algorithms in telecommunications systems" (http://www.sciencedirect.com
/science/article/B6VJC-3WHKWD2-4/2/55c463d1b15d9034daafeb76e7fe759b)). Information Security Technical
Report, Volume 4, Issue 1: 2937. doi:10.1016/S1363-4127(99)80004-1 (https://doi.org
/10.1016%2FS1363-4127%2899%2980004-1). Retrieved 2010-03-25.
49. http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/300300_300399/30039207/02.01.01_60/en_30039207v020101p.pdf
50. http://www.cmlmicro.com/Press/briefs/index.asp?/Press/briefs/teds_1.htm
External links
Report on the health effects of TETRA (http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C
/1194947336937) by NRPB
TETRA in use by radio amateurs (http://www.digitalradiohacker.co.uk/home)
TETRA and Critical Communications Association (TCCA) (http://www.tandcca.com/)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terrestrial_Trunked_Radio&oldid=787459768"
Categories: Trunked radio systems Mobile telecommunications standards Emergency communication

Rail transport mobile telecommunications standards
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Continent Country Supplier Name Agency Status

Shore Gas Plant

Namibian Police In use,

Public Transport, city

And Metro and

Sweden Managed by the Civil

Mining - Safety and

Origin Energy Australian Pacific

TETRA frequencies in other countries

Air interface encryption

Cell re-selection (or hand-over) in images

Initial cell selection

Refer to EN 300 392 2 16.3.1 Activation and control of

The following conditions must be met in order to declare a neighbour

Cell relinquishable (abandonable)

Radio down-link failure

When the FRT threshold is breached, the MS is in a situation where it is

Infrastructure TETRA parameters guide[a]

Man-machine interface (MMI)

In summary, the TETRA MMI aims are to:

TETRA Enhanced Data Service (TEDS)

Refer also to:

44. National Table of Frequency Allocations (http://www.npt.no/pt_internet/ressursforvaltning/frekvenser/frekvensplan

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terrestrial_Trunked_Radio&oldid=787459768"

Categories: Trunked radio systems Mobile telecommunications standards Emergency communication

This page was last edited on 25 June 2017, at 15:12.

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