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NTU-CEE Booklet - Final3 PDF
NTU-CEE Booklet - Final3 PDF
RESEARCH
ISSN 0219-0370 No. 27 / 2014 http://www.cee.ntu.edu.sg/Research/Pages/ResearchBulletin.aspx
ADVANCEMENTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL
AND WATER TECHNOLOGY
The School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE) ELROP IRUPDWLRQ DQG OLIHF\FOH KDYH EHHQ HOXFLGDWHG LQ
is a front runner in the domain of environmental and water several model organisms, little has been known about the
technology. CEEs successes in its strategic research area of ELROP PDWUL[ $Q LPSURYHG XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI ELROP
environment and water have advanced not only the School matrix structure and function is crucial for developing
research in this domain, but have also advanced research QHZ VWUDWHJLHV WR HUDGLFDWH GHWULPHQWDO ELROPV DQG WR
in the wider NTUs research ecosystem. Leveraging on HQJLQHHUEHWWHUEHQHFLDOELROPV$VVLVWDQW3URIHVVRU&DR
the strength of Nanyang Environment & Water Research Bin and his collaborators have been exploring molecular
Institute (NEWRI) at NTU, CEE faculty have explored components, interactions, assembly, and disassembly of EPS
and developed multi-faceted advanced environmental and PDWUL[LQELROPVWKHUROHRIPDWUL[LQELROPFRQWDPLQDQW
water technologies for high performance water reclamation interactions, and its environmental and biotechnological
and water resources management. Such synergies amongst applications.
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ensuring a better understanding of the complexity of the fast
changing local and global water environment. Therefore, this 0DWUL[HQDEOHGQDQRFDWDO\WLFELROPVIRUFRQWDPLQDQW
article highlights the latest developments in environmental UHPRYDO
and water technology made by CEE faculty.
Microorganisms have the potential to change the oxidation
state of metals and these microbial processes have opened
ENGINEERING BIOFILMS FOR up a new window for novel applications including
ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS biosynthesis of metal nanomaterials. Biological processes
for the production of nanomaterials have become one
0LFURELDO DFWLYLWLHV DQG SURFHVVHV JRYHUQ WKH RZ RI of the most attractive research focuses in current green
HQHUJ\DQGPDWWHUWKURXJKWKHHQYLURQPHQWDQGGHQHWKH nanotechnology towards sustainable development. Many
structure and function of natural and engineered ecosystems. organisms can be used to synthesize metal nanomaterials.
Hence, it is essential to understand and harness the power Among them, Shewanella oneidensis is able to reduce a
of microbial activities to prevent and address environmental diverse range of metal ions extracellularly. Extracellular
problems. In most natural, engineered, and medical settings, production makes extraction of nanomaterials easier.
microorganisms often attach onto surfaces or interfaces In a recent study, Assistant Prof Cao Bin and his team
DQG GHYHORS LQWR VHVVLOH FRPPXQLWLHV NQRZQ DV ELROPV showed that it may be possible to control particle size
,Q ELROPV FHOOV DUH HPEHGGHG LQ D VHOISURGXFHG PDWUL[ and activity of the extracellular biogenic nanoparticles via
composed of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) FRQWUROOHG H[SUHVVLRQ RI FHUWDLQ VSHFLF PDWUL[DVVRFLDWHG
including proteins, polysaccharides, lipids and extracellular proteins. It was also found that nanoparticles that are
DNA. Extensive studies have demonstrated a wide range of generated in matrix could have a high catalytic activity.
DGYDQWDJHVRIWKHSUHVHQFHRIDQ(36PDWUL[IRUWKHELROP 7KURXJK H[SORLWLQJ WKH SRZHU RI ELROP PDWUL[ WKH WHDP
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5 January 2014&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFK
CEE Vision and Mission
Our Vision
A leading school for sustainable built
environment.
Our Mission
To nurture students to be responsible leaders
capable of realizing their maximum potential
in their profession and community. To provide
a collegiate environment for faculty to excel
in education and research for sustainable
development. To advance knowledge for the
practice of civil and environmental engineering
and maritime professions.
&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFKJanuary 2014 6
CEE Vision and Mission
STATISTICS
Faculty & Staff (as of 1 December 2013)
Students Enrolment
7 January 2014&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFK
Undergraduate Programmes
&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFKJanuary 2014 8
Undergraduate Programmes
9 January 2014&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFK
Graduate Programmes
GRADUATE STUDIES
BY COURSEWORK BY RESEARCH
Master of Science (Civil Engineering) Students can choose to pursue Doctor of Philosophy degree
in one of the following disciplines:
The programme equips students with the latest advancements
in knowledge and technology in modern civil engineering Construction Technology and Management
practice. Students will also have the opportunity to acquire Construction Technology and Management
knowledge in several civil engineering disciplines by Risk and Project Financing
selecting appropriate courses. Facility and Infrastructure Management
&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFKJanuary 2014 10
Achievements and Commendations
ACHIEVEMENTS AND
COMMENDATIONS
AWARDS OTHER APPOINTMENTS AND
INVITATIONS
Assistant Professor Thai Van Vinh ZDV DZDUGHG WKH
IROORZLQJ Assistant Professor Lam Siu Lee JasmineZDVDSSRLQWHG
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2013. Assistant Professor Wong Ngai Yuen, LouisZDVDSSRLQWHG
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Associate Professor Wang RongWRJHWKHUZLWK3URIHVVRU 7HFKQLFDO$VVHVVRU IRU WKH HOG RI 6LWH ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ
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Assistant Professor Wong Ngai Yuen, LouisZDVLQYLWHG
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11 January 2014&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFK
Research Centres
&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFKJanuary 2014 12
Research Centres
13 January 2014&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFK
Research Centres
&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFKJanuary 2014 14
Research Centres
15 January 2014&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFK
Research Centres
:DQJ ;. 6X %< DQG 7DQ 6. 9RUWH[ 14. Li, J., Liu, H.X. and Tan, S.K., 2012. "Numerical
induced vibrations of a tethered cylinder. Journal of Study of Wave Trapping within Cylindrical Arrays".
Fluids and Structures, Vol. 34, pp. 51-67. Proceedings of the 22nd International Offshore and
4. Wang, X.K. and Tan, S.K., 2012. Flow around four Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE2012), Greece,
FLUFXODUF\OLQGHUVLQVTXDUHFRQJXUDWLRQ3URFHHGLQJV pp. 920-925.
of the 18th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference 15. Li, J., Liu, H.X. and Tan, S.K., 2012. Modeling
(AFMC), Launceston, Australia, Paper ID 265. transmission and trapping of waves within large-scale
5. Yang, S.-Q.*, Tan, S.K. and Wang, X.K., 2012. cylindrical arrays. Civil Engineering Research,
Mechanism of secondary currents in open channel Vol.25, pp. 62-64.
flows. Journal of Geophysical Research - Earth 16. Li, J., Liu, H.X., Gong, K., Tan, S.K. and Shao, S.D.,
Surface, Vol. 117, F04014, doi:10.1029/2012JF002510. 2012. "SPH Modeling of Solitary Wave Fissions over
6. Yang, Y.X., Wang, Q.X. and Tan, S.K., 2013. 8QHYHQ %RWWRPV &RDVWDO (QJLQHHULQJ 9RO SS
Dynamic features of a laser-induced cavitation bubble 261-275.
near a solid boundary. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 17. Wei, X., Le T. M., Dai Y. and Tan, S. K., 2013. Life
Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 1098-1103. Cycle Analysis on Materials of Underwater Structure.
7. Gao, Y.Y., Wang, X.K., Tan, D.S.*, Tan S.K., 2013. &(( 5HVHDUFK %XOOHWLQ 6FKRRO RI &LYLO DQG
Particle Image Velocimetry Technique Measurements Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological
of the Near Wake behind a Cylinder-Pair of Unequal University.
Diameters. Fluid Dynamics Research, Vol. 45, No.4, 18. Wei, X. and Tan, S. K., 2013. Containment Design to
pp.045504 (doi:10.1088/0169-5983/45/4/045504) Flooding In an Urban Environment. Proceeding of 4th
8. Gao, Y.Y., Yu, D.Y.*, Wang, X.K., Tan S.K., 2012. International Conference on Urban Water Environment:
Numerical Study of an Oscillating Cylinder in the Monitoring and Management, Kandy, Sri Lanka.
Wake of an Upstream Larger Cylinder. Journal of 19. Vu, T.T. and Tan, S.K. (2013). Velocity and turbulence
Ocean University of China (Oceanic and Coastal Sea characteristics around a silt screen. Proceedings of
Research), Vol.11, No.2, pp.111-117. the Institute of Civil Engineers (ICE) Maritime
*DR << 7DQ '6 =KDQJ %)
7DQ 6. Engineering, Volume 166, Issue 2, pp 89-97.
Experimental Study on the Flow around a Moving 20. Vu T.T. and Tan S.K. (2013). Towards a comprehensive
Cylinder. Proceedings of the ASME 2013 32th GHVLJQ IRU VLOW VFUHHQV LQ RSHQ FRQJXUDWLRQ IURP
International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and the hydraulics perspective. In Proceedings of 20th
Arctic Engineering (OMAE), Nantes, pp.1-8. :RUOG'UHGJLQJ&RQJUHVV-XQH%UXVVHOV
10. Gao, Y.Y., Wang, X.K., Tan S.K., 2012. Numerical %HOJLXP
Study of Two Side-by-Side Cylinders with Unequal =KRX%/LX<-DQG7DQ6.(IFLHQWVLPXODWLRQ
Diameters at Low Reynolds Number. The 26th IAHR of oxygen cutting using a composite heat source
Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems, model, International Journal of Heat and Mass
%HLMLQJ 9RO SS Transfer 57 (2013) 304311
11. Gao, Y.Y., Wang, X.K. and Tan S.K., 2012. :HL=</LX<-=KRX%/LX++1XPHULFDO
Experimental study on the near wake behind two analysis and experimental research on residual stress
staggered cylinders of unequal diameters. Proceedings distribution induced by oxygen cutting opening of steel
of the ASME 2012 31th International Conference on structure. Journal of Dalian University of Technology,
Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering (OMAE 2012), v 52, n 3, July 2012
-XQH 5LR GH -DQHLUR %UD]LO /LX = =KRX % 7DQ 6. )LQLWH (OHPHQW
12. Liu, H.X., Li, J. and Tan, S.K., 2012. "Numerical Analysis and Structure Optimum Design of Lifting
Modelling of Solitary Wave Propagation over Padeye. Advanced Materials Research, 658, 399
Underwater Steps with SPH". Proceedings of the =KRX % 7DQ 6 . :DQJ ;. *KR : 0
22nd International Offshore and Polar Engineering Environmental loads study for underwater city of
Conference (ISOPE2012), Greece, pp. 1074-1079. WKH IXWXUH %,7
V VW $QQXDO :RUOG &RQJUHVV RI
/LX + *RQJ . :DQJ %/ 1XPHULFDO Ocean-2012, September 20-23, 2012, Dalian, China.
simulation of violent evolution of free surface 25. Nguyen, A. T., Dai, Y., Cao, T. V. P. and Tan, S. K.,
GXULQJ ZDWHU HQWU\ RI ZHGJH 3DFLF$VLD 2IIVKRUH )HDVLELOLW\VWXG\RQXWLOL]LQJLQDWDEOHUXEEHU
Mechanics Symposium (PACOMS-2012), Oct 3-5, balloon as a fresh water reservoir in a non-fresh water
Vladivostok, Russia. environment. Civil Engineering Research, ISSN 0219-
0370, No. 25/2012, pp.51-53.
&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFKJanuary 2014 16
Research Centres
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1J:- DQG7DQ 6. $ 56. Zhang, D.Q., Gersberg, R.M., Zhu, J.F., Hua, T.,
review on removing pharmaceutical contaminants Nguyen, A.T., Law, W.K., Ng, W.J., and Tan, S.K.,
from wastewater by constructed wetlands: Design, 2012. Effect of feeding strategies on pharmaceutical
performance and mechanism. Science of the Total UHPRYDO E\ VXEVXUIDFH RZ FRQVWUXFWHG ZHWODQGV
Environment, Vol. 468-469, pp. 908-932. Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 41 (5), pp.1674-
47. Yu, Q., Tan, S.K., 2013. Modeling Inorganic 1680.
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Wash-off from Soil Surface. 57. Zhang, D.Q., Tan, S.K., Gersberg, R.M., Zhu, J.F.,
Proceedings of the 35th IAHR World Congress, Sadreddini, and Li, Y.F., 2012. Nutrients removal in
Chengdu, China. WURSLFDO VXEVXUIDFH RZ FRQVWUXFWHG ZHWODQGV XQGHU
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from soil surface, Proceedings of the 9th international Environmental Management, Vol. 96, pp.1-6.
symposium on ecohydraulics, Vienna, Austria. 58. Zhang, D.Q., Zhu, J.F., Li, Y.F., Gersberg, R.M.
49. Zhang, D.Q., Gersberg, R.M., Hua, T., Zhu, J.F., and Tan, S. K., 2012. Nutrient removal in tropical
Goyal, M.K., Ng, W.J., and Tan, S. K., 2013. Fate VXEVXUIDFHRZFRQVWUXFWHGZHWODQGV3URFHHGLQJVRI
of pharmaceutical compounds in wetland mesocosms International Symposium on Urban Lakes Monitoring
planted with Scirpus validus. Environmental Pollution and Management, 18 May 2012, CAP-NET Lanka, U
181, 98-106. RI3HUDGHQL\D(G63DWKPDUDMDK.%61-LQDGDVDDQG
MIM Mowjood, pp. 127-34.
50. Zhang, D.Q., Gersberg, R.M., Hua, T., Zhu, J.F.,
Ng, W.J., and Tan, S. K., 2013. Carbamazepine and 59. Ni, W.D., Zhang, D.Q., Gersberg, R.M., Hong, J.H.,
naproxen: Fate in wetland mesocosms planted with -LQDGDVD .%61 1J :- DQG 7DQ 6 .
Scirpus validus. Chemosphere 91, 14-21. Statistical modelling of batch versus continuous
feeding strategies for pollutant removal by tropical
51. Zhang, D.Q., Hua, T., Gersberg, R.M., Zhu, J.F., VXEVXUIDFHRZFRQVWUXFWHGZHWODQGV:HWODQGV
Ng, W.J., and Tan, S. K., 2013. Fate of Caffeine in 335-344.
mesocosms wetland planted with Scirpus validus.
Chemosphere 90 (4), 1568-1572. -LQDGDVD.%61:LMHZDUGHQD6.,=KDQJ'4
Gersberg, R.M., Tan, S.K., Wang, J.Y., and Ng, W.J.,
52. Zhang, D.Q., Hua, T., Gersberg, R.M., Zhu, J.F., Ng, 2012. Socio-environmental impact of water pollution
W.J., andTan, S. K., 2012. Fate of diclofenac in on the Mid-canal (Meda Ela), Sri Lanka. Journal of
wetland mesocosms planted with Scirpus validus. :DWHU 5HVRXUFH 3URWHFWLRQ
Ecological Engineering 49, 59-64.
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W.J., and Tan, S. K., 2012. Assessment of plant- 7URSLFDO DSSOLFDWLRQ RI RDWLQJ ZHWODQGV IRU ODNH
driven uptake and translocation of the pharmaceutical, restoration. Wetlands 32 (5), 955-961.
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Science and Pollution Research 20 (7), 4612-4620.
54. Zhang, D.Q., Gersberg, R.M., Zhu, J.F., Hua, T., Ex-Staff movement (2012-2013)
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versus continuous feeding strategies for pharmaceutical Dr Gao Yangyang Assistant Professor
UHPRYDO E\ VXEVXUIDFH RZ FRQVWUXFWHG ZHWODQGV (Zhejiang University)
Environmental Pollution Vol.167, pp.124-131.
Dr Gong Kai A*STAR IHPC
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Dr Li Jing DNV
Nguyen, A.T., and Tan, S. K., 2012. Pharmaceutical
UHPRYDOLQWURSLFDOVXEVXUIDFHRZFRQVWUXFWHGZHWODQGV Dr Liu Huaxing SIX TEE Consultants
at varying hydraulic loading rate. Chemosphere
Vol.87, pp.273-277.
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next generation of engineers in Singapore. **%6 DQG /LPH RQ (QJLQHHULQJ 3URSHUWLHV RI
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, &HQWUH ODXQFKHG LWV UVW -7& 6SRQVRUHG )LQDO <HDU I3 Centre, together with JTC, organised a study trip to
Projects in AY 2012/13 with a sponsorship of up to $2000 Trondheim and Oslo in 2013. The purpose of the trip was
per project. This initiative continues in AY 2013/14 with to study Norwegian underground and off-shore technology
13 JTC Sponsored Final Year Projects. and to discuss a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)
for research collaboration. The trip included visits to
the Norwegian University of Science and Technology,
Lists of sponsored Final Year Projects SINTEF - the largest independent non-commercial research
organisation in Scandinavia - as well as to various
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2013 in NTU.
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Research Centres
21 January 2014&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFK
Research Centres
WORKSHOPS/CONFERENCE
PARTICIPATIONS
1. Associate Professor Zhao Zhiye attended the
international workshop on Dynamic Stability of Rock
Mass at the University of Western Australia (5-9 August
2012) as workshop co-chair.
2. Associate Professor Zhao Zhiye presented a keynote Research project on NTU Underground Space Master Planning
(SEO project team was looking as the campus model)
paper at 11th International Conference on Analysis of
Discontinuous Deformation, Fukuoka, Japan (27-29
August 2013).
&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFKJanuary 2014 22
Research Centres
7LWOH RI 6XSSRUWHG 3URMHFW Study of Cavern Collocation for Industrial Facilities
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Research Centres
&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFKJanuary 2014 24
Research Centres
25 January 2014&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFK
Research Centres
On-going Projects
The table below shows the current projects.
External Funds
No Project Title Principal Investigator(s)
(S$)
1 Underground Technology and A/P Zhao Zhiye (CEE) 3,850,000
Rock Engineering (UTRE) A/P Yang Yaowen (CEE)
Programme, Phase II Prof Tan Kang Hai (CEE)
A/P Chu Jian (CEE)
A/P Goh Teck Chee, Anthony (CEE)
A/P Tiong Lee Kong, Robert (CEE)
Asst/P Wong Ngai Yuen, Louis (CEE)
2 Prediction of Explosion Hazards PI: Prof Fan Sau Cheong (CEE) 2,082,350
from Earth Covered Magazines + Collaborators:
Concrete Damage Level Assessment A/P Lee Chi King (CEE)
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Programme with MHA
Structural Resilience Study of Prof Tan Kang Hai (CEE) 1,500,000
Concrete Pre-cast and Composite
Steel Joints subject to Missing
Column Scenarios
4 Mitigation of Pressures on A/P Leong Eng Choon (CEE) 80,000
Underground Structures due to (New JPP Project;
Ground Shock Start Date:
Total Funding $7,512,350
&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFKJanuary 2014 26
Research Centres
External Funds
No Project Title Principal Investigator(s)
(S$)
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Total Funding $1,527,730
27 January 2014&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFK
Environmental and Water Resources Engineering
LONGITUDINAL DISPERSION
OF TURBULENT OSCILLATORY PIPE
FLOWS
Song Jie (song0084@e.ntu.edu.sg)
Adrian Wing-Keung Law (cwklaw@ntu.edu.sg)
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29 January 2014&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFK
Environmental and Water Resources Engineering
DEVELOPMENT OF SUPERABSORBENT
CRYOGELS FOR EMERGENCY WATER
TREATMENT
Siew-Leng Loo (slloo1@e.ntu.edu.sg)
Anthony G. Fane (a.fane@unsw.edu.au)
William B. Krantz (krantz@colorado.edu)
Xiao Hu (asxhu@ntu.edu.sg)
Teik-Thye Lim (cttlim@ntu.edu.sg)
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WHFKQRORJLHV :7V PXVW SRVVHVV FHUWDLQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV FRQFHQWUDWLRQRI$J12. The potential use of the cryogels
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>@ )ULVW:+5HFRYHULQJIURPWVXQDPLN. Engl. J. Med. GHFRUDWHGZLWKVLOYHUQDQRSDUWLFOHVDVDQRYHOZDWHUWHFKQRORJ\
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and selection criteria. Water Res. ; F 3RWHQWLDO HYDOXDWLRQ DQG SHUVSHFWLYHV RQ XVLQJ
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Environmental and Water Resources Engineering
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Environmental and Water Resources Engineering
)LJXUH &/60 LPDJHV RI ELROP RQ PHPEUDQH VXUIDFH IRU Figure 4. CLSM images of PS on membrane surface for 24
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(d) after 2 h treatment in 0.5% NaOCl, without microbubbles. (d) after 2 h treatment in 0.5% NaOCl, without microbubbles.
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REFERENCES
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&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFKJanuary 2014 36
Environmental and Water Resources Engineering
EVALUATION OF DYNAMICAL
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Lu Yan (ylu11@e.ntu.edu.sg)
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Environmental and Water Resources Engineering
A NOVEL PYROLYSIS-REFORMING
PROCESS FOR FUEL OIL RECOVERY
FROM MIXED PLASTIC WASTE
Wang Zhonghui(wangzh@ntu.edu.sg)
Sun Xiaolong(xlsun@ntu.edu.sg)
Zhao Lei (zhaolei@ntu.edu.sg)
Yuan Guoan (gayuan@ntu.edu.sg)
Lin Shengxuan (sxlin@ntu.edu.sg)
Li Kaixin (kxli@ntu.edu.sg)
Chen Dezhen (chendezhen@tongji.edu.cn)
Yang Yanhui (yhyang@ntu.edu.sg)
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CONCLUSION
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DISCUSSION >@ =KDR / = :DQJ ' &KHQ HW DO ,QXHQFH RI ,PSXULWLHV
on Waste Plastics Pyrolysis: Products and Emissions. Chinese
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Environmental and Water Resources Engineering
DEVELOPING ENVIRONMENTAL
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Sun Xiaolong (xlsun@ntu.edu.sg)
Lin Wenlin Yvonne (YvonneLinWL@ntu.edu.sg)
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AQUAPORIN-BASED BIOMIMETIC
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&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFKJanuary 2014 82
Infrastructure Systems and Maritime Studies
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REFERENCES
83 January 2014&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFK
Structures and Mechanics
ABSTRACT: As the production of Portland cement (PC) is energy intensive and responsible for 5-8% of global anthropogenic CO2
emissions, many global initiatives have looked at the development of cements with lower carbon footprints. Reactive magnesia (MgO)
LVPDQXIDFWXUHGDWPXFKORZHUWHPSHUDWXUHVWKDQ3&DQGVHTXHVWHUVVXEVWDQWLDOTXDQWLWLHVRI&2OHDGLQJWRDVLJQLFDQWLQFUHDVHLQ
strength. The use of MgO as the binder in porous blocks is investigated for the enhancement of the carbonation process by varying
the cement and water contents. Cylindrical samples were cured under accelerated carbonation at a rate of 20% CO2 and tested at
different curing ages of up to 28 days for compressive strength, porosity, and permeability and microstructure. Results showed that
strength results increased with increasing MgO content. Including as little as 4% MgO produced strengths higher than 7 MPa, which
is the strength requirement for blocks. Formation of strength providing carbonation products happened at a faster rate during the
initial periods of carbonation.
&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFKJanuary 2014 84
Structures and Mechanics
SEM REFERENCES
The SEM micrographs of mixes with 10%, 7% and 4% [1] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC 2004.
Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage.
MgO with the highest strength results are presented in
IPCC. Geneva. Switzerland: 77-103
Figure 2. In the case of 10% MgO mixtures, the presence
>@ 6KDQG 0 $ The Chemistry and Technology of
of dypingite/hydromagnesite, which is the main source of
Magnesia, New York: Wiley
strength increase, was observed at the end of even only 1
[3] Taylor, F. H. W. 1990. Cement Chemistry. New York: Academic
day of carbonation. A wide spread network of nesquehonite
Press
85 January 2014&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFK
Structures and Mechanics
ABSTRACT: High strength steel joints formed by welding contain higher level of residual stress than normal strength joints fabricated
in the same way. As it is generally believed that residual stress is harmful to structures, this study investigated the potential effects of
residual stress on the tensile behavior of high strength steel plate joints. A delicate modeling of the forming of residual stress during
ZHOGLQJ ZDV FDUULHG RXW ZLWK QLWH HOHPHQW DQDO\VLV VRIWZDUH $%$486 6XEVHTXHQWO\ WKH WHQVLOH EHKDYLRU RI WKLV W\SH RI MRLQWV ZDV
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GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFKJanuary 2014 86
Structures and Mechanics
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CONCLUSIONS
87 January 2014&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFK
Structures and Mechanics
ABSTRACT: High strength steel has proven their merits in statically loaded structures. This study looks into the potential fatigue
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Cyclic loadings in forms of axial load, in-plane bending and out-of-plane bending were employed to generate the fatigue loadings.
The stress concentration factors (SCF) at the joint intersection were measured. Subsequently, the fatigue tests are carried out under
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normal strength steel, and its fatigue resistance can still be safely predicted using the existing fatigue design curves.
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS the brace end to measure the stress concentration factors
(SCF) and the hot spot stresses (HSS) under designed fatigue
+LJK VWUHQJWK WR ZHLJKW UDWLR LV EHQHFLDO WR VWUXFWXUH load cases. Subsequently, the fatigue tests were launched
design and construction, since self weight could be reduced under the continuous monitoring of the Alternative Current
remarkably. However, the attached member stiffness lose Potential Drop (ACPD) crack monitoring system.
DQG LQFUHDVH RI VWUHVV XFWXDWLRQV GXH WR OLYH ORDG EULQJ
high strength steel structure larger fatigue problems than
normal strength steel structures. This study looked into
the potential fatigue issues of built-up rectangular hollow
section joints made of reheated, quenched and tempered high
VWUHQJWKVWHHO6([SHULPHQWDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQVZHUHFDUULHG
out to study the fatigue behaviors of two full scale joints.
&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFKJanuary 2014 88
Structures and Mechanics
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REFERENCES
PHASE II: FATIGUE TEST
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89 January 2014&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFK
Structures and Mechanics
ABAQUS SIMULATIONS OF 2D RC
JOINTS IN PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSE
Long Xu, (LONG0026@e.ntu.edu.sg)
Lee Chi King (ccklee@ntu.edu.sg)
Tan Kang Hai (ckhtan@ntu.edu.sg)
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joints under the scenario of progressive collapse, appropriate specimens are selected from several series of experimental studies to be
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plasticity is employed to simulate the concrete compression and tension behaviour. For steel reinforcement, elasto-plastic constitutive
law with ductile damage model is applied to simulate the yielding and fracturing of reinforcement. The concrete material parameters
are calibrated to give a reference for future simulations.
&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFKJanuary 2014 90
Structures and Mechanics
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Figure 1. Validation for the knee joint. H[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWVWKHEHVWDJUHHPHQWFDQEHUHDFKHGIRU
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WZREHDPVRIWKHVSHFLPHQ2.-DQG2.-UHVSHFWLYHO\ REFERENCES
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91 January 2014&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFK
Structures and Mechanics
ABSTRACT: Damage assessment is essential to monitor the strength and stiffness deterioration of a structure in progressive collapse.
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are valid for damage assessment of RC frames in progressive collapse analysis.
INTRODUCTION
where, E LVWKHHODVWLFPRGXOXVRIEHUi,
i is the normal
i
VWUDLQRIEHUi,
0LVWKHQRUPDOVWUDLQRIEHUDWWKHFHQWUDO
In this article, damage assessment criteria are suggested
axial of cross-section, y
i and A refer to the distance from
i
for progressive collapse analyses of RC frame structures. WKHFHQWHURIEHUi to the central axis of cross-section and
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PRGHO $ VKHDU GDPDJH LQGH[ RI FURVVVHFWLRQ LV GHQHG to shear of cross-section
section is obtained fiber due to shear of cross-section
by a ratio of the weighted averaging shearbystrain
a weighted
and theav-
iber in the 0.5V cot E A
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the buckling of Es As Ec Ac
on shear damage is presented based onage the indices
variableare
angle
estab-
truss model, whilst the the axial effectsection
maximum is added in theindices
damage shear of where
whereV is the shear
is the shearof cross-section in the
of cross-section cracking
in the crac state.
strength model. An axial damage index of cross-section is angle
e is the inclination of shear cracks. Es and Ec refer
obtained by a weighted averaging of axial damage index tothe modulus of steel and concrete, while As and
elastic
RIHDFKEHULQWKHFURVVVHFWLRQZLWKFRQVLGHUDWLRQRIWKH Ac are the area of all steel and
core concrete in the cross-
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section, respectively.
established from the maximum section damage indices of
HOHPHQWFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRH[XUDOVKHDUDQGD[LDOGDPDJH
respectively. The numerical example with a simple RC Shear damage
frame shows the validation of the given damage assessment
criteria. =
The shear damage index is given based on the ultimate
shear strain of cross-section, as
mate shear strainof
cross
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT AT SECTION LEVEL D = (3)
u
is pre- where and
Flexural damage where a and au arethe current average shear strain and the
rigidity. It is strain and the ultimat
ultimate average shear strain of cross-section, respectively.
7KHH[XUDOGDPDJHZLWKD[LDOORDGLQJHIIHFWLVSUHVHQWHG :LWK WKH EHU PRGHO a can be obtained by weighted
EDVHGRQDUHGXFWLRQRIH[XUDOULJLGLW\,WLVDVVXPHGWKDW DYHUDJLQJRIVKHDUVWUDLQRIHDFKEHULQWKHFURVVVHFWLRQDV
ZKHQWKHH[XUDOULJLGLW\RIDFURVVVHFWLRQLVUHGXFHGWRD n
i 0
is derived
based
&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFKJanuary
where, is the elastic 2014 of fiber
modulus 92 1 1
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Structures and Mechanics
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Di A RIFURVVVHFWLRQ
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based on a weighted averaging of fiber damage
i
D a Ai
Da
i i
= i
i Ai
Dai = i ei
u e
(6)
i
index of fiber
Figure 2. Progressive collapse model due to
where
is the axial damage a missing mid-column scenario.
where and
ZKHUH is4WKH
LV the
2 D[LDO
areI axial
2
Lthe GDPDJH
damage
current
kL2 LQGH[
index
normalof EHU i i ei DQG
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fiber
i are the current normal
DUHWKHFXUUHQWQRUPDOVWUDLQHODVWLFVWUDLQDQGXOWLPDWH
u and
strain,
and ultimate
VWUDLQ RI EHU i UHVSHFWLYHO\7KH EXFNOLQJ
strain strain of fiber RI VWHHO LV
FRQVLGHUHG
WR PRGLI\
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timateEHUV DV
2 2 strain
compressive 2 of steel fibers, as
4 2 2
4 I L kL 2
buckling = + y
AEA
(7)
, 2
where
ZKHUH ` L = (4/ EhLN`)k = Ks E K DQG
, and are the elastic modulus, h
s DUH WKH HODVWLF PRGXOXV HIIHFWLYH D[LDO VWLIIQHVV DQG WKH
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93 January 2014&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFK
Structures and Mechanics
RESISTANCE OF BUILDING TO
PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSE
Namyo Salim Lim (nslim1@e.ntu.edu.sg)
Lee Chi King (ccklee@ntu.edu.sg)
Tan Kang Hai (ckhtan@ntu.edu.sg)
INTRODUCTION Fig. 2 shows that the numerical simulations agree well with
the test results which suggest that FEMFAN3D is capable
3URJUHVVLYHFROODSVH3&FDQEHGHQHGDVGLVSURSRUWLRQDWH of assessing the structural resistance to PC.
(total or partial) collapse which is triggered only by the
damage in a small part of the building. This may happen
if the load initially taken by the damaged part could not be
redistributed or resisted safely by the remaining structure.
One of the methods commonly used in quantifying the
PC resistance of buildings is the alternate load path (ALP)
method, which is applied by statically removing the load-
bearing element (column or wall). It is a threat independent
approach, as the details on how the collapse is initiated, e.g.
ZKHWKHULWLVGXHWRUHRUH[SORVLRQQHHGQRWEHH[DPLQHG
The column/wall removal is simply used as a load initiator
and serves as a means to check whether the structure can
bridge over the removed element. To prevent collapse, the
VWUXFWXUHPXVWKDYHVXIFLHQWVWUHQJWKUHVLVWLQJPHFKDQLVP
LQWKHPHPEHUVWRZLWKVWDQGWKHORDGDQGVXIFLHQWGXFWLOLW\
in the joint to redistribute the load safely to the remaining
structure. Hence, numerical and experimental studies are
conducted to investigate the behavior of reinforced concrete
(RC) member and joint in resisting PC under a column
removal scenario.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Figure 1. Numerical modeling of beam, slab, and beam-slab
To analyze building resistance to progressive collapse, substructure under progressive collapse scenario.
QXPHULFDO VLPXODWLRQ LV FRQVLGHUHG WR EH DQ HIFLHQW DQG
practical approach. In this study, FEMFAN3D (NTU in-
Based on the load-displacement histories in all cases, a
KRXVH GHYHORSHG QLWH HOHPHQW VRIWZDUH LV XWLOL]HG IRU
general trend can be observed, i.e. load capacity may
numerical simulation, in which the beam-columns, slabs, and
still increase at large displacement, provided that there
connections are modeled as line, shell, and joint elements
DUH VXIFLHQW VXSSRUWV IURP WKH ERXQGDU\ FRQGLWLRQ 7KLV
respectively. The numerical analyses are performed for 3
mechanism is more commonly known as Catenary action
cases, i.e. beam, slab, and beam slab substructure which
in beam or Membrane action in slab.
are validated against Sasani (2007), Bailey (2008), and
Tsinghua (2013), respectively. The experimental tests and
Two major issues rise from the numerical simulations, 1)
numerical models are shown in Fig. 1.
modeling of joint element and 2) interaction of beam-slab
in resisting collapse. As joint is the primary component
&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFKJanuary 2014 94
Structures and Mechanics
WR PDLQWDLQ VWUXFWXUDO LQWHJULW\ RI D EXLOGLQJ D SURSHU CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSIONS
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95 January 2014&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFK
Structures and Mechanics
INTRODUCTION
&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFKJanuary 2014 96
Structures and Mechanics
VALIDATIONS
>@ ; /RQJ .+ 7DQ DQG &. /HH . %RQG VWUHVVVOLS
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Structural Journal DFFHSWHG
97 January 2014&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFK
Structures and Mechanics
ABSTRACT: This paper proposes a novel damage detection method based on frequency shift for Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
tank, which has been proven effective by numerical examples and experimental tests. In fact, the natural frequencies of CNG tank
or cylinder shell will change if auxiliary mass is placed on different position of CNG tank. In particular, the natural frequencies will
drop drastically if the auxiliary mass which increases the local inertia is approaching the damage where the local stiffness decreases. In
RWKHUZRUGWKHDX[LOLDU\PDVVZRXOGHQKDQFHWKHLQXHQFHRIWKHGDPDJHDQGKHQFHLWFDQEHXVHGWRSUREHWKHGDPDJHE\WUDYHUVLQJ
it over the entire surface of CNG tank. On the other hand, the sudden drop of natural frequencies can be regarded as an anomaly
because the frequencies would change smoothly if the CNG tank is undamaged. A new damage index, which does not require the
prior information from the undamaged CNG tank, is proposed based on the curvature of frequency shift to detect the anomaly. This
approach is more accurate and sensitive than conventional vibration based methods which are usually based on mode shape instead.
INTRODUCTION on beam and plate like structures and found that it was
quite sensitive to local damages.
CNG tanks are widely used and it is necessary to be able
to detect internal damage such as corrosions and cracks This paper extends the concept of auxiliary mass induced
in order to avoid catastrophic failure. To identify damages frequency shift to cylinder shells (CNG tanks). In fact,
like corrosion and cracks, several non-destructive testing the natural frequencies will drop if the auxiliary mass is
methods have been proposed and developed, for example, approaching the damage. This drop can be considered as
ultrasonic testing and eddy current testing. However, most anomaly, because the frequencies will change smoothly if
conventional non-destructive testing approaches are time- the cylinder is undamaged. Moreover, a new damage index
consuming and costly. based on the curvature of frequency shift is proposed, which
does not require the prior information of an undamaged
Because a vibration based method shows great merits, such CNG tank.
DV ORZ FRVW DQG H[LEOH PHDVXUHPHQW LW LV D SURPLVLQJ
alternative method. Several novel and advanced concepts
have been proposed, but most of them are suitable for beam THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
and plate like structures. Although a few methods were
proposed for cylinder shells like CNG tanks - for example, WKH &1* WDQN
)RU VLPSOLFLW\ LV VLPSOLHG DV D ULQJ UVW
Frequency Response Functions (FRFs) based method (Lee The interactive system can be seen in Fig.1.
The has
ring
et al., 2004), modal strain energy method (Srinivasan et bending stiffness E1, density
l, cross-sectional area A and
al., 1998, Marwala et al., 2000, Hu et al. 2011), split-mode radius r. The auxiliary mass M is supported at position e0
phenomenon method (Royston et al., 2000), and vibrational on a spring
with a large stiffness k. Only the radial vibration
SRZHURZPHWKRG=KXHWDOWKH\KLJKO\GHSHQG The governing equation
can
is considered.
as: be written as:
on the quality of measurement of mode shape or FRFs.
(1)
/RZHWDODQDO\]HGWKHLQXHQFHRIPXOWLSOHOXPS
masses on the change of beam frequencies through Rayleigh (2)
estimation and eigen-analysis solutions. Zhong and Oyadiji (1)
IXUWKHUDQDO\]HGWKHLQXHQFHRIDQDX[LOLDU\PDVV where q(t) and u( e t) are the vertical and radial
displacements the mass
of and thering
measured
from the
on the frequencies of a cracked beam, based on which
they (Zhong et al. 2008) developed an approach to detect static equilibrium
position, respectively; b is the Dirac delta
these cracks by using wavelet transform. Subsequently, they function and f(t)b(e e0) is the contact force between the
(2008) utilized the derivative of natural frequencies based mass and the ring.
on auxiliary mass spatial probing and they found that it is
sensitive to local damage in beam like structures. Zhang
et al. (2012, 2013) analyzed analytically the relationship
between natural frequencies and location of auxiliary mass
&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFKJanuary 2014 98
Structures and Mechanics
h PPOHQJWKL
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Figure
1. Circular ring and an auxiliary mass.
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WKH
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FDQ EH REWDLQHG DV
IUHTXHQFLHV
RI
WKH
V\VWHP
(3)
Figure
2. Finite element model of cylinder shell
with single damage.
where ZKHUH and DQG
DUH WKH nWK
PRGH
VKDSH
where and are
and
the are the
shape, 7KH SURSRVHG GDPDJH LQGH[ RI WKLV FDVH LV VKRZQ LQ )LJ
shape,
shape,
d
DUH
are integral
LQWHJUDO
d FRQVWDQWV
are
co
stants,
DUH
are the
IURP ZKLFK D SHDN LQGLFDWLQJ WKH ORFDO GDPDJH FDQ EH
the
of the new system, VHHQ FOHDUO\ 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG WKH VL]H RI WKH GDPDJH
stants, WKH are
nWK QDWXUDO
the th natural frequencies
IUHTXHQFLHV RI WKH the QHZ V\VWHP
new system, DUH
are the
natural frequencies
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ring. ORQJLWXGLQDO
When longitudinal direction is consi
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(4)
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ZKHUH
where
are the
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where
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d
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DUH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ int int LQWHJUDO
dial vibration is
corresponding
can
bewritten gral
FRQVWDQWV
WKH IUHTXHQFLHV RI
are
the DUH
nWK
QDWXUDO
constants,
are the
l constants,
are
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ncies of the system,
Figure 3. Damage index of cylinder with single damage.
ncies of WKHthe V\VWHP
system,
DUH
are WKH
QDWXUDO
fr
natural
the
IUHTXHQFLHV RI WKH &1*
ncies
of theWDQN CNG tank. 7KHQXPHULFDOH[DPSOHRIDF\OLQGULFDOVKHOOZLWKPXOWLSOH
GDPDJHV LV DGRSWHG WR YDOLGDWH WKLV PHWKRG 7KH PRGHO
)RU D F\OLQGHU PHVKHG LQWR XQLIRUP MN SDUWV RQ FDQ EH VHHQ LQ )LJ DQG DQRWKHU GDPDJH LV LQWURGXFHG
FLUFXPIHUHQWLDODQGORQJLWXGLQDOGLUHFWLRQVUHVSHFWLYHO\WKH DUWLFLDOO\ DW > @ >L L@ E\ UHGXFLQJ
RQ
tively, QDWXUDO
the natural IUHTXHQF\
frequency on each cross point is HDFK FURVV SRLQW
LV SUHVHQWHG WKLFNQHVV IURP PP WR PP 7KH WZR GDPDJHV DUH
sented as DV , i= i= M j= N 7KH FXUYDWXUH RI ODEHOHG DV $ DQG % UHVSHFWLYHO\
of
curvature frequency
HDFKIUHTXHQF\FXUYHFDQEHFDOFXODWHGE\FHQWUDOGLIIHUHQFH
each curve
can be
calculated
entral by central difference:
(2)
difference:
(5)
vertical and radial
he ring measured
Then, the7KHQ mean WKH all PHDQ RI DOO
curvatures FXUYDWXUHV
canbe FDQ EH
obtained as:REWDLQHG DV
of (5)
(6)
)LQDOO\ WKH GDPDJH LQGH[
FDQ EHUHSUHVHQWHG DV )LJXUH 6SHFLFDWLRQ RI F\OLQGHU ZLWK PXOWLSOH GDPDJHV
Finally, the
damage index can be
represented as:
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(7)
WKH IXQGDPHQWDO IUHTXHQF\ VXUIDFH FDQ EH REWDLQHG
DFFRUGLQJO\ 7KHQ WKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ GDPDJH LQGH[ FDQ
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NUMERICAL
EXAMPLES
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99 January 2014&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFK
Structures and Mechanics
Figure 5. Damage index of cylinder with multiple damages. Figure 7. The fundamental frequency surface on the
CNG tank with a crack damage.
Two peaks related to A and B can be seen clearly in
Fig. 5. It can also be seen that the peak indicating A
is higher than the peak related to B, which is because
A is two times deeper than B so the former is more
severe than the latter. Moreover, the areas of the two peaks
shown in the contour of the damage index are almost the
same because the sizes of the two damages are the same.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
Figure 8. Damage index of CNG tank with a crack damage.
A 7-liter CNG cylinder shown in Fig. 17 is utilized in the
experiment. The dimensions of the cylindrical shell part CONCLUSIONS
are as follows: external diameter , thickness , and length L.
7KHF\OLQGULFDOVKHOOSDUWLVPHVKHGXQLIRUPO\LQWR This paper proposes a frequency shift based damage
SDUWV DQG FURVV SRLQWV FDQ EH REWDLQHG detection method by using auxiliary mass for CNG
cylinders. It has been found that the natural frequency
A narrow slot with a width of 1 mm and a depth of 5 mm changes with respect to the location of the auxiliary mass.
LV DUWLFLDOO\ FXW XVLQJ DQ ('0 PDFKLQH LQWR WKH &1* In paticular, when the auxiliary mass is approaching the
F\OLQGHUWRVLPXODWHWKHFUDFNGDPDJH)LJ:LWKRXWORVV local damage, the natural frequency drops drastically. This
of generality, the slot is located at (7/8+/40) [80 mm, is because the auxiliary mass increases the local inertia
240 mm] and then no cross point is located on the slot. while the local damage decreases the local stiffness.
7KHUHIRUH WKH DX[LOLDU\ PDVV DPSOLHV WKH HIIHFW RI ORFDO
damage on the dynamic properties and it can be used to
probe the local damage. In order to avoid the requirement
of prior information from the undamaged structure, a new
damage index is proposed based on the assumption that the
frequency surface of undamaged cylinder is usually smooth
while the sudden drop of natural frequencies induced by
the auxiliary mass approaching the damage is regarded as
Figure 6. The CNG tank with a crack damage. an anomaly. The proposed damage index has shown good
performance which is validated by numerical examples and
The fundamental frequency surface can be measured as experimental results. This approach is easy to implement
VKRZQLQ)LJIURPZKLFKLWFDQEHVHHQWKDWWKHLQXHQFH in practice because only a single accelerometer is required
of the crack on the frequency surface is so large that the and no eigenvalue problem or singular value problem needs
crack can be detected directly from the frequency surface; to be solved. It is also more accurate because the natural
the frequency near the crack drops drastically which can frequency can be measured more accurately than the mode
be seen in Fig. 7 clearly. From the damage index shown shapes frequently used in most conventional vibration-based
in Fig. 8, the simulated crack can be detected easily and damage detection methods.
its size can be determined as well.
REFERENCES >@ =KDQJ < :DQJ /4 /LH 67 ;LDQJ =+ 'DPDJH
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>@ +X + :X & /X : 'DPDJH GHWHFWLRQ RI FLUFXODU FXUYDWXUH. Journal of Sound and Vibration9RO1R
KROORZ F\OLQGHU XVLQJ PRGDO VWUDLQ HQHUJ\ DQG VFDQQLQJ
GDPDJH LQGH[ PHWKRGV Computers and structures 9RO >@ =KDQJ < ;LDQJ =+ )UHTXHQF\ VKLIW FXUYH EDVHG
GDPDJH GHWHFWLRQ PHWKRG IRU EHDP VWUXFWXUHV Computers,
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VWUXFWXUHV KSME International Journal 9RO 1R QDWXUDOIUHTXHQFLHVRIFUDFNHGVLPSO\VXSSRUWHGEHDPVZLWK
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Journal of Sound and Vibration 9RO EHDPV ZLWK DX[LOLDU\ PDVV VSDWLDO SURELQJ E\ VWDWLRQDU\
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9RO 1R
ACCURATE DETERMINATION OF
STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS IN
CRACKED CIRCULAR HOLLOW
SECTION (CHS) T/Y-JOINTS
Lie Seng Tjhen (CSTLIE@ntu.edu.sg)
Li Tao (LITA0005@e.ntu.edu.sg)
$%675$&7 6WUHVV LQWHQVLW\ IDFWRUV RI FUDFNHG FLUFXODU KROORZ VHFWLRQ &+67<MRLQWV VXEMHFWHG WR D[LDO WHQVLOH ORDG LQSODQH
DQGRXWRISODQHEHQGLQJDUHFDOFXODWHGXVLQJQLWHHOHPHQW)(DQDO\VLV$IWHUWKH)(PHVKPRGHOVDUHYHULHGDJDLQVWH[SHULPHQWDO
test results reported by other researchers, distributions of KI, KII and KIII DORQJ WKH HQWLUH FUDFN IURQW DUH GHWHUPLQHG ,W LV FRQUPHG
that values of KII and KIII are much smaller than that of KI. Therefore, effect of KII and KIII on the stress intensity factor K can be
LJQRUHG)LQDOO\VWUHVVLQWHQVLW\IDFWRUVRIDOOFUDFNHG&+67<MRLQWVDUHDOVRGHWHUPLQHGXVLQJDQDQDO\WLFDOPHWKRGLQFRUSRUDWHG
in British standard-BS7910 (2005). In order to check the accuracy of the analytical method, a comparison of the shape factors Y at
the deepest point of the surface crack is carried out. It is found that the analytical method still has a large room to be improved.
INTRODUCTION Apart from FE analysis and fatigue test, there are also some
analytical models available for calculating SIFs of cracked
Stress intensity factor (SIF) is a very important parameter CHS joints. Among them, the analytical model based on a
in fatigue and fracture analysis of any cracked component. FHQWUDOFUDFNHGDWSODWHLVZLGHO\DFFHSWHGE\UHVHDUFKHUV
In the case of fatigue analysis, it can be used to estimate 7KHDWSODWHPRGHOLVEDVHGRQWKH6,)VRIDVXUIDFHFUDFN
the fatigue life of the cracked component in conjunction LQDQLWHSODWHVXEMHFWHGWRWHQVLRQDQGEHQGLQJORDGV%\
with Paris crack propagation law. In the case of fracture LQFRUSRUDWLQJWKHHIIHFWVRIWKHZHOGSUROHORFDOKRWVSRW
analysis, it can be used to evaluate the fracture behavior of VWUHVV DQG ORFDO GHJUHH RI EHQGLQJ WKLV DW SODWH PRGHO
the cracked component. For cracked CHS T/Y-joints, many is used to estimate the SIFs of cracked CHS T/Y-joints
researchers have carried out extensive research works on containing a surface crack. This analytical model has been
WKH6,)E\XVLQJQLWHHOHPHQW)(DQDO\VLV%RZQHVV incorporated in British standard-BS7910 (2005). However,
/HH &DR <DQJ /LH HW DO $PRQJ no one carries out a comprehensive analysis on the accuracy
WKHVHUHVHDUFKHUV%RZQHVVDQG/HHDQG/LH of this analytical method, particularly for cracked CHS
et al. (2012) carried out extensive analysis on the SIFs T/Y-joints subjected to in-plane and out-of-plane bending.
of CHS T/Y-joints, taking advantage of different mesh
generators developed on their own. However, due to the In this study, a new mesh generator is developed and
limitations of these mesh generators, most of the research YHULHG DJDLQVW H[SHULPHQWDO WHVW UHVXOWV $IWHU WKDW WKH
works concentrate on cracked CHS T-joints subjected to 6,)V RI FUDFNHG &+6 7<MRLQWV FRQWDLQLQJ D VXUIDFH
axial tensile load. crack are calculated taking advantage of the new mesh
generator. Finally, the accuracy of the analytical model
In addition to FE analysis, researchers also carried out a incorporated in BS7910 (2005) is examined by making a
fatigue test on CHS T-joints to determine the SIF. Chiew comparison to the FE results.
et al. (2004) carried out a fatigue test on cracked CHS
T-joints under combined loads at Nanyang Technological
University (NTU). The crack propagation was monitored by FINITE ELEMENT MODELS
using alternating current potential detect (ACPD) technique,
and then the SIFs at the crack ends and the deepest point Figure 1 shows all the dimensionless parameters of a
were derived in conjunction with Paris law. In order to CHS T-joint, including DQG ,I LV QRW HTXDO
calculate the SIFs of the tested CHS T-joints using FE to 90o, the CHS joint should be considered as a Y-joint.
analysis, a mesh generator was developed based on the Therefore, CHS T-joint can be taken as a particular type
model proposed originally by Wong (Lie et al., 2003), and of a Y-joint, and many researchers preferred to group CHS
then validated against experimental results. T- and Y-joints as one type and denote it as T/Y-joint.
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CHS T/Y-joints are chosen from Table 2 following the
rule to study the effect of a certain parameter on KI. The
chord thickness of all the analyzed models is 10mm and
all the other parameters can be derived from Figure 1.
Youngs modulus and Poissons ratio are 210GPa and 0.3
respectively. For the boundary condition, the two ends of
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REFERENCE
ABSTRACT: An initial risk map study of urban areas encompassing the region of South East China is conducted by overlays of
publicly available maps of natural hazards from risk research/reinsurance companies with exposure maps of urban areas developed
from academic sources. The resulting maps readily show a high degree of exposure for current and future urban areas, including the
economically strategic areas of the Pearl River Delta region.
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REFERENCES
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Figure 2. Typhoon Flood Hazard Map - South East China +RQJ .RQJ 7UDGH 'HYHORSPHQW &RXQFLO 35' (FRQRPLF
(Swiss Re, 2013) 3UROH5HWULHYHGIURP+.7'&5HVHDUFK KWWSFKLQDWUDGH
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The State of the Worlds Children 2012. 81,&(),6%1
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ABSTRACT: Space has become a major concern in Singapore, and has a critical impact on Singapores economic and social
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facilities. So far, we have used three approaches to expand our land use: by constructing high-rise buildings, by land reclamation, and
by utilizing the shallow underground space. In recent years, another option has been developed by creating space underground at a
deep depth. This research project aims to explore the potential use of the underground space underneath the campus of the Nanyang
Technological University (NTU) and to provide an integrated underground use framework, which could be incorporated into NTUs
future campus development plan.
INTRODUCTION can be used for different purposes, for example, the shallow
and the deep caverns can be used for an underground
7KLVFRQFHSWXDOVWXG\SULPDULO\SUHVHQWVWKHUVWH[DPSOH learning centre (ULC) and an underground sport hall
in utilizing the underground space in the NTU campus in (USH). The deep basements are suitable for parking lots,
response to NTUs need for future expansions. It is also a laboratories and tutorial rooms.
showcase to demonstrate the integrated underground space
development concept. NTU campus has generally favourable The selected locations for the shallow and deep caverns in
topographic as well as geological conditions, suitable for this study come from the examination of the followings:
the construction of large rock cavern groups. Those large (iii) Architectural consideration: we have incorporated the
spanned open spaces can be used for various purposes, architectural concept such as interior planning, height
such as libraries, laboratories and sport facilities. Caverns RI RRU RRU DUHD ZRUNLQJ VSDFH 0 ( DQG IXWXUH
are constructed in the deep rock layer below the existing decoration.
surface structures; therefore they can be built independently
from the buildings at the surface. However, underground (iv) Ground conditions: Soil types below existing building,
space facilities must be integrated with the above ground rock quality for the design of rock cover, rock stability,
facilities. Extensively utilizing the underground space will DQG ZDWHU LQRZ
enhance the future plans of the NTU campus, enabling it (v) The depth of the cavern: we also considered the
to showcase and lead underground space development not GHSWK RI WKH FDYHUQ VLQFH LW KDV D JUHDW LQXHQFH RQ
just nationwide but worldwide. the sustainability, surrounding environment, like air
quality, ventilation systems and accessed route for
This research project has two objectives: transport modes.
(i) to provide a conceptual plan of underground space YL +HDOWK VDIHW\ FRQVLGHUDWLRQ UH VDIHW\ LV DOVR
development on the NTU campus as a supplement to FRQVLGHUHG VRPH SDUWV DUH LQFOXGHG LQ 0 ( ZRUNV
the NTU campus planning; VXFK DV LQVWDOOLQJ RI UH DODUPV SURWHFWLRQ JODVVHV
and planning of emergency exits.
(ii) to provide several examples of underground cavern
development schemes on the NTU campus, including
sustainable solutions, as showcases for underground
UNDERGROUND SPACE DESIGN: LAYOUT AT
space utilisation in Singapore.
DIFFERENT DEPTHS
ABSTRACT: The Nodal-based DDA method (NDDA) is a hybrid method which greatly improves the stress accuracy of the discontinuous
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slope stability and stabilization analysis using the NDDA method, and its performance is compared with the DDA method and the
traditional limit equilibrium method. The rock bolt element is introduced into the NDDA framework to simulate the interaction
between the rock bolt and the surrounding rock mass, and the rock slope example with different joint strengths is used to demonstrate
the effectiveness and reliability of the NDDA rock bolt model.
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CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
>@ +RHN(6WUHQJWKRIMRLQWHGURFNPDVVHVGeotechnique
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Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering
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Figure 3 Development of (a) block displacement and DQDO\VLVPh. D. thesis,&LYLODQG(QYLURQPHQWDO(QJLQHHULQJ
(b) maximum axial force of the rock bolt with time 1DQ\DQJ 7HFKQRORJ\ 8QLYHUVLW\
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Urban Development with Financially Sediment plumes in waves (Postgraduate
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