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Geo LL 20introduction
Geo LL 20introduction
Introduction
Welcome
Overview Example
Some Mathematical Background
Dr. Oy Leuangthong
Assistant Professor in the School
of Mining and Petroleum
Engineering, at the University of
Alberta
Tentative Schedule
Day Topics Covered
1 Math Background
2 Fundamentals of Statistics and Probability
Week 1
3 Practice of Simulation
4 Linear Model of Coregionalization and Cokriging
5 Multiple Variable Modeling Approaches
1 Rock Type Modeling: Indicator Technique
2 Rock Type Modeling II: Locally varying probability, Truncated Gaussian Technique
Week 4
Theory of probability (in its modern form) was formalized in the 1600's
by Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat (Gauss and Bayes were more
recent players)
The foundation for geostatistical techniques was established by people
like Kolmogorov, Weiner, Matern, and Gandin in the early 1900's
Geostatistics was started in the 1960's by Krige and Sichel in South
Africa and Matheron in France. Two of Matheron's first students
(Journel and David) would leave for the USA and Canada and start
new centers of geostatistical research
The application of geostatistical techniques became popular in the
mining industry and meteorology. Now, these techniques are applied
in many diverse applications from fisheries, forestry, environmental
remediation, and so on
Centers for research are numerous, including Stanford, Fountainbleau,
and others such as the University of Alberta
Advantages of Geostatistics
Practicality / consistency with data the best approach to model the
spatial distribution of mineral grades
Repeatability / audit-trail
Easy to merge incremental data (provided the conceptual model does
not change)
3-D models lead to better mineral inventories / reserves than set of 2-D
interpretations
Better modeling of variability:
no need for pseudo data
controllable degree of spatial variability
estimates of recoverable reserves are more reliable
Framework to integrate data:
geological interpretation
hard and soft data
data representing different measurement supports
Assessment of uncertainty in process performance due to uncertainty
in geological model
Rock Type 1
Rock Type 2
Rock Type 3
Rock Type 4
Rock Type 5
Rock Type 6
Mine
Plan
Distribution of
Multiple stochastic models possible responses
The specific process employed for 3-D model building will depend on the
data available, the time available, the type of deposit, and the skills of
the people available. In general, the following major steps are required:
1. Determine the areal and vertical extent of the model and the geological
modeling cell size
2. Establish a conceptual geological model and define zones for modeling
3. For each zone:
1. Define coordinates transformation (e.g. unfolding)
2. Define the number of rock types, the data, and the spatial correlation
3. Generate 3-D rock type model
4. Establish grade values for the different variables and the spatial
correlation
5. Generate 3-D grade models
6. Merge and translate back to real coordinates
4. Verify the model
5. Combine zones into a single model
Software
Introduction to GSLIB
Programs in GSLIB
GSLIB Preliminaries
CCGLIB
Kriging:
1,2 or 3-D grid kriging, cross validation, jackknifing
SK, OK, UK, kriging with external drift
cokriging
indicator kriging
Stochastic Simulation:
Gaussian methods (LU matrix method, sequential)
Indicator methods (cosimulation, Markov Bayes)
Boolean simulation
Simulated annealing
P-field simulation
GSLIB Preliminaries
Input/Output files are ASCII flat files compatible with Geo-EAS and the
Geostatistical Toolbox:
}
Xlocation
Ylocation
Column names
ATTRIBUTE
COVARIATE
}
28.5 23.5 3.852 1.003
30.5 45.5 5.543 1.772
Space/Tab delimited data
22.5 18.5 .102 .327
49.5 35.5 4.548 2.833
Notation
Differentiation
Integration
Summation
Matrix
Derivatives
Consider f(x)=x2
then
n
Linear Sum: Y = a1 z1 + a2 z2 + + an zn = a z
=1
Linear property of expected value:
E{Y } = E a z = a E{z }
n n
=1 =1
Quadratic form:
2
n n
Y 2 = a z = a a z z
n
=1 =1 =1
e.g.
n=1 :
(a1 z1 )2 = a1a1 z1 z1
n=2 :
(a1 z1 + a2 z2 )2 = a12 z12
+ a1a2 z1 z 2 + a2 a1 z 2 z1 + a22 z 22
=1 =2
Expected value of : Y2
E{Y 2 } = E a a z z = a a E z z
Differentiation of a sum:
Y n
=
a0 a0
a z
= z0
=1
Y 2
a a z z = 2 z0 a z
=
a 0 a 0
a b e ae + bf
c d f = ce + df
(2 x 2)(2 x 1) = 2 x 1
Order matters in matrix multiplication:
a b
[e f ] = [ ea + fc eb + fd ]
c d (1 x 2)(2 x 2) = 1 x 2
Matrix Algebra
a b e
Short form notation
X= A=
& c d f
Matrix Transpose
a c
XT = AT = [e f]
b d
Matrix multiplication:
a b e a b
c d f = XA [e f ] = AT X
c d