GKTHSVT

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
Ging vin: Ng Thu Trang

E-mail: ntttrang@ptit.edu.vn
B mn: Thng tin quang - Khoa VT1
Hc k: I/ 2009-2010
BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GII THIU MN HC
Thi lng mn hc:
4VHT (48LT + 2KT + 10TH)
M hc phn: 411GKS360
Mc tiu:
Nm c kin thc c bn v tn hiu; cch thc tn hiu s c
ghp knh v truyn i trong mng; v cc gii php bo v ca
mng duy tr kt ni
Ni dung:
Chng 1: Mt s khi nim c bn trong truyn dn tn hiu
Chng 2: Ghp knh PCM, PDH v SDH
Chng 3: Cc gii php duy tr mng
Chng 4: Cc phng thc truyn ti s liu
www.ptit.edu.vn GING VIN: NG THU TRANG Trang 2

B MN: THNG TIN QUANG - KHOA VT1
BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GII THIU MN HC
Ti liu tham kho:
Cao Phn, Cao Hng Sn, Ghp knh PDH v SDH, Bi ging
HVCNBCVT
Bi Trung Hiu, H thng truyn dn ng b s SDH, NXB Bu
in, 2001
P. Tomsu, C. Schmutzer, Next Generation Optical Networks,
Prentice Hall, 2002
Stefano Begni, Synchronization of Digital Telecommunications
Network, John Wiley&Sons, 2002
EURESCOM Project P918, Integration of IP over Optical Networks:
Networking and Management, Deliverable 1, 2, 3, 2000
ITU-T Recommendation G.7041/Y.1303, Generic Framing
Procedure, 2002
ITU-T Recommendation G.707/Y.1322, Network Node Interface for
SDH, 2002

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GII THIU MN HC
Ti liu tham kho:
ITU-T Recommendation G.7042/Y.1305, Link Capacity Adjustment
Scheme (LCAS) for Virtual Concatenated Signals, 2001
ITU-T Recommendation X.85/Y.1321, IP over SDH using LAPS,
2000
ITU-T Recommendation X.86, Ethernet over LAPS, 2001
nh gi:
Chuyn cn: 10%
Kim tra: 10%
Thc hnh: 20%
Thi kt thc: 60%

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
CHNG 1
MT S KHI NIM C BN
TRONG TRUYN DN
TN HIU S

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
NHP MN GHP KNH TN HIU S

Khi nim ghp knh (Multiplexing)
Thut ng ghp knh: ch qu trnh kt hp hay t hp nhiu tn hiu li
vo (c tc bit thp) to nn mt tn hiu li ra (c tc bit cao hn)
iu kin n knh: Ti mt thi im, mi trng truyn dn ch cho php
duy nht mt knh truyn/tn hiu truyn qua
Trong trng hp nhiu knh truyn cng chia s mt mi trng truyn
dn: khi ti nguyn ca mi trng truyn s phi chia nh, mi knh
truyn s c chia mt phn ti nguyn
Ti nguyn ca mi trng truyn dn: thi gian, tn s, m, khng gian
Mc tiu ca ghp knh:
Tng hiu sut s dng mi trng truyn dn tng dung lng truyn
dn ca h thng

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
NHP MN GHP KNH TN HIU S

Cc k thut ghp knh:
TDM Time Division Multiplexing
Synchronous TDM
Statistical TDM
FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing
OFDM: Orthogonal FDM
WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing: FDM in optical
domain
CDM Code Division Multiplexing

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PHN CHIA THEO TN S (1)

Khi nim:
Bng thng h thng c chia thnh nhiu bng thng nh hn,
khng chng ln ln nhau; mi bng tn nh ny c gn cho mi
ngi dng hay mt tn hiu
Thit b
B ghp knh pha pht: ghp cc tn hiu vi tn s khc nhau
(nm trong di bng tn h thng) thnh tn hiu tng truyn i
B tch knh pha thu: tch tn hiu tng thnh cc tn hiu c tn
s khc nhau ph hp vi pha pht

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PHN CHIA THEO TN S (2)

FDM thch hp cho tn hiu tng t chu nhiu ln
Cc h thng ng dng FDM: pht thanh truyn hnh, truyn hnh cp,
h thng in thoi di ng,
B lc B iu B lc B lc B gii B lc
thp ch bng bng iu ch thp
f1 f1
thp ch bng iu ch thp
bng
f2 f2
thp ch bng bng iu ch thp
fN fN

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PHN CHIA THEO BC SNG (1)

Khi nim:
FDM trong min quang
Ghp cc bc sng khc nhau truyn i trn mt si quang
Tn s sng mang rt ln so vi tn s trong FDM thng thng
Phn loi:
CWDM
DWDM

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PHN CHIA THEO BC SNG (2)
Bc sng hot ng
S khi h thng WDM

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PHN CHIA THEO THI GIAN (1)

Khi nim:
Thi gian truyn dn c chia thnh cc khe thi gian u nhau,
mi ngi dng hay tn hiu c gn mt khe thi gian truyn
i
TDM tn hiu s v TDM tn hiu tng t
c im
Ti u cho tn hiu s
TDM cho php mi knh
truyn c s dng ton
b bng thng h thng
Phn loi
TDM ng b
TDM thng k

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S

TDM ng b
K thut TDM ra i u tin
c im
Kiu ghp: round robin
ng b v mt thi gian: khng
cn cc bit ph
Cc knh TH u vo c tc
nh nhau.
Cc knh TH khng cng tc :
s dng b m hoc b ghp c
nhiu ln lin tip knh TH tc
cao
Ti thi im: knh TH khng c
d liu: dnh khe thi gian
ng dng: Tn hiu thoi T1,
ISDN,
BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S

TDM thng k
c im
Truyn dn ch nhng knh c d liu, ti thi im knh no khng c d liu
th khe thi gian s c dng cho knh khc cn thm cc bit ph
Tc cc knh TH n c th khc nhau
B ghp knh
To ra cu trc khung ph hp c th tch tn hiu pha thu

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S

TDM thng k
phn bit d liu t cc knh khc nhau, cn thm cc byte a
ch
Nu d liu n t cc knh c ln khc nhau, cn thm cc

byte xc nh ln d liu
Cu trc khung hon chnh ca tn hiu TDM thng k

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
S khi TDM tn hiu s

B lc B lc
thp thp
1 1
Cc bit bo Bo hiu
hiu B lc
B lc thp
thp Mi trng 2
2 B m To truyn dn Ti to B gii

ho khung khung m
B lc
B lc thp
3
3 thp To
xung B lc
B lc Tch B to
B T m ng thp
4 thp xung xung 4
b khung
. h B phn
Tn hiu B chuyn Tn hiu
phi
analog mch analog

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S

S khi h thng TDM tn hiu tng t
Tn hiu Tn hiu
analog B lc B lc analog
thng thng
1 B chuyn B phn 1
thp thp
mch phi
B lc B lc
thng thng
2 Mi 2
thp trng thp
truyn dn
B lc B lc
thng thng
3 3
thp thp
B lc Pht Thu B lc
thng xung xung thng
4 B 4
thp B thp

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PHN CHIA THEO M (1)

Khi nim
Mi ngi dng hay tn hiu c gn mt t m
trong khng gian m trc giao cho trc, sau
cc knh tn hiu c ghp li v truyn i
c im
Mi knh tn hiu c s dng ton b bng thng
ca h thng v ton b khung thi gian truyn dn
B ghp v gii ghp phc tp

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S

S b pht CDMA

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S

S b thu CDMA

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
K thut
u im Nhc im
ghp knh
-n gin
-Ch ph hp vi
-Gi thnh thp
TH tng t
FDM -ng dng: radio, (cable)TV
-Chu gii hn v
-Cc b thu ca tng knh khng nht thit phi bng thng
cng v tr (cellular phones)
-ng dng cho TH s
TDM ng - Lng ph bng
-n gin
b thng
-ng dng: E1/T1, ISDN
-S dng hiu qu bng thng
TDM thng - Phc tp hn so
- di gi d liu c th thay i
k vi TDM ng b
-Khung d liu c cc bit ph: iu khin, sa li,
-t dung lng ghp knh rt ln -t

DWDM
-Cc knh TH c th c tc khc nhau -Phc tp
CDMA -t dung lng ln - Phc tp

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
S HA TN HIU ANALOG (1)

nh ngha:
Chuyn i tn hiu tng t thnh tn hiu s
Phng php:
iu ch xung m PCM
iu ch xung m vi sai DPCM
iu ch Delta DM
Chuyn i A/D:
Ly mu, lng t ha, m ha
Chuyn i D/A:
Gii m v lc

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
S HA TN HIU ANALOG (2)

Tn hiu tng t:
C v hn cc gi tr trong mt
khong bin nht nh
Lin tc v thi gian
Tn hiu ri rc:
Tn hiu ri rc v thi gian
hoc bin
Tn hiu s:
C mt s gii hn cc gi tr
trong mt khong bin nht
nh
Ri rc v thi gian

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
PULSE CODE MODULATION

S khi h thng iu ch PCM
B B B gii B
B lng V m m - lc
PAM
ly t ho - dn thng
ng Tn
Tn mu ha nn truyn s thp
hiu hiu
s
analog analog
Lng t ha khng u
Chuyn Chuyn
i A/D i D/A

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
LY MU (1)
Chuyn i tn hiu tng t S(t) Xung ly
thnh dy xung iu bin - mu
PAM (tn hiu ri rc v mt thi
Tn hiu analog
gian)
Yu cu: Chu k ly mu phi
tha mn nh l Nyquist
t
Tmax1/2fmax
Tm
nh l Shannon Nyquist:
Mt tn hiu c di tn gii ni l B(Hz) (tn hiu m bin i Fourier ca n
u bng 0 vi ||>2B hay f>B) c xc nh mt cch duy nht bi cc
gi tr ca n ly ti cc khong cch u nhau b hn 1/2B giy.
Mt tn hiu c di tn gii ni l B(Hz) c th c thit lp li t cc mu
ca n ly u n vi tc khng t hn 2B mu trn mt giy.
TS=1/2B giy: khong Nyquist
2B mu/s: tc ly mu Nyquist

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
LY MU (2)
Hin tng chng ph - Aliasing error

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
LNG T HA (1)
nh ngha:
Lm trn bin xung ly mu ti mt mc lng t gn
nht (bng mt s nguyn ln cc bc lng t)
Mc ch:
Ri rc ha tn hiu v mt bin
Phng php:
Lng t ha u:
Chia bin tn hiu thnh cc khong u nhau (cc mc lng t
ha c bin cch u nhau) bc lng t ha u
Lng t ha khng u:
Chia bin tn hiu thnh cc khong khng u nhau theo mt qui
lut nht nh (cc mc lng t ha c bin cch khng u nhau)

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
LNG T HA (2)
Lng t ha u: 2a
Bc lng t ha
Q: s lng mc lng t
Q
a: bin xung ly mu
S(t)
Mo lng t Xung lng
7 t
/ 2 6
- Bc lng t
WLT a da
2
P MLT a 5 u
/ 2 4 Tn hiu analog
3
2 Mc lng t
1
0 t
Tm

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
LNG T HA (3)
Lng t ha khng u:
Qui lut lng t:
Bin xung ly mu cng ln th di bc lng t cng ln
S(t) Xung lng t
7
i - Bc lng t khng u
6
5 Tn hiu analog
4
3 Mc lng t
2
1 t
0
Tm

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
M HA
Mc ch:
M ha mi xung ly mu thnh mt t m c s lng bit t
nht
M c s L:
L cng ln, s lng bit m ha cho mt xung ly mu cng
nh
Thc hin quyt nh bit pha thu kh
M c s 2 (L=2):
S lng bit m ha cho mt xung l ln nht
Thc hin quyt nh bit pha thu d dng, c chnh xc
cao
c s dng ch yu
BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
NGU NHIN HA TN HIU (1)

Khi nim:
Xo trn tn hiu hin c (mt tnh ngu nhin) thnh mt dy
tn hiu c tnh ngu nhin
V d: tn hiu pht gm mt dy bit 1 hay bit 0 lin tip hoc
mt t hp t m c truyn i lin tc mt tnh ngu
nhin
Phng php thc hin:
Thit k b ngu nhin ha (b trn) pha pht: s dng b
ghi dch phn hi m
Thit k b kh ngu nhin ha (b gii trn) pha thu: s
dng b ghi dch phn hi dng

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S

B ngu nhin ha:
Phng trnh:
x-1 B ghi dch
x-1 phn hi
T=S D3T D5T

x-1
T=S (D3 D5)T B cng
mun 2 x-1
x-1

S liu vo S S liu ra T

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S

B kh ngu nhin ha:
Phng trnh:
B ghi dch x-1
phn hi x-1
T (D3 D5)T=S

x-1
t D3 D5 =F x1 B cng
mun 2
x-1
T=S FT S liu vo
T
S liu ra S
Khi phc ng h

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S

V d 1: V d 2:
S = 10100000111. Tm T? S=
Tr li: 111000111001
T = SFT = SF(SFT) = SFSF2T = T = S (D2
SFSF2SF3T D5)T
F = D3 D5 Yu cu:
F2 = (D3 D5)(D3 D5) = D6D10 Tm T
F3 =(D3 D5)(D6D10) = D9 D11 D13 Xc nh b kh
D15 ngu nhin ha
F4 = Tm S
T = S(1 D3 D5 D6 D9 D10 D11)
T = 10110011000
BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
VN NG B TRONG VIN THNG

Khi nim:
Qu trnh ng b hot ng ca cc thit b khc nhau hoc tin trnh ca
cc qu trnh khc nhau bng cch ng chnh thang thi gian ca
chng c gi l ng b.
ng b trong vin thng:
ng b sng mang: cu trc li sng mang
ng b k hiu: khi phc thi im quyt nh
ng b khung: khi phc trt t cc bit trong khung
ng b gi: thng tin c phn thnh cc gi truyn theo cc ng
khc nhau, ng b gi tc l khi phc li thng tin t cc gi thu c
ng b mng: hot ng ca mt node trong mng s phi ng b vi
cc node khc trong mng v lung d liu n
ng b ng h thi gian thc: phn phi thi gian tuyt i (thi gian theo chun quc
gia) c lin quan n mc ch qun l mng
ng b a phng tin (multi-media): sp xp cc phn t hn n (hnh
nh, vn bn, audio, video,) thnh thng tin a phng tin

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
CHNG 2
GHP KNH PCM,
PDH, SDH

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PCM (1)

Mc ch:
Ghp cc knh thoi thnh mt lung s chun ha
K thut ghp knh:
TDM ng b
Nguyn l hot ng:
Chuyn i tn hiu thoi tng t ti mi my u cui dng
tng t thnh tn hiu s s dng lng t ha khng u, sau
ghp li thnh lung s tc cao
Phn loi:
N: s lng knh thoi c ghp
N=30: tiu chun chu u, lung s E1; b nn A
N=24: tiu chun Bc M, lung s T1; b nn

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PCM (2)

S khi b ghp knh PCM
LPF LM MH-NS Ghp Lp m u ra
knh ng
TX B
1 S1
1
B TX pht
LPF CXK N
X l bo
hiu
LPF LM
N
B TX thu
N 1
SN
CXK Tch knh Gii m u vo

LPF GM-DS
ng

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PCM (3)

Cu trc khung v a khung PCM-30
TK = 125 s 16 = 2 ms
a khung
Fo F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 F13 F14 F15
TK = 125 s
Khung TS0 TS1 TS2 TS15 TS16 TS17 TS29 TS30 TS31
A= 0 -c ng b khung
A = 1- mt ng b khung
Cc khung chn Khung
Khung F
F00 Si - s dng cho quc t
Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 00 x Y x x Sn, x- s dng cho quc gia
Khung F1 F15 Y= 0- c ng b a khung
Cc khung l Y= 1- mt ng b a khung
Si 1 A Sn Sn Sn Sn Sn a b c d a b c d abcd - 4 bit bo hiu

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PCM (4)

Cu trc khung v a khung PCM 30:
Tc bit:
V=8bit/TS*32TS/khung*8.103khung/s=2048Kb/s
M t:
a khung gm 16 khung
Mi khung gm 32 TS: cha 30 knh thoi v 1 knh ng b, 1 knh
bo hiu
Khe TS0 ca:
Cc khung chn: bit Si dng cho quc t v t m ng b khung
Cc khung l: bit Si dng cho quc t, bit th 2 lung t bng 1, bit th 3
dng cho cnh bo xa khi mt ng b khung, 5 bit cn li dng cho quc
gia
Khe TS16 ca:
Khung F0: 4 bit u tin l t m ng b a khung, bit th 6 dng cho
cnh bo xa khi mt ng b a khung, cc bit cn li dng cho quc gia
Khung F1-F15: 4 bit u truyn bo hiu ca cc knh 1 n knh 15; 4 bit
cui truyn bo hiu ca cc knh 16 n 30

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PCM (5)

Cu trc khung v a khung PCM 24:
TK = 125s 24 = 3 ms
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 F13 F14 F15 F16 F17 F18 F19 F20 F21 F22 F23 F24
m m m m m m m m m m m m
e5 e6
e1 0 e2 0 e3 1 e4 0 1 1
A B C D

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PCM (6)

Cu trc khung PCM 24
M t:
Mi khung gm 24 TS cha 24 knh thoi v 1 bit c
Tc bit:
V=(8bit/TS*24TS/khung+1)*8.103khung/s=1544Kb/s
Cu trc a khung 24 khung
a khung gm 12 khung hoc 24 khung
a khung 24 khung:
Bit F cc khung F4, F8, F12, F16, F20, F24: to t m ng b a khung
001011
Bit F cc khung F2, F6, F10, F14, F18, F22: to m CRC-6
Bit F cc khung cn li: dng cho ng b khung v cnh bo mt ng b
khung
Khung F6, F12, F18, F24: bit th 8 ca tt c cc TS c s dng truyn
bo hiu

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PCM (7)

Cu trc a khung 12 khung:
TK = 125s 12 = 1,5 ms
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12
m m m m m m m
e1 e2 e3
0 0 1
A B
Bit F cc khung chn: to t m ng b a khung 00111 v
bit S cnh bo mt ng b a khung
Bit F cc khung l: to t m ng b khung 101010
Khung F6 v F12: bit th 8 ca tt c cc TS c s dng
truyn bo hiu

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PCM (8)

Nn dn tn hiu:
Lng t ha khng u p dng cho tn hiu thoi
Khi nim:
Thc hin lng t ha u ton b bin ca tn hiu i hi
s lng mc lng t ha ln -> s lng bit m ha ln.
a ra qui lut lng t ha khng u: nn bin tn hiu v
cc gi tr nh hn gim s lng mc lng t ha
pha pht c b nn c t trc b m ha th pha thu
phi c b dn t trc b gii m
Tn hiu u vo, u ra ca b nn v b dn u l tn hiu
analog b nn dn analog: s dng cc phn t phi tuyn
Tn hiu u vo, u ra ca b nn v b dn u l tn hiu s
b nn dn s: s dng cc vi mch

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PCM (9)

Nn dn analog: Ax 1
khi 0 x
c tnh bin : y 1 ln A A
Lut A: 1 ln Ax khi 1 x 1
1 ln A A
Lut : ln( 1 x )
y khi 0 x 1
ln( 1 )
Trong : x=Vin/Vmax; Vmax: in p vo ng vi im bo ha ca c
tnh bin b nn
Vin: in p vo (bin thin t 02048; : mc lng t ha u)
c im b nn:
S lng mc lng t gim t 2048 xung cn 128 mc
Lng t ha khng u: bin mc lng t tng khi bin tn
hiu tng

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PCM (10)

Cu to b nn dn analog:
Hot ng ca b nn:
Tn hiu vo b mt trong
hai diode m t (in tr ln)
tn hiu r mch t suy
hao b nn b
Tn hiu vo tng in tr
thun diode gim suy hao
b nn ln bin vo
cng ln s b nn nhiu
Hnh trn: b nn
Hnh di: b dn

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PCM (11)

Nn dn s:
Vra
Da trn biu thc ton hc ca b nn analog theo tiu chun
128
chu u, b nn A=87,6/13
112 VII
VI
96
V
80
IV
64
III
48
II
32
I
16
0
0
256 512 1024 2048 Vvo
128
64
32
16

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PCM (12)

c im ca c tnh bin :
Hnh v c tnh bin th hin cho nhnh dng, nhnh m i
xng qua gc ta
Bin chia thnh 13 on:
Mi nhnh c 8 on, on I v on II c cng bc lng t ha v
c cng dc c ghp li thnh mt on cn 7 on
Hai on bt u t gc ta c cng dc v cng bc lng t
ha ghp thnh 1 on
Trong mi on c lng t ha u vi 16 mc lng t ha
S dng mt bit b1 m ha du ca gi tr bin (bin
mang gi tr m v dng)
Vic m ha bin tn hiu ch cn quan tm n gi tr tuyt i

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PCM (13)

Lng t ha trong on:
Mi on c chia thnh 16 mc lng t ha vi bc
lng t ha u nhau, nh s t 0 n 15
Bc lng t ha ca cc on khc nhau l khc nhau,
bc lng t ha ca on sau ln hn gp i bc
lng t ha ca on trc lin klng t ha khng
u
So snh bc lng t ha u v khng u n:
n = (V2n-V1n)/16
Trong : n l ch s th t on t 0 n 7
V2n,V1n: gi tr in p ti u on v cui on th n
BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PCM (14)

M ha nn s:
Th t on S lng bc
Xung ly mu VPAM c lng t u
chuyn thnh t m 8 bit
0 16
Bit b1: ch th du ca gi
tr bin on I 16
Bit b2b3b4: m ha on II 32
Bit b5b6b7b8: m ha mc III 64
lng t trong on
IV 128
V 256
VI 512
VII 1024
BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PCM (15)

M ha on: Th t on T m on
S dng ba bit b2b3b4 b2 b3 b4
nh s th t cc
0 000
on t 0 n 7 trong
nhnh dng I 001
II 010
III 011
IV 100
V 101
VI 110
VII 111
BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
T M CC BC
TT bc b5 b6 b7 b8 TT bc b5 b6 b7 b8
0 0000 8 1000
1 0001 9 1001
2 0010 10 1010
3 0011 11 1011
4 0100 12 1100
5 0101 13 1101
6 0110 14 1110
7 0111 15 1111

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
CC NGUN IN P CHUN
Th t M on in p mu chn bc trong on in p mu
on b2 b3 b4 b8 b7 b6 b5 u on
0 000 2 4 8 0
I 001 2 4 8 16
II 010 2 4 8 16 32
III 011 4 8 16 32 64
IV 100 8 16 32 64 128
V 101 16 32 64 128 256
VI 110 32 64 128 256 512
VII 111 64 128 256 512 1024

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PCM (16)

Quy trnh m ha:
So snh gi tr bin xung lng t cha nn vi ngun
in p mu xc nh gi tr cc bit
Xc nh gi tr cc bit trong t m theo ln lt: bit b1 trc
(bit du), n cc bit b2b3b4 (chn on), cui cng l cc bit
b5b6b7b8 (chn bc lng t ha)
Bc 1: Chn bit du b1
VPAM0 th b1=1; VPAM<0 th b1=0

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PCM (17)

Bc 2: Chn on (b2b3b4)
Xc nh b2:
Xc nh b3: 2 trng hp
Trng hp 1: b2=1
Trng hp 2: b2=0
Xc nh b4: 4 trng hp
Trng hp 1: b2b3=00
Trng hp 2: b2b3=01
Trng hp 3: b2b3=10
Trng hp 4: b2b3=11

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PCM (18)

Bc 3: Chn bc trong on (b5b6b7b8)
Xc nh b5:
VPAM Vm1 th b5=1; VPAM Vm1 th b5=0,
trong Vm1= Vm + Vm(b5)
Xc nh b6:
trong Vm1= Vm + Vm(b6) + Vm(b5=1)
Xc nh b7:
trong Vm1= Vm + Vm(b7) + Vm(b6=1) + Vm(b5=1)
Xc nh b8:
trong Vm1=Vm+Vm(b8)+Vm(b7=1)+Vm(b6=1)+Vm(b5=1)

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
S KHI B M HA NN S

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
S KHI B GII M DN S

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PCM (19)

V d 1:
u vo b m ha nn s c mt xung ly mu c bin
tng i x=0,26. Xc nh gi tr 8 bit u ra.
V d 2:
u vo b m ha nn s c mt xung lng t VPAM=-
1898. Xc nh gi tr 8 bit u ra.
V d 3:
C t m 8 bit: 11001010. Xc nh gi tr xung lng t u
ra.

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PDH (1)

PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
Khi nim:
Ghp knh PDH thc hin ghp cc lung s c s to
thnh cc lung s mc cao hn theo k thut ghp TDM
Mng thng tin PDH khng s dng ng b tp trung, tt c
cc phn t trong mng khng b khng ch bi mt ng h
ch
Cc lung s do cc phn t trong mng to ra c s chnh
lch v tc bit so vi tc danh nh

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PDH (2)

S nguyn l b ghp PDH

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PDH (3)

Cc tiu chun tc bit PDH
Tiu chun Chu u, Bc M, Nht Bn
CEPT
E1 E2 E3 E4 E5
2048 4 8448 4 34368 4 139264 4 564992
kbit/s kbit/s kbit/s kbit/s kbit/s
ITU-T
ITU-T
32064 3 97728 4 400352

5 kbit/s kbit/s kbit/s Nht Bn
1544 4 6312
kbit/s kbit/s
44736 274176 560160
T1 T2 7 Bc M
kbit/s 6 kbit/s 2 kbit/s
T3 T4 T5

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PDH (4)

K thut ghp xen bit
E1# 1 t
E1# 2
t
E1# 3
t
E1# 4
t
XB t
T = 125s
Tkhung2/8
E2
t

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PDH (5)

S khi b ghp PDH
1a

Lung nhnh 1 Tch H ES
fG1 f1
B so
pha _
+ Khi iu 1b Khi
khin chn ghp
2a xen
2b
Lung nhnh 2 bit
3a
3b
Lung nhnh 3
4a
4b
Lung nhnh 4
1 2 3 4
Khi
TX TX B

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PDH (6)

Hin tng trt bit:
Tn s ng h tch t lung bit n khc tn s ng h ni
ti b ghp knh
c khng (gim) c thm (tng)
Lung vo
b nh t
ng h ni ti
t t
Lung u ra
b nh t t
a) Thiu bit b) Tha bit
a) Tn s ng h ni ti ln hn tn s lung vo
b) Tn s ng h ni ti nh hn tn s lung vo

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PDH (7)

K thut chn trong PDH:
Khi nim:
iu khin c hin tng trt bit trong ghp knh PDH
Phn loi:
Chn m:
Tn s ng h ghi ln hn tn s ng h c; hay chu k ng h ghi b hn chu k
ng h c -> ti mt thi im ghi c hai bit thng tin.
Mt bit s c ghi vo mt v tr khc c qui nh trong khung
Ch th chn m l 000
Chn dng:
Tn s ng h ghi nh hn tn s ng h c; hay chu k ng h ghi ln hn chu
k ng h c -> ti mt thi im ghi s khng c bit thng tin no hay tn ti mt v
tr b trng.
Mt bit mang thng tin gi s c ghi vo v tr b trng ny
Ch th chn m l 111
Khng chn:
Tn s ng h ghi bng tn s ng h c
Trong ghp knh PDH ch c chn dng

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PDH (8)

Cu trc khung b ghp 2/8

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PDH (9)


BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PDH (10)

Cu trc khung b ghp 8/34:

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PDH (11)


BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PDH (12)


BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PDH (13)


BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PDH (14)

T m ng b khung FAS (Frame Alignment Signal)

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PDH (15)

iu kin khi phc ng b khung
Tc bit S khung S khung lin tip khi S a khung S a khung lin
(Kb/s) lin tip phc c FAS lin tip mt tip khi phc
mt FAS MFAS c MFAS
2048 3 hoc 4 FAS c trong khung 2 Pht hin bit 5
chn, khng c trong khung trong TS16 thuc
l khung F0 bng 1
FAS xut hin tip trong
khung sau
8448 4 Sau 1 FAS ng
34368 4 3
139264 4 3
564992 4 3

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PDH (16)

Vn ng b
Do h thng PDH khng hon ton ng b nn b ghp cho php iu
chnh s ng b v thi gian v tc bit t c tc danh nh
Vn ny xy ra khi ghp cc lung s bc cao DS2, DS3, DS4, DS5
trnh li, cc b ghp bc cao c c ch b li nhng sai khc tc
thc hin chn

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PDH (17)

Cc tiu chun chn
Nu nh cc lung nhnh c ng b hon ton th xc sut s dng

cc bit chn R l 50%
Khi , b ghp s thit lp cc bit iu khin chn ca lung nhnh tng
ng ln mc 1 (VD: lung nhnh th 2 cn chn th cc bit J21,J22,J23=1
v R2=1)
Pha thu, da vo tiu chun chn xc nh cc bit R c mang thng tin
hay khng khi phc d liu

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PDH (18)

C ch iu khin chn
J41,J42,J43=1hoc 0 ty vo bit chn th 4 mang thng tin lung nhnh hay khng
Bit iu khin th j ca lung nhnh th i

i=1,2,3,4 (4 lung nhnh)
j=1,2,3 (8/34 Mb/s)
j=1,2,3,4,5 (140 Mb/s)
Bit Jik=1 nu Ri l bit chn, khng mang thng tin
Bit Jik=0 nu Ri l bit mang thng tin lung nhnh
Nu cc bit Jik=0/1 th vic quyt nh phi da vo vic m xem s lng bit Jik xut
hin vi gi tr no nhiu hn
Tc bit chn ln nht: DS2: 9962,264b/s; DS3: 22375,0b/s; DS4: 47562,842b/s

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PDH (19)

Cnh bo:
Lung 2Mb/s:
Power fault, lost of signal, lost of frame, coder/decoder fault,
high BER
Lung 8, 34, 140Mb/s:
Lost of signal, lost of frame/ alignment frame signal (where the
frame starts?)

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PDH (20)

Cc bit d tr:
Mc ch chung: ch th xem knh tn hiu ca nh cung cp

mng no
Mang thng tin qun l, gim st, bo dng

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
M NG TRUYN (1)
M ng truyn Line codes
Khi nim:
Trc khi truyn tn hiu s qua mi trng truyn dn phi
chuyn i m tn hiu thnh m hai cc (m ba mc) tha mn
mt s c tnh nht nh ca mi trng truyn dn.
M ng truyn thng l cc xung hai cc gi ngu nhin
Yu cu:
Khng c thnh phn mt chiu
c tnh phn b ph cng sut ca tn hiu gn ging c tnh
hm truyn t ca h thng
Gii tn hp
Bin i c qui lut m bo my thu kim sot c li
S lng cc bit 0 hay bit 1 lin tip khng qu ln
BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
M NG TRUYN (2)
M NRZ v m RZ
M NRZ M khng tr v 0
c im: rng xung bng chu k xung
Qui tc chuyn i:
Bit 1 trong m gc chuyn thnh bit 1 trong m chuyn i
M RZ M tr v 0
c im: rng xung bng na chu k xung
Qui tc chuyn i:

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
M NG TRUYN (3)
M AMI M i du ln lt
Qui tc chuyn i:
Cc bit 1 trong m gc chuyn thnh cc bit 1 v -1 an xen
nhau, c rng xung bng mt na chu k trong m gc
Cc bit 0 gi nguyn
c im:
Khng cha thnh phn mt chiu
Cha gim c s lng bit 0 lin tip
Ch dng trong h thng 2Mb/s

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
M NG TRUYN (4)
M CMI M i du
Qui tc chuyn i:
Bit 1 trong m gc chuyn thnh 11 hoc -1-1 lin tip
Bit 0 trong m gc chuyn thnh -11
Chu k bit trong m CMI gim mt na so vi m gc
c im:
Khng cn bit 0 lin tip
rng ph tng
Cn c gi l m 1B2T (mt bit m hai mc c thay th
bi 2 bit m ba mc)
Dng cho h thng 140Mb/s v STM1-E

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
M NG TRUYN (5)
M HDB-3
Qui tc chuyn i:
Cc bit 1 trong m gc chuyn thnh cc bit 10 hoc -10 lin tip (
rng xung gim i mt na)
Dy 3 bit 0 lin tip tr xung trong m gc vn gi nguyn
Dy 4 bit 0 lin tip th chia thnh nhm 4 bit 0 v chuyn i nh sau:
0000A00V: bit 1 ng trc nhm 4 bit 0 cng du vi bit V ng trc
gn nht
0000000V: bit 1 ng trc dy 4 bit 0 tri du vi bit V ng trc gn
nht
A: bit tri du vi bit trc n
V: bit cng du vi bit trc n vi phm qui tc an du
c im:
Gim s bit 0 lin tip mt xung dng cao
Khng cha thnh phn mt chiu
rng ph tng

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
M NG TRUYN (6)
V d 1

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
M NG TRUYN (7)
V d 2

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH SDH (1)

SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
Khi nim:
Mng vin thng da trn cng ngh SDH c gi l mng SDH ng b
Mi phn t trong mng u s dng chung mt tn hiu ng h c
cung cp bi mt ngun ng h chun quc gia
Tn hiu ng h ny c truyn trn mt mng ring c lp vi mng
truyn cc knh tn hiu

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH SDH (2)

Mt s c im ca cng ngh ghp knh SDH
Thc hin chc nng ghp cc knh c tc thp thnh
lung s tc cao
Cho php truyn ti tn hiu PDH v t bo ATM trn mt
giao din ng b, thng nht
Cho php mang nhiu thng tin qun l, bo dng
D dng tch/ ghp cc tn hiu lung nhnh tc thp t
cc lung tng tc cao v ngc li
Cung cp nhiu cu hnh mng ph hp vi cc yu cu ng
dng c th khc nhau
Cho php nhiu nh cung cp thit b v kt ni lin mng
da trn nhng khuyn ngh do ITU-T ban hnh

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH PDH (3)

Tc bit ca SDH STM-0
Tc bit phn cp SDH OC-1
51,840 Mbps
c 6 mc; c k hiu l
STM Synchronous STM-1
155,520 Mbps
Transmit Module OC-3
Mc 0 t c s dng STM- 4
622,08 Mbps
Cc lung nhnh PDH OC-12
c ghp vo STM gm:
STM- 16
CEPT: 2Mb/s, 8Mb/s, 2488,32 Mbps
34Mb/s v 140Mb/s OC-48
Bc M: 1,5Mb/s, 6Mb/s STM- 64
v 45Mb/s 9953,28 Mbps
OC-192
STM- 256
39813,120 Mbps
OC-768
BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH SDH (4)

S khi tiu chun b ghp SDH
N 1
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 C-4 139,264
Mbps
3
3 1
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3
44,736
1 C-3 Mbps
STM-0 AU-3 VC-3 34,368
Mbps
7
7 1 TU-2 VC-2 C-2 6,312
Mbps
3
TUG-2 TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2,048
Ch thch: Mbps
4
TU-11 VC-11 C-11 1,544
X l con tr Mbps
ng ghp cc lung nhnh PDH chu u
N = 1, 4, 16, 64 v 256

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH SDH (5)

Cu trc khung VC-3 v VC-4
85 ct
P
9 dng O Vng ti trng
H 261 ct
125s P
VC-3 POH O Vng ti trng
9 dng H
125s
VC-4 POH
BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH SDH (6)

Cu trc khung TU-n

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH SDH (7)

Cu trc
a khung
VC-n v
TU-n mc
thp
3/ 4/ 12 ct
9 hng
125 s

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH SDH (8)

Cu trc khung STM-1
Thi hn khung l 125s
S byte trong khung = 9 x 270 = 2430byte
RSTM-1=2430byte/khung x 8bit/byte x 8.10-3s/khung = 155,52 Mbps
270 ct
9 ct 261 ct
RSOH
Hng 4 AU-4 PTR Ti trng 9 hng
MSOH

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH SDH (9)

Nguyn l ghp knh SDH l ghp xen byte

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH SDH (10)

Cu trc khung STM-N
Thi hn khung l 125s
270 ct x N
9 ctxN 261 ct x N
RSOH
Ti trng 9 hng
Hng 4 N x AU-4 PTR
MSOH

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH SDH (11)

Sp xp cc lung 1544 Kbps vo VC-11
V5 V5 V5
RRRRRRIR 10 RRRRIR P1 P0 S1 S2 S3 S4 F R
24 byte 26 byte 24 byte 26 byte 64 Kbps 26 byte

Cc knh 1-24
J2 J2 J2
C1C2 O O O O I R 10OOOOIR P1 P0 S1 S2 S3 S4 F R
24 byte 26 byte 24 byte 26 byte 64 Kbps 26 byte

104 byte 104 byte 104 byte
Cc knh 1-24
500 s N2
500 s N2
500 s N2
C1C2 O O O O I R 10OOOOIR P1 P0 S1S2 S3 S4 F R
24 byte 24 byte 64 Kbps
Cc knh 1-24
K4 K4 K4
C1C2 R R R S1 S2 R 10RRRRIR P1 P0 S1 S2 S3 S4 F R
24 byte 24 byte 64 Kbps
Cc knh 1-24
Sp xp khng ng b Sp xp ng b theo bit Sp xp ng b theo byte

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH SDH (12)

Sp xp lung 2048 Kbps vo VC-12
V5 V5
RRRRRRRR RRRRRRRR
32 byte 35 byte 32 byte 35 byte

RRRRRRRR RRRRRRRR
J2 J2
C1C2 O O O O R R RRRRRRRR
32 byte 35 byte 32 byte 35 byte

140 byte 140 byte
RRRRRRRR RRRRRRRR
500 s 500 s
N2 N2
C1C2 O O O O R R RRRRRRRR
35 byte 35 byte
32 byte 32 byte
RRRRRRRR RRRRRRRR
K4 K4
C1 C2 R R R R R S1 RRRRRRRR
S2 I I I I I I I 35 byte
35 byte 32 byte
31byte
RRRRRRRR RRRRRRRR
Sp xp khng ng b Sp xp ng b theo byte

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH SDH (13)

Ghp VC-4 vo STM-1
C-4(+POH) VC-4(+PTR) AU-4 AUG(+SOH) STM-1
STM-1
RSOH
1 byte 20 khi 13 byte
PTR J1
J1
B3
MSOH C2
G1 9 hng
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
VC-4 POH 13 byte

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH SDH (14) 9 261

RSOH
STM-1
Ghp 3 VC-3 AU-4 PTR
MSOH
VC-4 9 hng
vo STM-1
(AU-4) AUG AU-4 PTR VC-4
C-3 (+POH) 86 3+3 = 261 ct

H1 H1 H1
VC-3 (+PTR) VC-4 P
H2
H3
H2
H3
H2
H3
O S S
3 VC-3
TUG-3 3
H S S S
VC-4 (+PTR) TUG-3 86 ct

H1
AU-4 H2
H3
VC-3
AUG (+SOH) S
85 ct
STM-1 VC-3
P
O C-3 9 hng
H

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH SDH (15)

Ghp 3 VC-3 vo STM-1 (AU-3)
C-3 (+POH) VC-3 (+PTR) AU-3 AUG (+SOH) STM-1

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH SDH (16)

261 ct
N N N 63V
Ghp 63 VC-12 VC-4
P
P
I
P
I I
P
9 hng
O S S S S S S S S
vo STM-1 H
125 s
C-12 (+POH) 3 12 7 + 2 = 86 ct
N
21V
VC-12 (+PTR) TUG- P
I
9 hng
TU-12 3 S S
125 s
TUG-2 12 ct
7
TUG-3 V V V
9 hng
VC-4 (+PTR) TUG-2
AU-4 AUG 125 s
4 ct
(+SOH ) STM-1 3 V
9 hng
TU-12
125 s

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH SDH (17)

Ghp 3TU-12 vo TUG-2, ghp 7TUG-2 vo TUG-3
TU-12#1 TU-12#2 TU-12#3
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
TUG-2 #1 TUG-2 # 7
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 TUG-3 86
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
S S 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH SDH (18)

Ghp 4TU-11 vo TUG-2, ghp 7TUG-2 vo VC-3
TU-11#1 TU-11#2 TU-11#3 TU-11#4
123 123 123 123
TUG-2 #1 TUG-2 # 7
1 30 VC-3 59 86
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
P 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 S S 4 4
O
H 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH SDH (19)

V tr v chc nng ca con tr
V tr:
AU-4 PTR, 3 AU-3 PTR: 9byte, ct 1 9, hng 4 ca khung
AUG
3 TU-3 PTR: 9byte, hng 13, ct 46 ca VC-4
TU-n PTR (n=2, 12, 11): 3byte, ghp vo u khung 1, 2, 3 ca
a khung TU-n tng ng
Chc nng:
ng chnh VC-n trong AUG/ TU-n tng ng
Gi tr con tr ch th v tr byte u tin ca VC-n tng ng
Cc con tr hot ng c lp vi nhau

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH SDH (20)

Cu to ca con tr
AU-4 PTR, AU-3 PTR, TU-3 PTR
AU-4 PTR gm 9byte: H1 Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3
AU-3 PTR, TU-3 PTR gm 3 byte: H1, H2, H3
Y = 1001SS11; SS: ch th con tr (10-PTR bc cao)
1* = 11111111; H3: byte chn m, byte k sau H3: byte chn dng
H1H2 = NNNNSSIDIDIDIDID
NNNN: c s liu mi: ch th s thay i gi tr ca con tr khi c s thay
i ca ti trng;
NNNN = 0110: bnh thng
NNNN = 1001: c s thay i gi tr con tr
Chn dng: 5 bit I o du; Chn m: 5 bit D o du
3 byte chn m
H1 Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3 3 byte chn dng

Y = 1001SS11
"1" = 11111111

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH SDH (21)

Cu to ca con tr
TU-2 PTR, TU-12 PTR, TU-11 PTR
Gm 3 byte: V1, V2, V3, ch th v tr u ca a khung VC-n
(byte V5) trong a khung TU-n
Byte V4 d tr
Cu to ging byte H1, H2, H3
TU-2 PTR: SS=00
TU-12 PTR: SS=01
TU-11 PTR: SS=11
H1/V1 H2/V2
H1/V1 = NNNNSSID
N N N N S S I D I D I D I D I D H2/V2 = IDIDIDID
10 bit gi tr con tr

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH SDH (22)

1 9 10 AUG 270
nh s a ch 1
3 byte chn m
cc nhm byte 3 byte chn dng
ca AUG 4 H1 Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3 0 # # 1 # # 86 # #
AU-4 PTR, AU-3 87 # #
PTR
AUG = 9byte PTR
+ 2349byte ti 9 521 # # 125s
trng
Nhm 3byte c
cng a ch 782 # #
H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3 0##1## 86 # #
S nhm 3 byte 87 # #
2349:3=783
nhm
Gi tr con tr: 0 0
0 782 782 782
BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH SDH (23)

nh s a ch cc nhm byte ca VC-4
TU-3 PTR; gi tr con tr: 0 0 0764 764 764
Vng ti trng ca 3 TU-3 trong VC-4: 9x255=2295 byte
Nhm 3 byte c cng a ch, s nhm 3 byte: 2259:3=765
1 2 3 4 5 6 255 ct 261
H1 H1 H1 595 679
H2 H2 H2 680 764
H3 H3 H3 0## 84 # #
85 # # 169 # #
P 170 # # 254 # # 9 hng
O 255 # # 339 # #
H S S 340 # # 424 # #
425 # # 509 # #
S S S 510 # # 594 # #
H1 H1 H1 595 # # 679 # #
H2 H2 H2 680 # # 764 # #
H3 H3 H3 0 84

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH SDH (24)

nh s a ch cc byte V1
ca a khung TU-n (n=2, 78/105/321 27/36/108 byte
12, 11) 103/139/427
TU-n PTR V2
Mi byte c mt a ch 0
Khi tnh gi tr a ch, 25/34/106

khng m cc byte con V3 Byte chn m
26/35/107 Byte chn dng
tr V1, V2, V3, V4
Gi tr con tr: 51/69/213
TU2-PTR: 0427 V4
52/70/214
TU12-PTR: 0139
TU11-PTR: 0103
77/104/320
500 s

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH SDH (25)

Hot ng ca con tr
Gim st hot ng ca HT ng chnh lch pha gia TH
ghp (VC-n) v khung ghp (AUG/ TU-n,)
Thc hin ng chnh: khi phc s ng b gia cc HT SDH:
chn byte
Chn dng:
Tc khung VC-n chm hn khung ghp AUG/ TU-n: chn cc byte
khng mang thng tin vo v tr cc byte sau byte H3/ V3
Gi tr con tr sau chn dng tng ln 1; Cc bit I trong o du
Chn m:
Tc khung VC-n nhanh hn khung ghp AUG/ TU-n: chn cc byte
mang thng tin vo v tr cc byte H3/ V3
Gi tr con tr sau chn m gim i 1; Cc bit D o du

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH SDH (26)

Hot ng ca con tr (t.t)
Yu cu: ti thiu trong 3 khung ghp lin tip gi tr con
tr khng c thay i qu trnh chn ch c xy
ra cch nhau ti thiu 3 khung
Ch 1: Qu trnh chn khi sp xp cc lung nhnh
PDH vo C-n l do s chnh lch v tc bit gia
ng h HT PDH v HT SDH khng lin quan n
hot ng ca con tr
Ch 2: Qu trnh chn do hot ng ca con tr xy
ra do ng h cc HT SDH cha hon ton khp nhau
gy ra lch tc gia tn hiu ghp v khung ghp

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH SDH (27)

Gi tr con tr (n) 0110100000000111
H1...H2...H3 H3 H3 Bt u VC-4
Khung 1
n-1 n n n n+1
125 s
Gi tr con tr (n) 0110100000000111
H1...H2...H3 H3 H3 Bt u VC-4
Khung 2
n-1 n n n n+1
250 s
Gi tr con tr (o 5 bit I) 1001101010101101
H1...H2...H3 H3 H3 Bt u VC-4
Khung 3
n-1 n n n n+1
Ba byte chn dng
375 s
Gi tr con tr (n+1) 0110100000001000
H1...H2...H3 H3 H3 Bt u VC-4
Khung 4
n-1 n n n n+1
500 s

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH SDH (28)

Gi tr con tr (n) 0110100000000111
H1...H2...H3 H3 H3 Bt u VC-4 Khung 1
n-1 n n n n+1
125 s
Gi tr con tr (n) 0110100000000111
H1...H2...H3 H3 H3 Bt u VC-4 Khung 2

n-1 n n n n+1
250 s
Gi tr con tr (o 5 bit D) 1001100101010010
H1...H2... Khung 3
Bt u VC-4
n-1 n-1 n-1 n n n n+1
Ba byte chn m
375 s
Gi tr con tr (n-1) 0110100000000110
H1...H2...H3 H3 H3 Khung 4
Bt u VC-4
n-1 n-1 n-1 n n n n+1
500 s
BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH SDH (29)

H1 H1 H1 Gi tr con tr (n)
H2 H2 H2
P H3 H3 H3 Bt u VC-3#1 Khung 1
O S S
H n-1 n n n n+1
S S S
0110100000000110
H1 H1 H1 125 s
Gi tr con tr (n)
H2 H2 H2
O S S
H n-1 n n n n+1
S S S
0110100000000110
H1 H1 H1 Gi tr con tr (o cc bit I) 250 s
H2 H2 H2 Byte chn dng ca VC-3#1
P H3 H3 H3 Khung 3
O S S Bt u VC-3#1
H n-1 n n n n+1
S S S
1001101010101101
H1 H1 H1 375 s
Gi tr con tr (n+1)
H2 H2 H2
O S S
H n-1 n n n n+1
S S S
0110100000000111
500 s
BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH SDH (30)

H1 H1 H1 Gi tr con tr (n)
H2 H2 H2
P H3 H3 H3 Bt u VC-3 #1 Khung 1
O S S
H n-1 n-1 n-1 n n n
S S S
0110100000000111
H1 H1 H1 125 s
Gi tr con tr (n)
H2 H2 H2
O S S
H n-1 n-1 n-1 n n n
S S S
0110100000000111
H1 H1 H1 Gi tr con tr (o 5 bit D) 250 s
H2 H2 H2
P H3 H3 Byte chn m Bt u VC-3 #1 Khung 3
O S S
H n-1 n-1 n-1 n n n
S S S
1001100101010010
H1 H1 H1 Gi tr con tr (n-1) 375 s
H2 H2 H2
O S S
H n-1 n-1 n-1 n n n
S S S
0110100000000110
500 s
BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH SDH (31)

X l con tr ti pha thu
Mi lung nhnh c con tr tng ng ch th a ch ca n tch
lung nhnh da vo con tr m khng cn tri qua tt c cc bc
gii ghp ln lt
Trong HT SDH, tn hiu thu c s c chuyn v dng cu trc
khung v gi tr con tr c bin dch sang v tr ta trong khung
Xc nh v tr VC-4 trong AU-4
Gi tr con tr l X, cn xc nh v tr hng H, ct C trong khung
H = round(X,87) + 4
C = remain(X,87)*3
Xc nh v tr TU-3 trong VC-4

TU-3(K,L,M); K=1,2,3; L=0, M=0

H = round(X,85) + 3

C = 4+(K-1)+3*[X-(H-1)*85]
BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH SDH (32)

X l con tr ti pha thu
TU-2(K,L,M); K=1,2,3; L=17, M=0
H = round[remain(X,108),12] + 3
C = 10+(K-1)+3*(L-1)+21*[X-(H-1)*12]
TU-2(K,L,M); K=1,2,3; L=17, M=13
C = 10+(K-1)+3*(L-1)+21*(M-1)+63*[X-(H-1)*4]
TU-3(K,L,M); K=1,2,3; L=17, M=14
C = 10+(K-1)+3*(L-1)+21*(M-1)+84*[X-(H-1)*3]

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
GHP KNH SDH (33)

Chc nng ca phn mo u
Cho php xc nh v to ra cu trc khung SDH (da vo
cc byte ng b khung A1)
Cung cp cc byte cnh bo gim st vic truyn dn d
liu
a ra cc trng thi cnh bo
Cho php thc hin cc hot ng bo dng
Cung cp chc nng nh tuyn (chuyn mch bo v: byte
K1, K2 trong MSOH v K3 trong POH)

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
CHNG 3
CC GII PHP
DUY TR MNG

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
KHI NIM DUY TR MNG

Duy tr mng: khi mng truyn dn xy ra s c th vn c
kh nng tip tc cung cp c dch v (truyn tin vn
thng sut)
Thc t, ch c 99,999% kh nng l duy tr c mng (thi gian
s c < 5 pht/nm)
Mt kt ni gia ngun v ch: gm nhiu node mng v cp: cc
phn t ny c th b hng
m bo duy tr c mng: s dng k thut chuyn
mch bo v
Cc k thut bo v thng cung cp mt s dung lng d tr
trong mng v khi c s c kt ni s c nh tuyn li lu lng
bng cch s dng dung lng d tr ny (cn gi l phc hi)
i vi mng tc cao: yu cu phi t phc hi khi c
s c
BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
CC CU HNH THIT B
PDH SDH
u cui (TE) u cui (TRM)
Xen r (D/I) Xen r (ADM)
Lp (REG) Lp (REG)
Ni cho s (DXC)

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
CC CU HNH THIT B SDH

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
CC CU HNH MNG SDH

T
R
M
T R T
R STM - N STM - N R ADM
M M T / T
R
HUB R
M M
STM-M T
ADM R
(M<N)
M
ADM
ADM
STM-
STM-N
DXC
ADM
DXC DXC
T T
R STM - N STM - N R
STM - N
M ADM ADM M
DXC DXC

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
BO V MNG SDH
Mng SDH c nhiu cu hnh a dng
Nhiu phng thc bo v mng khc nhau
Kh nng bo v mng rt cao
c bit l cu hnh mng vng

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
BO V MNG SDH
Khi xy ra s c th qu trnh chuyn mch bo
v trong mng SDH c thc hin hon ton
t ng
Chuyn mch bo v t ng APS

(APS: Automatic Protection Switching)

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
CC C IM CA CHUYN MCH
BO V (1)
Ch chuyn mch
n hng (Un-direction)
Hai hng (Bi-direction)
Ch hot ng
Tr v (Revertive)
Khng tr v (Non-revertive)
Cc nguyn nhn cn chuyn mch bo v
Li tn hiu (SF: Signal Failure): LOS, LOF, AIS,
Suy gim tn hiu (SD: Signal Degrade)
i phc hi (WTR: Wait To Restore)
Yu cu o chiu (RR: Reverse Request)

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
CC C IM CA CHUYN MCH
BO V (2)
Cc loi lu lng
Lu lng c bo v
Lu lng khng c bo v
Lu lng m rng
Yu cu i vi chuyn mch bo v
Thi gian pht hin li
Thi gian chuyn mch bo v
Phm vi bo v
Phng thc chuyn mch bo v
Phng thc hot ng
Giao thc v thut ton

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
CC C CH BO V T NG APS (1)
C ch APS 1+1
H thng hot ng H thng hot ng
MUX E/O E/O MUX
Chuyn
mch
H thng bo v H thng bo v
MUX E/O E/O MUX
OLTM OLTM
Head End Tail End

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
CC C CH BO V T NG APS (2)
C ch APS 1:N (N1)
PSM H thng hot ng 1 H thng hot ng 1
MUX E/O O/E DMUX
1:N Bus
H thng hot ng N H thng hot ng N
MUX E/O O/E DMUX
H thng bo v H thng bo v
MUX E/O O/E DMUX
PSC OLTM OLTM
Head End Tail End

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
CHUYN MCH BO V TRONG MNG
SDH
Chuyn mch bo v on ghp (MSP)
Chuyn mch bo v tuyn (PPS)
Ch : Thi gian hi phc ca MSP chm hn so vi PPS do cn
x l hai byte K1, K2 trong MSOH

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
ON V TUYN
Tuyn
VC
o
on lp o
on lp o
on lp
Tuyn
o
on gh
ghp
VC
VC VC Container o
(Kt ni POH)
Thit b lp
Cc dch v:
(Kt ni RSOH)
2Mb/s, 34Mb/s, 140Mb/s, Thit b TRM, ADM, DXC
ATM, B-ISDN v cc dch
(Kt ni MSOH)
v khc

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
TN HIU QUN L V BO DNG (1)

Cu trc SOH/ POH trong STM-N

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
TN HIU QUN L V BO DNG (1)

Chuyn mch bo v on ghp MSP
MSOH: K1, K2 Knh CM bo v t ng APS
K1 K2
R R R P ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID Ty S S S
Mc yu cu:
111- CM bt buc Trng thi
Mc u tin Nhn dng P/thc bo v 111 AIS on
110 Mt tn hiu
0 Thp knh 0 1+1 110 RDI
101 Gim cht lng TH
1 Cao 1 1:N xxx CM do suy
100 CM nhn cng
011 i hi phc gim cht lng
Yu cu CM Nhn dng Yu cu CM yyy CM do mt TH
010 Hon thnh CM 0 CM u vng 0 CM u vng
001 Y/c tr li v tr ban u
node
1 CM chng 1 CM chng
000 Ri
Chuyn mch bo v tuyn PPS

POH: K3/V5 Knh CM bo v t ng APS

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
BO V TRONG MNG VNG (1)

Mng vng 2 si n hng chuyn mch bo v tuyn (UPSR-
2F: Unidirectional Path protection Switching Ring 2 Fibers)
B B
A C A C
D D
Bnh thng S c
BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S

Mng vng 2 si n hng chuyn mch bo v on (ULSR-
2F: Unidirectional Line protection Switching Ring 2 Fibers)
B B
A C A C
D D
Bnh thng S c
BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S

Mng vng 2 si song hng chuyn mch bo v on (BLSR-
2F: Bidirectional Line protection Switching Ring 2 Fibers)
A B
F
Cc knh bo v
Cc knh hot ng
E C
D
Bnh thng
BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S

A B
F
Cc knh bo v
Cc knh hot ng
E C
D
S c
BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S

A
F B
E C
D
Bnh thng
BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S

A
F B
E C
D
S c t cp
BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S

Mng a vng
H G O N

F P

Cc

lung

A Ring E nhnh Ring

STM-
STM-1#1 2/34 STM-
STM-
Mbps 1#2
I

B C K L
Bnh thng

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S

Mng a vng
H G O N

P

F

Cc

lung

A Ring E nhnh Ring

STM-
STM-1#1 2/34 STM-
STM-
Mbps 1#2

I

B C K L
S c

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
CHNG 4
CC PHNG THC
TRUYN TI S LIU

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
CC PHNG THC TRUYN TI S LIU (1)

t vn
Cc cng ngh truyn dn trc y thng ti u cho lu lng
thoi v d liu knh c hng (lu lng ch yu)
Lu lng ch yu hin nay l gi d liu (IP) cng ngh truyn
dn cn c s ci tin
Cc dch v cng a dng nn dng lu lng cng a dng hn:
DVB, Fiber Channel, ESCON, FICON,
Ni dung
Truyn ti s liu qua SDH
IP/quang
Cng ngh mng vng th bi (Token Ring) v FDDI
Cng ngh Ethernet
Cng ngh mng vng gi t phc hi RPR

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
TRUYN TI S LIU QUA SDH

IP
DVB
PDH MPLS VLAN
Fibre Chanel
ATM Ethernet
ESCON
FICON
HDLC/PPP/LAPS
GFP-F GFP-T
Kt chui lin k Kt chui o

NG SDH

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
TRUYN TI IP/ QUANG
IP
ATM IP IP
SDH ATM SDH IP
Quang/WDM Quang/WDM Quang/WDM Quang/WDM

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
CNG NGH TOKEN RING V FDDI

Token Ring:
Standard IEEE 802.5 Token Ring
Trc khi truyn i, mi nhm d liu c cp mt th bi
(token=bit sequence)to khung truyn dn
n ni thu, th bi c gii phngxa khung truyn dn
Truyn dn mt chiu trong vng (upstream/ downstream)
Kt ni gia cc node trong vng theo kiu im im
Phng thc truyn dn: round robin
Khng b xung t (no collisions)
S dng hiu qu ti nguyn mng
Thi gian p ng nhanh

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
CNG NGH TOKEN RING V FDDI

FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface
Token Ring cho mng LAN s dng si quang high
performance
Th bi
Tin t SD FC ED
Khung
Tin t SD FC DA SA Trng tin FCS ED FS
Phm vi kim tra li khung

Cc i 4500 octet
SD- Gii hn khi u khung; FC- iu khin khung, 8bit;
DA- a ch ch, 16 hoc 48 bit; SA- a ch ngun, 16 hoc 48 bit;
FCS- Dy kim tra khung, 32 bit; FS- Trng thi khung;
ED- Gii hn cui khung.

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
CNG NGH ETHERNET

Cng ngh chuyn mch gi ng dng cho mng LAN
Bng thng: 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps
Broadcasting cu hnh mng ph bin: bus, star
D liu truyn dn trn mng phi c ng gi theo
chun Ethernet
Khun dng khung Ethernet chung
di thay i t
7 byte 1 byte 6 byte 6 byte 2 byte 46 1500 byte 4 byte
S
u F D_MAC_Addr S_MAC_Addr di/Kiu S liu khch hng MAC FCS
D
64 byte kch c khung 1518 byte

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
CNG NGH MNG VNG GI
T PHC HI (RPR)
Cu hnh vng da trn lp MAC
Standard IEEE 802.17 IP ISP
Backbone
c im c bn: Cable
Resilient
D liu truyn trn vng Applications
Packet
theo hai hng ngc chiu Metro
Ring
Ethernet
nhau v c th tch/ xen ti
(RPR)
tt c cc node Wireless
10 Gbps ASP
Qun l bng thng tt: IP
Backbone
Ti s dng bng thng

Applications
Thut ton cn bng lu lng
C ch phc hi nhanh: (<50ms)
Dch v a dng:
H tr cc dch v tc c nh hoc thay i
Gim tr i vi cc ng dng thi gian thc

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
CNG NGH MNG VNG GI
T PHC HI (RPR)
Cc lp m hnh Cc lp RPR
tham kho OSI Cc lp cao
Giao din dch v

ng dng iu khin tuyn logic (khch hng MAC)
MAC
Trnh din
iu khin MAC
on
Fairness Topology OAM
Truyn ti v bo v
Giao din dch v
Mng Tuyn s liu MAC PHY
Tuyn s liu
Lp vt l
Vt l (SONET/ SDH; ETHERNET)
Mi trng

BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
CNG NGH MNG VNG GI
T PHC HI (RPR)
RPR
Customer
Interfaces 5Gb
Customer
Interfaces RPR
Edge 3
X
Edge 2 Cut
5Gb
10Gb
5Gb
RPR RPR
Edge 1 Working and Protect Edge 4
Customer Paths
Interfaces
10Gb RPR Customer
Interfaces
Ring
10Gb
Fully loaded RPR ring Traffic from Edge 3 to Edge 4

Traffic from Edge 1 to Edge 2 RPR Traffic from Edge 4 to Edge 1
Traffic from Edge 1 to Edge 3 Core 5 What happens after a cut
Traffic from Edge 2 to Edge 3 between Edge 2 and Edge 3
BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
CNG NGH MNG VNG GI
T PHC HI (RPR)
C ch bo v Wrapping
Customer Customer
RPR Interfaces RPR
10Gb Edge 2
Interfaces
Edge 3 X
5Gb X 10Gb Cut
RPR
RPR Cut
Customer
Interfaces
10Gb RPR Paths Customer
Interfaces
Ring
10Gb
5Gb Protect path

RPR
Core 5
5Gb Protect path
BI GING MN
GHP KNH TN HIU S
CNG NGH MNG VNG GI
T PHC HI (RPR)
C ch bo v Steering
Customer Customer
RPR Interfaces RPR
Edge 2
Interfaces
Edge 3 X
RPR
5Gb X 10Gb Cut
RPR
Cut
Customer Paths
Interfaces
10Gb RPR Customer
Interfaces
Ring
10Gb
5Gb Protect path

RPR
Core 5
5Gb Protect path

GKTHSVT

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GHP KNH TN HIU S

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GHP KNH PHN CHIA THEO M (1)

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GHP KNH PHN CHIA THEO M (2)

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GHP KNH PHN CHIA THEO M (3)

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-t dung lng ghp knh rt ln -t

CDMA -t dung lng ln - Phc tp

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S HA TN HIU ANALOG (1)

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S HA TN HIU ANALOG (2)

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PULSE CODE MODULATION

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NGU NHIN HA TN HIU (1)

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NGU NHIN HA TN HIU (2)

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NGU NHIN HA TN HIU (3)

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NGU NHIN HA TN HIU (4)

VN NG B TRONG VIN THNG

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