Ingles

FACULTAD DE INGENIERA Y CIENCIAS
BSICAS
PROYECTO GRUPAL Institucin Universitaria Politcnico Grancolombiano
CLASIFICACIN DE INVENTARIOS ABC

Considero que permite destacar que debemos controlar las acciones y maneras de
pensar para minimizar los riesgos que se puedan presentar en el momento de querer
implementar un proyecto.
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I disagree with your opinion that you can't manage the business. I think you'll be
great for the job.
Arlene
Querida Yvonne, Estoy en Londres por negocios. Planeo elegir un lugar para otra
fbrica de camisetas cerca de la ciudad. Tengo algunas ofertas, y voy a ver dos
lugares esta tarde. Por favor, piense en nuestra discusin. Debo tener una
respuesta tan pronto como sea posible. No estoy de acuerdo con su opinin de
que no puede administrar el negocio. Creo que sers genial para el trabajo.
Arlene.
BSICAS
MORE MODALS (and SEMI-MODALS): MUST
USE:
Used to talk about a strong necessity, obligation, or duty to do something. There is often
very little difference between MUST and HAVE TO. In formal, written English, MUST is
used for public notices about official rules and regulations. MUST can also be used to
express a strong opinion about a situation based on existing facts or circumstances.
AFFIRMATIVE
FORM:
[SUBJECT + MUST + VERB...]
EXAMPLES:
"I have a terrible toothache; I must go to the dentist."
"We must try to help Nicky; she's our oldest friend."
"All workers must wear safety helmets in work areas!"
"Jack must be on his way. There was no one home when I called his apartment."
NEGATIVE
USE:
In both formal and informal English we use the negative form MUST NOT (often shortened
to MUSTN'T) to talk about something which is wrong or forbidden. Note that this is not the
same as the negative form of HAVE TO, which only means that something is not
necessary.
FORM:
[SUBJECT + MUST + NOT (MUSTN'T) + VERB...]
EXAMPLES:
"You mustn't pull the dog's tail, dear; he'll bite you."
"We mustn't forget to pay back that loan."
"Workers must not smoke in work areas!"
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
USE:
Used to ask whether something is necessary or obligatory. The interrogative form of HAVE
TO has the same meaning and is more common.
YES/NO QUESTIONS
BSICAS
FORM:
[Q: MUST+ SUBJECT+ VERB...?]

[A: Yes, + SUBJECT+ MUST
No, + SUBJECT+ NEEDN'T]
EXAMPLE:
"Must I go to school today, Mom?"
"Yes, you must."
WH-QUESTIONS
FORM:
About the SUBJECT of the sentence:
[Wh-Word + MUST + VERB...?]
ABOUT REST OF SENTENCE:

[WH-WORD + MUST + SUBJECT + VERB...?]
EXAMPLES:
"What must happen before we can leave?"
"When must you take the test?"

"Next Friday."
MS MODALES (y SEMI-MODALES): DEBEN
UTILIZAR:
Sola hablar de una fuerte necesidad, obligacin o deber de hacer algo. A menudo hay
muy poca diferencia entre MUST y HAVE TO. En ingls formal, escrito, se usa MUST
para avisos pblicos sobre las reglas y regulaciones oficiales. MUST tambin se puede
utilizar para expresar una opinin fuerte sobre una situacin basada en hechos o
circunstancias existentes.
AFIRMATIVO
FORMAR:
[SUJETO + MUST + VERBO ...]
EJEMPLOS:
Tengo un terrible dolor de muelas, debo ir al dentista.
"Debemos tratar de ayudar a Nicky, ella es nuestra amiga ms vieja."
BSICAS
"Todos los trabajadores deben usar cascos de seguridad en las reas de trabajo!"
Jack deba de estar en camino, no haba nadie en casa cuando llam a su departamento.
NEGATIVO
UTILIZAR:
En ingls formal e informal usamos la forma negativa NO DEBE (a menudo acortada a
NO DEBE) para hablar de algo que es incorrecto o prohibido. Tenga en cuenta que esto
no es lo mismo que la forma negativa de tener a, lo que slo significa que algo no es
necesario.
FORMAR:
[SUJETO + DEBE + NO (NO DEBE) + VERBO ...]
EJEMPLOS:
-No debes tirar de la cola del perro, querida, te va a morder.
"No debemos olvidar de devolver ese prstamo."
"Los trabajadores no deben fumar en las reas de trabajo!"
PREGUNTAS Y RESPUESTAS
UTILIZAR:
Se utiliza para preguntar si algo es necesario o obligatorio. La forma interrogativa de
HAVE TO tiene el mismo significado y es ms comn.
SI NO PREGUNTAS
FORMAR:
[P: DEBE + SUJETO + VERBO ...?]

[A: S, + SUJETO + DEBE
No, + SUBJECT + NEED NOT]
EJEMPLO:
"Debo ir a la escuela hoy, mam?"
"S usted debe."
WH-PREGUNTAS
FORMAR:
Sobre el SUJETO de la oracin:
[Wh-Word + MUST + VERBO ...?]
SOBRE RESTO DE SENTENCIA:

[WH-WORD + MUST + SUBJECT + VERBO ...?]
EJEMPLOS:
BSICAS
-Qu debe pasar antes de que podamos irnos?
"Cundo tienes que hacer la prueba?"

"Prximo viernes."
MORE MODALS (and SEMI-MODALS): HAD TO
AFFIRMATIVE
USE:
Used to talk about necessity, obligation, and duty in the past. HAD TO is the past
form of both HAVE TO and MUST.
FORM:
[SUBJECT + HAD TO + VERB...]
EXAMPLES:
"I had to stay up all night to write this paper!"
"We had to run to catch the train."
NEGATIVE
USE:
Used to talk about something that was not necessary or not obligatory in the past.
FORM:
[SUBJECT + DID NOT (DIDN'T) + HAVE TO + VERB...]
EXAMPLES:
"Monday was a holiday, so I didn't have to go to work."
"I didn't have to study Latin in high school."
USE:
Used to ask questions about duties and obligations in the past.
YES/NO QUESTIONS
[Q: DID + SUBJECT + HAVE TO + VERB...?]

[A: Yes, + SUBJECT (pronoun) + DID.
No, + SUBJECT (pronoun) + DIDN'T]
BSICAS
EXAMPLE:
"Did you have to borrow money to buy the car?"
"Yes, we did."
WH-QUESTIONS
About the SUBJECT of the sentence:

[WH-WORD + HAS/HAD/HAD TO+ VERB...?]
About the REST of the sentence:

[WH-WORD + DID + SUBJECT + HAVE TO + VERB...?]
EXAMPLES:
"Who had to wash the car this week?"
"What did you have to do to get the loan?"

"I had to fill out a form for the bank."
MS MODALES (y SEMI-MODALES): TENA QUE
AFIRMATIVO
UTILIZAR:
Sola hablar de necesidad, obligacin y deber en el pasado. HAD TO es la forma pasada
de ambos TENEMOS QUE Y DEBE.
FORMAR:
[SUJETO + HAD A + VERBO ...]
EJEMPLOS:
"Tuve que quedarme despierto toda la noche para escribir este papel!"
Tuvimos que correr para coger el tren.
NEGATIVO
UTILIZAR:
Sola hablar de algo que no era necesario ni obligatorio en el pasado.
FORMAR:
[SUJETO + NO HIZO (NO HIZO) + TENGO QUE + VERBO ...]
EJEMPLOS:
"El lunes fue un da festivo, as que no tuve que ir a trabajar".
"No tena que estudiar latn en la escuela secundaria."
BSICAS
UTILIZAR:
Se utiliza para hacer preguntas sobre deberes y obligaciones en el pasado.
SI NO PREGUNTAS
[P: DID + SUBJECT + HAVE TO + VERB ...?]

[A: S, + SUBJECT (pronombre) + DID.
No, + SUBJECT (pronombre) + NO HIZO]
EJEMPLO:
"Tuvo que pedir prestado dinero para comprar el auto?"
"Si lo hicimos."
WH-PREGUNTAS
Sobre el SUJETO de la oracin:

[WH-WORD + HAS / HAD / HAD TO + VERB ...?]
Sobre el RESTO de la oracin:

[WH-WORD + DID + SUBJECT + TENEMOS + VERBO ...?]
EJEMPLOS:
-Quin tuvo que lavar el coche esta semana?
"Qu tenas que hacer para obtener el prstamo?"

Tuve que llenar un formulario para el banco
MORE MODALS (and SEMI-MODALS):

MUST NOT/DON'T HAVE TO
USE:
While MUST and HAVE TO have similar meanings in the affirmative, they cannot be
used interchangeably in the negative.
MUST NOT (MUSTN'T) is used to show that something is prohibited or forbidden.

BSICAS
DON'T HAVE TO means "it's not necessary to do something".
EXAMPLES:
"You mustn't run in here; this is a hospital."
"You don't have to run; the bus is waiting for you.
MS MODALES (y SEMI-MODALES):
NO DEBE / NO TIENE QUE
UTILIZAR:
Aunque DEBEN y TIENEN que tener significados similares en la afirmativa, no pueden
utilizarse indistintamente en la negativa.
NO DEBE (NO DEBE) se utiliza para demostrar que algo est prohibido o prohibido.
NO TIENE QUE significa "no es necesario hacer algo".
EJEMPLOS:
No debes correr aqu, es un hospital.
"No tienes que correr, el autobs te est esperando.
MORE MODALS (and SEMI-MODALS): SHOULD

AFFIRMATIVE
USE:
Used to talk about a duty or obligation which is much weaker than MUST or HAVE TO. It is
also used to give somebody advice.
FORM:
[SUBJECT + SHOULD + VERB...]
EXAMPLES:
"You should study for your test tonight instead of watching TV." (duty)
"I'm terribly tired."

"You should work less!" (advice)
NEGATIVE
USE:
BSICAS
We can use SHOULD NOT (SHOULDN'T) as a weaker form of MUSTN'T, to warn people
or advise them not to do something.
FORM:
[SUBJECT + SHOULD NOT (SHOULDN'T) + VERB...]
EXAMPLES:
"You shouldn't eat so much candy. It'll make you fat!"
"You shouldn't throw candy wrappers on the street. Put them in the trash can instead."
USE:
Used to ask whether something is necessary, right, or useful, or to ask people for advice.
YES/NO QUESTIONS
FORM:
[Q: Should+ SUBJECT+ VERB...?]

[A: Yes, + SUBJECT+ SHOULD
No, + SUBJECT+ SHOULDN'T]
EXAMPLE:
"Should I answer Peter's letter?"
"Yes, you should!"
WH-QUESTIONS
FORM:
About the SUBJECT of the sentence
[WH-WORD + SHOULD + VERB...?]
About the REST of the sentence

[WH-WORD + SHOULD + SUBJECT + VERB...?]
EXAMPLES:
"Who should bring the drinks?"
"Where should we go to buy the local pottery?"

"Well, don't go to the big tourist shops. You should go to the small shops in the villages."
BSICAS
MS MODALES (y SEMI-MODALES): DEBEN

AFIRMATIVO
UTILIZAR:
Se utiliza para hablar de un deber u obligacin que es mucho ms dbil que debe o tiene
que. Tambin se utiliza para dar consejos a alguien.
FORMAR:
[SUJETO + DEBE + VERBO ...]
EJEMPLOS:
"Usted debe estudiar para su prueba esta noche en lugar de ver la televisin." (deber)
Estoy terriblemente cansado.

Deberas trabajar menos! (Consejo)
NEGATIVO
UTILIZAR:
Podemos utilizar NO DEBE (NO DEBERA) como una forma ms dbil de NO DEBE, para
advertir a las personas o aconsejarles que no hagan algo.
FORMAR:
[SUJETO + NO DEBERA (NO DEBERA) + VERBO ...]
EJEMPLOS:
"No deberas comer mucho caramelo, te har engordar!"
"No debes tirar envolturas de caramelo en la calle, sino ponerlas en la papelera".

UTILIZAR:
Se utiliza para preguntar si algo es necesario, correcto o til, o para pedir consejo a la
gente.
SI NO PREGUNTAS
FORMAR:
[P: Debera + SUBJECT + VERB ...?]

[A: S, + SUJETO + DEBERA
No, + SUJETO + NO DEBERA]
EJEMPLO:
Debera contestar la carta de Pedro?
"S deberas!"
BSICAS
WH-PREGUNTAS
FORMAR:
Acerca del TEMA de la oracin
[WH-WORD + SHOULD + VERBO ...?]
Acerca del RESTO de la oracin

[WH-WORD + SHOULD + SUBJECT + VERB ...?]
EJEMPLOS:
-Quin debe traer las bebidas?
-Dnde deberamos ir a comprar la cermica local?

-Bueno, no vayas a las grandes tiendas tursticas, debes ir a las pequeas tiendas de los
pueblos.
INFINITIVES: AFTER VERBS
USE:
When two verbs in the same clause have the same subject, the second acts as the
object of the first. Depending on the first verb, the second may be in the infinitive
form.
FORM:
[SUBJECT + VERB 1 + (NOT) + Infinitive...]
EXAMPLE:
"Tina decided to study Russian."
There are two main groups of verbs which can be followed by an Infinitive:
BSICAS
SUBJECT'S ATTITUDE: Agree, Choose, Decide, Hope, Offer, Promise, Refuse, etc.
EXAMPLES:
"Patrick agreed to cook dinner."
"Jane chose to stay at home."
"We decided not to buy a new house."
"I hope to win first prize next year."
SUBJECT'S ABILITY: Attempt, Fail, Learn, Manage, Try, Be able to, etc.
EXAMPLES:
"Ben attempted to start the car."
"Anne failed to finish her paper on time."
"We learned to ski when we were on vacation."
INFINITIVOS: DESPUES DE LOS VERBOS
UTILIZAR:
Cuando dos verbos en la misma clusula tienen el mismo sujeto, el segundo acta como
el objeto de la primera. Dependiendo del primer verbo, el segundo puede estar en la
forma infinitiva.
FORMAR:
[SUJETO + VERBO 1 + (NO) + Infinitivo ...]
EJEMPLO:
Tina decidi estudiar ruso.
Hay dos grupos principales de verbos que pueden ser seguidos por un Infinitivo:
ACTITUD DE SUJETO: De acuerdo, elegir, decidir, esperar, ofrecer, prometer, rechazar,

etc.
BSICAS
EJEMPLOS:
Patrick acept cocinar.
Jane decidi quedarse en casa.
"Decidimos no comprar una casa nueva."
"Espero ganar el primer premio el prximo ao".
HABILIDAD DEL ASUNTO: Intente, Falle, Aprenda, Gestione, Pruebe, Sea capaz de, etc.
EJEMPLOS:
-Ben intent arrancar el coche.
"Anne no pudo terminar su trabajo a tiempo."
"Aprendimos a esquiar cuando estbamos de vacaciones."
GERUNDS: AFTER VERBS
USE:
GERUNDS are used as the object of most transitive verbs, instead of a noun or
pronoun. In some cases an object-verb takes the infinitive form, but normally it is a
Gerund. Note that a Gerund can also follow "BE".
FORM:
[SUBJECT + VERB + GERUND]
EXAMPLES:
"Smith admitted stealing the jewels, but denied killing the security guard."
"I avoid arguing with my boss."

"Frank enjoys watching horror movies."
"We must finish painting this wall today."

BSICAS
"I can't imagine eating snails."
"Cats don't like swimming."
"Do you mind waiting for me?"
"Sam remembers meeting you last year."
GERUNDS: DESPUS DE LOS VERBOS
UTILIZAR:
GERUNDS se usan como el objeto de la mayora de los verbos transitivos, en lugar de un
sustantivo o pronombre. En algunos casos un objeto-verbo toma la forma infinitiva, pero
normalmente es un Gerundio. Tenga en cuenta que un Gerundio tambin puede seguir
"BE".
FORMAR:
[SUJETO + VERBO + GERUDO]
EJEMPLOS:
Smith admiti haber robado las joyas, pero neg haber matado al guardia de seguridad.
"Evito discutir con mi jefe."

"A Frank le gusta ver pelculas de terror."
"Debemos terminar de pintar esta pared hoy."
"No me puedo imaginar comer caracoles".
A los gatos no les gusta nadar.
-Te molesta esperarme?
Sam recuerda haber estado con usted el ao pasado.

BSICAS
Hello, listeners! This is Gore May with another restaurant review!
I made a reservation at Prima Vera Restaurant as soon as I heard about it. I was
expecting Prima Vera to be a very special place, and I was looking forward to eating
there. I came on time for my 1 p.m. reservation, but I had to wait forty-five minutes!
The manager didn't even apologize. While I was waiting, I looked at Prima Vera's
menu. What prices! Strawberries and cream cost $15! Finally, my table was ready,
but it was dirty. The rolls weren't fresh, and the grilled fish was cold. "Perhaps the
desserts are better," I thought. I ordered a slice of chocolate nut cake. While I was
eating it, I broke a tooth! I found a small stone in the cake! I complained to the
waiter, and phoned my insurance company.
Listeners, don't go to Prima Vera Restaurant! Eat at home. I promise you that you'll
enjoy it a lot more!
Hola, oyentes! Este es Gore mayo con otra crtica de restaurante!
Hice una reserva en Prima Vera restaurante tan pronto como me enter. Me esperaba
Prima Vera a ser un lugar muy especial, y yo estaba deseando comer all. Llegu a tiempo
para mi 1 pm reserva, pero tuve que esperar cuarenta y cinco minutos! El gerente ni
siquiera se disculp. Mientras esperaba, mir el men de Prima Vera. Qu precios!
Fresas y crema cuesta $ 15! Finalmente, mi mesa estaba lista, pero estaba sucia. Los
bollos no estaban frescas, y el pescado a la parrilla estaba fra. "Tal vez los postres son
mejores", pens. Ped una rebanada de pastel de nuez de chocolate. Mientras yo estaba
comiendo, me rompi un diente! Encontr una pequea piedra en el pastel! Me quej al
camarero, y llam a mi compaa de seguros.
Los oyentes, no vayas a Prima Vera restaurante! Comer en casa. Te prometo que lo
disfrutars mucho ms!
BSICAS
PAST PROGRESSIVE - vs. PAST SIMPLE
USE:
We use the Past Simple to talk about a completed action in the past. We use the Past
Progressive to talk about an action that continued over a period of time in the past.
We can also use the Past Simple and the Past Progressive together in the same sentence,
to show that one short action or event happened during a longer action or event. If we
mention the shorter action first, we usually join the two parts of the sentence together with
WHILE.
EXAMPLES:
"Tom arrived while we were talking about him."
"She came in while I was doing my homework."
If we mention the longer action first, we usually join the two parts of the sentence together
with WHEN.
EXAMPLES:
"We were talking about Tom when he arrived."
"I was doing my homework when she came in."
PASADO PROGRESIVO - PAST SIMPLE
UTILIZAR:
Usamos el Past Simple para hablar sobre una accin completada en el pasado. Usamos
el pasado progresivo para hablar de una accin que continu durante un perodo de
tiempo en el pasado.
Tambin podemos usar el Pasado Simple y el Pasado Progresivo juntos en la misma

oracin, para demostrar que una accin o evento corto ocurri durante una accin o
evento ms largo. Si mencionamos la accin ms corta primero, por lo general unimos las
dos partes de la oracin junto con WHILE.
EJEMPLOS:
Tom lleg mientras hablbamos de l.
"Ella entr mientras yo haca mi tarea."
Si mencionamos la accin ms larga primero, por lo general unimos las dos partes de la
oracin junto con WHEN.
BSICAS
EJEMPLOS:
Hablbamos de Tom cuando lleg.
Estaba haciendo mis deberes cuando entr.
ADVERBS: COMPARISON
USE:
Used to compare two subjects performing the same action. The comparative and
superlative forms of most adverbs are made in the same way as long adjectives:
COMPARATIVE
FORM:
[SUBJECT 1 + VERB + MORE + Adverb + THAN + SUBJECT 2 (+DOES/CAN etc)...]
EXAMPLES:
"I can sing more beautifully than you (can)."
"Ted writes more slowly than Brenda (does)."
SUPERLATIVE
FORM:
[SUBJECT 1 + VERB + THE MOST + Adverb (OF ALL)]
EXAMPLES:
"Of all the students in her class, Sarah does her homework the most carefully."
"Jimmy behaves the most childishly of anyone in the class."
Adverbs which have the same base form as adjectives also have the same comparative
and superlative forms. These are constructed by adding-er (for the comparative) and -est
(for the superlative) to the base form.
EXAMPLES:
"Fred can run faster than Martin can, but Sharon runs the fastest."
"My wife got up earlier than I did this morning, but our daughter got up the earliest."
IRREGULAR COMPARATIVES and SUPERLATIVE FORMS
There are also a small number of irregular comparative and superlative forms of adverbs:
Base form Comparative Superlative

WELL BETTER THE BEST
BADLY WORSE THE WORST
BSICAS
LITTLE LESS THE LEAST

MUCH MORE THE MOST
ADVERBIOS: COMPARACIN
UTILIZAR:
Se utiliza para comparar dos sujetos que realizan la misma accin. Las formas
comparativas y superlativas de la mayora de los adverbios se hacen de la misma manera
que los adjetivos largos:
COMPARATIVO
FORMAR:
[SUJETO 1 + VERBO + MS + Adverb + QUE + SUJETO 2 (+ Hace / PUEDE etc) ...]
EJEMPLOS:
"Puedo cantar ms bellamente que t (puedes)".
"Ted escribe ms lentamente que Brenda (hace)".
SUPERLATIVO
FORMAR:
[TEMA 1 + VERBO + EL MS + Adverbio (DE TODOS)]
EJEMPLOS:
"De todos los estudiantes de su clase, Sarah hace su tarea con mucho cuidado."
"Jimmy se comporta de la manera ms infantil de cualquiera en la clase."
Los adverbios que tienen la misma forma base que los adjetivos tambin tienen las
mismas formas comparativas y superlativas. stos se construyen agregando-er (para el
comparativo) y -est (para el superlativo) a la forma base.
EJEMPLOS:
"Fred puede correr ms rpido que Martin, pero Sharon corre ms rpido".
"Mi esposa se levant antes de lo que hice esta maana, pero nuestra hija se levant lo
ms temprano."
COMPARATIVOS IRREGULARES y FORMAS SUPERLATIVAS
Tambin hay un pequeo nmero de formas irregulares y superlativas de adverbios:
Forma de base Superlativo comparativo

Bien mejor el mejor
MALO PELO LO PEOR
POCO MENOS LO MENOS
MUCHO MS LO MS
BSICAS
Rita's Trip Abroad
"Ladies and gentlemen, our flight is arriving shortly in Washington, D.C." Rita was
looking out the window. Around her people were talking excitedly. Rita was
nervous. It was not only her first time abroad, but it was also her first time outside
her small village in Mexico. She was visiting her aunt and uncle for the summer. She
couldn't wait to go sightseeing. But she was a little worried about her English. She
knew some English from school, and she hoped it was good enough.
"Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to the capital of the United States."
Rita checked to make sure she had everything: her passport, the immigration form,
and her round-trip ticket. She followed the people out of the plane. She waited with
the other foreigners while the immigration officials asked each person many
questions. Rita was nervous, but the immigration officer patiently repeated each
question slowly and clearly.
Rita found her suitcase, and started walking toward the exit. Many people were
waiting outside. She was looking around, when she suddenly heard someone shout
her name.
"Rita! Rita!" It was her aunt and uncle!
"We're so happy you're here!"
Rita smiled. She knew that she was going to have a good time that summer in
America.
BSICAS
El viaje de Rita al extranjero
"Damas y caballeros, nuestro vuelo est llegando en Washington, DC". Rita miraba por la
ventana. Alrededor de su gente hablaba emocionada. Rita estaba nerviosa. No fue slo su
primera vez en el extranjero, sino que tambin fue su primera vez fuera de su pequeo
pueblo en Mxico. Ella estaba visitando a su ta y to durante el verano. Ella no poda
esperar a hacer turismo. Pero estaba un poco preocupada por su ingls. Saba algo de
ingls de la escuela y esperaba que fuera lo suficientemente bueno.
"Damas y caballeros, bienvenidos a la capital de los Estados Unidos".
Rita comprob que tena todo: su pasaporte, el formulario de inmigracin y su pasaje de

ida y vuelta. Ella sigui a la gente fuera del avin. Esper con los otros extranjeros
mientras los funcionarios de inmigracin le hacan muchas preguntas a cada persona.
Rita estaba nerviosa, pero el oficial de inmigracin pacientemente repiti cada pregunta
lenta y claramente.
Rita encontr su maleta y comenz a caminar hacia la salida. Muchas personas estaban
esperando afuera. Ella estaba mirando a su alrededor, cuando de repente oy a alguien
gritar su nombre.
-Rita, Rita! Era su ta y su to!
"Estamos tan felices de que ests aqu!"
Rita sonri. Ella saba que iba a pasar un buen rato ese verano en Amrica.
ADVERBS: FORMATION
Most adverbs are formed by adding "-ly" to the end of an adjective:

clear/clearly,
wonderful/wonderfully,
clever/cleverly,
stupid/stupidly,
interesting/interestingly,
close/closely,
dangerous/dangerously,
bad/badly.
BSICAS
If an adjective already ends in "-ly" (e.g. FRIENDLY, LONELY) it cannot be made into an
adverb. In this case, we have to make an adverbial phrase.
EXAMPLES:
"She spoke to me in a friendly way."
"He sat there looking lonely."
In a few cases, the adverb is exactly the same as its corresponding adjective: EARLY,
LATE, FAST, HARD, LEFT, RIGHT, WRONG, HIGH, LONG.
EXAMPLES:
"I'm afraid the train will leave late."
"He runs very fast."
"Why do you work so hard?"
"Turn right at the next corner!"
The adverb form of the adjective GOOD is WELL.
"Michael is a very good cook. He makes cakes particularly w
ADVERBIOS: FORMACIN
La mayora de los adverbios se forman agregando "-ly" al final de un adjetivo:

Claro / claro,
Maravilloso / maravillosamente,
Listo / astutamente,
Estpido / estupidamente,
Interesante / interesante,
Cerca / de cerca,
Peligroso / peligroso,
Mal / mal
Si un adjetivo ya termina en "-ly" (por ejemplo, FRIENDLY, LONELY) no se puede

convertir en un adverbio. En este caso, tenemos que hacer una frase adverbial.
EJEMPLOS:
Me habl amablemente.
"Se sent all solo."
BSICAS
En algunos casos, el adverbio es exactamente el mismo que su adjetivo correspondiente:

EARLY, LATE, FAST, HARD, LEFT, RIGHT, WRONG, HIGH, LONG.
EJEMPLOS:
Me temo que el tren saldr tarde.
Corre muy rpido.
-Por qu trabajas tan duro?
-Gire a la derecha en la siguiente esquina!
La forma adverbial del adjetivo GOOD es BIEN.
"Michael es un cocinero muy bueno
FUTURE: WILL and GOING TOWILL
USE:
WILL is used to express a subjective opinion, or to express a decision, a promise,a
belief, or a threat, etc. about the future. This is why WILL often follows expressions
like "I hope...", "Do you think...", etc.
EXAMPLE:
"Do you think she will like these flowers?"
FORM:
Affirmative: [SUBJECT WILL VERB...]
NOTE: We often shorten WILL to "-'ll" and pronounce it together with the subject.
EXAMPLE:
"I think he will (he'll) fix the car tomorrow."
BSICAS
Negative: [SUBJECT WILL NOT VERB...]
NOTE: We often shorten WILL NOT to "WON'T".
EXAMPLE:
"I'm afraid we won't finish the job today."
YES.
Futuro: voluntad y voluntad
UTILIZAR:
Se usar para expresar una opinin subjetiva, o para expresar una decisin, una
promesa, una creencia, o una amenaza, etc. sobre el futuro. Esta es la razn por la
que a menudo sigue expresiones como "espero ...", "Crees ...", etc
EJEMPLO:
-Crees que le gustarn estas flores?
FORMAR:
Afirmativo: [TEMA VERB ...]
NOTA: A menudo acortaremos el testamento "-'ll" y lo pronunciaremos junto con el

sujeto.
BSICAS
EJEMPLO:
"Creo que l (l) arreglar el coche maana."
Negativo: [SUBJECT WILL NOT VERB ...]
NOTA: A menudo acortar no va a "NO".
EJEMPLO:
-Me temo que hoy no terminaremos el trabajo.
FUTURE: PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
USE:
We often use the Present Progressive (see Basic 1) to talk about plans and decisions for
the near future. It is most commonly used with verbs expressing movement (e.g. arrive,
come, go, leave, sail, visit, etc.)
EXAMPLES:
"I'm leaving early today; I have a headache."
"Are you visiting your mother tonight?"
"I'm not waiting any longer; he's half an hour late already!"
FUTURO: PRESENTE PROGRESIVO
UTILIZAR:
BSICAS
A menudo usamos el Progreso Progresivo (ver Basic 1) para hablar sobre planes y
decisiones para el futuro cercano. Es ms comnmente usado con verbos que expresan
movimiento (por ejemplo, llegar, venir, ir, salir, navegar, visitar, etc.)
EJEMPLOS:
Hoy me voy temprano, tengo dolor de cabeza.
-Vas a visitar a tu madre esta noche?
-No estoy esperando ms, ya tiene media hora de retraso!
SIX
Here we are with another episode of "Hospital Adventures." You'll remember that
last time, Chad was in an accident. He was walking home from work. He wasn't
looking where he was going, and he fell down and hit his head. Now, he's in the
hospital and doesn't remember who he is.
Friend:
Oh, Morgan, I came as soon as I heard! How is he?
Morgan:
He's still sleeping. The nurse just took his temperature. He has a fever.
Friend:
Look! He's getting up!
Chad:
What a headache! Where am I? Who am I? Who are you?
Morgan:
Chad, it's me, Morgan, your wife. Don't you remember?
Friend:
Here comes the doctor.
Morgan:
Doctor, I'm so worried. What are we going to do?
Doctor:
You must relax. It is important to stay calm. It seems that we'll have to operate.
Morgan:
BSICAS
Oh, no!
Friend:
Oh, no!
Chad:
Oh, no!
SEIS
Aqu estamos con otro episodio de "Hospital Adventures". Recuerda que la ltima vez,
Chad estaba en un accidente. Estaba caminando a casa del trabajo. No miraba adonde
iba, y cay y se golpe la cabeza. Ahora, est en el hospital y no recuerda quin es.
Amigo: Oh, Morgan, vine tan pronto como escuch! Como es el? Morgan: Todava est
durmiendo. La enfermera se tom la temperatura. Tiene fiebre. Amigo: Mira! Se levanta!
Chad: Qu dolor de cabeza! Dnde estoy? Quin soy? Quin eres t? Morgan:
Chad, soy yo, Morgan, tu esposa. No te acuerdas? Amigo: Aqu viene el mdico.
Morgan: Doctor, estoy tan preocupada. Qu vamos a hacer? Doctor: Tienes que
relajarte. Es importante mantener la calma. Parece que tendremos que operar. Morgan:
Oh no! Amigo: Oh no! Chad: Oh no!
Malcolm's Special Day
Malcolm was lying in bed at 7 a.m. on a sunny morning. He was excited because it
was his birthday. His wife was still asleep. Malcolm woke her up.
"Debbie, do you know what day it is?"
"May 15th."
BSICAS
"And ... "
"And you have a 9 a.m. appointment with the dentist today. You have to get up!"
Malcolm was upset. "Debbie forgot my birthday," he thought while he was brushing
his teeth.
"Bye, Debbie," said Malcolm. He was trying to seem calm and relaxed. "Maybe we'll
go to a restaurant for lunch."
"Why? What's special about today?" she asked.
"Oh, nothing."
Malcolm wasn't nervous at the dentist's office. The pain didn't even bother him. He
was thinking about his birthday, and was feeling lonely. "Even my mother forgot to
phone!" he thought.
When Malcolm came home, he slowly opened the door. "Surprise!" All his friends
and relatives were smiling and laughing.
"Happy birthday, Malcolm," said Debbie. "Do you forgive me?"
Da especial de Malcolm
Malcolm estaba acostado en la cama a las 7 de la maana en una maana soleada.

Estaba emocionado porque era su cumpleaos. Su esposa an dorma. Malcolm la
despert.
BSICAS
"Debbie, sabes qu da es?"
"15 de mayo."
"Y ..."
"Y tienes una cita de 9 am con el dentista hoy. Tienes que levantarte!"
Malcolm estaba molesto. "Debbie olvid mi cumpleaos", pens mientras se lavaba los
dientes.
"Adis, Debbie," dijo Malcolm. Estaba tratando de parecer tranquilo y relajado. Quiz
vayamos a un restaurante a comer.
"Qu tiene de especial hoy?" ella pregunt.
"Oh nada."
Malcolm no estaba nervioso en la oficina del dentista. El dolor ni siquiera le molestaba.

Estaba pensando en su cumpleaos, y se senta solo. "Incluso mi madre se olvid de
llamar!" el penso.
Cuando Malcolm lleg a casa, abri lentamente la puerta. "Sorpresa!" Todos sus amigos
y familiares sonrean y se rean.
"Feliz cumpleaos, Malcolm," dijo Debbie. "Me perdonas?"
PAST PROGRESSIVE: STATEMENTS

AFFIRMATIVE
FORM:
[SUBJECT + WAS/WERE + VERB + ing...]
He was waiting for the bus when it started to rain.
They were waiting for the bus when it started to rain.
EXAMPLES:
"She was eating when I arrived."
"We were sleeping at 3:OO a.m."
NEGATIVE
BSICAS
[SUBJECT + WAS/WERE + NOT + VERB + ing...]

I was not (wasn't) waiting for the bus.
They were not (weren't) waiting for the bus.
EXAMPLES:
"He wasn't sleeping when the phone rang."
"They weren't watching TV when the news was on."
PASADO PROGRESIVO:
DECLARACIONES AFIRMATIVO FORMAR: [SUBJECT + WAS / WERE + VERB + ing

...] Estaba esperando el autobs cuando empez a llover. Estaban esperando el autobs
cuando empez a llover. EJEMPLOS: -Estaba comiendo cuando llegu. "Estbamos
durmiendo a las 3: OO a.m." NEGATIVO [SUBJECT + WAS / WERE + NOT + VERB + ing
...] Yo no estaba (no estaba) esperando el autobs. No estaban (no estaban) esperando el
autobs. EJEMPLOS: No estaba durmiendo cuando son el telfono. "No estaban viendo
la televisin cuando la noticia estaba en marcha."
PAST PROGRESSIVE: QUESTIONS and ANSWERS

YES/NO QUESTIONS and ANSWERS
FORM:
[Q: WAS/WERE+ SUBJECT+ VERB + ing...]
Was she waiting for the train?
Were you waiting for the train?
[A: YES/NO+ SUBJECT+ BE(NOT)]

Yes, it was.
No, she wasn't.
Yes, we were.
No, you weren't.
BSICAS
EXAMPLES:
"Were the children playing in the garden when you came in?"
"Yes, they were."
"Were you working in Tokyo in1991?"

"No, I wasn't."
WH-QUESTIONS
Questions about the SUBJECT of the sentence.
FORM:
[WHO/WHAT + WAS/WERE + VERB + ing...]
EXAMPLES:
"Who was watching the baby last night?"
"What was playing at the Cineplex last night?"
Questions about the REST OF THE SENTENCE:

[WH-WORD + WAS/WERE + SUBJECT + VERB + ing...]
EXAMPLES:
"What were you doing at 10 o'clock?"
"I was walking the dog."
"Who was Pat looking at?"

"She was looking at Kim."
PASADO PROGRESIVO: PREGUNTAS y RESPUESTAS S / NO PREGUNTAS y

RESPUESTAS
FORMAR: [P: WAS / WERE + SUBJECT + VERB + ing ...] Estaba esperando el
tren? Estabas esperando el tren? [A: SI / NO + SUBJECT + BE (NO)] S lo era. No, no
lo era. Si, estabamos. No, no lo estabas. EJEMPLOS: "Estaban jugando los nios en
el jardn cuando entr?" "S ellos estaban." -Estabas trabajando en Tokio en 1991? -No,
no lo estaba. WH-PREGUNTAS Preguntas sobre el SUJETO de la oracin. FORMAR:
[WHO / WHAT + WAS / WERE + VERB + ing ...] EJEMPLOS: -Quin estaba mirando al
beb anoche? -Qu estaba tocando en el Cineplex anoche? Preguntas sobre el
DESCANSO DE LA SENTENCIA: [WH-WORD + WAS / WERE + SUBJECT + VERB + ing
...] EJEMPLOS: -Qu estabas haciendo a las 10 en punto? Estaba paseando al perro. -
Quin estaba mirando Pat? Ella estaba mirando a Kim.
BSICAS
The Party
After a long, busy day at work, Jason was finally going home. He was tired. He wasn't
thinking about anything special.
"Perhaps I should go into the supermarket in our neighborhood, and pick up a couple
ofpounds of strawberries," Jason thought.
While Jason was driving to the store, his phone rang. It was his wife, Jenny.
"Jason, where are you? Last night you promised to come home early to
help me preparethe food and decorate the house. You know that we're having
a party tonight."
"Oh, no!" Jason said. "I had so much work today that I forgot about the party."
"I know it's always a good idea to remind you to come home early, even when you
promise," said Jenny. "However, this time I expected you to remember."
At first, Jason didn't understand what Jenny was talking
about, but then he remembered:Jenny was having a party for him that night. It
was his fiftieth birthday!
La fiesta
Despus de un largo y ajetreado da de trabajo, Jason finalmente se fue a casa. l estaba

cansado. No estaba pensando en nada especial.
"Tal vez debera ir al supermercado de nuestro vecindario, y recoger un par de libras de

fresas", pens Jason.
Mientras Jason conduca hacia la tienda, su telfono son. Era su esposa, Jenny.
-Jason, dnde ests anoche prometiste venir a casa temprano para ayudarme a
preparar la comida y decorar la casa, sabes que vamos a tener una fiesta esta noche.
"Oh no!" Dijo Jason. "Tuve tanto trabajo hoy que me olvid de la fiesta."
"S que siempre es una buena idea recordarle que regrese a casa temprano, incluso
cuando lo prometa", dijo Jenny. "Sin embargo, esta vez esperaba que lo recordaran."
Al principio, Jason no entendi de lo que estaba hablando Jenny, pero luego record:
Jenny estaba haciendo una fiesta para l esa noche. Era su quincuagsimo cumpleaos!
BSICAS
INFINITIVES: AFTER ADJECTIVES
USE:
Used to say how somebody thinks or feels about an action or event.
FORM:
[SUBJECT + BE + ADJECTIVE + TO + VERB...]
EXAMPLES:
"Mike was very surprised to see Ted with Laura."
"We were delighted to see Fred at the party."
INFINITIVOS: DESPUS DE ADJETIVOS
UTILIZAR:
Sola decir cmo alguien piensa o siente acerca de una accin o evento.
FORMAR:
[SUBJECT + BE + ADJECTIVE + TO + VERB ...]
EJEMPLOS:
"Mike se sorprendi mucho al ver a Ted con Laura."
"Estuvimos encantados de ver a Fred en la fiesta.
INFINITIVES: AFTER VERB + OBJECT
USE:
When there are two verbs with different subjects in the same clause, the second is
sometimes an Infinitive. This structure is often used to talk about the first subject's attitude
towards or influence on the second subject.
FORM:
[SUBJECT 1 + VERB 1 + SUBJECT 2 + Infinitive]
BSICAS
EXAMPLES:
"I told Maggie to write that letter last week."
"The teacher allowed the students to go home early."
"Fred asked me to lend him some money."
"I expected them to answer my letter immediately."
"They invited Sarah to go on vacation with them."
"We'd like you to work with us."
"I need you to sign this paper, please."
"The general ordered his men to retreat."
"Janet paid the mechanic to fix her car."
"David reminded her to feed the cat."
"Mary teaches people to read."
"The boss told me to work harder."
"Angela wants Paul to marry her."
INFINITIVOS: DESPUS DEL VERBO + OBJETO
UTILIZAR:
Cuando hay dos verbos con temas diferentes en la misma clusula, el segundo es a
veces un Infinitivo. Esta estructura se utiliza a menudo para hablar sobre la actitud del
primer sujeto hacia o influencia sobre el segundo tema.
FORMAR:
[SUJETO 1 + VERBO 1 + SUJETO 2 + Infinitivo]
EJEMPLOS:
"Le dije a Maggie que escribiera esa carta la semana pasada."
"El maestro les permiti a los estudiantes irse a casa temprano."
Fred me pidi que le prestara algo de dinero.
Esperaba que contestaran a mi carta de inmediato.
"Invitaron a Sarah a ir de vacaciones con ellos."
"Nos gustara que trabajas con nosotros."
"Necesito que firme este papel, por favor."
El general orden a sus hombres que se retiraran.
Janet pag al mecnico para arreglar su coche.
David le record que le diera de comer al gato.
"Mara ensea a la gente a leer."
BSICAS
"El jefe me dijo que trabajara ms."

Angela quiere que Paul se case con ella.
GERUNDS: AS SUBJECTS
USE:
A GERUND can act as the subject of any verb, instead of a noun or pronoun. We often
use Gerunds in this way to make generalizations. The Gerund can stand alone, be
followed by a complement (i.e. an object or an adverbial) or by an adverbial clause.
FORM:
[GERUND + (Complement/Adverb Clause) + VERB...]
EXAMPLES:
"Smoking is dangerous."
"Eating always makes me sleepy."
"Smoking cigars is very dangerous." (with Complement)
"Playing football makes me thirsty." (with Complement)
"Smoking when you are in a crowded room is inconsiderate." (with Adverbial Clause)
"Not brushing your teeth before you go to bed is bad for your teeth." (with Adverbial
Clause)
GERUNDS: AS SUBJECTS
UTILIZAR:
Un GERUND puede actuar como el sujeto de cualquier verbo, en lugar de un sustantivo o
pronombre. A menudo usamos gerundios de esta manera para hacer generalizaciones. El
Gerundio puede estar solo, ser seguido por un complemento (es decir, un objeto o un
adverbial) o por una clusula adverbial.
FORMAR:
[GERUND + (Clusula de Complemento / Adverbio) + VERB ...]
EJEMPLOS:
"Fumar es peligroso".
"Comer siempre me hace dormir."
"Fumar cigarros es muy peligroso". (Con complemento)
"Jugar al ftbol me hace sed." (Con complemento)
BSICAS
"Fumar cuando ests en una habitacin llena es desconsiderado." (Con Clusula

Adverbial)
"No cepillarse los dientes antes de ir a la cama es malo para los dientes." (Con Clusula
Adverbial)
Barry: ...so Michael, I think I got a part for you. Franklin Theater is doing 'Cat on a Hot
Tin Roof.' I know you'd like to do this one. Am I right?
Michael: Yes! You're right! I love that play! When are they doing the auditions?
Barry: Actually, the auditions are today. Can you make it?
Michael: Oh, today is bad. How about tomorrow? I'm free tomorrow.
Barry: Let me check. You're in luck.
Michael: Great!
Barry: They're having auditions tomorrow as well. Is it ok to be the last audition of the
day?
Michael: Yes, it's OK. I was the last one before, and it was fine.
Barry: There's an opening at 5:30 p.m. Does that work for you?
Michael: Five-thirty is fine. Six-thirty is fine. Morning, noon or night, is OK. Just please
make the call and get me an appointment.
Barry: OK, OK, relax. I'll call them right now.
Michael: Great! Thank you. I'm really excited about this audition!
Barry: Me too. Hey, Ed? This is Barry...
Barry:
... Michael, creo que tengo una parte para ti. Franklin Theatre est haciendo 'Cat on a Hot
Tin Roof'. S que te gustara hacer esto. Estoy bien?
Miguel:
S! Tienes razn! Me encanta ese juego! Cundo estn haciendo las audiciones?
Barry:
En realidad, las audiciones son hoy. Puedes hacerlo?
Miguel:
Oh, hoy es malo. Qu tal maana? Estoy libre maana.
Barry:
Dejame revisar. Ests de suerte.
Miguel:
Estupendo!
Barry:
BSICAS
Tienen audiciones maana tambin. Est bien ser la ltima audicin del da?
Miguel:
Si esta bien. Yo era el ltimo antes, y estaba bien.
Barry:
Hay una apertura a las 5:30 p.m. Funciona para usted?
Miguel:
Las cinco y media estn bien. Las seis y media est bien. Maana, medioda o noche,
est bien. Slo haz la llamada y cgeme.
Barry:
Bien, bien, reljate. Les llamar ahora mismo.
Miguel:
Estupendo! Gracias. Estoy muy emocionado por esta audicin!
Barry:
Yo tambin. Hey, Ed? Este es Barry ...
Tickets, Please!
by Lily Macbeth
Ushers in theaters and concert halls around the world see performances and plays for
free,and never have to wait in line for tickets. What is it like to be an usher?
"People often think that being an usher is an easy job, but it isn't," says Peter Sullivan, an
usher at the Palladium Theater. "It's difficult to stand so much! When I'm tired, I sit in an
aisle seat during intermission, but my boss could fire me for that."
Ushers usually stand at the entrance to the auditorium. They give people programs, look
attheir tickets, and show them their seats. Ushers must keep the audience quiet, especially
after the curtain goes up. It isn't always easy.
"Last night one man was talking in a loud voice while the orchestra was playing,"
saysXavier Marcos. "I told him to be quiet, but he didn't stop talking. Some people were
very angry, but there was nothing I could do."
Actors and musicians sometimes work as ushers, too. Samantha Page studies
acting and is also an usher. "I won't be an usher forever," she explains. "I'm going to
be famous one day. But I'll always remember beginning my career as an usher!"
Boletos por favor!

De Lily Macbeth
BSICAS
Los artistas de los teatros y salas de conciertos de todo el mundo ven actuaciones y
representaciones de forma gratuita y nunca tienen que esperar en lnea para los boletos.
Cmo es ser un ujier?
"La gente a menudo piensa que ser un ujier es un trabajo fcil, pero no lo es", dice Peter
Sullivan, un ujier en el Teatro Palladium. "Es difcil aguantar tanto, cuando estoy cansado,
me siento en un asiento del pasillo durante el intervalo, pero mi jefe podra despedirme
por eso".
Ushers por lo general se encuentran a la entrada del auditorio. Le dan a los programas de
la gente, mirar sus boletos, y mostrarles sus asientos. Los porteros deben mantener la
audiencia tranquila, especialmente despus de que el teln sube. No siempre es fcil.
"Anoche un hombre hablaba en voz alta mientras la orquesta estaba tocando", dice Xavier
Marcos. "Le dije que se callara, pero no dej de hablar, algunas personas estaban muy
enojadas, pero no poda hacer nada".
Actores y msicos a veces trabajan como ujieres, tambin. Samantha Page estudia actuar
y es tambin un ujier. "No voy a ser un ujier para siempre", explica. "Voy a ser famoso un
da, pero siempre recordar comenzar mi carrera como ujier!"
jsolerro@poligran.edu.co a
ADVERBS: ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
USE:
Used to talk about how often or how rarely something happens. The most important
adverbs of frequency are ALWAYS, GENERALLY, NORMALLY, USUALLY,
FREQUENTLY, OFTEN, SOMETIMES, EVER,
OCCASIONALLY, SELDOM, RARELY, and NEVER.
FORM:
BSICAS
Adverbs of frequency normally come immediately before the verb in affirmative sentences,
but after the verb "BE". In negative sentences, adverbs of frequency normally come
immediately after the word NOT. In questions, adverbs of frequency normally come
immediately after the subject.
AFFIRMATIVE
[ADVERB + VERB]
EXAMPLE:
"I always drink champagne with my supper."
[BE + ADVERB]
EXAMPLE:
"Peter is sometimes late for lessons."
NEGATIVE
[NOT + ADVERB]
EXAMPLES:
"We don't often go to the theater."
"My sister isn't usually so quiet."
QUESTIONS
[SUBJECT + ADVERB]
EXAMPLES:
"What do you usually have for breakfast?"
"Do you always eat a sandwich for lunch?"
"Are you ever going to finish that book?"
"We sometimes take the car and sometimes walk."
BSICAS
"Bill is rarely late."

"Jessica doesn't ever call me at work."
"Why don't Pam and Jim ever speak to Michael?"
ADVERBIOS: ADVERBIOS DE FRECUENCIA
UTILIZAR:
Se utiliza para hablar sobre la frecuencia o la rara vez sucede algo. Los adverbios ms
importantes de frecuencia son SIEMPRE, GENERALMENTE, NORMALMENTE,
USUALMENTE, FRECUENTEMENTE, FRECUENTEMENTE, A VECES,
OCASIONALMENTE, SELON, RARAMENTE, y NUNCA.
FORMAR:
Los adverbios de frecuencia normalmente vienen inmediatamente antes del verbo en
oraciones afirmativas, pero despus del verbo "SER". En frases negativas, los adverbios
de frecuencia vienen normalmente inmediatamente despus de la palabra NO. En las
preguntas, los adverbios de frecuencia vienen normalmente inmediatamente despus del
sujeto.
AFIRMATIVO
[ADVERB + VERBO]
EJEMPLO:
Siempre bebo champn con la cena.
[BE + ADVERB]
EJEMPLO:
"Peter es a veces tarde para las lecciones."
NEGATIVO
[NOT + ADVERB]
EJEMPLOS:
"A menudo no vamos al teatro".
Mi hermana no suele estar tan callada.
PREGUNTAS
[SUBJECT + ADVERB]
EJEMPLOS:
"Qu es lo que suelen tener para el desayuno?"
"Siempre comes un sndwich para el almuerzo?"
-Alguna vez vas a terminar ese libro?
"Algunas veces tomamos el coche y algunas veces caminamos".
BSICAS
"Bill raramente es tarde".

Jessica nunca me llama en el trabajo.
-Por qu Pam y Jim nunca hablan con Michael?
GERUNDS: GERUND OR INFINITIVE
USE:
Several verbs can be followed by either GERUNDS or INFINITIVES. In some cases, such
as REMEMBER, FORGET, STOP, and USE, this changes the meaning of the sentence
completely.
FORM + MEANING:
[REMEMBER/FORGET + GERUND - memories of the past]
EXAMPLES:
"I remember seeing the Beatles in 1970."
"I'll never forget meeting you in Rome last year."
FORM + MEANING:
[REMEMBER/FORGET + INFINITIVE - actions in the future]
EXAMPLES:
"I'll remember to give him the message tomorrow."
"Don't forget to feed the chickens this evening!"
FORM + MEANING:
[STOP + GERUND - to finish or abandon an action]
EXAMPLE:
"We stopped dancing because we were tired."
FORM + MEANING:
[STOP + INFINITIVE - to start a new action]
EXAMPLE:
"I stopped to tie my shoelace."
FORM + MEANING:
[TRY + GERUND - to experiment; to perform an action to see what the result will be.]
BSICAS
EXAMPLE:
"If you want to make perfect tea, try heating the pot with some boiling water before putting
in the tea."
FORM + MEANING:
[TRY + INFINITIVE - to attempt something; to find out whether it is possible]
EXAMPLE:
"I tried to stroke the cat, but she ran away before I could touch her."
FORM + MEANING:
[LIKE + GERUND - to enjoy something]
EXAMPLES:
"I like eating chocolate."
"I like reading novels."
FORM + MEANING:
[LIKE + INFINITIVE - to think that something is wise, right, or enjoyable]
EXAMPLES:
"I like to brush my teeth after meals."
"I like to answer business letters immediately."
Note the difference between USE TO + INFINITIVE and BE/GET USED TO + GERUND:
FORM + MEANING:
[USED TO (past) + INFINITIVE - refers to a past habit or state which has now stopped or
changed]
EXAMPLES:
"I used to smoke 50 cigarettes a day, before I stopped."
"We used to live in Washington; now we live in Montreal."
"My father used to have brown hair, but now he is bald."
FORM + MEANING:
[BE or GET USED TO + GERUND - means to consider something normal or become
accustomed to something]
EXAMPLES:
"I'm used to driving on the left now, but when I first came to Britain it felt very strange!"
BSICAS
"I can't get used to being a grandmother; I feel so old!"

"Don't worry; you'll get used to having grandchildren."
With some verbs (e.g. START, BEGIN, CONTINUE), it makes very little difference whether
they are followed by GERUND or an INFINITIVE, although one form may be slightly more
common than the other. In the following examples the more common form comes first.
EXAMPLES:
"We started traveling/to travel at 6 o'clock."
"Pat began swimming/to swim when she was six."
"Joe continued writing/to write to me for years."
GERUNDS: GERUND O INFINITIVO
UTILIZAR:
Varios verbos pueden ser seguidos por GERUNDS o INFINITIVES. En algunos casos,
como REMEMBER, FORGET, STOP y USE, esto cambia el significado de la frase
completamente.
FORMA + SIGNIFICADO:
[RECUERDE / OLVIDE + GERUND - recuerdos del pasado]
EJEMPLOS:
"Recuerdo haber visto a los Beatles en 1970".
"Nunca olvidar reunirte en Roma el ao pasado."
[RECUERDE / OLVIDE + INFINITIVO - acciones en el futuro]
EJEMPLOS:
-Recuerr darle el mensaje maana.
No te olvides de alimentar a los pollos esta noche!
[STOP + GERUND - para terminar o abandonar una accin]
EJEMPLO:
"Dejamos de bailar porque estbamos cansados."
[STOP + INFINITIVE - para iniciar una nueva accin]
BSICAS
EJEMPLO:
"Me detuve para atar el cordn del zapato."
[TRY + GERUND - para experimentar; Para realizar una accin para ver cul ser el
resultado.]
EJEMPLO:
"Si quieres hacer el t perfecto, intenta calentar la olla con un poco de agua hirviendo
antes de poner el t."
[TRY + INFINITIVE - para intentar algo; Para averiguar si es posible]
EJEMPLO:
"Trat de acariciar al gato, pero ella huy antes de que pudiera tocarla."
[LIKE + GERUND - para disfrutar de algo]
EJEMPLOS:
Me gusta comer chocolate.
Me gusta leer novelas.
[COMO + INFINITIVO - pensar que algo es sabio, correcto, o agradable]
EJEMPLOS:
Me gusta cepillarme los dientes despus de las comidas.
"Me gusta contestar cartas de negocios inmediatamente."
Observe la diferencia entre USE TO + INFINITIVE y BE / GET USED TO + GERUND:
[USADO A (pasado) + INFINITIVO - se refiere a un hbito o estado pasado que ahora ha
parado o cambiado]
EJEMPLOS:
"Sola fumar 50 cigarrillos al da, antes de que me detuviera."
"Vivamos en Washington, ahora vivimos en Montreal".
"Mi padre sola tener el pelo castao, pero ahora es calvo."
BSICAS
[BE o GET USED TO + GERUND - significa considerar algo normal o acostumbrarse a

algo]
EJEMPLOS:
"Estoy acostumbrado a conducir por la izquierda ahora, pero cuando llegu a Gran
Bretaa me sent muy extrao!"
No puedo acostumbrarme a ser abuela, me siento tan vieja!

No te preocupes, te acostumbrars a tener nietos.
Con algunos verbos (por ejemplo, START, BEGIN, CONTINUE), hace muy poca
diferencia si son seguidos por GERUND o INFINITIVE, aunque una forma puede ser
ligeramente ms comn que la otra. En los ejemplos siguientes la forma ms comn viene
primero.
EJEMPLOS:
"Comenzamos a viajar / viajar a las 6 en punto."
"Pat comenz a nadar ya nadar cuando tena seis aos."
"Joe sigui escribiendo / escribiendo para m durante aos".
IMPERSONAL STATEMENTS
USE:
These are used to talk about time, place, weather, and other conditions in expressions
where the verb "BE" has no real subject.
FORM:
[IT + BE + Time expression/adjective + REST]
EXAMPLES:
"It's 1 o'clock in Miami when it's 7 o'clock in Rome."
"It's warm and sunny today in Washington."
"It's too late to get tickets for the 4 o'clock show."
"It's time to start cooking dinner."
"Come and swim; it's lovely in the water!"
"It's very dusty up in our attic."
BSICAS
DECLARACIONES IMPERSONALES
UTILIZAR:
Se usan para hablar de tiempo, lugar, clima y otras condiciones en expresiones donde el
verbo "BE" no tiene sujeto real.
FORMAR:
[IT + BE + expresin de tiempo / adjetivo + REST]
EJEMPLOS:
"Son las 13 en Miami cuando son las 7 en Roma".
Hoy hace calor y soleado en Washington.
"Es demasiado tarde para conseguir entradas para el show de las 4".
"Es hora de empezar a cocinar la cena."
"Ven a nadar, es precioso en el agua!"
"Es muy polvoriento en nuestro tico."
College for Kids?

by Henry Nelson
Pre-school education is changing. Once, elementary school was the place to learn 1-2-
3and A-B-C. But today, highly motivated parents have
begun teaching these basics to theirchildren before they start school. Kindergarten has
now become a mini-college, where geography, history, and even mathematics are
taught. Small children are even givenhomework assignments.
Professor David Shift, who is the Director of Early Childhood Education at the University of
Highville, says, "We must simply accept the fact that children today know more than
children did years ago."
Eleanor Idle, of the New School Institute, doesn't agree. "Children need to be
children.They learn as they play. They don't need formal education this early. It just
isn't normal.Soon they'll be given entrance exams for kindergarten. Very young children
shouldn't spend their time worrying about grades and diplomas!"
Dr. Idle believes that if there is already so much competition in kindergarten, there is no
limit to how much there will be in high school. "We don't need to make it any harder on
students than it already is," she says. "After all, there were still many college graduates
when playing was all children did in kindergarten."
Many people who agree with Idle say that early childhood programs should
offer subjectsthat children enjoy and do well in naturally, like art, music, science, and
gym. After all, learning should be child's play.
BSICAS
Colegio para nios?

De Henry Nelson
La educacin preescolar est cambiando. Una vez, la escuela primaria fue el lugar para
aprender 1-2-3 y A-B-C. Pero hoy en da, padres muy motivados han comenzado a
ensear estos conceptos bsicos a sus hijos antes de comenzar la escuela. Kindergarten
se ha convertido en una mini-universidad, donde se ensean geografa, historia e incluso
matemticas. A los nios pequeos se les asignan tareas.
El profesor David Shift, director de Educacin Infantil en la Universidad de Highville, dice:

"Simplemente debemos aceptar el hecho de que los nios de hoy saben ms que los
nios hace aos".
Eleanor Idle, del New School Institute, no est de acuerdo. "Los nios necesitan ser nios,
aprenden mientras juegan, no necesitan educacin formal tan temprano, simplemente no
es normal, pronto tendrn exmenes de ingreso para el jardn de infantes, los nios muy
pequeos no deben pasar su tiempo Preocupndose por los grados y diplomas! "
Dr. Idle cree que si ya hay tanta competencia en el jardn de infantes, no hay lmite a
cunto habr en la escuela secundaria. "No tenemos que hacer que sea ms difcil para
los estudiantes de lo que ya es", dice. "Despus de todo, todava haba muchos
graduados universitarios cuando jugaban era lo que todos los nios hacan en el jardn de
infantes".
Muchas personas que estn de acuerdo con Idle decir que los programas de la primera
infancia deben ofrecer temas que los nios disfrutar y hacer bien en forma natural, como
el arte, la msica, la ciencia y el gimnasio. Despus de todo, el aprendizaje debe ser un
juego de nios.
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE:

STATEMENTS, Q and A
USE:
To talk about actions or states which began in the past and are still relevant in the present.
The Present Perfect is often used with expressions starting with FOR and SINCE, to talk
about actions or states which began in the past and are true up until the present time. It is
BSICAS
also used with the adverbs JUST, ALREADY, and YET to talk about actions or events
which took place at an indefinite time in the past. The Present Perfect is also used to talk
about recent actions or events ("news").
FORM:
The Present Perfect is made up of HAVE/HAS and the Past Participle (the third form of the
verb [V3]).
AFFIRMATIVE
[SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + (just/already) + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]... (for/since...)]
EXAMPLES:
"I've lived here for two years."
"You've already lost one key. I can't believe you can't find the second."
"Whose package is this? It's been here since 4 p.m."
"We've already met them."
"They're not hungry. They've just eaten their dinner."
NOTE: In positive sentences, JUST and ALREADY usually go immediately before the past
participle. Phrases with FOR and SINCE go at the end of the sentence.
NEGATIVE
[SUBJECT + HAVE NOT/HAVEN'T + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]..] HAS NOT/HASN'T
EXAMPLES:
"I haven't met her yet."
"It hasn't begun to rain yet."
"We haven't had lunch yet."
"You haven't said a word for 2 hours."
"They haven't finished their breakfast."
NOTE: In negative sentences, YET and phrases with FOR and SINCE usually go at the
end of the sentence.
YES/NO QUESTIONS
[HAVE/HAS + SUBJECT +...PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]]
EXAMPLES:
"Have you already finished your work?"
"Has she finished painting the room?"
WH-QUESTIONS
BSICAS
WH-QUESTIONS ABOUT THE SUBJECT
[WH-WORD + HAVE/HAS +...PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]]
EXAMPLE:
"Who has just eaten the candy?"
WH-QUESTIONS ABOUT THE REST OF THE SENTENCE
[WH-WORD + HAVE/HAS + SUBJECT +...PAST PARTICIPLE (V3)]
EXAMPLES:
"Where has he put my coat?"
"What have you done with the money?"
NOTE: In questions, JUST and ALREADY usually go before the Past Participle [V3]; YET
and phrases with FOR and SINCE usually go at the end of the sentence.
CONTRAST WITH OTHER TENSES
USE:
We use the Present Perfect to talk about actions or events that happened during a period
which in some way includes or is connected to the present, when the exact time is not
given.
EXAMPLE:
"Peter Parker has written five books."
The "period" in this sentence is Parker's life. By using the Present Perfect, we show that
he is still alive and still writing books.
BUT -
"John Craig wrote five books."
In this case, the Past Simple is used, showing that the "period" is finished, probably
because Craig is dead.
We also use the Present Perfect to talk about recent actions or events which are "news" to
the listener, often with the adverbs JUST and ALREADY and YET in negative sentences
and questions.
EXAMPLES:
"The results have just come in; and here they are..."
BSICAS
"I don't want to go to that movie: I've already seen it."

"Have you typed that letter yet?"
NOTE: In American English, the simple past form is often used:

"The election results just came in: here they are..."
"I don't want to go to that movie; I already saw it."
"Did you type that letter yet?"
We often use the Present Perfect with certain expressions:
FOR or SINCE
We can use FOR or SINCE at the beginning of the time expression. If we say how long the
action or state lasted, we use FOR:
"...for ten minutes."
"...for twenty years."
"...for two centuries."
"...for a very long time." etc.
If we say when the action or state began, we use SINCE, followed by the time or another
expression which indicates the time:
"...since 2 o'clock."
"...since last Monday."
"...since 1975."
"...since the end of the war."
"...since I was a baby." etc.
HOW LONG
We start a question to ask about the duration of an activity or state with HOW LONG:
EXAMPLES:
"How long have you had that sweater?"
"About six months."
"How long have you been an actor?"

"Since I left school."
EVER
If we want to know if something has happened, but not when, we often put the adverb
EVER before the verb in the question.
EXAMPLES:
"Have you ever eaten octopus?"
"Yes, I have."
BSICAS
"Have you ever been in an accident?"

"No, I haven't."
JUST, ALREADY or YET

JUST (=a short time ago), ALREADY (=before now) and YET (=before/until now) are used
in Present Perfect sentences that talk about recent actions or events ("news"). JUST and
ALREADY usually go immediately before the third form of the verb and YET is often used
at the end of a negative sentence or question.
EXAMPLES:
"I have already seen that movie. Let's stay home!"
"But I haven't seen it yet!"
"Here we are at the Indy 500 with Mike Rhodes. Mike, have you ever driven in an Indy
race?"
"No, I haven't. But I've been a race driver in Europe for ten years."
"Well, Good Luck to you!"
PRESENTE PERFECTO SIMPLE:

DECLARACIONES, Q y A
UTILIZAR:
Hablar de acciones o estados que comenzaron en el pasado y siguen siendo relevantes
en el presente. El presente perfecto se utiliza a menudo con las expresiones que
comienzan con FOR y SINCE, para hablar de las acciones o de los estados que
comenzaron en el pasado y son verdad hasta el presente. Tambin se utiliza con los
adverbios JUSTO, YA, y TODAVA para hablar de acciones o eventos que tuvieron lugar
en un tiempo indefinido en el pasado. El presente perfecto tambin se utiliza para hablar
de acciones o eventos recientes ("noticias").
BSICAS
FORMAR:
El Presente Perfecto est formado por HAVE / HAS y el Participio Pasado (la tercera
forma del verbo [V3]).
AFIRMATIVO
[SUBJECT + HAVE / HAS + (solo / ya) + PARTICIPADO PASADO [V3] ... (para / desde
...)]
EJEMPLOS:
He vivido aqu dos aos.
"Ya has perdido una llave, no puedo creer que no puedas encontrar la segunda."
"De quin es este paquete? Ha estado aqu desde las 4 de la maana"
Ya los hemos conocido.
-No tienen hambre, slo han comido la cena.
NOTA: En oraciones positivas, JUSTO y YA suelen ir inmediatamente antes del participio

pasado. Frases con FOR y SINCE van al final de la oracin.
NEGATIVO
[SUJETO + NO TENGO / NO TENGO + PARTICIPADO PASADO [V3] ..] NO TIENE / NO

TIENE
EJEMPLOS:
Todava no la he conocido.
"An no ha empezado a llover."
BSICAS
Todava no hemos almorzado.

"No has dicho una palabra por 2 horas."
No han terminado de desayunar.
NOTA: En frases negativas, YET y frases con FOR y SINCE suelen ir al final de la
oracin.
SI NO PREGUNTAS
[HAVE / HAS + SUBJECT + ... PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]]
EJEMPLOS:
-Has terminado ya tu trabajo?
-Ha terminado de pintar la habitacin?
WH-PREGUNTAS
WH-PREGUNTAS SOBRE EL ASUNTO
[WH-WORD + HAVE / HAS + ... PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]]
EJEMPLO:
-Quin ha comido los caramelos?
WH-PREGUNTAS SOBRE EL RESTO DE LA SENTENCIA
[WH-WORD + HAVE / HAS + SUBJECT + ... PAST PARTICIPLE (V3)]

BSICAS
EJEMPLOS:
-Dnde ha puesto mi abrigo?
-Qu has hecho con el dinero?
NOTA: En las preguntas, JUSTO y YA suelen ir antes del Participio Pasado [V3]; YET y
frases con FOR y SINCE suelen ir al final de la oracin.
CONTRASTE CON OTRAS TENSIONES
UTILIZAR:
Usamos el Presente Perfecto para hablar de acciones o acontecimientos que sucedieron
durante un perodo que de alguna manera incluye o est conectado al presente, cuando
no se da el tiempo exacto.
EJEMPLO:
Peter Parker ha escrito cinco libros.
El "perodo" en esta oracin es la vida de Parker. Usando el Presente Perfecto,

mostramos que l todava est vivo y sigue escribiendo libros.
PERO -
John Craig escribi cinco libros.
En este caso, el Past Simple se utiliza, mostrando que el "perodo" est terminado,
probablemente porque Craig est muerto.
Tambin usamos el Presente Perfecto para hablar de acciones recientes o eventos que
son "noticias" para el oyente, a menudo con los adverbios JUSTO y J y ENTENDIDO en
oraciones y preguntas negativas.
BSICAS
EJEMPLOS:
"Los resultados acaban de llegar, y aqu estn ..."
"No quiero ir a esa pelcula: ya lo he visto."
-Has tecleado esa carta?
NOTA: En ingls americano, la forma pasada simple se usa a menudo:

"Los resultados electorales llegaron: aqu estn ..."
"No quiero ir a esa pelcula, ya lo vi."
-Tambin escribi esa carta?
A menudo usamos el Presente Perfecto con ciertas expresiones:
Para o desde
Podemos usar FOR o SINCE al principio de la expresin de tiempo. Si decimos cunto
dur la accin o estado, usamos PARA:
"...por diez minutos."
"...por veinte aos."
"... durante dos siglos."
"...por un largo tiempo." Etc.
Si decimos cundo comenz la accin o estado, usamos SINCE, seguido del tiempo u
otra expresin que indica la hora:
"... desde las 2 en punto."
"... desde el lunes pasado."
"... desde 1975."
"... desde el final de la guerra."
"... desde que era un beb." Etc.
BSICAS
CUNTO TIEMPO
Comenzamos una pregunta para preguntar sobre la duracin de una actividad o estado
con CUANTO TIEMPO:
EJEMPLOS:
-Cunto hace que tienes ese suter?
-Dentro de seis meses.
-Cunto hace que eres actor?

-Desde que sal de la escuela.
NUNCA
Si queremos saber si algo ha sucedido, pero no cundo, a menudo colocamos el adverbio
EVER antes del verbo en la pregunta.
EJEMPLOS:
-Alguna vez has comido pulpo?
"S tengo."
-Has estado alguna vez en un accidente?

-No, no lo he hecho.
Solo o ya
JUST (= hace poco tiempo), YA (= antes de ahora) y YET (= antes / hasta ahora) se usan
en frases Perfect Perfect que hablan de acciones o eventos recientes. JUSTO Y YA
suelen ir inmediatamente antes de la tercera forma del verbo Y YET se utiliza a menudo al
final de una oracin o pregunta negativa.
BSICAS
EJEMPLOS:
"Ya he visto esa pelcula. Qudate en casa!"
-Pero todava no lo he visto!
"Aqu estamos en la Indy 500 con Mike Rhodes, Mike, alguna vez has conducido en una
carrera de Indy?"
-No, no, pero he sido piloto de carreras en Europa durante diez aos.
"Bueno, buena suerte!"
Traductor de Google para empresas:Google Translator ToolkitTraductor de sitios
webGlobal Market Finder
Justin:
Let me help you with that.
Yavor:
Oh thanks.
Justin:
So where are you from?
Yavor:
I'm from Bulgaria.
Justin:
Ahh. What brought you to the States?
Yavor:
BSICAS
I was working in the European office. I had been there five years, so I asked for a transfer
and here I am.
Justin:
Sounds like a great opportunity. What kind of work are you doing here?
Yavor:
For now I'm still in training. But in a couple of weeks I'll be joining the finance department.
Justin:
How do you like living here so far?
Yavor:
It's great. Everyone is so friendly. People call each other by their first names. Where I
come from things are much more formal.
Justin:
That's interesting. I never thought of it like that.
Coworker:
Hey Justin! How's it going?
Justin:
Great!
Yavor:
See what I mean.
Justin:
Dejame ayudarte con eso.
Yavor:
Oh gracias.
Justin:
As que de dnde eres?
Yavor:
Soy de Bulgaria.
Justin:
Ahh. Qu te trajo a los Estados Unidos?
Yavor:
BSICAS
Estaba trabajando en la oficina europea. Yo haba estado all cinco aos, as que ped un
traslado y aqu estoy.
Justin:
Suena como una gran oportunidad. Qu tipo de trabajo ests haciendo aqu?
Yavor:
Por ahora estoy todava en formacin. Pero en un par de semanas voy a unirme al
departamento de finanzas.
Justin:
Qu te parece vivir aqu hasta ahora?
Yavor:
Es genial. Todo el mundo es muy amable. Las personas se llaman por sus nombres. De
donde vengo las cosas son mucho ms formales.
Justin:
Eso es interesante. Nunca lo haba pensado de esa manera.
Compaero de trabajo
Hey Justin! Cmo te va?
Justin:
Estupendo!
Yavor:
Mira lo que quiero decir.
Study Exchange
by Pat Miller
Craighouse School in Glasgow has been sending children overseas to France on

anexchange program since 1971. The students' French improves a lot, and
when they come back they usually no longer need a French tutor to help them outside of
school. The children who take part in the exchange program have to be over
the age of thirteen.
Mrs. Bankes, whose daughter is participating in this year's exchange group, says,
"I thinkit's a wonderful opportunity for Kim. Although she has only been away for a
month, Ihave already started to miss her. I've been making long-distance calls to Paris
about once a week since she left."
BSICAS
Anyone who has seen Kim in Paris knows that she hasn't been missing anyone. Kim is
very happy with the program. She says that her French has really improved, and hearing
her French accent, it was easy to believe her.
"I haven't been homesick even once," Kim says. "I have made several new friends and I
have a great roommate, Chantal, who I will keep in touch with when I leave. I don't
evenfeel like going home at all."
The exchange program also helps these young people meet again after the program
hasended, and friends like Chantal and Kim will probably meet at Kim's home in Scotland
next year. Of course, that's if Kim hasn't already decided to stay in France and become a
French citizen!
Parents who are interested in sending their children abroad on this
program should contact the Craighouse School in Pollok, Glasgow.
Intercambio de estudios De Pat Miller
La Escuela Craighouse de Glasgow ha estado enviando a nios al extranjero a Francia en

un programa de intercambio desde 1971. El francs de los estudiantes mejora mucho, y
cuando regresan por lo general ya no necesitan un tutor francs para ayudarles fuera de
la escuela. Los nios que participan en el programa de intercambio tienen que ser
mayores de trece aos. La seora Bankes, cuya hija participa en el grupo de intercambio
de este ao, dice: "Creo que es una oportunidad maravillosa para Kim. Aunque slo ha
estado fuera por un mes, ya he empezado a echarla de menos. -Las llamadas de larga
distancia a Pars una vez por semana desde que se fue. Cualquiera que haya visto a Kim
en Pars sabe que no ha faltado a nadie. Kim est muy contenta con el programa. Ella
dice que su francs realmente ha mejorado, y al or su acento francs, era fcil creerla.
"No he sentido nostalgia ni una sola vez", dice Kim. -He hecho varios amigos nuevos y
tengo una gran compaera de cuarto, Chantal, con la que me mantendr en contacto
cuando me vaya. Ni siquiera me apetece volver a casa. El programa de intercambio
tambin ayuda a estos jvenes a reunirse de nuevo despus de que el programa ha
terminado, y amigos como Chantal y Kim probablemente se reunir en casa de Kim en
Escocia el prximo ao. Por supuesto, eso si Kim no ha decidido quedarse en Francia y
convertirse en un ciudadano francs! Los padres que estn interesados en enviar a sus
hijos al extranjero en este programa deben comunicarse con la Craighouse School en
Pollok, Glasgow.
BSICAS
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
USE:
To talk about a continuous or repeated action which began in the past and continues up to
the present, or which finished very recently and still has an effect. We do not normally use
the Present Perfect Progressive with stative verbs (TO HAVE RED HAIR, TO BE
HAPPY/ILL/TIRED, TO KNOW THE ANSWER, etc.).
EXAMPLES:
"Betty and Joe have been working all night: they're exhausted!"
"Ted, I've been telling you to make your bed for two hours!"
FORM:
AFFIRMATIVE
[SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + VERB+ing ]
EXAMPLES:
"I've been sitting here for an hour."
"She's been hiding in the garage."
NEGATIVE
[SUBJECT+ HAS/HAVE + NOT+ BEEN+ VERB+ing...]

HASN'T/HAVEN'T
EXAMPLES:
"You have not (haven't) been working all week."
"He has not (hasn't) been living here very long."
The expressions FOR and SINCE are used with the Present Perfect Progressive
NOTE: in the same way as with the Present Perfect Simple.
EXAMPLES:
"They have been studying French for three years."
"She has been living here since 1987."
BSICAS
PRESENTE PERFECTO PROGRESIVO
UTILIZAR:
Hablar de una accin continua o repetida que comenz en el pasado y contina hasta el
presente, o que termin muy recientemente y todava tiene un efecto. Normalmente no
usamos el Presente Perfecto Progresivo con verbos estativos (TENER PELO ROJO, SER
FELIZ / ENFERMO / CANSADO, CONOCER LA RESPUESTA, etc.).
EJEMPLOS:
"Betty y Joe han estado trabajando toda la noche: estn agotados!"
"Ted, te he estado diciendo que hagas tu cama por dos horas!"
FORMAR:
AFIRMATIVO
[SUJETO + TENER / HA + ESTADO + VERBO + ing]
EJEMPLOS:
Hace una hora que estoy sentado aqu.
Se ha estado ocultando en el garaje.
NEGATIVO
[SUBJECT + HAS / HAVE + NOT + BEEN + VERB + ing ...]

No tiene / no tiene
EJEMPLOS:
"No has estado trabajando toda la semana".
"No ha vivido aqu hace mucho tiempo."
NOTA: Las expresiones FOR y SINCE se usan con el Present Perfect Progressive de la
misma manera que con el Present Perfect Simple.
EJEMPLOS:
"Han estado estudiando francs por tres aos".
"Ella ha estado viviendo aqu desde 1987."
BSICAS
Welcome, listeners, to today's "Call-In

Line."
I'm your host, Doug, and on today's

show I'd like to hear about your favorite
celebration. Good morning, Caller
Number One. You're on the air.
Stella: Hi, Doug! This is Stella. My favorite celebration
has always been Independence Day. Last year
we had a fireworks display and our annual bake
sale. I baked old-fashioned apple pie.
Host: I can almost taste that apple pie. Thank you,
Stella. Now we go to Gertrude, who's been
waiting on the line.
Gertrude: Hello. This might sound unusual, but in England,
where I was born, there is a Spring Bank Holiday
festival. It has always been a tradition to celebrate
it with a fair in a park. There is usually a parade,
as well.
Host: That sounds very English, Gertrude. Now, are
there any men out there celebrating anything?
Mike: Hi, Doug. My name is Mike, and my favorite
celebration is Thanksgiving.I am a descendant of
one of the first Englishmen who came to
America. I was born here, and I consider it an
honor to be an American.
Host: Well, it's been an honor for us to have you on our
program, Mike! And now, our last caller is ...
Penelope: Penelope. My favorite celebration was my 97th
birthday. My whole family gathered for the event.
Host: Penelope, your favorite celebration really is
unique. Well, that's all we have time for
today. Have a spectacular day, listeners, and let's
keep talking to each other.
BSICAS
Bienvenidos, oyentes, a la "Lnea de Llamada" de hoy
. Soy su anfitrin, Doug, y en el programa de hoy me gustara escuchar sobre su

celebracin favorita. Buenos das, llamador nmero uno. Ests en el aire. Stella: Hola,
Doug! Esta es Stella. Mi fiesta favorita siempre ha sido el Da de la Independencia. El ao
pasado tuvimos una exhibicin de fuegos artificiales y nuestra venta anual de pasteles. He
horneado pastel de manzana pasada de moda. Anfitrin: Casi puedo probar ese pastel de
manzana. Gracias, Stella. Ahora vamos a Gertrude, que ha estado esperando en la lnea.
Gertrude: Hola. Esto puede sonar extrao, pero en Inglaterra, donde nac, hay un festival
de Spring Bank Holiday. Siempre ha sido una tradicin celebrarlo con una feria en un
parque. Por lo general, hay un desfile, tambin. Anfitrin: Eso suena muy ingls, Gertrude.
Ahora, hay hombres por ah celebrando algo? Micro: Hola, Doug. Mi nombre es Mike, y
mi celebracin favorita es Thanksgiving. Soy descendiente de uno de los primeros
ingleses que vinieron a Amrica. Yo nac aqu, y considero un honor ser un americano.
Anfitrin: Bueno, ha sido un honor para nosotros tenerte en nuestro programa, Mike! Y
ahora, nuestra ltima llamada es ... Penelope Penlope. Mi celebracin favorita fue mi 97
cumpleaos. Toda mi familia se reuni para el evento. Anfitrin: Penlope, tu celebracin
favorita es realmente nica. Bueno, eso es todo lo que tenemos tiempo para hoy. Que
tengan un da espectacular, oyentes, y sigamos hablando el uno al otro.
The First Thanksgiving

Andrew and Kenji were sitting outside Kenji's house with nothing to do. Suddenly Andrew
stood up. "Let's go inside and watch the Thanksgiving Day Parade on TV," he said.
"What's Thanksgiving Day?" asked Kenji.
"You don't know what Thanksgiving Day is!" Andrew asked, surprised. "It's a holiday that
Americans celebrate in honor of everything that this country offered to our
ancestors.When the pilgrims first came to America 400 years ago, they worked hard
building houses, planting, and fishing. They were helped by the American Indians,
who taughtthem how to grow all kinds of new vegetables, such as corn and
BSICAS
yams, or sweet potatoes.By harvest time, there was lots of food to eat and the future
looked full of opportunity.Our ancestors made a feast to show their appreciation. So now,
every year we celebrate Thanksgiving Day."
"What do you do on Thanksgiving?" asked Kenji.
"Well, it's traditional to eat a big meal together. We eat food that symbolizes the new food
our ancestors ate. At our house we usually eat turkey with sweet potatoes and corn
bread. And we have pumpkin pie for dessert." said Andrew.
"I've never had sweet potatoes or pumpkin pie. They sound interesting," Kenji said. "But
what's the parade you want to see?"
"Oh, it's an annual event. Every Thanksgiving, a giant parade is organized by one of the
most famous department stores in New York," Andrew explained. "There are big balloons,
called 'floats,' in the shape of famous cartoon characters. At the end of the parade,
children can even see Santa Claus, who's visiting from the North Pole. Santa Claus is
invited to remind children and parents that Christmas is not far away. Well, now
that I've told you all about Thanksgiving, do you want to come to my house for
dinner and watch the parade?" asked Andrew.
"Sure," said Kenji. " I'd love to."
El primer da de Accin de Gracias
Andrew y Kenji estaban sentados fuera de la casa de Kenji sin nada que hacer. De
repente, Andrew se levant. "Vamos a entrar y ver el desfile del Da de Accin de Gracias
en la televisin", dijo.
"Qu es el Da de Accin de Gracias?" -pregunt Kenji.
"No sabes lo que es el Da de Accin de Gracias!" -pregunt Andrew, sorprendido. "Es un

da de fiesta que los estadounidenses celebran en honor a todo lo que este pas ofreci a
nuestros antepasados." Cuando los peregrinos llegaron a Estados Unidos hace 400 aos,
trabajaron duro construyendo casas, plantando y pescando. Les ense cmo cultivar
todo tipo de verduras nuevas, como el maz y los ames, o batatas dulces.Por la poca de
la cosecha, haba mucha comida para comer y el futuro se vea lleno de oportunidades
Nuestros antepasados hicieron un banquete para mostrar su agradecimiento. As que
ahora, cada ao celebramos el Da de Accin de Gracias ".
"Qu haces el Da de Accin de Gracias?" -pregunt Kenji.

BSICAS
"Bueno, es tradicional comer una comida grande juntos, comemos alimentos que
simbolizan el nuevo alimento que comieron nuestros antepasados En nuestra casa
usualmente comemos pavo con patatas dulces y pan de maz y tenemos pastel de
calabaza para el postre". Dijo Andrew.
"Nunca he tenido papas dulces o tarta de calabaza, parecen interesantes", dijo Kenji. -
Pero qu desfile quieres ver?
"Oh, es un evento anual, cada Da de Accin de Gracias, un desfile gigante est

organizado por uno de los grandes almacenes ms famosos de Nueva York", explic
Andrew. "Al final del desfile, los nios pueden incluso ver a Santa Claus, que est
visitando desde el Polo Norte.El Pap Noel est invitado a recordar a los nios y los
padres que La Navidad no est lejos ... Bueno, ahora que te he contado todo sobre el Da
de Accin de Gracias, quieres venir a mi casa a cenar y ver el desfile? -pregunt
Andrew.
"Claro," dijo Kenji. " Me encantara."
EL PASIVO: FORMA - CON O SIN AGENTE
UTILIZAR:
Hablar de acciones o eventos en los cuales el agente o el "hacedor" de la accin es obvio,
desconocido o sin importancia, o para enfatizar la accin, los resultados de la accin o el
receptor de la accin. El pasivo tambin se usa para enfatizar un proceso o evento.
FORMAR:
["BE" + Participio Pasado [V3]]
NOTA: El verbo "BE" vara segn el tiempo de la oracin. Puede tomar cualquier forma,
incluyendo progresistas.
EJEMPLOS:
"El castillo fue construido en 1543."
"Desde entonces se ha reconstruido dos veces".
(Agente desconocido / sin importancia)
Aqu se habla ingls.

BSICAS
(Agente es obvio o entendido)
"El juego se juega hasta que no haya ms jugadores en el campo".

(Se subraya el proceso)
NOTA: Podemos incluir al agente despus del verbo en una oracin pasiva, usando la
preposicin BY.
EJEMPLOS:
Mi almuerzo fue robado por un gorila del circo!
El nuevo hospital va a ser abierto por la propia Reina.
AFIRMATIVO NEGATIVO
PRESENTE / PASADO SIMPLE
[OBJETO + Forma Presente / Pasada de BE (NO) + PARTICIPADO PASADO [V3] (por

SUJETO) ...]
EJEMPLOS:
Aqu se habla ingls.
"Estos calcetines no se hicieron en Japn."
PRESENTE / PASADO PROGRESIVO
[OBJETO + Forma presente / pasada de BE (NO) + SER + PARTICIPIO PASADO [V3]

(por SUJETO)]
EJEMPLOS:
"La casa est siendo pintada (por John)".
"Nuestro coche no estaba siendo utilizado ayer."
PRESENTE PERFECTO
[OBJETO + TENER (NO) / HA (NO) + ESTADO + PARTICIPIO PASADO [V3] (por

TEMA)]
EJEMPLOS:
"La casa ha sido alquilada (por Bob Tell)".
No hemos sido invitados a la fiesta.
SI NO PREGUNTAS
BSICAS
[BE / HAVE + SUBJECT (BE) + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]]
EJEMPLOS:
-La carta fue enviada? (SENCILLO)
-Se est ordenando? (PROGRESIVO)
-Le han preguntado? (PERFECTO)
WH-PREGUNTAS
[WH-WORD + BE / HAVE + (SUJETO) (BE) + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3] ...]
EJEMPLOS:
-Quin fue informado de esto?
-Cundo fue Juan invitado a la boda?
-Dnde se lo estaba mostrando?
-Por qu se ha despedido a Bill?
OTROS EJEMPLOS:
"El coche no estaba siendo reparado cuando llegamos."

"Los resultados electorales acaban de ser anunciados".
-George ha sido atrapado por la polica.
-Vamos a invitarnos a la fiesta de Joe?
-Por qu ha sido arrestada Betty?
"Quin fue esa pelcula hecha por?

"Fue hecho por DeMille, creo."
THE PASSIVE: FORM - WITH OR WITHOUT AGENT
USE:
BSICAS
To talk about actions or events in which the agent, or the "doer" of the action, is obvious,
unknown or unimportant, or to emphasize the action, the results of the action, or the
receiver of the action. The Passive is also used to stress a process or event.
FORM:
["BE" + Past Participle [V3]]
NOTE: The verb "BE" varies according to the tense of the sentence. It can take any form,
including progressives.
EXAMPLES:
"The castle was built in 1543."
"It has been rebuilt twice since then."
(Agent unknown/unimportant)
"English is spoken here."

BSICAS
(Agent is obvious or understood)
"The game is played until there are no more players on the field."
(Process is stressed)
NOTE: We can include the agent after the verb in a Passive sentence, using the
preposition BY.
EXAMPLES:
"My lunch was stolen by a gorilla from the circus!"
"The new hospital is going to be opened by the Queen herself."
AFFIRMATIVE/NEGATIVE
PRESENT/PAST SIMPLE
[OBJECT + Present/Past Form of BE (NOT) + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3] (by SUBJECT)...]

BSICAS
EXAMPLES:
"English is spoken here."
"These socks weren't made in Japan."
PRESENT/PAST PROGRESSIVE
[OBJECT + Present/Past Form of BE (NOT) + BEING + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3] (by

SUBJECT)]
EXAMPLES:
"The house is being painted (by John)."
"Our car wasn't being used yesterday."
PRESENT PERFECT
[OBJECT + HAVE (NOT)/HAS (NOT) + BEEN + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3] (by SUBJECT)]
BSICAS
EXAMPLES:
"The house has been rented (by Bob Tell)."
"We haven't been invited to the party."
YES/NO QUESTIONS
[BE/HAVE + SUBJECT (BE) + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]]
EXAMPLES:
"Was the letter sent?" (SIMPLE)
"Is it being ordered?" (PROGRESSIVE)
"Have they been asked?" (PERFECT)
WH-QUESTIONS
[WH-WORD + BE/HAVE + (SUBJECT) (BE) + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]...]
EXAMPLES:
BSICAS
"Who was told about this?"
"When was John invited to the wedding?"
"Where was it being shown?"
"Why has Bill been fired?
OTHER EXAMPLES:
"The car wasn't being repaired when we arrived."
"The election results have just been announced."
"George has been caught by the police."
"Are we going to be invited to Joe's party?"
"Why has Betty been arrested?"
"Who was that movie made by?
"It was made by DeMille, I think."

BSICAS
RELATIVE CLAUSES: OBJECT RELATIVE CLAUSES
USE:
When the subject of the verb in the relative clause is not the same as the noun we are
talking about.
BSICAS
FORM:
These relative clauses begin with relative pronouns:
WHO (for people)
WHOM (in very formal English)
WHICH (for animals or things),
THAT (for people, animals, or things and for the words EVERYTHING, NOTHING,
SOMETHING, or ANYTHING)
We can choose to leave out the relative pronoun if it is not the subject of the verb in the
relative clause, except when the relative clause begins with a preposition (in formal
English), or if it follows a comma.
[...NOUN + (RELATIVE PRONOUN) + SENTENCE...]
EXAMPLES:
"Frederick is the man (who/that/whom) I work with."
"Here's the book (which/that) you lent me."
"Tell me everything (that) you remember."

BSICAS
If there is a preposition at the beginning of the relative clause we must use the relative
pronouns WHOM or WHICH unless we move the prepositionto the end of the clause.
EXAMPLES:
"The lady with whom you were dancing is my wife."
OR
"The lady (that) you were dancing with is my wife."
"The company for which you work is responsible for your pension."
OR
"The company (that) you work for is responsible for your pension."
We can also replace IN WHICH,AT WHICH, and ON WHICH by WHERE or WHEN.
EXAMPLES:
BSICAS
"That's the house where Shakespeare lived."
"1492 was the year when Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic."
CLAUSULAS RELATIVAS: CLUSULAS RELATIVAS A OBJETOS
UTILIZAR:
Cuando el sujeto del verbo en la clusula relativa no es el mismo que el sustantivo del que
estamos hablando.
FORMAR:
Estas oraciones relativas comienzan con pronombres relativos:
OMS (para las personas)
QUIN (en ingls muy formal)
QUE (para animales o cosas),
QUE (para personas, animales, o cosas y para las palabras TODO, NADA, ALGO, o
CUALQUIER COSA)
Podemos elegir omitir el pronombre relativo si no es el sujeto del verbo en la clusula

relativa, excepto cuando la oracin relativa comienza con una preposicin (en ingls
formal), o si sigue una coma.
[... NOUN + (PRONOUN RELATIVO) + SENTENCIA ...]
EJEMPLOS:
"Frederick es el hombre (con quin / con quien) con quien trabajo".
"Aqu est el libro (que / que) me prestaste."
"Dime todo lo que recuerdas."
Si hay una preposicin al principio de la clusula relativa debemos usar los pronombres
relativos WHOM o WHICH a menos que movamos la preposicin al final de la clusula.
EJEMPLOS:
La seora con la que estabas bailando es mi mujer.
O
BSICAS
La seora con la que estabas bailando es mi mujer.
"La empresa para la que trabaja es responsable de su pensin."

O
"La empresa para la que trabajas es responsable de tu pensin."
Tambin podemos reemplazar EN QU, EN QU, Y EN QU por DNDE O CUNDO.
EJEMPLOS:
-Esa es la casa donde vivi Shakespeare.
"1492 fue el ao en que Cristbal Coln cruz el Atlntico".
RELATIVE CLAUSES: SUBJECT RELATIVE CLAUSES
USE:
When the subject of the verb in the relative clause is the same as the noun we are talking
about.
FORM:
These Relative Clauses begin with relative pronouns:
WHO (for people),
WHICH (for animals or things),
THAT (for people, animals, or things; for the words EVERYTHING, NOTHING,
SOMETHING, or ANYTHING).
[...NOUN + RELATIVE PRONOUN + VERB...]
EXAMPLES:
"He's the man who/that wrote this book."
"Let's see the movie which/that won the prize."
"I've forgotten everything that happened."
"Bill's the man who called me last night."
"Where is the factory that makes those chairs?"
Remember that the relative clause always contains a verb.

BSICAS
CLUSULAS RELATIVAS: CLUSULAS TEMTICAS RELATIVAS
UTILIZAR:
Cuando el sujeto del verbo en la clusula relativa es el mismo que el sustantivo del que
estamos hablando.
FORMAR:
Estas Clusulas Relativas comienzan con pronombres relativos:
OMS (para la gente),
QUE (para animales o cosas),
QUE (para personas, animales o cosas, para las palabras TODO, NADA, ALGO, o
CUALQUIER COSA).
[... NOMBRE + RELATIVO PRONOUN + VERBO ...]
EJEMPLOS:
"Es el hombre que escribi este libro".
"Vamos a ver la pelcula que gan el premio."
He olvidado todo lo que pas.
-Bill es el hombre que me llam anoche.
-Dnde est la fbrica que fabrica esas sillas?
Recuerde que la clusula relative siempre contiene un verbo.
RELATIVE CLAUSES:
WITH OR WITHOUT RELATIVE PRONOUNS
We can choose to leave out the relative pronoun if it is not the subject of the verb in the
relative clause, except when the relative clause begins with a preposition (in formal
English), or if it follows a comma.
EXAMPLES:
That's the man I spoke to.
BUT
That's the man to whom I spoke.
CLUSULAS RELATIVAS:
CON O SIN PRONUNCIAS RELATIVAS
BSICAS
Podemos elegir omitir el pronombre relativo si no es el sujeto del verbo en la clusula

relativa, excepto cuando la oracin relativa comienza con una preposicin (en ingls
formal), o si sigue una coma.
EJEMPLOS:
Ese es el hombre con el que habl.
PERO
Ese es el hombre al que habl.
THE PASSIVE: INDIRECT FORM
Some verbs, such as GIVE, ASK, TELL, OFFER, PROMISE, SEND, SHOW, TEACH, and
PAY, can have two objects: one DIRECT and one INDIRECT. Either the direct object or
the indirect object can become the subject in a passive sentence:
"My grandmother gave me a watch for my birthday."
"The watch was given to me for my birthday."
(direct object)
BSICAS
"I was given the watch for my birthday."
(indirect object)
EL PASSIVO:
FORMA INDIRECTA Algunos verbos, como GIVE, ASK, TELL, OFFER, PROMISE,
SEND, SHOW, TEACH y PAY, pueden tener dos objetos: uno DIRECTO y uno
INDIRECTO. El objeto directo o el objeto indirecto puede convertirse en el sujeto en una
frase pasiva: -Mi abuela me dio un reloj para mi cumpleaos. "El reloj me fue dado para mi
cumpleaos." (objeto directo) Me dieron el reloj para mi cumpleaos. (objeto indirecto)
ob:
Hi Karen, Bob Johnson.
Karen:
Nice to meet you.
Bob:
Have a seat. So Karen, I've read over your application, and I see that you have some
experience in advertising. Is that right?
BSICAS
Karen:
Yes, it is. Actually, I've worked for three ad agencies since I graduated from college.
Bob:
And what positions did you have?
Karen:
The first two were temporary intern positions both for about six months each.
Bob:
And then you went to Kenyon Barnett?
Karen:
Yes. For the past three years I've been working as a junior copywriter at Kenyon Barnett.
Bob:
So, tell me about your work there.
Karen:
I've gradually taken on more responsibility over the years. I now work directly with the art
director on different campaigns and I take part in planning meetings and reviews.
Bob:
Can you tell me about a specific ad campaign you worked on?
Karen:
BSICAS
Our most successful campaign was for The Candy Factory.
Bob:
The Candy Factory? I've seen those ads on TV.
Karen:
I was responsible for all the copy that appeared in the television, radio, and print ads.
Bob:
You did a great job.
Karen:
Thank you. We worked really hard on it.
Bob:
So, Karen. Do you have any questions for me?
Karen:
When do I start?
1/
transmisin exterior:
Hola Karen, Bob Johnson.

Karen:
Encantada de conocerte.
BSICAS
Cheln:
Toma asiento. As que Karen, he ledo sobre su solicitud, y veo que usted tiene cierta
experiencia en la publicidad. Est bien?
Karen:
S lo es. En realidad, he trabajado para tres agencias de publicidad desde que me gradu
de la universidad.
Cheln:
Y qu posiciones tenas?
Karen:
Los dos primeros eran pasantes temporales, ambos durante seis meses cada uno.
Cheln:
Y entonces fuiste a Kenyon Barnett?
Karen:
S. Durante los ltimos tres aos he estado trabajando como redactor junior en Kenyon
Barnett.
Cheln:
Entonces, cuntame sobre tu trabajo all.
Karen:
Gradualmente he asumido ms responsabilidad a lo largo de los aos. Ahora trabajo
directamente con el director de arte en diferentes campaas y participo en la planificacin
de reuniones y revisiones.
Cheln:
Puede decirme sobre una campaa publicitaria especfica en la que trabaj?
Karen:
Nuestra campaa ms exitosa fue para The Candy Factory.
Cheln:
La fbrica de dulces? He visto esos anuncios en la televisin.
Karen:
Yo era responsable de toda la copia que apareca en la televisin, la radio y los anuncios
impresos.
Cheln:
Hiciste un gran trabajo.
Karen:
Gracias. Trabajamos muy duro en ello.
Cheln:
As que, Karen. Tienes alguna pregunta para m?
Karen:
Cuando empiezo?
1/
Overtime
BSICAS
Colleagues! Have you been working overtime a lot lately? Are you confused about
thenew work contracts you are required to sign? Do you think you qualify for
a raise orpromotion? Our firm's bright new accountant can help you. If you keep track
of yourworking hours and expenses, she can help you save income tax, too! Make
anappointment to see her this week. She will look over the figures you bring her, andspend
time talking with you. Remember: your future is safe with us!
A travs del tiempo

Colegas! Has estado trabajando horas extras ltimamente? Est confundido acerca de
los nuevos contratos de trabajo que debe firmar? Cree usted que califica para un
aumento o una promocin? El contador brillante de nuestra firma puede ayudarle. Si usted
hace un seguimiento de sus horas de trabajo y gastos, ella puede ayudarle a ahorrar
impuesto sobre la renta, tambin! Haga una cita para verla esta semana. Mirar las cifras
que le traes, y pasar tiempo hablando contigo. Recuerde: su futuro est a salvo con
nosotros!
Overtime
Colleagues! Have you been working overtime a lot lately? Are you confused about the new
work contracts you are required to sign? Do you think you qualify for a raise or promotion?
Our firm's bright new accountant can help you. If you keep track of your working hours and
expenses, she can help you save income tax, too! Make an appointment to see her this
week. She will look over the figures you bring her, and spend time talking with you.
Remember: your future is safe with us!
A travs del tiempo

Colegas! Has estado trabajando horas extras ltimamente? Est confundido acerca de
los nuevos contratos de trabajo que debe firmar? Cree usted que califica para un
aumento o una promocin? El contador brillante de nuestra firma puede ayudarle. Si usted
hace un seguimiento de sus horas de trabajo y gastos, ella puede ayudarle a ahorrar
impuesto sobre la renta, tambin! Haga una cita para verla esta semana. Mirar las cifras
que le traes, y pasar tiempo hablando contigo. Recuerde: su futuro est a salvo con
nosotros!
BSICAS
PRESENT PERFECT:
CONTRAST WITH OTHER TENSES
USE:
Unlike the Present Perfect, the Simple Past or Past Progressive are used to talk about an
action or event which happened during a period that does not include the present.
EXAMPLES:
"Have you seen Pat this week?"
"No, but I saw her last week."
"Have you talked to Sharon?"

"No. I haven't talked to her since she came back from France."
Sometimes, a conversation begins in the Present Perfect and continues in the Simple
Past: when the first question ["Have you ever...?" or "How long have you...?"] covers a
long period (including the present), while the rest of the conversation deals with a
particular action or event in the past.
EXAMPLES:
"Have you ever been to New York?"
"Yes, I have. I went in 1989. I loved it."
"How long have you had that car?"

"We've had it for five years."
"How much did you pay for it?"
"Not much, but we had to do a lot of work on it..."
PRESENTE PERFECTO:
CONTRASTE CON OTRAS TENSIONES
UTILIZAR:
A diferencia del Presente Perfecto, el Pasado Simple o Pasado Progresivo se usa para
hablar de una accin o evento que ocurri durante un perodo que no incluye el presente.
EJEMPLOS:
-Has visto a Pat esta semana?
-No, pero la vi la semana pasada.
BSICAS
-Has hablado con Sharon?

-No. No he hablado con ella desde que volvi de Francia.
A veces, una conversacin comienza en el Presente Perfecto y contina en el Pasado

Simple: cuando la primera pregunta ["Alguna vez has ...?" O "Cunto tiempo tiene ...?"]
Cubre un largo perodo (incluyendo el presente), mientras que el resto de la conversacin
trata de una accin o evento en particular en el pasado.
EJEMPLOS:
"Has estado alguna vez en Nueva York?"
-S, lo he hecho en 1989. Me encant.
-Cunto tiempo llevas ese coche?

Lo hemos tenido durante cinco aos.
"Cuanto pagaste por eso?"
"No mucho, pero tuvimos que hacer mucho trabajo en l ..."
Hello, Deidre? Aren't you home yet? This is your mother-in-law, calling from California. I
haven't heard from you in weeks. I've been doing some shopping and have sent you a
parcel that contains new clothes for the baby. I've sent it special delivery, so you should
receive it by Friday. The parcel is specially wrapped, so let the baby open it by himself.
Let's speak to one another soon. Give a kiss to the baby for me. Bye.
Hola, Deidre? No ests en casa todava? Esta es tu suegra, llamando desde California.
No he tenido noticias tuyas en semanas. He estado haciendo algunas compras y le he
enviado un paquete que contiene ropa nueva para el beb. Le he enviado una entrega
especial, por lo que debera recibirla antes del viernes. El paquete est especialmente
envuelto, as que deje que el beb lo abra por s mismo. Hablemos unos a otros pronto.
Dale un beso al beb para m. Adis.
BSICAS
Simple Steps to Sending a Package

The first step in sending a parcel is to find a box, a large envelope, or some strong paper
in which your parcel may be wrapped. Make sure that it is wrapped properly,or the post
office will not accept it.
Next, decide which kind of delivery is best, according to how urgently the package is
needed. Surface mail, which sends parcels by land and sea, is the cheapest, but also
the slowest. Regular airmail is faster, but may not be good for heavy packages. Ifyou want
your parcel to be delivered by the next weekday, it should be sent express.
If you have a scale and stamps at home, you can simply call the post office or go online
to find out how much postage is needed. Then, if your parcel isn't too big, all you have to
do is place it in the nearest mailbox and with luck, it will be delivered on time. If, however,
you choose the express service or surface mail, you will have to take your package to
the post office, where it will be weighed and you will be told how much postage needs to
be paid.
Pasos sencillos para enviar un paquete

El primer paso en el envo de un paquete es encontrar una caja, un sobre grande, o un
papel fuerte en el que su paquete puede ser envuelto. Asegrese de que est envuelto
correctamente, o la oficina de correos no lo aceptar.
A continuacin, decidir qu tipo de entrega es la mejor, de acuerdo con la urgencia con

que el paquete es necesario. El correo superficial, que enva paquetes por tierra y por
mar, es el ms barato, pero tambin el ms lento. El correo areo regular es ms rpido,
pero puede no ser bueno para paquetes pesados. Si desea que su paquete sea
entregado el prximo da de la semana, debe enviarse expreso.
Si usted tiene una escala y sellos en casa, simplemente puede llamar a la oficina de
correos o ir en lnea para averiguar cunto franqueo se necesita. Entonces, si su paquete
no es demasiado grande, todo lo que tiene que hacer es colocarlo en el buzn ms
cercano y con suerte, se entregar a tiempo. Si, sin embargo, usted elige el servicio
expreso o correo de superficie, tendr que llevar su paquete a la oficina de correos, donde
se pesar y se le dir cunto franqueo tiene que ser pagado.
THE PASSIVE: MODALS

BSICAS
USE:
To express various degrees of possibility, probability and obligation, in the passive. We
can use all the Modals WILL, MUST, HAVE TO, CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT, NEED,
SHOULD with "BE" and the Past Participle [V3] of the original verb.
AFFIRMATIVE/NEGATIVE
[OBJECT + MODAL (NOT) + BE + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]... (by SUBJECT)]
EXAMPLES:
"The project can't be finished on time."
"We will be met at 8 p.m. (by Mr. Sills)."
YES/NO QUESTIONS
[MODAL + SUBJECT + BE + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]...]
EXAMPLES:
"Should Tina be invited to the party?"
"Must it be done by 7 p.m.?"
WH-QUESTIONS
[WH-WORD + MODAL + (SUBJECT) + BE + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]]
EXAMPLES:
"Where can it be seen?"
"When will she be told about her brother?"
"What may be eaten?"
OTHER EXAMPLES:
OBLIGATION / NECESSITY
"The doctor's instructions must be followed exactly."
"The police have sealed that door; it mustn't be opened."
"The bridge was badly damaged, so it had to be repaired."
"I can fix your watch for you; it needn't be taken to the watchmaker."
"Private cars shouldn't be allowed to enter the city center."

POSSIBILITY / PROBABILITY
BSICAS
"On a clear day, the mountains can be seen from the top of this building."
"Ten years ago, objects like this could be bought for a few dollars."
"Mike's taking a big risk: he could be sent to prison if someone checks that signature."
"Smith has been a very unsuccessful mayor; he may not be re-elected next year."
EL PASIVO: MODALES UTILIZAR:
Expresar diversos grados de posibilidad, probabilidad y obligacin, en lo pasivo.

Podemos usar todos los Modales, DEBERN, PUEDEN, PODRAN, PUEDEN, PUEDEN,
NECESITAR, DEBEN con "BE" y el Participio Pasado [V3] del verbo original.
AFIRMATIVO NEGATIVO [OBJETO + MODAL (NO) + BE + PARTICIPADO PASADO [V3]
... (por SUJETO)] EJEMPLOS: "El proyecto no puede ser terminado a tiempo." "Nos
reuniremos a las 8 pm (por el Sr. Sills)". SI NO PREGUNTAS [MODAL + SUBJECT + BE
+ PAST PARTICIPLE [V3] ...] EJEMPLOS: -Debera invitar a Tina a la fiesta? -Debe
hacerse antes de las 7 de la maana? WH-PREGUNTAS [WH-WORD + MODAL +
(SUJETO) + BE + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]] EJEMPLOS: -Dnde se puede ver? -
Cundo se le hablar de su hermano? -Qu se puede comer? OTROS EJEMPLOS:
OBLIGACIN / NECESIDAD -Las instrucciones del mdico deben seguirse exactamente.
-La polica ha sellado esa puerta, no debe abrirse. "El puente estaba muy daado, por lo
que tuvo que ser reparado." Puedo arreglar tu reloj para ti, no es necesario que lo lleve al
relojero. "No se debe permitir que los coches privados entren al centro de la ciudad."
POSIBILIDAD / PROBABILIDAD "En un da claro, las montaas se pueden ver desde la
parte superior de este edificio." "Hace diez aos, objetos como este podan comprarse por
unos pocos dlares". "Mike est tomando un gran riesgo: podra ser enviado a prisin si
alguien comprueba esa firma". "Smith ha sido un alcalde muy infructuoso, no puede ser
reelegido el prximo ao".
BSICAS
ACCIDENT
John, where are you? It's Mary. I've been trying to call you all evening. Listen, John.
There's been an accident. We were crossing that bridge on Route 6, when this big truck
came speeding towards us. It crossed over onto the wrong side of the road, and there was
nowhere for us to go. It was awful! I've never been so scared in my life. An ambulance was
called, and we were rushed to the emergency room at Parker General Hospital. I'm OK,
but Mike's being kept in the hospital. Nothing serious; he's just hurt his leg. We've been
waiting to find out whether it's broken. Please call me as soon as you can. Bye
ACCIDENTE
John, dnde ests? Es Mary. He estado tratando de llamarte toda la noche. Escucha,
John. Ha habido un accidente. Estbamos cruzando ese puente en la Ruta 6, cuando este
gran camin lleg acelerando hacia nosotros. Se cruz en el lado equivocado de la
carretera, y no haba ningn sitio para nosotros para ir. Fue horrible! Nunca he tenido
tanto miedo en mi vida. Una ambulancia fue llamada, y nos llevaron a la sala de
emergencias del Hospital General Parker. Estoy bien, pero Mike est en el hospital. Nada
serio; Slo se ha lastimado la pierna. Hemos estado esperando para averiguar si est
roto. Por favor, llmame tan pronto como puedas. Adis
Marge Has a Baby

"Alex, you've been waiting in the house with me for three days already. I can take care
of myself. If there's an emergency, I'll call you at work." Marge tried to calm herhusband,
who was very worried about leaving her alone when she was so close to
havingtheir baby. "I'd rather go somewhere nice today, perhaps for a walk in the park. It
hasn't been that cold outside. Don't worry," she said, as she was putting on her coat.
BSICAS
"Isn't that dangerous, Marge?" asked Alex, still worried. But his wife was already going out
the door. "Why don't I take you for a nice drive through the park? I know a very pretty
route," Alex said. Marge agreed, and they set out.
However, on the way to the park, Marge felt a pain in her stomach. "You've been very
quiet these past few minutes, dear. Is everything all right?"
Marge looked at Alex, her face white. "Quick! We must get to the hospital. The baby is
coming. Forget about asking for directions. I know the way. No! Take the road on the
left.You didn't signal left!" she shouted at him.
"I hope that we get there in time," Alex said. "We must rush."
"You've just gone over the speed limit!" shouted Marge. "And you're having a baby!" Alex
shouted back.
Suddenly, the car stopped.
Marge turned to Alex. "Why have you stopped?" she said. "Go on!"
"I can't. We don't have any more gas. I'll have to call an ambulance from the cell
phone.You know, I knew a woman who had a baby in an ambulance." "Really?" laughed
Marge, in-between pains.
Soon, an ambulance came speeding towards them. The driver helped Marge into the
ambulance, and they rushed to the hospital. But Marge couldn't wait. The baby was
born on the way.
Marge tiene un beb
-Alex, has estado esperando en la casa conmigo durante tres das, puedo cuidar de m
mismo, si hay una emergencia, te llamar en el trabajo. Marge trat de calmar a su
marido, que estaba muy preocupado por dejarla sola cuando estaba tan cerca de tener a
su beb. "Prefiero ir a algn lugar agradable hoy, tal vez para dar un paseo por el parque,
no ha sido tan fro afuera, no te preocupes", dijo, mientras se pona el abrigo.
-No es peligroso, Marge? -pregunt Alex, todava preocupado. Pero su esposa ya estaba
saliendo por la puerta. -Por qu no te llevo a dar un buen paseo por el parque? Conozco
una ruta muy bonita -dijo Alex-. Marge estuvo de acuerdo, y se pusieron en marcha.
Sin embargo, en el camino al parque, Marge sinti un dolor en su estmago. -Has estado
muy callada estos ltimos minutos, querida, est todo bien?
BSICAS
Marge mir a Alex con la cara blanca. "Deprisa, tenemos que llegar al hospital, el beb
viene, olvdate de pedir direcciones, yo conozco el camino, no, toma el camino a la
izquierda, no sealaste a la izquierda!" -le grit ella.
"Espero que lleguemos a tiempo", dijo Alex. Tenemos que apresurarnos.
"Has superado el lmite de velocidad!" -grit Marge. -Y usted tendr un beb! Alex grit
de nuevo.
De repente, el coche se detuvo.
Marge se volvi hacia Alex. -Por qu te has detenido? ella dijo. "Seguir!"
-No puedo, no tenemos ms gasolina, tendr que llamar a una ambulancia del telfono
celular, ya saba que conoca a una mujer que tena un beb en una ambulancia. "De
Verdad?" Ri Marge, entre los dolores.
Pronto, una ambulancia lleg acelerando hacia ellos. El conductor ayud a Marge a entrar
en la ambulancia y se apresuraron al hospital. Pero Marge no poda esperar. El beb
naci en el camino.
CLAUSES: ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
USE:
Used to talk about the action or event mentioned in the main clause. We can use an
ADVERBIAL CLAUSE to explain an action, to say when it happens or how long it lasts, or
to set conditions for it. The adverbial clause is introduced by a conjunction which defines
its function.
FORM:
[MAIN CLAUSE + CONJUNCTION + ADVERBIAL CLAUSE]
EXAMPLES:
"Jack went home because he was tired."
"Pat will buy a new sweater when she gets paid."
"Jeff gets angry if you criticize him."
Note that the main clause normally comes first in the sentence. However, we sometimes
put the ADVERBIAL CLAUSE first if we want to emphasize it.
BSICAS
EXAMPLES:
"As soon as he arrives, you must give him the letter."
"Until Jackie pays me, I can't lend you any money."
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF EXPLANATION
USE:
Used to explain the state, action, or event mentioned in the main clause by reference to
another state, action, or event. Different conjunctions can be used for this. We use
BECAUSE to give the reason for a state, action, or event. We also use BECAUSE and SO
THAT to express the purpose or intention of an action.
EXAMPLES:
"I'm tired because I didn't sleep last night." (reason)
"Mike lent Jenny his car because she wanted to visit her mother." (purpose)
"Vera opened the cage door so that the bird could get out." (purpose)
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME
USE:
Used to say when the state, action, or event in the main clause happens, or how long it
lasts, through reference to another state, action, or event. Different conjunctions can be
used for this purpose.
NOTE: In adverbial clauses of time we do not use the WILL or GOING TO future verb
forms, even if we are talking about a future time.
WHEN and AS SOON AS - if the event in the adverbial clause happens earlier.
EXAMPLES:
"The soldiers will come home when the war ends."
"John opened the package as soon as it arrived."
WHEN, WHILE - if the two events happen at the same time.
EXAMPLES:
"I saw Pavarotti when he got off the plane in L.A."
"Fred phoned me while I was having lunch."
BEFORE, UNTIL - if the event in the main clause happens before the event in the
adverbial clause. BEFORE is used if there is a time gap between the events.
EXAMPLES:
BSICAS
"I have to finish school before I can get a job."

"I waited at the bus stop until the bus arrived."
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CONDITION
USE:
Used to express the conditions between the main clause and the adverbial clause. Notice
that we do not use the WILL or GOING TO forms in these adverbial clauses.
IF - to express the conditions under which the state, action, or event in the main clause will
happen.
EXAMPLES:
"Flowers die if you don't give them enough water."
"I'll visit you tomorrow if I have time."
UNLESS - to express the conditions under which the state, action, or event in the main
clause does not happen.
EXAMPLES:
"We'll have the meeting at 1 a.m. unless it's canceled."
"I'll be late for school unless you take me, Mom."
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CONTRAST
USE:
Used to express a contrast between the main clause and the adverbial clause.
ALTHOUGH - to express a contrast or contradiction between two states, actions, or

events. In this case, we usually separate the clauses with a comma.
EXAMPLES:
"I feel that I know you very well, although we've never met before."
"He couldn't speak English, although he said he was American."
CLAUSULAS: CLAUSULAS ADVERSALES
UTILIZAR:
BSICAS
Se utiliza para hablar sobre la accin o evento mencionado en la clusula principal.

Podemos usar una CLAUSULA ADVERBIAL para explicar una accin, decir cundo
sucede o cunto dura, o para establecer las condiciones para ello. La clusula adverbial
es introducida por una conjuncin que define su funcin.
FORMAR:
[CLAUSULA PRINCIPAL + CONJUNCIN + CLAUSULA ADVERSIAL]
EJEMPLOS:
Jack se fue a casa porque estaba cansado.
Pat comprar un suter nuevo cuando le paguen.
Jeff se enoja si lo criticas.
Tenga en cuenta que la clusula principal normalmente viene primero en la oracin. Sin
embargo, a veces ponemos la CLUSULA ADVERBIAL primero si queremos enfatizarla.
EJEMPLOS:
"Tan pronto como l llegue, usted debe darle la letra."

BSICAS
Hasta que Jackie me pague, no puedo prestarte dinero.
CLUSULAS ADVERSALES DE EXPLICACIN
UTILIZAR:
Se utiliza para explicar el estado, accin o evento mencionado en la clusula principal por
referencia a otro estado, accin o evento. Para ello se pueden utilizar diferentes
conjunciones. Usamos PORQUE para dar la razn de un estado, accin o evento.
Tambin usamos BECAUSE y SO THAT para expresar el propsito o la intencin de una
accin.
EJEMPLOS:
"Estoy cansado porque no dorm anoche." (razn)
"Mike le prest su coche a Jenny porque quera visitar a su madre". (propsito)
Vera abri la puerta de la jaula para que el pjaro pudiera salir. (propsito)
CLAUSULAS ADVERSAS DEL TIEMPO
UTILIZAR:
Se usa para decir cuando ocurre el estado, accin o evento en la clusula principal, o
cunto dura, por referencia a otro estado, accin o evento. Pueden usarse conjunciones
diferentes para este propsito.
BSICAS
NOTA: En las clusulas adverbiales del tiempo no usamos las formas verbales futuras,
aun cuando estamos hablando de un tiempo futuro.
CUNDO Y TAN PRONTO COMO - si el evento en la clusula adverbial ocurre ms

temprano.
EJEMPLOS:
Los soldados vendrn a casa cuando acabe la guerra.
-John abri el paquete tan pronto como lleg.
CUANDO, MIENTRAS - si los dos eventos ocurren al mismo tiempo.
EJEMPLOS:
"Vi a Pavarotti cuando baj del avin en L.A."
-Fred me llam mientras almorzaba.

BSICAS
ANTES, HASTA - si el suceso en la clusula principal ocurre antes del evento en la

clusula adverbial. ANTES se usa si hay un intervalo de tiempo entre los eventos.
EJEMPLOS:
"Tengo que terminar la escuela antes de poder conseguir un trabajo".
"Esper en la parada de autobs hasta que lleg el autobs".
CLUSULAS ADVERSALES DE CONDICIN
UTILIZAR:
Se utiliza para expresar las condiciones entre la clusula principal y la clusula adverbial.
Observe que no usamos los formularios WILL o GOING TO en estas clusulas
adverbiales.
IF - para expresar las condiciones bajo las cuales el estado, accin o evento en la
clusula principal ocurrir.
EJEMPLOS:
"Las flores mueren si no les dan suficiente agua."
Te visitar maana si tengo tiempo.

BSICAS
A MENOS QUE - exprese las condiciones bajo las cuales el estado, la accin, o el
acontecimiento en la clusula principal no sucede.
EJEMPLOS:
-Tendremos la reunin a la una de la madrugada, a menos que sea cancelada.
"Voy a llegar tarde a la escuela a menos que me lleves, mam."
CLASES ADVERSALES DE CONTRASTE
UTILIZAR:
Se utiliza para expresar un contraste entre la clusula principal y la clusula adverbial.
AUNQUE - para expresar un contraste o una contradiccin entre dos estados, acciones, o
acontecimientos. En este caso, usualmente separamos las clusulas con una coma.
EJEMPLOS:
"Siento que te conozco muy bien, aunque nunca nos hemos conocido antes."
"No poda hablar ingls, aunque dijo que era americano".

BSICAS
CLAUSES: NOUN CLAUSES
USE:
Used to talk about a piece of information which we have, don't have, or would like to have.
FORM:
[MAIN CLAUSE + CONJUNCTION + NOUN CLAUSE.]
EXAMPLES:
"I have no idea where the castle is."
"I wonder who that girl is."
"I'm sure that Klaus is Austrian."
PROVIDING INFORMATION
If the speaker is providing information, he/she will use an expression like "I know...", "I'm
sure...", "I think...", "I expect..." and either the conjunction THAT or Wh-Question words.
EXAMPLES:
"I know that he loves me."
"I am not sure where Mary went."
Notice that the word THAT is often omitted.
"I'm sure (that) Mike will arrive later."
Notice that the Wh-Question words are not followed by the normal question form.
"I know when he is going to arrive."

ASKING FOR INFORMATION - with IF and WHETHER
If the information requested is unknown, we use an expression like "I don't know...", "I've
no idea...", "I can't imagine...", "I wonder..."together with IF or WHETHER.
EXAMPLES:
"Do you know if John is at home?"
"No, I don't know whether he is at home or at work."
BSICAS
"I wonder if Bill has cleaned the kitchen."

ASKING FOR INFORMATION - with WH-QUESTION WORDS
If the speaker wants to find out some information, he or she will often use an expression
like "Do you know...", "Can you tell me..." or "I wonder...", etc. followed by the appropriate
Wh-Question word. The noun clause does not take the normal question form.
EXAMPLES:
"Excuse me, can you tell me what time it is?"
"Can you tell me which bus goes to Maine?"
"Do you know whose book this is?"
"I wonder where my new sweater is."
GIVING INFORMATION - with WH-QUESTION WORDS
If the information is the answer to a Wh-Question, the appropriate Wh-Question word

becomes the conjunction: WHEN, WHERE, WHY, HOW, WHO, WHAT, WHICH,WHOSE,
HOW MUCH, and HOW MANY. The noun clause does not take the normal question form.
EXAMPLES:
"I have no idea when the letter will arrive."
"I can't imagine where Mary's husband is."
"I don't know why Pat said that to you."
"I've no idea how we can solve this problem."
CLAUSULAS: CLAUSULAS
UTILIZAR:
Se utiliza para hablar de una pieza de informacin que tenemos, no tenemos o nos
gustara tener.
FORMAR:
[CLAUSULA PRINCIPAL + CONJUNTO + CLAUSULA DEL NOMBRE.]
EJEMPLOS:
No tengo ni idea de dnde est el castillo.
Me pregunto quin es esa chica.
Estoy seguro de que Klaus es austraco.
BSICAS
PROPORCIONANDO INFORMACION
Si el orador proporciona informacin, utilizar una expresin como "Yo s ...", "Estoy
seguro ...", "Creo ...", "Espero ..." y La conjuncin de las palabras THAT o Wh-Question.
EJEMPLOS:
S que me quiere.
-No estoy seguro de dnde fue Mara.
Observe que la palabra que a menudo se omite.
"Estoy seguro (que) Mike llegar ms tarde."
Observe que las palabras de la pregunta-Wh no son seguidas por el formulario de la

pregunta normal.
S cundo va a llegar.
SOLICITAR INFORMACIN - con SI y SIEMPRE
Si la informacin solicitada es desconocida, usamos una expresin como "No s ...", "No
tengo ni idea ...", "No puedo imaginar ...", "Me pregunto .. . "Junto con IF o WHETHER.
EJEMPLOS:
"Sabes si Juan est en casa?"
-No, no s si est en casa o en el trabajo.
Me pregunto si Bill ha limpiado la cocina.

SOLICITAR INFORMACIN - con WH-PREGUNTA PALABRAS
Si el hablante quiere encontrar alguna informacin, l o ella a menudo usar una

expresin como "Sabes ...", "Puedes decirme ..." o "Me pregunto ...", etc., seguido de
La palabra Wh-Question apropiada. La clusula sustantiva no toma el formulario de
pregunta normal.
EJEMPLOS:
"Disculpe, puede decirme qu hora es?"
-Puede decirme qu autobs va a Maine?
-Sabes de quin es este libro?
"Me pregunto dnde est mi nuevo suter."
DAR INFORMACIN - con WH-PREGUNTA PALABRAS
BSICAS
Si la informacin es la respuesta a una Cuestin-C, la palabra Cuestin-C apropiada se

convierte en la conjuncin: CUNDO, DNDE, PORQU, CMO, QUIN, QU,
CUNDO, CUNTO Y CMO. La clusula sustantiva no toma el formulario de pregunta
normal.
EJEMPLOS:
-No tengo ni idea de cundo llegar la carta.
-No puedo imaginar dnde est el marido de Mary.
-No s por qu Pat te lo ha dicho.
"No tengo ni idea de cmo podemos resolver este problema."
CLAUSES
USE:
When a sentence contains more than one finite verb (i.e. verb with its own subject),it is
divided into CLAUSES. Each clause contains a subject and a verb. The first clause in a
sentence is usually the MAIN CLAUSE, the others are SUBORDINATE CLAUSES.Two
common types of SUBORDINATE CLAUSES are NOUN CLAUSES and ADVERBIAL
CLAUSES.
EXAMPLES:
"I think that your new dress is beautiful."
"Why don't you call when you're late?"
"I have to go home after I finish work."
NOUN CLAUSES
USE:
A NOUN CLAUSE usually provides or asks for information about a person or an object
that is introduced in the main clause.
EXAMPLES:
"I think that your sister is lovely!"
"I don't know who she is."
Notice that the Wh-Question words are not followed by the normal question form.
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
USE:
An ADVERBIAL CLAUSE usually contains information about the verb in the main
clause.Often it explains the main clause or tells when it happens.
BSICAS
EXAMPLES:
"He drank water because he was thirsty."
"She spoke slowly so that I could understand."
"I always worry when my kids come home late."
CLAUSES
UTILIZAR:
Cuando una oracin contiene ms de un verbo finito (es decir, verbo con su propio
sujeto), se divide en CLAUSES. Cada clusula contiene un sujeto y un verbo. La primera
clusula en una oracin suele ser la CLAUSULA PRINCIPAL, las otras son CLUSULAS
SUBORDINADAS. Dos tipos comunes de CLUSULAS SUBORDINADAS son
CLUSULAS NOMINALES y CLUSULAS ADVERSALES.
EJEMPLOS:
"Creo que tu nuevo vestido es hermoso."
-Por qu no llamas cuando llegas tarde?
Tengo que irme a casa despus de terminar el trabajo.
CLUSULAS NOMINALES
UTILIZAR:
Una CLAUSULA DE NOMBRE generalmente proporciona o pide informacin sobre una
persona o un objeto que se introduce en la clusula principal.
EJEMPLOS:
-Pienso que tu hermana es encantadora!
-No s quin es.
Observe que las palabras de la pregunta-Wh no son seguidas por el formulario de la

pregunta normal.
CLUSULAS ADVERBIALES
UTILIZAR:
Una CLAUSULA ADVERBIAL generalmente contiene informacin sobre el verbo en la
clusula principal. A menudo explica la clusula principal o dice cundo sucede.
EJEMPLOS:
BSICAS
"Beba agua porque tena sed."

"Ella habl lentamente para que yo pudiera entender."
Siempre me preocupo cuando mis hijos llegan tarde a casa.
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FACULTAD DE INGENIERA Y CIENCIAS

PROYECTO GRUPAL Institucin Universitaria Politcnico Grancolombiano

CLASIFICACIN DE INVENTARIOS ABC

PROYECTO GRUPAL Institucin Universitaria Politcnico Grancolombiano

MORE MODALS (and SEMI-MODALS): MUST

PROYECTO GRUPAL Institucin Universitaria Politcnico Grancolombiano

[Q: MUST+ SUBJECT+ VERB...?]

ABOUT REST OF SENTENCE:

"When must you take the test?"

MS MODALES (y SEMI-MODALES): DEBEN

PROYECTO GRUPAL Institucin Universitaria Politcnico Grancolombiano

[P: DEBE + SUJETO + VERBO ...?]

SOBRE RESTO DE SENTENCIA:

PROYECTO GRUPAL Institucin Universitaria Politcnico Grancolombiano

-Qu debe pasar antes de que podamos irnos?

"Cundo tienes que hacer la prueba?"

MORE MODALS (and SEMI-MODALS): HAD TO

[Q: DID + SUBJECT + HAVE TO + VERB...?]

PROYECTO GRUPAL Institucin Universitaria Politcnico Grancolombiano

About the SUBJECT of the sentence:

About the REST of the sentence:

"What did you have to do to get the loan?"

MS MODALES (y SEMI-MODALES): TENA QUE

PROYECTO GRUPAL Institucin Universitaria Politcnico Grancolombiano

[P: DID + SUBJECT + HAVE TO + VERB ...?]

Sobre el SUJETO de la oracin:

Sobre el RESTO de la oracin:

"Qu tenas que hacer para obtener el prstamo?"

MORE MODALS (and SEMI-MODALS):

MUST NOT (MUSTN'T) is used to show that something is prohibited or forbidden.

PROYECTO GRUPAL Institucin Universitaria Politcnico Grancolombiano

DON'T HAVE TO means "it's not necessary to do something".

NO TIENE QUE significa "no es necesario hacer algo".

MORE MODALS (and SEMI-MODALS): SHOULD

"I'm terribly tired."

PROYECTO GRUPAL Institucin Universitaria Politcnico Grancolombiano

[Q: Should+ SUBJECT+ VERB...?]

About the REST of the sentence

"Where should we go to buy the local pottery?"

PROYECTO GRUPAL Institucin Universitaria Politcnico Grancolombiano

MS MODALES (y SEMI-MODALES): DEBEN

Estoy terriblemente cansado.

"No debes tirar envolturas de caramelo en la calle, sino ponerlas en la papelera".

[P: Debera + SUBJECT + VERB ...?]

PROYECTO GRUPAL Institucin Universitaria Politcnico Grancolombiano

Acerca del RESTO de la oracin

-Dnde deberamos ir a comprar la cermica local?

INFINITIVES: AFTER VERBS

PROYECTO GRUPAL Institucin Universitaria Politcnico Grancolombiano

INFINITIVOS: DESPUES DE LOS VERBOS

ACTITUD DE SUJETO: De acuerdo, elegir, decidir, esperar, ofrecer, prometer, rechazar,

PROYECTO GRUPAL Institucin Universitaria Politcnico Grancolombiano

GERUNDS: AFTER VERBS

"I avoid arguing with my boss."

"We must finish painting this wall today."

PROYECTO GRUPAL Institucin Universitaria Politcnico Grancolombiano

"I can't imagine eating snails."

"Cats don't like swimming."

"Do you mind waiting for me?"

"Sam remembers meeting you last year."

GERUNDS: DESPUS DE LOS VERBOS

"Evito discutir con mi jefe."

"Debemos terminar de pintar esta pared hoy."