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Strain Energy PDF
Strain Energy PDF
Strain Energy PDF
Energy Methods
Minimum-energy principles are an alternative to statement of equilib-
rium equations.
Displacements
Ki 1
ne
ma
tic
s
External
Forces Strains
and
Moments
dels
Equ
Ene
l Mo
rgy
ilibr
eria
4
M
ium
Mat
etho
ds
7-1
M. Vable Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 7
Strain Energy
The energy stored in a body due to deformation is called the strain
energy.
The strain energy per unit volume is called the strain energy density
and is the area underneath the stress-strain curve up to the point of
deformation.
Uo = Complimentary strain energy den
dUo = d A
O
dUo = d
d
Strain Energy: U = Uo dV [
V
Strain Energy Density: Uo = d
0
Units: N-m / m3, Joules / m3, in-lbs / in3, or ft-lb/ft.3
Complimentary Strain Energy Density: U o = d
0
7-2
M. Vable Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 7
x
z
dV=Adx
dx
1 2 1 du 2 1 du 2
= --- E xx dV = --2- E d x d A dx = 2 d x
UA --- E d A dx
2
V L A L A
1 du 2
UA = U a dx U a = --- EA
2 d x
L
Ua is the strain energy per unit length.
2
1N
UA = U a dx U a = --- -------
2 EA
L
7-3
M. Vable Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 7
1 2 1 d 2 1 d 2 2
UT = --2- G x dV = --2- G d x d A dx = 2 d x
--- G d A d x
V L A L A
1 d 2
UT = U t dx U t = --- GJ
2 d x
L
Ut is the strain energy per unit length.
2
1T
UT = U t dx U t = --- -------
2 GJ
L
As max max Us UB
7-4
M. Vable Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 7
1 du 2 2
Axial
U a = --- EA 1N
2 d x U a = --- -------
2 EA
1 d 2 2
Torsion of circu-
lar shafts U t = --- GJ 1T
2 d x U t = --- -------
2 GJ
Symmetric 2 2 2
bending of 1 d v 1 Mz
U b = --- E I zz U b = --- -----------
beams 2 d x2 2 E I zz
7-5
M. Vable Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 7
Work
If a force moves through a distance, then work has been done by the
force.
dW = Fdu
Work done by a force is conservative if it is path independent.
Non-linear systems and non-conservative systems are two independent
description of a system.
Loading Mode Work
P
W = Pu L
uL
p(x)
L
W = p ( x )u ( x ) dx
0
u(x)
T
W = T L
L
t (x)
L
W = t ( x ) ( x ) dx
0
( x)
vL W = Pv L
dv
= W = M L
M dx
v(x)
W = p ( x )v ( x ) dx
0
p(x)
Any variable that can be used for describing deformation is called the
generalized displacement.
Any variable that can be used for describing the cause that produces
deformation is called the generalized force.
7-6
M. Vable Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 7
Virtual Work
Virtual work methods are applicable to linear and non-linear systems,
to conservative as well as non-conservative systems.
The principle of virtual work:
The total virtual work done on a body at equilibrium is zero.
W = 0
Symbol will be used to designate a virtual quantity
W ext = W int
7-7
M. Vable Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 7
A x B wL2 C
L L
Fig. P7.3
7.4 For the beam and loading shown in Fig. P7.3 determine a stat-
ically admissible bending moment.
7-8
M. Vable Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 7
Of all the virtual displacements the one that satisfies the virtual work
principle is the actual displacement field.
7-9
M. Vable Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 7
7.7 The roller at P shown in Fig. P7.7 slides in the slot due to the
force F = 20kN. Both bars have a cross-sectional area of A = 100 mm2
and a modulus of elasticity E = 200 GPa. Bar AP and BP have lengths of
LAP= 200 mm and LBP= 250 mm respectively. Determine the axial stress
in the member AP by virtual displacement method.
B
110o
A F
P
Fig. P7.7
7.8 A force F = 20kN is appled to pin shown in Fig. P7.8. Both
bars have a cross-sectional area of A = 100 mm2 and a modulus of elas-
ticity E = 200 GPa. Bar AP and BP have lengths of LAP= 200 mm and
LBP= 250 mm respectively. Using virtual force method determine the
movement of pin in the direction of force F.
B
110o
A
P 40o
F
Fig. P7.8
7-10