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Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
ME 321Thermodynamics 1 2017
III. References
1. Principles of Engineering Thermodynamics, 8th Edition by Moran, Shapiro, Boettner and Bailer. WILEY
2. Thermodynamics 1, H. Sta. Maria. National Bookstore
I. Conservation of Mass
States that the total mass is a constant. For a closed system, as shown if figure 1, no
equation is necessary to demonstrate this law. However, in the case of an open system
as shown in figure 2, the conservation of mass principle for volumes is developed and
illustrated.
Mass flow through a cross-sectional area per unit time is called the mass flow rate . Note the dot over
the mass symbol indicates a time rate of change. It is expressed as
=
Where:
Volumetric Flow Rate:
= ;
=
Units: m3/s, lpm, cfm, cfs, gpm, cmh
= ;
=
, =
, =
=
Continuity Equation
if =
then,
=
Therefore;
=
1. A fluid moves in a steady flow manner between two sections in a flow line.
At section 1: A = 10 ft2, velocity = 100 fpm, v = 4ft3/lb.
At section 2: A = 2 ft2, density = 0.20 lb/ft3.
Calculate (a) the mass flow rate (lbm/s)
(b) the speed at section 2 (m/s).
2. A garden hose attached with a nozzle is used to fill a 20 gal bucket. The inner diameter of the
hose is 1 in and it reduces to .5 in at the nozzle exit. If the average velocity in the hose is 8 ft/s,
determine (a) the volume and mass flow rates of water through the hose outlet (in ft3/s and
lbm/s), (b) how long it will take to fill the bucket with water (in seconds), and (c) the average
velocity of the water at nozzle exit ( in ft/s).
3. A feedwater heater operating at steady state has two inlets and one exit. At inlet 1, water vapor
enters at P1 = 7 bar, T1 = 200oC with a mass flow rate of 40 kg/s. At inlet 2, liquid water at P 2 = 7
bar, T2 = 40oC enters through an area A2 = 25 cm2. Saturated liquid at 7 bar exits at 3 with a
volumetric flow rate of 0.06 m3/s. Determine the mass flow rates at inlet 2 and at the exit, in kg/s,
and the velocity at inlet 2, in m/s.
1. Energy Forms
Work and Heat are two of the most fundamental energy forms and it is essential that we
understand them thoroughly. Work and Heat are similar in that they both are energy fluxes
and must cross a systems boundary. Another three are the gravitational potential energy,
kinetic energy and internal energy.
a. Work
The work, W, done by, or on, a system evaluated in terms of
macroscopically observable forces F and displacements dL is
2
=
1
2
=
1
However,
=
So,
2
=
1
Sign Convention
Work (positive) work done by a system
Work (negative) work done on the system
Example:
The pressure of a gas in a piston cylinder varies with volume according to (a) PV = C; (b) PV 2=C. The
initial pressure is 400 KPa, the initial volume is 0.02 m3, and the final volume is 0.08 m3. Determine
the work for both process.
(a)
2 2 2
2
= = = = [2 1 ] = ( )
1 1 1 1
Where,
= = 1 1
So,
2
= 1 1 ( )
1
3 ) ln (
0.083
= (400 ) (0.02 ) = .
2 0.023
(b)
2 2
2
1 1
= = = = ( )
1 1 1 1 2
Where,
= 1 1 2 = 2 2 2
So,
= 1 1 2 2
Where in,
1 1 2 = 2 2 2
(400 )(0.023 )2 = 2 (0.083 )2
2
2 = 25 2
Therefore,
= (400 2 ) (0.023 ) (25 2 ) (0.083 ) =
b. Heat
Heat is energy in transit (on the move) from one
body or system to another solely because of
temperature difference between bodies or
systems.
2
=
1
Sign Convention
Heat (positive) heat flow in the system
Heat (negative) heat flow from the system
c. Potential Energy
The gravitational potential energy PE of a body is its energy due to its position or elevation z.
2
=
1
2 =
=
1
2
=
1
2 1 = (2 1 )
d. Kinetic Energy
The energy or stored capacity for performing work possessed by a moving body, by virtue of
its momentum is called Kinetic Energy KE.
2
=
1
2
=
2 2
=
1
2 2
2 1 = (
2
1 )
2
e. Internal Energy
One of the less tangible forms of energy of a substance is its internal energy (U). This is the
energy associated with the substances molecules structure. Although we cannot measure
internal energy, we can measure changes of internal energy.
f. Flow Work
Flow work or flow energy is work done in pushing a fluid across a boundary, usually into
or out of a system.
2
=
=
1
2
=
1
2
=
1
= 2 2 1 1
g. Enthalpy
Combining internal energy and flow work creates new property, enthalpy H.
= +
= 2 1
=
= 2 1
1 + = 2 +
=
1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 +
= 2 1 + 2 1 + 2 1 + 2 1
= 2 1 + 2 1 + 2 1
= + +
= 2 1 + 2 1 + 2 1 + 2 1
= + + +
(2 1 ) 2 2
= + (
2
1 ) + 2 1 + (2 2 1 1 )
2
=
For steady flow condition, ,
2 2
(2 1 ) (
2
1 ) (2 2 1 1 )
= + + (2 1 ) +
2
= 2 1 +
2 1 + 2 1 + 2
1 ;
= +
+ +
= +
+
1. During a steady flow process, the pressure of the working substance drops from 200 to 20 psia,
the speed increases from 200 to 1000 fps, the internal energy of the open system decreases 25
BTU/lb, the specific volume increases from 1 to 8 ft3/lb. No heat transferred. Sketch an energy
diagram. Determine the work per lb. Is it done on or by the substance? Determine the work in
HP for 10lb/min.
2. Steam is supplied to a fully loaded 100-hp
turbine at 200 psia with u1 = 1163.3 Btu/lb, v1 = 2.65 ft3/lb and
v1 = 400 fps. Exhaust is at 1 psia with u2 = 925 Btu/lb, v2=294
ft3/lb and v2 = 1100 fps. The hear loss from the steam in the
turbine is 10 Btu/lb. Neglect potential energy change and
determine
a. The work per lb steam
b. the steam flow rate in lb/h.