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Engine Valve Train
Engine Valve Train
Engine Valve Train
D|sTN|EUTOR
S}IAFT
OIL PUiIP
Figure 9-4 Cutaway of a Chevrolet V-8 showing the valve
train components.
CRAi{KSHAFT
GEAH
Tensioner
lever
Freewheeling lnterference
Engine Design Engine Design
No valve/piston Valve/piston
interference collision
Best to YVarn the Gustomer
A technician replaced a timing chain and gears on a
Chevrolet V-8. The repair was accomplished correctly,
yet,after starting,the engine burned an excessive amount
of oil. Before the timing chain replacement, oil consump-
tion was minimal. The replacement timing chain restored
proper operation ofthe engine and increased engine vac-
uum. Increased vacuum can draw oil from the crankcase
past worn piston rings and through worn valve guides dur-
ing the intake stroke. Similar increased oil consumption
Figure 9-13 Many engines are of the interference design. problems occur if a valve regrind is performed on a high-
lf the timing belt (or chain) breaks, the piston still moves mileage engine with worn piston rings and/or cylinders.
up and down in the cylinder while the valves remain To satisfy the owner of the vehicle, the technician
stationary. With a freewheeling design, nothing is damaged, had to disassemble and refinish the cylinders and replace
but in an interference engine,the valves are often bent. the piston rings. Therefore, all technicians should warn
customers that increased oil usage may result from al-
most any repair to a high-mileage engine.
lvlagnellc
: justment in the rocker arm and are called hydraulic i
Va vo laslr
acluslrng shir.r
.]; PUSHRODS
Pushrods are designed to be as light as possible and
still maintain their strength. They may be either
solid or hollow. Ifthey are to be used as passages for
oil to lubricate rocker arms, they must be hollow
Pushrods have a convex ball on the lower end that
seats in the lifter. The rocker arm end is also a con-
vex ball unless there is an adjustment screw in the
pushrod end of the rocker arm. In this case, the
rocker arm end ofthe pushrod has a concave socket.
It mates with the convex ball on the adjustment
screw in the rocker arm. All pushrods should be
rolled on a flat surface to check ifthev are bent. See
Figure 9-19.
Figur"e* S*NS Some engines today use rocker shafts to
support rocl<er arms such as the V-5 engine with a single
overhead camshaft located in the center ofthe cylinder head.
Figure 9-19 When the timing chain broke, the engine stopped quickly, which caused
most of the pushrods to bend.
OPENING
RAIIP
LASH
RATP
i 1
1. When installing a new camshafb, always install Figure 9-26 Care should be tal<en when installing a
new valve lifters (tappets). camshaft not to nick or scrape the cam bearings.
t82 CHA.PTTR ?
Figure 9-28 (a) The set up required to degree a camshaft. (b) Close up of the pointer
and the degree wheel.
adjustment built into the lifter body, called a hy- Slight leakage allowance is designed into the lifter so
draulic valve liften that the air can bleed out and the lifter can leak
A hydraulic lifter consists primarily of a hollow down if it should become overfilled. See Figures 9-31
cylinder body enclosing a closely fitted hollow through 9-34.
plunger, a check valve, and a pushrod cup. Lifters
that feed oil up through the pushrod have a meter-
ing disk or restrictor valve located under the
pushrod cup. Engine oil under pressure is fed CAUTION: Using too thick (high viscosity) an engine
through an engine passage to the exterior lifter body. oil can cause the hydraulic lifters or hydraulic lash ad-
An undercut portion allows the oil under pressure to justers to not bleed down as fast as they should. This
surround the lifter body. Oil under pressure goes slow bleed down can cause a valve(s) to remain open,
which results in an engine miss. Using an SAE 10W-30
through holes in the undercut section into the center
instead of the specified SAE 5W-30 could cause the
of the plunger. From there, it goes down through the
lifters to bleed down slower than normal and cause a
check valve to a clearance space between the bottom driveability problem, especially if the oil is not changed
of the plunger and the interior bottom of the lifter at soecifred intervals.
body. It fills this space with oil at engine pressure.
I84 CHAPTER 9
Exhauot
centerli*e
Figure 9-29 Typical valve timing diagram showing the intake lobe centerline at 106'
ATDC.
FLAT NOLLER
TAPPET TAPPET
HYORAULIC
LIFIER
Varying the Valve Timing toYary
Engine Performance
lf the camshaft is slightly ahead of the crankshaft, the
camshaft is called odvonced. An advanced camshaft (max-
imum of 4') results in more low-speed torque with a
slight decrease in high-speed power. Some aftermarket
camshaft manufacturers design about a 4' advance into
their timing gears or camshaft. This permits the use of a
camshaft with more lift and duration,yet still provides the
smooth idle and low-speed responses of a milder
camshaft.
lf the camshaft is slightly behind the crankshaft, the
camshaft is called retorded. A retarded camshaft (maxi-
mum of 4") results in more high-speed power at the ex-
pense of low-speed torque.
lf the measured values are different from specifica-
tions, special offset pins or keys are available to relocate
the cam gear by the proper amount. Some manufactur-
ers provide adjustable cam timing sprockets for overhead
cam engines.
CAfTISHAFT
PLUI{GTR
FEED HOLF
@)
SALL RETAI'i6R
AALL NETAIIEN
SPRIIIG
PLUNGER
SPNING
VALVE STEM
COXTACTS HNE
Figure 9-3I A cross-sectional view of a typical flat- Figure 9-33 Hydraulic lifters are also built into bucket-
bottomed hydraulic lifter. type lifters on many OHC engines.
186 CHAPTIP. ?
7. A DOHC V-6 has how many camshafts? 9. Hydraulic valve lifters can make a ticking noise when
a- 4 the engine is running if
b. 3 a. The valve lash is too close
c. 2 b. The valve lash is too loose
d. 1 c. The lobe centerline
-. is over 1l-0.
8. The intake valve opens at 39'BTDC and closes at 71o d. Both a and c
ABDC. The exhaust valve opens at 78" BBDC and 10. Hydraulic lifters or hydraulic lash ad.justers (HLA)
closes at 47" ATDC. Which answer is'cor:rect? may not bleed down properly and cause an engine miss
a. Intake valve duration is 110" if __
b. Exhaustvalve duration is 125" a. The engine oil is one quart low
c. Overlap is 86" b. The wrong APl-rated engine oil is used
d. Both a and b c. The wrong SAE-rated engine oil is used
d. Both a and b