b b b

Radius of Influence
b b b Particle forces
n15 b
element CG
b b b

b
n1 n2 n3
n16 b

n4
b

n5
b

n6 R J element edge on coupling interface

b

n17 n18 e tJ
b b b b
E dg Pi
i n7 n8 nt B FJ
e b b
ri
b
dgi b b b
E lem b
n20 n9 n10 n11 j
b

n19 A
b b b
I
b

particle j J O b
I
n12 n13 n14 tI b
lJO
i lJI
b b b
FI n
particle i
Ej
(a) (b) (c)