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Moment Resistant End Plate-As Per Euro Code PDF
Moment Resistant End Plate-As Per Euro Code PDF
Moment Resistant End Plate-As Per Euro Code PDF
Contents
1. Design model 2
2. Parameters 4
3. Weld design 6
11. Background. 21
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NCCI: Design of portal frame eaves connections
1. Design model
1.1 Stiffness
According to 5.2.2.1(1) of EN 1993-1-8, a joint can be classified as rigid, nominally pinned
or semi-rigid according to its rotational stiffness by comparing its initial stiffness, Sj,ini with
the classification boundaries given in 5.2.2.5 of EN 1993-1-8. The initial stiffness of a joint
connecting H or I sections may be calculated according to the rules given in
6.3.1 of EN 1993-1-8.
1.2 Strength
1.2.1 General model
The moment resistance, Mj,Rd, and the shear resistance, Vj,Rd, of the joint depend on the
connected members and the basic components of the joint that make a contribution to the joint
resistance: bolts, column web and flanges, haunch and rafter web and flanges and welds, see
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Figure 1.1. 6.1.3 and Table 6.1 of EN 1993-1-8 provide the information to identify the basic
joint components.
9
9 4 4
6 6
VEd VEd
A A
3 3
M j,Ed M j,Ed
1 1
B 2 B 2
5 5
8 8
C C
7 7
10 10
Key:
1. Column 3. Rafter 5. Web weld 7. End plate 9. Optional tension stiffeners
2. Eaves haunch 4. Flange Weld 6. Bolts 8. Shear bolts 10. Compression stiffener
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Figure 1.1 Portal frame eaves connections with bolted end plate
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NCCI: Design of portal frame eaves connections
Some countries treat the bolts in the tension zone and in the shear zone as one group of bolts,
therefore, extra bolts (noted * in Figure 1.1) may be required to satisfy the spacing
requirements in Table 3.3 of EN 1993-1-8. Other countries treat them as two separate bolt
groups, and no additional bolts are necessary.
According to EN 1993-1-8 6.2.7.2, once the basic components have been identified, the
design moment resistance of the eaves bolted end-plate joints may be determined from:
M j, Rd = hr Ftr, Rd
r
where:
Ftr, Rd is the effective design tension resistance of bolt-row r,
hr is the distance from bolt-row r to the centre of compression; this can be taken as the
middle of the compression flange of the haunch.
r is the bolt-row number.
The joint must satisfy:
M j, Ed
1,0
M j, Rd
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Step
1. Calculate potential tension resistance of each bolt row Ft, Rd(row)
in the tension zone
2. Calculate the design compression resistance in the Fc, Rd
compression zone
3. Calculate the design shear resistance of the column Vwp, Rd
web panel
4. Calculate the effective design tension resistance of Ftr, Rd
each bolt row
1.2.2 Simplifications
Several simplifications have been done in this NCCI in order to make the calculation of the
eaves moment connections easier, leading to a conservative approach. These are described
below:
Created on Saturday, April 10, 2010
In the full calculation the tying resistance of bolt rows should be calculated by
considering bolt rows individually and bolt rows as part of groups of bolt rows, and
taking the minimum resistance obtained. In this simple approach, only the individual bolt
rows are considered. This leads to conservative results but saves a lot of time and effort in
the process.
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NCCI: Design of portal frame eaves connections
The effective length of each T-stub to calculate the tying resistance of the bolt row is
taken as the minimum possible effective length to avoid the superposition of the effective
lengths of the different bolt rows. This is shown in section 4.1 in this document.
Based on 6.2.2(2) of EN 1993-1-8 the tension zone and the shear zone are treated
separately. It is assumed that bolts in the tension zone support only tension and no shear.
Similarly the bolts in the shear zone only support shear and no tension.
4 of EN 1993-1-8 gives rules for weld design. Weld design is usually carried out after
the calculation of the design resistance of the connection. However, this NCCI gives
simple rules for the initial sizing of the welds. It specifies full strength welds, which leads
to a simple calculation procedure. Further methods for weld design are given in Annex A
of this NCCI.
2. Parameters
bc hc
ec
b ep IPE 500
w ep t ep IPE 450
e1 ex ex
d1
d2 d2
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p p
q
p p
p p
h ep
p2 a
p3 p3
d3 d3 IPE 450
epl e pl
3000
e1 vertical distance from the edge of the column flange to the first bolt row
ec horizontal distance from the edge of the column flange to the bolt line
ep horizontal distance from the edge of the end plate to the bolt line
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NCCI: Design of portal frame eaves connections
epl distance between the bottom of the compression flange of the haunch and the edge of
the end plate
ex vertical distance from the edge of the end plate to the first bolt row
fub ultimate strength of the bolt
fu,b ultimate strength of the rafter
fu,c ultimate strength of the column
fu,h ultimate strength of the haunch
fu,p ultimate strength of the end plate
fy,b yield strength of the rafter
fy,c yield strength of the column
fy,h yield strength of the haunch
fy,p yield strength of the end plate
hc depth of the column
hp depth of the end plate
m distance from the centre of a bolt to 20% distance into the adjacent haunched rafter
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weld to the end-plate or distance from the centre of a bolt to 20% distance into the
column web root (as indicated in Figure 6.2 of EN1993-1-8).
ns number of bolts in shear
nt number of horizontal bolt rows in tension
p pitch between bolt rows in the tension zone
p2 pitch between the last tension bolt and the first shear bolt
p3 pitch between bolt rows in the shear zone
r is the bolt row number, the bolt-rows are numbered starting from the bolt-row
furthest from the centre of compression;
w gauge (i.e. distance between cross centres)
tfb thickness of the rafter flange
tfc thickness of the column flange
tp thickness of the end plate
twb thickness of the rafter web
twc thickness of the column web
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NCCI: Design of portal frame eaves connections
3. Weld design
3.1 Tension flange to end-plate weld
Conservatively a full strength weld is appropriate. This requirement will be satisfied provided
the weld throat thickness is such that:
f y w M2
a tfb
M0 f u 2
where:
This requirement will be satisfied provided the weld throat thickness is such that:
f y w M2
a t wb
M0 f u 2
where:
fu is nominal ultimate strength of the weaker part joined (i.e. end plate or rafter section)
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NCCI: Design of portal frame eaves connections
5 mm fillet welds or
4 mm fillet welds, for beams with flange thickness of 12 mm or less
In other cases, the weld must be designed to carry the full compressive force expected in the
haunch flange.
individual bolt row and the tension resistance of one bolt. In this document Ft,Rd(row) has
been used to refer to the tension resistance of the row.
For each bolt row, the potential design tension resistance is given in EN 1993-1-8 6.2.7.2(6):
Ft, Rd(row) (
= min Ft, fc, Rd ; Ft, wc, Rd ; Ft, ep, Rd ; Ft, wb, Rd )
Table 4.1 Components of the joint to determine the potential design resistance of a bolt row
The potential design tension resistance Ft,Rd(row) for each bolt-row should be determined in
sequence, starting from the furthest bolt row from the centre of compression (bolt row 1) and
then progressing to the next one (bolt-row 2) until the last one, the closest one to the centre of
compression, is calculated (see Figure 4.1). Assume the centre of compression is in line with
the centre of the compression flange of the haunch.
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NCCI: Design of portal frame eaves connections
r =1
r =1
r =2
r =2
r =3
r =3
r =4
Figure 4.1 Order to determine the potential design tension resistance of bolt rows in eaves
connections.
For simplicity and ease of calculations, the potential design tension resistance of each bolt-
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This simplified approach leads to conservative results assuming that T-stub effective length
eff is determined accordingly, see worked example SX031.
The effective design tension resistance Ftr,Rd for each bolt row may be less than the potential
design tension resistance Ft,Rd(row)
Ft,fc,Rd = min (FT,1,Rd, FT,2,Rd, FT,3,Rd); accounting for prying forces and the three failure modes
(see table 4.2 below). This is the same as Table 6.2 of EN 1993-1-8 6.2.4:
4 M pl,1, Rd
Mode 1 Complete flange yielding FT,1, Rd =
m
2 M pl,2, Rd + n Ft, Rd
Mode 2 Bolt failure with flange yielding FT,2, Rd =
m+n
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NCCI: Design of portal frame eaves connections
where:
0,9 f ub As
Ft, Rd = is the tension resistance of non countersunk bolts.
M2
leff can be determined according to Figure 6.2, Figure 6.9 and Table 6.4 (for unstiffened
columns) or Table 6.5 (for stiffened columns) of EN 1993-1-8.
This method is based on the assumption that the effective length is always limited to a
maximum distance of the pitch between bolt centres. Figure 4.2 and table 4.3 illustrate this
approach.
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NCCI: Design of portal frame eaves connections
Leff
L eff Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
Leff =p L eff =p
(a)
L eff
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
Row 4
Leff
Leff =p
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L eff =p
(b)
Figure 4.2 Effective lengths of the T-stub in (a) extended end plate and (b) flush end plate
connections.
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NCCI: Design of portal frame eaves connections
2m 2m
m + 2e1 m
m + p
e1 + m (2m + 0,625e )
2m 0,5 + m (2m + 0,625e )
2m x
m + 2e1 2m mx + 2 w
4m + 1,25e 4m + 1,25e
mx + 2e
2m + 0,625e + 0,5 p p
4mx + 1,25ex
e1+ 0,5 p
e + 2mx + 0,625ex
0,5bp
0,5w + 2mx + 0,625ex
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beff,t, wc t wc f y,wc
Ft, wc,Rd =
M0
where:
1
= is the reduction factor to allow for the interaction with
2
1 + 1,3(beff,c, wc twc / Avc )
shear in the column web panel.
Avc is the shear area of the column, see EN 1993-1-1 6.2.6(3). For rolled I and H
sections it can be conservatively taken as hw t w .
beff,t, wc = l eff , see section 4.1
of this document for column flange in bending and using Table 6.6 instead of Table 6.4
of EN 1993-1-8.
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NCCI: Design of portal frame eaves connections
beff,t,wb t wb f y,wb
Ft,wb,Rd =
M0
where:
For Fc, wc, Rd and Fc,fh, Rd see sections 5.1 and 5.2 below.
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Fc, Ed Fc, Rd
Due to the fact that haunches in portal frames are typically long enough, the component of the
compression force in the direction of the haunch can be considered as the horizontal
component acting in the column web, which is the sum of the tensile resistances of the bolts:
Table 5.1 Components of the joint involved in the assessment of the compression zone
The stiffener also improves the stability of the column, especially if there is a plastic hinge
forming at this position.
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NCCI: Design of portal frame eaves connections
where:
sp is the length obtained by dispersion at 45 through the end-plate (at least t p and,
provided that the length of end-plate below the flange is sufficient, up to 2t p ).
( p 0,2)
if p > 0,72 then =
p2
where
beff,c,wc d wc f y,wc
p = 0,932 it the plate slenderness.
E t wc 2
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NCCI: Design of portal frame eaves connections
M c,Rd
Fc,fh,Rd, =
(h t fh )
h is the depth of the beam including rafter and haunch
Mc,Rd is the design moment resistance of the beam (rafter + haunch) cross-section, reduced
if necessary to allow for shear, see EN 1993-1-1 6.2.5. Mc,Rd may be calculated
neglecting the intermediate flange.
tfh is the flange thickness of the connected haunch.
If the height of the beam (rafter + haunch) exceeds 600 mm the contribution of the rafter web
to the design compression resistance should be limited to 20%. This means that if the
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tfbbfb f y,fb
Fc,fh, Rd
0,8
0,9 f y, wc Avc
Vwp, Rd =
3 M0
where
Avc is the shear area of the column, see EN 1993-1-1 6.2.6(3) and section 4.2 in this
document.
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NCCI: Design of portal frame eaves connections
If this resistance is not enough to support the acting compression force in the rafter web, a
compression stiffener should be provided.
Plastic distribution
A plastic distribution of forces in bolt rows is permitted, but this is only possible if the
deformation of the column flange or end plate can take place.
There are two conditions that the effective tension resistance of the bolts must satisfy (see
Figures 8.1(a) and 8.2(a):
1. Compression:
Ft,Rd(row) min(Fc,wc,Rd ; Fc,fh,Rd ; Fc,wb,Rd )
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NCCI: Design of portal frame eaves connections
Vwp,Rd
2. Column web panel in shear: Ft,Rd(row)
See sections 5 and 6 for the calculation of the compression resistance and the shear
resistance of the web panel.
Triangular limit
According to 6.2.7.2(9) of EN 1993-1-8, no bolt row should have a potential tension
resistance greater than 1,9 times the effective tension resistance of any of the bolt rows below:
where
x is the furthest bolt row from the centre of compression that has an effective tension
resistance greater than 1,9 times the effective tension resistance of any of the bolts
below.
If the potential resistance of a bolt row is governed by mode 3 failure (i.e. bolt failure) (given
as Ft, Rd(row) 1,9 Ft, Rd ) then plastic distribution is not possible. Therefore modification to the
potential resistance is made to ensure that they do not exceed the triangular distribution for
rows below the rafter flange (see Figures 8.1 and 8.2).
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NCCI: Design of portal frame eaves connections
F t,Rd,3
Ftr,Rd,3< F t,Rd,3
Because Fc,Rd and Vwp,Rd Ft,Rd,i therefore the Because Fc,Rd and/or Vwp,Rd < Ft,Rd,i therefore the
effective tension resistance (Ftr,Rd) is equal to the effective tension resistances (Ftr,Rd) have to be
potential design resistance (Ft,Rd,i) reduced starting from the closest bolt to the
compression centre:
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Ftr,Rd,2 Ftr,Rd,2
Ftr,Rd,3 Ftr,Rd,3
Because Ftx,Rd > 1,9 Ft,Rd the effective tension Because Ftx,Rd > 1,9 Ft,Rd the effective tension
resistance has to be reduced: resistance has to be reduced:
hr hr
Ftr,Rd = Ftx,Rd Ftr,Rd = Ftx,Rd
hx hx
Because Fc,Rd and/or Vwp,Rd < Ft,Rd,i the effective
tension resistances (Ftr,Rd) have to be reduced,
starting from the closest bolt to the compression
centre
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NCCI: Design of portal frame eaves connections
F t,Rd,4
Ftr,Rd,4< F t,Rd,4
Because Fc,Rd and Vwp,Rd Ft,Rd,i therefore the Because Fc,Rd and/or Vwp,Rd < Ft,Rd,i therefore the
effective tension resistance (Ftr,Rd) is equal to the effective tension resistances (Ftr,Rd) have to be
potential design resistance (Ft,Rd,i) reduced starting from the closest bolt to the
compression centre
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Ftr,Rd,3 Ftr,Rd,3
Ftr,Rd,4 Ftr,Rd,4
Because Ftx,Rd > 1,9 Ft,Rd therefore the effective Because Ftx,Rd > 1,9 Ft,Rd therefore the effective
tension resistance has to be reduced: tension resistance has to be reduced:
hr hr
Ftr,Rd = Ftx,Rd Ftr,Rd = Ftx,Rd
hx hx
Because Fc,Rd and/or Vwp,Rd < Ft,Rd,i therefore the
effective tension resistances (Ftr,Rd) have to be
reduced starting from the closest bolt to the
compression centre
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NCCI: Design of portal frame eaves connections
VRd (
= ns min Fv, i, Rd ; Fb, i, fc, Rd ; )
Fb, i, ep, Rd ; see Table 9.1
where
ns is the number of bolts that are required to resist shear, see EN 1993-1-8 6.2.2(2)
Table 9.1 Components of the joint involved in the assessment of the shear resistance
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NCCI: Design of portal frame eaves connections
k1 a b f u d t p
Fb,ep,Rd =
M2
where:
Mj.Rd is the design moment resistance of the joint, assuming no axial force;
Created on Saturday, April 10, 2010
Nj.Rd is the axial design resistance of the joint, assuming no applied moment.
Bolts in the tension zone are assumed to provide their full design resistance in tension and
the total shear resistance is assumed to be provided by the bolts in the shear zone.
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NCCI: Design of portal frame eaves connections
11. Background.
The rules in this NCCI are based on:
(3) ENV 1993-1-1:1992 and ENV 1993-1-1 AC:1992, Eurocode 3: Design of Steel
Structures Part 1-1: General rules and rules for Buildings. CEN.
(4) Joints in Steel Construction Moment Connections (P207). The Steel Construction
Institute and The British Constructional Steelwork Association Ltd., 1995.
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NCCI: Design of portal frame eaves connections
Annex A
Tension flange to end plate weld
1. Design a weld to carry the tension capacity of the flange
Afb f y
N pl, Rd =
M0
2. Design a weld to carry the total tension force in the top three bolt rows for an extended
end plate:
Fw, Rd = f vw, d a
where:
Fw, Ed Fw, Rd
Fw, Ed is the design value of the weld force per unit length;
fu / 3
f vw, d is the design shear resistance of the weld: f vw,d =
w M2
beff = b 2a
where
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NCCI: Design of portal frame eaves connections
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