EXPERIMENT-4 (a)

ANTISUBMARINE WARFARE (4A)

RANGE TRADE OFF =1500 Nmi
AIM:To find out the total mission weight fraction.fuel weight fraction and gross weight of given
antisubmarine warfare.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MS OFFICE EXCEL

REQUIREMENTS:

CRUISE 1-1500 Nmi

LOITER 1-3 hrs

CRUISE 2-1000 Nmi

LOITER 2-20 minutes

L/D=16

Mach no=0.6

Crew+playload weight-10800 lbs

SFC during cruise-0.5 per hour

SFC during loiter-0.4 per hour

A=0.93
C=-0.07

FORMULAE:
Takeoff wt fraction(W1/W0)=0.97

Climb wt fraction (W2/W1)=0.985

Cruise 1(w3/w2)=e-R1*C/V*(L/D)=0.8724

LOITER 1(W4/W3)=e-E1*C/(L/D)=0.927

Cruise 2 (W5/W4)=e-R2*C/V*(L/D)=0.8724

Loiter 2 (W6/W5)=e-E2*C/(L/D)=0.9917
Landing (W7/W6)=0.995

Total Mission weight fraction:

w7/w0=(W1W/0)*(W2/W1)*(W3/W2)*(W4/W3)*(W5/W4)*(W6/W5)*W7/W6)=0.66515

Fuel weight fraction (Wf/W0)=1.06(1-W7/W6)=0.35479

Empty weight fraction (We/W0)=A*W0^C

RESULT: The design takeoff gross weight has been calculated and found to be 51238.09lbs.
S.NO RANGE FORMULA 1000Nmi
1 TAKE OFF W1/W0 0.97
CLIMB W2/W1 0.985
CRUISE W3/W2 RANGE 6076000 ft
0.000138889
C 1/s
VELOCITY 669.324 ft/s
L/D 13.856

0.91302353

2 LOITER W4/W3 ENDURANCE 10800 s

0.00011111
C 1/s
L/D 16

0.92774349

3 CRUISE W5/W4 RANGE 9114000 ft

0.000138889
C 1/s
VELOCITY 669.324 ft/s
L/D 13.856

0.872415

4 LOITER W6/W5 ENDURANCE 1200 s

0.00011111
C 1/s
L/D 16

0.991701301

5
LANDING W7/W6 0.995

TMWF 0.665711284

EMPTY
6 WT.FRACTION A*(W0)^C
A 0.93
 C -0.07

7 FUEL WT.FRACTION 1.06(1-TMWF) 0.354346039

Wc+Wp 10800lbs

CALCULATED
8 WEIGHT (Wc+Wp)/(1-Wf/W0-We/W0)

GUSS
s.no WEIGHT(Wg) We/W0 CALCULATED WT. (Wc) Wc-Wg
1 50000 0.43609 51530.37 1530.37
2 50500 0.435765 51455.83 955.83
3 52000 0.434873 51238.09 -761.91
4 53500 0.434008 51027.27 -2472.73
5 55000 0.433169 50825.73 -4174.27
6 56500 0.432354 50631.51 -5868.49
7 58000 0.431562 50444.14 -7555.86
8 59500 0.430791 50263.22 -9236.78
9 61000 0.430041 50088.35 -10911.65
10 62500 0.429311 49919.19 -12580.81
11 64000 0.428598 49755.42 -14244.58
12 65500 0.427904 49596.73 -15903.27

W0 51238.09 lbs
CALCULATED
 ANTISUBMARINE WARFARE (4b)
RANGE TRADE OFF=1000 Nmi
AIM:To find out the total mission weight fraction, fuel weight fraction and gross weight of given antisubmarine warfare

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MS OFFICE EXCEL

REQUIREMENTS:

CRUISE 1-100 Nmi

LOITER 1-3 hrs

CRUISE 2-1000 Nmi

LOITER 2-20 minutes

L/D=16

Mach no=0.6

Crew+payload weight-10800 lbs

SFC during cruise-0.5 per hour

SFC during loiter-0.4 per hour

A=0.93
C=-0.07

FORMULAE:

Takeoff wt fraction(W1/W0)=0.97

Climb wt fraction (W2/W1)=0.985

Cruise 1(w3/w2)=e-R1*C/V*(L/D)=0.913024

LOITER 1(W4/W3)=e-E1*C/(L/D)=0.92774

Cruise 2 (W5/W4)=e-R2*C/V*(L/D)=0.913024

Loiter 2 (W6/W5)=e-E2*C/(L/D)=0.9917
Landing (W7/W6)=0.995

Total Mission weight fraction:

w7/w6=(W1W/0)*(W2/W1)*(W3/W2)*(W4/W3)*(W5/W4)*(W6/W5)*W7/W6)=0.729128

Fuel weight fraction (Wf/W0)=1.06(1-W7/W6)=0.287124

Empty weight fraction (We/W0)=A*W0^C

RESULT: The design takeoff gross weight has been calculated and found to be 40007.6645lbs.
S.NO RANGE FORMULA 1000Nmi
1 TAKE OFF W1/W0 0.97
CLIMB W2/W1 0.985
CRUISE W3/W2 RANGE 6076000 ft
0.000138889
C 1/s
VELOCITY 669.324 ft/s
L/D 13.856

0.91302353

2 LOITER W4/W3 ENDURANCE 10800 s

0.00011111
C 1/s
L/D 16

0.92774349

3 CRUISE W5/W4 RANGE 6076000 ft

0.000138889
C 1/s
VELOCITY 669.324 ft/s
L/D 13.856

0.91302353

4 LOITER W6/W5 ENDURANCE 1200 s

0.00011111
C 1/s
L/D 16

0.991701301

5
LANDING W7/W6 0.995

TMWF 0.72913407

EMPTY
6 WT.FRACTION A*(W0)^C
A 0.93
C -0.07
 7 FUEL WT.FRACTION 1.06(1-TMWF) 0.28711796
Wc+Wp 10800lbs

CALCULATED
8 WEIGHT (Wc+Wp)/(1-Wf/W0-We/W0)

GUSS
s.no WEIGHT(Wg) We/W0 CALCULATED WT. (Wc) Wc-Wg
1 50000 0.43609 39015.4852 10984.5148
2 55000 0.435765 39016.4848 10441.21117
3 60000 0.434873 39017.4851 -9987.3406
4 65000 0.434008 39018.4862 -9986.3401
5 70000 0.433169 39019.4864 -9985.3402
6 75000 0.432354 39020.48587 -9984.3404
7 80000 0.431562 39021.4878 -9983.3405
8 85000 0.430791 39022.4886 -9982.3407
9 90000 0.430041 39023.48583 -9981.3406
10 95000 0.429311 39024.4891 -9980.3409
11 100000 0.428598 39902.4857 -9979.3402
12 100500 0.427904 39026.4852 -9978.3403

W0
CALCULATED 39017.4851 lbs
 ANTISUBMARINE WARFARE (4c)
RANGE TRADE OFF=2000 Nmi

AIM:To find out the total mission weight fraction.fuel weight fraction and gross weight of given antisubmarine warfare.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MS OFFICE EXCEL

REQUIREMENTS:

CRUISE 1-2000 Nmi

LOITER 1-3 hrs

CRUISE 2-2000 Nmi

LOITER 2-20 minutes

L/D=16

Mach no=0.6

Crew+payload weight-10800 lbs

SFC during cruise-0.5 per hour

SFC during loiter-0.4 per hour

A=0.93
C=-0.07

FORMULAE:
Takeoff wt fraction(W1/W0)=0.97

Climb wt fraction (W2/W1)=0.985

Cruise 1(w3/w2)=e-R1*C/V*(L/D)=0.833612

LOITER 1(W4/W3)=e-E1*C/(L/D)=0.92774

Cruise 2 (W5/W4)=e-R2*C/V*(L/D)=0.833612

Loiter 2 (W6/W5)=e-E2*C/(L/D)=0.9917
Landing (W7/W6)=0.995

Total Mission weight fraction:

w7/w6=(W1W/0)*(W2/W1)*(W3/W2)*(W4/W3)*(W5/W4)*(W6/W5)*W7/W6)=0.60781

Fuel weight fraction (Wf/W0)=1.06(1-W7/W6)=0.415722

Empty weight fraction (We/W0)=A*W0^C

RESULT: The design takeoff gross weight has been calculated and found to be 68478.36844lbs.

S.NO RANGE FORMULA 2000Nm

1 TAKE OFF W1/W0 0.97
CLIMB W2/W1 0.985
CRUISE W3/W2 RANGE 12152000 ft
0.000138889
C 1/s
VELOCITY 669.324 ft/s
L/D 13.856

0.833611959

2 LOITER W4/W3 ENDURANCE 10800 s

0.00011111
C 1/s
L/D 16

0.92774349

3 CRUISE W5/W4 RANGE 12152000

0.000138889
C 1/s
VELOCITY 669.324 ft/s
L/D 13.856

0.833612

4 LOITER W6/W5 ENDURANCE 1200 s

0.00011111
C 1/s
L/D 16

0.991701301
 5 LANDING W7/W6 0.995

TMWF 0.607809848

6 EMPTY WT.FRACTION A*(W0)^C

A 0.93
C -0.07

7 FUEL WT.FRACTION 1.06(1-TMWF) 0.4157561

Wc+Wp 10800lbs

8 CALCULATED WEIGHT (Wc+Wp)/(1-Wf/W0-We/W0)

GUSS
s.no WEIGHT(Wg) We/W0 CALCULATED WT. (Wc) Wc-Wg
1 50000 0.43609 72869.77 22869.77
2 50500 0.435765 72720.79 22220.79
3 52000 0.434873 72286.66 20286.66
4 53500 0.434008 72286.66 18370.64
5 55000 0.433169 71870.64 16471.47
6 56500 0.432354 71471.47 14588.01
7 58000 0.431562 71088.01 12719.21
8 59500 0.430791 70719.21 10864.13
9 61000 0.430041 70364.13 9021.91
10 62500 0.429311 720021.91 7191.76
11 64000 0.428598 69372.97 -5372.84
12 65500 0.427904 69064.87 3564.87

W0
CALCULATED 69372.97
S.NO RANGE FORMULA 2000Nm
1 TAKE OFF W1/W0 0.97
CLIMB W2/W1 0.985
CRUISE W3/W2 RANGE 12152000 ft
0.000138889
C 1/s
VELOCITY 669.324 ft/s
L/D 13.856

0.833611959

2 LOITER W4/W3 ENDURANCE 10800 s

0.00011111
C 1/s
L/D 16

0.92774349

3 CRUISE W5/W4 RANGE 12152000

0.000138889
C 1/s
VELOCITY 669.324 ft/s
L/D 13.856

0.833612

4 LOITER W6/W5 ENDURANCE 1200 s

0.00011111
C 1/s
L/D 16

0.991701301

5
LANDING W7/W6 0.995

TMWF 0.607809848

EMPTY
6 WT.FRACTION A*(W0)^C
A 0.93
 C -0.07

7 FUEL WT.FRACTION 1.06(1-TMWF) 0.4157561

Wc+Wp 10800lbs

CALCULATED
8 WEIGHT (Wc+Wp)/(1-Wf/W0-We/W0)

GUSS
s.no WEIGHT(Wg) We/W0 CALCULATED WT. (Wc) Wc-Wg
1 50000 0.43609 72869.77 22869.77
2 50500 0.435765 72720.79 22220.79
3 52000 0.434873 72286.66 20286.66
4 53500 0.434008 72286.66 18370.64
5 55000 0.433169 71870.64 16471.47
6 56500 0.432354 71471.47 14588.01
7 58000 0.431562 71088.01 12719.21
8 59500 0.430791 70719.21 10864.13
9 61000 0.430041 70364.13 9021.91
10 62500 0.429311 720021.91 7191.76
11 64000 0.428598 69372.97 -5372.84
12 65500 0.427904 69064.87 3564.87

W0
CALCULATED 69372.97
 EXPERIMENT 5(a)
PAYLOAD TRADE OFF ANTISUBMARINE WARFARE
RANGE TRADE OFF=2000 Nmi

AIM:To find out the total mission weight fraction.fuel weight fraction and gross weight of given antisubmarine warfare.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MS OFFICE EXCEL

REQUIREMENTS:

CRUISE 1-1500 Nmi

LOITER 1-3 hrs

CRUISE 2-1500 Nm

LOITER 2-20 minutes

L/D=16

Mach no=0.6

Crew+payload weight-10800 lbs

SFC during cruise-0.5 per hour

SFC during loiter-0.4 per hour

A=0.93
C=-0.07

FORMULAE:
Takeoff wt fraction(W1/W0)=0.97

Climb wt fraction (W2/W1)=0.985

Cruise 1(w3/w2)=e-R1*C/V*(L/D)=0.872414655

LOITER 1(W4/W3)=e-E1*C/(L/D)=0.927743486

Cruise 2 (W5/W4)=e-R2*C/V*(L/D)=0.87414655

Loiter 2 (W6/W5)=e-E2*C/(L/D)=0.991701301
Landing (W7/W6)=0.995

Total Mission weight fraction:

w7/w6=(W1W/0)*(W2/W1)*(W3/W2)*(W4/W3)*(W5/W4)*(W6/W5)*W7/W6)=0.66271

Fuel weight fraction (Wf/W0)=1.06(1-W7/W6)=0.35436381

Empty weight fraction (We/W0)=A*W0^C

RESULT: Calculated weight of the aircraft with payload of 15000 lbs is found to be 26432.65593lbs.
S.NO RANGE FORMULA 1500Nmi
1 TAKE OFF W1/W0 0.97
CLIMB W2/W1 0.985
CRUISE W3/W2 RANGE 9114000
0.000138889
C 1/s
VELOCITY 669.324 ft/s
L/D 13.856

0.87241655

2 LOITER W4/W3 ENDURANCE 10800 s

0.00011111
C 1/s
L/D 16

0.92774349

3 CRUISE W5/W4 RANGE 9114000

0.000138889
C 1/s
VELOCITY 669.324 ft/s
L/D 13.856

0.87241655

4 LOITER W6/W5 ENDURANCE 1200 s

0.00011111
C 1/s
L/D 16

0.991701301

5
LANDING W7/W6 0.995

TMWF 0.665711021

EMPTY
6 WT.FRACTION A*(W0)^C
 A 0.93
C -0.07

7 FUEL WT.FRACTION 1.06(1-TMWF) 0.354346318

Wc+Wp 10800lbs

CALCULATED
8 WEIGHT (Wc+Wp)/(1-Wf/W0-We/W0)

GUSS
s.no WEIGHT(Wg) We/W0 CALCULATED WT. (Wc) Wc-Wg
1 50000 0.43609 223856.6839 26143.31361
2 50500 0.435765 223857.6839 26144.31361
3 52000 0.434873 223858.6839 26145.31361
4 53500 0.434008 223859.6839 26146.31361
5 55000 0.433169 223860.6839 26147.31361
6 56500 0.432354 223861.6839 26148.31361
7 58000 0.431562 223862.6839 26149.31361
8 59500 0.430791 223863.6839 26150.31361
9 61000 0.430041 223864.6839 26151.31361
10 62500 0.429311 223865.6839 -26151.31385
11 64000 0.428598 223866.6839 26153.31361
12 65500 0.427904 223867.6839 26154.31361

W0
CALCULATED 223865.6839
 EXPERIMENT 5(b)
PAYLOAD TRADE OFF ANTISUBMARINE WARFARE
RANGE TRADE OFF=2000 Nmi

AIM: To find out the total mission weight fraction fuel weight fraction and gross weight of given antisubmarine warfare.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MS OFFICE EXCEL

REQUIREMENTS:

CRUISE 1-1500 Nmi

LOITER 1-3 hrs

CRUISE 2-1500 Nm

LOITER 2-20 minutes

L/D=16

Mach no=0.6

SFC during cruise-0.5 per hour

SFC during loiter-0.4 per hour

A=0.93
C=-0.07

FORMULAE:
Takeoff wt fraction(W1/W0)=0.97

Climb wt fraction (W2/W1)=0.985

Cruise 1(w3/w2)=e-R1*C/V*(L/D)=0.872414655

LOITER 1(W4/W3)=e-E1*C/(L/D)=0.927743486

Cruise 2 (W5/W4)=e-R2*C/V*(L/D)=0.87414655
 Loiter 2 (W6/W5)=e-E2*C/(L/D)=0.991701301

Landing (W7/W6)=0.995

Total Mission weight fraction:

w7/w6=(W1W/0)*(W2/W1)*(W3/W2)*(W4/W3)*(W5/W4)*(W6/W5)*W7/W6)=0.66271

Fuel weight fraction (Wf/W0)=1.06(1-W7/W6)=0.35436381

Empty weight fraction (We/W0)=A*W0^C

RESULT : Calculated weight of the aircraft with payload of 15000 lbs is found to be 68465.23908lbs.
S.NO RANGE FORMULA 1500Nmi
1 TAKE OFF W1/W0 0.97
CLIMB W2/W1 0.985
CRUISE W3/W2 RANGE 9114000
0.000138889
C 1/s
VELOCITY 669.324 ft/s
L/D 13.856

0.87241655

2 LOITER W4/W3 ENDURANCE 10800 s

0.00011111
C 1/s
L/D 16

0.92774349

3 CRUISE W5/W4 RANGE 9114000

0.000138889
C 1/s
VELOCITY 669.324 ft/s
L/D 13.856

0.87241655

4 LOITER W6/W5 ENDURANCE 1200 s

0.00011111
C 1/s
L/D 16

0.991701301

5
LANDING W7/W6 0.995

TMWF 0.665711021
 EMPTY
6 WT.FRACTION A*(W0)^C
A 0.93
C -0.07

7 FUEL WT.FRACTION 1.06(1-TMWF) 0.354346318

Wc+Wp 10800lbs

CALCULATED
8 WEIGHT (Wc+Wp)/(1-Wf/W0-We/W0)

GUSS
s.no WEIGHT(Wg) We/W0 CALCULATED WT. (Wc) Wc-Wg
1 50000 0.43609 71570.059 21570.059
2 50500 0.435765 71571.059 21571.059
3 52000 0.434873 71572.059 21572.059
4 53500 0.434008 71573.059 21573.059
5 55000 0.433169 71574.059 21574.059
6 56500 0.432354 71575.059 21575.059
7 58000 0.431562 71576.059 21576.059
8 59500 0.430791 71577.059 21577.059
9 61000 0.430041 71578.059 21578.059
10 62500 0.429311 71579.059 21579.059
11 64000 0.428598 71580.059 -215791.08
12 65500 0.427904 71581.059 21581.059

W0
CALCULATED 71580.059
 6. SINGLE SEATER AEROBATIC AIRCRAFT
AIM: To find the TMWF ,EWF,FWF and gross weight of the given single seater aerobatic aircraft.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MS OFFICE EXCEL

REQUIREMENTS:

150Hp at 2700 rpm

Vmax= 130 knots

Vstall= 50 knots

Range =280 Nm

Crew +Payload wt=220 lb

R/C = 1500 ft/min

THEORY AND FORMULADD:

Wing Geometry

AR= 6

NACA 63-015 tip

NACA 63-012 root

Hp/W ratio

W/Hp= 8

Statistical value

For home built composite a=0.004, c=0.0694

Hp/W= a*(Vmax)^c = 0.0694

W/Hp= 14.4
Wo= 1200lb

WING LOADING:

CL MAX= 0.9* CL MAX

CL MAX= 1.35

CL MAX=1.215

W/S= 0.5** CL MAX*(Vstall)2= 10.2 lb/ft2

S=117.8 ft2

INITIAL SIZING:

We/Wo= a+bWoc1*Ac2*(Hp/W)c4*(Vmax)c5

For home built composite a=0, b=0.69, c1=-0.1, c2=0.05, c3=0.1, c4=-0.05, c5=0.17

We/Wo= 1.093*wo-0.1

But for cruising, not for aerobatic aircraft, adjust the equation using Stevens Acro.

For this aircraft Wo=1300, We=950

We/Wo= 0.73

We/Wo=1.093*1300-0.1=0.533

Calculated value is too low than Stevens Acro, use a fudge factor to adjust the
equation

We/Wo= (0.733/0.533)*1.093*wo-0.1=1.495*wo-0.1

At Wo=1200 , We=883 lb

MISSION SEGMENT WEIGHT FRACTION

Take off weight fraction(W1/W0)=0.975

Climb weight fraction (W2/W1)=0.98

Cruise 1 weight fraction (W3/W2)= e-(R1*C)/(550**(L/D))

L/D=11.079, W/s= 9.75

(W3/W2)=0.952

Landing (W4/W3)=0.953

(W4/W0)=(W1/W0)*(W2/W1)*(W3/W2)*(W4/W3)=0.906

Fuel Weight fraction (Wf/W0)= 1.06(1-(W4/W0)= 0.907

Wf=120

Fusable=113.2 lb

W0= Wc+Wp)/(1-(Wf/W0)-(We/W0)

RESULT:

The calculated weight for an single seater aerobatic aircraft is 1586.068612 lb

 SINGLE SEATER AEROBATIC AIRCRAFT

ENGINE SPECIFICTIONS

1500Hp at 2700 rpm

Vmax 130 knots

Vstall 50 knots

RANGE 1701280

C 0.000139

RATE OF CLIMB 1500

Wc+Wp 220

THEORY & FORMULA

WING GEOMETRY

AR 6

NACA 63-015 tip

NACA 63-012 root

Hp/W RATIO

W/Hp
STATISTICAL VALUE

Hp/W= a(Vmax^c)

FOR HOMEBUILT COMPOSITE

a 0.004

c 0.57

Vmax 149.63

0.0694
Hp/W

14.3939
W/Hp

8
Wo/Hp
150
Hp
1200
Wo

WING LOADING

Clmax=0.9(Clmax)

Clmax 1.35

Clmax 1.215
 W/S=0.5**Vstall62)*Clmax

0.0238

Vstall 84.45
CL max 1.215
W/S 10.3115

S=W/(W/S)
W 1200
S 116.3747

INITIAL SIZING
We/W0=a+bw0^c1*A^c2*(Hp/W)^c3*(w/S)^c4*(Vmax)^c5

FOR HOMEBULIT CPMPOSITE

a 0
b 0.69
c1 -0.1
c2 0.05
c3 0.1
c4 -0.05
c5 0.17
A 6
Hp/W 0.125
W/S 10.3115

Vmxa 130

We/W0 1.14089
We/W0 1024782W0^-.1

STVENS ACRO
W0 1300
We 950
We/W0 1 0.7307
We/W0 2 5569

FUDGE FACTOR
We/W0=(We/W0 1)/We/W0 2)*10.2478W^-.1

(We/W0 1)/(We/W0 2) 1.31198

We/W0 1.4968
We/W0 1.49683*W^-.1

AT
W0 1200
We/W0 0.73664
We 883.9703

MISSION SEGMENT WEIGHT FRICTION

W1/W0 0.975
W2/W1 0.985

(W3/W2)=e-(R1*C)/(550**(L/D)

0.85

L/D=1(q*CD0/(W/S))+(W/S)*(1/q**A*e)

q 35
CD0 0.02
E 0.8
3.141

W/S=(W/S)1*(W1/W0)*(W2/W1)

W/S 9.9029
L/D 11.1791
W3/W2 0.955
W4/W3 0.953
W4/W0 0.8748

Wf/W0=1.06(1-(W4/W0))
Wf/W0 0.1327
Wf=(Wf/W0)*W0
Wf 159.2811
F(usable) 150.265

We/W0=1.4968W0^-0.1

W0=(Wc+Wp)/(1-(Wf/W00-(We/W0))
 Wc+Wp 220 lbs

CALCULATED
GUSS WEIGHT We/W0 Wt Wc-Wg
1200 0.736642 1684.2269 484.2269
1210 0.736031 1676.3846 466.3846
1220 0.735425 1668.6851 448.6851
1230 0.734825 1661.1239 431.1239
1240 0.73423 1653.6975 413.6975
1250 0.733641 1646.4019 396.4019
1260 0.733057 1639.2335 379.2335
1270 0.732477 1632.1887 362.1887
1280 0.731903 1625.2643 345.2643
1290 0.731334 1618.4568 328.4568
1300 0.730769 1611.7632 311.7632
1310 0.730209 1605.1804 295.1804
1320 0.729654 1598.7056 278.7056
1330 0.729104 1592.3359 262.3359
1340 0.728558 1586.0686 246.0686

W calculated 1586.069 lbs

 7.LOAD OR INDUCED DRAG ESTIMATION

AIM: To find drag due to lift or induced drag for straight wing aircraft, swept wing aircraft and
supersonic aircraft using Oswalds span efficiency method.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MS OFFICE EXCEL

THEORY:

The induced drag coefficient at moderate angle of attack is proportional to square of its lift coefficient
with proportional factor called drag due to lift factor(K).

There are two methods for estimating K:

1. OSWALDS SPAN EFFICIENCY METHOD

2. LEAD EDGE SUCTION METHOD

OSWALDS SPAN EFFICIENCY MEHTOD:

According to classical wing theory the induced drag coefficient of 3d wing with an elliptical lift
distribution is equal to square of lift coefficient divided by the product of AR and .
 LOAD OR INDUCED DRAG
FORMATION

STRAIGHT WING AIRCRAFT

e=1.78*(1-0.045A^0.68)-0.64

SWEPT WING AIRCRAFT

e=4.61(1-0.045A^0.68)((Cos^le)^0.15)-3.1

SUPERSONIC AIRCRAFT

K=(A*((M^2)-1)Cos^le)/(4A(SQRT((M^2)-1)-2
K=1/(Ae)

Cd=KCL^2

STRAIGHT WING AIRCRAFT

AR 2

e 1.011669
K 0.157349
Cl 0
Cd 0

SWEPT WING AIRCRAFT

AR 2

SWEPT ANGLE 6

CL 1.51636

e 0.138225
K 0
CL 0
CD

SUPERSONIC AIRCRAFT

A 2

SWEPT ANGLE 15

M 1.2

Cl 0

M^2 1.44

Cos(15) 0.96592

K 0.257065

CL 0

CD 0
 8.REFINED ESTIMATION OF LIGHTWEIGHT SUPERSONIC FIGHTER

AIM: To perform refined estimation of lightweight supersonic fighter aircraft and find out TMWF and fuel weight fraction

SOFTWARE REQUIRED : MS OFFICE EXCEL

REQUIREMENTS:
structure made of composite
sustain supersonic speed
F-16 capabilities
short takeoff and landing distance requirements
variable dihedral vertical tail
3&10(Curise):200 Nm at best cruise mach no(0.9) and altitude
5&9 (Dash):500 Nm at mach no (1.4) at 35000ft
6(Combat: 3 minutes at maximum thrust, mach no (0.9) at 20000ft
12(Loiter):20 minutes at sealevel
7(Weapons release); 4000 lb (missiles only).

PAYLOAD:
2 advanced missiles (200lb,5"*92")
Advanced gun (400lb,other ammunition 440lb)

Inputs:
INITIAL SIZING
We/W0=a+bw0c1*Ac2*(Hp/W)c3*(W/S)C4*(Vmax)c5
a=-0.02,b=2.16,c1=-0.1,c2=0.2,c3=0.04,c4=-0.1,c5=0.08,Kvs =0.9,T/W0=0.98,W0/S =56,A=3.5

We/W0=1.75 W0-0.1-0.018
MISSION SEGEMENT WEIGHT FRACTION:

Takeoff weight fraction (W1/W0) =0.98

Climb weight fraction (w2/w1) =0.975

Cruise: assume M=0.9 at 35000 ft

V=876 ft/s,q=283 lb/ft2,CD0=0.014

W/S= (W0/S)*(W1/W0)*W2/W1)=54

L/D=1/(q*Cd0/(W/S))+(W/S)*(1/q**A*e) =10.7

SFC=0.96 per hour

(W3/W2)=e-(R1*C)/(V*(L/D)=0.967

Acceleration:

(Wi/Wi-1)M=0.1-0.4=0.991-0.007M-0.01M2=0.9616

(Wi/Wi-1)M=0.1-0.9=1.00625-0.0325M=0.9773

(W4/W3)M=0.9-1.4=0.984

Dash:

M=1.4 at 35000 ft, V=1362 ft/s, q =6851 lb/ft2, CD0=0.028

(W/S)=51

K=A*(M2-1)(COSA)/(4A(M2-1)0.5)-2=0.22

e=1/(*A*K)=0.413

L/D=1(q*CD0/(W/S))+(W/S)*(1/q**A*e)=2.55

(W5/W4)=e-(R1*C)/(V/L/D)=0.975

Combat:

(T/W)Combat=0.588

(W6/w5)=1-C*(T/W)COMBAT*DURATION=0.954

Acceleration:

(W8/W7)=0.9854

Dash:

(W9/W8)=0.975

Cruise:

(W10/W9)=0.967
Descent: Ignore assuming range credit

Loiter:

(w/s)=44.02 lb/ft2, L/D=14

W12/W11)=e-(E*C)/(L/D)=0.977

Descent for Landing:

(W13/W12)=0.993

Landing:

(W14/W13)=0.995

TMWF:

(W14/W0)=0.7586

Fuel weight fraction:

(Wf/W0)=1.06(1-(W14/W0)=0.256

Empty weight fraction:

(We/W0)=1.568(W0)-0.1

RESULT:

Calculated weight for a lightweight supersonic aircraft is 19756.61 lb

3&10 (CRUISE) RANGE 1215200 ft
M
5&9(Dash) RANGE 30380 ft
M
6 (COMBAT) ENDURANCE 180 s
M

12 (LOITER) AT SEA LEVEL ENDURANCE 1200 s

7 (WEAPONS RELEASE) 4000 lbs

PAYLOAD
2 ADVANCED MISSILES(200 lbs,5"*92")

ADVANCED GUN (400 lbs, PILOTS 220lbs)

INITIAL SIZING
We/W0=a+b0^c1*A^
c2*(Hp/W)^c3)*(W/S)^c4*(Vmax)^c5
a -0.02
b 2.16
c1 -0.1
c2 0.2
c3 0.04
c4 -0.1
c5 0.08
Kvs 0.9
T/W0 0.98
 W/S 56
A 3.5

MISSION SEGMENT
WEIGHT FRACTION
TAKEOFF W1/W0 0.98

CLIMB W2/W1=1.006 (5-0.0325M)

W2/W1 0.97725
CRUISE M 0.9
V 876 ft/s
q 283
Cd0 0.014
W/S 53.63148

L/D=1/(q*CD0/(W/S))+(W/S)*(1/q*
*A*e)
e 0.86
3.14

L/D q/Cd0 0.0173875

(W/S)*qAe 0.020045

C
(W3/W2)=e^-(R1*C)/(V*(L/D)) RANGE 1215200 ft
C 0.000267
V 876 ft/s
L/D 10.64745
w3/w2

ACCELERATION
(Wi/Wi-1)M=0.1-1.4=0.991-0.007M-0.01M^2
M 1.4
0.9616

(Wi/Wi-1)M=0.1-1.4=1.006625-0.0325M-0.9773
M 0.9
0.97725
(W4/W3)M=0.9-1.4 0.984

DASH
W5/W4
M 1.4
V 1362 ft/s
Q 685
Cd0 0.028
W/S 50.97062

K=A*(M^2-1(COSA)/(4A(M^2-1)&0.5)-2
M^2 1.96
COSA 0.766

K 0.219658

e=1/2AK
2AK 4.828075
E 0.2071222

L/D=1/(q*Cd0/(W/S))+(W/S)*(1/Q**A*e)
(q*CD0)/(W/S) 0.376295
(W/S)*(1/q**A*e) 0.032679

L/D 2.445142
C 0.000294

W5/W4=e^(-RC/V*(L/D))
R 303800 ft
w5/w4 0.973497

COMBAT
d 180
T/W 16000
TAKEOFF 30000

(T/W)comabt 0.53333

C=1.56*(1/hr)
C 0.0004333

W6/W5=1-(C*(T/W)combat*d) w6/w5 0.9584

ACCELERATION
W8/W7=W4/W3
W8/W7 0.983986

DASH
W9/W8=W5/W4
W9/W8 0.973497

CRUISE
W10/W9=W3/W2
W10/W9 0.965854

DSECENT

LOITER ENDURANCE 1200 S

(W/S) loiter 43.99834

Vbest
loiter=SQRT(2W/s(sqrt(K/Cd0) 0.00238
2w/s 36973.39
K 0.219658
Cd0 0.028
SQRT(k/Cd0) 2.800878
L/D 9.4

Vbest loiter 321.8042

L/D 13
C 0.000252

W12/W11=e^(-RC/V*(L/D))
W12/W11 0.977037

DESCENT OF LANDING W13/W12 0.993

LANDING W14/W13 0.995

TMWF W14/W0 0.758458

Wf/W0=1.06(1-(W14/W0) Wf/W0 0.256036

after making approximate correction to empty weight

weight fraction we get
(We/W0)=1.586(W0)^-0.1

GUSS WEIGHT We/W0 W calculated Wc-Wg

20000 0.589115 19756.611 -243.389
19500 0.590609 19948.959 448.959
19000 0.592145 20150.758 1150.758
18500 0.593726 20362.793 1862.793
18000 0.595355 20585.946 2585.946
17500 597034 20821.203 3321.203
17000 598768 21069.678 4069.678
16500 0.600558 21332.63 4832.63
16000 0.602409 21611.487 5611.487
15500 0.604234 4112.9032 -11387.097
15000 0.606309 22223.684 7223.684
14500 0.608368 22561.052 8061.052
14000 0.610507 22922.485 8922.485

W0 calculated 19756.611