(generating function)(formal

power series)

f ( x ) a n x n a n n 0
n 0

f ( x ) a n x n
n 0

1
(1) 1 x x 2 x 3 ...
1 x
1
(2) 1 2 x 3 x 2 ...
(1 x) 2

1 n(n 1) 2 n(n 1)(n 2) 3

(3) 1 nx x x ...
(1 x) n
2! 3!
r (r 1) 2 r (r 1)(r 2) 3
(4) (1 x) r 1 rx x x ... ()
2! 3!

x 1

()
 an pan1 qan2 0, q 0 K ( x) x 2 px q

G ( x) a0 a1 x a2 x 2 a3 x 3 ...

G ( x) a0 a1 x a2 x 2 a3 x 3 a4 x 4 ...
pxG (x ) pa0 x pa1 x 2 pa2 x 3 pa3 x 4 ...

) qx 2 G ( x ) qa0 x 2 qa1 x 3 qa2 x 4 ...

(1 px qx 2 )G ( x) a0 (a1 pa0 ) x (a2 pa1 qa2 ) x 2 (a3 pa2 qa1 ) x 4 ...

(1 px qx 2 )G ( x ) a0 (a1 pa0 ) x
a0 ( a1 pa0 ) x
G ( x) D( x ) 1 px qx 2
(1 px qx 2 )

r1, 2 p p 4q K(x)
2

2
D ( x ) 1 px qx (1 r1 x )(1 r2 x )
2

G(x)()

a0 (a1 pa0 ) x A B
G ( x) A,B
(1 px qx )
2
1 r1 x 1 r2 x

1
(1) 1 x x 2 x 3 ...
1 x

G ( x) A(1 r1 x r1 x 2 ...) B(1 r2 x r2 x 2 ...) A r1 x k B r12 x k
2 2 k k

k 0 k 0

ak x k ( Ar
k k
G ( x) 1 Br2 ) x k for r1 r2
k 0 k 0

an Ar1n Br2 n r1,r2

a n a n 1 12a n 2 0, a0 3, a1 26
G ( x) a0 a1 x a2 x 2 a3 x 3 ...
G ( x) a0 a1 x a2 x 2 a3 x 3 a4 x 4 ...
xG (x ) a0 x a1 x 2 a2 x 3 a3 x 4 ...
) 12 x 2 G ( x ) 12a 0 x 2 12a1 x 3 12a 2 x 4 ...
(1 x 12 x 2 )G ( x ) 3 (26 3) x
 3 23x
(1 x 12 x 2 )G ( x ) 3 23 x G ( x)
(1 x 12 x 2 )
K ( x ) x 2 x 12 ( x 3)( x 4) -3,4
D( x) 1 x 12 x 2 (1 3 x)(1 4 x )

A B 3
G ( x)
A

B
1 3x 1 4 x

( A B ) ( 4 A 3B ) x
(1 3 x)(1 4 x )

A ,2 B 5
4A 3B 23

2


5
G ( x) 2 (3) k x k 5 4 k x k 2(3) k 5 4 k x k
1 3x 1 4 x k 0 k 0 k 0

an 2(3) n 5 4 n n=0,1,2,3,

Fn Fn1 Fn 2 0, F0 0, F1 1 ( Fibonacci)

K(x)= x 2 x 1 0, x 1 5 Fn A(1 5 ) n B(1 5 ) n

2 2 2
A,B=?

F0 A 1 B 1 0
1 1
1 5 1 5 A
5
,B
5
F1 A B 1
2 2
1 1 5 n 1 1 5 n
Fn ( ) ( )
5 2 5 2

1. a n 6an 1 8a n 2 0, a0 1, a1 1
2. an 9an2 0, a0 1, a1 2
3. an 2an1 an2 0, (1)a0 0, a1 1 (2)a0 a1 2 ()

k ()

an c1an1 c2 an2 ... ck ank bk , bk ci i=1,2,3,k

G ( x) a0 a1 x a2 x 2 a3 x 3 ...
K ( x) x k c1 x k 1 ... ck
K(x) K ( x) x k c1 x k 1 ... ck ( x r1 )( x r2 )...( x rk )

D( x) 1 c1 x c2 x 2 ... ck x k (1 r1 x)(1 r2 x)...(1 rk x)

()( n k )
(1 c1 x c2 x 2 ... ck x k )G( x) a0 (a1 c1a0 ) x ... (ak 1 c1ak 2 ... ck 1a0 )
D ( x)G ( x ) Pk 1 ( x )
Pk 1 ( x) a0 (a1 c1a0 ) x ... (ak 1 c1ak 2 ... ck 1a0 )

Pk 1 ( x)
G ( x ) K ( x) x k c1 x k 1 ... ck
D ( x)

A1 A2 Ak
G ( x) ... Ai i=1,2,3,,k
1 r1 x 1 r2 x 1 rk x

1
(1) 1 x x 2 x 3 ...
1 x

G ( x) A1 (1 r1 x r12 x 2 ...) A2 (1 r2 x r2 2 x 2 ...) ... AK (1 r2 x r2 2 x 2 ...)

(A r
l l l
G ( x) 1 1 A2 r2 ... Ak rk ) x l for ri r j
l 0

an A1r1 n A2 r2 n ... Ak rk n ri i=1,2,k K(x)

k(x) r1,r2,,rs h r i=1,2,,s

a n ( A1,0 A1,1n ... A1,h1 1n h1 1 )r1 ( A2, 0 A2,1n ... A2,h2 1n h2 1 )r2 ... ( As , 0 As ,1n ... As ,hs1 1n hs
n n

i,j


0()

a n an1 6an2 5 4 n , a0 5, a1 2

C n1 C0C n C1C n1 ... C n1C1 C n C0 , C0 C1 1 ( Catalan)

(1) G ( x ) xG 2 ( x ) 1

1 1 4x
(2) G ( x )
2x

2 2( n 1) n
(3) 1 4 x 1 n1
1/ 2
x
n n 1

1 2n n
(4) G ( x) n0 x
n 1 n
 1
an (a0 an2 ) (a1 an3 ) ... (an3 a1 ) (an2 a0 )
n 1
, a0 0, a1 1, a2 0
( (n 1)an (n 2)an 1 2a n 2 0 )

1. an 9an1 26an2 24an3 0, a0 6, a1 17, a2 53

2. a n 3a n 1 10an 2 0 28 5 , a0 25, a1 120

n

3. an 2an1 2 n 3n , a0 1

1.
2.
3.
4. Niven, I., Formal power series, Amer. Math. Monthly, 76(1969),871-889.