MAIN PARAMETERS

Main Parameters

Pressure
Temperature

Time
Ti
What is sterilization?
Sterilization is the process where the goal is to reach a sterile condition of the instruments
The keyword is sterile
EN
EN556
556 gives a definition of sterile:
sterile: Condition of a medical device that is free from viable micro
organisms
The scientific expression for free from micro organisms is defined as well in EN EN556
556
th theoretical
the th ti l probability
b bilit off th
there bbeing
i a viable
i bl micro
i organism
i presentt on ththe medical
di l ddevice
i shall
h ll bbe
equal or less than one in a million.
million.

Why Sterilization?
To kill micro organisms
To prevent cross-
cross-infection
To protect personnel and patient
History of micro organisms
1670: Van Leeuwenhoek
Leeuwenhoek discovers great numbers of bacteria's
bacteria s
1862: Pasteur proves that:
Bacteria's multiply by dividing
Infection is air
born
Boiling kills the bacteria
1870: Bastian concludes that 100 C is not killing all the bacteria
1880: Chamberland manufactures the first autoclave to boil on more than 100 C

Various Micro Organisms

Animal-like : Malaria and Hepatitis
Vegetable-like:
Mould (10 times the size of a bacteria)
Bacteria (10 times the size of a virus)
Bacillus or spores (high resistant bacteria)
Viruses: Needs living
material to multiply
Multiplication of Micro Organisms

0-7 C: Relatively no multiplication

10-50 C: Ideal for the multiplication

62-100 C: Most bacteria's die off

100-120 C: Spores die off at WET HEAT

 Dry Heat
Heat: Steam
Steam:
Oxidation of the Coagulation of the
micro organism micro organism

How to sterilize

Plasma-Low
Plasma-
Temperature: Ethylene Oxide:
Chemical reaction C
Chemical reaction
Saturated Steam
Pressure Temperature Relation:
- 1.0 bar - 120 C
- 1.1
1 1 bar - 121 C

- 2.0 bar - 134 C

- 2.2 bar - 135 C

Minimum Holdingg Time

re Time relation
- 134 to 138 C - 3 Minutes
- 121 to 124 C - 15 Minutes
- 105 to 108 C - 2 Hours
Air & Steam
Where theres air, theres no steam
Where theres no steam, theres no sterilization
Air obstructs the temperature from rising

Air Removal
Since air is causing a problem, the air
removal is an important part of the
sterilization process
Two removal principles:
Gravity autoclaves
Pre-vacuum autoclaves
Gravity Principle
Steam production in vessel
Steam rises and pushes up the air
Air escapes through a valve at the top of the vessel
Sterilization conditions are reached
Temperature and pressure are maintained for a fixed period of time
In ggravityy autoclaves 5-10% of air left
Pre-Vacuum Principle
Air removal through vacuum pump
Steam production or steam injection in vessel
Sterilization conditions are reached
Temperature and pressure are maintained for a fixed period of time
In pre-vacuum autoclaves 1% of air left
Piping Diagram
PIPE - VACUUM
PIPE - PRESSURE
PIPE - REDUCE
PIPE - STERILIZATION
PIPE - LEAR VACUUM
Piping System Drawing
The functions of the valves are as
follows:
Steam to jacket (91) introduces steam into the jacket to
accelerate the heating of the chamber and to maintain a stable
and uniform temperature in the chamber during the
sterilization and drying stages.
Steam inlet valve (93) introduces steam into the chamber,
for heating and maintaining the chamber temperature during
the sterilization phase.
Air inlet valve (43) introduces filtered ambient air into the
chamber at the end of the cycle to break the vacuum and
enable the opening of the door.
Fast exhaust and vacuum valve (75) This valve performs
two functions:
1) To exhaust the steam from chamber.
2) To connect the chamber to the bio hazard vacuum pump to
create a vacuum in the chamber in the air removal and drying
stages. In both actions, exhaust and vacuum, the flow path of
the fluids is through the condenser (heat exchanger) to the
drain.
Condensate valve (74) evacuates the condensate from the
chamber during heating and sterilization phases and isolates
the chamber from the drain pipe, during vacuum generation. It
operates like a slow exhaust valve at the end of slow pressure
programs.
Water to heat exchanger valve (12) introduces tap water to
the heat exchanger through the water saving system to cool
the fluids at the inlet of the vacuum pump, and water for
cooling the drain.
Water to vacuum pump valve (15) is connected to the tap
water reservoir and supplies the water required by the
operation of the vacuum pump.
Pressure to gasket valves (94 1 & 2) control the steam
pressure to the door gaskets. When the door is closed, steam
enters through the valves into the grooves behind the gasket
pushing them against the doors to seal the chamber.
Vacuum to gasket valves (53 1& 2) connect the gasket
grooves to the vacuum pump. When the door moves, during
opening and closing, this valve is open and vacuum is
produced to draw the gasket into the groove, ensuring a
smooth sliding of the door. When the door is open, this valve is
operated but vacuum is not produced.
The pneumatic valves are of two types:
1. Air operating, and air closing valves.
These valves operate in pairs only (94 1& 53 1) and (94 2 &
53 2). The piping is arranged so that a command sent from
one solenoid valve opens one valve and closes the other in
the pair. In this manner each valve in the pair of valves
operates opposite each other.
Close door valves (39 1 & 2); are servo solenoid valves
which transmits compressed air to the door closing system.
Open door valves (38 1 & 2); are servo solenoid valves which
transmits compressed air to the door opening system.
Pneumatic Safety devices:
1. RT112 pressure switch (prevents the opening of the
door if there is pressure in the chamber)
2. Two ALCO pressure switches (prevents the
operating of the door if there is no vacuum in the door
gasket)
3. Two VM-830 pneumatic-switches (prevents the
pressurizing of the chamber and the door gasket if the
door is not closed).
Horizontal Autoclave 515196-2V-EP-IFC-BH-P
Steam Generator
Steam Generation
ELECTRICAL CONNECTION DIAGRAM
G-PROTEC-V1
DIGITAL SIGNAL
FOR CONTROL
SYSTEM

JP5
2
1
HEADER 2 JP9
4
JP2 3
LED1 2
1 HEADER 4 1
2
3 JP10
LED8 4
HEADER 3
3
2
LED2 HEADER 4 1

JP1
LED3 6
5
JP4 4 LED1 SHORT ELECTRODE TOUCHES THE WATER LEVEL
LED4 3 LED8 HIGH PRESSURE ( JP10 SENSOR )
3 2 LED2 THERMOSTAT - OVER TEMPERATURE INDICATION
2 HEADER 6 1 LED3
3 PRESSOSTAT1
1 - OVER PRESSURE INDICATION
1 LED5 LED4 PRESSOSTAT2 - OVER PRESSURE INDICATION
JP7 LED5 NO WATER IN GENERATOR
HEADER 3 2 LED6 HIGH TEMP. ( THERMO COUPLE )
LED6 HEADER 2 1 LED7 HEATER CAN BE OPERATED

LED7
Electrical Drawing 36 kW
GENERATOR CONTROL ELECTRICAL DIAGRAM 2 SETS OF HEATERS WITH NEUTRAL
Limit Control Pressure Switch
To set the cut-off pressure, turn the bronze-colored pressure switch knob. Turn it
clockwise to decrease pressure and counter-clockwise to increase the pressure.
The pressure switch will be set to a cut-off
cut off pressure of 5 Bars.
Bars

Reset
lever
Turning off
pressure

Cut-off
pressure Differential
pressure
Door Type
Vertical Sliding Door

2
Legend
1Oil tank stick
3 gauge
2Oil tank
3Door operating piston
4Lock valve
4 5Oil refilling connection
6Door speed adjustment
valve
5

6
PNEUMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM DRAWING
PNEUMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM DRAWING
General Information
Steam Graph
(Temperature\ Pressure)
Steam Tables Steam Tables
Imperial Units Metric SI Units
 PRESSURE Vs TEMPERATURE FOR SATURATED STEAM

psia InHg F kPa C psia psig F kPa C

1.5 2.95 114.5 10 45.8 17.1 2.4 219.7 117.9 104.3
2.2 4.44 129.3 15 54.1 17.2 2.5 219.9 118.6 104.4
2.9 5.90 140.2 20 60.1 17.2 2.5 220.1 118.6 104.5
3.6 7.39 149.1 25 65.0 17.3 2.6 220.3 119.3 104.6
4.4 8.86 156.4 30 68.9 17.4 2.7 220.5 120.0 104.7
5.1 10.34 162.9 35 72.7 17.4 2.7 220.6 120.0 104.8
5.8 11.81 168.6 40 75.9 17.5 2.8 220.8 120.7 104.9
6.5 13.30 173.8 45 78.8 17.5 2.8 221.0 120.7 105.0
7.3 14.76 178.4 50 81.3 17.6 2.9 221.2 121.3 105.1
17.7 3.0 221.4 122.0 105.2
psia Psig F kPa C 17.7 3.0 221.5 122.0 105.3
14.7 0.0 212.0 101.4 100.0 17.8 3.1 221.7 122.7 105.4
14.8 0.1 212.2 102.0 100.1 17.8 3.1 221.9 122.7 105.5
14.8 0.1 212.4 102.0 100.2 17.9 3.2 222.1 123.4 105.6
14.9 0.2 212.5 102.7 100.3 18.0 3.3 222.3 124.1 105.7
14.9 0.2 212.7 102.7 100.4 18.0 3.3 222.4 124.1 105.8
15.0 0.3 212.9 103.4 100.5 18.1 3.4 222.6 124.8 105.9
15.0 0.3 213.1 103.4 100.6 18.2 3.5 222.8 125.5 106.0
15.1 0.4 213.3 104.1 100.7 18.2 3.5 223.0 125.5 106.1
15.1 0.4 213.4 104.1 100.8 18.3 3.6 223.2 126.2 106.2
15.2 0.5 213.6 104.8 100.9 18.3 3.6 223.3 126.2 106.3
15.2 0.5 213.8 104.8 101.0 18.4 3.7 223.5 126.9 106.4
15.3 0.6 214.0 105.5 101.1 18.5 3.8 223.7 127.6 106.5
15.4 0.7 214.2 106.2 101.2 18.5 3.8 223.9 127.6 106.6
15.4 0.7 214.3 106.2 101.3 18.6 3.9 224.1 128.2 106.7
15.5 0.8 214.5 106.9 101.4 18.6 3.9 224.2 128.2 106.8
15.5 0.8 214.7 106.9 101.5 18.7 4.0 224.4 128.9 106.9
15.6 0.9 214.9 107.6 101.6 18.8 4.1 224.6 129.6 107.0
15.6 0.9 215.1 107.6 101.7 18.9 4.2 224.8 130.3 107.1
15.7 1.0 215.2 108.2 101.8 18.9 4.2 225.0 130.3 107.2
15.7 1.0 215.4 108.2 101.9 19.0 4.3 225.1 131.0 107.3
15.8 1.1 215.6 108.9 102.0 19.0 4.3 225.3 131.0 107.4
15.8 1.1 215.8 108.9 102.1 19.1 4.4 225.5 131.7 107.5
15.9 1.2 216.0 109.6 102.2 19.2 4.5 225.7 132.4 107.6
16.0 1.3 216.3 110.3 102.4 19.3 4.6 225.9 133.1 107.7
16.1 1.4 216.5 111.0 102.5 19.3 4.6 226.0 133.1 107.8
16.1 1.4 216.7 111.0 102.6 19.4 4.7 226.2 133.8 107.9
16.2 1.5 216.9 111.7 102.7 19.4 4.7 226.4 133.8 108.0
16.2 1.5 217.0 111.7 102.8 19.5 4.8 226.6 134.4 108.1
16.3 1.6 217.2 112.4 102.9 19.6 4.9 226.8 135.1 108.2
16.4 1.7 217.4 113.1 103.0 19.6 4.9 226.9 135.1 108.3
16.4 1.7 217.6 113.1 103.1 19.7 5.0 227.1 135.8 108.4
PRESSURE Vs TEMPERATURE FOR SATURATED STEAM

16.5 1.8 217.8 113.8 103.2 19.8 5.1 227.3 136.5 108.5
16.5 1.8 217.9 113.8 103.3 19.8 5.1 227.5 136.5 108.6
16.6 1.9 218.1 114.5 103.4 19.9 5.2 227.7 137.2 108.7
16.6 1.9 218.3 114.5 103.5 19.9 5.2 227.8 137.2 108.8
16.7 2.0 218.5 115.1 103.6 20.0 5.3 228.0 137.9 108.9
16.8 2.1 218.7 115.8 103.7 20.1 5.4 228.2 138.6 109.0
16.8 2.1 218.8 115.8 103.8 20.2 5.5 228.4 139.3 109.1
16.9 2.2 219.0 116.5 103.9 20.3 5.6 228.6 140.0 109.2
16.9 2.2 219.2 116.5 104.0 20.3 5.6 228.7 140.0 109.3
17.0 2.3 219.4 117.2 104.1 20.4 5.7 228.9 140.7 109.4
17.1 2.4 219.6 117.9 104.2 20.4 5.7 229.1 140.7 109.5


psia Psig F kPa C psia psig F kPa C
20.5 5.8 229.3 141.3 109.6 24.6 9.9 239.2 169.6 115.1
20.6 5.9 229.5 142.0 109.7 24.7 10.0 239.4 170.3 115.2
20.6 5.9 229.6 142.0 109.8 24.7 10.0 239.5 170.3 115.3
20.7 6.0 229.8 142.7 109.9 24.8 10.1 239.7 171.0 115.4
20.8 6.1 230.0 143.4 110.0 24.9 10.2 239.9 171.7 115.5
20.9 6.2 230.2 144.1 110.1 25.0 10.3 240.1 172.4 115.6
21.0 6.3 230.4 144.8 110.2 25.1 10.4 240.3 173.1 115.7
21.0 6.3 230.5 144.8 110.3 25.2 10.5 240.4 173.7 115.8
21.1 6.4 230.7 145.5 110.4 25.3 10.6 240.6 174.4 115.9
21.1 6.4 230.9 145.5 110.5 25.3 10.6 240.8 174.4 116.0
21.2 6.5 231.1 146.2 110.6 25.4 10.7 241.0 175.1 116.1
21.3 6.6 231.3 146.9 110.7 25.5 10.8 241.2 175.8 116.2
21.3 6.6 231.4 146.9 110.8 25.6 10.9 241.3 176.5 116.3
21.4 6.7 231.6 147.5 110.9 25.7 11.0 241.5 177.2 116.4
21.5 6.8 231.8 148.2 111.0 25.8 11.1 241.7 177.9 116.5
21.6 6.9 232.0 148.9 111.1 25.9 11.2 241.9 178.6 116.6
21.7 7.0 232.2 149.6 111.2 25.9 11.2 242.1 178.6 116.7
21.7 7.0 232.3 149.6 111.3 26.0 11.3 242.2 179.3 116.8
21.8 7.1 232.5 150.3 111.4 26.1 11.4 242.4 180.0 116.9
21.9 7.2 232.7 151.0 111.5 26.2 11.5 242.6 180.6 117.0
21.9 7.2 232.9 151.0 111.6 26.3 11.6 242.8 181.3 117.1
22.0 7.3 233.1 151.7 111.7 26.4 11.7 243.0 182.0 117.2
22.1 7.4 233.2 152.4 111.8 26.4 11.7 243.1 182.0 117.3
22.1 7.4 233.4 152.4 111.9 26.5 11.8 243.3 182.7 117.4
22.2 7.5 233.6 153.1 112.0 26.6 11.9 243.5 183.4 117.5
22.3 7.6 233.8 153.8 112.1 26.7 12.0 243.7 184.1 117.6
22.4 7.7 234.0 154.4 112.2 26.8 12.1 243.9 184.8 117.7
22.4 7.7 234.1 154.4 112.3 26.8 12.1 244.0 184.8 117.8
22.5 7.8 234.3 155.1 112.4 26.9 12.2 244.2 185.5 117.9
22.6 7.9 234.5 155.8 112.5 27.0 12.3 244.4 186.2 118.0
22.7 8.0 234.7 156.5 112.6 27.1 12.4 244.6 186.8 118.1
22.8 8.1 234.9 157.2 112.7 27.2 12.5 244.8 187.5 118.2
22.8 8.1 235.0 157.2 112.8 27.3 12.6 244.9 188.2 118.3
22.9 8.2 235.2 157.9 112.9 27.4 12.7 245.1 188.9 118.4
23.0 8.3 235.4 158.6 113.0 27.5 12.8 245.3 189.6 118.5
23.1 8.4 235.6 159.3 113.1 27.6 12.9 245.5 190.3 118.6
23.1 8.4 235.8 159.3 113.2 27.7 13.0 245.7 191.0 118.7
23.2 8.5 235.9 160.0 113.3 27.7 13.0 245.8 191.0 118.8
23.3 8.6 236.1 160.6 113.4 27.8 13.1 246.0 191.7 118.9
23.4 8.7 236.3 161.3 113.5 27.9 13.2 246.2 192.4 119.0
23.4 8.7 236.5 161.3 113.6 28.0 13.3 246.4 193.1 119.1
23.5 8.8 236.7 162.0 113.7 28.1 13.4 246.6 193.7 119.2
23.6 8.9 236.8 162.7 113.8 28.2 13.5 246.7 194.4 119.3
23.7 9.0 237.0 163.4 113.9 28.3 13.6 246.9 195.1 119.4
23.7 9.0 237.2 163.4 114.0 28.4 13.7 247.1 195.8 119.5
23.8 9.1 237.4 164.1 114.1 28.5 13.8 247.3 196.5 119.6
PRESSURE Vs TEMPERATURE FOR SATURATED STEAM

23.9 9.2 237.6 164.8 114.2 28.6 13.9 247.5 197.2 119.7
24.0 9.3 237.7 165.5 114.3 28.6 13.9 247.6 197.2 119.8
24.1 9.4 237.9 166.2 114.4 28.7 14.0 247.8 197.9 119.9
24.1 9.4 238.1 166.2 114.5 28.8 14.1 248.0 198.6 120.0
24.2 9.5 238.3 166.9 114.6 28.9 14.2 248.2 199.3 120.1
24.3 9.6 238.5 167.5 114.7 29.0 14.3 248.4 199.9 120.2
24.4 9.7 238.6 168.2 114.8 29.1 14.4 248.5 200.6 120.3
24.4 9.7 238.8 168.2 114.9 29.2 14.5 248.7 201.3 120.4
24.5 9.8 239.0 168.9 115.0 29.3 14.6 248.9 202.0 120.5
psia Psig F kPa C psia psig F kPa C
29.4 14.7 249.1 202.7 120.6 34.6 19.9 258.6 238.7 125.9
29.5 14.8 249.3 203.4 120.7 34.7 20.0 258.8 239.4 126.0
29.5 14.8 249.4 203.4 120.8 34.8 20.1 259.0 240.2 126.1
29.6 14.9 249.6 204.1 120.9 34.9 20.2 259.2 240.9 126.2
29.7 15.0 249.8 204.8 121.0 35.0 20.3 259.3 241.6 126.3
29.8 15.3 250.0 205.5 121.1 35.1 20.4 259.5 242.3 126.4
29.9 15.4 250.2 206.2 121.2 35.3 20.6 259.7 243.1 126.5
30.0 15.5 250.3 206.8 121.3 35.4 20.7 259.9 243.8 126.6
30.1 15.6 250.5 207.5 121.4 35.5 20.8 260.1 244.5 126.7
30.3 15.6 250.7 208.9 121.5 35.6 20.9 260.2 245.3 126.8
30.5 15.8 250.9 210.3 121.6 35.7 21.0 260.4 246.0 126.9
30.5 15.8 251.1 210.3 121.7 35.8 21.1 260.6 246.8 127.0
30.6 15.9 251.2 211.0 121.8 35.9 21.2 260.8 247.6 127.1
30.7 16.0 251.4 211.7 121.9 36.0 21.3 261.0 248.3 127.2
30.8 16.1 251.6 212.4 122.0 36.1 21.4 261.1 249.1 127.3
31.0 16.3 251.8 213.7 122.1 36.2 21.5 261.3 249.9 127.4
31.0 16.3 252.0 213.7 122.2 36.5 21.8 261.5 251.4 127.5
31.1 16.4 252.1 214.4 122.3 36.5 21.8 261.7 251.4 127.6
31.2 16.5 252.3 215.1 122.4 36.6 21.9 261.9 252.2 127.7
31.3 16.6 252.5 215.8 122.5 36.7 22.0 262.0 252.9 127.8
31.4 16.7 252.7 216.5 122.6 36.8 22.1 262.2 253.7 127.9
31.5 16.8 252.9 217.2 122.7 36.9 22.2 262.4 254.5 128.0
31.6 16.9 253.0 217.9 122.8 37.0 22.3 262.6 255.2 128.1
31.7 17.0 253.2 218.6 122.9 37.1 22.4 262.8 256.0 128.2
31.8 17.1 253.4 219.3 123.0 37.2 22.5 262.9 256.8 128.3
31.8 17.1 253.6 218.9 123.1 37.4 22.7 263.1 257.5 128.4
31.9 17.2 253.8 219.6 123.2 37.5 22.8 263.3 258.3 128.5
32.0 17.3 253.9 220.3 123.3 37.6 22.9 263.5 259.1 128.6
32.1 17.4 254.1 221.0 123.4 37.7 23.0 263.7 259.8 128.7
32.2 17.5 254.3 221.7 123.5 37.8 23.1 263.8 260.6 128.8
32.3 17.6 254.5 222.4 123.6 37.9 23.2 264.0 261.4 128.9
32.4 17.7 254.7 223.1 123.7 38.0 23.3 264.2 262.2 129.0
32.5 17.8 254.8 223.7 123.8 38.1 23.4 264.4 263.0 129.1
32.6 17.9 255.0 224.4 123.9 38.3 23.6 264.6 263.8 129.2
32.6 17.9 255.2 225.1 124.0 38.4 23.7 264.7 264.6 129.3
32.7 18.0 255.4 225.8 124.1 38.5 23.8 264.9 265.4 129.4
32.8 18.1 255.6 226.5 124.2 38.6 23.9 265.1 266.2 129.5
32.9 18.2 255.7 227.2 124.3 38.7 24.0 265.3 267.0 129.6
33.0 18.3 255.9 227.8 124.4 38.8 24.1 265.5 267.8 129.7
33.1 18.4 256.1 228.6 124.5 39.0 24.3 265.6 268.6 129.8
33.3 18.6 256.3 229.3 124.6 39.1 24.4 265.8 269.4 129.9
33.4 18.7 256.5 230.0 124.7 39.2 24.5 266.0 270.3 130.0
33.5 18.8 256.6 230.7 124.8 39.3 24.6 266.2 271.1 130.1
33.6 18.9 256.8 231.5 124.9 39.4 24.7 266.4 271.9 130.2
PRESSURE Vs TEMPERATURE FOR SATURATED STEAM

33.7 19.0 257.0 232.2 125.0 39.5 24.8 266.5 272.7 130.3
33.8 19.1 257.2 232.9 125.1 39.7 25.0 266.7 273.5 130.4
33.9 19.2 257.4 233.6 125.2 39.8 25.1 266.9 274.3 130.5
34.0 19.3 257.5 234.4 125.3 39.9 25.2 267.1 275.1 130.6
34.1 19.4 257.7 235.1 125.4 40.0 25.3 267.3 275.9 130.7
34.2 19.5 257.9 235.8 125.5 40.1 25.4 267.4 276.7 130.8
34.3 19.6 258.1 236.5 125.6 40.3 25.6 267.6 277.5 130.9
34.4 19.7 258.3 237.3 125.7 40.4 25.7 267.8 278.3 131.0
34.5 19.8 258.4 238.0 125.8 40.5 25.8 268.0 279.1 131.1
psia Psig F kPa C psia psig F kPa C
40.6 25.9 268.2 280.0 131.2 45.8 31.1 275.2 315.8 135.1
40.7 26.0 268.3 280.8 131.3 45.9 31.2 275.4 316.5 135.2
40.9 26.2 268.5 281.7 131.4 46.0 31.3 275.5 317.2 135.3
41.0 26.3 268.7 282.6 131.5 46.2 31.5 275.7 318.5 135.4
41.1 26.4 268.9 283.4 131.6 46.3 31.6 275.9 319.2 135.5
41.2 26.5 269.1 284.3 131.7 46.4 31.7 276.1 319.9 135.6
41.4 26.7 269.2 285.1 131.8 46.6 31.9 276.2 321.3 135.7
41.5 26.8 269.4 286.0 131.9 46.7 32.0 276.4 322.0 135.8
41.6 26.9 269.6 286.8 132.0 46.8 32.1 276.6 322.7 135.9
41.7 27.0 269.8 287.7 132.1 47.0 32.3 276.8 324.1 136.0
41.8 27.1 270.0 288.5 132.2 47.1 32.4 277.0 324.7 136.1
42.0 27.3 270.1 289.4 132.3 47.3 32.6 277.2 326.1 136.2
42.1 27.4 270.3 290.2 132.4 47.4 32.7 277.3 326.8 136.3
42.2 27.5 270.5 291.1 132.5 47.5 32.8 277.5 327.5 136.4
42.3 27.6 270.7 291.9 132.6 47.7 33.0 277.7 328.9 136.5
42.5 27.8 270.9 292.8 132.7 47.8 33.1 277.9 329.6 136.6
42.6 27.9 271.0 293.6 132.8 47.9 33.2 278.1 330.3 136.7
42.7 28.0 271.2 294.5 132.9 48.0 33.3 278.2 330.9 136.8
42.8 28.1 271.4 295.3 133.0 48.0 33.3 278.4 331.0 136.9
43.0 28.3 271.6 296.2 133.1 48.1 33.4 278.6 331.6 137.0
43.1 28.4 271.8 297.1 133.2 48.3 33.6 278.8 333.0 137.1
43.2 28.5 271.9 297.9 133.3 48.4 33.7 279.0 333.7 137.2
43.3 28.6 272.1 298.8 133.4 48.5 33.8 279.1 334.4 137.3
43.5 28.8 272.3 299.7 133.5 48.7 34.0 279.3 335.8 137.4
43.6 28.9 272.5 300.6 133.6 48.8 34.1 279.5 336.5 137.5
43.7 29.0 272.7 301.5 133.7 49.0 34.3 279.7 337.8 137.6
43.9 29.2 272.8 302.4 133.8 49.1 34.4 279.9 338.5 137.7
44.0 29.3 273.0 303.3 133.9 49.2 34.5 280.0 339.2 137.8
44.1 29.4 273.2 304.2 134.0 49.4 34.7 280.2 340.6 137.9
44.3 29.6 273.2 305.4 134.0 49.5 34.8 280.4 341.3 138.0
44.4 29.7 273.4 306.1 134.1 49.7 35.0 280.6 342.7 138.1
44.6 29.9 273.6 307.5 134.2 49.8 35.1 280.8 343.4 138.2
44.7 30.0 273.7 308.2 134.3 49.9 35.2 280.9 344.0 138.3
44.8 30.1 273.9 308.9 134.4 50.1 35.4 281.1 345.4 138.4
45.0 30.3 274.1 310.3 134.5 50.2 35.5 281.3 346.1 138.5
45.1 30.4 274.3 311.0 134.6 50.4 35.7 281.5 347.5 138.6
45.2 30.5 274.5 311.6 134.7 50.6 35.9 281.7 348.9 138.7
45.4 30.7 274.6 313.0 134.8 50.7 36.0 281.8 349.6 138.8
45.5 30.8 274.8 313.7 134.9 50.8 36.1 282.0 350.3 138.9
45.6 30.9 275.0 314.4 135.0 51.0 36.3 282.2 351.6 139.0

Legend:
PRESSURE Vs TEMPERATURE FOR SATURATED STEAM

psia absolute pressure in psi

Psig gauge pressure in psi
kPa absolute pressure in kilo-Pascal
InHg pressure (vacuum) in inch-Mercury
 PT100 Resistance Table
PT100 Resistance Table