Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Operating System

    Uploaded by

    Kristavilla Olaviano
    291 views820 pages
    Operating system

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    Operating system

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf or txt
    291 views820 pages

    Operating System

    Uploaded by

    Kristavilla Olaviano
    Operating system

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 820

    -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - - - -
    - -
    =

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -

    ---
    --- - -
    - -
    - -

    - - -- -- -

    -r -r - - - -
    -- - -- - - - -- -
    -

    w - - -
    - - - - -
    - -- - -
    - -- --- -
    - --- - - - - - -
    --- -

    -- - -- -- - - - -
    -- - - - --
    - -

    --
    -
    --- - - - -

    - -


    --- -



    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - --
    --
    - -

    --
    - -- --

    -
    --
    -
    -- -
    -- - --
    -

    -
    -- -
    - -
    - --
    -- -- -
    - -- -
    - --

    -
    -- ---
    -- --


    -
    - -- - --
    - -
    -- -
    - --- -
    - - -

    - - -
    -
    -
    --
    - --

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    --
    - -


    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.



    - --
    ---
    -

    - - --
    -
    -

    -

    -
    - -
    -- -- -
    -- -


    - -- -
    -


    -
    -
    - --

    -



    --

    -- - --
    -
    --

    --
    -
    - - --
    - -
    -- --

    --
    - --
    -



    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --
    - -- -
    -

    -
    - --
    - -


    -

    -
    - - ---
    -
    - - - ---
    -
    - -

    -- - -
    - -

    -
    - -- - --
    - -

    -
    --
    - --
    - -
    -

    -
    -
    -
    -
    - - --
    - - -


    - -- - --
    - --



    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    -- - -- --
    -- -
    -- --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    -- - -

    -
    - -
    - -- - -
    -
    ---
    ---
    - --- -
    -
    - --
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -

    -

    - -

    -

    - -

    - - -

    -

    -

    -
    -
    - -- -
    - - --
    - -

    - --

    -- -
    - -
    -
    -

    -
    - -- --
    -
    --
    - --
    - -


    ---
    - ---



    -
    -
    - -
    ---
    -
    - -
    - -- -
    -

    --

    -
    -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - -


    - - - --
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --

    - - -
    -
    -
    -
    --
    -
    - -

    - -
    -


    -
    -


    - -
    - -
    - -
    -
    - -
    - -
    - -
    - -

    - -- - - -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    -- --
    - - -
    - --
    -- - --
    - - -
    --
    - - -
    -- -
    -
    - --


    - - - - -
    - - --
    - - -
    -- - - -
    - - --

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - - --
    --- -- - -
    -
    -

    - - - - -- ---
    - - - - - - --
    -- ---
    - - - - -- - - -
    --- --- - -
    --- - - -- -- -
    - - - --- --
    - - - - --- - -
    - - - -- -
    - - - -
    --- - - --
    - - - - -
    - - -
    -- - - - -
    - -
    - - --- -
    -- - - - ---
    - ---

    - - - -
    --- ---
    - -
    - - - ---
    - - -
    - - -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -- - -- - -
    - -- - -
    - ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - --
    - -
    - -- - - -
    - - -- - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - --- - - ---
    --- --- - -
    -- - - - ---
    -- -- -
    - - - --- -
    - - ---
    -

    - -- -
    - - -- - ---
    - -
    - - - -
    -

    - - ---
    - - --
    - -
    - -- - -
    - - --

    - - -

    ---


    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    ---

    - ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - - - - ---
    - - - -- - ---
    -- - - -
    -- - - - -
    - --

    - - - - - - - -
    - - - -
    - -
    -- - - - - -
    --- - ---
    - - - -
    -- -
    - -
    - - - --
    -
    - - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -- - - -
    - -- - - - -
    - - -
    -- - -
    ---
    -- --- - -
    - -
    --- - --- - -
    -- --- -

    - - - -
    - - -
    - - - ---
    - - - --
    --- -

    - -
    - - - - --- -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --- -- -
    - - - --
    - - - - - --
    - - --- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - --- -

    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - -- - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    -
    -- -
    -- -- - - -
    - - - -
    -- - --- -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - --
    - - - - -
    - - - -

    - - - -
    -
    - - -
    -- - ---
    - -- -
    - - -
    - - -
    -
    - -- - -
    - - - --
    - -- - -
    - -
    - -- -
    -
    - - --

    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3



    - - - - -- -
    -- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - - - -
    -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -

    - - -
    - -- -
    ---
    - -- - - -
    - -- -
    - -- - -
    -- - -
    - -- -
    - - --
    -
    - - --- -
    - -
    -- - -- - - -

    - - - -
    - - --
    - -- -- - -
    - - - - -- - -
    --- --
    - - - - - - -
    - -
    - -
    - - - - - -
    - -- --- -
    - - - - -
    -- ---
    - -
    - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    -- -- - -
    - -- - -- -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - - -
    - --
    - -

    - --
    -- - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - -- -
    - - - - - -- - -
    - - - --- - - --
    -- -
    - -
    - -
    - -
    - - -- - --- - -
    -
    --- - - --
    - -- --
    --- - ---

    --- - - - - -- -
    - - -
    -
    - - -
    -- - - --
    - - - - - -- - -
    - -
    - - - - --
    - -


    - - - -
    - -- - -
    - - - -
    -- --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- --
    -- - - - ---
    - - - -
    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    - - - - -
    - --
    - --
    -
    - -- - --
    -- - -- -
    - -- -- -
    - -

    - - --
    - - -- - - - - --
    - - - - - - -
    - - --
    - - -
    - --- -- -
    --

    - - --
    - - - - -
    - -- -
    - - - - - -
    - - -- -
    - - - -

    - -
    - - - -
    - -- -
    - -
    - -- - --
    - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - --
    - - 3
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    - -
    - -
    - - -
    -- -
    - -
    -
    - - -

    -- - --
    - --
    - - -
    -- - - -
    - - - -
    -
    - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - -
    - - -
    -
    -
    -
    - -
    - --- -- --
    - - - -
    - -
    - -- -- -
    - - - - - -
    --
    - - -
    ---- -
    - -
    - - -
    -- -- - - - -
    -
    - --- -
    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - -- - -- - -
    - - -
    -
    - - -
    - --
    - -
    - - - -
    - - --
    - --- - -
    - - - - - -
    - -- - - - -
    -
    - - -
    -- - - - -
    - -- - - --
    --- -
    - --
    - -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.



    -
    --
    - --
    --
    - -
    -
    --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - -
    -

    - - - -
    - -

    - -
    -
    -- - --
    - - -
    --- -- -- ---
    - -- - - - -
    -- - -- -- ---
    -
    - - - -

    - --- - -
    -- - - -
    - -
    - - ---
    - - -
    -- - -
    -- ---
    - --- - -
    - --- - -
    --- -
    - - - --
    -
    - -- - -
    --- - --
    - -- - - - -
    ---
    - - -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    --- ---
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - ---
    - - -

    - - -- - -
    -- -- -
    --- -- - - - - - -
    - - -
    -- - - - - -
    - -- -
    - -
    -- - -

    --- --- - -
    -- - - - ---
    -- -- -
    - - - --- -
    - - ---
    -
    - - - ---
    ---

    - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    --- - -
    -
    - - -
    --- - - - ---
    - - - - - ---
    --- - -- -
    -- --- - - - -
    -
    --- - -- -
    - - - -- -
    -- - - - --
    - --- --- -
    - - ---
    --- - - -
    -
    - -- - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - - - -
    -- - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --
    -


    ---

    -
    ---


    -- - - -- - ---
    - - --
    - -- - -
    - -
    - -
    - - -
    - - -
    -

    -- -
    - - -

    - -
    -- -- -- -- -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - - - - -
    - - - -
    -- - - -
    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -- - - - -
    - --- - - -
    - -
    - - -- - -
    - - -
    - - - -- -
    - - - -
    - --
    -

    - - - -
    - - - - - -
    -
    - -- - - -
    - - - - - -- ---
    - -- - -
    - - -
    -
    - - -

    -- - -
    - - - --
    - - - - - - - -
    - - - -
    -- - -
    - -
    - - - - -
    - - -- --- -
    - - -

    - - - --
    -- - - --
    - -
    - --
    - -- - - -
    - -
    -- - - -
    - - - - - - -
    -
    --

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - -- -
    - -- - - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - -
    -- - - -
    - - - -

    --
    -- - - --
    - -- - -
    - -- - -
    - - - -
    -- - - - -
    - - -
    -- --- -
    --- --- -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    - -
    --
    -
    -
    - -
    --
    -



    -
    -
    --
    --
    ---
    -
    -
    - -- -
    -- -



    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    - -
    - -
    -
    - - --


    - - -
    - - - -- -
    -- -- -
    - - -- --
    -
    - - -
    - -- -- -
    ---

    - - - - -

    -- - -- -
    -- - -- -- -- - - -
    - - -- -
    - - --
    ---
    - - -- -
    - - - - - -- - - -
    - - - -
    - -

    --- -- -
    - - - -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    -- - - -
    -- - - -- - -
    --
    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    -- - - - - -

    - -
    --- - -
    - -- - -
    - - - ---
    -

    - - - ---
    - - - - - -
    -- -- -- -
    -- --
    - - -



    -
    -
    -
    -
    -


    - -
    -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    -- -
    -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - --
    - - -
    --
    --- - - -
    --- - -
    - -- -
    -- - - -
    -

    - -
    -- -- -
    - --- ---
    - -
    - -- --
    -
    --- -- - ---
    --- - -
    --- - - -
    --- - - - -
    - - -
    ---
    --- - -
    - -
    -- - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -- - - -- -- -
    - --- - - --
    - -
    - --
    -
    --- - -
    --- - - -
    - --- - - -
    - - --- -
    - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    - - -
    -
    -- - - -- --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - -
    - - - -- - -
    - - - - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- --- - -- -
    - -- - -- --- --
    -- - - -- -
    - --- -- -
    - - - -
    - -
    -- - - - -
    - - - - - -
    -- - - -
    - -- - - - -
    - - -- -
    - -- - -
    - --
    - -- - - -- -
    - - - -
    - - --
    - - - -
    -- - -
    -- - - -
    - -- - - -
    - - --
    - - - -
    - - - - -- - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    -- - --
    --
    -- -
    - --
    -- -- -

    - - -
    -- -

    - -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - -

    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    --
    -

    -- -
    - - -
    -
    --




    - -
    --

    -- - -- --
    - - -

    -- - -
    - - - -- -
    -- - -- - -
    - -- -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    -- - - -
    - -
    --
    -- -
    - -- -- - -
    - -- -
    -- -- - --
    - - --
    - -- - - - -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- - - -- -


    - - ---
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    -- --





    -- --





    -- --


    -
    --

    - - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    -- -
    - - -

    - -
    - - -
    - - -

    - -
    - - - -- -
    - - -
    - -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --- --
    -- - - -
    - - - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - -- -- -
    --- -
    - - --
    - - - -- -
    -- - - - - -
    -- - -
    - - -
    -- - - - - - - -
    --
    - - -
    -- - - -
    - - - -
    - - --
    -- - - - - - --
    - -- - - - --
    -- -- --
    - - --
    --- --
    - --
    - -
    -
    - - -
    - -- - -
    --
    - -
    -
    - --
    - - ---

    --- -
    - - - - - - -
    - -
    - -- -
    -- - - --
    - --
    - -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -


    --- -- - - - - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -

    - - - -

    - -- --
    - - -- - -- -
    - - - - -
    - -
    -- -
    -
    -
    - -
    - - - -

    - -
    - -- --
    - -- - -
    - - - --
    - - - ---
    - --
    - -
    - - - -
    -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    --
    -- - - -- -- --
    -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -

    - -
    - - - - -

    - - -
    - --- -
    -- - --
    - - - -
    - -- -- -- -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - - --
    - - - -
    - - -- - -
    - - -

    - - -

    -
    -



    - - -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- --- -
    -
    - - - -
    - -

    -
    -- - -
    - - - - -- -
    - -
    -- -
    - -
    -- -
    -
    - -
    - - -

    --

    --

    -
    -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - - --
    -- - -
    - - - - - -
    - -
    -- - - - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - --
    - -- - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - --

    --



    --




    --

    --

    -
    -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --
    - - --
    - -- - -
    - - -
    --- - --
    -- -- - -
    -
    -- -- - - -
    -- - --
    - - -
    -- - -
    -- -
    - -
    - -


    --
    ---

    -- -

    -- --

    -

    --

    -- --


    - -- -

    -- --

    -
    -

    -- -
    -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --


    - -- -- -
    - -- - - -
    - ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - -
    -- -
    - -
    - -

    - -- -
    -
    - -- -- -
    -- -- -

    - -- -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - --
    -

    -
    - - -
    - - -
    - -- -- - -
    - -- - - -
    - - -
    - - -- -
    - - - - ---
    -- - - - - -
    - - -- - --
    - - -
    - - - -
    - -

    -- - -
    --
    - - -
    - -
    -- - - - -
    - - -- -
    - - - -
    - - - -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    - - - - -

    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.



    - -



    - -- - --



    -- --

    -- --

    - -

    - --

    -
    --- - -
    - - --
    -
    -- -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - - -
    - -- - -
    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - - - - -- -
    - - -- - - -
    - - -
    -- -- - - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - - -- - - -
    - - - - - - -

    --



    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    - -
    - -
    - - -- -
    - - -
    - - - -
    -
    - - - - --
    - - - - -
    - - --
    -- - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    -
    - - - --
    - - - -
    - - -- -
    - -- -
    - - - -
    - -


    -
    - -

    -
    -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - - --
    - - - -
    -- - - -- - --
    - -- -
    - - - - -- - -
    - - -
    - - --
    -- - -
    - --- -- - - -
    --

    - -- -
    - -
    - -- -

    - - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -- -
    - - -
    - -
    - -

    - -
    -
    - --
    - -- --

    - - - - - -
    - - --- - - -
    -- - -
    - --- ---
    - - -
    - -- - -- -
    - - - -- k- - -
    - -- k- -- -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- --- - - - -
    -- -- -
    -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    -
    -






    -


    -






    -- - - - -
    -- -- -
    - - ---
    - - -- -
    -- - - - --
    -- - -
    -- ---
    -- -- -

    - - - -

    - - - -- - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    -- - - - - -- - --
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --


    ---

    --- -- --- -
    - -
    -- - -
    -
    - -- -- - -
    - -- -
    - - - - --
    - - - -- - - -
    -- - -
    -- - -- -
    - -- -- -
    --- --- - -- --
    - -
    -- --
    --
    - -
    - - --
    - -- -
    -- -- - - --- --
    -- -- - --
    - --- - -- -
    - --
    - -- - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --- - -
    - - - - -
    -- - -
    -- --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - -- - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    - - ---
    - -
    - -
    - -- - -
    - -

    - - - - - --
    -- - - - -
    --
    -
    - - -
    - -

    - -
    --

    - - -
    - -
    -- --- -


    - - -- --- -
    - - -
    - -- -- -- -
    -
    - - - -
    -- - -- --
    - -- - - -- - --
    - - - -
    - - - -- --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- - - - -
    - - - -
    - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    -

    -- - --
    -

    -
    - --
    -- - - - - -
    -- - - - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    -- -
    - - - -
    -- -- -
    - - -
    -- -
    - -- - -
    - -
    - - - - -
    - -

    - - --
    --- -- -
    -- -- - - - --
    - - - -
    --- -- - - - - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- - --
    - -- --

    - - -- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    --



    -

    - - - -
    -- - - -- -

    - - - - -
    - - - - -- -
    --- - -
    - - -- --
    - - ---


    -- -- - --
    - -
    -- - -
    - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    --- - - - -
    - - - - - --- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --
    --

    - --

    -- - -
    -

    -
    -



    -

    -- - - -
    - - - - --
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -- - -- -
    - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- -
    - - -
    - - -- -

    -
    - -- -
    - -
    - - -

    - -

    - -
    -
    -- --
    -
    - -- -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - -- --
    --
    - - --
    -
    -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - - --
    -- -
    - -
    -- -- -- --
    - - - - - -
    ---

    - -- -
    -- ---
    - -
    -- - - -
    - - --
    - -
    - -- - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- -
    -- - - - -- - -
    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - -- -
    -
    -- -
    ---
    -- - --
    - - -- - -
    - - -- --
    - -
    -- - - -
    -- -- - - -
    -- - --
    - -
    - -- -
    - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - -- -
    -
    -- - - --
    - -
    - -
    --
    - -- -
    - - - - -- --
    --- -

    - -
    --
    -
    -
    -- - - -

    --
    -- - -
    -- - -- - -- -
    -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    -- - - - - -
    -- - - - -
    -- -- - - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -- -
    - -- -- - - --
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - - - -
    -- -- -- - -
    -- - - - -
    - - - - --
    - -
    -- - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - -- - -
    - - - --
    - - -
    - --- - --- -
    - -- - - --- - -
    --

    ---
    - - --
    --
    - ---
    - --- - - -
    - - -
    -- - - --
    --- - -- - - -
    - - -
    --- - - -
    -- - -- -
    --- - -
    -
    - - - -- --
    - -- -- - - -
    - - - --
    - -
    ---
    - - -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - - --
    --- - --
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- - ---
    - - - -- -
    - --
    - --
    --
    - -
    -- - ---
    --
    - - -
    -- - - - -
    --
    - - --- -
    - - -- - - --
    --- - ---

    --
    --- - -
    -- -- - -- -
    - - - - -
    - ---
    --- -- - -- --

    -- -- --

    - -





    ---



    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- --- -- -
    - -- --- - -
    --
    - --- -
    - -- - - - -
    - -- - -
    -
    - --- -
    - - - -
    - --

    -
    - - -- -
    --- - - -
    --- - -- - - --
    - - -
    - - -
    - --
    - -
    - - - -- --- - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    -- - -
    - - - -
    -- - - - --
    -- - -
    - --- --
    - -
    - --- --
    - --- - - -
    - -
    -- - -
    --- -
    - -- - - -
    - -- - - - -
    - - -
    -- - -
    - -
    --
    - - - -
    - -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    -- - - - -- -


    - - -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    - - - -

    I - I -

    - - - - - -
    - - -

    - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - -- -- -
    - -
    -

    -
    -- -

    - -- -

    -

    --
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -
    - -
    - --- -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - - -

    -
    -- -
    - -
    -- -
    -
    -- -- -
    - --
    -

    --
    - -
    - -- --
    - - - -
    -
    -
    -
    -- -- - -
    -
    - -- --
    - - -
    -- -

    -
    - -- - - --


    - -- -- -
    -

    -

    -- - -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - --
    - - - -
    - -- -- -
    - - -
    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- -
    --- -- - -- - -
    -- - -
    -- - -
    - - -
    - -- -- --
    -- -- -
    -
    - -- - -- --
    -
    - -- - -- --
    -
    - - -- -- -
    -
    - -
    - -- - -

    - -- -
    -- - -- - - -
    - - - - --
    - - -- -- -- - -
    - - -
    - -- ---
    - - -
    - -- - -
    --
    -- -
    - -
    - -



    -
    - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    -
    - - - -- - -

    - -

    --- - -- -
    -- --
    - - -
    - - - - -- --
    -- - -- -

    ---
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - - - -- -
    - - --
    -- - - -
    - - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -- - - --
    - -
    - - - -
    -- - - -
    - --
    - - - - -
    -



    -

    - -
    - -- -
    - -
    - -
    - -
    - - -
    -- - -- -

    - - -
    - - -- -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - --
    - --
    - - - - -- - -
    - - -

    - - - -
    -- -
    - -

    - -
    - -
    - - - - --
    -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - -
    - --
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -


    -

    -- -
    - -
    -- - -- -
    - - - -
    -- -- -- -- --
    -


    -- -
    - -- -
    - -- - -
    -- - --
    -
    - -- -
    -
    -- - -
    -- - - -
    -- - - - -

    - - -
    - - - -
    -
    - - --
    -
    - -- -- - --
    - -
    - -
    - - -- -
    - - - - -- - -- ---
    - - -- - -
    - - - --
    --
    - - -- - -
    - - -- - -

    - - - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- - - -
    -- - -
    - -- -
    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -


    - -
    - - -
    --




    - - - -
    - - -
    - - - ---
    - - -- -
    - - -- -
    -- - -
    -- -- -
    - -- --
    - - - -- -
    -
    -
    - - -
    -- - -
    - - - - --
    - - - -
    -- - -


    - --



    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    -
    - - - - --
    -- -- - - -
    -- - - - - --
    - -- -- -
    - -
    -- - - - --
    - -
    - -
    - - -
    -- - - - -
    - - -
    - - - --
    -



    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - --
    - -- -- -
    - - -- -
    - - -
    --- - - - -
    -- -- - -
    -- - -

    -


    - -- --
    -- -
    -- -
    -
    -- -- - -
    - - -- - -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - ----
    - - - -

    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    - -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    - - -
    -- -
    - -- -
    - -
    - -- - - -
    - -
    - - ---
    - - - - - --
    ---
    - --
    - --
    - - - -- -




    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -


    - - - - -- - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - - --
    - - - -- - - --



    -


    - -
    - -
    --
    - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    - - -
    --- -
    - - - - -
    - - -- - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    -
    - - - -- -
    - - - --


    --


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3





    -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.



    -
    -

    - - -- --
    -
    - - -
    - -
    - -- -
    - - -
    - - - - - - - -
    - -- - - - -
    -
    - -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - -
    --
    --
    --
    --
    --
    -
    --


    -
    - --
    -
    -

    - -- --
    -- --
    --
    - -
    -



    -
    - -
    - -
    --
    -
    -
    --
    - -

    -

    -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    -
    -
    - -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --- - -
    - - - --- -
    - -- --
    - - - - - -
    - ---
    - - - -
    - --
    - -
    - - - -
    --

    --


    - - -
    - --
    --- --- - ---
    ---
    - -
    -
    --- - - -
    ---
    --- -
    - - --- - --

    - - - -
    - -- - --
    - ---
    --- - -

    - --- - - - - -
    - - - -- -
    - - - - - - ---
    --- ---
    -- - - --- -
    - -- --- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - -
    -
    - -
    - -
    - -- -- -

    - - - -
    - -- -
    -
    - - --

    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -- - -
    - -- -
    -
    - -- - --

    - - - -- - - - -
    - - - - -
    - --- -

    -


    --

    --
    - -


    - -
    -

    -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - -
    - - -- - --
    -- - -
    - -- - -
    - - --
    - - - --
    - -- -
    - - --
    - - - - --- -
    - -- -
    - -
    - -
    --
    -- - -
    - - -- -
    - - - - -
    -- - - - - -
    - -- -
    - - - - - -- - - - -
    - -
    -- - -- -
    - -
    - - - -
    - -- --
    -- -- -
    - -- - --- - --
    -- - - -- -- -- -
    -- -- -
    - - -
    -- -
    -- - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - --
    - -
    - -- - -
    - --
    - -

    - --- - --
    - - - -- -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    -- - --
    - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - --
    - - -
    -- - -
    - -
    - -- - - --
    - - - - --
    -- -- --
    --
    - -
    -- - - --
    -- -- --
    -- -
    - --
    -- -- -- -
    - - --
    - - - - -
    - - ---
    - -

    - - -
    - - -- - --
    - - - -- -
    --
    - - - - --
    - - - -
    -- - - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - --
    - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - --
    - - - - - -
    - - --
    -- - --

    - - -- -
    - - - --
    - -- -- -
    - -- - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - --
    -- - - --
    -- --
    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --

    -
    -
    -- -
    -

    -- --

    - - -

    --- --
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    --
    - - - -
    - - -- - -
    -- - - - - --
    - - -
    -- -- - - - - ---

    - -
    --
    - - - --
    - - -
    --- - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --- - -


    - - - ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -- -
    -- -- - -- - --
    - - -- -
    -- - -
    - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -- - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - -

    - - -
    - - - -
    --- -

    --
    - - - -
    - - -
    - -- - - -- -
    -
    -
    -

    - --- - -
    - -- - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -- -
    - - -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - -
    -
    - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    -- -
    - - - - - - - -

    - - --
    -- -- -- - -- -
    - - -- -
    - - - - -
    - - - --

    --
    - - -
    -- - - - -

    - -
    - - - -
    - - - --
    --
    - - ---
    --- - -
    - - - ---
    - -- - - -
    - - - - -
    -- -- - - -- -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - --
    -
    - - - - - -
    --

    - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - --- - -
    - -- -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - -- -
    - - -
    -- - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    -- -- - -
    - -
    -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    --

    -


    -


    - --
    - -- --
    - - -- -
    - - -
    -- -- - -
    - - - -- - -
    -- - -- -
    - - -- -
    --
    - - - -
    - - - --
    - - - --
    - - -
    - -- - -
    - - -
    - - --
    - -
    - - --
    - -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.



    - - -
    - -- - - --
    -- - - -- -
    - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    -
    - -
    -- - -
    - ---- - ---

    - - --
    - - --
    - -
    - - - -
    - -- -
    - - - -
    - -- - -
    -
    - - -
    -- -- - -
    - - - -
    -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    --

    - - - --
    - - - -
    - - -
    -- -- -
    -- -
    - - - - -
    - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - - - -
    - -
    -- - -- -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - -
    - -
    -- --
    - - - -
    - -- -
    -- - --
    - --
    - --
    - - - -
    -- - -
    --- - -
    -- - -
    - --
    - - -- - -
    - - - - -
    -- -

    --
    - - -
    - - - - - --
    - - -
    --- - - --
    - -- -
    - - - -- -
    - - -
    -- -- - -
    - - -
    - - -- -
    - - -
    - - - -
    -- - -

    - - - -
    - -
    ---

    -
    -- -
    -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    -- -- - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -




    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - -
    -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -


    -- -
    -
    - -
    -
    -
    - -
    --

    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - -- - -
    - -
    - - -- --

    -- -
    - - - -
    - - --
    --
    - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    -
    -
    - - -- -- -
    - -
    - - - -- -
    -- --
    --
    - -
    -- - - --
    --
    --- --
    - --- - -
    - -
    - - -- -
    - - - - - - -
    -- -

    --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --
    - - - - -
    - - - - - --
    - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -

    - -


    -



    -

    --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - - - -- -
    - - -
    - - - - - - -- -
    - -- - -- -- --
    -- -- -
    - - - - --
    - - - -

    - -- - --
    - -
    -- - -
    - -
    - - --- -
    -
    - --
    - -- - -
    -
    --- - --
    - - -
    - -- - --
    -
    - - - - -
    -- -
    --
    -- -- - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - --
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    - - - --
    -- - -

    --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    -- - --
    - - -
    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.









    - --
    - - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    -
    - -
    - - -

    - -
    - - - - -
    - --

    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - --- --
    - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --
    - - - -
    - -
    -
    -- -- - - -- --
    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - - - -- -
    - - - - -- --
    -

    --- - - -
    - - - --
    -
    -- -
    ---

    ---

    -
    -

    - - --
    - - - -
    - --- ---
    - - - - -- - -

    --
    - --- - -- - -
    - - -- - - - -
    - --


    -
    -- --
    - -
    - -- - -- --

    - - -
    - -- -
    -
    -- - -
    --- - - - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -- -
    - - - -- --
    -- -- - - -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - - -- - -
    - -- - -- -- - -
    - - -
    - - -- --
    - - -- - - - --
    - - - -
    - - --
    --- - - -- - - -
    - - - --
    - -- -- - -- -
    - - - -- - --
    - - -
    -- -- -- -
    -- -
    - --- -
    -- - -
    -- - - -
    --
    -- - -
    -- -
    - -- - - - -
    - --
    - -- - --
    -- - -- - -
    - -- - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - --
    - - - - -
    -- - - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - -- - -

    - - - - --
    - --
    - -
    - -- - - -
    - - - - -- -
    --
    - - - -
    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - -
    - --- - -
    - - - -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -- --
    -
    --
    -
    - - - -- - -
    - --
    -
    - - - - -

    - - -- -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - -
    -
    - - - - --
    - - --
    -- - -- - --
    -


    -- - - -

    - - - -- -- - -
    - -- -- -
    - - -- - -
    -- -
    - -- -- - --
    - - - -- -- -
    - -- - - -
    - - -- -- -

    - ---
    --- - - - -
    -- -
    -- - -- -
    -- - - -- -
    - -- -
    --
    - - - - -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --
    - - -- - --
    -- - - --
    - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --
    --
    --



    -- -
    -


    --

    --


    --

    --

    -- - - - - --
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - --
    -- - - -- -
    -- - - -
    - -- - -
    -- - -
    -- -- - --- - -
    - -
    -- -
    - -- - - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- - -
    - - - - -
    - --- -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    - - - -- - - -
    - - - -
    -
    -- - -- - -- --
    -
    -- - -
    -


    - -- - --
    - - -
    - -- - - -
    - ---
    -- - - ---
    - --
    - -
    -- - -
    - - - -
    - --
    - -
    - -
    - - - -
    --
    - -- -
    - - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -- - -
    - --
    - - - -
    - -

    --- - -
    -- - -- - -
    - - - -
    - - --
    - - - --
    -
    -
    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --- --- -- -
    - - --- -- - - ---
    - -- -- --- -
    ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --- - - - -
    - - -- --
    - --
    -- -
    -- - -- - --

    - -
    - -- - -
    - - -- - -- -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - -- - - -
    -

    -
    --- -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - --- -
    - - -
    - - - - - --
    - - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    --
    --

    --

    -
    --

    --

    -- - -
    -- - -- -
    -- - -- -
    - --- - --
    - -- -
    --
    - -
    -- - - - - -
    -
    - -- - -
    --- -- --
    - - -- -
    -- - -
    - -- - - -
    --- ---
    - -- -
    - - -
    - - - -- --
    - -- - - -- -
    - - - -
    -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - ---
    - -
    -
    -- - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - --- -
    - --
    -- --- -
    - - - ---
    -
    -- -
    --- -- -- -


    --
    ---

    -
    -- - - --
    - - --- - -
    - --- - - - -
    -

    -- --- -
    - --
    - - - - - - - -- - - -
    -
    ---- -
    --- - - -
    - - --
    - - - - - --
    -- - -
    - - -- - - - --
    - ---
    -
    -- - - - --
    - -- -
    - - -
    - -- --
    - -- -
    - -- -
    --
    --- - -
    --- --
    - - - - - ---
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - --- ---
    - -- -
    - - - -- - -
    --- - -- - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --



    --



    -
    --



    -

    --
    --
    - -

    - - - --
    - - - -
    - - - --
    - - --- - - ---

    - - - - --
    - - -- - --
    - -
    -- - - - -
    -- --- --
    - -- - -
    - --- -
    - - -- --

    - --
    - -- - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - --
    - - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --- -
    --- - -
    -- - -- ----

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - - -
    --- -- - ---
    --- -
    --- - - - -
    - - -- ---
    - -- - - - - -
    - -
    - -- -
    - - - -- - - -
    - -- - - - -- -
    - -
    - --- - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    ---
    - -


    --
    - ---
    -

    - ---
    - - - - - -
    - -- -
    - - - --
    - - - -- - ---
    -- - -- --
    -- - - --
    --- -- -- -
    - - -
    - - -
    - -- -
    - - - --
    - - --- -
    - - ---
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- -
    - -

    - - --
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - -
    - --
    -- - -- -- --
    - - - - -
    -- -
    - - -

    -
    - - - --
    -- - - - -
    -- --- - -- -
    - -- - - -
    -- -- -- - ---
    - - - - --- -
    - -- -
    -- - -
    - - -
    -- --- - --
    --- - - --

    -
    - - --
    --- - --
    - - - -
    -- ---
    -- -- --
    -- --
    - -- - ---
    - - - -- -
    -- - --
    - --
    --
    - -
    -- - ---
    --

    - - -
    - - - - --
    ---
    - -- -- - -
    - - --- -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --- - - ---
    - -
    - - --- -
    - - - - - ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --

    --

    --

    --

    --

    --

    --

    -- ---


    --

    --- - --- - ----


    - - -- - ---
    - - -
    -- - - - -- -
    - - - -
    - - -
    -- - - - - - -
    - - -- - - - - --
    -- - -
    - - - --- -
    -- --- - ---

    - - - -
    - - - -- --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - -
    - - -- -
    -- - - -
    ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - -- ---
    ---- - - -
    - - --- -
    -- - -- -
    - - -- -
    -- --
    - ---- -
    - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    --- -
    - - -
    --
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - --- - --
    - - -
    -- - - -

    - - -

    --- --- ---

    - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    --- - - - -
    - - -
    - - - -


    - ---
    - -
    - - - -
    - --
    - -- -
    --- - -- -- --
    -- - - --
    -- - - - - -
    --
    - -- -
    - -- - -
    -
    -- - --
    -- - ---
    - --- - -- -- --
    - -- --- - ---
    -- - -
    - --
    - -- -
    - - -- - -- -

    -- -- --
    -- -- - - -- -
    - -- -
    - -- - - -- - -- -
    -- -
    --
    -- - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - - - -
    - -
    - -
    - --
    - - -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    --- - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    -- --


    - - --


    -

    --

    - -
    -



    - -

    -

    -
    -- - -

    -- - --
    -
    - -- - - --
    - -- - - -
    - -- - --
    - - - - - ---
    - - -
    - -
    -
    -- - -
    - - - -- - -
    - - ---
    - - -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - --
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- --
    -- --
    -- - -- --- -
    - - --- -
    - -
    - - - --
    -- - -- - -
    - - - -
    - - --
    -- - -- --
    - - -- - - -
    -- -- - - - - ---
    - --- - --
    --- - -- -
    -- - -
    --- - ---

    - --- - -
    - --- - -
    - --- - -
    - -- -
    -
    -- - -
    - - -- -
    -- - - -
    -- - - - -- -
    - --- -- - -

    --- --
    - -- -- - -- -
    - - -
    - - - -
    -- --- - - -
    -- -
    --- -- - - ---
    - -
    - --
    --- - -- - ---
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    - - - - - -
    - -- - -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    -- - -
    - -- -- - -

    - -- - --- --
    -- -- - -
    -- --- - - -- ---
    -- -

    --
    -- --- - --- --- -
    - - --- - - -- -
    - - - ---
    - - - --
    - -
    -- - ---
    - -- -
    -- -- --
    -- -
    - -- - -
    - -- -
    -- - - - -- -
    - -
    - - -
    -- -
    - --- - --
    - - - - - -
    - -- -
    -- - --
    - - -
    - -
    --- -- - - - -
    - -

    - -
    - -- - --
    - --- - -
    - - -
    -- - - -
    - -- -
    - - -
    -- - - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -- -
    - - - - -
    - - - --
    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    - - - -
    - - - - - - - - --
    -
    -- - - - --
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -- - -
    -- - -
    --
    - -- - -- - -
    -
    - - - -- - -
    - -- -- -
    - - -
    - -
    - -- - -
    - - ---
    - - -

    -
    - -
    - - - - -
    -- - -
    -- -- - -
    -- - - - --
    - - - -
    - - - -

    - - - - - -
    - - --
    - - - --
    - - -- - -
    --- - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - -- --- - ---
    -- - --
    - - --- -- -
    --- -- - -
    --- - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - --
    - - ---
    -- - - -
    - - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -- - --
    - - -
    --
    - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    -
    -- - -
    -- -
    - -
    - - --- - - -
    - - - - -
    - -- - - -
    - - - - ---
    -- - -
    -
    -- -
    --- ---
    - - -
    -
    -- - - - -
    - - -- - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - -- -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - -- -
    - -- - - - --
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - ---
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -- - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - -- - --- - - -
    - - --
    - - - -- -
    - - - -
    -
    - -
    -- - --
    - -- - -
    - -- -
    - -
    - -- - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - - -- --
    -- --
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - --


    --- - - - - - -
    - - - -
    --- - -
    - - - - - -
    -- -- -- -
    - --- -
    - - - - -
    -- --
    - -
    - -
    - -
    - - -
    - - -- --
    - --
    - - - -
    - --- -
    - -
    - - -- - -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - -- -
    - - - - -- -
    - - - -- --
    -- -
    - - -
    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    -- - - -- -
    - -- - - -
    - --- - --
    - - -
    - - -
    - - -- --
    - - - -- --

    - -
    -- - - -
    - -- -- -
    - - -- --

    ---
    - - -
    ---

    -
    - ----
    --- -

    -
    -- -

    - -


    -
    - -


    - - -
    -


    -

    --


    ---


    -
    -- -
    -


    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --- - - -
    --
    -
    -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    -- - - - -
    - -
    - -- - -
    -- - --
    - --- -
    - -- -
    -- - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - --- - - --
    - - -
    - -- - --
    -- - -
    - - - -
    --
    - -
    - - - -
    - - -- - -
    --- - --
    --
    - -- - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -- -
    - - - - -
    -
    - - --
    - - -- -
    - -- - -
    - - - - -
    --- - - - ---

    - - -
    - --
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -- - - --- - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --- -- --
    - - --- - -
    - - -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - -
    - -- - -
    - --
    - --
    - - - --
    - -
    - - -- - - --
    - - - --- --
    -- - - - - ---
    - --- -
    - - -
    -- --- --- -- - -
    - - - -
    -
    -- - - - --
    - - -- -
    --
    -- - - - -- -
    -- - -
    - --
    -- - ---
    -- ----
    - - --

    - - - --- -
    -
    -- --- - -- --
    - - --- --- -
    --
    --- - -
    - - - --
    - - - - -
    - -- -
    - - --
    ---- -- -
    - ---- -
    -- - --- -- - - -
    --- - - -
    - - --- -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - -
    -- - -- - -
    - --- - -
    - - -- - -
    - - - ---
    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - - -
    - - - - - - - -
    ----
    --- - - -- - - --
    - - -
    -- - - - -- -
    - - --- -- - - -- - -
    - -- - --- --
    --- - -
    - - ---
    - - - -

    - - - - - -
    - -


    - -- ---- -
    - - - -
    - - --- - -
    - - -- - - - -
    - - - --
    -- - -- - - --- -
    - - - -- -
    - - ---
    ---- - - -- -
    --- - - -- -
    - - -- -- --
    -- --
    - -- - - -- --
    - - - -
    - - -- -- -
    -- -
    - -
    -- - -- - -
    - -- - -
    - -
    - - - - -
    -- - -
    - -
    - - - --
    - - ---- -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- - -
    -
    --- - - -
    - -- - -- - --
    -
    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    --- - -- - - --
    -- - --
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - -
    -

    -
    -- - - - -
    - --
    -- - - - -
    - -- -
    -- ---
    - -- - - -
    -- - - --
    --- --
    --- - - -- --
    --
    - - -- - --
    --- -- -

    - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    -- --- --
    -- - - -

    - --- -
    - - -
    -- -- -
    - -- - -
    - -

    -- - -- - -- -
    -- - --
    - -- -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- -- --
    -- - --
    - --
    --- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - - - -- -- - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - - - -
    -- --- - - - --
    -
    - - -- - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - - - --
    - -- -- - - -
    - - - - --- - --
    - - - - - - -
    - --
    - - - --
    - --
    -- -
    -- - - -- -
    - --
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    -- --- -- - --
    - -- - --
    - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    -- - --
    - -
    - -- -
    - ---
    - - --
    - - - - -
    -- - - --
    - -- -
    -- - - -
    - - - --
    -- - - --

    - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - - ---
    --- - -
    --- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    -- - - -
    - --
    - - --
    - - - - --
    - - -
    - - --
    - - - - - --
    -- -- -- - --
    - - -- -
    -- - - - -
    - -- -
    -- -
    -- - -
    ---
    - - -
    - --

    -- -- - --
    -- -- -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    --- -
    - - - - -
    - --
    - - -- - -
    - - - --
    - - -
    - -
    -- - -
    -- -
    - - -
    -- -
    - - - -- - -
    - -- -
    - - -

    - -
    - - - -
    - - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - --
    - -- - -
    - - -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - --
    - - -
    - -- - -
    - -
    - -
    - -- - --
    - --- -
    --- - - -
    -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    -
    -
    -
    - -- - ---
    - - --- -
    - -- -
    --- - ---
    - -- - -- - - -
    -
    - - - - - -
    - -
    - - --
    - - - - - -
    -
    - - - - -
    - -- -
    - -- - -
    - -- - - - --
    - - - - - -
    -- - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - - -- -
    -- - -
    - - -
    - -
    - --
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -- - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    - -
    - -
    - -
    - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    --
    - -
    - - -- --
    - - - --
    - - - -
    - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    - -- -- -
    - - - - - -
    -- - - - - - -
    -- -

    - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - --
    -- - -- - - - -
    --
    - - -
    - --
    -
    - -- -
    -- - - - -
    - - -- --
    -- - - -- - - -
    - - - - - - -
    - --- - ---
    - -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- -
    - - - --
    - - - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    - - --
    - - - -
    -- - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - --
    - - -- -
    - - -
    -- - - --- - - -

    - - - -
    -- - --
    - - - -
    -- - - -
    - - -
    -- - - --
    -- --- -
    -- - - ---
    - -- --- --
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    -- - - - --
    - - - -- -
    - - -- -
    --- -- - - -
    -- --

    -
    -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -


    -
    -

    --

    ---
    --

    ---

    -- - - - --
    - - -- --
    --- - - - - - --
    -- -
    - - - - - - - -
    - - - --

    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    - - -
    -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.



    -

    -


    -

    -
    --
    -
    -

    -
    -
    ---



    -

    -
    ---
    -

    - - --
    --- - -- -
    -
    - - ---

    - -
    --- - -
    - - - -
    -
    - - -- - -- - ---
    -- --

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - --
    -
    - - - - - -
    - - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - ---
    --- --


    - -- --
    - - -
    -- - - - --
    - - - - - --
    - - - --
    - - -
    - -- -- -
    - -- -
    - - -
    - - - -- -
    - - -- - - -
    ---
    - - - - -

    -
    - - - - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    --- - - - - - ---

    -
    - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -

    - - -
    - - --
    - - - --- -
    -- - - -

    --- - - -
    -- - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    - - - - -

    - - - - - - -
    - -- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - - -
    - - -
    -- - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    -- - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -


    - - -
    - -
    - - - -- - -- -
    - -- - --
    - -
    - - - - --
    - - - - -
    -- - - - -
    - - --
    -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - - -- -
    -
    - - - - - --
    - - - - -
    -- - - --
    - -- -
    --
    - - - -
    - - -
    - --


    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - -
    - - - - -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - --
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - - -
    -
    - - -
    -
    - -
    - -- -- -
    - -- - - -
    - -
    - - -
    -
    - - - - -

    - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    -




    - -
    - -
    - -
    -- --
    - -

    -- --
    - -
    - -





    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    -- --
    - -
    -- - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -- -
    - -
    -- -
    -

    -
    -- -
    - --
    - --- - -
    -- - --
    - --- - -

    -
    ---

    - - -

    ---
    -

    --- -



    - - -

    - -
    -
    -

    -
    -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - - - --- -
    - - - --
    - - - - ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -

    -

    -
    -
    -

    - -
    -- - -

    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    -- - - -- -
    -
    - -- -- -- --
    - -- - - - -
    - - --
    - - -- - - -- -- -
    - - -- -
    - - -- -- - --
    - -- -
    -
    --- - - - -- ---
    - - ---

    - -
    --
    - - -

    --
    -
    -

    --

    --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --
    - - --
    - - -- -
    -- - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.



    - - - -- -
    --
    - - -

    --- - -- -
    --
    - - -
    --
    - -- - -- -
    -- -- - -
    -- -

    --
    - -- - - -- --
    - -- -- - -
    --
    - - - -
    -
    - - - - - - -
    - - - - -
    --
    - - - - -
    --- - - -
    -


    --- -- - - ---

    -- - -
    -- -
    - -
    - - -
    -
    -- - -

    --
    -

    - - - - -
    - - -
    - -
    -- -
    - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --- - - - -
    - - -- -
    - - - --
    -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -- -
    - - -
    - - - - - - -
    - - - - - -- - -

    - - -
    - -
    - - - -

    - - -
    - - -
    - --- -
    - - - - -
    -- - -- - --
    -- -- -- - - -
    -- - - - -- --

    - - - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    - - - -
    -
    -
    - - --
    -- - - --
    - - - -- - --
    - - -- - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    - -- - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - - - - - - -
    - - - - - - -- --
    - - - -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    - -

    -

    --

    - - -
    --- - ---
    - - - - -
    -- -
    - - - - -- -
    - - - --
    - - - -- - - -
    - --- -- -
    -- - -- -
    - - -- - - --
    - -- --
    - - -- - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - ---
    - - - -- -- --
    - - - - - - - - - -
    - -- -
    - --
    - - --
    -- - - -- - --
    - --
    - - -- - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    -- - - -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    - - - -
    ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - --- - --- -
    - - - - --
    --- ---- - -
    --
    ---
    - -
    - -
    -- - -
    -
    - - -
    - - - -

    -- - - -- -
    - - - -

    - -- -- --
    - --
    - -- --
    -- - --
    -
    - - -
    -
    -
    --
    - - -

    k - -
    - -- -
    - -

    --
    - - - -
    --- --
    - -
    - --
    - -- -
    - -
    - - - --
    -- - - -
    - - - --
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    -- -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --
    - - - - -
    -
    - - - --
    ---
    - --
    - -
    -- -
    - - - --
    -- - ---
    - -
    -- -
    - - - -
    - - - -

    - - - -

    --
    -- - -
    - --
    - - --
    -- -
    - --
    - -
    -- - --
    -- -
    -- --
    -

    --

    --
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    -
    - --
    - -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - ---
    - -- --
    - -

    -
    - - --- --

    -
    - -
    -- - -
    -- - - --
    - - - - -
    -- -

    -
    -- -- -
    - - -- - --
    - - -
    - -- -
    - - -- -
    - -
    - -- -- - - -
    - - - - - - --
    - - - -
    - -- -- -
    - - - - -
    -- - - --
    - - -- - -- -
    -
    - - - -
    - - - -- --
    -- -- --- - --
    ---
    - - - -
    - - - ---
    -- - -- - - -
    - -- - --
    - - - - -
    - - -- - --
    - -
    -- - -
    - - -
    - - - --
    - -
    - - --
    - -
    - - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - - -

    -- --- - - -
    - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- --
    - -
    - - -- -- - - -
    -- - - --
    - - - - --
    - -- - -
    --
    - - - -
    - -
    -- - -
    -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
    ---



    - --

    --- -- -
    -- -
    --
    ---

    - ---
    -- -
    - -
    -- -
    --
    -
    --
    --
    -
    --
    - ---
    --- -
    ---
    - -- -
    --
    --
    -- -
    -- -
    --

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - -- -


    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - -
    --- - -
    - - --- -
    -

    --


    - - -
    -- - ---
    -- -
    -- - --- - --
    ---
    - - - -- -
    - - ---
    ---- - --
    - ---
    ---- - --- ---
    - -- -

    --- -- --- - - -
    -- --- - - - --
    - -- --
    -- - - - --
    ---
    - ---
    -- - --
    - -- --- -
    - -
    -
    - -- -
    --- - -
    --
    - --- ---- -- --
    --- -- --
    --- - -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - - - - ---
    - -- - - -- - - --
    -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -- -- ---
    - - - - --
    - -- -- --- --
    - -
    --
    - - -
    - --- - --
    - -- -
    --- - - -
    - - - - -
    - - --


    -- - - - - -
    -
    --- -- - -
    -- - - - - -
    - - -
    - - --

    - -
    -- - - -
    - - - -
    - -- - -- -
    --
    -- - - -
    - - --
    -- - -
    - - - --
    - - -
    -
    - -
    -- - - - -
    - --
    - -
    - - -
    -- - -- - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --- -
    - - - -- - - -
    - - - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -- - --
    - --- -
    - -
    -- -
    - -- - - - -
    --
    -- - -
    --- -
    -- -
    ---

    --- -- -
    -- - - --


    -
    -- --
    - --
    - -- - -- --
    - -- - --- -
    -- - -- -
    --- - - --
    - -- -- - -
    - - --
    - - --
    -
    -- - -- --
    ---
    -- - - -
    ---
    -- -

    - - - --
    - -- - - - ---
    - - -- --
    -- -
    -- - - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -- - -- - - - --
    -
    --
    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --

    --

    - - - -
    -- -
    - -- - - -
    - - -- -- -
    - -- -
    - - ---
    -- -- - -
    -- -- - -
    - -- - -- -
    - - - - -- -
    - -- -
    - -- -- -- - --
    -
    - - -- --- --
    - -- ---
    - -- - -- - -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - --- -- - -
    --- - -- -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --



    -


    --

    --

    --

    -
    -

    - -
    ---
    - - - --
    -- -
    - -- -- - -
    - -- -- -
    - - ---
    - - - --
    --- - --- -- -
    - --- - -
    - - - --
    -- -- -- -
    --- - --
    --- - -- - --
    -- - -
    -- -
    - - - ---
    -- - - - - -
    - - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - -- -
    - - - -
    - - -- - --
    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -- --
    -- --
    -- --
    -- --
    - ---

    - - - -- -- -
    -- - - -- --
    - - - - --
    -- --
    -- -- - -- --
    -- - - --
    -- - -- - -- - --
    - - - - -
    --

    --
    --- -- -
    --- - -
    -- --- - - - ---
    - - ---
    - -- -- -
    -- - -- - --
    -- - -
    - -- - -- --
    - -- -- - -- --
    - -
    -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -- -- -


    - -- --- - -
    - - - ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -

    - - --
    - - - -
    - - - -- -
    ---

    - - --- -
    -
    - - - -
    - -- - - - -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - - - --
    --- - - -
    --- - - -
    - -- --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    -


    -
    --

    -

    --

    -- - - --
    -- - --
    - - - -
    -- - - -
    --- -- - - - -
    -- - - - --

    ---
    - - - ---
    --- --
    -- - - -- - -

    -- - -
    - -- - --
    - -- - -- - -
    -- - - - --
    - -- -
    -- - -- ---
    -- - - -
    -- - -- --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --
    - -- --
    - -- -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- --
    - - -
    - -
    - -
    - - --
    - -- -
    - --

    - -- -- - -
    ---

    --- - -
    - - - -
    --- - -- -
    --
    -- - -
    - -- -- -
    -- - -
    - - -
    - -- - - --
    - - - -- -
    -- - - -- -
    -- -- - -
    -- - -- - - --
    ---
    - - - - - ---

    -- -- --
    -- - - -- -
    - - -
    - -
    -- -
    - -- - -
    -- -- - - - -
    - - - - -
    -- -- - -
    - - - - --
    -
    -- -- - -
    - --- --
    -- -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    -- - -- -
    -- - -- -- -- -
    -- - - -- - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- --
    -- - - -

    -- - -
    --- - - -
    - -
    - -- - - -

    -- - --
    - -- - -- - --
    -- - - - - - -
    - - - - - -

    -- - - - - -
    - -
    -- - -

    - - -
    - -
    - - -

    - -- - - - -

    - -- - - - - --
    -- - -
    - - -- -
    -- --
    - --
    -
    - -- - - -


    --- - - --
    - -- -
    -- - - --- --
    -
    -- -
    - - - ---
    - -
    - - - - - -
    -- - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- - -
    -
    - - - - -
    -- - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    -

    --

    -- - -- -

    -- - -
    -- - -- - - --
    - -
    -- -
    -- - -
    - -
    -- - - -
    --- -- -
    - -- -

    -- - - ---
    - - - -

    -- - -- --
    - -- -- - -
    - - - -- - -
    -- -- - -
    -- - - - -- --
    - -- -
    -- - - - - -
    -- - -- - -
    -- ---
    -- --
    -- - - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -- - -


    - - - -- - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    - - --
    -- - - - - -
    - -
    -- - -- -- - -- -
    - -
    -- -- --
    - -- - - -- -
    - --
    - -
    - -
    -- --
    -- --
    - -- --
    -- - -
    - -- -- -
    --
    - - - - -
    -- -- -- - -
    -- - - -
    -- -
    -- -
    - - -- - --- -
    - - - ---
    - --- - ---
    - --- -
    - - -- --
    --- - - - -
    - -
    -- -
    -- - - -
    - - - - -
    -- -
    --- - -
    - - -- - -
    ---
    - - --- -
    --- - -- -
    -- - -
    -- - -
    - -- - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    --- - --- -
    -- - -
    - --- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -- --
    - -- - --
    - -
    -- - - -- -
    - - - -
    -- - -
    - -- -- -
    - -
    - - - - - -
    - -- -
    - - --
    --- --
    - -- --
    --
    -- - - -
    - -
    - - - - -
    - --- -- -
    - --- --
    -
    - -- -
    -- -- --- -
    - -
    -- - -- - -
    - -- --

    --

    --

    --


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -


    - - --
    -- - - - - - - - -- - -- -
    - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    -
    --

    -
    -
    --



    -


    -

    - - - - --
    -- - -
    --
    - -- -
    -
    - - - - -
    - - ---
    - -- ---
    -
    - - ---
    -
    - --- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - -
    -- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - ---
    -- - -
    -- ---
    --- -
    - - - --
    - - --
    - - -- - -- -
    -- -
    - --- - - -

    - - - -
    - --
    -- - - -
    - - - - - ---
    -- -- -- -
    -- - - - ---
    - --
    -

    --- - - - - - --
    - -- - -
    - - - -
    - - - - - --
    --- ---
    - - - - --
    - --- -
    - -- --- - --
    - - - ---
    -- - --
    -- - -- - -
    --
    - -
    - - - -
    -- -- - -

    - - - - - - -
    -- - -
    --- - -- --
    - - - - - -
    - --
    - - - -
    - -- --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- --
    - - -- -- -
    - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    -



    -
    -

    -- -

    -
    -

    --
    -

    -




    --
    -

    -- --

    -- - - -

    - - -- ---
    -- - ---
    -- - -
    - -- -
    - - -
    -- - -
    - - -
    - -- -
    -- - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --
    -- -
    -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- - -
    - -- - - -
    - - - -

    - - ---
    -- -- - --- - -
    -- - - -- -
    - - --
    -- - -
    -- -- -
    -- -
    - - - -- - --

    -- - - -
    -- - - - ---
    --
    - ---
    --
    - - -
    - - -- --
    -- --

    - --- -
    -- - - --
    - - - ---
    - --
    -- - -

    - - -- - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    -- --- - --
    - ---

    - -- - - -
    --- - - -
    - --
    -
    - --
    -- - --
    - -- - -
    -- --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - -
    - - -- --
    -- -
    -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -

    - -- -
    -
    - - -- -- -
    -- - -
    - - ---
    - - -
    -- - -
    - - -
    --- - - -- - -
    -- - -- -
    ---
    - - - - -
    - -- - -
    - -
    - -- - - -
    -- -
    --- - - -
    -- - - --
    - - --
    --
    - -- -
    - - - -
    -- - -- -
    - - --
    - -
    -- - -
    - - - -
    - --- -- --
    -- - - - -
    -- - -

    --
    -- -- - -- -
    - -

    -- -- -
    -- -- - --

    -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - -
    - --
    - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -- --
    - - - -- -

    - -- -- -- - --
    -
    - - - - -- --
    - -
    -- --
    -- --
    -- - -- - -- -
    -- -- - --

    -- - -- - -
    -- - -
    -- - -
    -
    -- - -- --- -- -
    --- - - -
    -- - ---
    - -- --
    -- -- --
    - - -- --
    - -- - --- --
    - --
    - --- -- -- -
    - - --- - -
    - - --
    -- - - - --
    - -- - - -
    - --- - --
    - -
    -- - ---
    - -
    -- - - -
    -- - - - -
    - -- - - -

    -- - -- - --
    -- - -- - --
    - - - -- --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --- -- - -
    - -- -- -- - -
    - ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -- -- --
    --- -- - -- ---
    -- -- - --- - --
    - - - -- -- ---
    - - -
    --- -
    -- - - - --
    -- -- -- -
    -- - - -- -
    - - -- - - -
    -- - - -
    --
    - - --
    --- -
    - - ---
    --

    - -
    - --- -- -
    -- -- - -
    - - - -- - -
    - - -
    - -- - -
    -- -
    ---
    - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - --- --- -
    - - - - - -
    - -
    ---
    - ---




    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    --

    --

    --- -- - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --

    -
    --

    - -

    --- -

    --

    --

    --
    --
    --

    --

    --

    - -

    - - - -
    --- -- - -

    --

    - - - -
    -- --
    -- - -- - --
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - --
    - - -
    -- - - -
    --- -
    - - -
    - -- - ---
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - --
    - - --- - -
    - -- - -- - -
    - - - -- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - --- - - - -
    -- -- - -
    - -- - -
    - -- - -- -

    - - -
    - - - - -
    -- - - - -
    - -- - - - --
    - - - -
    - --- - -

    -- -
    - - - -- -
    - -- - - - -
    -- -- - -- -- -

    -- -- -
    - - --
    - - - - -- --
    - - - -- -
    - - - - -
    -- - -- -- - -
    - --
    - - - - - -
    -- - -- - --
    - - --
    - - - -- -
    - - - --
    --
    - - -- - -- - -

    - --
    -
    - - - - -

    -


    -- - -- -- -- - - - -
    - --- -- -
    --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -


    - - - - - -- - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - -
    - - -- - -
    - - --
    -- - - -
    - -- - -
    -- - -- -
    - - -
    -- - - --
    - - -
    -- -
    --- - -
    - - - - ---
    -- -
    -- - - -
    --
    - -
    - -- --
    - - -- --
    - - - - --
    - -- - - -
    - - -

    -- -- -
    -- - - -
    - - -- --- -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - - -

    -- -
    -- - --
    - --- - - -
    -
    --
    -
    --
    -- -
    --


    - - -- - --

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - --- -- - - -- --
    -- -- - - - -
    - - - -
    -- - - -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - --
    --

    -
    - - --
    - --
    -- - -- --
    -

    --

    -- --
    -- - - - --
    - - - -- -
    -
    - --
    - -- -- -- -

    - -- -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    -
    -- - -- -- -- -- - - - -
    - --- -- - - - -

    --


    - - - -- - - -

    -- - - -- -- -

    - - - - -- - ---
    - - -
    - - - -
    -- - -- -
    -
    -- - -

    -- -- - - ---
    - --
    - -- -- -
    --- - - --
    --
    - - -- --- --
    --- - --
    -- -
    --- - - -- - --
    - - -- - --

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - - - --
    - --
    - -
    -- -- - - - -
    -- -- - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- ---
    -- - -- -
    -- - -
    - - - -- -
    - - - - -
    - -- - -- -- -
    - - -
    -- - -- -
    - --- --
    - -
    --- --- -
    -- --
    - -- - -- -- -
    - - --
    -- - --- - -- --
    -- - - - --
    -- - - - - - -
    - -- -- -
    - - -- - -
    -- -- -- -- - - -
    -
    -- -- - - --
    - -- - --
    - - --
    -- -- - --- -
    - - - - - -
    - --
    --
    -- - -
    -
    --- - - - - -






    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -


    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    -


    - --

    - - - -- -- - - - -

    -
    - - - - - -
    -

    - -- -- --- -


    - - -- -- --
    - -- -

    - -- -

    - -- - - - -

    - -
    - - - - -

    - - - -- -
    -

    - - -

    - -


    -- - -
    -

    - - - -
    - - -

    - -

    - - -

    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -- --

    --
    -- - -- - -- -



    -- -- --

    - - - - - -

    - - -
    -- - -- - -- -
    - - -

    -- -- --
    - - -

    -- -- --
    - ---

    - -- - -
    - - - - -
    --- - -- -
    -- --- -- - - --
    - -- -- - -- --
    --- -- - - -
    --- - -
    - --

    - -- -
    - -- -
    - - - -
    - -- -- - -
    - --

    -- -
    - - -- -
    -- - -
    -
    - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - - -- - - -

    - - - -- -
    -- -- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --

    -- - -

    -- - - - -- -
    - - - - -- -
    - -- - - --
    - - - --
    - - ---
    ---
    - - -- --
    -
    - - -- -
    - -- -
    - - - -
    - - - ---
    -- - -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    --- -
    --- -- --
    -- -- - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --- - - - --
    -
    - - - -- --
    -- -
    --
    -- - - - - -
    - - -
    - -- - - -
    - ---
    -- - -- -
    - - - - - --
    -- - - - -- -
    - - - -
    -- - -- -- - -
    -- - - - - -
    -- - - -- -
    - - -
    - -- - -
    - -- - - -
    -- - -
    -- - - -
    - -- - - - - -
    -- - --
    - -- -- - - -
    - - - -
    - --- - - -

    - -
    --

    --
    -- - -
    -- -
    -- - - --
    -- -

    -- - ---

    -


    - - ---
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -- - - -
    - - --
    - - -
    - - -- -- - -
    -- - - -
    - -- -
    -- -- -- -
    - - -
    - -

    --
    --- - --
    --- -- -- --
    - - -- --
    - - --
    - -
    -- -- -- -
    - -- - --
    - -- - - - --
    - - - - - --
    - - - - - - --
    - -- - - - -
    -- - - --
    -- -- - - --
    - - -- - - - - --
    - - - - --
    -
    -- -- -
    - -- - - - -
    -- -- -
    - - -
    -- - - - -- -
    - -- - - -
    - - - - - --
    -- -
    - - - --
    - - --
    -- - - -- - - -
    --
    - - -
    - - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    --
    -- - --
    ---- --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --
    -- - - -
    - -- - --- --
    - - -- - -
    --- - - - -- - -- -
    - - - -- -
    - - -- -
    -- -

    -- - -
    -- --- --
    -
    - - - -- - -- -
    --- - -- - - - -
    - - - - -
    -- - -
    -
    -- - - --
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - --
    - -
    - - - - --
    - - -- - -
    - -- -
    - -
    -- ---
    - - ---
    - - --- - -
    - - --
    - --
    --
    -- - --
    - -

    -- --

    - - -
    --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    --
    -
    - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    - - --
    -- - -
    - -- - - --
    - - -- -
    -
    - -
    - -- - -
    -- - -
    - -
    - - -- - -
    --
    --
    - -- - - -
    -- - - - -- -
    - -- - --
    - -- -

    --- - - -
    - - -- -
    - - - -
    - -- - - -
    - -- -
    -- -
    -- - --

    -- - - --
    --
    -- - - - - -
    - -
    -- - - - --

    - - --
    - - - - -
    -
    - - -- -
    - -- - - - - -
    -- -- -
    - - - -
    - - - - --
    -- -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --
    - - - - -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - --
    - -
    - --
    -- - - -- -
    -- -
    - - -- -
    - --- -
    -- -- - - -- -
    -- - -
    - -- - - -- - -
    - - -
    - - -

    - - -
    - -- - -
    - -- - - -
    - -- -
    -- - -
    - -- - - --
    -- - - -

    --
    --
    -- -- -
    - - - - --
    -- - -
    - - - -

    -- - --
    -
    -- - -
    -- -- - - -
    - - --
    -- -
    -- - - - -
    - -- -
    - -- - - - -
    - - --

    - -- - - - -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - - - -
    -- - - -- - -- -
    - - -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - ---
    - - - - --
    - - - --
    -- - --
    -
    - - - - --
    - - -- - - -
    - -- - - -
    -- - -
    ---

    --
    --- -
    - -- -
    -- - --- --
    - -- - - - -- -
    - - - -- -
    - - - - -
    -- -- -



    - - -

    --- -

    - - ---


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --- -

    - - - ---
    - -
    - ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- -
    -- - - --
    - - - - --

    - - -- - -
    - - -- - - -
    -

    - ---
    - --- - - -
    -- - - - --
    - - - - -
    - - -- --
    - - - - --
    - - - - -
    - - -
    --- -- - - - -
    - - - -- -- -

    --

    -- - --

    --

    - -

    -
    -- -
    -

    --
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --
    - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - -- - -
    - ---
    -- - -- -
    - -- -- -
    - - - -
    -- - - -- -
    -- - - - - - --
    - - --
    - - --
    -- - - - - -
    - - --
    - - - --
    -- - -- - -
    - - --
    --- - --
    -- - - -- -
    - -- - - --
    - - - - -
    - ---
    - - -
    -- - - - - --
    - - -- - -
    - - -
    - - -- - - --
    - - - -
    -- -
    -- -- - - - -
    - - --
    - - -- -
    -- - -- -
    - - ---

    --- -
    - - -
    -- --- - - - -
    - - - -
    - - --- - --
    - - - --
    - - - - -- - -
    - - -
    - - -- -
    - - ---
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -- --
    - -- - --- -- -
    - - - --
    - -- --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --- -
    - - --- - - --
    - -- -- -
    ---

    --- - - -- - -
    -- -- -- - - --
    -- - -- - -
    - - - - -- --
    - --
    -- - - - -
    -- -- -- - -- -
    -- -- -- -- -
    -- - - --- -
    -
    - -- - - -
    - - - -
    - -- --
    - - - - -- -
    - -- -

    - -- -
    - -- - - - -
    -

    - - - -
    - -- - -
    - - --- -
    - - -
    - --- -- - --
    -- - --- - --
    - -- - - - --
    --- - -
    - - -- -- --
    -- - -- - ---

    - - - -- - -
    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --
    - - - - - -


    --- - -- - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -
    - - --
    - -- -- -
    - -- -- - - - -- -
    - - -
    -- - -- -- - - -
    - - -
    -
    - -
    - -- - - - --
    - -- -- --
    - - -

    - - -- - -
    --- - - - ---
    - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    -- - - - -
    -- -- -
    - - - - -
    -- - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    ---
    - - -
    -- - -- -- - -
    - - --
    - - -
    -- - -- - -
    -- -- -

    --
    -- - -
    - - - - - - -- -
    -
    - -- -- --
    - --- - -- - -
    -- - -- - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - ---
    - - -
    - - - - -
    ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -
    -- -- -- --
    -- - -
    -- - - -- -
    -- -
    - - ---
    - - -- - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    -- -- - ---
    - -
    - --- -
    - - - -

    - - - - -
    - -
    - -- - - -- -
    - - - -

    -- --
    -- --- --
    - - - -- -
    - -- - - --
    - -- - - -- -
    - -
    -

    - - -
    - - - - --
    -- - -- -- --
    -- - - - --
    - - -- -
    -- - -- - - --
    - -- - - -- ---
    - - - - -- -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - -
    -- - - - -
    -- - - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - --
    -

    - - -- -
    -- - --
    ----- - -
    - - - - - - -

    - - - -

    - - -
    --

    - - - - -
    - - -
    -- - -- - -
    - -- - - -
    - -- ---
    - - --- - -
    - - -- -
    - - -

    -- - - --
    - -- -- - --
    - -- - -
    -- - - - --
    - -- -- - - - ---
    - - - -- -- - - -
    - -- - -
    - -- -- -- -
    - - -- - - - - -
    - - -- --
    -- - - - -- -- - -
    -- - -
    - --- -- --

    - - --
    --- - - - -
    -- - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    -- - - - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - -
    - -- - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - -
    - - - - --
    - - - --
    - - -- -
    -
    - -
    -- - - - - - -
    - -
    - - - - -
    -- - -- - ---
    - - -

    - - - - -- -
    - - - -
    - - -- -- -
    --- -- --- - --- - ---
    -- - -
    - - - -- - - ---
    - - - -
    -- - -- - --
    -- - -

    -- -
    -- -- --
    - - - - - -

    -- -
    - -

    - - - --

    - - -- - -
    -- - - - - --
    -
    -- - - - - -
    -
    -- - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - - --
    -- -
    -- -- - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.





    - --
    -

    -




    -
    -- -

    -

    -

    -

    -- -

    - - - -
    - -- - -- -
    - -
    - -- -- -
    -
    - - --
    - -- - - -
    - - -
    - - -- - -
    - --
    - - -
    - -
    -- - -
    -- - - --
    - - --- - -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -
    - -- -
    - - - -- ----
    - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --- -- - - -- -
    -- - - - -
    - - -- -- -- --
    - -- --- -- -- -
    - - - -- - --
    - - -- - - - --
    --- - --
    ---

    -- -
    -- - - --
    -- - ---
    -- - -- -
    - - --
    - - - - --
    -- - -
    - - -
    - -- -- - -- --
    - - - - -- -
    - - - --- -
    - - - -

    --
    -
    -- --
    -- -- - --
    - - - - - - - -
    - --- - --

    -
    -- - - -
    - --
    -- -- - -- -
    -
    - - -

    -
    --

    -
    -- - - -- - - - -- --
    - -- - -- --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - - --- - - --
    - -- --

    - - - - - -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --
    -- -- - --
    - -- -
    -- - - -- - --
    - - - - - -- --
    - - - -- - --
    - - -- -- -
    -
    -- - -- -- - - -- -
    - - --
    -- - - - - -- - -
    - -
    - -- -
    - -- - --
    - -- - -- - -
    - --
    -- -
    - -- - - -
    -- - - - - -

    - -- - - - -- -
    -- - -- -- - - -

    -- -
    - -- --- - - -
    -- -- - -
    - -- - - --
    - - --
    -- -- - --
    - -- - --
    -- - -- -
    -- - - --
    - -
    - -- - - - ---
    -- - -
    - -- -
    - - - --
    - --
    - - - - -
    - -- --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --- -- --
    -- -
    - -- - --
    - - -- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    -- - --

    - - - - - - -
    - -- - -- - -

    - -- - --
    - - -
    - - -- --
    - - --
    - - -- -
    - - - -- -
    - - --
    - - -- --
    - - - -- -
    -
    - - - -- -
    -- - - -- - -- -
    -

    -- - - - - --
    - - - -
    - - - -

    --
    -- - - --
    -- --- - - -
    - - -- --
    --- -- --
    - --
    -
    - - -
    -- - - - -
    --- -- -
    - --
    --
    - - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    -
    -- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- -- -
    - -

    - --
    -
    - - - - -- -
    - -- - -
    - - - -
    - - --
    - - - -
    --

    - - --
    - --- ---
    - - - -
    - - - --
    -- ---
    - -- - - -
    -- -- - -- -
    -- - -- -
    - -- - -
    --
    - -- - -- -
    - -- -
    - - - - - -
    - -- - -- -
    -- -- -- -- -
    - -- - - - -

    -- - -
    - - -- - --
    -- - -- - -
    - -- -
    -- - -- - -
    --


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- --
    - - --- -- --
    -- - -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    - - -
    -- - - -

    - - -
    - -

    - -- -
    -- -- -
    - -- --
    -- -
    -- -
    - --
    - - -
    --
    -

    --
    - -
    - --
    -- -
    - --
    - - - - -
    - --
    - -- -- --
    - - - -
    --
    - - --
    - -
    -- --
    -
    -
    - - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - - - - --
    - - -- --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - --
    -
    -- -- -- - --
    - -
    - -
    - - -
    - -
    - -
    - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    -
    - - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - -- - -- -
    -
    - - -- -
    -- --
    - -- -- -
    -
    - -- --
    -- -- -

    - - - - -
    - -- --- -
    - - - -- - - -
    - --- -
    - - - - - -- -
    - - - --
    - - - -- -
    - -
    -- -- -- --
    - - - - --
    -- - - --

    -
    - -
    -- -
    -- - - -- -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- -- --- --
    -
    - - -- --
    -- - - -
    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -

    -- --
    --
    - -
    - -
    -- - -

    -- - - - - -
    -- -
    --
    - - - --
    - --

    - - -- -
    --
    - -- - - -
    - -- - -
    - -- -

    - -- - -
    - - -- - - --
    - - - -- - -
    - -- -- -- -

    - - -
    - -- -
    -
    - - - -
    -
    - - -- - - --- - -
    - - - - - - - - - - -
    -
    -- -- -
    - - -
    -- - - - - -
    -- -- --
    - -
    --- - -
    - -- - -
    - -
    - --- - -
    - - - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - -
    -
    - - - -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -

    -- -- -
    - - - -- - - --
    - -
    --- --
    - -- --
    -
    - - -
    -
    - - - - -
    - -- - --
    - - -
    - - - - - -
    --






    -- - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    --- -


    - -
    - -
    -



    -
    -- -

    -
    ---
    --
    -


    --

    - - -
    --
    --
    -
    -


    - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - --
    --


    - - -
    - - --
    - - - --- -
    - - -
    - -
    - -
    -

    - - - - --
    --- -
    -- - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    --- - -

    --- - - - -- -
    --
    - - -- - -- -
    -- -- -
    - - --
    -- - --
    - - - - - -
    ---
    - --
    -- -
    - -
    --- - -- -
    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - - --
    - -
    --- ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -- - - -
    - -- - - - -
    - -- -


    - - -
    - -- -
    -- - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    -- - - -- - --- -
    - - - - - --- -
    -- - -
    - -- --
    - - - - - - ---
    -- - - - - -
    -- - - - -

    -- --
    -

    --- ---
    -- - --

    - ---
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - - -- - - ---
    - -- - - - - - --
    - - - - -- - - -
    -
    - - - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    --- -
    -- - - -
    -- ---
    -- - - --
    -- --- --- --
    - -- - -
    -- -
    -
    - - -
    --
    -
    - - -
    -- -- - -- -
    - --
    -- - - ---
    -- - --
    - - - -- - -
    -- - -- - - - - --
    -- --
    - - -- -- - - --
    - -- - -
    - - -- - -- - --
    -- - -- - - -


    -- --


    -- -
    -

    -- - - -
    - - - -
    -- -
    -

    -
    -- - - -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    -
    - - -- - - --
    -- - - -- - -- -
    - - - --
    -- - -
    - - -- -
    - - -
    - -- - --
    -- - - -
    - - - --
    - -- --
    - -- - - - --
    - ---
    -
    - - ---
    --- -
    -- - -
    - -- - -

    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - ---
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -- -
    - - - - --
    - - -- --
    --- - --- - - -
    - - - - - -
    - --- -- -- -
    - - - - - -- - -
    - - -
    - - -- - --
    -- --
    --
    - - -
    - - - - -- -
    -- -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -- -- -
    - - - -
    - -- - --
    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - -
    -

    --
    -- --
    - - -- --
    -

    - - -
    -- -- - -
    - -
    -- - - - -
    -- - - -
    -- - -
    - -- - --
    --- - - -- - --
    -- - -- - -
    -- - - -- - - -- -
    -- - - --


    --- - -- -
    - --

    - --- --
    - -- -- -- --
    - - - -- -- - -- -
    - - - -- - - -
    -- - --
    - - --
    -
    -- - - --
    - - - - -- -
    - -- -
    - - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    -- - - --
    -
    --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -

    - - - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- - --
    -- - -- - -
    - - --
    - - - - - -
    - --
    - -- -- --- - --
    - - - - -
    -- - --
    - - - --
    - - --
    - - - -- -
    - - -- --
    - - - -- -- -
    - -- -- -
    - -



    - -

    --

    - -

    --

    --

    - - --

    --
    -- - -

    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - - - -
    - -- -
    - - - - -
    ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    -
    - -

    --

    --

    --
    -
    --


    --

    -- -
    - --- -
    --- -- ---
    - - -
    - -

    - -- - - --
    - -- - - - -
    - - - -- -
    -- - - - - -
    --
    - - -
    - -
    --- - - - - -
    - - - --- - ---
    - - -

    - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - ---


    - - -
    - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - - -- -
    - - - - -

    - - ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - -
    - - -

    - - -

    - --

    - -

    - - -
    - - -
    - - -- --- - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - --
    - -- -
    - -
    - -- - - -
    - -- - -
    - --- -
    - -- - - - - -
    - -- - -
    - --
    - - -- --- - - --
    - -
    - - -
    - - -- - -
    - - -- - --- - -
    -- - -
    - - -- - -
    -- - - -- -- -
    -- - -
    --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- -
    - - -- -
    - - -- - --
    -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- --

    -- --

    - -- - - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- - - - -
    - --
    -- - - - -
    - - - -
    --- -
    -- - - - -
    - -- - -- --
    - -
    -- - - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    -- - - --
    -- - - -
    - - - -
    -- - --
    -- -- - --
    - - -
    -- - - - --
    - -
    -- - - - -
    - - --
    --
    - - - - -

    - - - -
    -- - -- -
    - -- -- - -
    - -- -- -
    -
    - -
    - -
    - - -
    - -
    - -
    - - - - - -
    - -
    - -- - -
    -- - - -
    - -- - -
    - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    -- --- -- --
    - --
    - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    -
    - --
    - - -
    - - ---
    - - - -
    - - -- - - -

    - - -
    - - -
    -- -- -
    -- -
    - - - - - -
    - - --- -
    - -
    -


    - -
    -
    - - -
    - -
    -- - - --
    - -- - -
    - - --
    - - - -- ---
    -- - -
    - -- - -
    --
    -
    - - -
    -- - - - -
    -- -- -- --
    - - -
    - -- -
    --
    -- - --
    - ---- - -
    - - -
    - ---

    -- - k-
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - -
    - --- - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    -- -- - -
    - -

    ---
    -- -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - --
    - --
    - -
    --- --
    -- - - -
    - - --
    - - - -
    - - - -

    -
    - - - - -
    - -- - -
    - - --- -
    - - - -- -
    - - -- -
    - - -
    -

    -
    - --- -
    -- -

    - - ---

    - --- - --
    - -- -
    -- - -- -
    -- - -- - - -
    - - -
    --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -
    - - -
    - ---
    - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -- -- - -
    --- - - -
    - -- - -
    - - --- - -
    - - ---
    - - -- - -
    - - - --

    - - - --
    - - - -
    - - -
    - -- ---
    -- --
    -
    - -
    - -
    - - -- - -
    - - - -
    -- - -
    - - -
    - -- -
    - - -
    -- - -- -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - -- -
    - - -
    --- - - - --
    - - - --
    -- -- -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - -- -
    -
    - -- -- -
    - -- --
    -- - --
    - - - - - -
    -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -

    - ---
    - - --- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- --
    - - - - -- - -
    - - --
    - - -- - --
    - -- - -- --
    -- --
    -- - -- -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - - - --
    - - - --
    - - -
    - -- -- - -
    -- -

    - -- - - -
    - - - - -
    --- -- ---
    - - - - - -
    -- - -
    - -


    -
    --
    - - - - -- -
    - --
    - --

    ---


    ---
    - - - - -
    -
    - - -
    - -- - - -
    - -
    -- --- -
    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    --- - -- -- -
    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.



    ---

    - -



    ---
    -
    -

    - --- -
    -- - - -
    - - ---
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - - -- -
    - - - -- --
    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.




    - -
    -



    -
    - - --

    - - -
    --- - - --
    - - - -- - --- -
    - --- - -
    -- - - - --
    - --
    - - - ---
    - - -
    -- -
    - -
    - --- -
    - - -
    -
    -- - -- -
    - - --- - --
    - -
    - -
    - -
    - -- - -
    - -
    -- -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - - - --
    --
    -- - -
    --
    - - - -


    - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    -- -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -

    - - --- --
    --- - -
    -- --
    - - - - -- - -
    - - -

    - -- - --
    --- -
    - - - -
    -
    - - - -
    - --- - ---
    -
    -- --- - --
    - --
    - -
    - -
    - --

    - - -
    - - - --- ---
    --- --
    - -- - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - --
    - - - ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - - - - - - - -
    - -
    - - - - - -
    - --- -
    - - - -
    - -
    - -
    -
    - - -- --
    -
    - -
    -- - --

    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - -- - - -
    - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- - - -
    - --- - -
    -
    ---
    - ---
    --- -
    -- --
    -- - -- -
    ---
    -- -- --
    - - -
    --- -- -
    -- - ---
    - --- - -
    -- - -- - - --
    -- -
    -- - - -
    - -- --
    - -- - -- -- - -- - --

    --

    -- --
    --


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - - - -
    - -- - - - --
    - - - - - - -- -
    -- -- -- - -
    - - -- - - -- -
    -- - - - - -- -
    - -- -- - -
    - -- - - -
    -- - -
    - -- - -- - --
    - -- - -- -- -
    -- - -
    - --
    -- - - -
    - -- -- - --
    - -- - - - -

    -- -
    - - -
    - -- - - - - --
    - --- - -- - - -
    - -- - - - -
    - - - - -
    --
    - -- - - - -
    - - -- - -
    -- - -- --
    - - - -
    - - -- -- --
    - -- - -
    - -- -
    - --
    - -- - -
    - -- -- -
    - -- - -
    - -
    - - - - -- - --
    - --
    -- - - --- -- --
    - - - - -- -- --

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    - -- -- - - -
    - -- - - --
    - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    --

    --
    -
    -
    -- -
    - --
    - -
    - --
    - --
    - -
    --
    --

    --
    --
    --
    -
    --
    --
    -- -


    --
    -
    -

    -
    -


    - -- -

    - -- -
    -- - -- --
    - -- -- -
    - --
    - - --- -
    -- - --- --- -
    - --
    - -- -- --- -
    - --
    - - - ---
    -
    - - - -
    --- -
    - -- - -- --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- --- - --
    - --- ---
    -
    -- - ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    - - -
    - - - - -

    -
    - -
    -- - --- - --
    -- - --
    - -

    -- - --

    -- - - - --
    -
    - -- -
    -- - ----
    -- -- --
    -- - - ----
    -- - -


    - -- --- - -
    --- -
    - - -- - ---
    -- - --
    - - --- -
    - -- --
    - -- - -- -- -
    --- - - -
    ---
    -- - -
    - - -- - -

    -
    - - - - --

    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - --
    - - -
    -- - - - -- -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -

    - --

    -

    -


    - -

    -- - -
    - - - -- - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - -- - - -
    - - -- - -
    - - -
    - - --
    --- - -- -
    - -- - - - --

    - - - - -
    -- - -
    -- -
    -
    -
    - -- - - -
    - --

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - - - - - -- -- - -
    -- - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    ---
    - -- - - --
    -- - - - --
    --- - -- -
    -- - - - - --
    -
    -- - - --
    --- -- - -
    --- --- - -
    -- - --- -
    - -- - -
    -- - -
    --- - - --
    -- -
    -- -
    - - --- -
    -- - - -- -
    -- -- -
    - -- - - -

    -- - -- -
    - - --
    - -- - -- ---
    - -- - --- ---
    --- -- - - - - -
    -- - -- -- -
    -- - - --- - --
    -- - - -- - -
    --

    --
    - -- - - --
    - -- -
    -- - ---
    -- - --- -- -
    - -
    - - -- --
    ---
    - - -- - --
    - --- - - -- -
    -- - - - - - --- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -- -
    - ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - -
    -- --


    - - - - -
    -- - - -- - -- --
    - - --
    - - - --
    - -- - - - -
    - --
    --- -- -
    - - -- -
    - -
    ---
    - - - -
    - -- ---
    -- - - -
    - - - -
    -- - -- - -
    -- -- - - - - -
    - -
    - -- -

    --

    - -


    -- --
    -- --

    - -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --- - -


    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -- - - - -
    - - - --
    - - -- -- - --
    - - - -- - -
    - -
    - -- -
    - - -- - - - --
    - - - ---
    -- - - -
    -- - -


    - - -

    - - -
    - - --
    -- -
    - -- -

    - --
    -- -- - - -
    -- -- -- - -
    -- --
    -- - -

    --
    - - -- -
    -- - -- -
    - -- - - - -
    -- - - -- --
    - - - - - -- -
    -- - - -- -- - - -
    - - -- - - - - - -
    -- - - --
    - - -

    - --
    - - - --
    - - -- -
    - - - -- - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - -
    -
    -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - - -- -
    -- --
    - - - -

    - -


    -
    --

    -- --
    -- -




    - -
    -- --

    -- -


    -- - -- - --
    -- -
    - - -- -
    - -- - -
    - - -
    - --
    -
    - -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - -
    -
    - -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    --

    - -

    - - - -
    - -- - -- -
    - - - -- - - -
    --

    - - -
    - --- -
    --- - --- -
    - - -- - -
    - --
    -- - -
    - - -
    - - - - --
    - - - -
    -
    - - -
    - - -
    --- - - - -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    - -- - - -
    - -- -- -
    - - ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - -

    - - - - - -
    - - -
    - -- -- --
    - - - - ---
    - - - - -
    -
    - -- - -
    -

    - - --
    - -- -
    -- - - - - - --
    - -- -- -
    - - -
    - -
    - -- - -
    - - - -
    -- -

    - - - - -
    - -

    --
    -- - - - -- -
    -- - - -

    - -- --
    - - - - --
    - ---
    -- - ---
    - ---
    - - - -- -

    - -- - -- - - -
    - - - -- - --
    - ---
    -- -- --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - -- - - -- - - --
    --- - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -- -
    - - - -- -- - --
    - -- - -
    -- - - - - - -- -
    - -
    -- - - - - -- - -
    - - - --
    -- - - -- - -- - --
    --- -- - -
    - --

    -- -- -- - - -

    - - -- -- -- -
    -
    - - - -- -
    - - -
    - --
    - - - -
    - - - -- -
    - --






    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - - -
    -- -- -
    -
    -- - - - - -
    - - - --

    -
    --- - - --
    --- - -
    -- - --- --
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - -- - --
    - - - -
    - - --- - - -
    --- - - -
    --- - - - - - --
    --- - - -
    - - --- - -- - - -
    - - -- ---
    -
    -- - -
    -- -- - -- -- - - - -
    - --- - -
    - - - -- -
    - - -
    --- - -
    - - - - -
    -- - - --
    -
    - - --
    - -- -- - -
    - - -- - -
    -- - - - - - -

    --- - -- -
    - - - - - -- -
    - - - -- --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    -- - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - --- - - - -
    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    -
    - - -
    - -
    - -
    - - - - ---
    - - - -
    -- --
    -
    - - - --
    -- - -- -
    - -

    - - -
    - --
    - - -- - - -
    -
    - - - -
    --
    -- - - -

    - - -
    - - -- - - -
    - -
    - - -- - -
    -- ---
    - - - -

    - - - - - -
    - - -
    - - -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    - - -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - - - --

    - - - - -
    - - -- - - - -
    - -
    -- - - - - -
    - -- -- -
    - - -
    - -


    - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    - - -- -- - -
    - --- - - - -
    - - - - --- ---
    - - - -- -
    - -- --
    - - --
    - -
    -

    - - -- -
    - - - -
    - - --- - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -- -
    -

    - - - -
    -
    - - - ---
    - - -- - - - - -

    -

    --
    ---
    - ---
    -- -

    - - -
    - - - -
    --- - - - -
    - - - - -
    - -- - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -- -
    - - -

    - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    -
    ---
    --
    ---
    ---
    - ---
    -- -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - - - - -
    -- -
    -
    - -- -
    - -
    -
    - -

    --- -- - --
    - -
    -
    -- - -
    -- - - - - -
    - -
    - - - - -- - -
    - - - -
    - - --
    - -- -
    - - -- -
    - - --
    -- -
    -- - - -

    - - --
    - -- -- -
    - -
    ---- - -
    - -

    - -

    - -

    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - - --
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    --
    -- -- -

    --
    -- - --
    - - -
    -- --
    - -- - - -
    ---
    - --
    --
    - - - -- -- --

    -- - - --
    - - - -
    - -- - -

    -
    - - - - --
    -- - - --
    -- -
    - -- - - - - - - -
    - -- - -- - -
    ---
    --- - -- - - - -
    - - -- - -
    - -- - -
    - - - -
    -- --- - - - -
    - --- --- - --- -
    --- -- - - - --
    - -- - - - --
    -- - - - -
    - - -
    --- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --- --- -
    ---- -
    - --- --- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - --- - --
    -- -- -
    --- - - -
    --- --- -
    - --- --- - - -
    - --- -
    - - -
    ---
    - -- -
    ---- -- - -
    - --- - -- -
    - --- -
    - - -
    - -- --
    - --
    - - -
    - - - - --
    -- -- - - -
    - - -
    - --
    -- - - - --

    -- - - -
    -- - - - - -- - --
    - -- -- --
    --- -- - --
    - --
    -- - - - -- -
    - -- -
    -- - -
    - - -
    -- - -- - -- -
    - - - -- -
    - - --
    - -- -- - -
    - - - - - --
    -- - -- --
    - - -
    -
    -- - -
    - - - --
    - - -- - -

    --
    - -
    - -

    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    ---

    -


    --

    - - -
    --- -
    -
    --
    -
    --- - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - -- - -
    ---

    -
    -
    --


    --

    - - -
    -
    - - -


    -
    -
    -







    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.














    --
    -





    -


    - -
    - - -- -
    - -- -
    ---
    - --
    - - -
    - - - -
    -
    -
    - - -
    -


    -
    - - -
    - -- -
    - --
    - - -

    - - - - -
    - - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    - -

    -


    -


    --

    ---
    - - -

    - - - - -

    -- - - - - --
    - -
    --
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.




    -


    - -
    --
    - -
    -
    -
    --
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -

    - -
    -- --

    --
    --
    -
    -
    --
    -
    -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- -


    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - -- ---
    - - -
    --- - -
    - - - -
    -- - -
    - - -

    --


    - - -
    --- - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    --
    -
    -
    --

    - -- -
    --- -
    ---
    -- --
    -- --- --
    - -- ---
    - --- -- -
    - --
    - - - -
    --- - - ---
    --- - -- - - - --
    - - --- --
    --- - - - --- - - -- -
    -- - --- ---
    -- -
    - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - - ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - - - - ---
    - - --- --
    - - --- -
    - - - -
    --- -
    -- --- -
    --- - --
    - -
    - --- -
    - --- -
    - - --- -
    -- - - --
    - - -- -
    - -
    - -- - -- --
    -- - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - --
    --
    --- - --
    - -- ---
    - - -- -
    - - - - - -
    - - - -
    - --

    -
    - - -- -
    - - -- - -
    - - - -
    - -- - - -
    ---
    - - -- - -- - -- -
    -- - - -
    - --- - -
    - -
    - --- - -- --
    - --- -
    - -- - - --- - --
    -- - --- - - --
    - - --- -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -- - -
    - - -


    - --- - -
    - --- - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --- -- ---
    --
    -- - -
    - ---
    - - -- -
    -- -- - --
    --- -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - -- -
    - - - -- - - -
    - --- -
    --- - - ---
    - - - -
    - -
    - -- - ---
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - --
    - --
    -- - -
    -- -
    - - - -
    --- - - -
    - - --
    - -
    --- -
    - - -- -- --
    - - - --- -
    -- -- - - - - --
    --- - -
    - - -- --- - - - --- -


    -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- -- -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - -- -
    - --- --
    - - - -
    -- - - -
    - - - -
    -- - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - --- - -
    - --- - - -
    - -
    -- - -
    - - -- - -
    - -
    -- - - -
    - - - -
    -- - - - -
    - - - - -
    -
    - - - - - - -
    -- - - - ---
    -- - -- - -
    -- - -- -
    - - --
    - -
    -- - -
    - - -
    - -
    -- - - -
    - - - -- -
    - --

    - -- - - -
    - -
    - - - - -
    - ---
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- - -- - -
    - -- -
    --- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -
    - --
    - --- - - -
    -
    - - - -- - ---
    -- -
    - - -- -- --
    - - - -- - - - -
    - -- - - -- -

    --- - --
    ---
    - - -

    -- --

    - - - - -
    - - -
    - --
    - -

    --- - --
    -
    - - - - - -
    - - -- -
    - --

    -- - -
    - -
    - -

    - -- -- - -
    - - -- -
    -- -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - --- --
    -- - - - -
    - -- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    - --- -
    - - - - --
    --- - - - -
    - - -- --- -
    - - - -
    - - - --
    - - -- -
    - -
    - - -- -
    - - - -
    - -- - -
    - -- ---
    - - -
    --- - --- - - --
    - - - - - --
    - - -
    - --- - - -- -

    - -
    - --- - -
    - -
    - - --- - -
    - -- - - -
    - - -- --
    - --- -- - - - --

    -- - - - ---
    - --- - -
    - --
    - ---
    - ---
    - - -- -- -
    --- - - -
    - - -

    -- - -
    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --- - - - -
    - -- - --
    - ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --
    -- - --- --
    - - -- -- -
    -- - --
    --- - ---
    - - - -
    --- - -
    ---- ---
    - --
    - -- - -
    - - ---
    --- - ---
    -- - -- - -
    -- - - - ---
    -
    --- - ---
    -- -
    - - ---
    - - - - --
    - --- --
    -- - -
    - - -

    --

    -- -
    -- - -

    --- -- -- -

    - -
    --

    --- - -- -- -

    - -
    -
    --

    --- -- -- -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - -
    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    ---
    - -
    - - - - - -
    --- -- - -
    -- - - --- -
    --- - - -- -
    - - -- - --
    - --
    - ---
    --
    --- --- - -- - -
    -- -
    -- - -- - -
    -- -- -
    ---
    - --- - -
    - - - - ---
    -- - - - - - -
    -- - -
    -- - -
    - - - -- -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - --
    - - -
    ---
    - - -
    - - ---
    -- - -- - -- --
    - - -- -
    --- -- - --
    - - - -
    - -- ---

    - - - ---
    -- - - -
    - ---- -
    - - - - -
    -- -- - -- -
    -- - - - - --
    - - -- - --
    -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - - -
    - -- --- --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.






    - - -



    - -

    -- - - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    - - -- -
    - - - ---
    -- - - - - -
    - -
    -- - --- -- - - - -
    -- - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    -- - - - -- - -
    - - - -
    - - -- -
    - --
    - -- --

    - -
    - --- ---
    --- -- - -
    - - -- --- - -
    --- --- --
    - - --- - - -
    -- - -
    -
    - -- - -
    - - -
    - - -- -
    - - -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    - - - -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    ---






    - - -- -- -
    - -- - -
    - --- - -





    - - -
    - - -
    -
    -- -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    --- - - -
    - -
    -- -
    - - -
    - - - -
    --- -- - -

    - --
    --- -- - - - -
    --- - ---
    -- - - - - --
    --- - - -
    - -- - ---
    - ---
    - ---
    - --- - -
    - -
    - -- ---
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - --- -

    - - - --- -- ---
    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - -
    ---
    - - - ---
    -

    - -
    - - -
    - - -

    - -
    - - - -
    -
    - - -- -
    - - --- -- -
    - -
    -- - - - - -
    ---
    - -- -- -- -
    -
    -- - - -- -- -
    - -
    --- -- -- ---
    -- - - - -
    - - -
    -- - -- ---
    - --- -- -
    -
    - -
    - - - - - -
    -- - - -- - - -
    - -- -
    - - - - -
    - -- -
    -- - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    -- -- ---
    --
    - - -
    - - - -- -
    - -
    - -- -


    - -
    -
    -

    - - - -
    - -
    - -- - -
    --- - -
    -- - -
    - - -- --
    - - - - -

    --
    -- - --- - --
    - - - -- -
    --- - -
    - --- - -
    - - --
    - -- - - -
    -- -- - - --
    - - - - -
    - -
    -- - -

    - - - -
    - - -

    - - -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - - - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -



    -

    - - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -

    - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    -- - - -- - ---
    - - - -
    -- - - - - -
    - - --
    - - - - ---

    - -
    - --- - ---




    -

    -
    -








    - - -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - - --
    -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - - -- -
    -- - - - - -
    -- -- --
    - - - -- -
    --- - -- - - -- -
    -- - - -

    - - -
    -



    -
    -

    - - - -

    -
    -- - - -
    - - - -- --
    - -- - -
    - - - --- -
    - -- - - - --
    -- -- - -
    -- - - -
    - -


    -- - - -
    -- - - - -- - -

    - -
    - - - -
    - --- - --
    --- -
    - - -
    - - -- -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- --
    - - - -- - --
    - - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- -- - -
    -- - - -- - -
    - -- --
    - -- - - ---
    -- -- - - - -
    - - - -
    -- - - - -
    - - -- - -
    - - - -
    - - --
    - - - --
    --

    -- -
    -- -- -
    - - -- -- --- - --
    -- -- --- -
    - -

    --
    - - --- -
    -
    - --
    - -- - -
    - -
    - - -
    - - --
    - -- - --
    - - -- -
    - -- - -- -
    - -
    -- - -- - -- --
    -- - --
    --- --
    - - - - - --
    -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    ---- - --- -
    -
    - - - -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    --- -- - - -
    - - - ---
    -- -
    - -- - - - - --- --
    --
    - - ---
    - - -- - -- - -
    - - -
    -- - -- - - -
    -- - - - - - --
    - -- - - - --
    - -- - - -
    - -- - -- --- -

    - - -
    - -
    -
    - - -
    - -- - -
    - -- -
    - - - -
    - -- -- -
    -
    - - - -
    --
    - - - - - -
    - - - - ---
    -- -
    - --- -
    -- -- -- - -
    - -- - -
    - - ---
    - - --- -
    -
    - - -- -

    - -- - -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    -- - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - -- - -
    - - - - - ---
    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -



    -- -

    -
    -
    - -- -
    - --


    -- -

    -
    -
    -- -
    -- -

    -- - - -- -
    --- -
    -- --
    --
    - - --
    -- - - ---
    --- - -
    - - - - --
    - - - - -
    - -
    -

    -
    - - - -
    -- - - -
    - -- -
    - - - ---
    - - - - - --
    - - ---
    - - -

    - - -
    - - - -- - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -- -
    - - - -
    - -
    - -- - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -



    -- -

    -
    -
    -
    - -- -
    - --


    -- -

    - -
    -
    -
    -- -
    -- -

    - -- - - --
    -- -
    -- -- - -
    --- - - --
    --- - - -
    -- -- - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - - -
    --- - - -
    - - -
    --- - -- -
    - -
    - -- - --- - - - -
    - - --
    - - --- - -
    - - -
    --- - - -
    - - - ---
    - - -
    - - - --- -
    -- - -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - - - - -
    - --- - - - -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --

    --

    --

    --

    --

    --

    --

    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    - ---
    - -



    --
    -
    --






    - - -

    - --- -- -
    - -- -
    -- -- - -- -
    - - - -
    ---

    -
    -- - - - -
    - - - ---
    -- - - -- - -
    - -- - -- -- - -
    - - - - -- -
    - - -- - -
    - - - - - --
    - -
    - - - - -- -
    - - -
    - -- - -
    - - ---
    - --- --
    - -- - - - - -
    --- -
    --- -- - -
    - - -
    - -- -- -
    --- - - - -
    --- -- - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    - -


    -



    - -


    -

    -


    -





    - -
    --- --

    - -
    - - - - -
    - - -- - -

    -- - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - - --- --
    --- -- -
    -- -- - - - -
    -
    - - - --- --
    -

    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - --
    - - - -
    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - - -
    -- - -
    - - - --
    - -
    - -
    -- - -
    - --
    - -- - ---
    - - - - -
    - -

    -





    -

    -- -
    - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - -- - -- -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - - - - - -
    - - -
    - - -- - -
    - --
    -- -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -

    - -




    --


    -
    --


    -

    -

    --


    --
    -
    -





    -

    -
    - -

    -- - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --

    - -

    --


    -
    --
    -
    --

    --
    --


    -
    --

    -
    --

    --

    -
    --

    --
    - - - - -

    - -
    -- - - - - -
    -
    - - -- -
    -- - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- - -
    - - -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -

    - -




    --


    -
    --


    -


    -

    --



    --
    -
    -





    -

    - -
    -

    - - - --
    -
    -- - -- -
    - - - -- -
    - - - -
    -- - - -
    - -- --
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -- -
    --


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    - -




    --

    --
    -


    -


    -
    --

    --
    -




    -

    - -
    -

    - - -- - -
    - -

    -





    -

    -- - - -- - -
    --
    - - -- - -
    - - - -
    - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- --
    -- - - --
    - - - -
    - -- - - - --
    - - -- --


    - - -
    - - -




    -
    --

    --
    -


    -


    -
    --

    --
    -
    -




    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- --

    -- -
    -
    - -
    - - -- -
    - -- - - --
    - -- - - - -
    -
    -
    - -

    -- --

    -- -
    -
    - -
    - -- -
    -- - -- -
    -- -
    -
    -

    - -
    -- - -

    - - - --
    - -- - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    --- -- - -- -
    - - - --
    - - - - - - -

    -
    - --- - ---
    - -- - -
    - - - -
    - - - - --
    - - -
    -- - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    - - --
    - - -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - --
    - -
    - -


    - - -- -
    - --

    - -- - -

    -- - - -
    --
    ---

    - -- - - -
    -
    - - --
    - -- -
    - - --
    -- - - -
    - - -
    - - -- -
    - -- - -
    - -- -- -
    - - - -- -
    -- - -- - -
    -- - -- -
    -- - -
    - ---
    -- - - -
    --
    - - - -
    - --
    - - --
    - - - --
    - - - --- -
    - - --
    - - -
    - -- -- - -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - --
    - - -
    - - - --
    ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.



    ---

    --- -- -
    - -- -
    --- -
    - -
    -- - -
    --- - - -
    -
    - - -
    - -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -

    - -
    -
    -
    - -



    -




    - - -



    -



    - -











    -




    -




    -

    - -

    - -
    - - --
    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -
    -- -
    - --
    - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -- - -
    -
    - - - -- -
    -- - - - - -
    - - -- - --
    -- -
    - - - --- - -
    - --
    - - --
    -- -
    - - -
    - - -- -- - -
    - -- -
    -- -
    -- ---
    - -- - -
    - - - -- - --
    --- - -
    -- - - - -
    - -
    ---
    - -
    - -- - -- -- -
    - - -
    --- -
    -
    -- - - -
    - - - -
    - - --
    - - -- --- - -
    - - -- - --- -- -

    - -
    - - - - -
    -- -- -
    -- --- - - -- -- -
    -
    - -

    -- -- - - -
    -- -- - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    -- - -- - -
    - - -- -- - -
    - - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    -- -
    - - -- -- -
    - -
    --
    - ---

    - -
    - - - - -
    -- - - -- - - - - -
    --- - -
    - --
    - --
    - -- - -
    - -- - -
    - - -
    - --
    -- -- -
    -
    -- - - - --
    -
    -- -- -- -- -

    - -- -
    -- -- -
    -
    -- - -- -
    - - -- -
    - -- - -- -
    -



    -



    -



    -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - -
    -- - - --
    --- - - -
    -- -- - --- -
    - --
    - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    --- - ---
    - - --
    - -- -
    - - -- - -
    - -- -
    -- - --- -- -
    - - - -
    - - -- -
    - - -
    - - -- - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - - --
    - ---
    -- -- - - -
    -

    - - -- - -
    - - -
    - -- -
    - - -
    - --
    - --- - ---
    -- -
    -- - --- - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    - -- -
    -- - - -
    - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -

    - -
    -- - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --- - -
    -- - --- -
    - ---
    - - - -- --
    -- -- - - -
    - --- - - - -- --
    ---
    ---- --- - - -
    ---- - - ---
    -- -- -
    -

    - - --
    - --

    - - - - --- -
    - -- -- -- --
    -- - - -- -
    - --
    - --- ---- --- -
    - -

    - -- -- -- --







    -
    -

    --

    -




    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -

    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    -- --- - - -
    -- -
    - -- - -
    -- --- -
    - - - - -
    -- --- - -- -
    -- - - -- ---
    ---
    -- - - - -- -
    -
    - -- -- -
    -- - -- -

    - -
    - -- -
    -
    - -
    -- - - - -- - - -
    - - ---
    - -
    - - -- - - -
    - - - -- - ---
    -- - - -- -- -
    -- - - - -
    - - - - -- -- -
    - ---
    - -
    - -
    -- - - - - -
    - - -- -- - --
    - -
    - -- - --- - -
    - -- - --- - -- --
    -- - ---
    - - -
    -- - --- - ---
    --
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -- -- -
    - --
    - - - -- -- - --
    -- -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    - - -- - - -- -
    -- - -- -
    -- - -- - --
    -- - -
    - - -- - --- -
    - ---

    --
    - -- - -
    -- - -- - -
    -- - --
    - -- - --- -
    - - -- --
    -- - - - -
    -- - -- -
    -- - - -- -
    -- - -- -- - -
    --- --
    - -- - - -- -
    - -- - -- --
    - - - - --
    - - - -----
    -
    - -- - - ---
    - - - - -
    -- - --- -
    - - - ---
    -- -- -- -- -
    --
    - - -- - -
    - - --- -
    -- -
    - -
    - - --- - --
    - --- - - -
    - -- - -
    --- - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    -- - - - - ---
    - - - ---
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- --- - -
    - - -- -- - -
    -- --
    - - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    --

    -- - - - -
    - - - -
    -- - - -
    - -- - -- -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    -- - -- -
    - -

    --
    -- - - --
    - - - -- -
    --- -- - ---
    -- - - --
    -- - -
    - ---
    -- -- --- -
    --- -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- -
    - -- -
    - -- -
    - - --- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --
    -

    --

    -- -

    --

    - - - - --- -
    --- -- -
    -

    -
    -- - - -- - -
    - --- - - -
    -- -- -- -
    - - - --
    - --

    -
    -- -- -- -
    - - -- -
    - -
    --- - - --- -

    -
    - --


    -- -

    -
    -
    - -





    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -- --
    - - - - - --
    - -- - -- - --
    - - - - --
    - -- - - - -- -- --
    - --- -- -

    - -- - -- -

    -- - --- -- -
    -- - --
    - --- ---- -
    - - -- -- - -
    - - - -
    -- -- -
    - - - -
    -- -- - --
    -- - - - - - - - -
    -- - - - - - --
    - - - -- -
    - --- - -

    -

    --


    -- -

    -
    -
    - --


    -
    -- -

    --
    - -
    -





    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    -

    - - ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    - ---
    --- -- -
    -
    - - - -
    - - - -- - -- -
    --- -
    - --- -

    - - -- -
    - -
    - - - - - - -
    - - --
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - --
    --
    -- - - - - -
    ---
    -- -- ---
    -
    - - - -- - -
    - --

    -
    - - ---
    - --- --- -
    -
    - -- - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    --- -
    -- --- - -
    - - -
    - - - -- -- - -
    -- -- -
    -- - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - -- - -
    -- -
    - - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    -- -- --
    - - - - -
    -- - -
    - - - - - -
    - -
    - - - - - - -
    - - -
    --

    -
    - - - -- - -
    - - - -
    -- - - - - - - -
    - - - -- - -
    - -- -- - - - -
    - -
    - - - - -

    --

    - -



    -


    - -
    -

    -


    - -
    -





    - -

    - -



    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -- -
    - -
    - - - - -- -

    -
    - - - - -
    -- - -- - -
    - - - - -
    -
    -- - - -
    -- - - -

    --




    -
    - -
    -


    - -
    -
    - -
    -

    -

    - -
    -





    -


    - -
    -
    - -

    - -
    -

    - -
    -




    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -
    - -- - -
    -
    - -- - - -
    - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - -
    - -
    -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - -
    - -
    -

    - -- - -

    - - - - - -
    - --
    - - -
    - -

    - - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - -
    -- ---
    - - - -
    - -- -- - - - - -
    -- - -- - --- - --
    - - -- --
    -- -- - --
    - - --

    -- -- - --- -
    --- - - -
    - - - - -
    -- - - -
    - - -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - --- - -
    - -- --
    - - - -
    - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.



    -- -

    -
    - - - -
    - - -

    -
    - - - - -
    - -
    -


    -- - - -
    - -
    -
    - - - - -
    -

    -
    - - - -
    - -



    - -



    -- - -- --

    - - -
    - - --- -
    -

    - ---
    -- - -- - -
    - - ---
    - -- --
    - --- -- ---
    - -
    --- - ---
    -- -- - - --
    -- - ---
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -- - -
    ---
    --- - - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - ---
    - -- -
    - - - - - - -
    -- - --- -
    - -
    -- - ---

    - - - - -
    - -- - - - -
    - -- -
    - - - -
    - - -- --
    - - - - --- -
    - - --- -
    - - - --

    - - - -
    - - -- --
    -- -- - -
    - ---
    - -- -
    - --- -
    - - - - -
    -- - -
    - - -
    - - - -- --- -
    -- -- - ---
    - - -
    - - -
    -
    - - - - - -
    - -- - - --

    - - -
    -
    -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- -
    - --
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    --
    - -
    -- -
    -
    --
    -
    - --
    --
    --- -

    -- -
    - - --
    -

    - - --

    ----
    -

    -
    - -
    -
    - - -
    -- -- -
    --- - -
    - -
    -

    --
    - - --- -
    - --
    - - ---
    - - -- ---
    - - --- ---
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -- ---

    - - -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - --
    - - --
    -
    - - - ---
    - -- --

    -
    - - --
    - - - - - - - -
    - - -
    --
    --- - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    - --- - - -

    - -
    - - -
    --- -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    -
    -- -
    - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    -- - -
    - - - - - -
    -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - --
    -
    - -
    -
    - - - - - -
    - - - --
    - -
    -- - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    -
    - - - -
    --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- --
    - -
    - - - -
    - -- -
    - - - --- - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - --


    -
    - -


    - -
    --
    -
    - -
    --

    -
    -

    - -

    -
    --



    -

    - -





    - -


    - -- -- -
    - --- --
    -
    - - - -- -
    - - -
    - - - - - -
    - -
    - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    -















    - - -- ---
    - -
    - - -
    - - ---
    --- -
    -
    - - - -- - - --

    -











    -
    -





    -
    -



    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - --- - -
    -- - - -
    - - - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - - - - - --
    - - -
    - - -
    -


    -

    - -

    -


    -


    - - - -
    --
    --- - -

    - -
    - -
    - -
    - - -







    -


    - - - -
    - - -
    -

    -
    -
    -
    -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3



    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.




    -



    -
    - -









    - - - - - -
    -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    -
    - - - - - -
    - -- -
    -- - - - -- -
    - - -- - -
    - - - --- --
    - - -- --
    - -- --
    - --
    --

    -
    -

    -
    - -- -



    - -

    - - --
    - -
    -- -
    -- -

    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - -
    -- - - -
    - -- -

    - - - -- - -
    --- - - --- - -
    -- - - -
    --- - -
    --- - -
    -- - -- - -
    -
    - - - --
    -
    - - -

    - -
    -
    - -
    - - -
    - --
    -



    -
    - -

    -

    - -

    -


    - -
    ---
    -


    - - ---

    - -

    - - --- - -
    - --- --
    - --- - -
    -- - -- -
    ---
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --
    - - - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - - - --
    -
    - - -

    - -
    -
    - -
    - - -
    - --
    -

    -
    - -


    -

    - -

    -


    - - - ---
    -
    - -
    ---
    -


    - -

    - -

    - - -
    - - - ---
    - --
    - - - -
    -- - - -- -
    - -

    - -
    - - - --
    -
    - - -

    - -
    -
    - -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --
    -


    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    -
    --
    - - - -

    -

    - -

    -
    - - - ---
    - -
    -
    --
    - - - -

    - - -
    - - - -
    ---
    - - - -
    -- - - -- -
    - -- -
    - -- -- - --
    - - - - --
    -
    -- -

    -
    -
    -
    -
    -

    - -

    -- -

    -
    -
    -
    -
    -

    - - - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - --- - - -
    - - - - ---
    - - -
    - --- -- - -
    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -- - -
    - -
    - - -
    - -
    --- - -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - --
    - - - - --
    - -- - -
    - - --- -
    - -- --
    - - - --- --
    - -- -
    - - -
    - -- - -- - -
    - -- - - -- -
    - --- -- -
    -- -
    --- -- - -
    - - - - -
    -
    - -
    -- --- - - -
    --- --- - ---
    - - -
    - -- -
    - ---
    -- - - -
    --- - - -- -
    -- --- ---
    - - -
    -- - -- -
    - - -
    - --
    - ---
    -- -- ---


    ---

    --
    -- -


    ---


    --
    - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -- -
    - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -

    -

    - --
    -- -
    - --
    -- -
    - - -


    -
    -
    -
    -






    -
    - -
    - -

    - - -
    - - --
    - - ---
    - - --- -
    - - --
    --- - -- -
    -- - - - --
    - - - ---
    - -

    - -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -

    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -

    - -- - -- -
    --- - -- - -

    - - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - - - --
    - - -
    - -- - - - -
    - -- -
    - - -- - -
    - -- -
    - - --
    -- -- --
    -- -- - -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- -- --
    - - -- -- -
    - --

    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -

    -
    -

    -
    -

    - -
    -
    -
    -


    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.



    -
    - --
    - --
    - -
    -

    -




    --
    -




    --
    - -
    -
    --
    --
    - -
    - --


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- -


    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- -
    - - - -



    - - -
    - -
    - --
    -

    - -


    - - -
    --
    - - -
    - -

    - - - - -
    -- - ---
    - -
    -
    -- - - -
    - --- --
    - --- - - -
    - -- -- -
    - ---- -
    - -
    --

    - - ---
    -- -- - ---
    - -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    -- - - - - -
    - -- -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --
    -

    - - --
    --- - -- -
    - - -
    - - - --
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - -
    - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    - - --
    - - -- --
    - -- -
    - - -
    - - -- -
    - - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - ---
    -- - -
    -- -- -- ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --


    -




    -

    --
    - -
    -

    -

    -- --
    - - -
    - - -

    -- -- - - - --
    ---

    -- --

    - -

    - -

    - -- -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -- -- ---
    - - --- -
    -- -- --
    --- --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - --
    - -- -- - - -
    - - - - -- -
    -- - -
    -- - - - - -
    -
    - -- --
    --
    - - - - --
    -- --
    - - - - -
    -
    - - - - -
    -
    - - - - --
    -- --
    - -- --
    --
    - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    --- -
    -- --- - -
    - - -
    - -- -
    -- - - ---

    -- --

    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    -- ---
    - - -- - -
    --- - -- -- ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --


    -



    -

    --
    - -


    -
    -- --
    -
    - - -
    - - -

    - - -
    - -
    -

    - --
    - -- -- - -
    - - - - - --
    - - --- - - -
    - --- - - -- ---
    - - - -- - -
    - -- --
    - - -- -
    --- - -- -
    - - -
    -- - - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - --- -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- --
    - -

    - -



    --- - --

    - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - -- - -- --
    -
    - - - --
    - - - -
    - -- -



    - - - -

    - - - -

    - --- -- - -
    - - -
    - - -- - -- -
    - - -- -
    - ---

    - --
    - - - -
    - - - --
    -- -
    -- - - - -- - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -- - -- ---
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -- -
    --- -- - --
    -- - -- --

    - - -- -
    -- - - - -
    - -
    - - -

    -
    --

    -

    - - --
    - - ---
    -- - - --
    - -
    -- - -
    ---
    - -
    - -- --
    -- - - -
    - -
    - - --
    - - --
    -
    - -
    - -- -
    -
    - -- - -
    -
    ---
    -

    - --
    - ---
    -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    -
    - - - -
    -- - - -
    -
    - - - ---
    -

    - -
    - -- --- -
    - -
    - - - -- --
    --- -- - -
    -- - - - - -
    -- - -
    - - - - - -
    -- - -
    - -
    -- - - - - --

    --

    - - - - -


    --
    --



    - -
    - -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3



    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- - -
    - -- - -- -
    -
    -- -
    -- -- - -- -
    -- - - - -
    - - -
    - -- -
    - - - -
    --- - - - - -
    --- -- --

    -
    - - - --
    - -- - - --
    -- - - --
    -- -- --
    --
    - --
    - - - -
    - - - -- --
    - -
    -- - -
    - -- -- - -- - - -
    -- - -
    - - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - --- -- - -- -
    - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - -- - -
    - --- - -
    -- - - -
    - - --- --
    - --- -- -
    - - - -
    - - - -- -
    -
    - - - -- -
    - - -
    - - - -

    -- -
    - -


    - - -
    - -
    -
    - - - -
    - -
    --- - -

    - - - - -- -
    -- -
    - - ---
    - -- - -
    - - -
    -
    -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - - - - -
    - -- - - --- -
    - - -- -
    - - -- -- ---
    -- - - -
    ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    - - - - --
    - - - - - -
    -- - - - --- -
    - -- - - -
    -- - --


    -- -
    - -- -- --
    -- - - - -
    -- - - --
    - --
    -- -- - -
    --- -
    -- --
    - - -
    -
    -- - - -
    -- -


    - - - - --
    -- - - -- - - - --
    -- - -
    -- -- - -
    -- - -- - - --
    - - --- ----
    -
    - - -- - -
    - - - - - - --



    - - -- - --
    -- - - -- -
    - - - - - -- -
    - - --
    --- - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - -- -
    -
    -
    - --- - -- --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - - -
    -- - - - -
    -- -
    -
    - - - -- ---
    - -- -
    - - - -- - - -
    -
    - - - -
    - -
    -- - --
    - - - -
    - -- - -
    - - -- -

    --
    - -- --- - -- -
    - -

    - - --
    - --



    k -- -



    k
    -- -

    - --
    - -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - - - -- --- -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --
    - --
    --

    --

    --
    -- --
    -- - --
    --

    - -
    -- - -- - - -
    --


    - -- - - --- -
    - -- - - - -
    --- - --- -

    -
    - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - -- ---
    -- -- --
    - -- - -- --- -
    - --- - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - --- - -
    --- - - - -
    - - -
    -- - - --
    - -- -- --- --
    -- - -
    - - ---


    - - - - - --
    - - --- -
    -- - - - -
    -- - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - - - -
    - - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.



    -
    -



    -
    -



    -
    -



    -
    -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - - - - -
    - ---
    -- -
    -- --
    - - -
    -- -

    - - -- - -
    - - - --
    -- - - --
    - -- - - - - - --
    -- - - - -
    - ---
    - - --- - -
    -- - --
    - -
    - - -
    --- - -
    - - -
    - - -- -
    -- -- --- -- - - - -
    -- - - - -- -- - -
    -- - - - - -
    - - -- - -
    -
    - - - - -
    -- -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - - - -
    - -- - -
    -- - -
    - - - - - - - - --
    - -
    -- - - -

    - - -
    - - --
    - - -- -
    - -- --
    - - - - -
    - -- --- -
    - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.



    -
    -



    -
    --
    -

    - - -
    - - - --
    - - - - -- -
    -- - - -- - -
    -- - - - -
    - -- - - --
    - -- -- - -- - -- - -
    - - - - --
    -- -- - - - - -

    - - --
    --- - - -- -
    - -- - -
    - -- - -

    --- - - -
    - - -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --
    -- --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    -



    --

    -
    -
    - -
    -- --
    - -
    -
    -
    -

    - -

    -
    - -
    -- --

    - -

    -- - ---

    - ---
    --
    --
    -- - -

    -

    - -

    - -- -

    -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - -
    -- -- - --
    --- - -- -
    -- - -- - - --
    --- -- -
    - -
    -


    - - - -
    -- -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - -- - - - -
    --
    - -
    - - -
    - - - - --
    -- - -- -
    --- ---
    --
    -- - -

    - -- -
    - -- - - -

    - - -- -
    - -
    -
    -- ---
    -- - - -
    - -- - - -- --
    -- -- - -- --
    - -- - -- -
    -- -- - -
    --
    - - --
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.



    -

    - -- - -- - -

    -- - - --

    - -
    ---


    - - - -
    -- - - - --
    --- - - -
    - - ---
    -- - -
    - --- - - - --
    -- - - -
    -- -
    - -
    -- --- --
    --- - - --
    - -
    - - - --
    -- -- -- - -
    - - - - -
    -- - -
    - - - -
    - -
    --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- - -
    - -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- -
    -
    - - - - - -
    - -- - - -
    - - - - - - --
    -

    - --- -- --- --
    - -
    - -- - --
    -- ---
    -- - ---
    - - -
    - - ---
    - -- - - - --
    - - - --- --
    - - - - - -
    ---
    -- -- -- - - - - -
    -- --- - --
    -- - -
    - -- --
    -- - - - - --
    -- - -- --
    -
    - -
    -- - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - - -
    --
    -- -- - -
    - - --- --
    - -- - -
    - -- - - --
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- - - - -
    - - -
    -- - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -
    -- - -
    - --- -
    --
    - - - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - --
    - - - - - - -
    - --
    - -- - -- - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    -- -
    - -- - -
    - - - --



    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    - - - - - - -

    - -
    --- - - -- - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    -- - -
    -
    - - -- -
    - -
    - - -- - -
    - - -
    -- - - --
    - - -- - -- - -
    - -- - - - -

    -
    -- - -- -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - --
    - - --- -
    - - - - - -

    --
    -

    -






    -
    -




    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    -

    - --
    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --
    -
    -

    -







    -
    -
    -




    - -
    - -
    -

    --

    - - - -- -
    - - - --
    -- - - -
    - - - - - - -
    - -- - -- -
    - - - - -
    - - --
    - - -- -
    - -
    - - - - - --


    - -- -- -
    - -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    ---

    -
    -
    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    -
    --

    - - -






    -



    -

    --



    -
    - -

    - -- -
    -
    -
    - -

    - -- -
    -

    - - -



    - -- -
    -
    -- -- -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - --- - -
    --- - -- -- - -
    ---

    -
    - - -
    --- - - - -
    --- -
    - - -- --
    - - - - -- -
    - - - -
    - -- - -- -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    -- --
    - - ---
    - - --- -
    -

    ---
    -- - - - --
    - -- - --- -- -- --
    -- - -- -
    -- - -- -- -- -
    - - - -
    --- -- --
    - -- -- -
    -- - --
    - - -- - - -- -


    -- -- - -
    - - - ---
    --- - - - --
    - - - -- -
    -- -- --
    - -- - -
    --- - -

    -
    - -- - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    -- - -
    - - -
    -- -- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - --- -
    -
    -- - -- -
    --- - -

    --- -
    -- - - --- -
    - -- - - --
    -- - - -- - -
    - - - - - -
    -- - - - - -
    -- - - - -
    - - -
    - ---
    - - - - -
    - --- - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - --- - -
    --- -- -
    -
    - - - - - -- -
    - - -
    - - - ---
    -
    - - - - - -
    --- -- -
    --
    - - - -
    -- -

    -
    - - - - - -- -
    - - - - - -
    - - -- -- -
    - --
    --- - -- - --
    - - -- --
    - - - - - - - -
    -- - - -- - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- - --
    -- - - -
    - -
    -- --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -

    -
    - -- --- - -- -
    -

    - - --
    -
    - --
    -
    -

    --
    -
    -- - -- - -
    -- -
    --
    - -
    -- -- -- -

    - -
    - -

    - -- ---
    - - - --- - --
    - - -- -
    - - - - --
    - -
    - - --

    -
    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - -
    - -- --

    - - - - -- --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- - -
    -
    - - -
    -
    - - -
    - - -
    - -- -- -
    - - - - -
    -
    - - - -
    - - - -

    -
    -


    -

    -


    -- - -
    -
    - -
    - -
    --
    - - -
    -
    - - -
    -
    -
    -


    --

    -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -

    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- - -
    --
    - - - -
    -- -
    - - -
    -
    - -- -
    - --
    - -- - - -

    - - -
    - - -
    - -
    -
    - -- - -
    --

    -
    - - - - -
    -
    - -
    -- - - -
    - - - - --
    - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - --
    - -- -
    - - -- -
    - - - -
    -
    -
    -

    - - - - -
    -- - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - - --
    -
    - - - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -- - - -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    -- - - -
    -
    -- - - -- -
    --
    --- - - --
    - - - -
    -- - - --
    -
    -- --
    -- -- - -
    --- -- -- -
    - - - -
    -- -- - -
    -- - -
    -- - - -
    - -
    --- - -
    -

    - -- -
    -
    -
    - - - -- -
    - - - -
    -
    - - - -
    - -- -
    - - -
    - -- -- --
    -- -- -- -- --
    - -
    -
    - - - --
    - - - -
    - --- - --
    -- - - - - -
    - - - -
    - -- -- --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    - - -
    - - - -- --
    - - - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - ---


    - - - -
    -
    - -

    - - - - --
    -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    -
    - -

    -
    - - - -
    - -- -
    - - - --
    - -- -- - --
    - - - -
    -- --
    - - - - -
    - -- --

    --
    - - -
    - -- - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - --- - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - -- -
    -- -
    - -- - - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - -
    - -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -- -
    -
    - -- -
    - - - -
    - -

    - - --
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    -- - - -
    - -- - - - -
    -

    -
    -
    -- - - - -

    - - - - -

    - - - -
    -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -- -

    -
    -- - - -
    -
    - - -
    -
    - - -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    -
    - - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    - - - --
    --- - - -
    - - --
    - - - -



    - -
    -


    - -- - -
    - - - -
    -
    -- -
    -- - -
    - -- - --

    -- - --
    - -
    - -
    - -- - -- -
    - -
    -
    -
    -- - -
    -- --
    - -- - --
    -
    --

    -
    - - --
    - -- --
    - - -- --
    - - -- --
    - - -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -

    - --
    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    - - - - -
    -- - -
    --- -
    - - - -
    -- -
    -- - -- - - -
    - - -
    - - -- -
    -

    -- - --
    - -
    - -
    -
    - - - -
    -
    - - - - -
    - - - - --
    -- - - -
    - - - - -
    -- -
    - -- -
    - -
    -- - -- - -
    - - -- - -
    - -
    - - -
    - - - -

    -
    - - - -- -
    - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    -
    - -

    - - -
    --
    - - --
    -- -

    ---
    -




    - - - -


    - -

    -
    - -

    --
    - -
    -
    - - - - -
    - - - -- -
    -

    -
    - - -- -- -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -

    - - - -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    - - - --
    -- - - - --
    - -
    - -- - --
    - - -
    -- - - - -
    - -
    -- -
    - -
    - -
    - -
    -- -
    - -
    -

    -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    -- -- -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -


    -




    - - -- - -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - -- - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - - - -
    - - -

    -
    - - -
    -
    - - - - -

    - - -- --

    - - - - -
    - -
    - -
    - - - -
    -- -
    -

    - -
    - - - -
    - - - - - --

    - -


    -
    -- -
    -- -
    -- -
    -- -
    - - -
    - - --
    -
    - - -
    - - -
    - -- - -
    -
    - - -

    -- - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - --

    -- - -
    - - - - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - -
    - - -- - -
    -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - - - - -
    --- - - -
    - - - -
    - -- -
    -
    - - - -
    - --
    -- - - -
    - - - - --
    - --
    - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - --- - -
    - - - --- - - -
    - -- --
    -

    -
    -- - - -
    - -- - -
    - -- - - - - -
    -- -- -
    - - -
    -- - -- - -
    - - -
    - -- - - -

    --
    - - - --
    - - - - -
    -
    - - - - - -
    -
    - -
    -- - --
    -- - -- -
    - - -- - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    - - - -- -
    - - - - -
    - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - - - --
    --
    - -- -- - -

    - -
    - - - --
    - - - -
    - -- - - -

    - -- - -
    - -
    --
    - -
    - - - - -- -
    -
    - -
    -- - - -
    - -
    -- - -
    -
    - - -
    - - - -
    -


    -


    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - -

    - - - -

    - - - -
    - - - -
    -- - - -
    - - -
    - -- - - - -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - - - --
    -- - - --
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - --- --
    -- - --
    - - - - ---
    --- - --
    - -- - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - -- - ---
    -
    -
    -
    -- -- - -
    - - - - --
    -
    - -- - -
    - --

    -- - - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - ---- -
    - --
    -- -
    - -
    -- --

    - - -

    - - -
    -
    -
    --
    - -
    -- --
    -- - - -

    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - --
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -

    --
    --
    --
    -
    -
    - - - -
    --- --

    -

    -

    - - -- -
    - -
    -- -
    - -

    --
    - - - --
    - - - --
    -

    - -

    -

    -
    -
    -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    ---
    - - -- --
    -- --
    -



    --





    -

    - - - - - - - ---
    - - - -
    -- -
    - -- - -

    --- - --
    - - - - --
    -
    - -- --
    -- -- -
    - - - - -








    - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- --- -- - --
    -- - ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - - -
    - - ---
    - - - - -
    - --



    - -
    - -
    - -
    - ---
    - - -- --
    - - - -
    - - - - -- -
    - -
    - -
    - - - - -- -
    - --
    - - -
    - -
    - - ---
    -- - -
    - - - - -- - -
    - - ---
    - -
    -
    -
    -- -
    -
    - - -
    - - - --
    -- - --
    - - - -
    --
    -- - --

    -- -
    --
    -
    --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --
    - -- - -
    ---
    --- - --- ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- - --- -
    -

    --


    - -
    -- - - -
    -- - -
    -- -
    -
    -- -
    -
    - - ---
    - - - -
    -- --- - ---
    - -
    -- - -
    - --

    --
    -
    - ---

    -- - - - -
    --- --- - -
    - --
    --- -
    - ---
    - - -



    - -
    - -

    - -


    - --- -
    - -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --- -
    - - - -
    -
    - -- -- --- - - -
    -
    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.



    y { y {


    - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    - -- - --
    - - -- - -
    - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - -- -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - - --
    - -
    -- - -
    -
    - --
    - - - - - - - - -
    -- - - - -
    - - -- - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -






    -
    -


    - - - - -

    - - - - -
    -
    -- - -- -
    - --
    - - ---
    - - - -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - --


    - - -
    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    -- -

    - - -

    -
    - -
    -
    - -

    --

    -

    - -

    -

    - - -

    -

    - - -



    - -- -
    -
    -- -- -

    -- -

    - - -
    - --





    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    -




    -



    -



    ---
    -
    - -


    - -- -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    - - - --
    -- -- - 8 -
    - -
    - -----
    -


    - - -
    --- -
    - - -
    - -
    -
    - -
    ---- - -
    - ---
    - -

    -- - -
    -- -
    -- -
    - - --- - -
    - - -- - -

    - --
    --- ---
    -- - -
    - - - --- -
    --
    - -
    -- --- - -- -

    - - - --- - -
    - - - -
    - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -

    -- - - - -

    -- - -
    - -
    - -

    - - -- - --
    - - -
    -- - -




    -


    -- - -
    --- - --
    - -
    - -
    --- --
    --- - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    --
    -
    - --
    - - - - - - --
    - - - -- -
    - -- -- - -
    -- --
    - - -
    - -- - -- -
    - -- - -- - ---
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --
    --



    -

    -
    --
    -

    -- - --

    - -- --
    - -- --
    --
    -- - - - -
    - ---


    -- - -
    --- - - ---
    - - --
    -- -- -- --
    -- -- -
    - - --
    - --- -- -
    - ---
    -- -
    - -- - -
    - --
    - - -- - - -

    - -- -- --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --
    - -- -
    -- -- -- -- -
    - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- -
    - -- - - - -
    -
    - -- - -
    -- - - -
    -- ---- -- --
    - - -
    -- -


    - - - ---
    -- - ---
    - - - -- --
    - - - ---
    - - - -- - -
    -- - -- -
    - - -- -
    -- - - - - -


    - -- - -
    - -- - -- - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    --
    - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - --
    - -
    -
    - -- -- - -
    --- - - -
    -- -- - -
    - - - - -
    - --- - - - - -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - --- - -
    - - - -
    - -- - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - -- -- -
    -- - -
    - --
    - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    -- - --
    - - -
    - --
    -
    - -
    - - -
    - -- -- - - - --

    - ---
    -- -
    --- - - -- - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    - -
    -- - -
    - - - - - -
    - - --- - -
    - - - -- -
    -- - - - -
    --


    - -- -- -
    - - -
    - --- -- - -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - -
    -- - - - - - -
    -- - - - -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -

    - - ---
    - -
    - - --
    --
    -- --- -

    -
    - - --
    - -
    -- -
    -
    - - --
    - -
    -
    - -- -

    - - -
    - - --
    - -
    -
    -- - -
    -- -
    --
    -- -
    - --
    -
    -
    - -
    - --
    -
    -- - - -- -


    - - -
    -
    --
    -- -- -- -
    - -- - -

    - -- -
    - -- - -- -
    -- - - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    - -
    - - - - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- --

    - - - -

    - - -- -
    - -
    -
    - -
    - - -- - -
    - - - - - -
    - -
    - -
    - - -- - -
    - - - - - - -
    - - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --

    - - ---
    - - - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - - - ---
    - --- - -
    -- - - - - - -

    - - -- - -- ---
    - -- - -- -- --
    - - - -
    - --- -
    - - --- - -- - -
    -
    - --
    - -- -
    - - ---
    - -
    - - - -- --
    - - ---
    - -- --
    -- - - -
    - - - -
    -- -- - - --


    -- --


    --- ---

    --
    --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - --- - -- - -
    - - - -- -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - -
    --- -- ---
    - - - -
    - --
    - - --
    --
    - - -- -
    -- --- --
    - -- - -- - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - -- -
    - - - -
    -- -- - - -
    -- --


    - -
    - - - - -
    -- -
    -- - - - - --
    --
    -
    -- - - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - --- - -- -
    - - -- - -
    - - -- -
    --- - -- -- --
    - - -- -- - --
    - - -- - - -
    --- - --
    - - - - - -
    -- -- -- -- -- --

    - - -- - -- -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    -
    -- --- - - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    -- -- -- --

    -- -- --

    -- --


    --


    -- -- -- --

    --
    -- --


    -- -- --

    -- -- -- --

    - - -
    -- - -
    - - -- -
    - - --

    - -

    - - -
    - - -- ---
    - - - --
    - - - --
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    - - -
    -- - --
    - -- - - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --

    -- - - -
    - - --
    -
    --
    - - - - - -
    - --
    - - - --
    - - - - -
    - - --
    --
    - - - - -
    -- -- - - - --- -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -- - - -- -
    - - - -- -

    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - -
    -
    - - -
    - -- - -- -
    - - - - - - - -
    -- -- -
    - - - - -- - - --
    -- - - -
    - - -- -- -
    - -

    -- -
    ---
    - - -
    -- - --
    -- - ---
    -- -- - -
    -- - - -- -
    - - -
    - -- --- -

    -
    -- -
    - - --- - -
    - -- -- --
    - - -
    - - - --

    -- - - -

    -- - -
    - - - - -

    - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -- - --
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - -
    - - - -



    -

    - -
    - -

    - -

    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    -- - - - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    -- -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - -

    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.



    - -

    -- - - - --
    --
    --- - - - -
    -- - --- - -
    - - -
    -- - - -


    - - -- -
    - - ---
    - - -
    -- - -- - - -
    - -- - - - - --
    - - - -
    - - - - - -- - -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --- - -- --
    - - - - -
    -- - - --
    - - - -- - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- -
    - -- - --
    - - - -
    -- - -
    -- - - - ---
    - - - --
    -- -- -
    - - - - - - -
    - --- -- -
    -- - -
    - -- -- -- -
    -- -- - -- -
    - - -- - -
    -- - -- -
    - --- -
    - ---
    - -- -
    - - - --- -
    --- - -
    -- - -- - -
    - -- - -- - - -- -
    -- - - - - --
    - - - - -
    --

    --
    - -

    -
    --

    - -



    --


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - -
    -- - - -
    -- --- - - -
    - - --- --
    --- - -- - --
    - -- -- - -
    - - -- - --
    - -- - - - -- -
    - - - -
    -- - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    -- - - - - - -- -
    --- ---

    - - - -
    --
    - - -
    - - -- - - -
    - - - - - -- - -
    -- - - - -
    - - - - - -- -
    -- - --
    -
    -- - - - -
    - - - - - -
    -- - - --- - -
    - -- - - - - --
    - -- -- - --
    -- - -- -- - -- -
    - ---
    - -- -- --- -
    -- - - - - -
    - -- - - --
    - - - - --
    - - -- - - --
    - -- --
    -- -- ---
    - - -
    -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -- - -- -
    -- - - - -- -- -
    -- -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


















    - -- --

















    -- --
    -- -- -

    -- - -- -- -
    -- -
    - -- -
    -- - - -
    - -- - - -
    - -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    -
    - - - - - - -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.




    -- -
    -- --
    --

    -

    - -
    -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -- -
    -- -- -
    - - - - -
    --- - - - -
    -- - - -
    - - - -
    -- - - - --
    -- -- -
    - -
    -- - - - -
    -- - - - --
    -- --
    -- - -


    -

    -
    - --


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    -
    ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - -
    - -- - -
    -- - - --
    - - - -
    - -
    -- -- -
    - - - --
    - - --

    - - -- - I - --
    - - - - - --
    - - -
    -
    -- -
    - - - - -
    - -- - -

    --
    -




    --


    - --

    --
    - -

    -


    -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - --

    - - -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - - -- - - - ---
    - --- -- -
    - - - - - -
    -- -

    - - - - -
    -- -- - -
    - - - - -
    - -- - - --- -
    - - - -
    - - - -- - - -
    - - -
    - --
    -
    - - -
    - -
    -- -
    -- - - -
    - --
    - - - - - - -
    - - -
    -- - --
    --
    -- - - -
    - - -
    - - -- - - -
    - --- - --- -
    - - - - - --
    - - -
    - -- - -
    - - - -- ---
    - -- - - -- - -
    - - - -
    - -- - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - --
    -- -
    - - - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -- -
    - - -- -
    - -- - - -
    - - -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -- - - - - --
    - - -
    -- -
    - - - - - - -
    - - -- - -- -

    - - - -- -
    -- - -- - -
    -- - - - -

    -- -- - - -
    - -- - - -
    - -- -
    --- -- - - -
    -- - -- -
    -- - - -
    --- - - - - -
    --- -- - - -- ---
    -
    - - - -
    -

    -
    -- - -
    - - -
    - - --
    - - -



    - - - --
    - - - --

    - - --
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - ---
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - -
    - -- -- -
    - -
    -- -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- -
    - - -
    - --
    - - - - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    -
    - -- - -
    - - - - - - -
    - - --
    - - - - -
    - - -



    -
    -

    -
    --
    -- -

    -- -- - -




    - -


    - -


    - -

    - -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - - - - - - -
    - -- - --- - - -
    - -- -

    -- - - - - - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    -- - - - -








    -





    -

    -

    -

    -

    - -

    - -- - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - - -

    - - - -

    - -- - -
    - -
    - - -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -

    - - ---
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- - - -

    - - - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - -
    - - - - -- -
    - -
    -
    -- -
    - -- -
    - - --
    --- - -
    - --
    - - - -
    -- - -
    - - -- - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - -- - - -
    - -- - -
    - - - - -- --
    - - - -
    -- - - --
    - - - -
    -

    -
    - - -
    - - ---
    -

    - - -
    - - -- - - -
    - - ---
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - - - -
    -
    - - - - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - - -

    - -
    - -
    - - - -- -
    - - --- - - -
    - - - --
    -- -

    -- - -- -
    -
    -- - - -

    - -- -
    - - - --- -
    - --
    --- - - -
    -

    - -- -- -
    - - -
    - --- -
    -- - - - - ---
    - -- - - -
    - --
    - - -
    -- - - - -
    - - - - - - -- -
    - -

    - - - - -
    - - -
    - - --- -- -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    ---
    - - - ---
    --- - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - --
    - - -


    - --
    - - -
    -- - -

    - - --
    -- -

    -- --


    -
    -
    -

    --
    - - --
    - --- -
    - --
    - -- --- --

    - - - -
    -
    -
    -- - ---
    -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - -
    - - - --- -
    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - -
    - - -- - -
    - -- -
    - - -
    - - - --
    - - ---
    - - -
    - --- - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - - --
    --- - - - - -
    - - -
    - --
    - -
    --- - - ---
    - - - -- - -
    -- - -

    - - - --
    - - - -
    - - -- -
    --
    - - - -
    - -
    - - --
    -- - - -
    - - -
    -
    - -- -
    --
    - - - -- -
    - - - -- -
    -- - - -- -
    --
    - - - -

    - - - -- --
    - -- --
    - -
    - -- -
    - - -
    - - - -
    -- - -
    - - - ---
    -- - - --
    - - - - - ---
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- -
    - -
    - -- - - ---
    - -- - - --
    - - -
    -
    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -- - - -
    - - - -- -
    - --
    -
    - - -- -
    -
    - -- -

    - --
    -- -
    -- -- - -
    - - -
    - -- -- - - - -
    -- ---
    -
    - - - -- - -

    -- -



    --- - --
    - -





    - - --
    - - --

    - - - -
    - --
    -- - -
    -- -
    - -



    -

    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - - -
    - ---
    -- - - - -
    -
    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -- -
    -- - -
    - --- --- --
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - -- - -
    - - -- -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    -


    - -
    -- -
    - -- -
    -

    - -
    - - -
    - -- - - - -

    --


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --- - -
    - - --
    -- - -- - -
    --
    - -- -
    -- -
    - -
    -- - ---
    - -
    - -- - - - -
    - -- - - -
    - - - -
    - --
    - - - --- -
    - - -

    - -
    - --- - -
    - -
    -
    - - -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - -- -
    --- - --- ---
    - - - - - - -
    - - -- --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --

    - --- -
    -
    -- - - -- - -
    - --- --
    -- - --- --
    - - ---
    - --- -
    - --- --


    - -
    - --
    -- -- - - - -
    -- -
    - -- - --- -
    - - -

    - - -
    -
    -
    - - -
    -- -- - - -

    -
    --- --- --- ---




    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -

    -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - --

    - -- - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - --- - -
    - - -- -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -- - -
    -

    -
    - - - -
    -
    - - - -- -
    --
    - --
    - - - -
    - - - --
    - - ---
    - - -- -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - -- - --
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    -- -
    -
    -
    -


    - - -
    -- - -
    -- -- -
    - - - -- -
    - - -
    - - -
    - --
    -
    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -

    - --
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    ---

    - - - - - -
    - -- -
    - - -
    - -
    - - -

    - - -
    --

    - - -- - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - - - - -
    -

    -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --
    --
    -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - --
    -- -
    - - - -
    - -
    -- - --
    - - - - -
    - -- -
    -
    - -- -
    - - - -
    -
    -
    - - - -
    - -- - -
    - -
    -

    - - -
    - - -
    - -- - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -- -
    - - -
    -- -
    - - -
    - --- -
    -- --
    - -
    - -
    - - -
    -- -
    -- - -- -
    - - - --- - - -
    - -- -
    - - -
    - -
    - - -- - -- -
    - - - - - - ---
    - --
    - - -
    - -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -- --
    - - - -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    -





    -



    -


    -
    -




    -
    - --
    -

    -
    - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    - - -

    - -- -
    - - -- -
    - --
    -

    - -
    -- --- -- -
    - -
    - -- -- - - -
    - - -
    - ---
    - ---
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - --

    - - -
    -
    -- -
    - -


    - - - -- -
    --- -
    -- --- -- --
    - - -- --- -
    - --- - - -
    -- - -- -
    - -
    -- -- --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -
    -- - - -- --
    -- - --- --
    -- -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- ---
    - - --- - - --
    - - -
    - - -
    -- - - --
    - - -
    -- - -
    - - -
    --
    - - -- - -- --
    - -
    - -
    -- -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    -- - -
    - --
    -- - -
    - - -- - -- - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - -- - - - - -
    -- - -- - -
    -- - --
    - - -- -
    -- - --
    - -- - - --- - -
    - - -- - --
    - - - -
    - -- -
    -- -
    - -
    -- -
    - --
    - - - - -- - --
    - - - - -
    - - - --
    --- -
    - - -- -
    --- - - -- -
    - - - ---
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -
    -- - - ---
    - -
    - - - -
    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -- - -
    - - -- -
    - -- - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    -- -- --
    -- - -

    --




    - -
    - - - - - -
    -- - -- -
    - -

    -- -- - - - -


    - -


    -- - -- - -- - -- -
    - -
    -- - -- - -- - -- -
    -- --
    - - - -
    -- - -- - -- - -- -
    - -
    - - - -
    -- -- -- -- -- -- - -- -- -
    - - - -
    - -- - -- - -- - --
    - - -- -- --
    -- - -- - --
    -- - -- -- --
    -- - - -- - -
    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -

    -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    - - -
    - - - -
    --- - - -
    - - -
    - -- ---
    - -- -
    - - -
    - -- -- - -
    - - -
    - -- - -
    - - - - - -
    -- - - - -- -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - --
    --- -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    -- - - --
    -- - --- - -- - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -- -- - - - -
    -- - - -
    - - --
    - -- - - - - -

    - - - - -
    - - -
    -- - -- -
    -- - --
    - - - - -- ---
    - -- -
    -
    -
    --- - -
    --
    -- - -- -
    - - ---
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    - - - -
    - -- -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- --
    - --- -
    -


    - - -- ---
    - - - - - - ---
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    - - -
    --- - -- - -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -
    - -
    - - - -
    - -- -- - -
    - - -
    - -- -
    - - -
    - - - -

    -
    - - - - -
    - - --
    -
    - - - - - -
    - -

    --
    -

    --
    -


    - -

    --
    -


    - -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -

    -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    - - -- --
    - - -- -- - -
    - - -
    -- -- - -
    -- ---
    -- - - - - --
    -- -- - -
    - - - -
    -- - --
    -
    - --- - -- --
    - --
    - - - -
    - - - --
    -
    - - -- - -
    - - - - - - -
    -- - - - -
    ---
    - - - - - -
    - -
    - - --

    -- - --
    - -

    -
    -


    -
    -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    -- -

    -- I - - -
    -- -- -
    -- - -
    -- -- -- -
    -- - - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    -
    - -- -- --

    --
    - - - -


    -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - -
    - - -- -
    - -
    - - - --
    - -
    --
    -
    --- - - - -- -
    - - -
    - - - - -

    -- - -- -
    - -- -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    -
    - - --
    --- - - - --
    - - - -
    - -- - -
    - - - - - -
    -
    --
    - - - - -
    - - -

    - - --
    -- -- - -
    -- -- -
    --
    - - - - - -

    - - - -
    - - - -

    - -- -
    - - - -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - ---
    - - -


    --- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --
    -
    -

    - -
    --
    - -

    -
    -
    --
    -

    - --
    - - -- - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - --
    -- - - - -
    - -- -
    - - -- -- --
    -- -
    - - - -
    --
    -- -- - - -
    - - - - -
    -- - -- -
    - -

    - -- - --
    - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - -- - - - -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.




    --
    -

    -
    -

    --

    -
    --

    - - -

    - - - - -
    - - - - -

    -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    -- - - -
    - - -
    - - - -- - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - --- - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - --
    - - -
    -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -- - - -
    - - -- -
    - - -- -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.



    -
    -

    --


    --


    -

    -
    -

    -
    - -
    - --

    - -

    - - -
    - - - - -
    -
    -
    - -- - -
    -- - -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -


    - - - - --
    --- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- --
    - -


    - - - -
    -- --

    --

    -- -- -

    --

    -

    --

    --



    --


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    -

    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -- -
    -
    - - -
    -- - -- - - -
    - -
    - --- -
    - - -
    - --
    - - -- - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    - --
    - - -- -
    - - - - - -
    -
    - -
    - - -
    - - - --
    - --- -- -
    - - -
    - -- --

    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --
    - -
    - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -


    - -
    - -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    - -
    - -
    - -
    - -
    -

    - - - - -
    - - --
    - - - -
    -- -- - - -
    - -- - - - -
    - - - --
    - - - - - - - - -
    - -- - -
    - - -
    - - --
    - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - - --- - -
    -- --- - - --
    -
    - -
    - - - -- -
    - - --- -
    - - - - - -
    - - - -- -
    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --


    -- - - ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - -
    -- - -- - -
    - --
    -- -
    - - -- - -- - -
    -- - - -
    - - -- - -
    - - --- - -
    - -- - - -
    - - -- - --
    - - ---


    -
    - -- -- -- -- -
    - - -- -
    - --
    - - -
    - -- -
    -- -- -
    - -
    -- -- -- - -- -
    - -- - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - -

    - -
    - - - -
    - - --
    - - - ---
    - -
    ---
    - - - - -
    - - -- -
    -- -- - -

    --- - -
    -- - - - - --
    - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -- - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - -- - -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - - -- -- -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -- -
    - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    -- - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -

    - - - -
    -- -- - - -
    -- - - - - -
    - -- -- -
    - -- ---
    - - - --
    - - - - -- - --
    - -- - -
    - -- - - - -
    - -- - --


    - -- - -
    - - -
    - - -

    -- - --
    - -


    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -- --
    - - - - -
    - - - -- -
    -- -
    - - - ---
    -- -
    - -- -- -- - -
    -- - -
    - - -
    - - -- -
    - - - -- -
    --- - - - ---
    - - - - -
    - -
    --- - - -
    - -- -- - -
    - -- - -- -
    - - - -- - --
    - -- -- -- -
    -- - -
    -- - -
    - - - -
    -- - --
    --- - - -
    - - - - -

    --
    - -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - -

    -- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - - - -
    - -- - - --
    - - - - -- -
    - - -
    - - - -
    -
    --


    - - - -
    - - - - - - --
    -- -
    - - - -- - -
    - -- - -- -
    -- - - - -
    - - -
    - - -- -
    -- - --

    --


    -
    --


    --


    -

    --

    --


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -- - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - -- - -
    -- - -
    -- - - --

    -- - -

    - -
    -
    - -
    - -
    - - --
    - - -
    - - -
    --- -- - -
    - - - - -- -
    - -
    - - - - -
    --- - - -
    - - - --- ---
    - --- -
    - - -
    --- - -
    - - --- --
    - --
    - - - - -- - -
    - -- -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    -- - -- -
    - - -- -
    -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -


    - - - -
    -- - --- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    -
    - - -





    - -

    - -
    --


    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    --- --
    - - - -
    -
    - -
    - -- - ---
    - - - - - --
    - - - ---
    - -- -
    - - --
    -- - - -


    - -
    -
    - -
    -
    - -- - - -
    - - - ---
    - - -
    - - - - - -

    -
    - -- - -
    - - - -- - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - --
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    --
    - - - -- - -
    -- - - - -
    -- - - - -


    - -- - -
    - -- - - --
    - - - - - - ---
    -- - -- --
    - - - - --
    - --
    -
    - - - -
    - - - --
    -- - -
    -- --
    - - - --
    - - -
    - --- -
    --- - - - -- -
    - -


    - -- - -
    - - -
    - - -
    -- - - -
    - --
    - - - -
    - -- - --
    -
    - - - - -

    - - - - - - -
    -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --- - --
    - - -
    -
    - -- --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - - - -
    - -
    -
    - - - - --
    - - - -
    -- -

    - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - --
    - - -
    - - --
    - - -

    -- - - - ---
    -- - - -
    - - ---


    - -
    --

    --
    - - - - -- -
    - - - --
    - -
    - - - - - -
    - ---
    - - - - -- -
    -- - - - --
    - -

    - - - - -
    - - - -

    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    -
    - - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --
    -

    -
    -

    - - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    -- - -
    -- - - -
    -
    -- - -
    -- - - - -
    - - - -- - -
    -- -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - -
    -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    -- -
    - - - -
    - -
    -- - --
    - - - -
    - - - -
    -- -
    - - - - -
    - - -- -
    - - - - --
    - - -
    - - --
    - - -
    - -- - -
    - - -- - -
    - - - -
    -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -- -
    - - - - -
    --- - - -
    -
    - - -
    - - -

    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -

    - - -
    -- - - - -
    - - -
    -
    -- --
    - - --- - --
    - -- -- - -- -
    I - - -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - - -


    - - --- -- --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -

    -
    -

    - -

    -


    - -


    - -

    - -


    - -

    -


    - -

    -
    -

    - -

    - - - -
    - -
    -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -
    - -- -
    - - - - -
    - - -- - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -









    -
    -
    -

    - - -
    -
    - - -- -
    - - -
    - - -
    - --
    --
    - - - -
    - -
    --- - -
    - -
    -
    - - --- - - --

    - - - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - -
    --
    --
    --
    --
    - -- - - -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - -
    - -

    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - --
    - - - - -
    - - - - --
    - -
    - - -
    - -
    - -- - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - -
    -- - -
    - -
    - - -- - - -
    -- - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    -

    - --


    -- --



    --


    -- --


    -- --

    -



    -- --


    --
    --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3



    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - - -
    - -

    - -
    -
    - -- - - -
    - - -
    -
    - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - --
    -- - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - -
    -
    - - - -
    - - -- - -
    - - -- - --
    - - - -- -
    - -- - - -
    - - --
    - - -
    -- - - - -
    -

    - --- -
    - - - - -
    -- - -- -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - - -
    -
    --- - - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - --- - -
    -- -
    - - - -- -
    - ---
    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    - - - - -
    - -- - -- - - -
    - - -
    - --

    -
    - --
    -- - --
    - - -
    - -- -

    - -- ---
    - - --
    - --
    - - -
    - - --
    - - -

    -
    -- --
    -

    - - -- -
    --- - --
    - -
    -- -
    -- -
    --
    - -- - -- -

    - -
    -- -- -- - -
    -- - -
    - -- -
    - --
    -- -
    -
    - - -
    - - --

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - ----
    --- - - -
    - -- --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - -
    - -- - -
    -- -
    -- - - -
    -- -- - -
    - - -
    - - -

    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - --
    --
    -- --
    - - - -
    - -
    -

    - - -- -
    - -
    - - - - - --
    - - - - - ---
    -- -
    - --
    -- - --
    - -
    - - -
    - -- - -
    -- -
    - -- - -
    -


    - --
    -- -
    - -
    -
    --
    - - -
    -- - -
    - -- - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- ---
    - -
    -
    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - --
    - ---
    ---
    - - - - -
    - - - - --
    - - -- -
    - - - --
    - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - - - - ---
    -- -
    - --- - - -- -
    - - - - -- --
    - - -
    -
    - - - -
    - -- - - -
    -

    -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    -- -
    - - - - - -
    - -

    - - -
    - -- --
    --
    - -
    - - - - - - - - -
    - - ---- -
    --- - - - - - -

    - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - - --
    - - - - - --
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.



    -

















    -- -

    - - - - - -
    - - --
    -- - - - -
    -- ---
    - - - -
    -- - - - -
    - - - - -
    - -- - - --
    - - - -
    - - - - --
    -

    - - - -- -
    - -- - - -
    - - - -- -
    -- - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - - -
    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -


    - - - -

    -- - -- - -
    - - - - -
    -- - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - -- - - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - --
    - - -- - -
    - - - - --
    -- - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - -
    - -
    - - -- -
    -- - -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -
    --
    - -
    -- - - - -
    --- - - - -
    - - -- -
    -- - - - - - -
    -- - - - - - -
    - -
    -- -
    - - - -- - - -
    -- - -- - - - - -
    -- - - ---
    -- - - -
    -- - - - --
    - - - - - --
    - - - -
    - - --
    - - - -- -
    - - - -- -
    - - -
    - - - -- -
    - - -- - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - -- - - --
    - - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - -
    -
    - - - - - - - --
    - - - - - - - -
    - -
    -- - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -- -
    -- - -- - - -- - -
    - -
    -- -- - - -
    - - - -
    -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    - -- - -- - -
    - - - - - --
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - - - --
    - - - - -
    - -
    - - - - - - - -

    - -
    -
    -
    - - --
    - - -
    - - - - - --
    -- - - -
    - -
    - - - - - --
    - - -- -- -
    - -
    - - - - -
    -- -- - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    -
    - - - -
    -- - -
    - - - -
    -- - --
    - - - - - -


    - - -
    - -
    - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - -
    -
    - -
    - - - -
    - -- - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - - - - -
    -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    - -
    - - -- --
    -- - - --
    - - -
    -
    - -
    -- - -
    - -
    - - - - - -
    --


    - --- -
    - -
    - ---
    - -- ---
    - -
    --- - - - -
    -- - - -

    - - - -
    -- - -
    -- - - - -- - ---
    - - - -
    - - --
    -- --
    - - -
    - - --- - -
    - - - - -
    --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- -
    -
    -- - - -
    - -- -
    - - --
    -- - - --
    - - -
    -
    -- - -
    --
    - -
    -- - -
    - --
    - - - - -
    --
    - - --
    - - - -
    - - -

    -- - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    -

    -
    - --- - -- -
    -- - ---

    - -- - - - - -
    ---
    -- - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -- - -
    - - -- -
    -
    - -- - - -- - - -
    -
    -- -- - - - -
    - - -
    - -- - - - -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - - -- -
    -- --
    -
    - ----- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - - -
    - - - - -
    -- -

    - - -
    - -- -- - -
    - -
    - -
    - -
    -- -- - -
    - --- - - - -
    - - - - -
    --- - - - -- -
    - -
    - - - --

    -
    - -
    -- -

    - -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    -

    - - -
    - --

    -- -- --- - -
    - - --- - - -
    -- -- - --

    - -

    - - - - - - -
    -

    - -

    - -

    - -


    - - - - -
    - -

    -
    -
    - - - -
    - -

    -
    - - - - -- - --
    - - - --

    ---

    -



    - - - - -

    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - -
    -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --
    --
    - - -- -- -
    - -- -
    -- -
    - - -
    - - -- -

    - - -
    -
    - - - -
    -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - --

    - - - -
    - - --
    - - - - -
    - - -
    -

    - -
    - - -- - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - -
    -
    --
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    -- -
    - - --
    -- - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    -
    -
    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    -
    - - - - -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    - -

    - - - -- --
    - - - -
    - - - --
    - - -
    -
    - - - -
    - -


    - -- - - -
    - -
    -- -
    -
    - -
    - - -
    - -- --
    - - - ---
    - - - - - -
    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - - -
    -
    -- -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --- - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - -- -- -
    - -
    - - --
    - - - -
    - -- -
    - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - --
    - - -- - -
    -- - - -- -
    -- - - - --
    -- -- -
    - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - - --
    -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    -
    - -

    -- - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - -- -
    - - - - -
    -- - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - --
    --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -

    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    - - -

    - -
    - -
    - -

    -
    -
    - - - -

    - -- -
    -

    - -
    -


    -
    - --

    -
    - --
    - - - --

    -- -- --
    - - - -
    - - - -
    -- --


    - -
    - -- - - - -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - - - -
    -
    -
    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    -
    - - -
    - --

    - - - -- -
    - -- - - - - - -
    - -- -
    -- -
    - - -
    - - - -
    -- - -
    - --- - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - -
    -
    - - - - -

    -
    - - -
    - - - - - - -
    -- - - - - -
    - - -- - - -

    --
    -



    -



    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    -

    -
    - - -
    - - --
    - - -
    - -- -
    --
    - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    - - -
    -- - - - -
    -


    - - -
    - - - -- --
    - -- --- -
    -- - -
    -
    -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    -- - - - -- - -
    -
    - - - - --
    -
    - - -
    - -- - -
    -- - - -
    - --

    - - -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -- - -


    - - - - - - - - -
    - ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    -

    - --
    - - - -- -- - -- -
    - -- - -
    - - - - - --
    - --- - - - -- -
    - - -
    -- - - - -
    - - -- - -
    --
    -- -- - -
    - -- --- -
    - -
    ---
    - -- - - - -
    -



    ---
    --

    -
    -- -
    - -


    ---
    --


    --
    --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -
    - - - -
    -
    - -- - - -- -
    - - -
    - - - -- - - -

    -
    -- - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    - - -
    --- - - -
    --
    --- - - --
    - --- - - -
    -- - - - - -
    -
    --- - -
    -- -- - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - - -
    - - --
    - - - - ---
    -- -
    - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -- - - - -- -
    - - - - - --
    - -- --
    - -- -- -- --- -
    - -
    - - -
    -- --- - -
    - - -- - -
    - - - - --
    - - -
    -- -- - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --- - - - --
    - - - ---
    - - -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -- - -
    -- -- - - -
    - - -- -
    - -- ---

    - -- - - - -
    --- - -- - -
    - - --
    -- - - -
    -- - - -
    --- - - --
    - - --
    - - - -
    - -- -
    --
    - - -
    -- - - - -
    - - - - - - --
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - -- - -
    - --- - ---
    - -
    - -
    - --- -

    -- -
    - --
    -
    - -- -
    - -
    - - - -
    -
    - - -
    -- -- - - -
    - --
    -- -
    - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    -
    --- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    --- - - - - -
    - ---
    -- - - - -
    -- - - -
    - --- - - ---
    - - - -
    ---
    - - -
    - - -
    - --
    - - - --
    - - - -

    -
    --
    -
    --

    -

    --
    - --

    ---

    ---
    -
    -- - -

    - -

    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    - -
    - - -

    - - -

    --
    - -
    -
    - -
    -
    - - - -
    -
    - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - --

    - - - -
    -

    -
    - -- -- -
    - - -
    --- --- - - -






    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- - -
    - --
    - -- ---
    - -



    -


    -



    -- - -- -
    - - - - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - -- --
    - - - -- - -
    - - - --
    -- - --- - -
    -
    --- - -


    -
    - - -
    -- - -
    -- - - - - -
    - -
    - -
    - - - - -

    - - -
    - -
    --
    - -

    -- - -
    - - --
    - -
    -- - -

    -- - --
    -- - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    -- - - - - --
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --- - - - -
    -- -


    - -- -
    - -
    - - --- -- -
    - - -
    - -
    - -


    - - - -
    - -- -- - --
    - -
    - -
    - -- - -
    - - -- - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - - - - -
    - - -
    -- - - - -
    - - -- -
    - -
    - -- -- - -
    -- -- - -
    - - -
    -- - --
    -- - -
    --
    -
    - - -- - -
    - - - -

    - -
    - -
    --- -
    - -
    - - - - - -
    -- --
    - --- - -
    -
    - - --
    -
    - - --
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - --
    - -- - - -
    - - -
    - -
    -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    --



    - - - -



    -- -

    - -
    - - -
    -
    - -
    -
    - - -
    - - --
    - - - - --
    - - - ---
    - - - - - -
    - --
    - - - - -
    -- - - - -- --
    - - - - -- -
    - -- - - - -
    - - -
    - -- - -
    -- - - -- - -
    - -- - - -
    - -- - --
    - -- - - - -
    - -
    - --- --
    - - -- -
    -
    - - - -

    --- - -
    - - - -
    - - - --
    - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    - -- - - -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    - --



    -

    - -
    -
    -




    - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    - - -
    - - -
    ---- - -
    - - -

    -- --- -
    -- - - --
    - - - --
    --- - -- -
    - - - -
    - - -
    -- - --- -
    - - -- - -- -

    - - - --
    - - - -
    - -
    - --- -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - -- -- - - --- -
    - - - -- - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - -- - - - - -
    - -
    --

    -
    - - ---
    - - ---

    - - - -- --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - --- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    - -



    --
    - -



    --
    -
    -- --

    -- - - -- --- -
    - --- - -- - - - --
    -- --- - - -
    - - - -
    - -- -- - -
    - - - -- - -
    - - - - --
    - - - - -- - ---
    - - - -
    - - -- - -
    - - -
    -- - - -
    -- - - -
    - -- - -
    --- -- - - -
    -- - - -- --
    - - -


    - - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - -

    - -- --- - - -
    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    --


    --

    - - -- - -
    - - --- -- - -
    - - -
    -- - -
    - - - ---
    -- - -
    --- -
    - - --- -
    - --
    - - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - ---
    - - --
    --- - -- -
    - -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    -

    -
    - -
    --


    -

    -- --

    --

    - --- - -
    - --
    - - - -
    - - - -
    -- -- --
    - -
    - -
    -- --- - -
    -- - -
    - - -- -- -
    - -- -
    -- - --
    - -- - - -
    - - - - -
    -- -- - - -


    - - - ---
    --- - - - - -
    -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    -- - - -- - -
    -- - -- - - - -- -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -- - -
    - - - - ---


    - - -
    - - -
    -- - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - --
    - - - -
    --
    -- - - -
    -
    -
    -- -
    - --


    - - - -- -
    - -- -- -
    - -- - - - -
    - -- -
    - - -- -
    -- -
    - -- - -- -- --
    - - --- - --
    - - - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - -- - -- - -
    -- - - -
    -- -- -- --
    -- - - -
    -- - -
    --- - - - --
    --
    -- - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - -
    - - --- --
    -- ---
    -- -- - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - ---- -- - -
    -
    - -- - -
    -
    - -
    --
    -- -
    -- - - -
    -- - --
    -- - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -- -
    -- - -
    - -- --

    -
    - - --- -- - -
    - - -- -- - -
    -
    -- -- - - --- - --
    - -- - - --
    - - - - - -- -
    - - -- --
    --
    - -- - - - - - -
    - -
    -
    - - - - --
    -- -- - - --
    - - -- - -- --
    -
    - - ---
    - - - - - -
    -- - - -
    -- - - -- - - - - --
    - - - -- --- - --- - - --- -
    - -- - -
    -
    -- - - --- --- -
    - -- - - -
    - --- -- - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    ---
    -- - - -- -- - ---
    --- -- - - - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - -- ---
    - -- -- -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - --
    - --- - - -
    -- - - -
    -
    -

    - -
    --- -- - -- - -
    - -- --
    - - - - -
    - -- -- -
    - - - -
    -
    - - - - -
    --- -- - - -
    - - - - -

    -
    -
    --



    -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    --- - - --- --
    - - --- - - - - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    --- - - - - - - -
    --- - - -
    -- - -
    - --

    -
    -- - - - -
    - - -- - -
    -- --- - -
    - - - --
    -- - - -
    - -- -
    - -
    - - -- -
    - - - -
    - - -

    -- - -




    -
    - - - -
    -

    -





    -
    -
    - -

    - - -
    - - -
    -- -- --
    -- -- -
    -- - -
    --- ---
    -

    -
    - - -
    ---
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --- - --- --- ---



    ---
    -- -- --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- -- -
    - - -
    - - -- - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    --
    - -
    -- - - -
    -- - -
    - -
    - --- -
    -- --
    - -
    --- -- - - --
    -

    - - - - - - - ---
    - - - -
    - -
    - --- - --
    - - - - - - --
    - - -
    -- -
    --
    -- - -- -
    - -- - -
    - - -
    -- -- -
    - - -
    - - - -

    --

    --





    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    -
    --- --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    --
    -


    - --



    - --



    - -

    -- --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    -- - - - - - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    --

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - - --
    - - - -- - -
    - -- - -
    -- -- -- -
    - - -
    - --- - - -
    -

    -
    -- - -




    -- -
    --- - -- - -
    -- - - -- - -
    -- - ---
    -- - - - -
    - -
    - - -- ---
    --- - - ---
    - -- -- --
    -- -- -
    --- - - - -
    -- -- - -
    - - -
    -- - -
    --- -
    - -- -- - - -- -
    - - - -- -
    - - -- --
    - - -
    - - -
    - --- -- -
    - -- --- -

    - - - -
    - - - -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - -- -
    - - -- - - - - -
    - -- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- -
    - - - - - ---
    -- - --
    -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    -- - -- - ---
    - -- - - --
    - - -
    -- -
    - -- -
    - -- - -- - -

    - - - --
    - -- -- - -

    --

    -- -
    -

    -- -- --

    ---
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- ---
    -- - - -- - -
    - -- -- - --
    --- --
    -- -- - - -
    -
    -- -- --
    - - -- ---
    -- --
    --- - - -
    --
    --- - -
    - - -- -- -
    --- - --
    -- - - --
    - - - - - - -
    --- -
    - - - ---
    - -- -
    - - -
    - - - - - -


    - -
    --


    -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - - -
    - - --

    -
    --- - -- -- - -
    -- -- --
    - - - - -- -
    -
    - -- --
    - - - - -
    - -- --
    - - - - --- - -
    - - -
    -- -- - --
    - - -
    - - -- --
    - - ---
    --- -
    -- --




    -- - - --
    -- -
    -
    - -
    -
    -



    - - - -
    - - -
    -- - -
    --
    -- - - -

    - - -
    -- --
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -- - - -- - --
    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- ---
    - - -

    - -- -
    - - - - - - -
    -
    -- - -
    -- - - -
    - - -- - -
    - -
    - - - - -
    -- - -
    - -
    - -
    - - - -
    -- - -
    - -- -- -
    - - - ---
    - - -- - - -
    --
    -
    - - -- - --- -
    - - - - - ---
    - - - - - - -
    - -- -
    -- -- - ---
    - - - --

    -- -
    - - - - - -- --


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3



    -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.




    -
    -

    - -- -- -- -
    -
    -- - --
    -- - - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - - - -
    ---
    - - ---
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - - - - -
    -
    -- ---
    -

    -
    - - -
    -- -
    ---
    - -
    - - - - -
    -
    -

    -

    --
    - --
    - -
    -- - - - -
    - -
    -- - - --
    - - - --
    - - - -- -
    - - - - --
    - - - -
    - -- - -- -
    - -
    - - - - -
    - --

    - ---
    - --
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - - - - -
    -- - - - -- -
    - -- - - - -
    - - - --
    - - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    -- - - ---
    --- -
    - - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -

    --

    --

    --

    -- - - -
    - - - -
    -- - - -
    -- - - - -
    - - -- --
    -- - - - -
    -
    - - - - - -
    - - - -
    -- -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    --- - - -- -
    - -- - -
    - -- -
    - - -- -
    - - - --
    - - - -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - - - - - - -
    -- -- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    -- - - - -- - --
    -- -
    -

    -
    - - - -
    - - --
    -- - -
    - - - - ---
    - - --
    --- --
    - - --

    - - - - -
    --- -- - - -
    - - - - -
    -- - - -
    -

    -

    - -- -

    - - - -
    --
    - - --
    - -- - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    -
    - - -
    - - - -- -- -
    - - -
    - --
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - - -- --- --
    -- -- - -
    -- - - -- ---
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -- - - --


    - - - - -- - --
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    --- --
    - - -
    --- - -
    - -
    - - -

    - -


    - - -

    - - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    - -

    - -
    - - -

    --- -
    -- - - - --
    -- - --
    -
    - - - - ---
    -- - -- -
    -- - -- - -
    - --- -- -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - -

    - - -
    --- - -- -- -
    --- - --- -
    - -
    --- - -- - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --- -- -- - -
    - - -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    ---


    - -

    --



    --

    ---


    - -




    --




    ISBN 1-256-52023-3



    -- ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    ---


    - -



    --



    -- ---

    -- - -- ---
    - - --- -
    -

    -
    - - - - -
    - - - --
    --- -
    --- -- - --
    -- - - -
    --- -
    - - -- - -- - -
    -
    - -- --- - -
    - --- - --- -- -
    - - ---
    -- - - - - -
    - - - --- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --
    -- --
    -
    - ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.






    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    - -- --- - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    -- --- -- -
    ---
    - -- - --
    --- - - -
    - --- -
    - - --- - - -
    - -- - - -
    - - - - --
    - -
    - - ---


    - - --- -
    --- - - --- - --
    - - - -
    - -- - - -
    - --- - - -
    --- - - --
    - -- -
    - - --- - - - -
    - -- -- - -- --
    - - - - -
    - -- - - - - --
    - -- - - --
    - - --
    - - -
    -- -
    -- -
    -- -
    - - - - -
    - - -- - - - -- - --
    -- - - - --
    - - -- - -- - -
    -- - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -- --
    - - --
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - --
    - - - - -
    --- - - -
    - - - -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --- - --
    - -- -- - - -
    - - - -- -
    - - -- -
    - - -- -
    - --
    - -- -
    -- - -- -
    -- - -- -
    - -
    --







    -


    - -- --
    - --
    -- -
    -
    - - --
    -- -


    -- - -- - -- - -
    -- -- -- - -- - --
    -- - -
    -- -- -
    -
    - -- - ---
    - --
    --- -- - ---
    - -- - - - - -- -
    - - -- -
    -- - - - - -
    - - -
    -- - - - - -
    --- -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- - -
    - -- ---
    - - -- - -- --
    --- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -- --
    -- -- --







    -- --
    --- -

    - - - - -
    - --- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    -- -- -
    - - - -
    --- - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - -
    - - - - --- -

    - - -
    - -- - - -
    - -- -
    - - - - -- -
    -




    -


    - -- --
    -- -
    -
    - - --
    - -
    -- - -
    - - - - - -
    --- - - -
    - -- - -- --
    - - - - -- -
    - - -- - -
    -




    - ---
    - - - - -
    - -- - - -
    -- --- - --- - -
    - -
    - - -- - -
    -
    -- - - - ---
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- - - -
    -- ---
    --- -- ---
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -- --





    -- --
    --

    - - - -- -
    --- - - ---
    -- - - -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - --
    -- - -- ---
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - -- - -
    - - -- --
    - -- -- -
    -- -
    -- -- - -
    - -- -- --
    -
    - - -
    - ---
    --- -- - -
    -
    - - -- - -
    -- ---
    - -- -- -- --
    --
    - -- --
    -- -- -- -

    - -- - - - -

    -- - - - ---
    - - -
    -

    --- - - -
    -- - - - -
    - - -- -
    - -


    -- -
    --

    -- -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    -
    -
    - - -
    -- --
    ---
    -- -
    - -

    --
    - - -- -
    - -
    --
    - --
    -- - - -

    - -
    -
    -
    ---- -
    -- -
    --- -
    -

    -
    -

    -- -
    - -
    - -
    - -
    - -

    - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -



    - - -
    - - ---

    -- --




    - -- - - -
    - - -
    - - --
    - - - - -
    -- - -- --
    -- - - -
    - - -


    - - -
    - - ---- -
    - -
    -
    -- - -
    - -- -- - - -
    - - -- -- -
    - --
    -- -- - -
    - - -
    - - - --
    - -- - - -
    -- - - -- -
    - -- - -
    - - - -
    -- -
    -- - -
    - -- -
    - - -- - - - --
    - - - - --
    - -
    - - -- --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --






    -- -

    -- - - --- -
    - - -
    --- - -- -
    - -- -
    - - -- -- - -
    - -
    - - --
    --
    - - -
    - -
    - - --

    - -
    - -
    -
    -- - - -
    - - -- - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - - -- -
    - - -- -
    - - - --
    - -
    - -


    -- - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -- ----
    -
    -- - - - -
    -- -- - -
    --- -- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -

    -- --
    --- - - - -
    -- -
    - -- -- --
    - -- - - -
    -- -- - - --
    - - -- - - -
    -- -- - -- --
    -- - --- - - -
    - - - -
    -
    - -- -
    - - -
    - -
    - - -
    --
    - -- - --
    - -- -- - --
    - --

    -

    -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.



    --

    - ---
    --



    -- --



    -



    -
    --


    - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --
    - - - -
    -- -


    - - -
    -
    --- - --- -- - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - - -

    - - - -- -
    --- - --
    - --- - - -
    --- -- -- - - -
    - -- - - -
    - - - - - ---
    -- --- - -
    -- - - -
    -

    -- - - -- - ---
    - -
    --- --
    - - --
    -- -- --- - -
    - - -- - ---
    - --- -- -
    - -- -
    - --- - -- -
    - - - - -- - ---
    - -- -- ---
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --- --
    -- --- - --- -

    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    ---


    - --
    - - - -
    -- - -
    - -- ---

    - - -- -- - -

    ---

    - - - - - ---
    -


    ---
    - - - -
    - --- -- --
    - - - -
    -

    - -
    - --- -- -
    - - - - - --
    - - - - -- -
    -- -- - - - -
    -- - -- - --
    -- --
    - -- - -
    - - - -
    --- - - -- -
    - -
    - -- - -- -- - -
    - -- - - -- -

    - -
    - - - --- --
    - - - - - - ---
    -- - --
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    -- - - -
    - - -
    - - - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -- -
    - -- -
    - --- - -- -
    - -
    -
    ---
    - - -- -
    --- - --
    - - -
    -- - -
    - -- - - -

    - -
    - - - --
    - - - - -

    -
    -
    - - - - -
    -- --
    - -
    - - - - -
    - - --
    - -- - -

    - --
    - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    -
    - -
    -

    - ---
    -- - ---
    -- --- ---
    - ---
    - --
    - --- -

    - ---
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --
    -- - -- -- -
    - - -- -
    -- - - --- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- --- --- - -- -
    -- - -
    -- - -- -- -
    - - --
    - - -- -
    - -- -- - - -
    --- - - - - -
    ---
    - - -- - --
    -- - - -
    - --- -
    -- - -- --
    --- - -
    ---
    --- - - --
    -- - - -
    - --
    -- -- -
    -- --- --- - - -
    -- --- --- - - -
    - -- -
    -- - -- ---
    - - - - -- - -
    -- - - - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - -- --
    - - - - -- -
    -- -- -
    - - -- -

    --
    -- - -- --- -
    - -- -- - -
    --- - - -- --- - -
    - - - -
    - --
    - - - - - -
    - -- --- -- -
    - - - -
    --- --- -- -

    --
    - - -- -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -- - -
    - - -
    - -- - -- --
    - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - -
    - - -
    -- - - ---

    - -- --- - - --
    --- - -
    -- - - - -- -
    - ---
    - -- - - --

    - -- -- -
    - - -- -
    -- - - -- - - -
    - - - --
    - - - --- - -
    -- -
    -- - - ---
    - -- --
    - -

    --
    - -- --- --- -
    -- - - --- - -
    - - - - -
    --- - -- -
    -
    - - -- -- --
    -- -- - -- -- ---
    -- - -- - -
    -- - - -- -
    -- -- -- -
    -- - - --
    - - -- -
    - - - --
    - - - - - -
    - - -- - -
    - - --- - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - -- - --
    - -
    -- - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - --- - -- - -


    - - - -- - - - - - -
    - - - ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.



    --


    --


    --


    --




    -
    -
    ---

    -- - - --- - --
    -- -
    - - -- ---
    --
    --- - - - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -- --- -
    - - - - - --- --
    - - - - - -
    - -- --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    - - - - - -
    -- - - -
    - -- -
    -- - - - -
    -- -
    - -- - - - -
    - - -- --
    - - - -
    - - -- - -
    -- - -- -
    - - -
    - - - -
    -
    -- -- - -
    - -- - -
    - --- -- --
    - - -- --
    - - - -- - -
    -- -
    -- -
    - - - - - -
    --- - --
    -- -- - - - -
    - - --
    - --- - -
    --- -
    - ---
    --
    - - --
    -

    - - - --
    - - -- - - -
    - - -- --- -- --
    - -
    - - -- -
    - -- - -- -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - - - - -- - --
    -- - --- - - - -
    - - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - -- -
    -- - -- --
    - - -- -
    - -- -
    --- - - - -
    - - --
    - - -

    - - - - - -
    - - - --
    - - -
    - - - - -

    -- - - - - -
    -- - -
    - - -
    -
    - - - -
    -- - - - -
    - - - --- -- -
    - -
    - -- -
    - - --
    - - -
    --- - - -
    --- - -
    -- --- - - ---
    -
    - - - --
    -- - - --
    - - - -
    - -- --- -
    - -
    -- -- -- -
    - -- - - -
    - -- ---
    - - -
    -- -- -
    -- - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -- --
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    -- --- --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    --- - - -
    - - ---

    - - --- --
    - --- - - - - -
    - - -
    - --- -
    -- -- - --
    -
    - - - -
    --- ---
    -- - - -
    - - - - - --
    - - - -
    -
    - - -- -
    - - -- - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - -- - -
    - - -- ---
    - - -
    - - -- -- -
    -- - - - -
    - -- - -
    - - -- - -
    --
    - - -- -
    - - - - - -
    - - --
    -
    - - - --
    -- - - ---
    - - -
    --- - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    -- -- - - -
    - --- - -
    - - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    - - -
    -
    -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -


    - -
    - -

    -
    -- - ---
    - - -
    - - - -- -- -
    -
    - - --
    - -
    - -- - -
    --- -- - - -
    -- - - ---
    -- - - -- -- -
    - - --
    -- -
    - - -- -
    -- - -
    -- -- -
    - --
    - - -- ---
    - - -- -
    - - -
    - - -- --
    --
    - - --
    -- - -
    -- -- - - -
    - - - - -
    -- - - - -
    -- - -
    - - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    --
    - -- - -
    - - --- -- -
    --- - -
    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -

    - - -
    - - -- -- --
    - -- -
    - -- -
    - - -
    - --- -- - -
    - - - - -
    - - -- --
    -- -- - -
    -- -- -- -
    -- -- - --
    -- -
    -- -- - --- --
    - - - -- --
    -- - -
    - - - - -
    - -- ---
    -- - -- -
    - - -- - - -
    - - - -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -- - --
    - - - --- -
    --- - -
    - - - -
    -- - -
    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - --
    -- - - --
    - -- -

    -- --
    - -- -- -
    -- --- - --
    --- - - -- - --
    - -- - - -- -
    - -- -- - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    --
    - - -- -- -
    -- -
    -- --- -
    - - - -
    --- - -- -
    - - - -
    --
    --
    - -- - -
    -- - -- -
    - ---
    - ---
    -- -- --- -- -
    -- - - ---
    - - - -
    --- --
    -- --
    - - - - -
    - -- -- -
    -
    --- - -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - - -
    -- - - - -
    -- - - ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- - -
    - -
    --- --- -
    - - - - ---
    - - -
    -
    -- -- - -
    - --
    -- - -- -
    -- - -- -- -
    -- -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -- -- -
    -- - -
    -- - - - - - -
    - - -- -
    - - -- - - -
    - -- - - - -- -
    - -- -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -

    -- --
    --- - -
    -
    -
    ----
    -

    -
    -- - - - -
    - -
    --- -- -- --
    - -- -- -- -
    - - --
    - -- -- - - -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -- - - - -
    - - -- --
    - -- -- - -
    -- - - - - - - -
    -- - -- - -- -- -
    - - - --- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -- - -
    --
    - - -- -
    -
    - - --- -
    - - -- ---
    -- -
    - - - ---- - -
    -- -
    ---- - -
    -- - -- ----


    - -
    -- -
    --
    - -

    -
    -

    - ---- --
    - -- - --- - -
    --- - - - - -
    - --
    - - --
    --- -- -
    - - --
    - - --
    -- -- - -- -
    - - - --
    - -- - - -- --
    - - - - -- - - --
    - --- - - - - -
    - - - --- - -
    -
    - ---
    --- - -- - -
    -- -- -- --
    - - -- -
    -- - - -
    -- - --
    -- --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    -- - -- - - -
    - - - - - -
    -- - - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -- -
    --- -- -- - -
    - - -- -
    -- - --
    - - -- - -
    - -- - -
    - - - - --
    - --
    - - - - -
    -- - - -- - -- - -
    -- - - - - --
    - -- - - -
    - ---
    -
    - -- -
    - - --
    - -
    - -- - - - --
    -- -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    - -- -- --
    - -
    -- - - - - -
    - - -- --
    - - -- -
    - - -- - -- - -

    - ---
    - - - - -- - --
    -- - - - -
    - - - --
    - -- -- - -
    - - --
    -- k-
    -- - --- -
    -- - - -
    - - - - - - -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    -- - - - -
    - - - - -- - -
    - - -- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    -- --
    - -


    -- -- --
    --



    -

    -
    --
    --


    --
    --

    --

    -

    -
    --


    --
    --

    - -

    -
    --
    -- -
    -- -


    --
    --


    -
    --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - - - - -
    -- --
    - -- - -
    - - -
    - - -- - - -- -
    - - -- --
    - -- -- - -
    - - k- --


    - - - - - -
    - -- - -
    - --- - -
    - - - --
    - - - -- - -
    -- - - -
    - -- - - -
    -- - - - -- -
    --- -
    - - - -- -
    -- - - -- - -
    - - -
    - - -- -
    - - -- - - --
    - -- - -
    -
    - - - -
    - -
    - - - - -
    -- -- - -- - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -- - --
    - - - - -- -
    - --
    - - --
    -- ---
    - - -
    - - - -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    - - - --
    - --- -- -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - - -
    --- -- - -
    - -- --
    - - --
    -- -- - -- --
    - - - ---
    -- --- - - -- -
    -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -- - - -
    - - - -- - -
    --- - - - -
    - - - - --
    - - - --
    --- - -- -
    - - - - - - -
    -- - - - -- - -- -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -


    - --- -
    - -- - - -- -
    - - - - -
    --- -
    - - - -- -
    - - - -
    - -- - - - -
    -
    -
    --
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - -
    - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - -
    -- - - - - -- --
    - - - --- -
    - -
    - - -- --
    - -
    -- - --
    - -- - --
    -- - -
    -- -- - - -
    - - - - --
    -- -- -----
    - -- -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -- -- -
    - - - ---
    -- -
    - -- - - -
    - - - -- - -
    -- - -
    - - -
    -- - - --
    - - - -
    - - - - --
    - -
    -
    - - -- - -
    -- - --- ---
    -- - - -
    - - -- -- -
    - -- - --
    -- - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - -- - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - -- -
    - - - - - -
    -- - - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -


    - - - - - - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --

    --




    -
    - -
    -

    -
    -

    --

    -
    -

    -- --

    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -


    -- -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -


    -

    -

    --

    -
    -


    -


    -
    -
    --

    -- --

    -- -

    - - - - - - --
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - -- --
    - -
    - - -- - -
    -- - - - -
    - - -- -
    - -- - - -
    -- -- - -
    -- --

    --

    --


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - - -- -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - --
    -- -- -
    - - - - - -
    -- - - -
    - - - - - - --
    -


    - - - - - -
    -- - - - - - -
    - ---
    - -- -- -
    - - - --
    - - - - - -- -
    - - --
    - - - -- - - -
    -
    -


    -
    - -

    -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- --

    -
    -

    -- - -- --
    - - -
    - - -- - -
    - - -- - -
    - -- - - --
    - -- -
    - --
    - - -- -- -
    - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    -- -- - - -
    - - - - - --
    -
    - -- - -
    - - - --
    --
    - -



    - -- - --
    -- --
    - -- -
    --- -
    - -



    - - - - - -- --
    - -
    - - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- -
    - - -- - -



    - -- - --
    - - -- ---
    -
    - - -
    - - - - -- --
    -- -
    - -- - - -
    - -
    - -
    - - - - -

    - --- - - - - -
    -- - --
    - - -- - - -
    --
    - - --
    - - - - - -- --
    - -- -- - -
    - -- - - --
    -- - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -- - - -
    -- -- - - --
    - - -
    - -- -- -
    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    -- - -
    - - - --
    - -- -- - ---
    -
    - -
    - - -- - -
    - - - - --
    -- - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -- -
    -- - - - --
    --
    -- - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    -- - - -
    -- - --- -
    - -- -

    - - --- -
    ---
    - - - --
    - - - -
    - - -- - - -
    - -- - - - - -
    - --- - -- --
    - - - -
    - - --
    - - -
    -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - - -
    - -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    - -- - - --
    - - - - - -
    - - - - -
    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    - -



    -
    -

    -

    - -

    -
    -

    - - -- - -
    - -
    --- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - - -
    -- --
    - - - - -
    - -
    -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -- -
    - -- - -
    - - - -

    - - - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - -- - - -
    - - -
    - -- -
    -- - - - -
    - - --- - -
    --- - - -- - - -

    -
    - --- -
    - - -
    -- - - - - -- -
    - - - --- -
    -


    - ---
    -- -
    -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - - -
    --- - -- - -
    - --- -
    --- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    --
    --
    -
    - - -
    - --
    -
    - - --
    -
    - -
    -
    - -
    - - - - - -
    - -
    - -- -
    - - - --
    - -
    - -- -
    - -- -- - - - --
    - - -- -
    - - -
    - -- -
    -- - - -
    - - -- - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    -- - -
    -- - - - -
    - - - -
    - -- - - --
    -


    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    - -- - -
    --- - --- -
    - -
    - -- - --- -
    -- -- - - - -
    -- -
    -- - -
    --- - - -

    - -- - - --
    - - - --
    - - - --- -
    -
    - -- - - -
    - -
    - - -- -
    - - - - - - -
    -- -- -- - - --
    -- ---
    - - - --
    --
    -
    -- -
    -
    - - -

    - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    -- - - -- -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    -- - - --
    - - - -- - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- - - - --


    - -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    -
    -
    --

    -
    -
    -
    -- --

    -
    - --

    - - - - - - --
    -- - - - -
    - - -- - -
    - -- --
    - -
    - - - -- --
    -- - - - - -
    - -- -- --
    - - - -- - --
    - - - - - --

    - - --
    - - --
    - - - - - - - -
    - -- - -
    - - - -- -- --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -- -
    -
    -- -- -- -- -
    -- - -- - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -- -
    -- -- --

    --
    -- -
    --
    -- - -

    -- -- -- -- -
    - - - - -
    - -
    -- -- -- -
    - - -- - -
    - - - - -
    -
    - - - - -
    - - --

    - - - -
    - --- -
    - - - --- -
    --- - -
    --- - - ---
    - - -
    - -
    - - ---
    - - - - -
    - -- -- -
    -- -- - - -
    - -
    -- - -- - - -
    -- --
    -
    -- - --
    - --- - --
    -- --- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --- - -
    - - --

    - --- --- - -- - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    -- -
    -

    ----

    --- - - ---
    - ---
    --- - - -
    - -- - ---
    - - --- -
    - -
    - - - -
    - -- ---
    - -
    - -
    -- - - -
    - - --
    -- -
    - -
    - - - - -- - -
    - -- - -
    --
    - -- -- - -
    - -- -- -- -

    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    - -- - - - -
    -- -

    - - -
    - -- - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -

    ---
    - - - -
    ---
    - --- --- -
    - - - -
    -
    - - - -
    - -- - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    -- - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - -- - - - -- -
    - -- - - -
    -- - --
    - - - - - -
    - - -- - -- - -
    - -- -

    ---

    -- -
    - -
    - -
    -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -- - - -- -
    - -
    -
    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    - - - -
    - - --
    - - - -
    -- -- ---
    -- - - - -
    -- -- --
    - ---
    - - -
    - --
    - -- - -
    - -

    - - - - -
    - --- -- -
    - - - - - -
    - - -- --
    - -- - -- - - -
    -
    - - - --
    -- - - - -
    - -
    - - --- - -
    -- -
    - - -
    - - -
    - --
    - -- -- -
    - - - --
    - - -
    - - - --
    - -- -- -
    - --

    - - -
    - - -- -
    -- - -
    - -- --
    - - - -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - - -- - - -
    - - - - - - - -
    -- -- - --- -- -
    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -



    ---



    ---

    - - -

    - - - -
    - -- - -
    - -
    -


    - - - -
    - -

    -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - - -
    -
    -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - - - -
    -- - - -
    - -

    - - -
    - -- - - -- -
    -- - - --
    - - - - - --
    - - - - --
    -- - -- - -
    -- - -- -
    --
    - - --- --
    -
    - -- --
    - - -- --
    -- -- - --
    - - -- -
    - - - - - - - ---
    -- - - - -
    -- --- -
    - - - --
    -- - -
    -- - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    --- -- - - - --
    -- -

    - - - - -- - -- - - -
    - - -
    - -- - -
    - - -
    -- - -
    - ---

    -- -
    - - - ---
    - - --- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - - - -
    - --
    - - - - -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - --
    - - ---
    -- - -
    -
    -- - -
    - - - -
    -
    --- - - - -
    - --
    -- -
    - -- - - -- -
    - --
    - - - -- -
    -- -- - -
    - - - -- - -
    - -- -
    -- -- - - - -
    - - -
    -- - -
    - -
    - - -
    - -- - -
    -- - -- -
    - - -

    -- - -
    -- - - - -










    -

    -

    -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    -- - - -

    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - --
    - - -
    - - - - -
    --

    --
    - - - -- - - -
    -- - - -
    - - -- - -
    - -- -- ---
    - --- - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    -- -
    - - - --
    - ---
    - -- - -
    --

    -
    - -- -
    - - - -
    -- - -- --
    - - -
    - - --- -- - - ---
    --- -
    -- -
    - - -
    -
    - - - -- - - --
    - -- -
    - - -
    - -- - - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --
    - -

    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    - -

    -
    -


    -
    -

    -- --

    - - - -- -- -
    -- - - -
    -- -
    -- - - - -


    - - - -
    - - -
    - -- - -
    - -- - - - -






    - - - - -- -
    -- - - - -
    - -- -- - -
    - - -
    - -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- --- -- -
    - - - - -
    -- -- - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -- - -
    -- -- - - -
    - -- - -- --
    -- - - - -
    -- - - -- -
    -
    -- - -
    --- - -
    - - -
    -
    -

    - - --- - -- -
    - -
    - - - ---
    - -
    -
    - -
    - - -
    ---

    - - -- --
    -
    - - - -- - -
    --
    - -
    --
    -
    -
    -
    -- -

    - - --
    - - --
    - -
    - - --
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- --- -
    -

    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - - ----
    - -- - - -
    - - -
    - -
    -- -

    --
    - - -
    - - -
    - -- -
    - - --
    - --
    - - - --
    - --- - -
    - - - -

    -
    - - -- -
    - - - - - - --

    --


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --




    - - -- -
    - - - - - - --
    - - - - --
    - - -
    - - - - -
    -- -
    --
    -- - --
    - - --
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - - -- -
    - - - - - - --
    - - --
    - - --
    -
    --
    - - - --
    - - -- - -
    - - -
    -
    - - -

    - -

    -




    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - --
    -- - - - - - --
    - -- -- - -
    -- - -- - -
    - -- - -- --
    - - -
    - -- -
    - - - --
    - --
    - --
    - - - --- - - --
    -- --- - - -- -
    --
    - - - --
    -
    -
    - -- --- - - -
    - -
    -
    - --
    - - - -- -
    -- - - -

    - - -
    - - -
    - -- - - -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
    -



    -


    --
    - - ---
    - -






    -
    - -
    - -

    -
    - --
    --


    -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - -- -


    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    - --
    - --
    - -
    - - - -


    - - -
    - - -
    ---
    - --- - -
    - - -
    - --- - --
    - - -
    - - -
    - -- -

    - --- - -- - - -
    - - - - - - -
    -- -
    --- -
    - - -
    - -
    - - -- - --- -
    - -
    - - -- --
    - -
    -- -
    --- - - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    -- -- - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    --


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    --- -
    -
    - - - -- -
    - - - - -
    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    - - - - --- - -
    - -
    - -
    - -- --- -- -
    -- -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - --- - -
    - - --
    - - -- - -
    -
    - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - --- -

    - -

    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - - -
    - -
    - -- -
    - - -
    - -
    -- ---

    - - - --
    -- - ---

    -- -
    -- --- --
    -- - -

    -- ---
    -- --- -
    -- - -- - -
    - -- -- -
    - - -- - -
    -- - -
    --
    -- -
    -- -- -
    - -
    - -
    - - - - -
    --- - - - -
    --


    - --- - -
    -- - - -

    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    -
    --
    - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - -
    -
    -- - - - - -
    -- -
    - -- --
    - - - -- - -
    - - -
    - - - - - -
    -- -
    - -
    -
    --
    -
    - - --
    - - - --
    - --
    -- - - - --
    -- - - -- - -
    - - -

    - - -
    - - - -
    -- - -
    - - -
    -- - - --
    -
    - - -
    - -- -- -
    - -- -
    -- -

    - - --
    -- - - -
    - -
    - - - - -
    -- - - --
    - - -
    - -

    --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    -- -- - -
    -- - - -
    -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    -

    --
    -- - -

    - - - -- --
    --- -

    - - -
    --
    -- -
    -
    - - - -- -
    -
    - - -
    -- - - -
    --
    --
    - - -- - -- -
    -- - -
    - - --
    - - - - - -
    -- - - - -- --

    - - - -
    -- - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    - - --
    - - - - - -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --

    --

    - -

    --

    -
    -

    -- -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - - --
    -- - --
    -- - -
    -- --
    - - -- -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - -
    - - -
    -- - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - --
    - - - - - - ---
    - -- -
    - - - - - -
    - - -- - -
    --- -- - - - -
    - - - --
    - - -
    - - - - -
    -
    - -- -
    - - - -
    - --- -
    - - - - -
    -- -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - --- - - - -
    - - - -
    --- -


    --- -- - -
    --- - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - -- - -
    -- - -
    - - -
    - - -- - -
    - - - -
    - -
    --
    - - - -
    - -
    - - - - - -
    - - --- -
    - - -- - - - -
    -
    - - - -
    -- -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - -
    -- - --
    - - ---
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    --- --- ---


    --

    - --

    - - -- - -
    - - - - - - - -
    -
    - - -
    - -
    - -
    - --- -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    -- --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -

    - -
    - - - - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- - - -
    - -

    - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - --
    - - - ---
    -- - - -
    - -- -- - - ---
    - -
    - - -
    -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    -- - - - -
    - - -- - - -
    -- - - -
    - - - --- -
    - --- -
    - - - - -
    - - - --- -
    - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    -
    - -- - - -
    - - - --- -
    -- - -

    - - -- -- - -
    -
    -- - - --
    -- -
    - -
    - - - --
    -- ---
    - - - -
    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -- -
    - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- - - -- -
    -- - - - -- -
    - - --- -- --- -
    -- - - -
    -- - -
    -- - - -
    -
    - - -- -
    -
    - -- -
    - - -- -- -
    - -- -
    - - - - --
    -- --
    -- - - - - - -
    - - - -- -
    --- --
    --- - - - --
    - - - -
    -- - -
    - -- - --
    - -- - -
    - - -- - -
    - - - - - - -
    - - - - -
    -


    -- - - -
    - -- --- - --- --

    - - - -
    - - -- -- - -
    -- - - - --
    - - -
    -
    - - - -- - - -
    -- - - --
    --
    - - --
    - -- --
    - - - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- - -- -
    - -- -
    -- -- - - --- - -
    - - - - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - --

    -- - --

    -- - --

    -- - --

    - -- - - - -
    -- - - -- - -
    -- - --
    -
    --
    - - - - --
    - -- -
    - - --
    --- -
    - - -
    - - --
    - -- -
    - -
    -- - - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -- -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - -- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - --- -
    - - -
    - -- - --
    - --
    -- -- -- - - -
    - - -
    - -- -
    - ---


    - -- -- -
    -- --
    -- - - - - -
    -
    - - -
    - --
    - --
    -- - -
    - - - - -

    - -
    - -- --
    -- -- - -
    - -
    -- - -


    - - -
    -- -- - -
    --
    -- - --
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    -
    - - - -
    -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- -
    --
    -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    -- --
    -
    -- - - -
    ---

    - - - - --- -
    - - -- -- -- -
    - -
    - - -- - - -
    - - - -
    - - --- - -
    - -- - -
    - --- - - -
    - -- - - -- - --- --
    - -

    - -
    - - --
    -- -
    - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    -- - --
    -- - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    -- - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -


    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - -


    --- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - -
    - -- - -- ---
    - - -
    - -- -- -- -
    - - - -
    - -
    - --
    - --- -- -
    - -- - - - - - - -
    - -- - - -
    - - -
    - - - - --
    - -
    - - -
    -
    -- - - -

    - -
    - - - - ---
    - - -
    - -- -- - -
    - - - - -
    -
    -
    - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - -- - -

    - --
    - - - --
    -- -- - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -

    - - -
    - - -




    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - -
    -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- -- -

    -

    - - -

    - -
    - - -
    - - - - - -
    -- -- - -
    -- -- -
    - -
    - - -- - - - - --
    - - - -- -
    - -- -- - - - -
    - - - -

    - -
    -
    -- -
    -

    - - -- -
    - -
    - - -
    --- - -
    - --
    - - -
    -- - -- - --- -- -
    - -

    - -
    -
    - -
    -

    - --

    - -- - -
    - - -- --
    - --
    - - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --
    -- - - - -
    - -
    -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    - - -
    - - -- -- - -
    - -- - - --
    - - --
    - -
    - -- - -
    -- - - - ---
    - -
    - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - -
    - -- - -- -
    - - -- -
    - - -- - -
    - -- - - - - -
    -- - - - -
    - --

    -- - - --
    - --- - - - -
    - - - - --
    -- -
    - - - -
    - --- - - --
    --- --
    -- - --
    - -
    --- - -
    - -- - - -
    -

    -- - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - - - --
    -- -
    -- - -
    -- -- - - - -
    -- - - - ---
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    ----
    - - - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.























    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - -

    - - - -


    - - - -
    -- - -- - -- - -- -










    - - - -

    - -
    - - -
    - - - --
    --

    - -

    - -
    -
    - -- -
    -- -
    -- - -
    - - -
    -
    -- - - -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - -
    - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    - - - - -- - - - -
    -- - - - -- - -
    - - -- - - -
    - - -

    - - -
    - - - - -
    -- - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - -
    - --
    - -- - -
    -- - - --
    - - - - -
    - - --
    - --
    - - - - -
    - - - -- - -
    - - - -
    -- -
    - -
    - - -
    - -
    - -- - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - - --
    - - - - - - -
    - -
    - - -- -

    -- -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    -- -
    - - --
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --
    -
    --- -- -
    -- - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -- --
    -- - --- - -
    - - --
    - - -
    - -- - - --
    - -- - -
    -- -- - -
    -- - --
    - - - -
    -
    - -- -- - -
    -- - -
    -- - - -- -
    -- --

    - --- - -
    - - -- --- -
    - - - - -- - -
    --
    - - - - --
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - --
    -- - --
    - - - - -- - -
    -- - - --
    --
    - -- - -
    -
    - -- -
    - --- - - -
    - - - - -
    -- - --- - - -
    - - - - -
    - - --
    - - - - - - -
    - -- - - -
    - - - --
    - - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -


    - - -- - - - -
    - - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - --
    - - -
    - --
    -
    - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    -- - - -- --
    - -
    --
    - - --
    - -
    -- - - - - -
    -- - - -
    - - - - -
    -
    - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    -- -- - - -
    - - - - -
    - -- - - --
    - --
    - - -
    - - - - -
    ---
    - - - -
    -


    - - -

    - - - - --
    - - -

    - -- - -- --
    - - - - -
    -- - -
    - - -- - --
    --
    - - - - -
    -- - - -- --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - - --
    - - - - - - --
    - - - - -- - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --
    - - -
    - -

    - - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    -- - - -
    - - - -

    - - -
    - - - -

    -
    -- - - - -
    - - -
    -
    - - - - -
    -
    - -
    - - -

    --

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -

    - - - - - - - -
    - - - - - - - -
    - - - - - - - -
    - - - - - - - -





    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - - - --
    - - - - - -- -
    -- - - -- - --
    - - -- -
    - -- - - -
    - - - - -- - - -
    - - -- - - - --
    - - - -- - - -
    - - - --- - --
    -- -
    -


    - - - - - --
    - --- - --
    - -- - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -- - -- --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - --
    - - - --
    - - - - -
    - - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - - --
    - - -- -

    -
    - - -- -
    - - -
    - - - -

    - - -- -
    - -
    -- -- -
    -- - - -
    - - - -
    -- -- -
    - - - - - - - -
    - - - -- --
    -


    - - -
    - -- - - -
    - - -
    -- -
    - - - - - - -
    - -- - - - - -
    - - - - -
    --
    - --
    - - -- -
    - - - -

    - - - -- -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    -- -
    - - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -- -
    - - - -- -
    - - -- - -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    - -- - - -
    --
    -- -- -
    -
    -- - - -
    - - - - -


    - - -- --
    -- -
    -- - - - - -
    - - -
    - -- - - - -
    -- - - - - -
    - -- - - -
    - - - --
    -- - - - -
    - -
    - -- - - -
    -- -
    -- - -- -- -- -
    --
    - - -
    - -- - - - --
    -- - --

    - - -- - -
    - -


    - - - -
    - - - -
    - -- - - -- -
    - - - -
    - - --

    - --
    - - - -
    -- - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -

    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - --


    - - - -
    - -- -- - -
    -
    - - -
    - - - --
    - -
    -- -
    - - -
    - -

    - - - --
    - - - -
    -- -- -
    - -
    - - --


    - - --
    -- - - - -
    -- -- - - -- -
    - - - -
    -- - - - -
    - -- - - - -
    -- -
    - -- - -- - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    -

    - -



    ISBN 1-256-52023-3



    - - - - - - --
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    -
    - -
    - - - - --
    - - - -
    -
    - - - -- - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - - -


    - - - -
    -- -- -- -- -
    - - - - - -
    - - -- -
    - -- -- - -
    - - -
    - -- - - - --


    - -- --
    - -
    - - - -- - - -
    -- --- --
    -- -
    - - - -
    - - - --
    -- -
    - -
    --
    - - - --
    - - - -
    - -

    -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - - - - -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - --

    - - -
    - - -- - -
    -- - - - -
    - - - - - - - --
    - - - - -
    - -
    -- - - -
    - -

    - --
    - --- - - - - --
    - - - - -- -
    - -
    -- - -- - - -
    -- - -
    -- - - - -
    -- --- - -- -
    - - -- - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - -
    -
    - - - - -
    - -
    --- - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - --
    - - - - --

    -- - - -
    - - - - --
    - - --
    - -
    - -- - -
    - - - - -
    - --
    - -
    -
    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    - -
    - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - -- - -
    - -- --
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    -
    -- - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - -- - -- - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    -
    --- - -
    -- - -
    - - - -
    -- - - - -

    - -

    --

    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    -- -
    - - - -
    -- -
    - - -
    - - - -- -
    - - - -- -
    - - - --
    - - - -
    -- - - - --
    - -

    --
    - -- ---
    -- - - - --
    - - -
    - - --
    - - - -- --
    - -- - --
    --- -- --
    - -- - -
    - - -- - - ----



    - --



    ISBN 1-256-52023-3



    - -
    - -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.



    - --



    - -
    - - -

    - - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - - --- - -
    -

    - -- - -
    -- - - -
    - - - -- ---
    -- - --

    -- - ---
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - - -- - --
    - - - - -
    -
    --- -- - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    ---

    -
    -- - - - --
    - -


    - -- - - -
    -
    - -- - - - - -
    -- - - - -
    - - - -- -
    - - - -
    --
    - - -- - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -- -
    - -

    - - - -
    -- - -- -
    - - - - -- -
    -- - - -- -
    - --
    - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    --- -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - - -
    - - -- -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    - -
    -

    - - - - -
    - -
    - -
    - -
    -- - - -
    - -
    - - - -- - --


    - - - - - -
    -
    - - - - - -
    -- --
    -- - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - -- - ---
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - - -- -
    - - -- -- -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.



    -

    -
    -
    -

    - -
    - - - -
    - -- - -
    -- -
    ---

    -
    - -
    - -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -- - - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - - - - -
    --
    - - - -
    - - -
    - -- - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    --


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    - - --- -
    - - -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    - - - - -
    ---
    - -
    - -
    -

    - - -
    - -- - - -
    - - - - --
    - - - - -- -
    - -- - - - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - - - -

    - - - - - -
    - - - -

    - -
    - - - -
    - -- -- -- --
    - - - -- -
    - - - - --
    - - -
    - -- - - - -
    - - -- -
    - - --
    - -
    -- - -
    -- - - -- -- -
    -- --- - -
    -- --- -
    - -
    -
    - -- - -
    - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    --
    - - - - -
    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - -
    - - - -- -
    -- -- - -
    -- - --
    - - -- -
    - - -- - - -

    - - - -
    -- - -
    -- - - - - - -
    -
    - - - -
    - --

    -
    - - - - - - - - -
    - -- - - - - - -- - - -
    - - --- -
    - -- --
    - - --
    -- - - -
    -- - - -
    - - -
    - - --- -
    - -- - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- - -
    - - --
    - - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -- -
    - - - - --
    - -- -
    - - - -- -
    - -- - - -
    - - - - - -
    - -- - -
    - -- - - -
    - -
    - -
    - -- -

    - -
    -- - --
    - -- - --
    - -- --

    - - -
    -- - -


    -- -
    - -- - - -
    - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - -
    - -
    - -
    - - --
    - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    - -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - -
    - -- --
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.




    --
    -

    -

    -

    - -
    - - - -
    - ---
    - - -
    - - - --
    - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - -
    -- - - -- - -
    - -- -- -
    - -- -- --
    - -
    - - - -
    - --- - - -
    - -
    - - - - -- -
    - - - - -
    - - - -- - --
    - - - - -
    - - - -- -- -

    -- -
    - - - -- --
    -- - - --
    -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - - --
    - -
    -- -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --
    -- - -
    - - - - -

    - --
    - - -
    -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - - -
    -- -
    -- - - - -
    -
    --
    - - -
    - -
    - - --
    -- - - -
    - - - --
    --
    -- - - - --
    - -- -
    - - -- - -
    - - -- -
    - -
    - - -
    -
    - - - - - -
    - - - -
    -- -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    -- -- -- -
    -- - - -
    - - - -


    - -- -- - - -
    - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - - -
    - - -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    - -
    - - -- -
    - -- - -
    - - --
    - - -
    - - - - -

    -
    - -- --- -
    - - - -
    -- - - -
    - -- - -
    - - -
    -


    - -- - -
    - - - - - --
    - - - - - -
    - -

    --- - - - -
    - - -- -
    - --
    -
    - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - --- -- -
    -- -- -- -
    - - - - - -- -
    -- - - --
    -
    - - - --
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    -- - - -
    - - -- - -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    -- - --
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - --
    -- -

    ---- - -
    - - - -
    - --- -- -
    - - --- - ---
    - --- - - - -
    - --- - - - -
    -- - - - --

    - - - -- -

    - --- - - -
    -
    - -
    - -
    - -- - -
    -
    - - - - -
    -


    -
    -- --
    - -
    -
    -
    - -- -
    - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - -
    -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -

    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -

    - - ---
    -
    - -- --
    - - -
    -
    -
    -

    - -

    -
    - -


    --
    -
    --
    -- -
    - -- - -
    - - -

    - -

    --
    - -
    -
    - - - -
    -
    -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    - --- -
    - -
    -
    - - - -
    - -- - -
    - -- --
    - - - -
    -
    - -- -- - -
    -
    - - - -- -
    -- - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - -- - -

    - -
    - - - -- -
    - -
    - - - -





    - -

    - - - -
    -
    - -- -

    - - - -
    -
    - -- --
    -

    -
    - - -- - --
    - - - - - -
    - -- - - - --
    - - -- - -
    --
    - - -- - -- - -
    -- - - - -
    - k- --
    -- - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- -
    - - - -
    -- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    -- - -

    - --
    --
    --
    --
    -

    - - - --
    - - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    - - - -
    -- - - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.



    - --

    --
    --




    -
    -
    -
    -



    -- -
    - --




    -

    -

    -
    - -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - --
    - - - -
    - -- -
    - - -
    -- - - - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - --
    -- - - -- - -


    - - -
    - - - - ---
    - - --
    -
    -
    - - -
    -
    - - --- - -
    - - --- -- -
    --- - -

    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - -- - -
    - - --
    -- - -- - -
    - - - ---
    --- -- ---
    -- - - -
    - -- - - -- --
    - -- - -
    -- - - - - -
    -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - -
    -- - -- - -
    - - -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - --
    -- - -
    -- - -- -- - - --
    -- - - -- - --
    - - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    --- - - -- --
    --- -
    -- -
    - - -
    - --
    -
    -- - - - - -
    - - -

    - - - -
    - - -
    - - --
    -- -
    - - - - -- - --
    - -- -
    -- -
    -- - -
    - - - -
    -- - - - --
    - - -- - -


    - - --- -



    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - - - -
    - - - - -- -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    --- -- -
    - -- --
    - - - - --
    -
    - - - -
    - -
    - - - -- -
    - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - - -
    -- - - -
    -- -- -
    - - -- -- - --
    - - -- --- - -

    --- - - - -
    - - -
    - - -- -- -
    -- - -
    - - - - - -
    - - ---
    - - - - --- - - -
    - - - -- -
    -- -- - - -
    -- - - - - - -
    -

    - -
    - --
    - -
    - - -
    - -- - - --
    -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - - -- -
    - --
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - - -
    - -
    --
    - - - -
    - - -
    -
    - - - -- -
    - -
    - - ---
    - --- - - -
    -- - -- --- - -
    - - - - - - - -
    - - - -

    --
    -- - - -- - - --
    -- - - - -
    -- - - -- - - -
    -- -- -
    - -- -- -
    - - -- --- -
    --
    - - -
    - -
    --
    -- -
    -- - --
    - - -
    - -
    - - - - ---
    - -- - - ---
    - - - - -
    - - -
    -- - - --
    - - -

    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- -- -
    - - --- -- -
    - - - -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - - -- - -

    - - -- - -

    - - - - --
    - ---

    -
    - - - --
    - --- -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - -- - - --
    - - -
    - - - - -
    --
    - - - -- -
    - - - --
    - - - --- - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -- -
    - --
    - -- - --
    - --
    - -- - -- --
    - - - - -
    - - --- -


    -
    -

    - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - - - - -- -
    --
    - -- - -- - - -
    - -- - - -
    - - - -
    - -
    -- -- - - --
    - - - ---
    - -- - -
    - - -- -- -
    -- - - - -

    -
    -- - - - - --
    - -- - -
    - - -
    -- - - - -
    - - - -- - - -
    - - - --- - --
    -- -- - - -
    - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - - - -
    - - - - - - -

    - - - -
    -
    -
    - - -

    -
    --
    -
    -

    -
    - -

    -

    - --

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- - -
    -
    - -- - - - -
    -- - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    -- - - - -- -
    - -
    - - - -
    - -
    -- - --
    - -
    --- - -
    - -- - - -- -
    -- - -- -
    - - - - - ---
    - - - --- -
    - --- - --
    - - - - - - -
    - -- - -- ----
    - --- --
    - - --
    -- - -
    -- - -- -
    - -- - - - -
    --- - -
    - -

    - - - -
    - - -- -
    - - - -
    - --- -
    - -
    --
    -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3



    - -
    - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- -- - -
    - - -
    - --
    - - -
    - -
    - - -- - - - -
    -
    - - - --- -
    - - - -- -
    --- - -
    - - - -
    - -

    - -
    - - - -
    -

    - -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    -
    -

    -
    -- -- - -


    -
    --- -
    - - - -- -
    - - - - - -
    - -- - -
    - - - -
    -
    - - - -- - -
    - - - -
    - -- -

    - - -



    -

    - -



    -

    -
    - - -


    - -
    --
    - - -

    - -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - - -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - -

    - -
    - - --
    - - -- -
    - - - - - --
    - - - -- - - -
    - -


    - - - - -
    - - - - - --
    - - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -

    - - -
    - - -- -
    - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - -- - -
    -
    - -
    -- -- - --
    -- - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    -- - -
    - - - -
    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - --
    - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - --
    -- - - - -
    - - - - - -
    --- - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    -
    - -- - - -
    - -
    --- -- -
    - - - -- -
    ---
    --- - -

    -
    - - -
    - - -
    -
    - -
    - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - -- -
    - - --
    - - -- -
    - -- -
    - -- - -

    -- -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    ---
    - - -
    - - -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - - -
    -- - - - -
    - -- - -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    -- - - - - -
    - - - - -
    -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - -- - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - --
    - -- - -
    - --- ---

    -
    - - -- --
    -- - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    -- -
    - - -
    - - -- -
    - - - - --
    - - - -- --

    - - -- -
    - - - - -
    - -- --
    - - - -- - - -
    - --
    --- - - - -- - -
    - - - -- -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    - - -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - -
    -- - - --- - -
    - - --- - -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    -- - - - - -
    --
    --- - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    -- - - - -
    -- -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    -
    - - ---
    -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -

    - -
    - - - -
    -
    -
    -
    - - -
    -
    -
    -- - - -
    - --- -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    -- - --
    - --
    - --
    - --

    - --
    -
    - - -
    --
    - -- -- - -

    - - -
    -
    - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    - -
    -
    - -- - - -
    - - -- - -
    - - - - - -
    - --
    --
    - - -
    - - - -
    -
    -
    - - - - -
    -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - - - - --
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    -- - -
    - - - - - -
    - --
    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - -

    - - - - -

    - - - - -
    - - -
    - -

    -- - --
    - - -- -


    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -- - -
    - - -
    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    -
    - - - - -


    --- - -

    --
    - - -
    -- - -- - -
    -
    - - - - -
    -

    --
    - - -- -
    -- -- - -
    -- - - - -- --
    -
    - - -

    -
    - -
    - --
    - -- - -
    - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - - -- ---
    - -- -
    -

    - -- - - --
    - - - - -
    -- - - - --
    -
    --- -
    -- -- -
    - -- - - -- -
    - ---
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - --- - -
    - - -- - -
    -- - -- - -
    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    - - -
    - --- - --
    - - -
    -
    -
    -- - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -- --- -
    - - - -- - --
    - -- -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    - -
    - -
    - -
    - -
    - - - - -- - -
    - - - - --
    -
    - - - -
    - - - -

    - - - - - - - - -
    - - - - - --
    - - --- - - -
    - -
    - - - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -- - --
    - - --
    - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -- --
    - - - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -- - -- -
    - - - -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -- - - - - -
    - -- - -
    - - -
    - - - - --
    - - - - - -
    - -
    -- - - - - - -


    -- -
    -- - - -
    - --
    - - - --
    - - - --
    - --
    - - - - --
    - - --
    - -
    -- - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - -
    - - -
    - -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    -
    -
    -
    -


    - - -

    -


    -

    - - -
    - - -
    - -- - --
    - -

    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    -- - - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- - - - -
    - -- --- - -- -
    -- --

    -- -
    -- - - -
    -- -- - - -
    - -- -- -
    -- -- - -- - -
    - - - - -- - --
    -

    - - --
    -- - - -
    - - -
    - -- - -
    - - -- -
    -
    - -- - -
    - -
    --- -
    - - -
    - - - -
    -
    - - - - -
    --
    - - -
    -
    --- --
    -
    - -- -
    -- - - - ---
    - - - - -
    - -
    -
    - --

    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - - -
    - -- - - -
    - - -- --- --
    - -- - -
    - - - -- -- -
    - - - -
    -- -- - -- - -

    - --
    -- - -
    -- -- - -
    - - -
    - - -- - -
    -- --- --- -
    - -- - - --

    - - -- -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - --- - - - -
    - --- - - --
    - - -
    - -
    - - - - --
    - -- - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -- - --
    - - - -
    -- - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - - - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - ---


    - - - - - - - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - - - - - - - -
    - -
    - -
    -- - - -- - - -
    - - --- - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - -
    - - - - -

    - -

    - - - - -
    -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - - - - -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - -
    - - - -
    -- - -- - -
    - - -

    - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    --- - -- -
    - - - -

    - - --- - --
    -- - -- - - - --
    --- - - - - - -
    - - -- -
    - - -- -
    -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - -- - ---


    ---
    - - -

    - - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - - -
    -- - - -
    - ---
    - - ---

    -
    - -
    -- - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -- -
    - - -
    - -- - -
    - -- -- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -

    - -- - - -
    -
    - - - -
    - - - --
    -- -- - -
    - -- -
    - -- -
    --
    - - -- - -

    - - - -- -
    - - - - - - -
    -
    - - - - - - -
    -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - -- -
    - - -
    -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - -
    - -
    - - -- - -
    -- --
    - - - - - - - -
    -
    - - -- - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - - - --
    - -
    - - - -
    -- - - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -

    -
    -- -- --
    - - -



    -- - -- -
    - - -

    --- --
    - - - -
    - - - -
    -- - --
    - - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - -- -
    - - - --
    - - - - - -
    - -- - -
    - - - -






    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --
    - - - - --
    - -
    - - -
    - --
    - -
    - - - -
    - -- - - -
    - - - - -
    - -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - - -
    - - -- - -
    - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -- - -
    - - -- -- --- -
    - - - - - --
    -- - - -- -
    - --- - -
    --- - -
    - - - -
    -
    - - - -
    - -
    - -- -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - - -
    - -- -
    -- - - -


    - - - - - - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - - - - -- - -
    - -
    --- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - --
    - -- --
    - - -


    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - - - --






    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    -
    - - -
    -- -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -- -
    -- - - -
    - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - -- - - -
    - - -
    - --- - - -- -
    - --
    - -- -
    - - -
    - - -- - -
    - - - -
    - -

    - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - - - - -
    - - -
    -
    - -
    - --
    - - -

    - - - --
    - - - --
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -- -
    - - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - - - - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -- - -
    - - - - -- -
    - - - - - -

    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - -- -
    - - - -
    -
    -
    - -
    -
    -
    -
    -- - -
    - - - --
    -

    -
    - - - ---
    --- -- - -
    - - -

    -- -- -
    - - --
    - - - -
    - --
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - - - - - -
    - - - -
    - -- - - -
    -- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    - -
    - -- -
    - - - -
    -
    -- -- -- --
    - -- - - - -
    - -
    - --- - - -
    -
    - - - -- -
    -
    -- - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - ---
    - - - - -

    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - - -
    -
    -
    - - - -
    -- -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    -- - - - -
    - - - -
    --- --

    --- - - -- -
    -- - - - - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - - --- -
    -- -- -
    -- -- - --- --
    - - - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- - - - -
    -- - -
    - - - -- -
    -- - - - --
    - -- -- -
    - - - -- -
    - -- -
    -- - - - --
    -
    -- - - -
    -- - -- -
    - - - -

    --

    -- -



    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -- -
    -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - -
    - -- - - --
    - -- -- -
    -- - - - -
    - - -- - - -
    -- - -- - -
    - - -
    - --- --
    -- - - -- -- - -
    -- - -- - -
    -- - -- - --
    - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    - -- - -
    -- - - -- -
    - - - -
    -- -- - -- - --
    -- -- - -- -
    - - -- - - - -
    - - - - -- -
    - - --
    - - - -
    -- - - - - -
    - - -
    - -- -- - -
    -- -- -
    - - - -- - --
    - - -- --
    -- -- -
    - -- -- --
    - - - -
    -- -- -- - -
    -- - --- -
    - -- -- -

    -- - - - --
    - -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -- - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - -- -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - -- -- -
    - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -- - - -
    - - - -- - -
    ---
    - - --- - --
    - - - - --
    - - - -- --
    - -- - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - - --- - -

    -
    --- - --- -
    -- - --- -
    - - - - - -
    - - - -
    -- -
    -- - - --
    -
    - - - - ---
    - - -
    - -
    - -
    --
    - -- -
    - - -
    - - - --
    - -
    - - --
    - - - - -
    - -
    -
    -- - - --
    - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - -- -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    -

    --


    -

    -


    -


    - -
    -
    -

    - - -

    -

    -

    -

    -
    -
    - - - - --
    -- - --- - - -
    - - - - - -
    ---
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    -- - -
    - - - - -
    - -- - - -
    - -


    - -- - -
    - - - --
    - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - -- -
    - --- - - --- -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    -- - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -- -
    - - - ---
    - - - - - -
    -
    - - - -- -
    - - -
    -
    - - - -
    - - - --
    - - -
    --- - - - - -

    - - - - -
    - - -
    -

    - -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    I
    I

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- --
    - --
    - - --
    -

    -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    - - - - -- - --
    - - --
    - -
    - -- - - - -


    -- -- - - - -
    -
    - --
    - - -- - -
    - -
    -
    - - - --






    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --
    - --- - - --
    - -- - - --
    - - - - -
    -- -
    - - - - -
    -- - - - - - -
    - -
    -- - -- - - -
    - -
    - - --
    - - -
    -- - - -
    - --- - --
    - -- - -
    -- -- - -- -
    - -
    - - -

    -

    -
    -

    --
    -

    -- -
    -

    -
    -

    --
    -

    -
    - -
    -
    -

    -- -
    --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    --- - -
    - - - - -
    - --- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - - - - -
    --- - - -- - -
    - - - - - --
    - - -- -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - - --
    -- - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -- -- - -- -- -
    -
    -- - - -
    -- -
    -- - - -
    -- - -
    - - - --
    -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -- -- -
    - -- -- - -- --
    - -- -
    - -- -- -
    - - -
    - -- - - -- - --
    - - -- -- - -
    -- -- -- --
    - - - -
    - -- -
    - -- -- - -
    - - - -
    -- -
    - - -- -- -
    ---
    - -- -
    - - - - --
    - - -- -

    -- --
    - --- - --
    -- - - - -
    - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -- -
    - - -- -

    - --- - - - -
    - - -- --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -- - - -
    - - -- -
    -- -
    - -- -- -
    - -- -
    - -
    -
    - - - - -
    -
    -- -- - --
    - - -
    -- -- --- -
    - --- - ---
    -- -- - - -
    -- - - -
    -- - --
    -- --- -
    - - --
    - - - - -
    -
    -- -- -- -- --
    -- - - - - --
    - --
    - - - - -- -
    - - --- --
    - -
    - - --- -
    - --- - - - - -
    - - - ---
    -- -

    - - - -
    --- --
    - - -- -- -
    -- - --- - -
    - ---
    --- - - - -- -
    - - - -- -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    - -- -
    - -- -
    - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - --

    - -


    --

    - - -- --
    -- --
    - - -- -
    - -- --- -- - -
    - - -- - --
    - -- - -
    - -- - - -- -
    - - -- -
    - --- - --
    - - --- -
    - - --- - -
    - - - -
    - -- - - -
    -- -- - - -
    - - - --
    - - -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - -- -
    - - -- -
    - -- - ---
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    - - -
    - -- -- -
    - - -

    --
    -- --
    -
    --

    - -
    -
    --
    -

    -- - -- -
    - --
    -- - -- - --
    -- - -
    - - - -
    -- - - -
    - - -- -
    - -- -
    - - -
    -- - --
    -- -
    -- -
    -- -- --
    - - - - - - --- - -
    - --
    -- --- - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - --- -
    -
    - - -- - -
    - - - -


    - -- - - --
    - -- -- - --
    - - - - -
    - --- - -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- -
    - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    -
    --
    - - -
    --
    - -
    -- --
    - - -

    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    -

    - --
    -
    -
    -
    -
    - -
    - - -
    -
    -- ---
    -- -
    -
    - -


    - -- -
    - - -
    --- -- -
    - - -
    - - - --
    --- -
    -

    - --
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - --
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    - -
    - -- -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - -


    - - - -- -
    -- -- - -- - --
    --- -
    --
    --
    - -
    -- -
    --
    - -

    - - - --
    --- - -
    -

    - - - --
    - - - -
    - -- - -
    - - - - -- -- -
    --
    -- - -
    - ---
    - - -

    -
    - -- - - - -
    -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    -- - -- -- - -
    - - - - - -
    -- - - - - ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- - - -
    - -
    - -- - --
    -- -
    -- - - - - - --
    - - -- --
    -- - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - - - -- -
    -
    -- - -- -- -
    --- - -
    -- - - -
    - - -- -- -
    - - - - -
    - --- - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - --
    -
    - - - -
    - - - - - -

    -- - -
    - --
    - - - - - - -
    - - --
    - - - - - -
    - --
    - - - - - --
    - - -
    - - - -


    - - - - -
    -- - - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - --
    - - -- -
    - -- --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- - ---
    -- - -
    -
    - - -- --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -

    - - -
    -






    - - --- -- -
    -- - - -
    - - -
    -- -- - - - -- -
    -- - - - - -
    - -- - -
    - -- --
    - - -- -
    - - - -- -
    - - - -
    - -- - - -
    - - - - - - --
    - - - -- -
    - - - - --
    - - --
    -
    -- - -- -
    - - - - - - -
    - - --

    -- -
    - -
    --- - - -
    - - - - - -
    - --
    -- ---
    - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    -
    -
    -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -- -
    -- -- - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    -- - - - - -
    - - - -
    - -- - - -

    - - - --
    - -- -- -
    - - -- -
    - - - -
    -- -
    - - - -
    -
    --

    - -- -
    - - - - --
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - --
    -- - - --

    --- - - -
    -- - -- -
    - -

    - -

    -
    - -- - --
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - -

    - -
    - - - --
    - -
    -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - - - -
    - - - -

    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    - -- -- -- -
    -- - - - - -
    -

    - - - -
    - -
    -
    - - -- - -
    - - - --
    --
    -- - -
    - -
    --- -
    - -

    - - - -
    -- - - - - -
    - - -
    - --
    - --

    -- -
    - -- - - - - -


    -

    -

    -
    -

    -
    -


    -

    --
    -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- -- -
    - - -
    - -- -
    - - -- - -
    -

    - - --
    -- -
    -
    - -- -
    -
    - - - --
    - -

    -- - - -- - - -- --
    - - - --
    -- -- - - -- -
    - - - --
    -- - -- -
    - --
    --- - - -
    -- - - - - -
    - - -- - -
    - -- - - -- -
    -- - - - -
    - -- -
    - -
    - - - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - - --
    -- -- --
    - - -
    - - - - - -
    - -
    - -
    - - -
    - - - - - -
    - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    - - ---
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - --
    - --- - -- ---
    - - - - -
    - --- - - -
    - -- -
    - -- --
    - --
    - --- -- -
    - - -- --
    -- - - - ---- -- -
    -- -- - -- - --- - -
    - -
    - --- -
    - -
    -- -
    -
    - -- -

    - - -

    - -
    - --

    - - - - -
    --
    -
    --
    --- -- - -


    --
    - - -

    -
    -
    - - - -

    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --


    --
    -
    - - -
    -

    -

    --
    -
    - -
    - --
    -
    - -
    - - -- -
    -
    -
    - -
    -- - -

    - -
    - -

    -

    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    - -- -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    - -- -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -

    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    -- - - - -

    --
    -- -
    --
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - - --
    - -
    --
    - -
    - -- - -
    - - -
    -- -
    - -- - --
    - - - - --
    - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - - --
    - - - - --

    --- - --
    - - - - - --
    - - - -- - -
    - -- - - - - -
    - - - - -- -
    - -
    - - - - - - - -

    - -
    --- - - - -
    - - -
    -- - -
    -- -- - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - --
    - -- - - --
    -- -
    - --- -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
    --


    --
    -- --
    - -
    - -
    -

    - -
    -
    -

    -- - -
    -
    -


    -
    -
    - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    -- -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    -- --
    - - -


    - - -
    --
    - -- ---
    - - -
    - -

    - - -
    - --- --- --
    - - -
    - -- ---
    ---
    - ---
    - -- - -

    -- - - - -
    - - - - - -
    -- -

    -- -
    - - -
    -- --- --
    - - --

    --- - ---
    -- - - ---
    - -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --- - -- -
    - -


    -- --
    ----

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- -


    --

    --
    - - -
    -
    -
    --
    - - - -
    - - -- -
    -
    --
    - --
    -
    - ---
    - - - ---
    --
    - -
    -- -
    - -
    -


    -
    -
    -

    - - -
    - - -
    -
    -
    - -
    -
    -- - - -- -
    - - - -- - -- -

    - - --- -
    - - - - ---
    --- -
    - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - - -- - -
    - - -
    - - -- - --
    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    ---

    -
    --


    - -

    -

    -- -



    -- -

    - -- - --
    --
    - -
    - -- -
    -
    - - - - - -
    -
    - - - -- -
    - -
    - -
    - - -
    - - -

    - -- -
    -- - - -
    --- - --
    - - - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - - -
    - -- -
    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- - -
    ---
    --- --
    - -
    -- - -
    - --
    - - - -
    - -- -
    - - -
    - --- -
    -
    - -
    --- - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - -- -
    - - - -
    ---- -
    -- ---
    - - - -
    - - -
    -- - -
    --- - -- - - - - --
    - - - -- - -

    -- --- -
    - -
    - - - -
    -- - - -- --
    - -- --
    -- --
    --
    - - -
    -- - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - ---
    - -- - - --
    -- - -- - - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- - -- --
    - - ---
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- - ---
    - -
    -
    - - -
    - - -
    -

    - -
    - - --
    - -- -
    - - -
    - --- - - ---
    - -- --
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    -
    - - - - - --- --
    - - -

    - -
    - --- -
    - - -
    - --- -
    -- -
    - - -- -
    - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    -- - - --
    -- k-
    - - - -
    - - - - -

    - - - - -
    --
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    --- - - - - ---
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - -- - - - -
    - --
    - - --
    ---
    -- - - ---
    - ---
    - - --
    - -- - -

    - - - -
    - -- -
    - --- - ---
    - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - - - --- -


    - -
    - - -

    --- - - -
    - - -- -
    -- - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - --
    - - - - -
    -- - ---
    - - - - -
    -- -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    -- - -
    - - - - - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - -- -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - -
    -- - - -
    - - - - --
    - - - -
    - -- - -
    - - - -
    -- --
    -- - -- - -
    -- - - - - -
    -- - - -- -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - -- -
    - - - -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -

    --

    - -

    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    --- - --
    - -
    -
    - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    -- - --

    - -
    - - - -
    - - - --- -
    -

    - -
    - - -- -- -
    - - - - -
    - --
    -- - - -
    - - - --
    - - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - -- - -
    -- -- - -
    - - - --
    - - - --
    - - - -

    - - -
    - - - -
    - - --
    - - - -
    -

    -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    -
    - -

    - -






    -
    -


    -

    -
    -

    - -

    - - - -- -
    - -

    - - - -
    -
    --
    - -
    - - -
    -
    -
    - -
    -
    - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -
    - - --
    -
    -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    -
    --- - - -
    - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    -
    - - - - -
    - k -
    - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - -

    - -- - - -
    - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - --
    -
    -- - --
    - - - --
    -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    -
    - - - --
    -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -- -
    - - - -
    -
    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    - -

    -
    - - -
    -- - - - -
    -- - - -
    - - - - - -
    - -- -

    -- - - - - - - -
    - -
    --- - - --
    - -- - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    -- - - - - -
    -- - - - -
    - -

    - - - -
    - -
    -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - -


    - - - -
    -
    -
    -
    - - -
    --
    - - -- -
    -
    - -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    - - - - - -
    - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -

    - - - - - -
    - -
    - - - - -
    - - -

    -
    -
    - -
    -
    - -

    - - -

    -- - -
    - - - - -
    -- - - -

    - --
    -
    --
    -
    --
    -

    -
    - -- --- - -- -
    - - - -
    -- --- - -
    -

    -
    -- -- -
    - - - -- - ---
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - - -
    - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    - - --
    - - - --
    -
    - - - -- - -
    - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - -

    - -- -
    - --
    - - - -

    --- - - -
    -- - - - - -
    - -- - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    -

    - -
    - -- - -
    - - --
    --
    -- -
    - -- -
    -
    - - -
    - - - --
    - - - - -
    - - - - - --
    - - -
    - - -- -
    -
    - -
    - - - - -
    - -- -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - -
    - - - - - - -
    -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    - -
    - -- - -- -
    -- - -- - - --
    - --
    --- - - - -- -
    - - - -- ---

    - -
    - - - -- -
    -- - --
    - - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    -- -
    - - -- -
    - - - - --
    -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - -
    - -

    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    -- - -
    - - -- -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    -
    -- - -
    -
    -- -- - -
    - - --
    - - - -
    - -- -
    - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - -- - - -
    - -
    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - - -

    - -
    - - - -
    - -- - - -
    --- - - -
    -

    -- -
    -- -

    - - - -
    -

    - - - -
    -
    -
    -

    - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - --
    -- - - - -
    -- - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    -- - - - -
    - - -
    - - -- -
    - -
    -
    -- - -
    -- - -
    -- - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    -
    -

    - - - - -
    - -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    - - - -
    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    - -
    -
    -

    -
    --

    - -

    - -

    - -
    -
    -

    - --
    - --

    -- -

    -

    -- - -
    -

    -- -- - -

    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - -

    - - - - -
    --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - - -
    - - - - - - -
    - - - - - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    -
    - -
    -

    -

    -
    - -
    --

    - -

    - -

    - --
    -

    - -
    - --

    -- -

    -

    -- - -
    -

    -- -

    -- -- - - -

    - - -
    - - --
    - - - - -
    - -
    - -
    - -
    -- --
    - - - -
    - - - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -

    - - -- - - -
    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - --- ---- -
    -- - -
    - -
    - - - -- --
    -
    - -- - -
    -- - - -

    - - - -- -
    -
    - -- -
    - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    -
    -- - - -
    - - -
    - -- -

    - - - -
    -- - - --- - -

    - -- -
    - -- -
    - - - -

    - -- - -
    -- -
    -
    - - -
    - --
    -
    - - - - --
    - -

    - -
    --- -- -
    - -
    - -
    -- - -
    - - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - - - -
    - -
    - - - --- -- -
    - - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - -
    -
    - - - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    -
    - -- -
    --

    - -- - -
    - - - - -
    - - - --- - - ---
    - -- --
    - - - -- -
    - --- -
    -
    -- -
    --- - - - -
    - - - -- --
    - - -- - - - -
    - - - --
    --
    - - -
    - - --- - -
    -- - - -
    - -
    - - -
    - -- --
    - -
    - -

    -- - -
    - - - - -- ---
    -
    --- - - -
    -- - - - -
    - - - - -- -
    --- -- - - - --
    --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - - --
    -
    - -- - -- --- -
    - - -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.



    --

    -
    -

    -
    - -
    -
    -
    -

    -

    -

    -- -

    - - -- - --- --
    - -- -
    -- - ---
    - - - - ---
    - - -
    -- - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - -- --
    --- - -
    - --

    -
    - -- --
    - -
    -- --
    - - - -
    -- -- - -
    -- -- - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --- - -- -
    --
    -- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - - - -
    -- --
    - - -
    - - -- -- - -- -
    - - -- -
    - -
    - -
    - - -- -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - -- - -
    - - - --
    -- --- -
    -- - - ---
    - - - - -
    -
    - - -- ---
    - - - ---
    - - -- -
    - - - -
    -- - - --
    - - - -
    - -- - - -
    - -
    -- --
    - --- - -
    -- - - -
    --- - - -- -

    -
    - -- - --- - - -
    - - - - - --
    -
    - - - --- -- -
    - -
    - - -- --
    - - - - -
    - -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - - - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - -
    -- --- - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - --
    - - -
    - - - -
    -- - -
    - - -
    - --
    --- -
    -
    --- - - -
    -- - - -


    -




    -- -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --- --
    - -
    - - -
    -
    - - -- -
    - - -
    -- - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - --
    - - - -- -
    -- - - - -
    - - --
    - -- - - ---
    - -
    - - - -
    - - -- -
    - - - --
    - - - -
    - -
    - -
    - - -
    - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    -- - - -
    - - -
    - - -- --
    - - - -
    - -
    -
    - - - --
    - - -
    -- - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    -- - -
    - -- - - -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    - -
    - -
    -


    - - -
    -

    - -
    - - -
    - - - - - -
    -- - - --
    - - --
    - - - - -

    - - -
    - - - - --


    - - -- - --
    - - -- --- - -
    -- - - - -
    - - - --
    - - - -- -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - - - -
    - - - - - - - --
    - -- - -
    -- - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - -- - - -
    - - - - -
    -- - - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - - -- - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -- -
    - - - - - - - -
    - -- - -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - --
    - - - - - - -
    - - - - - ---

    --- --


    -- -- -
    - - - - -






    - -

    -
    -

    - -

    - -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -


    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - -- --
    -- - - --
    - - - -
    - - -
    --
    --
    - - -

    -
    --
    --
    -- -
    -- -


    --
    -
    -

    -



    -
    --
    - --




    - -- - - -
    - - - - -
    -- - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - -

    -
    - - - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -- -
    - --- - - -- -
    - -- -- - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - --
    - -
    - - -
    - --
    - - - -
    - -
    -
    - - - - --
    - - -
    - -- -
    -
    - -- - -
    - - -- -
    - - -
    - -- - -
    -- - -
    -- -
    -- - - - -
    -- - -- - -
    - - -

    - - --
    - - -

    --
    -
    -
    --
    -

    - - --
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - - -
    - -
    - --- - - - --
    - - - - -
    - - - --- -
    -
    - - - - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - -- -
    - - -
    - - - -

    -- - - -- - --
    -- -
    -
    - - -
    --- - - -- --
    - - - -
    - -
    -- - -
    - -- -

    - -- --- -
    --- - - ---
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - --
    - - -
    - --- - - -- - -
    - -- ---
    - -

    --
    -- -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    ---
    - -
    -- -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - - - -
    --
    - - --
    - -
    --
    - - --- -
    - -
    - --
    -
    - -
    - -
    - - ---
    -- -

    -
    -- -
    - - - --
    -

    --
    ---
    - - - -
    - -

    - --
    --

    --
    - --
    - - -- ---
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- -
    - -
    - - -
    - - -
    -
    -- -
    -
    - -
    -
    - -- --
    - - -

    -
    - -
    - - - - -
    - -- - -
    - - -- -
    - - -- --

    - - - -
    -
    - - -
    -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    -- - -
    -
    - - - -
    -- - -
    - - -


    -
    --- - -- - -- -
    - -- -- - -
    - - - -- -
    - - -
    - - -- -- --
    - -- --
    - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - -

    -





    -



    -
    -



    -







    -











    - - --




    --


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    -
    - - ---
    - -
    - ---
    -
    -
    - -
    -


    -


    -- - -
    --
    -
    -
    -
    -
    - -
    -
    - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    --
    -
    - --


    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    -- - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    - -- - -
    -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    -- -

    - - - - --
    - - -- - -
    --- - -
    - -- - ---
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -

    -
    - - -

    - --
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -- - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    -
    - - -
    --- -
    -- -
    --- -
    -
    --
    - - -
    --- -
    -
    - --- -- - -

    --
    --- --- - -
    --
    - - - -
    - - -
    -- -
    - --
    -- - - -
    --- - -



    --


    -- - - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - - - - -
    - -- - -
    -- - -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - -- -

    - -- --
    -- - -
    -- - --

    - -
    - --
    - -
    - -- -
    -- - - -- -
    --
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -

    - --- -- --
    - - -- -
    -- - -
    - - -
    - --
    - -
    - - ---
    - -
    -- -- - - -
    - -- - - -
    --
    -

    - - --- - -

    - -
    - -- - --
    -- - - - -
    -- - -
    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - -- --
    - - - - -
    - - --
    -- - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - - - -
    -

    -
    -- - - -
    -
    - -- -
    --- --
    -- --

    --- --
    --
    - -- -
    -
    - - --
    -- --- -
    -
    - - --
    - - -- - - - -
    -
    - -
    - -
    --
    - - - --
    - - - --
    - -- -- - - --
    - - -- -
    - -
    -- -- --
    - - ---
    - -- - -- -
    -- -- - -- -- --
    - - -- -

    - - - -- - -

    -
    - - - - --
    -
    -
    -- -- - --
    --
    - - --
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - --
    -
    - - - -- - - -
    - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - --
    -- --- -- -
    - --
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - -- -- - - - -
    - - --
    -- - - - - -
    - - - -
    -- -- -- - -
    -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    ----
    - - -- -
    - - - -
    - - -- - -
    - - - --
    - - - - -- -- -
    - - - -- - - --
    - - -- - - -
    - -- -- --
    - --
    -- - - - - -
    -- -- -- --
    - -- -
    - - -- -
    - - -
    - -- --
    -- --
    - - -- - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    -- - - - - - -
    - - - - --
    -- --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -- - -
    - -- -- - - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - ---
    --- -- - -
    - - - -- - -
    - - -
    -

    -- -
    - - - --
    - -
    - - - - --
    - - - - --- -
    - - -- - -
    - -- - -

    - -- -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    --- -
    - - - - -
    - -
    -- - - -
    - -- -
    - - - -

    -- --
    - -
    - -
    -

    -- -
    - - -
    -
    -

    --- - -- --- - --

    --
    -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --- - -


    - -
    - -
    -
    - -
    -- - - -
    -- -
    - -
    - - -
    -- - -
    -- -- -
    - -

    - --- --- ---
    -
    - --- - - - ---
    -

    --
    - - -

    - - -
    --- - - --
    - - - - - -
    - - --- -
    - - --
    - - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    -- - - - - -
    - -- - - -
    -- -- - - - -- --
    - - -
    - -
    - - -- -- - - -
    -- - -- -- -
    - --
    - - --
    - -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -- -- - --
    -- - - -- -
    - - - -
    - -- -- --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -- -
    - -- ---

    - - --
    - -- - - -- -
    - -- - -- --
    - -- --
    -- - - -
    --- - - -
    - -- - - -- - --
    - -- - - - -
    - -- - --

    - - ----
    -- - - -- -
    - - --- -
    - --
    -- - - -
    - -
    - ---
    -- - ---
    - - --
    -
    -- - -
    -- - -
    - - -
    - --- - - -
    --- - - - - -
    -- -- - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    --- -
    - -- - -- -
    --
    - - -
    - - - -
    --
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    --- - - -
    -- - ---
    -- -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    --- --- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - --- - -

    - - - -- -- - -
    -- - -- -
    -- - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    -

    - --
    - -
    - -
    -
    -- ---
    - -
    -- -

    - - -- ---
    - -- - - -
    - - -
    - --
    - - - - -
    -- --
    - - --

    -
    - - - - -
    - --- --
    - - -
    - - - --
    - -
    - - - -
    --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    -- - - --
    - - - -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -

    - - - - -
    -- -- - - - -
    -- - -
    -- --
    - -
    - - --
    - -- --

    - -
    -
    - -- - -
    - -- ---
    -
    --

    - -- -
    -- - - - -
    - -
    --- -
    - -- - - - -
    -
    -- -

    -
    - --
    - - - -
    -- - -
    - - - -
    - -- - -
    - - -- - - -
    - -- -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - --
    - -- -
    - ---
    -- -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --- - - --- -
    - - - -
    - - --- - - -
    - - --- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -- -
    -- -- - -
    - - -- -
    -- --- - - - -
    - - -- -- - - -
    - -
    --- - - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    - - - - ---

    - - -
    - --- - -
    - - - -
    - - -- -- - -
    --- - -
    -- -
    - - - -
    -- - - -
    - - - - -- -
    -- - - - -- - - -
    -
    - - -
    - - - - - --- - - -
    - - - -
    --
    - - - - - - - --
    -
    -- - - - -- -
    - - - -- -
    - - - -
    - - -- - - -
    --

    - - -
    - -- -
    -- - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - --
    -- - -- - --
    - -
    -- - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- - --
    - - - -
    - - -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - -
    - -- -- -

    - - -- -- -
    -- -- -
    - --
    - -
    - -

    - -
    - -- -- -
    - -- -- - - - -- -
    - - - --
    - -- -- - - - -
    - -
    - -
    - -- - - - --
    - -- -- --
    - - - -- --
    -- - - ---

    - - -
    - - - - - --
    - -- - - - --
    -- - - -- -
    -- - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    --- - -- - - -
    --


    - - - -
    - - - --
    - - -- - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -

    -
    - - -
    -- - - -
    - - -

    - - --
    - - -
    - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -- --
    - -- -
    -
    - --- -
    --
    - - -
    - -
    --
    - - - - -
    - -- - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - --
    - - - -
    - - ---
    -
    - - -- - --
    - - - --
    --
    - -
    -
    - --
    --
    - - - - -
    - -

    - - - -- -
    - - -
    - -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - -
    - -
    - - -- - -
    -- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    - --
    - -- - - - --
    - - - -

    -- - - - -
    - -
    - -- - -
    -- - - - -


    - - -- - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - -
    - - - -

    -
    - - - -
    - -

    - - - - -
    - - --
    - - - -- - -
    - -- --- - -
    - --
    - - -
    - -- -
    - -- - - - -
    -- --
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - -- -
    - -- -
    - -- - - - -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    - -
    - -- -
    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    --
    -- -

    - -

    - - -
    - --- -- -
    - - -- - - -
    --- -
    - -


    - - - -
    - - -
    -- - - --
    - - - -
    - - -- --
    -- -- -
    - - - - - -
    -- - -- -
    - - - - - --
    - - -
    - - -
    - - -- --- -
    -- - - - --
    - -


    -- - -
    - -- - - -
    -
    - - - -
    - - - - - -
    -- --
    -- - ---
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    - --- - -- - -
    - ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- -- -- - - --
    - - - - - -
    - -
    -
    -- -- -- -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - -- - -
    - -
    - - - -- -
    - - -- - - - --
    -

    --
    - - - -
    -
    - - -
    -- --
    --
    -- - - - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    - --- - -
    -- -- - -- -
    -
    -- - -- -- - -
    - -

    - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    -
    - - -
    - - - --
    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -

    - - -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - --
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -- - -
    - - - -
    - -- - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    -- - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    -- - - -- - - - -
    - -
    - -- - -
    -- - -- - -
    - - ---
    ---

    - -
    - - - -
    - -

    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - -- - -

    - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -- -
    - -
    - - --
    - - - - -


    - - - - - - - -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - - --
    - --
    -- - - -
    - -- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -


    -

    -

    -
    -

    -
    - -

    - - --- - - -
    --
    - - - ---
    - - - -
    - - --

    -


    -
    --


    ---
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -
    --

    -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - - --
    -- -
    - - - - -
    -

    - - -- -
    - - - -
    -- - -
    - -
    - - -
    - -- - -- - -
    - -- - -
    - - --
    - --
    -- - - - -
    - -- - - --- -
    - - - --- -
    - - - -- - - ---
    - -
    -- -- - ---
    -- - - - - - -
    -- - --- --

    - - - -
    - - - - - -- - -
    -- - - -- -
    - - - -- -
    -- - - -- --
    - - -
    - -- - -- - -
    - -- - -
    - - - --
    -- - - -
    - - -- - --

    - - - -
    - -- - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    - - --
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    -
    -- - -
    - - - --- - --
    -- - - - -
    - -- - -- -
    - - - -
    -- - - - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -- - - -
    - - -
    - -- -- -
    - - - -
    - - - - -- -
    - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    -
    -- -- - -- --
    -- - - - --
    - - - --
    - -- -
    - -- --
    - - -- -
    - - -
    -- -- - -
    -- - - -
    -- -

    -- - - -
    - -- - - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -- - - -
    --
    - - - - -- -
    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - -- -
    -- - - - -
    - - -- - -
    - - - - -
    -- -- - -
    - -- - - -
    - --- - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -- - -
    -- - - --
    -
    - - -
    - - - -- - - -- -
    - -
    -
    - -- - - --

    - - -- --
    - - -
    - - -
    - -- - - -
    -
    - - - --
    - - - -- -
    - - - - - -
    --- - -
    - - -- - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    - -

    -
    - - - -
    -- -
    - -
    - - - - --
    - - - -- -- - -- -
    - - -- -
    -- -
    - -- - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - --
    -- -- -
    - - -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- - -
    -
    - - --- -
    - - -
    - -
    -- -
    - - - - - -
    -
    - -- - -
    -- - - --
    -
    - --
    - - -- - -
    - -
    - - -- - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    --- - - - -
    - -- ---
    -- --
    - -- -
    - -- -
    - - --
    -- - -- - - - - -- -- -
    - --
    - -- -

    --
    - -- - -
    -- -
    -
    - - -
    -
    -- - - - -
    -- - -- --
    - - - - - - - -
    - - - -- - -- - --
    - - -- -- - -
    -- - -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - - -
    - -- - --
    - - -
    - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    -
    -

    --


    - -
    -

    -
    -

    - -

    - - -
    - - -
    - --- - - -
    - -- -- - -
    -
    - - - -
    - ---
    -
    - - - --
    - - -
    - --
    -
    -
    - - --

    - - - - -
    --- - - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    -- -
    - - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    - - - - -
    --
    - - -
    - -- - -- -
    - - -
    - -
    - --
    - - - -
    - --
    -- -- -
    - - - -
    -- -- -- - --
    -- - -
    - -- - -
    - - - - -
    -- - -- - -
    -- -- ---
    - --
    - - - -
    - - --- -
    - - -- - - --
    --
    - - --
    - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - --
    -- - - - -
    - - - - - --
    - - - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -- - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -- -
    - - - -
    -- -
    - - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - -- -- - --
    - - - - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- --
    - - -
    - - -- -
    - - - -
    -

    - ---
    - - - - - -
    - -
    - -
    - - - - - ---
    - - - -- -
    - - - - -
    -- - - -
    - - --
    - - - --
    - --- -- -

    -- - - - -
    - - - -
    - -

    - - -
    - -
    - -- - - -

    - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - -

    --- -
    -- -- --
    - - -
    - - --
    - -
    - -- - --
    - - - - -
    - - - - -- -
    - - -- -
    - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - --- --
    - - - - -
    - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - -
    - - --
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -- - -
    -
    - --
    -- -
    - - - -
    - - - -- - -- -
    -- -

    - - - - -- -
    -- -- -- - -- -
    -- -- - -- -
    - - -- -
    -- - - --- -
    --
    - -- - -
    - - -
    - -- - -
    -- --- - --

    - -- - -

    -- - -- - - -
    -- - - - - --
    - -
    - - -- -
    - - - - -
    - -- -
    - -- - - --

    - -
    - - --
    - - ---

    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - - -
    -- - -
    -- -- --
    -- --
    - -
    - -
    -
    - - - -
    - - - - -- - -
    -
    -- - -- -- -
    - - - -- -

    - -
    - - -- -
    - -- - -
    - -
    -- - -- - -- --
    - -- - -- -- - --
    - - --
    -- - -
    -- -- - --
    -- - - -- -
    -- - - -- ---
    - -- - - --
    -
    -- - -
    -- - - -
    -- - - -- -

    - -



    -- --
    -- --

    -- --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- --

    -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - -
    --

    - - - -
    - -- - - - -
    - -

    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -

    -

    -
    -
    -
    - -

    - - -
    - --
    --
    -

    - -

    - --

    - --
    --

    --
    - -
    - - -
    - --

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - - - -
    - - - ---
    - - - - - --
    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - --
    -
    --
    -
    --

    --
    -
    -
    - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - -

    --
    -
    - -- -
    - -- - -
    - --- -
    - -
    - -- -
    - -
    -- -
    - -
    -

    -
    - -- -
    -- -
    - -- --
    -
    - -- - -
    - - -
    - - - -- - - -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - -
    - -

    -- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --- --
    -- - - --
    - -
    -- -

    -

    -- - --
    - -- - -
    - ---- -- -
    -- -
    - -- -
    -- - -
    -- - -- -
    ---- -- -
    -- -
    -- --- - -
    - -- - - ---
    -
    -- - -
    - - --
    -- - -
    - - - --
    - - -
    - -- - - --
    - - - -
    - -- -
    - - - - - - -

    - --
    - - - - -
    - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3



    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - --

    -






    -

    - - - -
    -

    -
    -

    - - - -
    -
    - -
    -- --
    - -

    - --

    -
    - - - -
    - - - - --
    - - -



    -


    -
    -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.




    ---
    -

    --
    - --
    - --
    -
    - -
    -- - -
    -
    -
    - -
    --
    --
    --
    -
    --
    --
    -
    --
    --
    --
    -
    - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- -
    - --
    - -
    - -
    - - - --
    - - - -
    - -- -
    -


    - - -
    - -
    - - --
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    -- - -

    - - -- - - -
    ---

    - - - -
    - -- -- -
    - - - --
    - - - - -
    -

    ---
    - - - - - -- --
    - --- - -- - --
    - -- -
    - -- -- - -- - - --
    - -- -- -- --
    --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    - - - -- --
    - --- - --
    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - --
    -- -- -- - -
    - - -- ---
    - - - -- - -
    - -
    - - - - - --
    - - -- - --
    - -

    - -- - -
    - - --- - - - -
    - - - ---
    - -- --
    - -- - -- -- - -- -
    - - - -
    -- - -- - - -
    - -- - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -- - -
    - -- - -
    --- - - - -
    -
    - - -- - -
    -- -- --
    -- - -- -
    -- -- - - -
    - - -- -
    - -- --
    - --- - --
    -- - - -- - --- --
    - - - --- --

    -- - -
    - -- --- - -
    - -- --
    - -- - ---
    --- - - - --
    - - -
    - -- - -
    - - - - - -- - --
    -- --- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --- - -- -
    -- - - -
    -- - - -
    --- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --
    --
    - -

    --

    --
    -
    - -

    --

    - --

    --
    --

    - -- - - -
    -- - - - -
    -- -- --
    - -- -- --- -
    - - --
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- --- -

    -
    - -- - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - - -
    - -- -
    - - - - - - -
    - --
    - -- - -
    - -- - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - -- - - -
    -- - - -
    - - -
    - -- - -
    - -- -- ---
    - -- - -
    - - - -- - -
    --- - - - -
    - - -
    - -- --
    - --- -
    - - - - - -
    - - - -- - -
    - - -- - - -
    - - - --
    -
    - - - -- - -
    - - - -
    -- - - - -
    - - - - ---
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - -- - -
    - - -- -- - - -
    - -- - --

    -
    - - ----- - -
    - - -- - - -
    - - - -

    - - -- -
    - - - -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -


    --- - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -- - -
    - - - - - --
    - -

    -- - -
    - -- - - -
    ---- - -
    -
    - - - -- - - -
    - - -
    -- - - - --
    -- - - - - -
    - - -
    --
    - --- --
    - -- - - --

    - - - - -
    -- -
    - -- - --
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    -

    - - - -
    - -- - -
    - - -

    - - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    -- - - -
    -- - -- -
    -- -
    -- -
    - - - --
    - -
    -- - - -- -
    - - - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -
    - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - ---- - -
    - - -- --
    - -- - --
    - - ---
    -- - - -
    - -- - -
    - - - --


    -- - -
    - - -- - - -- -
    - - -- - -
    -- - - - --
    - - - --- -
    - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    ---
    - - -- -
    - - -
    -- -- - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    -
    - --
    - - - - -
    - -- - --
    -- - -
    - - -
    --
    -- -
    - - -
    --- -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    -
    - - - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- -
    -- - -

    - - - -
    - - -
    - - -- -
    - - - -
    - --
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -- - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    -- - -
    -- - - - --- - - --
    - -- - -
    - -- - - - -
    - - - -
    ---

    -- - - --
    -- -- -
    -
    - -- - -- -
    - -- - - - --
    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - -
    -- - -
    -- - -- - -
    - -- -- --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -- - --
    -- - - - -
    -- - - -
    -- -
    - -- - -- - -
    -- -- - - ---
    -- -
    - -- -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - - - --
    - - -
    --- -- --

    - --
    - - - -
    --- - --
    - - - - -- -- - -
    - -- -
    -- -- - - -
    - - - -- -
    -- - - ---
    - - --

    -
    -- --

    -
    --

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -


    - --- --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    --
    --- -- - -- -
    --
    - -- -
    - - - -
    - - -- -
    - - - -
    -- -
    - -- - - -
    -- - - - - --
    - --
    - -- -- - -
    -- - -
    - -
    - --
    - -- -
    - - -- -- --
    -- - --
    - --- -
    - -- -- -- --
    - - --

    - -- -
    - -- - -- -
    - -
    --- -- - -
    - - - -

    -
    - - --- - -

    - -

    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- -- -


    -- -


    -
    --
    -

    --
    ---

    -
    --



    --

    --

    --

    - --
    - - -- - -- -
    - -- - -
    - --- -- -
    -
    - - - - - --
    - - - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -
    - - - -- -
    - -- - - - --
    - - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - -



    - -







    -

    -
    -
    -

    - -
    -

    - --- - -
    - --
    - - - - -
    --
    -- - - -
    -- - --
    -- - -- -
    -- -
    - -
    - - - -
    - --
    - -- - -
    --
    - - -
    -- - - -
    - - - - -- -
    - - -
    - -- - -
    - - - -
    -- -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - --
    - - -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - --
    - - --
    - - - -
    -- - - -
    - - -- - -- - -
    - - - - -
    - - -- - --
    - --
    --- -- - -- -
    -- - - - - -- -- --
    -- - -
    --- -- -- - - - --
    -- -- - -
    ---
    - - - -
    - - - - --
    - - -
    - - -- - -
    - -- - - - - -
    - -- -- - - -- - -

    -- - --


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- - -
    - - - -- - - -
    - - - - - --
    - -- - -- - -- -
    -- -
    - -- - -
    -- - - - - -
    -- - -- -
    - - - - --

    -
    -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -- -
    -- -- -
    - - - -
    - - -- - -
    -- - - - -- -
    - -
    -
    - - -
    - - - -- -
    - - -- -
    - -- -- -
    - - -- -

    - ---

    - -
    - -- - -
    -- - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    --
    - -
    -- -
    - - -
    - - - --

    - - - --
    - - -
    - - - - --
    - - - --
    - - - -
    - -
    - -- - -
    -
    --- - - -
    - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - - -- -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    -
    -

    -
    -

    - - --

    -- - - - -
    -- - - -
    - -- - - - -
    - - - --- -
    -- - - -
    -
    - - - - -
    - - -- --
    -- - --
    - - - -
    - - - --

    - - -- -

    -- - -
    -- - - - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --- - - -- - ---
    -- - -- - --
    - - -- -
    - - - -- --- - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -
    -- - - -- - -
    -
    -- - - -
    -
    -- -- --
    -
    - - -
    --
    - - - --
    - - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    - - -
    -- -
    - -- -
    - - - - -
    - -- - -
    - - -
    -- - - -- - -
    -- --
    - - -

    -
    - -
    -- - - - - -
    - - ---
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -

    - -
    - -
    - -
    --- - -
    -
    - - -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - -
    - -- -- - -- --
    - -- -- -
    -- --- - ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -

    - - - - - ---
    - - - - --
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - -
    - - -

    -- - - -
    - - - - -
    - -- - - ---
    -
    - -

    - - - -
    - - -
    -- - - -
    -

    --
    -

    - - - - - --

    - - - -
    -
    - - - -- -
    - - -
    -- --- -- -
    -
    --- --- - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - -

    - -
    - -- - -
    -- - - - --
    --- -
    - -
    - -
    -
    - - -
    -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - --- - --
    -
    -- - --
    - - -
    - - - --
    - -
    - - - - - - - -
    -- -- - - --
    - -- - - -
    - -- -

    - -
    - - --
    - - --
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - -
    -- --

    -- - - -- --
    -- - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - - - --
    - --
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - --
    - -
    - -- - - -
    - - - -
    - - - --
    -
    - - -

    - - -- - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - --
    - --
    -- --

    -- - -
    -
    -- -
    - - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    -- - - - -
    -- - - - -
    - - -- -
    - - -
    - -
    --- -- - - - - -
    - - -

    --- - - -
    - --
    -- - - - - -
    -- - -- - -
    --- -- -
    - - -- - -- -
    -- - -- - - - - -
    - - --
    - - - - -
    --- - --- - -
    - -
    -- -- --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -- - --
    --- - - -
    - - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -


    -
    -
    - --


    -


    -

    -

    - - - -- -
    --
    - -
    - -- - - - -
    --
    - -- -
    - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    -- - -
    -
    --- -- - -
    -- - -- -
    -- - --
    -
    -- - --
    - - -- -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    -- -
    - -
    - - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    - - -
    ---
    --
    --- -

    - --
    -
    - -
    - - -
    --

    - -

    - -


    - -
    --- -
    -
    -
    --
    -
    -

    - - -
    -- -- - - - --
    - -- - -
    -
    --
    - - - - - - - -
    - - -
    --- - - ---
    - -- - --
    - -- - -- - --

    - --- - -
    - -- - - -
    -- - - -
    -- -
    - - - -
    - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- - - --
    - -
    - - - - -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - -- -- -

    --
    - - - -- -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - -- -
    - - - -
    -
    -
    - -
    -- - - - -
    --- ----
    ---
    - - -- - -
    - --
    - -- - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    -
    -- - - -
    - - - - -- -
    - - -- - -
    - -
    - - --- -
    - - - -
    - - - --
    - - - --- -
    - - - -
    - - ---
    - - -- - -
    - -
    - - - - -- --
    - - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - -- -
    - -
    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --- - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - -- - - -
    - - - -
    -- - - -
    -- --
    - - - --
    -- - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - --
    - -- - - -
    - -- - -
    -
    --- - -
    - - -- --
    - - -- - - - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    - - --
    - -- -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - - -

    --
    -- --- - -- - -
    - --- - -
    - -- -
    - - - - -

    --
    - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    -
    - - -
    - - -- - ---
    -- - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - --
    - - - -- -
    - - -- - -- -- -
    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -
    - - - - -
    -- -
    - - -
    - - --
    - -- -- - - - - -
    -- - - -
    - - - - -
    -
    - - -
    - -

    - -
    - - - -- - -
    - --- - - -
    - - - - - ---- --
    - - - - --
    -
    -- - -- -
    -
    -- - - -
    - -- -
    - - - --- -
    - -- ---
    - - - - -
    - -

    --
    -- - -
    - --- -
    - - -
    - -- - - - -
    -

    -- - -
    - -
    -- -- - -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - - -


    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - -- -- - -
    - -- - - -
    - - -
    - - -- - -
    -- - - - -
    - - -- - --
    -- - - - - --- - -
    - - - -- - -- - -
    - - -- - - - -

    - - - - -
    --- --
    - - - - - ---
    --- - - -
    - - - -- -- -
    -- - --
    - - - - -
    -- - - - -- -
    - - - - - - -
    - - - -
    --- - -
    -
    - --- - -
    - -- -
    - - -- - - --
    - - -
    -- - -
    - - -
    -- - - - - - - -
    - -- --- - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    -- -
    --- ---
    - - - --
    - -- - --

    -
    - -
    -- - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    -- - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - - - -
    - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    -- - -- - - -
    -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - --- - - - - -
    - - - -
    --- - - - -
    - -- -
    - - - - -
    - - - -- - - -
    - - -
    -
    - -- -
    - -- - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - --
    - - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - - - - - - -
    -

    -
    - -- - - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - -
    ---
    - - -- -
    - --
    -
    -- - -
    - -
    - - -
    - -- -- -
    -
    --- - -
    - - --- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - - -- - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - --- -
    - - - -
    - - -
    -- - - --- -
    -- -
    - --- - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    - - - -
    - -- -
    - - - -
    - -- -

    --
    - - - -
    - - - - --
    - --- - - -
    - - -- -
    -- - --- - -
    - - -
    - - -
    -
    -
    -- - - -
    -- - -
    --- -- -
    - - - - ---
    - -
    --- - - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    --- - - - -
    -
    -- - --
    - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - ---
    - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - ---
    -- -- - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -- - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - - -
    -- - - - -- - -
    - - - - -
    --- - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    - - --
    --- -- - --
    - -
    -- - --
    - -- - - -
    - - - --
    - - --
    --- --- - - - -
    - -
    - - - - -
    - -- - --
    - - -
    -- - - - -- -
    - - - - -
    - -- - - -
    - - - - -
    -- - - - --
    - - -
    - --
    -- - -- - -- -
    - - --

    - - -
    - --- -- - -
    - -- -
    - - - --- -
    - -- - - - -
    - --- -- --
    -- - -
    - ---
    -- -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - --

    -- - --- -
    - -- - -
    --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -- - ---
    - - -- - - -- -
    - -- -- -- - -
    -- -- -- - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --
    - - - -- - -- -- -
    - - -- - -
    -- - -- -- -- - -
    - - - -
    - - -- -- - - - -
    - - - - - -- --
    -- -- - - --
    -- -- --
    - -- - - --
    -- -- - - -- - ---
    - -- --
    -- -- -
    - -- - - -- -
    --- -
    - - - -
    -- - -- - - -
    - - - - -
    - -- --- -
    -- --
    - - - -- --- -
    - -- -
    -- -- -- - -- - -
    - - - - -- -
    -- -- - - -- - - - --
    - -- - - -- -
    -- - --
    - - -
    - - - - - -- - --
    -- - - - -- -
    - - - - -
    -- - - -
    - - --
    - - -- -
    - -- - - -

    --
    -- - -- -
    -
    - - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- -- - -
    - - --- -- - -
    - - - -
    -- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -

    - - -- -- -
    -
    -
    --
    - -- -

    -- - -- -

    - -

    - - - - - - - -
    - - - - -- --
    - --
    -- - - - -
    - -- --
    - - --- -- -- - -
    - --
    - - -

    - -- - - --
    - -
    - - -- - -
    --- - - -- -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - --
    - - - -

    --
    -- - - - -
    -
    - - - - -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - - - -- --
    - - - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    - -
    -
    - -- - - - -
    - --- -
    - - --
    - - - -
    -
    - - -
    -- --- --
    -- - -
    - -- - - -- -
    -- - - --- - --
    - -
    - -- -- - -
    - -- -- --
    - -- - -- -
    -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    - - -- -- -
    - - --
    - --- -- -
    -- -- - -
    - - -- - --
    - - -
    -- -- - -
    - -
    - --- -- -
    - - - -
    - -- -- -- -
    - -- - - - --
    - -- - - - - -
    --
    -- - -- - - - -
    - -- -
    - -- -
    --
    - - - - - - -
    - - - - -- -
    - -- - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.






    -- -

    -- -
    -- -

    -- -- -





    -- -

    -
    -
    - -
    - - -
    - -
    -- - - - --
    - - - - - -- -
    - -- -- -
    - - - -- -- -
    - -
    -- -
    - --
    - -
    --- - -
    - - -
    -- -
    --

    --
    --
    - - - -- -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    - -
    - - -- - - -
    -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- - - - --
    - - -
    - - - --
    -- - -
    - --
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -- - - --
    - - -- -
    - - - -- - -
    - - --
    - - - -
    --- - - --
    -- --- - -
    - --
    -- - - ---
    - -- - -
    - - -
    - -- --
    -- -- -- - -
    - -
    --
    - -- - -
    - - --
    -- - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - --
    - - -- -- -
    - -- - - - - - -
    -- --
    - - -- - - -
    - -- - - - -
    - - - - - -
    ---

    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    - - - -
    -- - -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - - -
    -- - -
    - - - -
    -
    -- -
    - -- - -
    - - - -
    -

    -
    - - -

    --
    -
    -
    -- --

    --
    --

    - -
    -
    --

    -
    - -
    --
    -- -

    - - - -
    -- -
    --- - - -
    -
    -- -
    -
    - -- -

    - - -
    -- -- --

    -
    --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --
    -- - - -
    - - -- - - -

    - - - - -- -
    - - -- --
    - - -- - -
    - - -
    --
    - - - -
    -- - -
    -

    -- - --
    - -
    - - --- - --
    --
    -
    - - -- - -
    --

    --
    - - --
    - -
    - -
    - - - -- -

    -
    - - -

    - --
    - -
    - - --
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- - -
    - - - -- - -
    - -
    - - - -- - -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    - - ---

    -
    -
    - -

    -

    -- - -- ---
    - --- --- -
    - -- - - -
    - -- - - -
    - --
    - - - -
    - --
    -- --- - -
    - -- - - ---
    -
    -- - -
    - - --
    -- - -
    - - - --
    -- - - - -
    - -
    - - - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    -
    - - --
    - -
    -
    -
    -- --- - -
    --- - -- --
    - - -
    - -- --- --
    - -- -- --
    - --
    - --- --
    -- - -
    - - -- --
    - -- -
    -- - - -
    - --
    - - - - -- - --
    -- - - - -
    - - -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - -- - -- -
    -- --- -
    - - - - - --
    -- - - - -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --- -
    - - -
    - - - - - - - -
    - - --
    - --
    -- --
    -- --
    - - -
    -- -
    - - - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -- -
    -
    - - -
    -- --- -
    - - -
    -- --
    -- --
    --- - -- -
    --
    - - - -- - --
    - - - - -- - - -
    -- - - - -- --
    - -- - - - - -
    -- -- --
    -- - - -
    -- --- -- - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -- -- - --
    - - - -
    -- -- -- - --
    - - --- - -
    - -- -- -
    -- -
    - -- -- --- -

    - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - - - --
    - - -

    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - --- -
    - -- -

    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
    - --




    -
    -


    - -- --
    --
    --
    -
    --
    -

    - -- --
    --
    --
    - -
    - - ---
    -
    --
    - -
    --
    -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - -- -


    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - -
    -- -
    -


    - - -
    - - -- -
    -
    - - --- - -- --
    - - --- -
    - - --- --
    - - -- -

    - - - -
    - - -- --
    - - -
    - --- - ---

    - - - -
    --- - - -
    - - - -
    --- - - - --
    -- - - -- - -
    - -

    -
    - - - -
    - - - -- - -
    -- - - -
    - -- - -
    --- - - - --
    - -- - --
    - - - - --
    - - -- -
    - - - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - - -
    - - - --
    - - - - - --
    - - - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    -
    - - - --

    - - - -
    -

    - - - - - -
    -
    - -- - - - -- -

    - - --
    -

    - --
    --

    - - - - - -
    -- - - - -
    -- -
    - -- --
    - - - - -
    -- - -- - -- ---
    - - -



    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    -- - -- -
    - - - - --
    - - - -
    - -- - - -
    - - - -
    -- -
    - -- - --
    -- - -
    -
    - ---
    - --- - -
    - -- --
    - - - - -
    --
    - - - -
    --- - - - - -
    - -
    - -
    -
    ---

    -
    - - --
    - -- -- -
    - - - - - --
    - --- -
    - -

    - --

    -

    -
    --
    - -
    - -


    -- --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --- - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -- - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    -- - -- -
    - - - - -- -
    -
    -- --- - -
    - - -- - - - -
    - - - --- -
    -- - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -- -
    - -

    - -- -
    - - - -
    - - - - - -- -
    - - -- - -
    - - -- - - -
    - - --
    -- - - --
    - - -- - -

    - --


    -
    - -
    --
    - - -
    - - --


    --
    --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    -- -- -- - - -
    -
    --- -
    - --- - - -
    - - -
    - - --
    - - -- -
    -- - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - --
    - -- - - -
    - --- - --
    -- - - --- -
    - - - -
    -

    -- -


    -- -



    -

    - - -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    --
    - -- - - - - -
    - -- - -
    - - -
    -- -

    - -
    - - - -
    - - - --

    - - - -
    - - - - -- ---
    - - - --
    - -- -
    -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    -- - -
    -


    - - - -
    - -- - -
    - - - -- -- -
    - - -
    - - - - --
    - ---
    -- -- -- -- - -
    - - - -- -- -
    --
    - - - -
    - - -- - -

    - -- - - -- -
    - - --
    - -- - - -
    - - - -
    --- - - - -
    - - - - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - ---
    - - - -
    - - -
    - --- - -- --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    -

    -

    -- --

    -

    -

    - --

    -

    -

    --

    -

    - -

    - --
    --- -

    - --
    --
    - - - -
    - - -- - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - -
    - -
    -- --
    -- - -
    -- - - -
    - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    -- -- --
    -
    - -- -
    - - - -
    - -
    -- - - - -
    - --- -- - -
    - - -- -
    - --
    - - -
    - - -
    - -

    -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - -
    --- -
    - -- - - -

    -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --
    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- - -
    -
    -- --
    - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    - - - -- - -
    -

    - - -
    -- - - -
    - --- -
    - -- - - -
    - - --- -

    -- - - -
    -- -- - --
    - - - - --- -
    -- - - -- - - -
    - - - - -
    - -- - - - --
    -- - - -- - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    -- - -- - --
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -

    - -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - - -- -
    - -
    - - - --
    -- -- - - -
    -- -- - -
    -- -
    -
    ---
    - - -- -- ---
    -- - - - - - --
    - -
    - - - -
    --- -


    - - - -
    - - -- - -
    - -- -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - --- -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -- --
    -- -- - - - -
    - - - -- -
    - -- --
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - - -- - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - - - -
    - - - - - --
    - -- -- - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - --
    - - -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- - ---
    - -
    - - - - - - -
    -- - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    ---
    -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - -

    - -
    - - - - --
    -- -- -
    -- - -
    - -- - - --
    - -
    - - -
    -- - - - - -
    - -
    - - - -- - -
    - - - - -
    -- - - - -
    - - -
    - -- - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -- - ---
    - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - -- - - -
    -- -- --

    - --




    - -
    - - --


    --
    --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    - -- --

    - -
    - - --
    - - - -- --
    -
    - - - -
    - -- -- --
    - - - --

    - - -
    - - - - --- - ---
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    --- - -
    - - --- -
    -- - - - - -- -
    - - -- -
    -- --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -- - -
    - -- - - -

    - - -
    -
    - - -
    -- - - - -- -
    - -- --- - - -
    - ---
    - -- - -
    -- --- - - -
    - --- -
    - - - - --
    - --
    -
    - - - - -

    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - -- - -- -
    -
    -- - -- - --
    - - --
    -- --
    -
    - - - - -
    - - --
    - -

    -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - -
    - - --
    - - - - - - -
    -
    - - -- - -
    - --- - - -
    -
    -- -- - -- ----
    - - -- - -
    - -- -- -
    - -
    -- - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - -- -- --
    - -- - - -
    - -- -
    - - - -
    - - -
    -
    - - - -
    -- - - - - - - -
    - -
    - - - - -- -
    -
    -
    - - - - --
    - - - - - - -
    - - -
    -- - - --
    - - -
    -- - - - -- -
    --- - ---

    - - - - -- --- -
    - - - -- - --
    - - - - --
    - - - -- -- - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - -
    --- - - - -- - -
    - - -- -- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    - - --



    -
    -


    -
    - -
    - -
    -
    -
    -

    -
    - --

    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - -- -- -
    -- - - -
    -- -- - - - -- -
    -- - - -- -- - --
    - -
    - - - -- -
    -- - - -
    -- - -
    --- -- -- ---
    - -- ---- -- --
    - - - --
    - - --
    - ---- -
    - -- -- - --


    -- --

    -- - --
    ---
    - -

    --


    - - -
    -
    - - -

    -



    -
    - -

    -- --
    --- ---
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    -- --

    ---- ----

    -- --

    - ---- -

    - - -- -- - --
    - - - -- -
    -- ---- -- - -
    - - - - -- - --
    - - - - - -
    - -- - -
    ---- - - -- --
    -- --
    - - -- - - --
    --- - ----
    - -
    - ---- - -- --
    - -- - - - -
    -- -
    - --- -- - -- --
    - -- - -

    --
    ---- - - --
    - - - - -
    --- -
    --- - - - -- -
    -- -- - -
    - -- - -
    - - -
    -- - - -- - -- -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    ---- - - -
    - - ---
    - - --
    - ---- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - -
    -- - - --- --

    --
    -- - -- - -- -
    - -- - -- ---
    -- - -- - - - --
    - --- - -
    - -- - --
    - - - -- -- -
    - - -- --- -
    -- - -- -
    - -- -- -
    -- - -- -
    --
    - - --
    -- --- - - - -
    - - - - -
    -- - -
    - - -- -
    - - -- -- -
    - - -- - -
    - -
    -- -

    - ---- - -
    - -
    - -- -- - -
    - - - -- - -
    - - - - -
    -- -- - -
    -
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    -
    - - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - - - - -
    - - - -
    ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    -- -- --
    - -
    - -



    -- -
    -
    - - -
    - - -
    - -- - -
    - -- - -
    - -- - -- -- -
    - - -
    -
    - - --
    -- - - -
    - - - - - ---
    - - - -
    -
    - --- -- - -
    -- - -


    -- --



    - --

    - -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    --
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --
    - - - -- - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    -- - -- -
    -- -
    -

    -
    -- - - - -- ---
    - - -
    - - -- -
    - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - - -- -
    - - -
    - - -- -
    - - -
    - - -- -
    -
    - - - -
    - - - - - -
    -- -
    - -


    -- -
    -- - -
    -

    -- - - --
    --- -
    - - - - - -
    - - - --
    -- -- - - - - - --
    -- - - --
    -
    -
    -- - -
    - -- -
    - - ---
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - - -- -
    - - - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- --
    - -- -- -
    - - ---
    - -- - --
    -- - - -- -
    -
    -- - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    -
    - -- -
    -
    - -- -
    - - -
    -
    -- - - -
    - - -- -
    - - -
    -
    - -
    -- - -- - -
    - - - --
    - -- -
    - -- -- - -
    - - -- --
    -

    --
    - - -- -
    - -- - -
    - -- - --- -
    - -- -
    - --
    - - -- - -
    - - -
    - ---
    -- - - -
    --
    --- - -
    - - --
    - - -- --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - -
    - - -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -- -
    -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - --
    - - - -
    -
    -- - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -- -- ---
    - - - - -
    - - - --
    - - - - - --
    --- - - - - - -
    - -- - -
    - - -- -
    --
    - - - -
    - -- - -
    - -
    - - - --
    - -
    -

    - -
    -- -- - - -
    - -- - - - - - --
    - -- -- -
    - - - - --
    - - - -
    -
    - - -
    - - - -
    --- - - --
    - - -- -
    - -- -
    -- - - - - - --
    - - - --- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - --- -
    -- - - - - -
    -- - - -
    - - - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - --

    - - -

    - --

    -
    - -

    - -
    - -
    - -- - ---
    - -- - - -
    -- -
    -
    - -- --
    -- - - --- - -
    --- - - - - -
    -- -
    - --- - --
    --- - -- - -
    - -- --
    -- - - - - -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- - -- -
    - - - -
    --- - - -- -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -

    - - - -
    -- - - - - -
    - - - - -
    -
    -- --
    - - - - - -
    - - -- - --
    -- - --
    - -- -
    --
    - -

    - -
    - - - - -
    -- - -- -
    - - - -- -
    - - - -- - - -

    -
    - -- -- - - -
    - - -- - - - -
    -- - -
    -

    - - - - -
    -- -- - --- -
    - - - - - -
    - - - -- --
    -- - - - - -
    - -
    -
    - - - --- -
    -- - -- --- -
    -- -
    - - -- -- -
    - -- -
    - -- -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -- - - - -- -
    - - - - --
    - -- - - - -
    - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - ---
    - - - -
    --- --

    - - -
    - - -
    - -- --
    - - -- -
    - - - - - - - -
    -- - - -
    - - -- -
    - -- -

    - -- -- - -
    - - - -- --
    -- --
    - --
    -- -- - - -
    - - - -- --
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - -- --
    - - -

    - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - -- --
    - -

    - -- - - -
    - - --
    -
    -
    - - -
    -- - - -
    - -
    - -
    - - -- -- --
    - - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- -
    -
    - - --
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - - -
    - -- -- -- -
    -- -
    -

    -
    -- - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    -- - - ---
    - -- -
    - - - -- -
    - - -- -
    - - -

    - -- - -
    -
    - - -

    -- -
    - --
    - - -
    - - - - - -
    -

    -
    -- -

    - - - - -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - - -
    - - -
    - -- --
    -- - -
    - -- -
    - -
    -- - -- - - -
    -- --

    - -- -- -
    --
    -- - -
    - - - -
    - - --
    - - - -
    -

    --
    -- - ---
    --- - - --
    -
    - - - -
    - - - ---
    -
    -- - -
    - - - -- - - - --
    - - -
    -- -
    - -
    - -- - --
    - - - - - --
    - - - - - --

    - - - - - -
    -- - --
    - - - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    --
    - - - -- -
    - -- -- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - - - - - -
    --- - --
    - - - - -
    -
    -- - - -
    - - -
    --- -
    - - --
    - -
    - - - -
    -- --
    - - - -
    - - - - -
    -- - - - - -
    - - - -
    -- - -- - - --
    - - - - -- ---
    - - -
    - -- --- - --

    - -


    -

    --


    - -
    -

    - -

    -

    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - - - ---
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    - - - -- -
    - - - - - -
    --
    - - - - -- - -
    --
    - - --
    - - - - - - - -
    - -
    - - - --
    --- -- --
    - - - --
    - -- -

    -- - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - -- -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - - - - -
    -- - -
    -- --- - -
    - - -
    - - - -

    - ---
    - - -
    - - -
    -- - -- -
    - - - -
    -

    -
    -
    -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --- - - --

    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    - -


    --

    - -

    - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - --
    - - - - ---
    -- - -
    -- - -
    - -- - - -
    -- - - ---
    -
    - - -
    -- - - - -
    - - -


    - - -
    - -- - -
    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    - - -
    - - -- - -
    -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -
    -- -
    - -- - - - --
    - - - - - -
    -- - --- - - -
    - - -- -
    - - - --- -
    --- -
    -- --
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    --
    - - - - -
    -- - - --- -
    --- - -
    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - -- -
    - -
    - - -
    - - -

    - - ---
    - - -
    - - - -- -- --
    - - - -- - -
    - --- - -
    - -
    -- - -
    - - -
    - - - - - - - - ---
    - -
    - -
    - - -- - --
    - - ----
    - - --- - -- - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - --
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - -
    - -- - -

    - --- - ---
    - - -
    - ---- - - -
    - - - -
    -
    - -
    - - -
    - -- --
    --
    ---- --
    - --
    - - - --- - -
    -- - --
    - - -- -- ---
    - - - ---
    -
    --
    - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - -

    -
    - -
    -- - - --


    --- - -
    --
    - -
    -
    - -
    - -
    -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    --
    -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    - - -- -- --
    --
    ---
    --
    - - --


    -- --
    - - - -
    -
    - - -
    --


    -

    -- -
    - - -
    -- - --
    -
    --
    -- - --
    -
    -
    --

    --
    - - -- --
    - -
    - -
    - -
    - -

    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -- --
    -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -
    --
    -

    --
    - -
    --- - -
    --
    - - - - -

    --- - - -
    -
    - - - -
    -
    - - - --
    -
    -
    - -- - - -
    - - - -- -
    -- --
    - - - -- -- -- -
    - - - -- -- -- -
    - - -

    -
    --
    - - - - -
    - -- - - -
    -- -- -
    -- - --
    - - -
    --

    - -
    - - - -
    - -- -
    - -
    - -
    - -
    - - - - -

    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -

    -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.






    - - - --
    -- - - -
    -- - -- - -
    - -
    -
    - - - -
    - - - -- -
    - - -
    -
    -

    -
    - - -- -
    -
    - -
    - - - - -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    - -
    -
    --
    - -

    -




    -
    -
    -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- - -

    - ---
    - -- -- - -
    - - -- - --
    - - -- ---
    - - - -
    -- - - -
    - -- - --

    -
    - - ---
    - -
    - -- - - -
    - -

    - - -
    - - - -
    - - - --
    - - - -
    -- - - - - -
    - - --
    -- - - - -
    -- - - -
    - - - - - - -
    -- - -- -
    - - - -
    -- -- - -
    -- - -- - - -
    - - --
    - - -

    -- --- - - -
    - - - - --- - -
    - - -
    - --- -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    - -- - --
    - -- - - - -- -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.






    - -

    -






    - -
    - -








    - -
    - -







    - -



    - -
    - -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    -- -- -
    - - - - - -- -
    - --

    - - --
    -- - - -
    --- -- - -
    - - - - -- - - -
    - -
    - -- -
    -- -- - -
    - - - -
    -- - - - -- -- -
    - - - - - -
    -- - -
    - -
    -

    -- -- - -
    - - -- -
    -- - - - - - -
    -- - - - -- - - -
    - - - - - -
    -- -
    - - - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -
    -- - - -
    -- - - -
    - --- -- -
    - - - - --
    --

    - -- - - --
    - -- - - -
    - - -
    -- - -
    - -- - - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- - --
    - - - - -- -


    - - -- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    -- - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -- - -
    - - - - - - -

    - - - -
    --- - - - -
    - - - -

    -- -- - -
    - -- - - -- --
    - - - - -
    - - - --
    -- -- - - - - - -
    - -- - -
    - - - - - - - - -
    - - - ---
    - - -
    --
    --
    -
    -
    -- -
    -- -
    --
    --
    - - --
    - - - - - -
    - --- -
    - - - -
    - - --- -- -- --
    - -- -- - -
    - - -- - --
    -- - - -
    - - - - --
    - -- -- - -

    - - ---
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - --
    - - - - - ---
    - - -
    - - - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- - -- -

    - - - - - - -
    - - - -- - -
    - - - - -
    -- - - - - --
    - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - -- - - - --
    - --









    -




    -

    -









    -




    -

    -





    -
    -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - --
    -
    - -
    - - - -

    --
    - -- -
    - - -- -
    - - - - -
    - - -- -
    - -- - -
    - -
    - - - - - - - --
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -









    -
    -









    -
    -





    -
    -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - -
    - - --

    - - - - - - - -- -
    - -
    - - - - - - - -- -
    - - -
    - - - - --
    - - -
    - - -

    - - - - ---
    -- - - - ---

    -- -
    - - -- -
    - - - - - - -
    - - -- - - -- -
    -


    -- --- ---
    - - -- -
    -- -- ---
    - -

    -- - -- -
    - --
    - -- -
    --
    - -- - -
    - -- -

    - - - - -
    - - -- -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    -- - --
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    - -

    -








    - -
    - -




    - - - - -
    --- -- - -
    - - -
    - --- - -
    - - - -- - -
    - - -
    -


    -
    -
    -
    -


    - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    - - -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -

    -

    - - - ---
    - - --
    - -- - -
    - - - --
    - - - -
    -
    - -
    -- - - -
    - -- - - -


    - - - - - -
    - -- - - -
    -

    -








    - -
    - -
    - -

    - -
    - -
    - -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - -


    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - - -
    - - - -
    -- -
    - - - - -
    - -- ---

    - - - -
    - -
    - -- - -
    --

    - --- - -
    - -- - -


    -
    -
    -
    -


    -
    -
    -
    -

    - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - - - - -
    - - -

    -- - - -
    - -
    -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -








    - -

    - -
    - -

    - -


    - - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - -- -
    - - - - -



    -
    -

    -
    -

    -

    -

    - - -- -
    --- - - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    -- - - - -
    -- - - - -
    - - -- - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -
    - -
    - - -
    - -


    - - -
    - -- - -

    -








    - -

    - -
    - -

    - -


    - - - - - -
    -- --
    - -- - -
    - - - -


    -

    -
    -

    -
    -

    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -

    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - --
    --- - - -- --
    - - - - - -
    -- -
    -- - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -


    - - -
    - ---
    - - - - -
    --- --- - -
    - - - - - --
    - - - -
    - ---
    -- - --
    - -- --
    -
    - - - - - -

    -
    -








    - -

    - -
    - -

    - -



    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -- ---
    -- - - -
    - - --
    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -
    - - - - - --
    - -- ---
    - -
    - -
    - - -
    - - - --
    - - - -
    - - -- - - -- -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - -
    -- -
    -- - -- -
    - - -

    - - --
    - - - - - - -
    - -- -
    -- - - --
    - - - -
    -- - - -
    -- - -- -




    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    -- - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- - --
    --
    - - - -
    - - - - - - -- - -
    - - - - - - -
    - -- - -
    - - - - -- - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - -

    -
    -- - -- -
    - -- - - -- - -
    --
    - -- - -
    -- - - - - -
    -

    - - -
    -- - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - --
    -- - -
    - - - - - -
    -
    - -
    - - ---
    -- -
    - -
    - - - -
    - -- - -
    - - --
    - - - -
    - - -
    - -
    -- - - -
    - - -
    -
    - -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
    -
    -
    - -
    -
    -
    - - -
    - -

    -
    - -
    -- -- -
    -- -
    - -
    - - -
    -- --
    - -
    -- -
    --

    -

    -
    -
    -
    -



    - - - -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - -
    - -- -
    - - - - -
    - -- - -
    -- - --
    - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - - --

    - - -- - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -- -
    - - - --
    - - - - -
    -- -
    - -
    - - - -

    -- - -- -
    - - - -
    - -- - - -
    -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -- -
    -
    -- - --
    - --
    -
    - - - - -- --
    -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - - - - -
    - - - - -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -


    - - - - - -- -

    - - - - - - - -- -
    -
    - - -- -
    -
    - - - - - --
    - -
    - - - - - --
    - - -
    - - - - --
    - -
    - - - - -- -
    -
    - - - -- -

    - - -
    -

    -
    -- - -- -
    - - -- -
    -- -
    - -
    - -- - - - -
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - -- - - --
    - - - - -
    - - - --
    - - -
    - - - -- -
    - - - ---
    - - - - -
    - --- -
    -
    - - -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    -
    - -
    -
    -
    - -
    - -

    - -

    - -
    -
    - -
    - -- -
    - -
    - -
    - - -
    -- -
    --
    - -
    - ---
    -- -
    - -
    -
    -
    --
    -
    ---

    -

    -
    -
    -
    -



    - - - -

    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    - -- -
    - - - -
    - -- -

    -- -- - -
    - -- - -- -
    - ---
    - -

    - - ---
    - -
    -- --

    ---
    --- -

    - - - -
    - --

    --
    - -- -
    - -- --
    --
    - - - -
    - -
    -
    - - -
    - -- -
    - - -
    - - -- - - - - -
    - - - -
    - -- - -- -
    - - - - --
    -- - -
    - --
    - - - - -
    - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - - - - --
    - -
    - - -
    - - - -- - -
    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -- --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.




    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    - -
    ---
    ---
    --- -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - - -
    -
    -

    -- - -
    - -- - -
    -- - - - -- -
    - --
    - - -- - - -
    - -
    --
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - -- - - -
    - -- - - - - -
    - - -- -
    -- - - - -
    - - --
    -
    -
    -
    - -
    ---
    ---
    --- -

    -- - - - - -
    -
    - -- -
    - - --
    -- --
    -- -- - -
    - --- - -
    - - - -
    - -
    - - - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - - - -
    - - - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - --
    -
    - - - - -- -
    - - - - -
    -- -
    - - - - - -
    - -- - -
    -
    - - -- - -
    - - --- - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    - - --
    - -- -
    -
    -
    -

    -- - - -
    - -- - -
    -- -- -- - --
    --- -
    - -- - -- -
    - - -- - -
    - -- - - -- --
    -
    -- - --- -
    -
    - - - - - -
    - ---
    -- - -- - --
    - - -- - -
    - - - - ---
    -

    - -
    - -- -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -- - - - --
    - - -- --
    -- -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    -
    - - -
    - -
    - -
    - --
    - --

    -- - --

    -- - - -- -- -
    -- - -
    -
    --
    -- - - -- - --
    - - ---
    - --- -

    -
    - - - - - - -
    -
    - - -- -

    - -- -

    --

    -
    --

    --- -- -
    -- - - - -
    --- - -- --
    - - --- -
    -

    -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - -
    -- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- -
    - -- --
    -
    - - -
    -

    -
    - --- - -
    - - - - ---
    - - - - -
    --- - --- -
    - - --
    --
    - - -
    - -- -- -- - --
    -- - - - -
    - --- -
    - - - -
    -
    - -
    - -
    - -
    -
    - -
    - -- - -- -
    - -
    -- - -- -
    -
    - - -- - -
    - -- - -
    - --- - -
    -
    - - - -

    -
    - - -- - - -
    - --

    - - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -- -- --
    -- -- - -
    - -- -
    - - --
    -- -- - --
    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- - -
    - -- - - -
    - - - -
    - - --- -

    - - -
    -- - -- - -- -
    - - - - - -
    - - - - -- - -
    - - - - - - - -
    - -
    - - - -

    -

    - -
    - -- -
    -- - - - -
    - -- - -
    - - -- - - --
    - -

    - - --
    - - -- -
    - -- - - --
    - - - -
    - -- --

    --- --
    - - - - - --
    - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --- ---
    --
    - -- - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- ---
    -- - -
    -
    --- ---

    - --- -
    -
    - - - -- --- -- -
    --
    - --- --- -

    -
    - -- - -
    -- -- --
    -- - - --
    - - -
    -
    -- ---

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
    - -
    - - - -
    - -

    -- - - - - -
    - - -
    -- - --- - - --
    -- -
    -- - -
    -- --- -
    --- - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - -- --
    - -- -
    --
    - - - - - -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - -

    - -- -- - - - - -
    --- -
    - - --
    -- - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - --
    - -
    - -- - - -- ---
    --
    -- -
    -- - - --
    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - --
    --- -
    -


    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -- -- -- -
    - --- - --- ---
    - -
    - - - -
    - -- - -
    - - -- -
    ---
    - -- - --
    - -- - - -
    -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - -
    - - - -
    -
    -- -- - - - -- -
    - -
    - -- --

    --- -
    - - --
    --
    - - -
    -- -
    - - - -
    - -
    - - -
    -- - -- - --
    - - -- - -
    - -- ---
    - --
    - -- -
    - -
    - -
    - -- - - ---
    -- -
    - --
    -
    - -

    - - -- --
    - - -
    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - -
    - - - -
    - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --
    - -- - -- - - -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    -
    - - -- - --
    - - - - -- --
    - - - - - -
    - --
    - - --
    - - -- -
    - -
    - -- -- - -
    -- -
    - - - - - -
    -- - - - -
    -- --
    - - -
    -
    -- --- -
    - --- -
    - -

    - - - -
    - - -
    - -- -
    -- --
    -- -
    - -- - -- - -
    - -- -
    - - - -
    - -- -
    - -- - - - -
    -
    - - -- - -
    - - - - -
    -- - -
    - - -- --

    - ---
    - -

    --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -
    - - -
    - -
    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- --
    -- - -
    - - - - --
    -
    -- --
    - -- - - -
    -- - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - - -- -
    - --- - -
    -
    - - - -
    - -- -
    - - -- -
    - ---
    - -- -
    - -
    - - -- -
    - - --
    - -

    - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - -- --
    - - -
    - - --- -
    - - - - -- -
    - ---
    --- -- - - - - - -
    -- -
    - - -- -
    -- -
    -- -
    -- -- - -
    -- - -
    - - -
    - --
    - - --
    - --
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- -- --
    -
    -
    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    - - - -- --
    - - - --
    - -- --
    -- -
    -- -- --
    - -- - - -
    - - -
    --- - - - -- - --
    --- --- - -
    - -
    -- -- -
    - -- - --
    - --
    -- - -- --
    -- - --
    -- -- ---
    - - - - --
    - -
    --
    - - - -- -
    -- - -- -
    - - --
    -- - - - --
    -- - - --
    - - -- -
    -- - - - - - --
    - - - - - --
    - -
    -
    - - - - -- --
    - - --
    --
    - - --
    - -- --- --
    -- -- -
    --- - ---
    - -- -
    -
    -- - -- -
    -
    -- - - - --
    --- - - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --
    --
    - --- -
    - -- --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -
    - -
    - -
    -- - - -
    - - -- -
    -
    - -
    -- - --
    -
    -- - - ---
    -- -- - - -
    - --
    - -- -
    - - --- --- -
    - -- - -
    -
    - -
    -- -- - -
    - -
    - -- -
    -- - -
    - -- - -
    -- -
    -- - -
    -- -- - -
    -- -- -
    - -
    -
    - - -
    -- - - -
    -- - - --
    - -
    -- - --
    - -- - -
    - -- - - - -- - -
    - -- -
    -- -- -
    -
    - -- -
    - -- - --
    - - -- - - --
    -
    - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- -
    - -- --
    - -- - -
    - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -- --
    - -
    -- - --
    -- -- - - -
    -- - - --
    -- - - -
    -- -- - -- -
    -- -
    -- - - -
    - -- -- -
    - - -
    -- - -
    - -- - -
    --
    -- - -
    -
    -- -
    -- - -- -- - -
    -- -- -
    - -- - -
    -- -- -
    - --
    -- - -- -- -
    -- - - --
    - - -
    - -- --- - -
    - - -
    - --
    - -- -
    -
    -- - -
    - -- - - -- --
    - - -
    - - - -- -
    -- - -
    - - --
    --- -
    - -
    -- -- -
    ---
    --
    -- -
    --- -- - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    --- - - --
    -- - -- - -
    --- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - - -
    --- - -
    -- --- - -
    - - - -
    - -- - - -
    - -- -- - --
    - - -
    ---
    - --- - -- --
    -- - - ---
    - - -
    - - - --
    -- - -
    - - -
    ---
    - - - -- --- -- -
    - - - --
    --- - - - -
    - - - --
    - -
    - --- - - -
    - -- - - - --
    -- - - -
    -- - - -
    - - - -
    - --
    - - - - -
    -- - -- -

    -
    - - - - -
    -- - - - --
    - - -
    - - - -
    --- --
    - - - -
    -
    - - -
    -
    - - -
    - - -
    -- - - --
    - -- - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - - -
    - - --
    - -- - -
    - --- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - -
    --- - --
    - -
    - - --
    -
    -
    - -- - --- --
    - - - --
    - - - --
    -- -
    - -- - -
    -- - - -
    -- - -
    -- - -
    --- -- - --
    -- -
    -
    - - - -- -
    --
    - -
    -
    -
    - -- -
    --- --
    - - -
    -- - - - -
    - --
    -
    -- - - --
    --
    - - -- -
    -
    -- -- - -
    -- - - - - -
    -- -
    - - - -
    - --
    - -- -- -
    - -
    - - - -
    - - - -- -
    - - - - --
    - ---
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -- - --- -
    - - - - - --
    - - --
    - -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    - -
    - -- - -
    - - -
    -- -
    - - -
    --
    - - - - -
    --- - --
    - - - - - -
    -
    --
    - - - - -
    -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
    - - - - - -
    - - - - - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - - - -

    -


    --
    - - -

    - - -
    -- --
    - --
    --
    - --
    -
    - - -
    - - -
    - ---
    -- -
    - - -
    ---
    - - -
    -
    - -- -
    - - - -

    -

    - ---
    -
    -
    --
    - -- -- -
    --
    - - --

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    -
    --
    - - -

    - -- -
    - --
    --
    --
    - - -
    - - --

    - -
    - -- - -
    -- -
    - - - - -

    - --
    -
    --
    - - -

    - -

    - -
    --
    -
    - -
    -- - - --


    --- - -
    --
    - -
    -- -
    -
    -
    -
    - -
    - -
    -- -
    -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- --
    -- - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - -

    -
    -- -
    --
    - -

    - --
    - - --

    - -- -- --
    - --
    - --

    - -
    - -
    -

    -

    -- -

    - --
    --
    -- -
    -
    - - -

    --
    -- - -- -

    - - --

    -
    -
    -
    -

    -
    -- --

    --
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    -
    - -
    -
    - - -- -
    -
    - - -- - -
    --
    --
    - --
    - - -- -- --

    - - -- -- --
    --
    - -- --
    -- --

    -
    - -

    - -
    -
    - -
    -- -
    - -
    - --

    -
    -
    - -- --

    - - -

    ---
    --
    -- -- - -

    - --
    - - - -
    -
    - - -
    -
    - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    -

    -- -

    - -

    - -

    -
    --
    - --
    - -
    - -- -
    -
    -- -
    - - -- -

    - - - - - --

    - ---
    -
    - -
    - - -
    - - - -

    - - --
    - - -

    - -
    - -- --

    - -
    - --
    -
    -

    -
    -- -

    - - -
    --
    - - - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - --

    - --- -
    - -
    -- -

    - -
    -
    - - ---

    - -
    -- --
    -
    -
    - - -- -
    -
    --
    - - - -- -
    -
    -
    --

    - --
    --
    - --
    -

    -
    - - -- --

    -

    - -
    ---
    - - --

    - - --- -- - -
    -- -
    -- -
    - -
    --
    -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -

    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - -

    -- -

    -- - -
    --

    -
    --
    -
    -
    - - -
    - - --
    -

    -
    -

    - -- -

    - -
    - - -
    - -
    -
    - -
    -- -
    -
    - - -
    - - - -
    --
    -
    -
    --
    --
    - -
    - --
    - -- -



    -
    - - -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -

    -
    -


    -- - - -

    ---
    - --
    - --
    - --
    - --
    -- -- --
    -- -
    --- -- - -

    -- - -

    - -
    --

    - - --
    - -
    -- --
    -- --
    - - -
    -
    -
    - -
    -- -
    --
    -


    - -- -
    -
    -- -

    -


    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - - --
    - -
    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    -
    --- -

    - --

    - -
    -
    - --
    -
    -
    --
    - --
    - - --
    -
    - -

    -
    -- - -

    - -
    -- - -
    -
    - - --

    - --

    -
    -
    --
    - --

    - -

    - -

    - -

    - -
    -- - -
    - -- -
    - - - --

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    ---

    ---
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -- -
    - -

    - -

    - -
    -
    -
    - - -
    - -
    - -
    - -
    - -

    - - -- -- -
    -
    - - --
    --
    -
    - -- --
    --- -
    --

    - - - -- -
    - -
    -- -
    - - --
    - - -
    - - - -
    -
    -

    -- --

    -- --


    - - -

    -- -
    - -- --
    - -
    - - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --
    -
    - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --
    -- -

    - - - -
    - -

    -- -

    -


    - --

    --
    - - --- -
    - -
    - - -- -- -


    - -

    -- --
    - - -
    - -- --

    --
    - -
    - - -
    - -
    - --- -
    - -
    -
    - -
    -
    -
    - --
    -
    - --
    -- -

    -
    - -- -
    - - - -- - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --
    -- --
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    -
    -
    - -
    -
    - - --

    -- - - -
    --
    -

    - - -
    --
    -- --

    - - -
    -
    - - ---

    -

    -
    --
    - -


    -
    --
    - - -

    k - -
    - -- -
    - -

    - - -
    - -
    -- -
    - -
    -

    --
    - - -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -
    -

    - - -

    --
    - -

    -- - -
    --
    - - -

    -- -

    --
    ---

    - - - -
    --- --
    - -
    --
    - -
    - --
    -

    -

    - - - -
    -
    -- - -

    - --
    -
    -
    -- -

    -
    - - -- - -
    -
    - -

    - - - - -
    - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- -
    - -
    - - - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -

    -
    -
    - - - -
    - - - -
    -
    - -
    - -- --
    - -- -

    -
    - - -
    - - ---

    - - - -
    -- -
    - -

    - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - --
    -- --
    - --
    --- - - -
    -
    - -- -
    - - - -
    - -

    -
    - -- --
    - - --
    - - -

    - - - -
    ---

    ---
    -
    - - - -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -
    - -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- -

    -- --
    - - -
    --
    ----
    - -- -

    - - -
    -- -
    -

    - --
    -
    - -
    --
    - -
    --
    - - --
    -
    - -- -
    - - -


    - - -
    --
    -
    -- -- -

    -
    -- -- - --
    - -
    - - --

    - - -
    - --
    -


    -

    - - -
    --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- -
    - -

    -- - -
    - -
    - -
    -
    - - -
    -
    -
    -
    - - --
    -
    - -

    - -
    - - -
    --
    - -- - -
    -- -
    - - - -
    - - -- -- - --

    -- - -

    -
    ----
    -
    -- - - -
    - - - --
    -
    - -
    -- -
    -
    - -- -

    - - -

    --
    -
    - - - --
    -- --
    - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    -- -

    --
    --

    -- -



    --
    -
    -
    - --
    -
    - - - -

    -- - --
    -


    -
    - - -
    --
    - --
    - -- - --
    - - -
    ----
    - -
    - -- -- - --
    -- -- -
    -- -- --

    - -
    --

    -

    - - -
    -- - -
    - --
    -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -


    -- --
    - - -- -
    - --
    - --
    -
    -
    - - - -
    -- -
    --
    -
    -
    - - --
    --
    - --

    - -
    - - -
    - --
    -- -
    -
    - -- -
    -
    -
    - -
    - - -

    - -
    -- -
    -
    -
    -- - --
    -
    -- -

    -
    --
    - - -
    --
    -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - -
    - -
    - -
    - - --

    - - -
    -
    - -
    -
    -
    -- ---
    --- -
    - -- -
    --

    - -

    - - -
    - --
    - -
    - -- - -
    -
    --
    - -


    - --
    --
    - --
    -
    -- --- -
    -
    - -

    - -

    - -
    - - --

    ---
    -- -
    -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --
    --- - -
    --
    -- -
    -

    --
    -
    --

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - - - - -
    -

    -- -
    - --
    - - -
    --
    - -

    - --- -- --
    - -
    -
    - -
    --
    - -
    - - -
    - -
    --
    --
    - - --
    --
    -- -
    -
    - -
    - -
    --
    --- -
    -- -- -
    - -
    -- - ---
    --
    ---
    - - -
    - - -

    ---
    - -

    - --- -- -
    -- -- --- ---
    --- - -- - --- --
    - --
    -- -
    - --
    -- --
    -- -
    -- -- -
    -
    - -
    - -
    --
    - --
    -
    -- -

    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- --
    -
    - -
    -- - --- --
    - --
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    --
    -

    -



    -

    --
    -
    -
    -
    - --- -
    -- - -

    -

    -

    -
    --
    - -
    -
    - --
    - --- - - -
    - -- -
    - -- --
    ---
    - -
    - -
    -- -
    - --
    - -
    --
    -
    - --
    - -- -

    - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - --

    - -
    -- --

    - --
    - -
    - -
    -
    - -

    -- --
    -- --
    -- -
    --
    - - -
    -- -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -- -
    -- -- -- -
    -- - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    -
    --

    -- -


    -

    --
    - - -
    -
    -
    --
    --
    -

    - -
    -
    --
    -- - -
    -- --
    - -
    -- - ---

    -
    --
    --
    -- - --
    - -
    - - --
    --- - -
    -
    -

    -- - -
    - - ---
    --- -
    -- -
    - -
    -

    - ---

    - --
    -
    - - --
    - --
    - - - -
    --
    --
    -
    - - -
    - --
    - - -
    - - -
    ---
    - - --
    -- -- - -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - -
    - - - - --
    -

    -- --
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    -- - - -- --
    -
    --- - --- -
    --- -
    - - - -
    - -
    --
    -- -
    - -
    - -

    --
    --
    - -
    -

    - -
    - -

    -- -
    --
    --
    -- -- -
    - --
    -
    --- -
    -
    --
    -
    -- -
    --
    - - -
    -
    --
    - -- --
    -- --
    - -- - -
    --
    - -
    - -
    - --
    -
    -
    -
    - - -
    - -

    -- -
    -- - --
    - --
    -
    -
    - -
    - -- -- - ---
    - -- -- -
    - --
    -
    - - --
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --
    -
    - - - --
    - -
    -- -- -
    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - --
    - --
    - -- -
    -- -- -
    - --
    - - -
    - --
    -
    --

    -- -
    - - -
    --
    -
    -



    - -
    - --
    - -
    - -- --
    - - - -- --
    - - --
    -- --
    -- - -- -
    - -
    - --
    - - - -
    - ---
    - - - ---
    - -- - -
    - -
    - -
    --
    -
    -- - -
    - - -
    -
    -
    - -
    -
    - - -
    -
    -
    - --- -
    - - -
    - - -
    --- - -
    -
    -- - - -
    - -- - -
    - - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - --
    - -
    --
    - -
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - --
    --
    ---- - --

    -- --
    --- - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -- --
    -
    - -
    - - --
    - -
    - - -
    - -- -- -
    - -
    - -
    - --
    - -- - -
    -- - -
    - --- -
    - -- - -
    --
    -
    -- -
    - -- -- ---
    -- --
    - - - - --- -

    - - ---
    - -- - -
    -
    - -- -
    - - -
    --
    - -
    - - ---
    - -
    - -- --
    - --
    - -- - -
    - --
    --
    - -
    -
    --
    -- - - -
    - - - -
    - -
    ---- -
    -
    - -- --
    -
    - - -
    - -
    - -

    -
    - - -
    --
    -


    -- -
    - - -- -

    - - -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -
    - -- -
    - - -
    - -
    -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - -- -
    -- -
    - -
    - --
    -
    -
    - -
    -- -
    - -
    -
    --
    - -
    - - -
    - -

    --
    -
    --
    - -

    - -

    - -
    --
    -- -
    - - -
    - --- -
    -
    -
    ---
    --
    -


    - -
    -
    -- --
    - -
    -
    -
    -

    - - -
    - -
    -
    -
    - - -
    - --- ---
    - -
    -
    -
    - -

    ---
    --- -
    -
    - -
    - -- -
    - -- --
    - -- --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -- -
    - -

    -
    - -
    - - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    - -


    - --
    - --
    - -- -
    ---
    - - -- -
    -- -- -
    - --- -- -
    - --
    --
    -- -
    -
    -
    - - -
    -- - -
    -
    -

    - --
    -
    - -
    -
    -
    - -
    -
    -

    -
    --
    -
    - -

    - -
    --
    - -
    -
    -
    - - -
    - ---
    -
    - -
    -
    - -- - ---
    -- -
    -
    --
    -
    --- - --
    -
    -

    - - -

    - -
    --- --
    -- -
    - - -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -- --
    - -
    - -
    -
    -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    -

    -
    - -
    -
    - -
    - --- -
    -- --


    -- - -- -
    - -
    - --
    -- -
    - -
    -
    --
    -- -- -
    -
    -

    - -
    - -
    -
    - -
    -- -
    --
    --- -
    -- - -
    - - -
    -
    - -
    - --
    -
    --
    - -
    -
    --
    --
    - - -
    - - -
    - -- -
    -
    ---
    -- - -
    -- --
    -
    -- -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    - --- - -
    - - -
    -- -
    -
    - -
    - -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - --
    -- -
    - -
    -
    ---

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    - - ---
    -

    -- --
    -- --
    -
    -

    --- - --

    --
    --

    -
    -- -
    - - -
    -
    -
    -- - -
    -
    - - - - -
    --- --
    - -
    -- -
    -

    - -

    -- -- -
    - -
    -
    - -
    - -

    - --
    - ---
    - - -
    -
    - -
    - -- -
    -
    - -
    - --
    - --
    - -
    -- - - --
    - --
    --- - --
    - --- --
    - - -
    - - -
    - --- - -
    - -
    -




    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - - --
    -
    -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --

    -
    --
    - -

    -
    - -
    -
    -
    --
    - -
    -- -
    --
    -- -
    -


    -- -
    -
    - - -
    - -
    -
    -- -
    --
    --
    -
    - --
    - - -
    -- -
    -
    - -- --
    - -
    - -
    - -
    - - -
    - -
    - --

    - -
    --

    -
    - -
    -
    -
    -
    -- - -
    - -
    - -
    -- -
    - --
    -



    -- - -
    - - - -
    - -
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    --
    -
    - -
    -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    - - --
    --
    - -- -
    --
    --
    -- --


    - -
    - - -
    - -- -
    -- --
    -
    - -- - -
    -- --
    - --
    -
    - - -- --

    -- -
    - --
    --
    -

    -- - - - -
    -
    -
    -
    - --- - -
    - - -
    --

    -

    - --
    - -
    - ---
    -
    --
    -- - -
    - --- -

    -- - -
    --
    -
    -
    - -
    - --
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    - - - - -

    --
    --
    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - --- -
    - - -
    - --
    - --- -
    - --
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --
    -
    ---

    -
    - -
    -- - - - -

    -

    - --
    -


    -
    - -

    - - -
    --
    -- -
    -
    -
    - --
    -
    - -
    --- -- -- -
    - -
    -- -
    - -
    ---- - -
    - - ---
    - -


    - -- --
    --
    -

    - --

    - ---
    --
    -- -
    -
    --- -
    - -
    - -
    - -
    --- - -

    - -- -
    -

    -- -
    --
    -
    - -
    -- -
    - -- -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - -

    -- -
    --
    - -- --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- - -
    - --- - -

    -- -
    - --
    -- -- - -
    ---
    --
    -
    - --
    - - -
    - -
    --
    - --- -

    -- --
    --
    ---
    - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - -
    --- -
    - -
    - - -
    - - -
    - --
    - -
    -- -
    --
    - -
    --
    - - -- -
    --
    - -- --
    -- - -
    -- - --
    - - -
    - -
    - - - -
    -
    - -
    - -
    -
    -
    - -- -
    - - -
    --
    -- --
    -
    -- -
    - - - -
    - --
    - ---
    -

    -- -


    -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - - - -

    - -
    --
    -
    -- - --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -
    -- -
    -
    -- - -
    --
    -- -
    -
    - -
    -- ---
    --
    -- -
    --- -
    - -
    -
    --
    -
    - - - - -

    -- --
    --

    -
    - ---
    - ---

    - -
    - - --
    - -
    -- - -- --
    -
    -- - ---
    - - -
    --- -
    - ---
    -
    - -
    - -
    -- -
    --
    --- -
    -
    -


    -

    - - -
    -
    -

    -
    ---
    -
    --
    - --
    --
    --
    -

    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - -- - --
    --- -
    ---
    -
    --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    -- --
    -
    --

    --
    --
    --- -
    --
    -
    - --
    -
    -
    - -
    - -
    - -
    -- -

    - -
    --
    -
    - -
    - -- --
    -- --
    - -- --
    -- --
    -
    - --
    -

    -
    - -
    - - -
    -

    -- -
    --
    - -

    - - -

    --
    -

    --
    -
    -- - -
    --

    - - -
    -- - -
    -- - -
    -- -
    ---
    ---

    ---

    - -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    --
    - --- -
    - -
    - - -
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - --
    -
    - ---
    -- - -
    -
    -- --- - -- -
    - - --
    -
    ---
    -- -
    -- -

    -

    - -
    -- -
    -- --
    --- --- -
    -- --
    - --

    -- -- --
    -- - -
    -- --
    --
    -- - --
    --
    - -
    -- - --
    - --
    -- --
    - ---
    --- --
    -- - -

    - --
    -- -- - k-
    - --- - --
    - -
    -- -
    --

    - - -
    - -
    - -
    - --
    -- -- -

    -
    -- ---
    - --
    -
    - - -

    - -- -
    - -

    --
    -

    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    ---
    - -
    -- -
    -- -
    --
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -

    -
    -

    --
    -
    - -
    -- - ---
    -- -
    - -
    -
    - - -
    -- -
    - --
    -
    - ---
    - -
    - -
    -

    - --
    - --
    - ---
    --
    - --
    --

    - --
    - -
    -- -- - -
    -- - --
    - --
    - - -- -
    - -- -
    ---
    - -
    -
    --
    -- -- -
    - -- --
    --
    - - -
    - - -- --
    - -- --
    -
    - --
    -- -
    -
    --- --
    - ---
    -- - ---
    -- --
    - - -
    -- - -
    --- -
    -
    -

    - --
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    -- -
    -- ---
    - --
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    ---
    -
    - - -
    - - -
    - -
    - - -
    - -
    - -
    -
    -
    -- - - -
    --
    - -
    -- - -
    --

    --
    --
    --
    - ---
    --
    -- -
    --
    - -
    - - -----
    -
    - -
    --
    --
    - -- -
    -
    --
    -
    -
    -

    --
    --
    - --
    --
    -
    - -
    -- ----
    -- -
    -
    -- - --
    - -
    - --
    -
    - -
    -
    --
    -- --
    -
    -- -
    - -
    - --
    - - -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - --
    - --
    -- -
    --
    - -- --

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- -
    -- -
    -- - -- --
    - --



    - -
    -
    -- - -
    ---
    - -

    - ---
    -
    -


    -
    -
    - -
    ---
    -
    - -
    -
    -
    - -
    --
    - ---
    - -

    -
    -
    - --
    -
    -- -
    - -
    -
    --
    -
    -- --
    -- - -
    -- - -- -- -- -
    --
    - -
    -

    -
    - -- -
    - -
    --
    - -
    --

    -- -
    -
    -
    - -
    - -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    - -
    - - --
    - --
    -- -- -
    --- - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -- --

    -
    -
    - --
    -
    -
    -
    - -
    -- -
    -
    - -
    - -- -- - -- -
    - - --
    - - - -

    -
    -
    -- -
    -- -
    - - -
    -
    -
    -- --
    - -
    -- -- -
    - -- -
    - -
    - - -
    -- --
    - -- -
    -
    - -
    -
    --- - -
    -
    - -- -
    --
    -- -
    - -
    - -- --
    -
    --

    -- -
    - -
    - -- - -
    - - -
    - -
    -
    --- -
    -- --
    - -
    - -
    --
    -

    -


    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    - -
    -

    ---
    - -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - -

    - --
    -
    - -
    --
    -
    --
    ---

    - --
    -
    --
    - - - -

    - -
    -
    -- - -

    -
    - -
    -
    --
    - - -
    -

    -

    - -

    - -
    - -- ---
    --
    -- - ---
    - - -
    --
    - - ---
    - -
    - ---
    -- --- - - -
    - -- -
    - -
    -
    - --
    - -
    -
    -
    -- -


    - --

    - --
    --
    --
    - -
    -

    -
    -- -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3


    - -
    - - - -- ---


    -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.


    - -
    - -- - -----
    - --- --
    -- -
    --
    --
    -
    --
    - - -

    - -
    -- --
    - -
    -- -
    -
    - -
    -- -

    - - -
    -
    --
    -
    -
    -- --
    - -

    -- -
    - -
    - - - - -
    -- -

    - -- -
    -


    --
    -- -- -
    ---
    - - --
    - - - -
    --
    - - -- -
    -
    -
    - --
    - --
    -
    - ---
    - - -- - k-
    - --
    - -
    - - -- -
    - -- -- --
    --
    -- - -
    -- - --
    - -
    -
    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    -
    -
    -- -
    -- --
    - -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    - - --
    - -
    -
    --
    - - -
    - -

    - - -
    -
    -
    - -

    -- --
    -- --


    -- -
    - - --
    - ---
    - -
    - --
    - - -
    - --- - -
    --
    - -
    - -
    -
    -
    - - -
    --- -
    -
    - --

    - -
    ---
    - -
    - - - -
    - -
    -
    - - -
    -- -- - - -
    - - -
    --- - - ---
    - -- --

    -- -
    --
    --
    - --
    - -
    - - - -
    -- -
    -- - --
    --
    - -
    - -- - -
    - - -
    -

    - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    -
    - -
    ---

    - -- -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    -
    --
    - -
    - -
    - - -

    -- -
    - -
    - ---
    -
    - -

    -
    - - -
    - - - -
    --
    - ---
    --
    -- -
    -- -
    --
    -- --
    --
    - --

    -

    - - -
    -

    -- - -
    -
    - - -
    -
    - --
    - --- --
    - - -- --
    - --
    - -
    -
    -
    - -
    - --
    -
    - --
    -- -- -
    -
    - ---
    ---- -- -

    - --- -
    - -- --- -
    - - - ---

    -
    - --
    - --
    -- --
    -- -- --
    - - -
    ISBN 1-256-52023-3

    --


    -
    -

    Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Seventh Edition, by William Stallings. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

    --
    -- - --
    - - -
    - - --
    - -- -- -

    You might also like