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Lecture 1 Overview 2016 PDF
Lecture 1 Overview 2016 PDF
Lecture 1 Overview 2016 PDF
Hydrocarbon Migration
Reservoir Compartmentalization
Why is Geomechanics Important?
5
Course Syllabus Part I - Basic Principles
Week 1
Lecture 1 Introduction and Course Overview
Lecture 2 Ch. 1 - The Tectonic Stress Field
HW-1 Calculating SV from density logs
Week 2
Lecture 3 - Ch. 2 - Pore Pressure at Depth
HW-2 Estimating pore pressure from porosity logs
Lecture 4 - Ch. 3 - Basic Constitutive Laws
Week 3
Lecture 5 - Ch. 4 - Rock Strength
HW-3 Estimating rock strength from geophysical logs
Lecture 6 - Ch. 4 - Fault Friction and Crustal Strength
HW 4 Calculating limits on crustal stress
Week 4
Lecture 7 - Ch. 5 - Faults and Fractures
HW 5 Analysis of fractures in image logs
6
Course Syllabus Part II In Situ Stress
Week 4
Lecture 8 - Ch. 6 - Stress Concentrations Around Vertical Wells
Week 5
Lecture 9 - Ch. 7 - Hydraulic Fracturing, Measuring Shmin, Limiting Frac
Height and Constraining Shmax
HW 6 Analysis of stress induced wellbore failures
Lecture 10 - Ch. 8 - Failure of Deviated Wells
Week 6
Lecture 11 - Ch. 9 - State of Stress in Sedimentary Basins
HW 7 Identification of critically-stressed faults
7
Course Syllabus Part III - Applications
Week 6
Lecture 12 - Ch. 10 - Wellbore Stability -1
Week 7
Lecture 13 - Ch. 10 - Wellbore Stability 2
Lecture 14 - Ch. 11 - Critically-Stressed Faults and Flow
HW 8 Development of a geomechanical model
Week 8
Lecture 15 - Ch. 11 - Fault Seal and Dynamic Hydrocarbon Migration
Lecture 16 - Ch. 12 - Effects of Depletion, Reservoir Stress Paths
Week 9
Lecture 17 - Ch. 12 - Compaction of Weak Sands and Shales and Subsidence
8
Course Syllabus Additional Topics
Week 9
Lecture 18 Geomechanics and Shale Gas/Tight Oil Production - 1
Week 10
Lecture 19 Geomechanics and Shale Gas/Tight Oil Production - 2
Lecture 20 - Geomechanics and Triggered Seismicity
9
Geomechanics Through the Life of a Field
Geomechanical Model
Time
Components of a Geomechanical Model
Additional Components of a
Geomechanical Model
UCS
Pp Pore Pressure
Pp
UCS Rock Strength (from logs)
Fractures and Faults (from Image
Shmin Logs, Seismic, etc.)
SHmax
11
Course Syllabus Part I - Basic Principles
Week 1
Lecture 1 Introduction and Course Overview
Lecture 2 Ch. 1 - The Tectonic Stress Field
HW-1 Calculating SV from density logs
Week 2
Lecture 3 - Ch. 2 - Pore Pressure at Depth
HW-2 Estimating pore pressure from porosity logs
Lecture 4 - Ch. 3 - Basic Constitutive Laws
Week 3
Lecture 5 - Ch. 4 - Rock Strength
HW-3 Estimating rock strength from geophysical logs
Lecture 6 - Ch. 4 - Fault Friction and Crustal Strength
HW 4 Calculating limits on crustal stress
Week 4
Lecture 7 - Ch. 5 - Faults and Fractures
HW 5 Analysis of fractures in image logs
12
Anderson Classification of Relative Stress Magnitudes
Sv
Normal
Shmin
SHmax
Tectonic regimes are
defined in terms of the
a. Sv > SHmax > Shmin
Sv relationship between
Strike-Slip
the vertical stress (Sv)
and two mutually
SHmax perpendicular
Shmin
horizontal stresses
b. SHmax > Sv > Shmin
Sv (SHmax and Shmin)
Reverse
SHmax
Shmin
c. SHmax > Shmin > Sv
Range of Stress Magnitudes at Depth
Hydrostatic Pp
Week 1
Lecture 1 Introduction and Course Overview
Lecture 2 Ch. 1 - The Tectonic Stress Field
HW-1 Calculating SV from density logs
Week 2
Lecture 3 - Ch. 2 - Pore Pressure at Depth
HW-2 Estimating pore pressure from porosity logs
Lecture 4 - Ch. 3 - Basic Constitutive Laws
Week 3
Lecture 5 - Ch. 4 - Rock Strength
HW-3 Estimating rock strength from geophysical logs
Lecture 6 - Ch. 4 - Fault Friction and Crustal Strength
HW 4 Calculating limits on crustal stress
Week 4
Lecture 7 - Ch. 5 - Faults and Fractures
HW 5 Analysis of fractures in image logs
16
Variations in Pore Pressure Within Compartments,
Each With ~Hydrostatic Gradients
Overpressure at Depth
Week 1
Lecture 1 Introduction and Course Overview
Lecture 2 Ch. 1 - The Tectonic Stress Field
HW-1 Calculating SV from density logs
Week 2
Lecture 3 - Ch. 2 - Pore Pressure at Depth
HW-2 Estimating pore pressure from porosity logs
Lecture 4 - Ch. 3 - Basic Constitutive Laws
Week 3
Lecture 5 - Ch. 4 - Rock Strength
HW-3 Estimating rock strength from geophysical logs
Lecture 6 - Ch. 4 - Fault Friction and Crustal Strength
HW 4 Calculating limits on crustal stress
Week 4
Lecture 7 - Ch. 5 - Faults and Fractures
HW 5 Analysis of fractures in image logs
19
Laboratory Testing
Stress (MPa)
Week 1
Lecture 1 Introduction and Course Overview
Lecture 2 Ch. 1 - The Tectonic Stress Field
HW-1 Calculating SV from density logs
Week 2
Lecture 3 - Ch. 2 - Pore Pressure at Depth
HW-2 Estimating pore pressure from porosity logs
Lecture 4 - Ch. 3 - Basic Constitutive Laws
Week 3
Lecture 5 - Ch. 4 - Rock Strength
HW-3 Estimating rock strength from geophysical logs
Lecture 6 - Ch. 4 - Fault Friction and Crustal Strength
HW 4 Calculating limits on crustal stress
Week 4
Lecture 7 - Ch. 5 - Faults and Fractures
HW 5 Analysis of fractures in image logs
23
Module 1
Compressive Strength
Strength Criterion
Strength Anisotropy
Module 2
Shear Enhanced Compaction
Strength from Logs, HW 3
Module 3
Tensile Strength
Hydraulic Fracture Propagation
Vertical Growth of Hydraulic
Fractures
Course Syllabus Part I - Basic Principles
Week 1
Lecture 1 Introduction and Course Overview
Lecture 2 Ch. 1 - The Tectonic Stress Field
HW-1 Calculating SV from density logs
Week 2
Lecture 3 - Ch. 2 - Pore Pressure at Depth
HW-2 Estimating pore pressure from porosity logs
Lecture 4 - Ch. 3 - Basic Constitutive Laws
Week 3
Lecture 5 - Ch. 4 - Rock Strength
HW-3 Estimating rock strength from geophysical logs
Lecture 6 - Ch. 4 - Fault Friction and Crustal Strength
HW 4 Calculating limits on crustal stress
Week 4
Lecture 7 - Ch. 5 - Faults and Fractures
HW 5 Analysis of fractures in image logs
25
Limits on Stress Magnitudes
Hydrostatic P
p
Critical S
Hmax
Critical S
hmin
Critical S
Hmax
S v Pp
= 3.1
Sh min Pp
SHmax Pp
S v Pp = 3.1
Sh min = + Pp Sh min Pp
3.1
Sh min 0.6S v (
SHmax = 3.1 Sh min Pp + Pp ) SHmax Pp
= 3.1
S v Pp
( )
SHmax = 3.1 S v Pp + Pp
Course Syllabus Part I - Basic Principles
Week 1
Lecture 1 Introduction and Course Overview
Lecture 2 Ch. 1 - The Tectonic Stress Field
HW-1 Calculating SV from density logs
Week 2
Lecture 3 - Ch. 2 - Pore Pressure at Depth
HW-2 Estimating pore pressure from porosity logs
Lecture 4 - Ch. 3 - Basic Constitutive Laws
Week 3
Lecture 5 - Ch. 4 - Rock Strength
HW-3 Estimating rock strength from geophysical logs
Lecture 6 - Ch. 4 - Fault Friction and Crustal Strength
HW 4 Calculating limits on crustal stress
Week 4
Lecture 7 - Ch. 5 - Faults and Fractures
HW 5 Analysis of fractures in image logs
27
Stress Regimes and Active Fault Systems
Sv Shmin SHmax
Normal
b
Shmin
SHmax shmin
X
SHmax
Shmin
b. SHmax > Sv > Shmin Strike-slip
sHmax
SHmax
Shmin sv
c. SHmax > Shmin > Sv Reverse
Week 4
Lecture 8 - Ch. 6 - Stress Concentrations Around Vertical Wells
Week 5
Lecture 9 - Ch. 7 - Hydraulic Fracturing, Measuring Shmin, Limiting Frac
Height and Constraining Shmax
HW 6 Analysis of stress induced wellbore failures
Lecture 10 - Ch. 8 - Failure of Deviated Wells
Week 6
Lecture 11 - Ch. 9 - State of Stress in Sedimentary Basins
HW 7 Identification of critically-stressed faults
29
Stress Concentration Around a Vertical Well
Compressional and Tensile Wellbore Failure
Well A
Week 4
Lecture 8 - Ch. 6 - Stress Concentrations Around Vertical Wells
Week 5
Lecture 9 - Ch. 7 - Hydraulic Fracturing, Measuring Shmin, Limiting Frac
Height and Constraining Shmax
HW 6 Analysis of stress induced wellbore failures
Lecture 10 - Ch. 8 - Failure of Deviated Wells
Week 6
Lecture 11 - Ch. 9 - State of Stress in Sedimentary Basins
HW 7 Identification of critically-stressed faults
32
Drilling Induced Tensile Wall Fractures
FMI FMS
Visund Field Orientations
Regional Stress Field in the Timor Sea
Complex Stress Field in the Elk Hills Field
Horizontal Principal Stress Measurement Methods
Stress Orientation
Stress-induced wellbore breakouts (Ch. 6)
Stress-induced tensile wall fractures (Ch. 6)
Hydraulic fracture orientations (Ch. 6)
Earthquake focal plane mechanisms (Ch. 5)
Shear velocity anisotropy (Ch. 8)
Stress Orientation
Stress-induced wellbore breakouts (Ch. 6)
Stress-induced tensile wall fractures (Ch. 6)
Hydraulic fracture orientations (Ch. 6)
Earthquake focal plane mechanisms (Ch. 5)
Whyvelocity
Shear do we use these
anisotropy (Ch. techniques?
8)
1. Model is developed using data from
Relativeformations
Stress Magnitude
of interest
Earthquake focal plane mechanisms (Ch. 5)
1. Every well that is drilled tests the model
Absolute2. They
Stress work!
Magnitude
Hydraulic fracturing/Leak-off tests (Ch. 7)
Modeling stress-induced wellbore breakouts (Ch. 7, 8)
Modeling stress-induced tensile wall fractures (Ch. 7, 8)
Modeling breakout rotations due to slip on faults (Ch. 7)
Obtaining a Comprehensive Geomechanical Model
Parameter Data
z0
Week 4
Lecture 8 - Ch. 6 - Stress Concentrations Around Vertical Wells
Week 5
Lecture 9 - Ch. 7 - Hydraulic Fracturing, Measuring Shmin, Limiting Frac
Height and Constraining Shmax
HW 6 Analysis of stress induced wellbore failures
Lecture 10 - Ch. 8 - Failure of Deviated Wells
Week 6
Lecture 11 - Ch. 9 - State of Stress in Sedimentary Basins
HW 7 Identification of critically-stressed faults
40
Wellbore Wall Stresses for Arbitrary Trajectories
Course Syllabus Part II In Situ Stress
Week 4
Lecture 8 - Ch. 6 - Stress Concentrations Around Vertical Wells
Week 5
Lecture 9 - Ch. 7 - Hydraulic Fracturing, Measuring Shmin, Limiting Frac
Height and Constraining Shmax
HW 6 Analysis of stress induced wellbore failures
Lecture 10 - Ch. 8 - Failure of Deviated Wells
Week 6
Lecture 11 - Ch. 9 - State of Stress in Sedimentary Basins
HW 7 Identification of critically-stressed faults
42
Generalized World Stress Map
180 270 0 90 180
70 70
35 35
0 0
SHmax in
-35 compressional
-35
domain
SHmax and Shmin
in strike-slip
domain
Shmin in
extensional
domain
Week 6
Lecture 12 - Ch. 10 - Wellbore Stability -1
Week 7
Lecture 13 - Ch. 10 - Wellbore Stability 2
Lecture 14 - Ch. 11 - Critically-Stressed Faults and Flow
HW 8 Development of a geomechanical model
Week 8
Lecture 15 - Ch. 11 - Fault Seal and Dynamic Hydrocarbon Migration
Lecture 16 - Ch. 12 - Effects of Depletion, Reservoir Stress Paths
Week 9
Lecture 17 - Ch. 12 - Compaction of Weak Sands and Shales and Subsidence
44
Exploration Success Targeting Critically-Stressed
Faults in Damage Zones
Hennings et al (2011)
Geomechanical Wellbore Characterization
Wellbores Intersecting Fault Damage Zones
j
d
j
a
h
Well a b c d e f g h i j k R2
Well Performance (bcf/d) 0.35 0.13 0.04 0.36 0.07 0.12 0.12 0.09 0.01 1.0 1.0
Well/Reservoir Contact Length, m 345 550 560 930 180 420 240 400 50 197 778
Critically-Stressed m=0.5 214 254 204 323 280 350 156 279 16 607 0.67
Critically-Stressed m=0.6 91 77 56 140 32 117 37 63 2 379 0.93
Critically-Stressed m=0.7 10 3 2 12 0 0 0 0 0 153 0.9
k j
1.0
0.8
Maximum Open-Hole Flow
Well Performance, bcf/day
0.6
R2=0.93
d
0.4 a
0.2 g
e b
f
h
i
c
0
0 100 200 300 400
Week 6
Lecture 12 - Ch. 10 - Wellbore Stability -1
Week 7
Lecture 13 - Ch. 10 - Wellbore Stability 2
Lecture 14 - Ch. 11 - Critically-Stressed Faults and Flow
HW 8 Development of a geomechanical model
Week 8
Lecture 15 - Ch. 11 - Fault Seal and Dynamic Hydrocarbon Migration
Lecture 16 - Ch. 12 - Effects of Depletion, Reservoir Stress Paths
Week 9
Lecture 17 - Ch. 12 - Compaction of Weak Sands and Shales and Subsidence
50
Depletion in Gulf of Mexico Field X
Depletion in Gulf of Mexico Field X
90
80
70
60
S3
S3
Pp (psi)
50
Pp
Pp
40
30
20
10
Jul-98
Feb-82
Jan-93
Jan-04
Nov-84
Aug-87
May-90
Oct-95
Apr-01
Compaction Drive
Compaction drive
25
Cum. Oil, MMSTB
20
Compaction drive with
permeability change
15
10
5
Elastic strain only
(Constant compressibility)
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
days
National Geographic, October 2004
Oil and gas fields are pervasive
through the region of high rates
of land loss.
u (r ,0) = 2C (1 )pHR e D J (R )J (r )d
z m 0 1 0
ur (r ,0) = 2Cm (1 )pHR e D J1 (R )J1 (r )d
0
Week 9
Lecture 18 Geomechanics and Shale Gas/Tight Oil Production - 1
Week 10
Lecture 19 Geomechanics and Shale Gas/Tight Oil Production - 2
Lecture 20 - Geomechanics and Triggered Seismicity
62
Current Shale Gas/Tight Oil Research Projects
Eagle Ford Shale Pore Structure
Shale Permeability is a Million Times
Smaller Than Conventional Reservoir
50mm
10 mm 64
500 nm
Multi-Stage Hydraulic Fracturing
S
Hmax
Week 9
Lecture 18 Geomechanics and Shale Gas/Tight Oil Production - 1
Week 10
Lecture 19 Geomechanics and Shale Gas/Tight Oil Production - 2
Lecture 20 - Geomechanics and Triggered Seismicity
67
Recent Publications
Zoback, M.D., A. Kohli, I. Das and M. McClure, The importance of slow slip on
faults during hydraulic fracturing of a shale gas reservoirs, SPE 155476, SPE
Americas Unconventional Resources Conference held in Pittsburgh, PA, USA 5-7
June, 2012
Recent Publications
Heller, R. and Zoback, M.D. (2013), Adsorption of Methane and Carbon Dioxide
on Gas Shale and Pure Mineral Samples, The Jour. of Unconventional Oil and
Gas Res., in review.
Sone, H and M.D. Zoback (2013), Viscous Relaxation Model for Predicting Least
Principal Stress Magnitudes in Sedimentary Rocks, Jour. Petrol. Sci. Eng., in
review.
Recent Publications
.
Case Studies
Yang, Y. and Zoback, M.D., The Role of Preexisting Fractures and Faults During
Multi-Stage Hydraulic Fracturing in the Bakken Formation, Interpretation, in press
Course Syllabus Additional Topics
Week 9
Lecture 18 Geomechanics and Shale Gas/Tight Oil Production - 1
Week 10
Lecture 19 Geomechanics and Shale Gas/Tight Oil Production - 2
Lecture 20 - Geomechanics and Triggered Seismicity
71
An Increase in Intraplate Seismicity
Prague, OK
Prague, OK*
3 M5+ Eqs
Nov., 2011
Nov. 2011 M 5.7
Zoback (2012)
Ellsworth (2013)
About 150,000 Class II EPA Injection Wells Operating in the US
Why the Increase in Seismicity?
Managing Triggered
Seismicity
Horton (2012)
Seismicity Triggered by Injection
Guy Arkansas
Earthquake Swarm