RC Khmer Textbook - ACI - 08 by Sok Rasmey

Third Print
Second Edition
7.0US$ (Original Print)
012 495 594

,

01H, 265, 13,
, , ,

023 6 315 183 / 012 495 594 / 097 7 495 594
etc_info2011@yahoo.com
Typed by:
Mr. Sok Rasmey, Msc
Last correction:

Mr. Sok Rasmey, Msc
Editor : Sok Rasmey

- :
Text Design : Sok Rasmey :
Cover Design : Sok Rasmey :
Text Art : Sok Rasmey :

,

, ,

Contents
. 01
. 13
.
53
.

() 111
.
118
. 153
.

167
. 222
. 286
.
340
.
350
.

395
. 408
.
430

Preface

( )
ACI (
) BS () BAEL (
)
ACI AASHTO ASTM ASCE AISC UBC IBC
ACI Code ASCE 7
IBC
Mathcad
(855) 12 495 594 sokrasmey@hotmail.com

: (Material Properties)
. (Concrete)
.. (compressive strength)

D 6in 15 cm
H 12in 30 cm
.: .:

P
fc =
A
fc =

P =

A =
.:
.
.:
-1- [ETC]

P 495.8kN 495800 N
2
( 150mm) 2
A 17671.459 mm
4
P

fc 28.057 MPa
A
f'c 3000psi 20.684 MPa f'c 20MPa 2900.755 psi
.. (modulus of elasticity)
1.5
Ec = 33 wc f'c ( US) wc = pcf
f'c = psi
1.5 kN
Ec = 44 wc f'c ( SI) wc =
f'c = MPa
3
m
1.5 kgf
Ec = 0.043 wc f'c ( Metric) wc = f'c = MPa
3
m
Ec =

wc =
f'c =
1.5
kN
m3 MPa
SI: 33psi 44.011 MPa
pcf psi
-2- [ETC]
1.5
kgf
m3 MPa
Metric: 33psi 0.043 MPa
pcf psi
kgf kgf
2000 2560
3 3
m m
kgf
wc = 2320 Ec = 4800 f'c wc = 145pcf
3
m
Ec = 57600 f'c ACI Ec = 57000 f'c (psi)
Ec = 4700 f'c (MPa)
.:

- f'c 25MPa 3625.943 psi
kgf
- wc 145pcf 2322.677
3
m
1.5
wc f'c
Ec 33psi 3469576.408 psi Ec 23921.887 MPa
pcf psi
1.5
wc f'c
Ec 44MPa 23915.914 MPa
kN MPa
3
m
1.5
wc f'c
Ec 0.043MPa 24066.988 MPa
kgf MPa
3
m
f'c f'c
Ec 4800MPa 24000 MPa Ec 4700MPa 23500 MPa
MPa MPa
f'c f'c
Ec 57600psi 3468430.498 psi Ec 57000psi 23664.882 MPa
psi psi
.. // (modulus of rupture)
11% 23% 15%

4000psi 28 MPa ACI
fr = 7.5 f'c ( US)
-3- [ETC]
fr = 0.623 f'c ( SI)
MPa
SI: 7.5psi 0.623 MPa
psi
(ACI Section 8.6.1)

= 1.0
= 0.85 -
= 0.75
.. (Tensile Strength)

(1)
(2)

1.

2.

2P
ft =
DL
ft =
P =

D =

L =

.: (a) (b)

(c)
-4- [ETC]
7% 11%
10%
.. (Poisson's ratio)

0.15 0.20

0.18
.. (Shear modulus)

0.4 0.6
Ec
Gc = = 0.18
2( 1 )
Gc = 0.424 Ec
.: (concrete properties)
T
f'c [ ( 20 25 28 30 32 35 40 45 50 )MPa]
kgf
wc 2322.677 0.18
3
m
1.5
wc f'c
Ec 0.043MPa ( )
kgf MPa
3
m
f'c
fr 0.623MPa ()
MPa
Ec
Gc ()
2( 1 )
-5- [ETC]
20 21526.169 2.786 9121.258
25 24066.988 3.115 10197.876

28 25470.106 3.297 10792.418
30 26364.064 3.412 11171.214

f'c 32 MPa Ec 27228.689 MPa fr 3.524 MPa Gc 11537.58 MPa
35 28476.444 3.686 12066.29

40 30442.599 3.94 12899.407
45 32289.253 4.179 13681.887

50 34035.861 4.405 14421.975

.:
f'c [MPa] Ec [MPa] fr [MPa] Gc [MPa]

20 21526.169 2.786 9121.258
25 24066.988 3.115 10197.876
28 25470.106 3.297 10792.418
30 26364.064 3.412 11171.214
32 27228.689 3.524 11537.580
35 28476.444 3.686 12066.290
40 30442.599 3.940 12899.407
45 32289.253 4.179 13681.887
50 34035.861 4.405 14421.975
. (Reinforcing Steel Bars)

.. (Grade and strength)
ACI ASTM A615 /

A615M 3 Grade 40 (Grade 280), Grade 60 (Grade 420)
Grade 75
(Grade 520)
.

.:
-6- [ETC]

ASTM ( .
.)
Metric
.
.
.: ASTM
.: ASTM
.: ASTM 615M (Metric)
-7- [ETC]
.: ASTM Metric

.:

-8- [ETC]
.:
ASTM A615, A776
A996
-9- [ETC]
..
- (Stress-strain curve)
(1) Es
5

ACI Es = 2 10 MPa

.:
-
.:
-
-10- [ETC]

-
stress
Es =
strain
T
db [ ( 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 28 32 36 43 57 )mm]
n 1 9 ( )
2
n db
As n ( )
4
kg
s 7850 ()
3
m
2
db
ws s ( )
4
As ws
2 kg
0.283 0.565 0.848 1.131 1.414 1.696 1.979 2.262 2.545 cm 0.222
m
0.503 1.005 1.508 2.011 2.513 3.016 3.519 4.021 4.524 0.395
0.785 1.571 2.356 3.142 3.927 4.712 5.498 6.283 7.069 0.617
1.131 2.262 3.393 4.524 5.655 6.786 7.917 9.048 10.179 0.888
1.539 3.079 4.618 6.158 7.697 9.236 10.776 12.315 13.854 1.208
2.011 4.021 6.032 8.042 10.053 12.064 14.074 16.085 18.096 1.578
2.545 5.089 7.634 10.179 12.723 15.268 17.813 20.358 22.902 1.998
3.142 6.283 9.425 12.566 15.708 18.85 21.991 25.133 28.274 2.466
3.801 7.603 11.404 15.205 19.007 22.808 26.609 30.411 34.212 2.984
4.909 9.817 14.726 19.635 24.544 29.452 34.361 39.27 44.179 3.853
6.158 12.315 18.473 24.63 30.788 36.945 43.103 49.26 55.418 4.834
8.042 16.085 24.127 32.17 40.212 48.255 56.297 64.34 72.382 6.313
7.99
10.179 20.358 30.536 40.715 50.894 61.073 71.251 81.43 91.609
11.4
14.522 29.044 43.566 58.088 72.61 87.132101.654116.176130.698
20.031
25.518 51.035 76.553 102.07127.588153.106178.623204.141229.658
-11- [ETC]
.:
Bar Area of steel bar, [cm2] Unit

diameter weight
[mm] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 [kg/m]
6 0.283 0.565 0.848 1.131 1.414 1.696 1.979 2.262 2.545 0.222
8 0.503 1.005 1.508 2.011 2.513 3.016 3.519 4.021 4.524 0.395
10 0.785 1.571 2.356 3.142 3.927 4.712 5.498 6.283 7.069 0.617
12 1.131 2.262 3.393 4.524 5.655 6.786 7.917 9.048 10.179 0.888
14 1.539 3.079 4.618 6.158 7.697 9.236 10.776 12.315 13.854 1.208
16 2.011 4.021 6.032 8.042 10.053 12.064 14.074 16.085 18.096 1.578
18 2.545 5.089 7.634 10.179 12.723 15.268 17.813 20.358 22.902 1.998
20 3.142 6.283 9.425 12.566 15.708 18.850 21.991 25.133 28.274 2.466
22 3.801 7.603 11.404 15.205 19.007 22.808 26.609 30.411 34.212 2.984
25 4.909 9.817 14.726 19.635 24.544 29.452 34.361 39.270 44.179 3.853
28 6.158 12.315 18.473 24.630 30.788 36.945 43.103 49.260 55.418 4.834
32 8.042 16.085 24.127 32.170 40.212 48.255 56.297 64.340 72.382 6.313
36 10.179 20.358 30.536 40.715 50.894 61.073 71.251 81.430 91.609 7.990
43 14.522 29.044 43.566 58.088 72.610 87.132 101.654 116.176 130.698 11.400
57 25.518 51.035 76.553 102.070 127.588 153.106 178.623 204.141 229.658 20.031
-12- [ETC]
:
(Design Loads)
2>1 bnkTMnaj (Gravity Loads)

- bnkefr
TMgn;rbs;eRKOgbgM/ kMralxN/ )ayGrnigkar:/ )ayGrbU k/ Bidan/
RbB nTuyeyaTwk/ RbB nemkanicnigePIg>>>>.l.
- bnkGefr
bnkeRbIR)as;
tarag2>1 tMlbnk Gefr (kPa)
shrdGaemrik Gg;eKs Cb:nu r:su SI

ANSI A58-1972 CP3-CH.PT.1: 1967 AIJ Standard SN and PIIA.11-62
GKarkariyaly
kariyaly 2.40 2.50 2.90 2.00
evr:gd; a 3.80 2.50 - 2.90
kEngTTYlePJg 4.80 2.50 2.90 2.90
GKarlMenAdan
GKarsak;enA 1.90 1.50 1.80 1.50
sNaKar 1.90 2.00 1.80 2.00
evr:gd; a 3.80 - 1.80 2.90
bnb;saFarN 4.80 2.00 3.50 2.00
ASCE 7-05 bnkGefrkat;bny

FatubgMEdlmantMl KLL AT 400ft2 37.16m2 rW eRcInCagenH
RtUv)anGnuBaatKNnacMeBaH bnk Gefrkat;bny GnuelamtamrUbmnxageRkam
L L0 0.25
15
AI KitCa ft2 smIkar@>!
AI

L L0 0.25
4.572
AI KitCa m2
AI

-13- [ETC]
Edl L0 = bnkGefrminTan;kat;bny
AI = Rklap \TiB
l/ tambTdan ASCE 7-05 Rklap\Ti BlRtUv)anpl;eGayCa
AI KLL AT
AT = Rklap rgbnk
tM l KLL RtUv)anp l;eGaydUcxageRkam
ssrxagk gni geRkAEdlKankMralkugsUllyecj KLL 4
ssrxageRkACamYykMralkugsUllyecj KLL 3
ssrekonCamYykMralkugs Ullyecj KLL 2
FwmxagkgnigeRkAEdlKankMralkugsUllyecj KLL 2
RKb;Fatu bgdM TeTot rYmbBal TaMgkMralxN2Tis KLL 1
karkat; bnybnkGefrGnuvtEtelIbn kGefr bNalBIkareRbIR)as; mincMeBaHbnkRBil>>>>

.l.. mi neFVIkarkat;bnysMrab;RklapeRbIR)as;dUcCa salRbCMu saFarN/ yandan/ rW dMbUl.
kgbTdan ASVE 7-05 bnkGefrkat;bny minGacRtUvGnuBaateGayticCag 50% nbn k Gefrmi n
Tan;kat; bnyeT sMrab;ssrRTkMral1Can; rW sMrab;ral;FatubgBM t;begag ni gmineGayticCag 40%
sMrab;eRKOgbg MepSg eTot.
sMrab;bnk GefrelIsBI 4.8 kN2 / minGnuBaateGaykat;bnyeT edaybTdan ASCE 7-05
m
elIkElgEtbnkGefrKNnaelIssrEdlRTkMraleRcInCan; GacRtUv)ankat;bny 20%.
tarag2>2 bnkGefrGb,brma
muxgar rW kareRbIR)as; bn k Gefr
_________________________________________________________________________
salRbCMu nig eragmehaRsb
ekAGICab; 60psf 2.873 kPa
ekAGIrMkil 100psf 4.788 kPa
-14- [ETC]
salraM nig bnb;raM 100psf 4.788 kPa
yandan sMrab;EtrfynePJg 50psf 2.394 kPa
GKarkariyaly
kEngTTYlePJg 100psf 4.788 kPa
kariyaly 50psf 2.394 kPa
XaMgpkTMnji
Rsal 125psf 5.985 kPa
Fn; 250psf 11.97 kPa
GKarlMenAdan
TIGaRsyenA 1 nig 2 RKYsar 40psf 1.915 kPa
sNaKar nig GKareRcInCan;

bnb;kCn 40psf 1.915 kPa
bnb;saFarN 100psf 4.788 kPa
sasaeron
bnb;eron 40psf 1.915 kPa
evr:g;daxagelICan;TI1 80psf 3.83 kPa
evr:g;daCan;TI1 100psf 4.788 kPa
CeNIr nig pvecj 100psf 4.788 kPa
1 nig 2 RKYsarrs;enA 40psf 1.915 kPa
dMbUl
dMbUlsMEb: tsamBa/ \nnU nig ekag 20psf 0.958 kPa
dMbUleRbIsMrab;kEngkMsan 60psf 2.873 kPa
dMbUlsYnc,ar 100psf 4.788 kPa
-15- [ETC]
rnaMg)aMgsac nig bu s,k
sMNg;kNM at;EdlRTedayeRKOgbgeM RKagqgw rwgTMgn;Rsal 5psf 0.239 kPa
RKb;sMNg; epSgeTot 20psf 0.958 kPa

_________________________________________________________________________
ASCE 7-05 karkat;bnybnk GefrdMbUl

bnkGefrdMbUlBRgayesIGb,brma/ L0 kgtaragTI2>2 RtUv)anGnuBaatkat;bny GaRsytam
lkxNxageRkam
dMbUlsMEb: t/ \nnU nig ekag RtUv)anGnuBaatKNnasMrab; bnkGefrdMbUlkat;bny dUcbgajk g
smIkarxageRkam rW karbnSM bnk epSg EdlmanbriyaylMGitk gbTdan ASCE 7-05, Section 2.
enAelIRKb;eRKOgbgM bnk GefrdMblU Gb,brma KYrEt 12psf 0.575 kPa.
Lr L0 R 1 R2 smIkar @>@
Edl Lr KitCa psf
12psf Lr 20psf
Edl 0.58kPa Lr 0.96kPa
L KitCa kPa
r
kgenaH Lr = bnkGefrdMbUlkat;bnykg 1m2 nTisedAedkEkgnwgFatubgM

emKuNkat;bny R1 nig R2 KYrEtRtUv)anKNnadUcxageRkam
R1 1.0 if AT 200ft
2
AT KitCa ft2
2
0.6 if AT 600ft
1.2 0.001AT otherwise
R1 1.0 if AT 18.581 m
2
AT KitCa m2
2
0.6 if AT 55.742 m
1.2 0.011AT otherwise
Edl AT = Rklap rgbnk EdlRTedayRKb;FatubgMeRKOgbgM nig
-16- [ETC]
R2 1.0 if F 4
0.6 if F 12
1.2 0.05F otherwise
kgenaH sMrab;dMbUl\nnU/ F = cMnYnnkM Bs;KitCaGIun (inch) elIhVt (foot) k gxat SI:

F 0.12slope CamYyCMralKit CaPaKry nig sMrab;dMbUledam/ F 32 Edl
H
L
H CakMBs; nig L CaRbelaHElVg .
2>2 bnk xl; Gnu elamtambTdan ASCE 7-05

sMBaFxl;KNnaenAkMBs; z Kitcab; BeI lIkBM s;dI
pz qz G Cp smIkar @>#
Edl qz= sMBaFel,nxl;enAkMBs; z Kitcab; BIelIkMBs;dI
G = emKuN\TiB
lkMlsY
Cp = emKuNsMBaFxl; xageRkA
sMBaFxl;saTic
2
lbf V
qs 0.00256 xat US smIkar @>$
ft mph
2
2
N V
qs 0.613
2 m
xat SI
m
s
Edl V = el,nxl;eKal EdlRtUvnwgel,nkMlYs3vinaTIenAkMBs; 33ft 10 m KitBIelI pdI
enAtMbn; C EdlenAcenaHeBlFmm 50qa.M
sMBaFel,nxl;rju nigbWteRkay
qz qs Kz Kzt Kd I xl;ruj smIkar @>%
qh qs Kh Kzt Kd I xl;bWteRkay
Edl Kz Kh = emKu NTItaMgsMBaFel,n/ EdlCaGnuKmn_nkMBs; nig
GaRsynwgel,n. sMrab; z zg emKuN Kz RtUv)anp l;eGayeday
-17- [ETC]
2 2 2

Kz 2.01
z
2.01
15ft
2.01
4.6m

zg zg zg
tarag2>3 RbePTtMbn; sMrab;GKar

_________________________________________________________________________
tMlefr
tMbn; ______________________________
RbePT zg G
_________________________________________________________________________
TIRkugmCmNlFM Edlman50PaKry A 1500ft 457 m 5.0 0.85
nGKarx<sC; ag 21.3m.
TIRkug nig CayRku g rWtbM n;RBeQI B 1200ft 366 m 7.0 0.85
EdlmansM Ng;GKarTab.
TIlMh EdlmanrnaMgbiT)aMgCaTUeTAkMBs C 900ft 274 m 9.5 0.85
T; abCag 9.1m.
tM bn;valrab EdlEbrmuxeTArklMhUrxl;BI D 700ft 213 m 11.5 0.85
elIpTwkcMh cMeBaHcM gayy:agehacNas;

1.61km (1mile) rW kMBs;10dgnGKar.
________________________________________________________________________
sMrab;bTdan ASCE 7 fI cab;BqI a 2M 002mk RbePTtMbn;srM ab;GKarmanEt3b:eu NaHKW B, C nig D .

RbePTtMbn; sMrab; ASCE 7-02, ASCE 7-05, ASCE 7-10
B = tM bn;TRI kugmCmN lFM TIR kug rNb nig CayRkug.
C = tM bn;sb M U rRBeQI TIRkugtUc Cayext nig tMbn;vaylMh.

D = tM bn;valrab ExSRkvat; RcaMgrWeqrsmu RTlMh rabesI tMbn;KanGVI raraMg nig tMbn; Cab; pTw k.
-18- [ETC]
rUb2>1 RbePTtMbn;
rUb2>2 emKuNPUmisaRs Kzt

-19- [ETC]
Kzt = emKu NPU msi aRs/ EdlesI 1 RbsinGKarsti enAelIdI sMrab;GKarsti elITEI ngx<s;
CMralPM rW kM BUlPM Kzt RtUvmantMlFMCag 1manbgajdUcrUb2>2xagelI.
cMNaM
1> sMrab;tMl H x

Lh Lh
nig Lz epSgBItMlbgajTaMgenH/ GnuBaateGayEkxEfmfyCabnat;.
h
2> sMrab; H
Lh
0.5/ snt;yk LH 0.5 sMrab;karKNna K1 nig CMnsY 2H Ca LhsMrab;kar
h
KNna K2 nig K3.
3> karkMNt;GkSrkat;
H = kMBs;PM rW cMeNat EdlTak;T g;eTAnwgtMbn;RbRcasxl; KitCa m
Lh = cMgaykMBl U RbRcasxl; EdlxusBIrykMBs; dKI BW ak;kN alnkMBs;PM rW cMeNat

KitCa m
K1 = emKu NKitBIsNannlkNPUmi saRs nig \TB i lel,nekI n
K2 = emKu NKitBIkarkat;bn yel,nekI nCamYycMg aykMBl U RbRcas nig Rsbxl;
K3 = emKu NKitBIkarkat;bn yel,nekI nCamYykMBs;BIelIdp I a l;
x = cMgay RbRcasxl; rW Rsbxl;BIkMBUleTATI tMagGKar KitCa m
z = kMBs;ecjBI )atdI
= emKu NbnykMBs;
dk;Rsg;ecjBI ASCE 7-05 rUb 6.4
rUb2>3 emKuNPUmisaRs Kzt GaRsyelIsmIkar

Kzt 1 K1 K2 K3 2
-20- [ETC]
Edl K1 kMNt;ecjBItaragk grU b2>3xagelI
K2 1
x

Lh
z
Lh
K3 e
Kd = emKu NTisedAxl; EdlERbRbYlBI 0.85 eTA 0.95 GaRsyelIRbePTeRKOgbg M.

emKuNTisedAxl; Kd kg ASCE 7-05 TuksMrab;\TiBl2
- PvnIyPaBbnynrMhUxl; GtibrmaBIRKb;Tsi edA
- PvnIyPaBbnynemKuNsMBaFGtibrma EdlekIteLI gsMrab;RKb;Tsi edA
tM l Kd esInwg 0.85 sMrab;RbePTeRKOgbgPM aKeRcI n rYmTaMgGKarpgEdr.
tarag2>4 emKuNTisedAxl; Kd
RbePTeRKOgbgM emKuNTisedAxl; K d
GKar
RbBnT b;kMlaMgxl;cMbg 0.85
smasPaB nig Cladding 0.85
dMblU ekag\nnU 0.85
bMBg;EpSg/ GagTwk nig eRKOgbgRM sedog

kaer: 0.90
qekaN 0.95
mUl 0.95
paksBaatan; 0.85
paksBaacMh nig eRKagbnHrnabeQI 0.85
b:mcnl;ExVg
RtIekaN/ kaer/ ctuekaN 0.85
RKb;muxka;t;epSgeTot 0.95
I = emKu NsMxan; EdlGaRsyelIRbePTnmuxgarGKar

-21- [ETC]
tarag2>5 RbePTmuxgarnsMNg; nigeRKOgbg MepSg sMrab;bnkFmCati
RbePTnmuxkar rW kareRbIR)as; RbePTGKar
GKarnigsMNg;epSg EdlmanGnraytictYcdl;CvI ti mnusSCati enAeBlman]bTv I
ehtuepSg rYmman b:Eu nminkMrti RtwmEt

- sMNg;ksikm
- sMNg;beNaHGasn
- sMNg;XaMgTMnji xattUc
RKb;GKarnigsMNg;epSg minrab;bBal TMagbBarI aykg cMNat;fa k;GKar I, III
II nig IV II
GKarnigsMNg;epSg EdlmanGnraymFmdl;CvI ti mnusSCati enAeBlman]bTv III
ehtuepSg rYmman b:Eu nminkMrti RtwmEt

- GKarnigsMNg;epSg EdlmanmnusSrs;enARbmUlpeM RcInCag300nak;
- kumardan EdlmansmtPaBpkeRcInCag150nak;
- salabzmsikSa rW GnuvTi aly EdlmansmtPaBpk eRcInCag250nak;
- mhaviTaly EdlmansmtPaBpk eRcInCag500nak;
- mCmNlEfTaMsuxPaB EdlmansmtPaBTTYlGkCMgWsak;enAeRcInCag50nak;
- BnnaKar nig mnrI XuXM aMg
GKarnigsMNg;epSg EdlCH\TBi l rW manplBal;bH: xaMg dl;esdkci C ati nig CIvit
rs;RbcaMrbs;RbCaCansIvu li enAeBlman]bTvehtuepSg rYmman
b:uEnminkMritRtwmEt
- sanIyplitGKisnI
- sMNg;RbRBwtikmTkw
- sMNg;RbRBwtikmkaksMNl;
-22- [ETC]
GKarnigsMNg;epSg Edlminrab;bBalkgcMNat;fa k;GKar IV rYmman b:uEnminkMr it
RtwmEt GKarplit Ekc sk eRbIR)as; rW sarFatuBlu bpH sarFatuKmI I eRbg\nn
kaksMNl;k gVk; GacmaneRKaHfak;dl;saFarNCn enAeBlEdlmankarpH rW
sayPayecj.
GKarnigsMNg;dTeTot EdlmansarFatBulru CW atipH RtUv)ancat;fa k;CaRbePTGKar
II bna b;Bm
I ankarvaytMlBIGCJaFrfa sarFatuTaMgBMmu ankarKMramKMEhgdl;GayuCvI ti
mnusSCati dUcmanbriyaykgEpk 1.5.2 kg bTda n ASCE 7-05
GKarnigsMNg;epSg cat;fa k;CasMNg;GKarsMxan; rYmmandUcxageRkam IV
- mnrI eBT nig mCmNl EfTaMs xu PaBdTeTot EdlmanesvakmBa)alvHkat; nig

sega Hbnan;
- GKiPy karCYysega H rfyns amuy nig sa nIyb:Ul is nig yanynr fynsegaH
bnan;
- rBay dI xl;BH rW CMrksegaHbnan;dTeTot
- kEngeRtomsega Hbnan; kEngTMnak;TnM g nig mCmNlRbtibtki ar nig GKardT
eTot sMrab;eqyI bkeTAnwgkarsega Hbnan;
- sa nIy plitGKisnI nig GKarbMerIeGayplRbeyaCn_saFarNdTeTot
kg karCYy segaHbnan;
- eRKOgbgCM nM yY epSg EdlRtUvkarsMrab;eFVRI btibtki arbnan;nRbePTcMNat;fa k;
GKar IV rYmman begalGg;EntKmnaKmn_ sIuETneRbg\nn sa nIy GKisnI Gag
skTwk Bnt;GKiPy
- GKarRtYtBinitGakasyan mCmNl RtYtBinti cracrN_p v Gakas eragsMr ab;
cMNaM eragcRkGKisnI Edlminptp; g e; PIgtamryExSePIgrd RtUvcat; Tku CaRbePTGKar II.
-23- [ETC]
tarag2>6 emKuNsMxan; I
tMbn;minmanBH nig tMbn;xl;BH tMbn;xl;BH
RbePTGKar
Edl V = 85 - 100mph nig Alaska Edl V >100mph
I 0.87 0.77
II 1.00 1.00
III 1.15 1.15
IV 1.15 1.15
]TahrN_2 >1 KNnaemKuNTItaMgsMBaFxl;

tM bn; nig emKuN
A 1 457m 5.0

B 2 zg
365m
7.0
C 3 274m 9.5

D 4 213m 11.5
emKuNTItaMgsM BaFxl;el,n
2
Exposure
Kz ( Exposure z) 2.01
max( z 4.572 m)
z
gExposure

1000
0 100 500 1050

15 120 550
20 140 600 1100
1150
30 160 650
40 180 700 1200
z1 ft z2 ft z3 ft z4 1250 ft
50
200
750
60 250 800 1300
1350
70 300 850
80 400 900 1400
1450
90 450 950
1500

z stack z1 z2 z3 z4
-24- [ETC]
i 1 rows ( z)
Kz.A Kz A zi Kz.B Kz B zi
i i
Kz.C Kz C zi Kz.D Kz D zi
i i
500
Exposure A
480
Exposure B
460 Exposure C
440 Exposure D
420
400
380
360
340
320
Height above ground, m
300
280
260
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3
Velocity pressure exposure coefficients Kz
rUb2>4 emKuNTItaMgsMBaFel,n
-25- [ETC]
tarag2>7 tM lemKuN TItaMgsMBaFel,n GaRsy tamRbePTtMb n;
kMBs; z RbePTtMbn;
ft m A B C D
0 0.0 0.32 0.58 0.85 1.03
15 4.6 0.32 0.58 0.85 1.03
20 6.1 0.36 0.62 0.90 1.08
30 9.1 0.42 0.70 0.98 1.16
40 12.2 0.47 0.76 1.04 1.22
50 15.2 0.52 0.81 1.09 1.27
60 18.3 0.55 0.85 1.14 1.31
70 21.3 0.59 0.89 1.17 1.35
80 24.4 0.62 0.93 1.21 1.38
90 27.4 0.65 0.96 1.24 1.41
100 30.5 0.68 0.99 1.27 1.43
120 36.6 0.73 1.04 1.32 1.48
140 42.7 0.78 1.09 1.36 1.52
160 48.8 0.82 1.13 1.40 1.56
180 54.9 0.86 1.17 1.43 1.59
200 61.0 0.90 1.21 1.46 1.62
250 76.2 0.98 1.28 1.54 1.68
300 91.4 1.06 1.35 1.60 1.74
400 121.9 1.18 1.47 1.69 1.82
450 137.2 1.24 1.52 1.74 1.86
500 152.4 1.30 1.57 1.78 1.90
550 167.6 1.35 1.61 1.81 1.93
600 182.9 1.39 1.65 1.85 1.96
650 198.1 1.44 1.69 1.88 1.98
700 213.4 1.48 1.72 1.91 2.01
750 228.6 1.52 1.76 1.93 2.03
800 243.8 1.56 1.79 1.96 2.06
850 259.1 1.60 1.82 1.99 2.08
900 274.3 1.64 1.85 2.01 2.10
950 289.6 1.67 1.88 2.03 2.12
1000 304.8 1.71 1.91 2.06 2.14
1050 320.0 1.74 1.94 2.08 2.16
1100 335.3 1.78 1.96 2.10 2.18
1150 350.5 1.81 1.99 2.12 2.19
1200 365.8 1.84 2.01 2.14 2.21
1250 381.0 1.87 2.03 2.15 2.22
1300 396.2 1.90 2.06 2.17 2.24
1350 411.5 1.93 2.08 2.19 2.25
1400 426.7 1.96 2.10 2.21 2.27
1450 442.0 1.98 2.12 2.22 2.28
1500 457.2 2.01 2.14 2.24 2.30
-26- [ETC]
tarag2>8 emKuNsMBaFeRkA Cp
_______________________________________________________________________
peRkA B
L
Cp eRbICamYy
_______________________________________________________________________
CBaaMgmuxxl; RKb;tM l 0.8 qz
CBaagM eRkayxl; 0 1 0.5 qh

2 0.3
L
4 0.2
B
CBaaMgxag RKb;tM l 0.7 qh

________________________________________________________________________
rUb2>5 karERbRbYlepknemKuNsMBaFxl;xageRkA Cp CamYypleFob L

B
L L L
(a) 0 1, (b) 2, (c) 4
B B B
-27- [ETC]
rUb2>6 karERbRbYlbBarnemKuNsMBaFxl;xageRkA Cp CamYypleFob LB
L L L
(a) 0 1, (b) 2, (c) 4
B B B
-28- [ETC]
]TahrN_2 >2 KNnasMBaFel,nxl;
A 1 457m 5.0

B 2 zg 366m
7.0
C 3 274m 9.5

D 4 213m 11.5
I 1 0.87

II 2 Importance 1.00
III 3 1.15

IV 4 1.15
el,nxl;eKal V 150
km
hr
41.667
m
s
RbePTGKar Category II
emKuNPUmsi as Kzt 1.0
emKuNTisedAxl; Kd 0.85
emKuNsM xan; I ImportanceCategory I1
sMBaFxl;sa Tic
2
N V kN
qs 0.613 qs 1.064
2 m 2
m m
s
emKuNsM BaFel,nxl;
2
Exposure
Kz ( Exposure z) 2.01
max( z 4.6m)
z
gExposure

sMBaFel,nxl;
qz ( Exposure z) qs Kz ( Exposure z) Kzt Kd I
i 1 rows ( z)
qz.A qz A zi qz.B qz B zi
i i
qz.C qz C zi qz.D qz D zi
i i
-29- [ETC]
tarag2>8 sMBaFel,nxl;
kMBs; z sMBaFel,nxl; q sMr ab;tMb n;
z
ft m A B C D
0 0.0 0.29 0.52 0.77 0.93
15 4.6 0.29 0.52 0.77 0.93
20 6.1 0.32 0.56 0.82 0.98
30 9.1 0.38 0.63 0.89 1.05
40 12.2 0.43 0.69 0.94 1.11
50 15.2 0.47 0.73 0.99 1.15
60 18.3 0.50 0.77 1.03 1.19
70 21.3 0.53 0.81 1.06 1.22
80 24.4 0.56 0.84 1.09 1.25
90 27.4 0.59 0.87 1.12 1.27
100 30.5 0.62 0.89 1.15 1.30
120 36.6 0.66 0.94 1.19 1.34
140 42.7 0.70 0.98 1.23 1.37
160 48.8 0.74 1.02 1.26 1.41
180 54.9 0.78 1.06 1.30 1.44
200 61.0 0.81 1.09 1.33 1.46
250 76.2 0.89 1.16 1.39 1.52
300 91.4 0.96 1.22 1.44 1.57
400 121.9 1.07 1.33 1.53 1.65
450 137.2 1.12 1.37 1.57 1.68
500 152.4 1.17 1.42 1.61 1.72
550 167.6 1.22 1.45 1.64 1.74
600 182.9 1.26 1.49 1.67 1.77
650 198.1 1.30 1.53 1.70 1.80
700 213.4 1.34 1.56 1.72 1.82
750 228.6 1.38 1.59 1.75 1.84
800 243.8 1.41 1.62 1.77 1.86
850 259.1 1.45 1.65 1.80 1.88
900 274.3 1.48 1.67 1.82 1.90
950 289.6 1.51 1.70 1.84 1.92
1000 304.8 1.55 1.73 1.86 1.94
1050 320.0 1.58 1.75 1.88 1.95
1100 335.3 1.61 1.77 1.90 1.97
1150 350.5 1.64 1.80 1.92 1.98
1200 365.8 1.66 1.82 1.93 2.00
1250 381.0 1.69 1.84 1.95 2.01
1300 396.2 1.72 1.86 1.97 2.03
1350 411.5 1.74 1.88 1.98 2.04
1400 426.7 1.77 1.90 2.00 2.05
1450 442.0 1.79 1.92 2.01 2.06
1500 457.2 1.82 1.94 2.03 2.08
-30- [ETC]
500
Exposure A
480 Exposure B
460
Exposure C
Exposure D
440
420
400
380
360
340
320
300
280
Height z, m
260
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3
Velocity wind pressure qz, kN/m2
rUb2>7 RkahVci sMBaFel,nxl;sMrab;tbM n; A, B, C nig D

-31- [ETC]
]TahrN_2 >3 KNnabnkxl;
el,nxl;eKal V 120
km
hr
33.333
m
s
RbePTtMbn; Exposure C
RbePTGKar Category II
emKuNPUmsi as Kzt 1.0
emKuNTisedAxl; Kd 0.85
emKuNkMslY G 0.85
cMnnY Can;nGKar n 12
kMBs; Can;nGKar
i 2 n H1 4.5m Hi 3.5m
4.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
H m
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
TMhMGKarkg bg;
TTwgEkgTisxl; B 54m
TTwgRsbTisxl; L 19.5m
-32- [ETC]
TTwgnRklapbH: xl; B0 5m
sMBaFxl;sa Tic
2
N V kgf
qs 0.613 qs 69.454
2 m 2
m m
s
emKuNsM xan;
I ImportanceCategory I1
emKuNsM BaFxl;
2
Exposure
Kz ( z) 2.01
max( z 4.6m)
z
gExposure
sMBaFel,nxl;
qz ( z) qs Kz ( z) Kzt Kd I
sMBaFxl;K Nna
Cp0 1.0
pz0 ( z) qz ( z) G Cp0
H H 43 m
Hi
i 1 n di Hk dn1 Htotal
2
k1
2.25 0.492
6.25 0.525
9.75 0.577
13.25 0.615
16.75 0.646
20.25 0.672
kN
d 23.75 m qz ( d) 0.695 2
m
27.25 0.716
30.75 0.734
34.25 0.751
37.75 0.767
41.25 0.781
43 0.788
-33- [ETC]
kMlaMgxl;tamCan;nimyY
pz0 di pz0 di1
- vi FcI tuekaNBaay p1i
2
di1 di
- vi FIkMBs;mFm di di1
p2i pz0 di1 di
2
i 1
d
- vi FGI aMgetRkalBit pi pz0 ( z) dz
d
i
sMrab;kMlaMgxl;bWteRkay nigTajxag ph pz0 ( H) di1 di

i
1.697 1.729 1.674

1.643 1.639 1.645
1.775 1.772 1.776
1.877 1.876 1.878
1.962 1.961 1.963
2.035 kN 2.035 kN 2.036 kN
p p1 p2
2.1 m 2.099 m 2.1 m
2.157 2.157 2.158
2.21 2.21 2.21
2.258 2.258 2.258
2.303 2.302 2.303
1.167 1.167 1.167
PaKrylMeGogeFobnwgviFITaMg3
1.876 -1.41
-0.272 0.134
-0.13 0.065
-0.076 0.038
-0.05 0.025
p1 p -0.035 p2 p 0.018
% %
p -0.026 p 0.013
-0.02 0.01
-0.016 0.008
-0.013 0.007
-0.011 0.005
-0.002 0.001
-34- [ETC]
emKuNsM BaFxageRkA
sMrab;xl;buk Cp.windward 0.8
0 0.5
1 0.5
L
sMrab;xl;bWteRkay Cp.leeward linterp 2 0.3 0.5
4 0.2 B

40 0.2
sMrab;xl;Tajxag Cp.side 0.7
kMlaMgxl;KNna
kMlaMgxl;buk Pwindward p B0 Cp.windward
kMlaMgxl;bWteRkay Pleeward ph B0 Cp.leeward
kMlaMgxl;Tajxag Pside ph B0 Cp.side
kMlaMgmanGMeBIelIGKar
Pwind augment Pwindward Pleeward Pside
tarag2>9 kMlaMgxl;manGMeBIelIGKar 12Can; kMBs; 43m
Can; kMBs;Can; (m) kMlaMgxl;buk (kN) kMlaMgxl;bWteRkay (kN) kMlaMgxl;Tajxag (kN)
1 4.5 6.790 4.184 5.857
2 3.5 6.572 3.661 5.125
3 3.5 7.099 3.661 5.125
4 3.5 7.509 3.661 5.125
5 3.5 7.849 3.661 5.125
6 3.5 8.142 3.661 5.125
7 3.5 8.399 3.661 5.125
8 3.5 8.630 3.661 5.125
9 3.5 8.839 3.661 5.125
10 3.5 9.032 3.661 5.125
11 3.5 9.210 3.661 5.125
12 3.5 4.668 1.830 2.563
cMNaM elakGkGnu vtnb_ nk xl;Edl)anKNnaTaMgGs;KW kMlaMgxl;ruj kMlaMgxl;bWteRkay nig

kMlaMgxl;TajxagCabnk cMncu Rtg; tNM nkMBs;Can;nmi yY .
-35- [ETC]
]TahrN_2 >4 KNnabnkxl;sMrab;GKarsNaKar7Can;
RbePTtMbn; cMNat;fa k;GKar emKuNsM xan;
B 1 I 1 0.87

C 2 II 2 Importance
1.0
D 3 III 3 1.15

IV 4 1.15
el,nxl;eKal V 140
km
hr
V 38.889
m
s
V 86.992 mph
RbePTtMbn; Exposure B
cMNat;fa k;GKar Class II
emKuNTisedA Kd 0.85
emKuNPUmsi as Kzt 1
emKuN\TBi lkMslY G 0.85
emKuNsM xan; I ImportanceClass 1
emKuNsM BaFel,n
366m 7.0
Vzg 274m V 9.5
213m 11.5

zg Vzg zg 366 m
Exposure
VExposure 7
2

Kz ( z) 2.01
max( z 4.6m)
zg

sMBaFxl;sa Tic
2
N V kN
qs 0.613 qs 0.927
2 m 2
m m
s
-36- [ETC]
kMBs; Can;nmi yY nGKar kMBs;Can;Kti BIelIcHu eRkam
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
25.50
3.50
4.00
4.00
5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
20.00

rUb2>8 eRKagGKar 2D
4.0
4.0

3.5
H 3.5 m

Htotal
H 25.5 m
3.5
3.5

3.5
TMhMEkgnwgTisxl; B 46m
TMhRM sbnwgTisxl; L 20m
pleFobTMng
L
B
0.435
-37- [ETC]
sMBaFel,nxl;
qz ( z) qs Kz ( z) Kzt Kd I

Kh Kz Htotal 0.939
kN
qh qs Kh Kzt Kd I 0.74
2
m
sMBaFxl;K Nna

pz z Cp qz ( z) G Cp

ph Cp qh G Cp
emKuNsM BaFxl;xageRkA
sMrab;xl;bukmux Cp.windward 0.8
0 0.5
1 0.5

sMrab;xl;bWteRkay Cp.leeward linterp 2 0.3 Cp.leeward 0.5
4 0.2

40 0.2
sMrab;xl;Tajxag Cp.side 0.7
TTwgb:Hxl;
sMrab;xl;bukmux Bwindward 8m
sMrab;xl;bWteRkay Bleeward 8m
sMrab;xl;Tajxag Bside 6.5m
cMnnY Can;nGKar n rows ( H) n7
kMBs; Bak;kNalCan; Kitcab;BrI ykMBs;Can;pal;dI
-38- [ETC]
j
H
Hj
j 1 n aj Hk an1
2
k1
25.50

23.75
20.25

reverse ( a) m
16.75
13.25

9.75
6.00

2.00
25.50
23.75
20.25
16.75
13.25
9.75
6.00
2.00
5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00

20.00
rUb2>9 kMBs;Bak;kNalCan;KitBI nvI U: pdI
-39- [ETC]
kMBs; rgsMBaFxl;tamCan;nmi yY
Hj Hj
hj hn1 0m hj 1 hj 1
2 2
1.75

3.50
3.50

reverse ( h) 3.50
m
3.50

3.75
4.00

2.00
1.75
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.75
4.00
2.00
5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00

20.00

rUb2>10 kMBs;rgsMBaFxl;Ki tBak;kNalCan; tamCan;nmI yY
-40- [ETC]
kMlaMgxl;KNna
j 1
a
Fwindward
j a

pz z Cp.windward dz Bwindward
j

Fleeward ph Cp.leeward hj 1 Bleeward
j

Fside ph Cp.side hj 1 Bside
j
Ftotal Fwindward Fleeward
tarag2>10 kMlaMgxl;manGMeBIelIGKarsNanKar7Can; kM Bs; 25.5m

Can; kMBs;Can; kMlaMgxl;bukmux kMlaMgxl;bWteRkay kMlaMgxl;Tajxag kMlaMgxl;srub
(m) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN)
7 3.50 6.974 4.402 5.008 11.376
6 3.50 13.503 8.805 10.015 22.308
5 3.50 12.850 8.805 10.015 21.654
4 3.50 12.100 8.805 10.015 20.905
3 3.50 11.212 8.805 10.015 20.017
2 4.00 10.769 9.434 10.731 20.202
1 4.00 10.011 10.063 11.446 20.073
11.376kN
22.308kN
21.654kN
20.905kN
20.017kN
20.202kN
20.073kN
rUb2>11 kMlaMgxl; manGMeBIelIeRKag 2D

-41- [ETC]
2>3 karKNnabnkmanGM eBIelIFatu bgMsMNg;
2>3>1 bnkmanGMeBIelIkMralxN
5.70
3.60
rUb2>12 kMralxN2Tis
TMhkM rM alxN La 3.6m Lb 5.7m
kMras;krM alxN

Perimeter La Lb 2 Perimeter 18.6 m
Perimeter
tmin tmin 103.333 mm
180
t
1 1
La t ( 102.857 80 ) mm
35 45
kMras;krM aleRbIR)as; t 100mm
bnk efr
kN kN
Ceramic 10mm 22 Ceramic 0.22
3 2
m m
kN kN
Bedding 40mm 22 Bedding 0.88
3 2
m m
kN kN
Slab t 25 Slab 2.5
3 2
m m
-42- [ETC]
kN kN
Ceiling 20mm 20 Ceiling 0.4
3 2
m m
kN
Partition 1.00
2
m
kN
Electricity 0.4
2
m
kN
DL Ceramic Bedding Slab Ceiling Partition Electricity 5.4
2
m
bnkGefreRbIR)as;
LL 2.4
kN
2
sM rab;GKarkariyaly
m
bnk srubKitTaMgemKuN
kN
wu 1.2DL 1.6LL wu 10.32
2
m
2>3>2 bnk manGMeBIelIFwm B1

2.10
B1: 200350
B2: 250550
5.70
45 45
3.60 3.60
rUb2>13 karEbgEckbnk elIFmw

RbEvgRbelaHFwm L La 3.6 m
-43- [ETC]
muxkat;Fm
tarag2>11 kMras;Gb,brmankMralxN1 Tis nigFwmminEmneRbkugRtaMg
h
1
sM rab;Fwmem 1
L
8 10
h
1 1
sM rab;FwmkMralxN2Tis L
10 15
h
1 1
sM rab;FwmkMralCan; L
15 20
h
1 1
L h ( 360 240 ) mm h 350mm
10 15
b ( 0.3 0.6 )h b ( 105 210 ) mm b 200mm
TMgn;CBa agM \d
3
Void 30mm 30mm 190mm 4 684000 mm
Wall10 120mm Void

55 kN kN
Wall10 1.648
2
20
3 2
1m m m
Wall20 220mm Void

110 kN kN
Wall20 2.895
2
20
3 2
1m m m
bnk efr
kN kN
SW b ( h t) 25 SW 1.3
3 m
m
kN
wwall Wall20 ( 4m h) wwall 10.567
m
-44- [ETC]
La kN
wDL1 DL wDL1 9.72
2 m
2.1m kN
wDL2 DL wDL2 5.67
2 m
bnkGefr
3.6m kN
wLL1 LL wLL1 4.32
2 m
2.1m kN
wLL2 LL wLL2 2.52
2 m
emKuNbMElgBIbnk ragRtIekaN rW ctuekaNBayeTABRgayesI

3.6m 2.1m
2 2
1 0.5 2 0.292
L L
2
k1 1 21 1 0.625
3
sM rab;bnk RtIekaN
2
k2 1 22 2 0.855
3
sM rab;bnkctuekaNBay
bnk BRgayesmI anGMeBIelIFmw
kN
wD SW wwall wDL1 k1 wDL2 k2 wD 22.738
m
kN
wL wLL1 k1 wLL2 k2 wL 4.854
m
kN
wu 1.2wD 1.6wL wu 35.052
m
m:U m:g;Bt;sMrab;Fm
edayFmw Can;Ka eRcInRbelaHelIsBI2RbelaH nig RbelaHF mw CaRbelaHkNal dUecH
m:U mg: B; t;viCm an ni g GviCmansMrab;Fmw RtUv)anGnuvtnt_ amemKuNm:mU g: r; bs;bTdan ACI
dUcxageRkam.
2
wu L
Mneg 41.298 kN m
11
-45- [ETC]
2
wu L
Mpos 28.392 kN m
16
rUb2>14 emKuNm:mU :gr; bs;bTdan ACI
-46- [ETC]
2>3>2 bnk manGMeBIelIFwm B2
RbEvgRbelaHFwm L Lb 5.7 m
muxkat;Fwm
h
1 1
L h ( 570 380 ) mm h 550mm
10 15
b ( 0.3 0.6 )h b ( 165 330 ) mm b 250mm
TMgn;CBa agM \d
3
Void 30mm 30mm 190mm 4 684000 mm
Wall10 120mm Void

55 kN kN
Wall10 1.648
2
20
3 2
1m m m
Wall20 220mm Void

110 kN kN
Wall20 2.895
2
20
3 2
1m m m
bnk efr
kN kN
SW b ( h t) 25 SW 2.8
3 m
m
kN
wwall Wall20 ( 4m h) wwall 9.988
m
3.6m kN
DLslab DL 2 DLslab 19.44
2 m
bnkGefr
3.6m kN
LLslab LL 2 LLslab 8.64
2 m
emKuNbMElgBIbnk ragRtIekaN rW ctuekaNBay eTABRgayesI

3.6m
2 2 3
0.316 k 1 2 0.832
L
kN
wD SW wwall DLslab k wD 28.976
m
-47- [ETC]
kN
wL LLslab k wL 7.189
m
kN
wu 1.2wD 1.6wL wu 46.273
m
m:U m:g;Bt;sMrab;Fm
2
wu L
Mneg 136.674 kN m
11
2
wu L
Mpos 93.964 kN m
16
2>3>3 bnk manGMeBIelIssr
2.10
L
5.70
3.60 3.60
rUb2>15 RkLaprgbnk rbs;ssrKNna

RkLaprgbnk B 3.6m L
5.7m 2.1m
2

2
3.9 m
muxkat;ssr bc 300mm hc 400mm
TMgn;pa l;rbs;ssr
kN
SW bc hc 25 4m SW 12 kN
3
m
-48- [ETC]
CaTUeTAGacsnt;yk
SW ( 5% 7% ) PD
bnkFwm B1
PB1 20cm ( 35cm t) 25
kN
Wall20 ( 4m 35cm) B
3
m
PB1 42.543 kN
bnkFwm B2
PB2 25cm ( 55cm t) 25
kN
Wall20 ( 4m 55cm) L
3
m
PB2 49.924 kN
bnkkMralxN
PD.slab DL B L PD.slab 75.816 kN
PL.slab LL B L PL.slab 33.696 kN
bnk efr
PD SW PB1 PB2 PD.slab PD 180.283 kN
bnkGefr
PL PL.slab PL 33.696 kN
Binti emIlTMgn;pa l;rbs;ssr

SW
7.131 %
PD SW
bnk BRgayKitkg 1ktaRkLap

PD PL kN
wu wu 15.241
BL m
2
-49- [ETC]
CaTUeTAGacsnt;ykcen aH ( 10 18 )
kN
2
GaRs yeTAtambnkGefreRbI R)as; .
m
bnk srubKitTaMgemKuNsMrab;cnM nY Can; n 4

PDL PD n 721.13 kN PLL PL ( n 1) 101.088 kN
kN
PLr 1.0 B L 14.04 kN Pu 1.2PDL 1.6PLL 0.5PLr 1034.117 kN
2
m
2>3>4 bnkmanGMeBIelIdMbUl
mMu CMraldMbUl 25deg
TMgn;ek,g
2
kN 1m kgf
wtile 20mm 20 wtile 45.005
3 2 2
m 1m cos ( ) m
TMgn;dGENg
kgf
w20x20x1.0 [ 20mm 20mm ( 20mm 1.0mm 2) ( 20mm 1.0mm 2) ]7850
3
m
kgf
w20x20x1.0 0.597
1m
1m kgf
wpurlin w20x20x1.0 wpurlin 6.583
1m 100mm cos ( ) m
2
TMgn;epag
kgf
w40x80x1.5 [ 40mm 80mm ( 40mm 1.5mm 2) ( 80mm 1.5mm 2) ]7850
3
m
kgf
w40x80x1.5 2.755
1m
1m kgf
wrafter w40x80x1.5 wrafter 3.8
1m 800mm cos ( ) m
2
TMgn;Fmw emdMbUl
kN 1m kgf
wbeam 15cm 30cm 25 wbeam 57.359
m 1m 2m
3 2
m
-50- [ETC]
TMgn;ssretO
kN 1 kgf
wcolumn 20cm 20cm 3m 25 wcolumn 38.239
m 2m 4m
3 2
m
bnkefrsru b wD wtile wpurlin wrafter wbeam wcolumn
kgf
wD 150.987
2
m
bnkGefr wL 0.50
kN
2

1
cos ( )
wL 56.257
kgf
2
m m
2>3>5 bnkmanGMeBIelICeNIr
TMhkM aMCeNrI T 300mm R 165mm
FrNImaRtCeNrI GnuelamtambTdan IBC, Section 1009 :

sgd; ar T 2R 60cm 64cm) T 2R 630 mm
kMBs; kaM RtUvEt 100mm R 175mm

bnarCMhankaM RtUvEt T 280mm
TTwgCeNrI Gb,brmaKW Wmin 1.1m
RbEvgfasCeNrI RtUvEt Llanding 3.6m
k> bnkelIbnareRTt tYCeNIr
muM CMralCeNI r atan
R
28.811 deg
T
kMras;tY t 120mm
kN ( R T) 1m
)ayGrni gkar:U Finishing 50mm 22
3

T 1m
1.705
kN
2
m m
TR
TMgn;pa l;rbs;kaM Step 24
kN 1m
1.98
kN
m T 1m
2 3 2
m
-51- [ETC]
2
TMgn;pa l;rbs;tY Slab t 25
kN
3

2
1m
3.424
kN
2
m 1m cos ( ) m
2
)ayGrbUkeRkam Renderring 20mm 20
kN
3

2
1m
0.457
kN
2
m 1m cos ( ) m
bgan;d Handrail 0.20

kN
2
1
0.228
kN
2
m cos ( ) m
bnkefrsru b wD Finishing Step Slab Renderring Handrail
kN
wD 7.794
2
m
bnkGefr wL 4.8
kN
2
m
bnk srubKitTaMgemKuN wu 1.2wD 1.6wL 17.032

kN
2
m
x> bnkelIfasCeN rI
kMras;fas t 120mm
)ayGrni gkar:elI Finishing 50mm 22

kN
3
1.1
kN
2
m m
TMgn;pa l;rbs;fas Slab t 25

kN
3
3
kN
2
m m
)ayGrbUkeRkam Renderring 20mm 20

kN
3
0.4
kN
2
m m
bgan;d Handrail 0.20

kN
2
m
bnkefrsru b wD Finishing Slab Renderring Handrail 4.7

kN
2
m
bnkGefr wL 4.8
kN
2
m
bnk srubKitTaMgemKuN wu 1.2wD 1.6wL 13.32

kN
2
m
-52- [ETC]
:
(Flexural Analysis and Design in Beams)
. ACI 318-08
(ACI Code Safety Prevision)
Required_Strength Design_Strength
U Sn
U ( )
Sn
Sn
..
U
ACI 318-08
( ) U = 1.2 D 1.6 L
U = 1.4( D F)

U = 1.2 ( D F T ) 1.6 ( L H) 0.5 Lr S R

U = 1.2D 1.6 Lr S R ( 1.0L 0.8W)

U = 1.2D 1.6W 1.0L 0.5 Lr S R
U = 0.9D 1.6W 1.6H
U = 1.2D 1.0L 1.0E 0.2S
U = 0.9D 1.0E 1.6H

-53- [ETC]
L
Lr
..
(Strength Reduction Factors)
.: ACI 318-08
_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
/ (Tension-controlled sections) 0.90

/ (Compression-controlled sections)

(Spirally reinforced) 0.75
(Others ) 0.65
(Shear and torsion) 0.75
(Bearing on concrete) 0.65
(Strut-and-tie models) 0.75

________________________________________________________________________
= 0.90 if t 0.005
0.75 if t 0.002

= 0.75 max 0.65 50 t
min 0.9

0.65 50 t otherwise
= 0.90 if t 0.005
0.65 if t 0.002 1.45 250 t
= 0.65 max min 0.9
1.45 250 t 3
otherwise
3
-54- [ETC]
t (net tensile strain)
t 0.005 :

(tension-controlled section)
0.002 t 0.005 : (transition zone)
t 0.002 :
(compression-controlled section)

.:

.:
c/dt
-55- [ETC]

.:
t
= 0.9 if t 0.005 or
0.75 0.75 t 0.002 50 0.9
0.75 if t 0.002

0.75 t 0.002 50 otherwise
250
= 0.9 if t 0.005 or
0.65 0.65 t 0.002
3
0.9
0.65 if t 0.002
0.65 t 0.002
250

3
otherwise
. (Equivalent Rectangular Stress Distribution)

.:

-56- [ETC]

C = f'c c b

c

a

c =
2
C = f'c c b = f'c a b
a = 1 c 1 = 2
c
= =
a 1
.:

f'c 4000psi 5000psi 6000psi 7000psi 8000psi

__________________________________________________________________________
0.72 0.68 0.64 0.60 0.56
0.425 0.400 0.375 0.350 0.325
1 = 2 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65

0.72 0.68 0.64 0.60 0.56
= 0.847 0.85 0.853 0.857 0.862
1 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65
___________________________________________________________________________
0.847 0.85 0.853 0.857 0.862

0.85
5
1 = 0.85 if f'c 4000psi 4000psi 27.6 MPa
0.65 if f'c 8000psi 8000psi 55.2 MPa
f'c 4000psi 1000psi 6.9 MPa

0.85 0.05 otherwise
1000psi
f'c 28MPa
0.65 1 = 0.85 0.05 0.85
7MPa
-57- [ETC]
. (Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam)

.:

.:

..
(Strength Analysis )
A. ,
X = 0
C= T
C = 0.85 f'c a b
-58- [ETC]
T = As f s
B. ,
M = 0
Mn = C d
a a
= T d
2 2
Mn = 0.85 f'c a b d
a

2
Mn = As fs d
a
2
C. (Conditioin of strain compacility)
s dc
=
u c
dc dt c
s = u t = u
c c
u u
c = d ct = dt
u s u s
= 2
X = 0 M = 0
=3 As a fs
fs = fy
(for economicl criteria)
.. (Steel Ratios)

T= C
As fy = 0.85 f'c a b
b d fy
As f'c a f'c c f'c c dt

= = 0.85 = 0.85 1 = 0.85 1
b d fy d fy d fy dt d
f'c u f'c u dt
= 0.85 1 = 0.85 1
fy u s fy u t d
- (Balanced steel ratio)
-59- [ETC]
fy
5
Es = 2 10 MPa fy = 400MPa y = = 0.002
Es
f'c u f'c 600MPa

b = 0.85 1 = 0.85 1
fy u y fy 600MPa fy
- (Maximum reinforcement ratio for flexural member)

2 002
/
t / b

t
/ b
ACI 318-99 max = 0.75 b
f'c u
ACI 318-02
max = t = 0.85 1
fy u t
t 0.004
f'c u
0.005 = 0.85 1
fy u 0.005
(For tension-controlled member)
.: t

2 002
(
0.1 f'c Ag) t

0.004

0.75b t = 0.00376
-60- [ETC]
0.004 0.812

( / ) ACI 318-99
( .)

.:

(strength of tension-controlled section)
2 002 ACI
= 0.9

2 002 .
10%

-
(Minimum reinforcement of flexural member)

()
(modulus of rupture)

1.4
min = ACI

fy
28MPa 1995

1.4
min =
f'c 35MPa
fy
,
3 f'c 200
As.min = bw d bw d ( US)
fy fy
-61- [ETC]
0.25 f'c 1.4
As.min = bw d b d ( SI)
fy fy w
As.min
bw
2bw

.. (Determination of Moment Strength)
(existing beam)
: As b d f'c fy
: Mn
As
=
b d
min :

min max :

max :

= max As = b d
. Mn
As f y
a= (

)
0.85 f'c b
a
c= ( )
1
dt c
t = u ( )
c

= t ( )
Mn = As fy d
a
2
-62- [ETC]
Mn = 0.85 f'c a b d
a
3.1

b 250mm h 400mm
cover 30mm
Dv 6mm
2
( 20mm) 2
As 3 9.425 cm
4
f'c 25MPa fy 400MPa
u 0.003
f'c 28MPa
1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05 min 0.85 0.85
7MPa
1 0.85 if f'c 28MPa 1 0.85
0.65 if f'c 55MPa
f'c 28MPa
0.85 0.05 otherwise
7MPa
f'c
0.25MPa
MPa 1.4MPa
min max 0.0035
fy fy

f'c u
max 0.85 1 0.0169
fy u 0.005
-63- [ETC]
d h cover Dv
20mm
354 mm
2
As
0.0106
bd
"" if min
"" if min max
" " otherwise
""

As min max b d 9.425 cm
2
As f y
a 70.963 mm
0.85 f'c b
a
c 83.486 mm
1

dt d 354 mm
dt c
( ) t u 0.0097
c
1.45 250 t
0.65 max min 0.9 0.9
3
0.9 if t 0.005 0.9
0.65 if t 0.002
1.45 250 t
otherwise
3
Mn As fy d 108.071 kN m
a

2
Mn 0.85 f'c a b d 108.071 kN m

a
2
.. (Determination of Steel Area)
-64- [ETC]

: Mu b d f'c fy
: As
0.85 f'c a b = As fy
b d
a
0.85 f'c = fy
d
f'c a
= 0.85 (1)
fy d
2
Mn = 0.85 f'c a b d
a a
= 0.85 f'c a b d 0.85 f'c b
2 2
Mn 0.85 f'c a 2

a
= 0.85 f'c
b d
2 d 2 d
0.85 f'c 2 Mn
0.85 f'c
a a
= 0 (2)
2 d d b d2
2
q w 2q w Rn = 0
a Mn
2q = 0.85 f'c w= Rn =
d 2
b d
Rn
w1 = 1 1 1
q
Rn a 2 Rn
w2 = 1 1 1 = 1 1 (3)
q d 0.85 f'c
Mn
Rn =
2
b d
Rn
-65- [ETC]
Mn

(3) (1)
f'c 2Rn Mn
= 0.85 1 1 Rn =
fy 0.85 f'c 2
b d
(3)
2 Rn
a = d 1 1
0.85 f'c

u
cmax = d s.min = 0.005
u s.min
amax = cmax 1
= 0.9

Mu
Mn =

Mn
Rn =
2
b d
.
f'c 2Rn
= 0.85 1 1
fy 0.85 f'c

max :
(
)
max :

. / (Required Area)

As = max min b d ( As )
-66- [ETC]
As f y
a= ( As )
0.85 f'c b
a
c=
1
dt c
t = u
c
= t
Mn = As fy d
a
2
Mn

: FS =
Mu
FS 1 :
FS 1 :

3.2
Mu 78.302 kN m

b 250mm h 500mm
cover 30mm
Dv 8mm
Db 16mm
f'c 25MPa fy 400MPa
u 0.003
f'c 28MPa
1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05 min 0.85 0.85
7MPa
-67- [ETC]
f'c
0.25MPa
MPa MPa
min max 1.4 0.0035
fy fy

f'c u
max 0.85 1 0.0169
fy u 0.005
1()
Db
d h cover Dv 454 mm
2
0.9
Mu
Mn 87.002 kN m

Mn
Rn 1.688 MPa
2
bd
f'c 2Rn
0.85 1 1 0.0044
fy 0.85 f'c

.

"(is singly reinforced)" if max
"(is doubly reinforced)" otherwise
"(is singly reinforced)"

As.req max min b d 4.998 cm
2
. /
2
Db 2
D b 16 mm , As1 2.011 cm
4
As.req
n ceil 3
As1

2
As.pro n As1 6.032 cm
-68- [ETC]

bmin = 2 cover 2 stirrup n Db ( n 1) sv
cover =
stirrup =

n =
Db =
sv =
bmin 2cover 2Dv n Db ( n 1) 40mm 204 mm
"" if bmin b
" " otherwise
""
As.pro fy
a 45.416 mm
0.85 f'c b
a
c 53.431 mm
1
Db
dt h cover Dv 454 mm
2
dt c
t u 0.0225
c
1.45 250 t
0.65 max min 0.9 0.9
3
Mn As.pro fy d 93.654 kN m
a
Mn

FS 1.196
Mu
" " if FS 1.0

"" otherwise
-69- [ETC]
" "
0.9
Mu
Mn 87.002 kN m

Mn
Rn 1.688 MPa
2
bd
2 Rn
a d 1 1 37.632 mm
0.85 f'c

u
amax d 170.25 mm
u 0.005
Beam "is singly reinforced." if a amax
"is doubly reinforced." otherwise
Beam "is singly reinforced."
Mn 2
As.req 4.998 cm
fy d
a

2
0.85 f'c a b 2
As 4.998 cm
fy
2
db

DB n db n
4
2
As.pro 3 DB ( 16mm) 6.032 cm
-70- [ETC]
As.pro fy
a 45.416 mm
0.85 f'c b
a
c 53.431 mm
1
dt c
t u 0.022
c
1.45 250 t
0.65 max min 0.9 0.9
3
a
2
Mn
FS 1.196
Mu
" " if FS 1.0

"" otherwise
" "
..
(Determination of concrete dimensions and steel area)
: Mu f'c fy
: b d As
As f y
As fy d
a As f y d
Mn 2 0.85 f'c b
Rn = = 2
=
2 2 2
b d bd b d
As As fy fy
Rn = fy 1 = f y
1
b d b d 1.7 f'c 1.7 f'c

.

t 0.004 t 0.005
-71- [ETC]
f'c u
= 0.85 1
fy u t
= t
Mu
Mn =

= 0.9
= ( 0.5 0.75) max
f'c u
max = 0.85 1
fy u 0.005
Mu
Mn =

Mn
Rn

1: b=
2
d
Mn

2: d=
Rn
b
3 Mn
b Rn

3: k= = 0.3 0.5 d = b = k d
d k
Mn
Rn =
2
b d
f'c 2Rn
= 0.85 1 1
fy 0.85 f'c

min max
As = b d
-72- [ETC]
As f y
a=
0.85 f'c b
a dt c
c=
1
t = u
c

= t
Mn = As fy d
a
2
Mn
FS = 1.0
Mu
3.3
Mu 107.51kN m
f'c 30MPa fy 400MPa
u 0.003
f'c 28MPa
1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05 min 0.85 0.836
7MPa
f'c
0.25MPa
MPa MPa
min max 1.4 0.0035
fy fy

f'c u
max 0.85 1 0.02
fy u 0.005
0.9
Mu
Mn 119.456 kN m

( 0.5 0.75 ) max ( 0.01 0.015 )
0.01
-73- [ETC]
.

fy
Rn fy 1 3.686 MPa
1.7 f'c

b
k = k 0.45
d
3 Mn
Rn
d 416.04 mm b k d 187.218 mm
k

b Ceil ( b 50mm) 200 mm
h Ceil ( d 100mm) 500 mm
d h 30mm 6mm 16mm

30mm

433 mm
2
Mn
Rn 3.186 MPa
2
bd
f'c 2 Rn
1
0.85 1 0.0085
fy 0.85 f'c

min max 1

2
2
Db

DB n Db n
4
2
As.pro 4 DB ( 16mm) 8.042 cm
As.pro fy
a 63.078 mm
0.85 f'c b
a
c 75.478 mm
1
-74- [ETC]
dt h 30mm 6mm
16mm
456 mm
2
dt c
t u 0.0151
c
1.45 250 t
0.65 max min 0.9 0.9
3
a
2
Mn

FS 1.081 ,

Mu
. (Design of Doubly Reinforced Beam)
max :
()
max : ( )
a amax :
()
a amax : ( )
..
(Strength Analysis)

.:

x = 0
T = Cc Cs
T = As f s = As f y
-75- [ETC]
Cc = 0.85 f'c a b
Cs = A's f's
M = 0
Mn = Mn1 Mn2
Mn1 = Cs ( d d') = A's f's ( d d')
Mn2 = Cc d = 0.85 f'c a b d

a a
2 2
Mn2 = T Cs d
a a

= As fy A's f's d
2 2
s dc
=
u c
dc dt c
s = u t = u
c c
u u
c = d c = dt
u s u t
's c d'
=
u c
c d'
's = u
c
u
c = d'
u 's
.. (Steel Ratios)
A's
' =
b d
-76- [ETC]
As As f y 0.85 f'c a b A's f's f'c c f's
= = = = 0.85 1 '
b d b d fy b d fy fy d fy
(Maximum reinforcement ratio )
f's
t.max = max '
fy
t.max : ( )
t.max : ( )
= 0.9
f's
t.0.005 = 0.005 '
fy
u
d'
f'c c f's f'c u 's f's
= 0.85 1 ' = 0.85 1 '
fy d fy fy d fy
f's = fy
f'c u d'
cy = 0.85 1 '
fy u y d
cy :
cy :
.. (Determination of Flexural Strength)
: bd dt d' As A's f'c fy
: Mn
As
=
b d
max :
-77- [ETC]
max :

A's
' = t.max = max '
b d
t.0.005 = 0.005 ' (
, = 0.9)
t.max :
t.max :

As = min t.max b d
.
2.1 f's = fy
2.2
As fy A's f's a
a= c=
0.85 f'c b 1
c d'
f's.revised = Es 's = Es u
c
f's.revised f's f's = f's.revised 2.2
(Direct Calculation)
f's = fy
As fy A's fy
a=
0.85 f'c b
c d'
f's fy f's = Es u
c
c d'
As fy = 0.85 f'c a b A's Es u
c
5
f1 = Es u = 2 10 MPa 0.003 = 600MPa
2 a
As fy a = 0.85 f'c a b A's f1 a A's f1 d'
c
-78- [ETC]
2

0.85 f'c b a A's f1 As fy a A's f1 1 d' = 0
2

0.85 f'c b a A's f1 As fy a A's f1 1 d'
= 0
0.85 f'c b
a
2 A's f1 As fy a ' f1 1 d' = 0
0.85 f'c b 0.85 f'c b
2
a 2p a q = 0 p=

1 A's f1 As fy q=
A's f1 1 d'
2 0.85 f'c b 0.85 f'c b
2
a1 = p p q
2
a2 = p p q
a
c=
1
c d'
f's = Es u
c
Mn1 = A's f's ( d d')
Mn2 = 0.85 f'c a b d

a

2
Mn2 = As fy A's f's d

a
2

dt c
t = u
c
= t

Mn = Mn1 Mn2
3.4:
( )
2
( 16mm) 2
A's 3 6.032 cm
4
-79- [ETC]
2
( 20mm) 2
As 6 18.85 cm
4

b 250mm h 550mm
d h 30mm 8mm 20mm

40mm
472 mm
2
dt h 30mm 8mm
20mm
502 mm
2
16mm
d' 30mm 8mm 46 mm
2
f'c 25MPa fy 400MPa
As A's
0.016 ' 0.0051
bd bd
u 0.003
f'c 28MPa
1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05 min 0.85 0.85
7MPa
f'c u
max 0.85 1 0.014
fy u 0.007
t.max max ' 0.0187
"" if max
"" otherwise
""
"" if t.max
"" otherwise
""

As min t.max b d 18.85 cm
2
-80- [ETC]
.
5
Es 2 10 MPa
fy
y 0.002
Es

(yielding strength)
f'c ud'
cy 0.85 1
' 0.0183
fy u y d
" " if cy
" " otherwise
" "
a
As A's fy if = " "
0.85 f'c b
otherwise
p

1 A's u Es As fy
2 0.85 f'c b
A's u Es 1 d'
q
0.85 f'c b
2
a p p q
a
a 100.346 mm c 118.054 mm
1
c d'
's u 0.0018
c

f's min Es 's fy 366.21 MPa
.
dt c
t u 0.00976
c
1.45 250 t
0.65 max min 0.9 0.9
3
-81- [ETC]
Mn1 A's f's ( d d') 94.1 kN m
Mn2 0.85 f'c a b d

a
224.872 kN m
2
Mn2 As fy A's f's d 224.872 kN m

a
2

Mn Mn1 Mn2 287.075 kN m
..
(Design of doubly reinforced beam)

: Mu bd dt d' f'c fy
: As A's
. t t 0.005
f'c u
= 0.85 1
fy u t
= t
= ( 0.5 0.75) max
= 0.9
As = b d
As f y
a=
0.85 f'c b
Mn2 = As fy d
a
2
Mu Mn2 :

Mu Mn2 :

-82- [ETC]
Mu
Mn1 = Mn2

a c d'
c= f's = Es u fy
1 c
Mn1 0.85 f'c a b A's f's

A's = As =
f's ( d d') fy
3.5: ( )
Mu 355.62kN m

b 250mm h 600mm

d h 30mm 6mm 22mm
30mm
527 mm
2
dt h 30mm 6mm
22mm
553 mm
2
18mm
d' 30mm 6mm 45 mm
2
f'c 25MPa fy 400MPa
t 0.01 u 0.003
f'c 28MPa
1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05 min 0.85 0.85
7MPa
f'c u
0.85 1 0.0104
fy u t
1.45 250 t
0.65 max min 0.9 0.9
3
.
2
As b d 13.729 cm
-83- [ETC]
As f y
a 103.373 mm
0.85 f'c b
Mn2 As fy d 261.028 kN m
a
2
Mn2 234.925 kN m
"" if Mu Mn2
"" otherwise
""
Mu
Mn1 Mn2 134.106 kN m

a
c 121.615 mm
1
c d' 5
's u 0.0019 Es 2 10 MPa
c

Mn1 2
A's 7.361 cm
f's ( d d')
0.85 f'c a b A's f's 2

As 20.685 cm
fy
2 A's
( 18mm) 2
A's 3 7.634 cm ' 0.0058
4 bd
2 As
( 22mm) 2
As 6 22.808 cm 0.0173
4 bd
f'c u
max 0.85 0.0199
fy u 0.005
-84- [ETC]
f's
t.max max ' 0.0254 t.max 1
fy
"" if t.max
"" otherwise
""
..

(Determination of tensile steel area when known compression steel)
: Mu A's bd d d' dt f'c fy
: As
1.1 f's = fy = 0.9
1.2

Mn1 = A's f's ( d d')
Mu
Mn2 = Mn1

Mn2
Rn2 =
2
bd
f'c Rn2
= 0.85 1 12
fy 0.85 f'c

As = b d
As f y a
a= c=
0.85 f'c b 1
c d'
f's.revised = min Es u fy
c
dt c
t = u
c
= t
-85- [ETC]
f's.revised f's f's = f's.revised 1.2
Mu Mn 1.2
0.85 f'c a b A's f's

As =
fy
As
=
b d
A's
' =
b d
f's
t.max = max '
fy
t.max :
t.max :

3.6:

Mu 172.56kN m
2
( 20mm) 2
A's 2 6.283 cm
4

b 250mm h 450mm
d h 30mm 6mm 22mm

40mm
372 mm
2
dt h 30mm 6mm
22mm
403 mm
2
22mm
d' 30mm 6mm 47 mm
2
f'c 25MPa fy 400MPa
-86- [ETC]
u 0.003
f'c 28MPa
1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05 min 0.85 0.85
7MPa
f'c u
max 0.85 1 0.0169
fy u 0.005
f'c
0.25MPa
MPa 1.4MPa
min max 0.0035
fy fy

5
Es 2 10 MPa
Parameter f's fy
0.9
for i 1 100
Mn1 A's f's ( d d')
Mu
Mn

Mn2 Mn Mn1
Mn2
Rn2
2
b d
f'c 2 Rn2
1
0.85 1
fy 0.85 f'c

As b d
As f y
a
0.85 f'c b
a
c
1
dt c
t u
c
1.45 250 t
0.65 max min 0.9
3
-87- [ETC]
c d'
f's.revised min Es u fy
c
f's f's.revised 7
( break ) if 10 Mu Mn
f's
f's

fy

a
i
Z d

f's.revised
fy

f's f's.revised
reverse Z T
1 2 3 4
1 0.706 0.203 0.9 0.706
2 0.706 0.203 0.9 0.706
3 0.706 0.203 0.9 0.706
4 0.706 0.203 0.9 0.706
5 0.706 0.203 0.9 0.706
6 0.706 0.203 0.9 0.706
7 0.706 0.203 0.9 0.706
Parameter 8 0.706 0.203 0.9 0.706
9 0.706 0.203 0.9 0.706
10 0.706 0.203 0.9 0.706
11 0.706 0.203 0.9 0.706
12 0.706 0.203 0.9 0.706
13 0.706 0.203 0.9 0.706
14 0.706 0.203 0.9 0.706
15 0.706 0.203 0.9 0.706
16 0.706 0.203 0.9 ...
n rows ( Parameter) 27
a Parameter( 1 2) d 75.49 mm
-88- [ETC]
f's Parameter( 1 4) fy 282.477 MPa
0.85 f'c a b A's f's 2

As 14.463 cm
fy
2
( 22mm) 2
As 4 15.205 cm
4
As A's
0.0163 ' 0.0068
bd bd
f's
t.max max ' 0.0217
fy
"" if t.max
"" otherwise
""
.

a
c 88.812 mm
1
dt c
t u 0.0106
c
1.45 250 t
0.65 max min 0.9 0.9
3
Mn1 A's f's ( d d') 57.683 kN m
Mn2 As fy A's f's d 143.973 kN m

a

2

Mn Mn1 Mn2 181.49 kN m
Mn
FS 1.052
Mu
" " if FS 1.0

" " otherwise
" "
-89- [ETC]
. (Design of Rectangular Beam)
.:

2 Mu
2
a= d d
0.85 f'c b
= 0.9 (
/
)
cmax
s.min 0.005
() (ACI 10.3.4):
u.max
cmax = d
u.max s.min
u.max = 0.003 (ACI 10.2.3)
s.min = 0.005 (ACI 10.3.4)

amax
amax = 1 cmax (ACI 10.2.7.1)
f'c 28MPa
1 = 0.65 max 0.85 0.05 min 0.85 (ACI 10.2.7.3)
7MPa

a amax :
(ACI 10.3.4, 10.3.5)
-90- [ETC]
Mu 0.85 f'c a b
As = As =
fy d
a fy

2
f'c
0.25MPa
MPa 1.4MPa
As.min = max bd
fy fy

As.req = max As As.min
Mu

a amax : (ACI 10.3.4, 10.3.5).
a = ( 0.75 1.0) amax (

)
a
c
1
Cc = 0.85 f'c a b (ACI 10.2.7.1)
Muc = Cc d
a a
= 0.85 f'c a b d
2 2
Mus = Mu Muc
Mus
A's =
f's ( d d')
c d'
f's = min Es u.max fy (ACI 10.2.2, 10.2.3, 10.2.4)
c

Muc
As1 =
fy d
a

2
-91- [ETC]

Mus
As2 =
fy ( d d')
As = As1 As2
0.85 f'c a b A's f's

As =
fy
3.7:

Mu 210.35kN m

b 250mm h 450mm
Cover 30mm
Dv 6mm DB' 18mm DB 22mm

n'row nrow
sv 30mm sh 40mm
f'c 25MPa fy 400MPa
h Cover Dv
DB
d if nrow = 1 d 377 mm
2
sv
h Cover Dv DB if nrow = 2
2
h Cover Dv DB sv
DB
otherwise
2
dt h Cover Dv
DB
403 mm
2
-92- [ETC]
Cover D DB'
d' v if n'row = 1 d' 45 mm
2
sv
Cover Dv DB' if n'row = 2
2
DB'
Cover Dv DB' sv otherwise
2
0.9 u.max 0.003 s.min 0.005
5
Es 2 10 MPa
f'c 28MPa
1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05 min 0.85 0.85
7MPa
2 Mu
2
a d d 144.321 mm
0.85 f'c b
u.max
cmax d 141.375 mm
u.max s.min
amax 1 cmax 120.169 mm
"" if a amax
"" otherwise
""
a a if = ""
0.85 amax otherwise
a 102.143 mm
a
c 120.169 mm
1
-93- [ETC]
Mus 0 if = ""
otherwise
Muc 0.85 f'c a b d

a
2
Mus Mu Muc
Mus 51.175 kN m
c d'
's u.max if = ""
c
0 otherwise
's 0.0019
f's
min Es 's fy if = ""
0 otherwise
f's 375.316 MPa
Mus
A's if = ""
f's ( d d')
0 otherwise
2
A's 4.563 cm
-94- [ETC]
As if = ""
Mu
As
fy d
a

2
f'c
0.25MPa
MPa 1.4MPa
As.min max bd
fy fy

As.req max As As.min
otherwise
Muc Mu Mus
Muc
As1
fy d
a

2
Mus
As2
fy ( d d')
As As1 As2
2
As 17.848 cm
f'c 28MPa
1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05 min 0.85 0.85
7MPa
5
u 0.003 Es 2 10 MPa
f'c u
max 0.85 1 0.0169
fy u 0.005
f'c
0.25MPa
MPa 1.4MPa
min max 0.0035
fy fy

.
-95- [ETC]
0.9
f'c 2 Mu
0.85 1 1 0.0203
fy 0.85 f'c b d
2

"" if max
"" otherwise
""
As2 0.85 max b d if = ""
otherwise
Mu
Rn
2
b d
2Rn
a d 1 1
0.85 f'c

Mu
As
fy d
a

2
2
As2 13.566 cm
As2 fy
a 102.143 mm
0.85 f'c b
Mn2 As2 fy d 176.861 kN m

a
2
Mn1 0 if = ""
Mu
Mn2 otherwise

Mn1 56.861 kN m
a
c 120.169 mm
1
-96- [ETC]
c d'
's u 0.0019
c

Mn1 2
A's 4.563 cm
f's ( d d')
A's f's 0.85 f'c a b 2

As 17.848 cm
fy
A's 2
DB' 2
n' ceil 2 A's n' 5.089 cm
2 4
DB'
4
As 2
DB 2
n ceil 5 As n 19.007 cm
2 4
DB
4
A's As
' 0.0054 0.0202
bd bd
f's
t.max max ' 0.022
fy
"" if t.max
"" otherwise
""
. T (Design of T-Beam)
.. (Effective Flange Width)
.:
T
-97- [ETC]

ACI section 8.12 :

T .(b)
L
b b bw 16 hf bS
4

T ( L)
L S
b b b w 6 hf b
12 2

T (isolated T-beam)
.(a) bw
hf b 4 bw
2
L =
S =
bw = ()
b =
hf =
..
(Strength Analysis)
.:

T
a hf a hf
Mu Mnf Mu Mnf
hf
Mnf = 0.85 f'c hf b d
2
-98- [ETC]
.:
T
.:
T

X = 0
T = Cf Cw
T = As f y

Cf = 0.85 f'c hf b bw = Asf fy

Cw = 0.85 f'c a bw = As Asf fy

M = 0
Mn = Mn1 Mn2
hf hf
Mn1 = Cf d
2

= 0.85 f'c hf b bw d
2
hf
Mn1 = Asf fy d
2
-99- [ETC]
Mn2 = Cw d = 0.85 f'c a bw d
a a
2 2
Mn2 = T Cw d = As fy Asf fy d 2
a a
2

s dc
=
u c
dc dt c
s = u t = u
c c
u u
c = d c = dt
u s u s
..
(Steel Ratios)
As As f y 0.85 f'c a bw Asf fy f'c a

w = = = = 0.85 f
bw d b w d fy b w d fy fy d
Asf
f =
bw d
w.max = max f
w w.max :
w w.max :

(Determination of Flexural Strength)

..
: As bw b d dt hf f'c fy
: Mn
As f y
a=
0.85 f'c b
-100- [ETC]
a hf :
a hf : T
Asf =

0.85 f'c hf b bw f =
Asf
fy bw d
As
w = w.max = max f
bw d
w w.max :
w w.max :
w = w.max As = w b w d
As fy Asf fy
a=
0.85 f'c bw
hf
Mn1 = Asf fy d
2
hf
Mn1 = 0.85 f'c hf b bw d
2
Mn2 = As Asf fy d
a

2
Mn2 = 0.85 f'c a bw d

a

2
a dt c
c=
1
t = u
c

= t

Mn = Mn1 Mn2
3.8: T
2
( 32mm) 2
As 6 48.255 cm
4
-101- [ETC]

bw 250mm h 760mm
hf 150mm b 710mm
d h 30mm 10mm 32mm

40mm
668 mm
2
dt h 30mm 10mm
32mm
704 mm
2
f'c 20MPa fy 400MPa
.:
T
u 0.003
f'c 28MPa
1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05 min 0.85 0.85
7MPa
f'c u
max 0.85 1 0.0135
fy u 0.005
f'c
0.25MPa
MPa 1.4MPa
min max 0.0035
fy fy

-102- [ETC]
.

As f y
a 159.917 mm
0.85 f'c b
" T" if a hf
"" otherwise
" T"
Asf

0.85 f'c hf b bw 29.325 cm
2
fy
Asf As
f 0.0176 w 0.0289
bw d bw d
w.max max f 0.0311
"" if w w.max
"" otherwise
""

As min w w.max bw d 48.255 cm
2
a
As Asf fy 178.163 mm
0.85 f'c bw
a
c 209.604 mm
1
dt c
t u 0.0071
c
1.45 250 t
0.65 max min 0.9 0.9
3
hf
Mn1 Asf fy d 695.589 kN m
2
hf

Mn1 0.85 f'c hf b bw d 2
695.589 kN m
-103- [ETC]
Mn2 As Asf fy d 438.354 kN m
a

2
Mn2 0.85 f'c a bw d

a
438.354 kN m
2

Mn Mn1 Mn2 1020.548 kN m
.. (Determination of Steel Area)

: Mu bw d dt hf f'c fy
: As
hf
Mnf = 0.85 f'c hf b d = 0.9
2
Mu Mnf :
Mu Mnf : T
hf
0.85 f'c a bw d
a
Mn = Mn1 Mn2 = 0.85 f'c hf b bw d

2
2
hf 0.85 f'c

Mn = 0.85 f'c hf b bw d
0.85 f'c bw d a
2 2
bw a
2
0.85 f'c hf
2
2

bw a 0.85 f'c bw d a 0.85 f'c hf b bw d 2
Mn = 0
2Mn hf
2
bw a 2bw d a
0.85 f'c

2hf b bw d
2
= 0

hf
f w
2h b b d
2M
2
a 2d a
n
2 = 0
0.85 f'c bw bw

-104- [ETC]
hf
2Mn
2hf b bw d
2

w=
0.85 f'c bw bw
2
a 2d a w = 0
2
a1 = d d w d
2
a2 = d d w d
2
a= d d w
hf
2

2M n
2h f b b w

d
2
a= d d
0.85 f'c bw bw

Mu
Mn =

a hf :
a hf : T
Asf =

0.85 f'c hf b bw
fy
hf Mu
Mn1 = Asf fy d Mn2 = Mn1
2
f'c
Rn2 =
Mn2
2 = 0.85 1 12
Rn2

2 fy 0.85 f'c
bd
As2 fy
As2 = 2 bw d a=
0.85 f'c bw
-105- [ETC]
Asf fy 0.85 f'c a bw
As =
fy
As Asf
w = f = w.max = max f
bw d bw d
w w.max :
w w.max :
3.9: T
.: T
hf 3in 76.2 mm
bw 11in 279.4 mm
d 20in 508 mm
L 24ft 7.315 m
S 47in 1.194 m
f'c 20MPa fy 400MPa
Mu 723.103 kN m
b min
L S b 16 h 1.194 m
w f
4

f'c 28MPa
1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05 min 0.85 0.85
7MPa
u 0.003
-106- [ETC]
f'c u
max 0.85 1 0.0135
fy u 0.005
f'c
0.25MPa
MPa 1.4MPa
min max 0.0035
fy fy

hf
Mnf 0.85 f'c hf b d 726.676 kN m
2
0.9
Mnf 654.009 kN m
"" if Mu Mnf
" T " otherwise
" T "
b'w b if = ""
bw otherwise
b'w 279.4 mm
Asf

0.85 f'c hf b b'w 29.613 cm
2
fy
hf
Mn1 Asf fy d 556.603 kN m
2
Mu
Mn2 Mn1 246.845 kN m

Mn2
Rn2 3.423 MPa
2
b'w d
f'c Rn2
2 0.85 1 12 0.0097
fy 0.85 f'c

-107- [ETC]
2
As2 2 b'w d 13.705 cm
As2 fy
a 115.412 mm
0.85 f'c bw
Asf fy 0.85 f'c a bw 2

As 43.317 cm
fy
2
As.min min bw d 4.968 cm

As.req max As.min As 43.317 cm 2
2
( 32mm) 2
As.pro 6 48.255 cm
4
As.pro
w 0.034
bw d
Asf
f 0.0209
bw d
w.max max f 0.0344
"" if w w.max
"" otherwise
""
32mm 40mm
dt d 544 mm
2
a
As.pro Asf fy 156.992 mm
0.85 f'c b'w
a dt c
c 184.697 mm t u 0.0058
1 c
1.45 250 t
0.65 max min 0.9 0.9
3
hf

Mn1 0.85 f'c hf b b'w d 2
556.603 kN m
-108- [ETC]
Mn2 As.pro Asf fy d 320.273 kN m
a
2

Mn Mn1 Mn2
Mn
FS 1.091
Mu
" " if FS 1.0

"" otherwise
" "
hf
f w
2h b b d
2Mu
2 2
a d d 115.412 mm
0.85 f'c bw bw

"" if a hf
" T" otherwise
" T"
b'w b if = ""
bw otherwise
b'w 279.4 mm
a' a if = " T"

2 Mu
2
d d otherwise
0.85 f'c b
a' 115.412 mm
Asf
0.85 f'c hf b b'w 29.613 cm
2
fy
Asf fy 0.85 f'c a' b'w 2

As 43.317 cm
fy
-109- [ETC]
2
( 32mm) 2
As 6 48.255 cm
4
As Asf
w 0.034 f 0.021
b'w d b'w d
w.max max f 0.0344
-110- [ETC]
:
(Design Shear in Beam)
4>1 lkxNsvu tPi aB

Vu Vn
Edl
Vu = PaBFn;kMlaMgkat;RtUvkar rW kMlaMgkat;Gnu vtn_KitTaMgemKuNbnk
Vn = PaBFn;k l M aMgkat;KNna
Vn = PaBFn;kMlaMgkat;edIm
= 0.75 KWCaemKuNkat;bnyPaBFn;srM ab;kl M aMgkat;
4>2 karkMNt;muxkat;eRKaHfak;sMrab;PaBFn;kMlaMgkat;RtUvkar
rUbTI4>1 TItaMgmuxkat;eRKaHfak;sMrab;karKNnaEdkkg
4>3 PaBFn;klM aMgkat;edIm
Vn = Vc Vs
-111- [ETC]
Edl
Vc = PaBFn;klM aMgkat;rbs;ebtug
Vs = PaBFn;kMlaMgkat;rbs;Edkkg
4>3>1 PaBFn;kMlaMgkat;rbs;ebtug
1- cMeBaHFatubgMrgEtkarkat; nigkarBt;begag
rUbTI4>2 karEktMrUvkugRtaM gkat;CamYylTplBiesaFn_

Vc = 2 f'cbw d sM rab;xa t US
Vc = 0.17 f'cbw d sM rab;xa t SI rUbmnsamBa
b
Vu d Vu d
Vc = 0.16 f'c 17w b
Mu w.d
0.29 f'cbw d b:uEn Mu
1

2- cMeBaHFatubgMrgkMlaMgsgt;tamGkS
Nu
Vc = 0.17 1 f'cbw d
14Ag

-112- [ETC]
3- cMeBaHFatubg rM gkMlaMgTajtamGkS
0.29Nu
Vc = 0.17 1 f'cbw d
Ag

Edl
Ag = RkLapmuxkat;TaM gmUl
bw = TTwgtY Fm
d = kMBs; Rbsi TP aB
f'c = PaBFn;ebtugsgt;Gayu28f
Mu = m:U mg: m; anGMeBIKti TaMgemKuNbnk
Nu = kMlaMgsgt; rWTajtamGkS tMlGviCmancMeBaHkMlaMgTaj
4>3>2 PaBFn;klM aMgkat; rbs;Edkkg rW PaBFn;klM aMgkat;pl e; dayEdkkg
rUbTI4>3 RbePTEdkbBar rW Edkkg

Av fy( sin ( ) cos ( ) )d
Vs =
cMeBaHEdkkgeRTt
s
-113- [ETC]
Av fy d
Vs =
s
cMeBaHEdkkgbBar
kgenaH
KWCamueM RTtrvagEdkkg nigGkSbeNay
Vs = Av fy sin ( ) 0.25 f'cbw d cMeBaHEdkeRTteTal rWCaRkum EdkdgErk
kgenaH
KWCamueM RTtrvagEdkBt;eLIg nigGkSbeN ay
Edl
Av = RkLapEdkkg rWEdkbBar
fy = PaBFn;Edkkg rWEdkbBar
s = KMlatEdkkg
Vc
Vu
2
mincaM)ac;dak; Edkkg rWminRtUvkarEdkkg
Vu Vc RtUvkarEdkkgGb,brma
Vu Vc tM rvU karEdkkgcaM)ac;
4>4 EdkkgGb,brma
RkLapEdkkgGb,brma
bw s bw s
Av.min = 0.75 f'c
fy
50
fy
sM rab;xa t US
bw s bw s
Av.min = 0.062 f'c
fy
0.345
fy
sM rab;xa t SI
KMlatEdkkgGtibrma
Av fy Av fy
smax =
50bw
sM rab;xa t US
0.75 f'cbw
-114- [ETC]
Av fy Av fy
smax =
0.345bw
sM rab;xa t SI
0.062 f'cbw
krNI Vs 2Vc
d
smax = 600mm
2
krNI 2Vc Vs 4Vc
d
smax = 300mm
4
4>5 KMl atEdkkgcaM)ac;

Av fy d
s= smax
Vs
Vu
Edl Vs =

Vc
4>6 karKNnaEdkkgFwm
kMlaMgkat; Kti TaMgemKuN Vu 177.36 kN
muxkat;Fwm h 650mm bw 250mm
d h 30mm 6mm
20mm
604 mm
2
2
( 6mm)
pRkLaEdkkg Av 3
4
0.848 cm
2
eCIg3
rUbTI4>4 mu xkat;Fwm EdkkgeCIg3

-115- [ETC]
PaBFn;sPM ar f'c 25MPa fy 235MPa
dMeNaHRsay
emKuNkat;bnyPaBFn;srM ab;klM aMgkat; 0.75
PaBFn;klM aMgkat;rbs;ebtug
f'c
Vc 0.17MPa b d 128.35 kN
MPa w
Vc 96.263 kN < Vu 177.36 kN
dUecH muxkat;RtUvkarEdkbBar rW EdkkgcaM)ac;.

PaBFn;kMlaMgkat;rbs;Edkkg
Vu
Vs Vc 108.13 kN < 4Vc 513.4 kN

dUecH muxkat;ebtugRKb;RKan;.
KMlatEdkkgRtUvkar
Av fy d
s 111.345 mm
Vs
KMlatEdkkgGtibrma
Av fy Av fy
smax1 min 231.112 mm
f'c 0.345MPa bw
0.062MPa b
MPa w
min 600mm if Vs 2Vc

d
smax2 302 mm
2
min 300mm otherwise
d
4

smax min smax1 smax2 231.112 mm > s 111.345 mm, OK
-116- [ETC]
KMlatEdkkgeRbI R)as;
s Floor min s smax 20mm 100 mm
-117- [ETC]
:
. (Deflection)
.. (Transformed Section)

fc fs
c = = s =
Ec Es
Es
fs = f = n fc
Ec c
Ec =
Es =
fc =

fs =

Es
n=
Ec

P = Ac fc As fs = Ac n As fc = At fc

At = Ac n As = Ag ( n 1)As
Ac =
As =
Ag =

Ag = Ac As
..
(Deflection Behavior of Beam)
1: ,
-118- [ETC]

2: ,

3:

.: -

. 1: (Region I: Precracking Stage)

-

fr
EI

Ec
-
(Cracking moment of section)
Iut fr
Mcr = ( )
yt
Ig fr
Mcr = ( )
yt
Iut =
Ig =
/
fr = /
fr = 7.5 f'c ( psi)
fr = 0.623 f'c ( MPa)
yt = ( )
-119- [ETC]
h
yt =
2
.:

.:

f'c
f'c 25MPa Ec 4800MPa 24000 MPa
MPa
5
fy 400MPa Es 2 10 MPa
b 300mm h 600mm
2
( D) 2
DB ( n D) n As 4 DB ( 25mm) 19.635 cm
4
CL 30mm 10mm 25mm 85 mm

40mm

2

(a) (Transformed Section Solution)
Es
n round 8
Ec

2 h
A1 b h 1800 cm y 1 300 mm
2
2
A2 ( n 1)As 137.445 cm y 2 h CL 515 mm
-120- [ETC]
A1 y 1 A2 y 2
y c y c 315.252 mm
A1 A2

3
bh

2 2 4
Iut A1 y 1 y c A2 y 2 y c 599026.638 cm
12
y t h y c 284.748 mm
f'c
fr 0.623MPa 3.115MPa
MPa
Iut fr
Mcr_t 65.531 kN m
yt
(b)
(Gross Section Solution)
3
h bh 4
y t 300 mm Ig 540000 cm
2 12
Ig fr
Mcr_g 56.07 kN m
yt
Ig Iut

9.854 %
Iut
Mcr_g Mcr_t
14.437 %
Mcr_t
. 2:

(Region II. Postcracking Service Load Stage)

2-
.

(degree of cracking)

-121- [ETC]
. (Properties of sections)
.:
s d kd d kd
= s = c
c kd kd

kd
fc Ec c
C = bkd = bkd T = As fs = As Es s
2 2
C= T
Ec c d kd
b kd = As Es c
2 kd
Ec d kd
bkd = As Es
2 kd
kd Es d kd
b = As
2 Ec kd
kd 2
bkd = n As( d kd)
2 b
2 n As n As 2
kd 2 kd 2 d= 0 d
b b
2
k 2n k 2n = 0
-122- [ETC]
2 As
k= ( n ) 2 n n =
bd

x = kd
3
bx 2
Icr = n As ( d x)
3
.:

( )
kd
bkd = n As( d kd)
2
b 2
kd n As kd n As d = 0
2
2 n As n As
kd 2 kd 2 d= 0
b b
n As 2
B= kd 2B kd 2B d = 0
b

kd = B( B 2d ) B

3
b ( kd) 2
Icr = n As ( d kd)
3
-123- [ETC]

(x kd)
.

Ig (

)
3
bh
- b
h, Ig =
12
- T b bw hf y c
bh 2 h hf
f
2 w b h hf 2 hf
yc =
bh b h h
f w f

Ig
bh 3 hf y c hf h y c
2 3 3
f
Ig = bhf y c bw bw
12 2 3 3
.
Icr: x = ( x = kd)

- As ()
2
bx
n As( d x) = 0
2
3
bx 2
Icr = n As ( d x)
3
- As
A's ()
x
2
bx
( n 1)A's( x d') n As( d x) = 0
2
3
bx 2 2
Icr = ( n 1)A's ( x d) n As ( d x)
3
- T As
-124- [ETC]
x hf n A (d x) = 0
2
hf
bhf x bw s
2 2
bh 3 hf x hf
2 3
f 2
Icr = bhf x bw n As ( d x)
12 2 3
.:

T
-125- [ETC]
.
(Effective of mement inertia)
Mcr
3 M 3
cr
Ie = Ig 1 I Ig
Ma Ma cr

3
Mcr
Ie = Icr Ig Icr Ig
Ma

Ma

Mcr
(Case of Countinuous Beam)
ACI 9.5.2

Ie = 0.50Iem 0.25 Ie1 Ie2

(Beams with both end continuous):

Ie = 0.70Iem 0.15 Ie1 Ie2
(Beams with one end continuous):
Ie = 0.85Im 0.15Icont.end
Iem =

Ie1 Ie2 =
Icont.end =

.:

Icr

Ie

.

Ma 225.97 kN m
b 300 mm h 600 mm d h CL 515 mm
-126- [ETC]
2
As 19.635 cm f'c 25 MPa fy 400 MPa
Es 200000 MPa Ec 24000 MPa
3
Es b h 4
n round 8 Ig 540000 cm
Ec 12
f'c
fr 0.623MPa 3.115MPa (/)
MPa
Ig fr
Mcr 56.07 kN m ()
h
2

(neutral axis)
As
0.013
bd
2
k ( n) 2 n n 0.361
x k d 185.699 mm

(Alternatively)
n As
B 52.36 mm
b
x B( B 2d ) B 185.699 mm
(moment inertia of crack)
3
bx 2 4
Icr n As ( d x) 234372.48 cm
3
(effective moment inertia)
M
3
cr
Ig Icr Ig 239.042 10 cm
3 4
Ie min Icr
Ma
.. (Immediate Deflection)

ACI

(instantaneous)

-127- [ETC]
.
Mpos

Mneg

.:

( .):
= 0 1 2
. M0 (

) M1
M2

2 2 2
5 M0 L 3 M1 L 3 M2 L
=
48 E I 48 E I 48 E I
-128- [ETC]
Mm
M1 M2
Mm = M0
2 2

.:

Mm M1 M2
2
L 5
c =
48E I 2

5Mm M1 M2 3 M1 M2

2
5L
c =
M 0.1 M1 M2
48E I m

Mm =

M1 =

M2 =

-129- [ETC]

2
5Ma Ln
i = K
48Ec Ie
Ma

Ln
.: K
1. K = 2.40
2. K = 1.0
M0
3. K = 1.2 0.2
Ma
4. -
K = 0.80
K = 0.74
5. K = 0.60
-130- [ETC]
2
wLn
M0 =
8
Ma =
..
(Long-Term Deflection)
(creep) (shringkage):

t = i =
1 50'
A's
' =
bd

.:

____________________________________
5

2.0
12
1.4
6
1.2
3
1.0
_____________________________________
.:
-131- [ETC]
-
.. (Minimum Depth-Span Ratios)
.:
.. (Permisssible deflection/limit deflection)

.:

ACI 9.5.2

.

( ) .
.
ACI
-132- [ETC]

.:

kN
wD 22.373
m
kN
wL 7.142
m
kN
w0.3L 0.30wL 2.143
m

( )

The beam will support nonstructural partitions that would be damaged if large deflections
were to occure.
f'c 25MPa
fy 400MPa

Ln 5m 30cm 4.7 m
S 4m

bw 200mm h 400mm
hf 120mm Ln
b min S 16hf bw 1175 mm
4
d h 30mm 6mm
16mm
356 mm
2
16mm
d' 30mm 6mm 44 mm
2
Msupport 59.272 kN m
(Service load moment)
Mmidspan 40.749 kN m
2
As 3 DB ( 16mm) 6.032 cm
A's 0
2
As 4 DB ( 16mm) 8.042 cm
2
A's 2 DB ( 16mm) 4.021 cm
-133- [ETC]

(modulus ratio)
5
Es 2 10 MPa
f'c
Ec 4800MPa 24000 MPa
MPa
Es
n round 8
Ec

(modulus of rupture)
f'c
fr 0.623MPa 3.115MPa
MPa
(a)
(For midspan section)
2
As 3 DB ( 16mm) 6.032 cm
Ma Mmidspan 40.749 kN m
Ai yi
A1 y 1 A2 y 2
i1
yc = =
n A1 A2
Ai
i1
hf

2
A1 hf b bw 117000mm y 1 60 mm
2
2 h
A2 bw h 80000mm y 2 200 mm
2
A1 y 1 A2 y 2
y c y c 116.853 mm
A1 A2
n
Ii Ai di 2 = I A d 2 I A d 2
Ig =
1 1 1 2 2 2
i1
-134- [ETC]
b bw hf
3 3
3 4 bw h 3 4
I1 14.04 10 cm I2 106.67 10 cm
12 12

2 2 3 4
Ig I1 A1 y c y 1 I2 A2 y 2 y c 213.832 10 cm
(Cracking moment)
y t h y c 283.147 mm
Ig fr
Mcr 23.524 kN m
yt
(
)
As
0.00144
bd
2
k ( n) 2 n n 0.141
x k d 50.123 mm x hf 1
3
bx 2 4
Icr n As ( d x) 50079.66 cm
3
Mcr
3

Ig Icr Ig 81585.279 cm
4
Iem min Icr
Ma
(b)
bw h
2
As 4 DB ( 16mm) 8.042 cm
2
A's 2 DB ( 16mm) 4.021 cm
Ma Msupport 59.272 kN m
-135- [ETC]

h
y t 200 mm
2
3
bw h 4
Ig 106666.667 cm
12
Ig fr
Mcr 16.613 kN m
yt
x
bw x ( n 1)A's( x d') = n As( d x)
2
2 ( n 1)A's n As ( n 1)A's d' n As d

x 2 x2 = 0
bw bw
( n 1)A's n As
p 2 92.488mm
bw
( n 1)A's d' n As d 2
q 2 24143.517 mm
bw
2
p 4q p
x 115.873 mm
2
3
bw x 2 2 4
Icr n As ( d x) ( n 1)A's ( x d') 48924.883 cm
3
4
Iem 81585.279 cm
Mcr
3

Ig Icr Ig 50196.37 cm
4
Ie1 min Icr
Ma
4
Ie2 Ie1 50196.37 cm
-136- [ETC]

4
Ie 0.70Iem 0.15 Ie1 Ie2 72168.606 cm
(c)
Ma Mmidspan 40.749 kN m
kN
wa wD wL 29.515
m
2
wa Ln
M0 81.498 kN m
8
M0
K 1.2 0.2 0.8
Ma
2
5Ma Ln
D+L K 4.331 mm
48Ec Ie
Mm Mmidspan M1 Msupport M2 M1
2
5Ln
C
M 0.1 M1 M2 6.988 mm
48Ec Ie m

' 0 2.00 ( 5
)

2
1 50'
wD
D D+L 6.566 mm
wD wL
w0.3L

0.30L 1 D+L
wD wL
0.943mm
-137- [ETC]

0.70wL
0.70L D+L 0.734mm
wD wL
total D 0.30L 0.70L 8.242 mm
Ln Ln
13.056 mm 0.70L 1
360 360
Ln Ln
9.792mm total 1
480 480
. (Control of Cracking)

(
)

-
- (Shrinkage)
- (Creep)
-

(secondary crack)
(main crack)
.

1. (Shrinkage Crack)

-138- [ETC]
2. (Secondary Flexural Crack)
3. (Corrosion Secondary Crack)

.

( )

.:

.: (a) (b)
-139- [ETC]
..
(Equation for Crack Width)

ACI
Gergely & Lutz(1968) Frosch(1999)

3 3
wmax = 0.011 fs Ad c 10
fs 2
wmax = 2 d c
s 2
Es 2
wmax =
fs =

Es =
.

d c =
h2
=
h1
A =

s =

.:
(Broms
1965; Broms
Lutz 1965)

(ACI 224R)
3 3
wmax = 0.10fc dc A10 ( US)
3 3
wmax = 0.0145fc dc A10 ( SI)
-140- [ETC]

(Crack width equation for reinforced beam with bundled bar)

(

)

(isolated bar)

.

3 3
w'max = 0.011 fs A' d'c 10
bt
A' = bc .
'bc
d'c =
bc =
.. (Tolerable Crack Width)

0.15mm (texture)

0.25mm 0.4mm 0.15mm 0.25mm
0.4mm 0.32mm

.
ACI 224

.

-141- [ETC]
.:

(a)
(b)
.:
-142- [ETC]
ACI
..
(ACI Code Provision for Crack Control)

ACI 1
0
(deformed bar)
. (main reinforcement)
. (ACI section 10.6.3)
.

1/10 (ACI section 10.6.6)
. (design yield strength) 560MPa (ACI section 9.4)
.
s

s = 380
280
2.5cc 300
280

fs fs
300
280

fs

fs =

(
)
M

fs =
As jd
2
fs = f jd = 0.87d
3 y
cc = (clear cover)
s =

fy 400MPa
cc 50mm
s
2
fs f 266.667 MPa
3 y
s 380mm 280
MPa
2.5cc 274 mm
fs

300mm
280MPa
315 mm
fs

s min 380mm 280

MPa
2.5cc 300mm
280MPa
274 mm
fs fs

-143- [ETC]
.

Z
3 kN
Z = fs Ad c 31
mm
kN
Z 26
mm
2
fs =

f
3 y
A =
d c =
0.40mm 0.32mm
Z
50mm
. (skin reinforcement) Ask
h
900mm

ACI section 10.6.7
h

2
s
280 2.5c
380 c
fs
300
280 c

fs c

.: h 900mm
-144- [ETC]
.
:
b 300mm
kN
h 550mm
L 9.0m
ws 14.6
m

f'c 35MPa
fy 400MPa
2
( 25mm) 2
As 3 14.726 cm
4
.

3
b h 4

Ig 415937.5 cm
12
f'c
fr 0.623MPa 3.686 MPa
MPa
Ig
Mcr f 55.746 kN m
h r
2
2
ws L

Ma 147.825 kN m
8
f'c
Ec 4800MPa 28397.183 MPa
MPa
5
Es 2 10 MPa
Es
n round 7
Ec
d h 30mm 8mm
25mm
499.5 mm
2
As
0.0098
bd
2
k ( n) 2 n n 0.308
x k d 154.073 mm
-145- [ETC]

3
bx 2 4
Icr n As ( d x) 159573.652 cm
3
Ma 2

fs min ( d x)n fy 223.996 MPa
Icr 3

hx 25mm
1.146 d c 30mm 8mm 50.5 mm
dx 2
n 3 ( )
b 2d c 2
A 10100mm
n
fs 3 3
wmax 0.011 Ad c 10 0.226 mm ( SI)
MPa
fs 3 3
wmax 0.076 Adc 10 0.226 mm ( US)
ksi
2
.
fs f 266.667 MPa
3 y
fs 3 3
wmax 0.011 Ad c 10 0.269 mm ( SI)
MPa
fs 3 3
wmax 0.076 Adc 10 0.269 mm ( US)
ksi
.:
fy 400MPa f'c 25MPa
2
fs f 266.667 MPa
3 y
( 25mm) 2 2
As 23 29.452 cm
4
stirrup 10mm
-146- [ETC]
b 10in 254 mm h 30in 762 mm

.:

.: ( inch)

PCA notes on ACI 318-08
1. US
T
No ( 6 7 8 9 10 11 14 ) in
No
d b
8
d 2bar d b 1.413
d b 1.5db
d 3bar 2
3
-147- [ETC]
db 1.5d b2
d 4bar 2
4

Bar augment No db d 2bar d 3bar d 4bar

.(a): ( inch)
elxEdk bnat;pitEdk [in] Edkepab2 [in] Edkepab3 [in] Edkepab4 [in]

6 0.750 1.06 1.25 1.50
7 0.875 1.24 1.46 1.75
8 1.000 1.41 1.67 2.00
9 1.125 1.59 1.88 2.25
10 1.250 1.77 2.08 2.50
11 1.375 1.94 2.29 2.75
14 1.750 2.47 2.92 3.50
2. SI
T
d b ( 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 28 32 36 ) mm
d 2bar d b1.413
d b 1.5db
d 3bar 2
3
db 1.5d b2
d 4bar 2
4

Bar augment db d 2bar d 3bar d 4bar
.(b): ( mm)
bnat;pit Edk [mm] Edkepab2 [mm] Edkepab3 [mm] Edkepab4 [mm]

10 14 17 20
12 17 20 24
14 20 23 28
16 23 27 32
18 25 30 36
20 28 33 40
22 31 37 44
25 35 42 50
28 40 47 56
32 45 53 64
36 51 60 72
-148- [ETC]
42mm
d'c 30mm stirrup 61 mm
2
f'c
MPa
5
Es 2 10 MPa
Es
n round 8
Ec
d h 30mm 8mm
42mm
703 mm
2
As
0.0165
bd
2
k ( n) 2 n n 0.398
x k d 280.105 mm
t 2 d'c 122 mm
'bc 0.65 6 3.9
b t 2
A' 7945.641 mm
'bc
hx
1.14
dx
fs 3 3
w'max 0.011 A' d'c 10 0.263 mm ( SI)
MPa
fs 3 3
w'max 0.076 A' d'c 10 0.2631 mm ( US)
ksi
.:
.

T

Ms 975.059 kN m 65mm
ACI
-149- [ETC]

900mm

jd = 0.87d
d 32.5in 825.5 mm
jd 0.87d 718.185 mm
cc 65mm

.:
T
2
( 25mm) 2
As 10 49.087 cm
4
2
ACI fs.limit fy 266.667 MPa
3
Ms

fs min fs.limit 266.667 MPa
As jd

smax min 380mm

280MPa
2.5cc 300mm
280MPa
236.5 mm
fs fs

b 27in 685.8 mm
n layer 5 stirrup 10mm
s

b 2cc 2stirrup
133.95 mm < smax 236.5 mm
n layer 1

ACI
-150- [ETC]
.:

. ACI
.

. Z
b 400mm
h 650mm
d 600mm cc 50mm
Ma 254kN m
2
( 25mm) 2
As 4 19.635 cm
4
stirrup 10mm
f'c 25MPa fy 400MPa

.:

. ACI
f'c
MPa
5
Es 2 10 MPa
Es
n round 8
Ec

n As
B 39.27 mm
b
x B( B 2d ) B 181.334 mm
Ma 2
fs min fy 239.755 MPa
As d x 3
3
-151- [ETC]

smax min 380mm

280MPa
2.5cc 300mm
280MPa
fs fs

smax 318.786 mm
b ( 2 62.5mm)
s 91.667 mm < smax 318.786 mm,

3
.
25mm
d c cc stirrup 72.5 mm
2
2d c b 2
A 14500 mm
4
hx
1.119
dx
fs 239.755 MPa
fs 3 3
wmax 0.011 A' d'c 10 0.232 mm
MPa

wmax 0.232 mm 0.40mm
. Z
3 kN
Z fs Adc 24.378
mm
kN kN

26
31
mm mm
-152- [ETC]
:
(Bond, Anchorage and Development Length)

. ACI 318M-08
..

ACI Section 12.2.3
fy t e s
ld = db
1.1 f' c K
tr
c b

db

cb Ktr
2.5 , f'c 8.3MPa
db

t =
(Reinforcement location factor)
t = 1.3 300mm
t = 1.0
e = ( coating factor)
e = 1.5 (epoxy-coating)
3db

6db
e = 1.2

e = 1.0

t e 1.7
s = ( Bar size factor)
s = 0.8 20mm
s = 1.0 22mm
-153- [ETC]
= 0.75 ( fct
fct
= 1.0)
0.56 f'c
= 1.0
cb =

1.5

Ktr =
40Atr
Ktr =
sn
Atr = s
s = ld
n =
f'c =
Ktr = 0
***
300mm
..

.:
ACI
-154- [ETC]
fy t e f'c 4000psi 27.579 MPa
ld = d
2.1 f'c b
fy 60000psi 413.685 MPa
t e = 1 ld = 38db
fy t e f'c 4000psi 27.579 MPa

ld = d
1.7 f'c b
fy 60000psi 413.685 MPa
t e = 1 ld = 48db
fy t e
ld = f'c 4000psi 27.579 MPa
d
1.4 f'c b

fy 60000psi 413.685 MPa
t e = 1 ld = 57db
fy t e
ld = f'c 4000psi 27.579 MPa
d
1.1 f'c b
fy 60000psi 413.685 MPa
t e = 1 ld = 72db

.. / ldt
(Development length for headed deformed bar in tension)
0.19e fy
ldt = db
f'c

e = 1.2

e = 1.0

.:
-155- [ETC]

. /
(Development Length of Deformed Bars in Compression)
0.24fy
ldc = d 0.043db fy
f'c b

ldc

200mm
(Anchorage of Tension Bar by Standard Hooks )
..
. 180o 4 65mm

. 90o 12

.
. 16mm 90o 6

o
. 19mm 22mm
25mm 90 12

. 25mm 135o 6

.: (a) (b)

-156- [ETC]
.:
..

ldh .
0.24e fy
ldh = d 8db 150mm
f'c b

ldh

.
.:

.:
-157- [ETC]
.:
-158- [ETC]
.:

. (Splice of Deformed Bar in Tension)
A B
300mm
A: 1.0ld
B: 1.3ld
-159- [ETC]
.:
.:

. (Splice of Deformed Bar in Compression)

lsc = 0.071fy db 0.13fy 24 db

300mm
-160- [ETC]

.:
.: /
T
db ( 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 28 32 ) mm
T
f'c ( 25 27 30 35 40 45 50 55 ) MPa
fy 400MPa
H 350mm
A.

i 1 rows db
j 1 rows f'c
t 1.3 if H 300mm t 1.3

1.0 otherwise
e 1.0 if Bar = "Uncoating" e 1

1.2 otherwise
-161- [ETC]
s 0.8 if db 20mm
i i
1.0 otherwise
1.0 if Concrete = "Normal" 1

0.75 otherwise
Ktr 0 ( )
db
i
cb 40mm
i 2
cb Ktr
Termi min i
2.5
db
i
10 0.8 45 2.5
12 0.8 46 2.5
14 0.8 47 2.5
16 0.8 48 2.5
18 0.8 49 2.5
db mm s cb mm Term
20 0.8 50 2.5
22 1 51 2.318
25 1 52.5 2.1
28 1 54 1.929
32 1 56 1.75
fy min t e 1.7 s
ld max i
db 300mm
( j i) f'c cb Ktr i
1.1MPa min
2.5
j i
MPa 8.3 min d
bi

fy min t e 1.7 s
l'd max i 300mm

( j i) f'c cb Ktr db
1.1MPa min j
8.3 min
i 2.5
i
db
MPa i
-162- [ETC]
..:
f'c Diameter of deformed bar with the steel yield strength fy = 400MPa, (mm)
(MPa) 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 28 32
25 303 363 424 484 545 605 897 1126 1373 1729
27 300 349 408 466 524 582 863 1083 1321 1664
30 300 331 387 442 497 552 819 1027 1253 1578
35 300 307 358 409 460 511 758 951 1160 1461
40 300 300 335 383 431 478 709 890 1085 1367
45 300 300 316 361 406 451 669 839 1023 1289
50 300 300 300 342 385 428 634 796 971 1222
55 300 300 300 326 367 408 605 759 925 1166
*The minimum development length in tension is 300mm.
..:
f'c Diameter of deformed bar with the steel yield strength fy = 400MPa
(MPa) 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 28 32
25 30 30 30 30 30 30 41 45 49 54
27 30 29 29 29 29 29 39 43 47 52
30 30 28 28 28 28 28 37 41 45 49
35 30 26 26 26 26 26 34 38 41 46
40 30 25 24 24 24 24 32 36 39 43
45 30 25 23 23 23 23 30 34 37 40
50 30 25 21 21 21 21 29 32 35 38
55 30 25 21 20 20 20 27 30 33 36
B.

fy
MPa
f y
ldc max 0.24 db 0.043 db 200mm
( j i) f'c i i MPa
j

MPa
.:
(MPa) 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 28 32
25 200 230 269 307 346 384 422 480 538 614
27 200 222 259 296 333 370 406 462 517 591
30 200 210 245 280 315 351 386 438 491 561
35 200 206 241 275 310 344 378 430 482 550
40 200 206 241 275 310 344 378 430 482 550
45 200 206 241 275 310 344 378 430 482 550
50 200 206 241 275 310 344 378 430 482 550
55 200 206 241 275 310 344 378 430 482 550
*The minimum development length in compression is 200mm.
-163- [ETC]
C.

fy
e MPa
ldh
max 0.24 db 8 db 150mm
( j i) f'c i i
j

MPa

.:

(MPa) 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 28 32
25 192 230 269 307 346 384 422 480 538 614
27 185 222 259 296 333 370 406 462 517 591
30 175 210 245 280 315 351 386 438 491 561
35 162 195 227 260 292 325 357 406 454 519
40 152 182 213 243 273 304 334 379 425 486
45 150 172 200 229 258 286 315 358 401 458
50 150 163 190 217 244 272 299 339 380 434
55 150 155 181 207 233 259 285 324 362 414
*The minimum development length of standard hook in tension is 8db or 150mm.
D.

fy
0.19e
MPa
ldt db
j i f'c i
j
min 40
MPa

.:

(MPa) 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 28 32
25 152 182 213 243 274 304 334 380 426 486
27 146 176 205 234 263 293 322 366 410 468
30 139 167 194 222 250 278 305 347 389 444
35 128 154 180 206 231 257 283 321 360 411
40 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 300 336 385
45 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 300 336 385
50 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 300 336 385
55 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 300 336 385
-164- [ETC]
.:
T
db ( 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 28 32 ) mm
fy 400MPa
i 1 rows db

lst 1.3ld if Lap Type = "Class B splice"
ld otherwise
l'st 1.3l'd if Lap Type = "Class B splice"
l'd otherwise
..:
(MPa) 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 28 32
25 393 472 551 629 708 787 1166 1463 1784 2247
27 390 454 530 606 681 757 1122 1408 1717 2163
30 390 431 503 574 646 718 1065 1336 1629 2052
35 390 399 465 532 598 665 986 1237 1508 1899
40 390 390 435 498 560 622 922 1157 1411 1777
45 390 390 410 469 528 586 869 1091 1330 1675
50 390 390 390 445 501 556 825 1035 1262 1589
55 390 390 390 424 477 530 786 986 1203 1515
..:

f'c Diameter of deformed bar with the steel yield strength fy = 400MPa
(MPa ) 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 28 32
25 39 39 39 39 39 39 53 59 64 70
27 39 38 38 38 38 38 51 56 61 68
30 39 36 36 36 36 36 48 53 58 64
35 39 33 33 33 33 33 45 49 54 59
40 39 33 31 31 31 31 42 46 50 56
45 39 33 29 29 29 29 40 44 48 52
50 39 33 28 28 28 28 37 41 45 50
55 39 33 28 27 27 27 36 39 43 47
-165- [ETC]
fy fy
lsc max 0.071 db 0.13 24 db 300mm
i MPa i MPa i
10 300 30
12 340.8 28.4
14 397.6 28.4
16 454.4 28.4
lsc
18 511.2 i 28.4
db mm lsc mm
20 568 db 28.4
i
22 624.8 28.4
25 710 28.4
28 795.2 28.4
32 908.8 28.4
-166- [ETC]
:
(Analysis and Design for Torsion)
. (Introduction)

Switzerland
ACI

(European and Canadian model codes)

(primary torsion)

"equilibrium
torson" "
"statically determinate torsion"

.a
(twisting moment) m t

(secondary torsion) "compatibility

torsion"

"statically indeterminate torsion"

( ) . ( )

(spandrel)
(edge beam)

.b

(shape of spiral) T
(elastic homogenous material) .

B B'

(angle of twist) AO'OB AO'OB'

( BB') r
= =
L L
-167- [ETC]
.:
.:

-168- [ETC]
L r

.
(Torsional Moment in Beams)

P
C ABC .a

T = P Z

AB D D

AB
1
AD DB T AB .b
2
m t AB

S w
( kPa)
2
m t =
wS

kN m AB AB T = mt L

2 1m 2
A B .

m t T
.:
AB
-169- [ETC]
.:
-170- [ETC]
. (Torsional Stresses)
. T

dV

T

dV

r dV
dA (.)

T = v

dV = v dA T = rv dA

r dr
T O
dT = ( 2 r dr)vr
( 2 r dr) v

R

T= 2 r2v dr
0
R 1,
R

T= 2 r2v dr
R
1
r
6.2 v = vmax ,
R
R
R
2 max
v r 3
T= 2 r 2
dr = vmax r dr
R R 0
R
1
4
T = vmax = vmax R
2 R 3
R 4 2
2T
vmax =
3
r
4
R
J =

2

J
TR
vmax =
J
-171- [ETC]
.:

.

(Torsional Moment in Rectangular Sections)

(theory of elasticity)

T
vmax =
2
x y
T =

x =
y =
y
=
x
y
.:
x

y ( .)

T, L I
1
yi xi
3

3T
vmax =
xi yi
2
-172- [ETC]
y
xi yi
2
10
x

3T
vmax =
2 x
x y 1 0.63
y
.:

.
(Torsion in Plain Concrete Members)
.
(prismatic member)
T

St. Venant

.b

.:

-173- [ETC]

.a

45deg

( .b)

Tcr

.b (thin-walled tube)

t

(equivalent tube) .

q
.

y0 x0
y0 x0
.:

2q x0 y0 2q y0 x0
T= (a)
2 2

,
T = 2q x0 y0 (b)
x0 y0
A0
T = 2q A0 (c)
T
q= (d)
2A0
-174- [ETC]
A0 (a) A0
q T
= =
t 2A0 t
.a
= = = f't

f't
0.33 f'c
fr = 0.63 f'c = cr = 0.33 f'c
T

Tcr = 0.33 f'c 2A0 t
A0
A0

Acp t
Acp
pcp
t
pcp
1/6 1/4 1/4 0.5
2 3 Acp
A0 Acp t =
A0
3 4 pcp
2
Acp
Tcr = 0.33 f'c
pcp

Tcr
Ag
Ag

Acp
(Torsional Strength of Plain Concrete Members)

vtc
-175- [ETC]
3T
vtc = 0.5 f'c
x y
2

3TL
= T
( )
G
3
x yG
0.45 Ec G = 0.45Ec = 2160 f'c

(torsional cracking shear) vc
0.5 f'c ,
2
Tc = 0.17x y f'c
( ),
x y
2
T = 0.17 f'c
.
(Torsion in Reinforced Concrete Members)

T

.a

.b 1/2
(
.)
.:

(a) (b)
-176- [ETC]
.: -

x0 y0

A0h = x0 y0

ph = 2 x0 y0

space truss

(spiral concrete diagonal)

.
contribution of shear

V4 x0
T4 = (a)
2
.: Space truss analogy
-177- [ETC]
-
.a

V4 = At fyt n (b)
At =
fyt =
n =
y0 cot ( )
y0 cot ( ) n = strut
2
s
At fyt y0
V4 = cot ( ) (c)
s
(c) (a)
At fyt y0 x0
T4 = cot ( ) (d)
2s
.: (a)

(b)

(c)

-178- [ETC]

4 2At fyt y0 x0
Tn =
Ti =
s
cot ( ) (e)
i 1
y0 x0 = A0h
A
2 A f
0h t yt
Tn = cot ( ) ( 6.13)
s
Strut
.b
c
strut

N4

strut

.c Contribution

At fyt y0 2
N4 = V4 cot ( ) = cot ( )
s
4 At fyt
2
N = Ni = 2 x0 y0 cot ( )
s
i 1
At fyt ph 2
N = cot ( )
s
ph

At fyt ph 2
At fy = cot ( )
s

At fyt 2
Al = ph cot ( )
s fy
-179- [ETC]
Al =

fy =
A0h
A0 = 0.85A0h A0h
ACI (
Section 7.5)

6.13 A0 A0h
A0h
t = , ph
A0h
ph
. (Combination of Torsion plus Shear)

/( .b)

( .a)
V

V v =

bw d
T
t = .a

2A0 t
A0 = 0.85A0h
A0h
t=

ph
V Tph
= v t =
bw d 1.7A 2
0h
.:

(a) (b)
-180- [ETC]
.b t

2
V Tph
2
= b d
w 1.7A0h
2

6.17
6.18

. ACI

(ACI Code Provision for Torsion Design)
..
(General)
ACI, Section 11.5.3.5

Tu Tn
Tu =
Tn =
= 0.75
Tn
A0
A0h
2A0 At fyt
Tn = cot ( )
s
..
(Torsional Geometric Parameters)
ACI, Section 11.5

space truss analogy
.
( )

A0h,
.

.
Acp =

Pcp =

-181- [ETC]
.:
(space truss analogy)
A0h =

(
7.)
A0 =

0.85A0h
=
30deg 60deg ( 345deg
)
T L

4
(ACI Code, Section 11.5.1
13.2.4)

T

ACI, Section 11.5.1
(1) (2) 4

Acp

A0h

T, A0h .
-182- [ETC]
.: (a) (b)
T L
-183- [ETC]
.: A0h
.. (Cracking Torsional Moments), Tcr

Tcr
Acp
(thin-wall tube) t = 0.75 ,

Pcp
2Acp
A0 = (
) 0.33 f'c
3
T = 2A0 t
=
= 0.33 f'c
0.33 f'c
A 2
cp
Tcr = 0.33 f'c Tu = Tn
P = Tn
cp
Tcr

4
, ACI, Section 11.5.1
Tcr
Tu
4
A 2
cp
Tu 0.083 f'c
P = Ta
cp
Tu
Tu

Tu
d
Tu = Tn = 0.75
-184- [ETC]
Nu(
)

2
Acp Nu
Tu 0.083 f'c 1 (
P 0.33A f'
cp g c
) Acp Ag

.:
. ACI
a. Tcr
b.

f'c 28MPa, fy 400MPa, 38mm
Dv 12mm
.:
.
a. Tcr
b 16in 406.4 mm h 21.5in 2.5in 609.6 mm
-185- [ETC]
x0 b 406.4 mm y0 h 609.6 mm
2

Acp x0 y0 2477.414 cm

Pcp 2 x0 y0 203.2 cm
0.75
1.0
f'c Acp
2
Tcr 0.33MPa 39.557 kN m
MPa Pcp

b.
Tn

Tcr
Ta 9.889 kN m
4
a. Tcr
bw 14in 355.6 mm h 20in 508mm
hf 4in 101.6 mm hw h hf 406.4 mm

be1 min hw 4hf 406.4 mm

2
Acp bw h 2be1 hf 2632.253 cm

Pcp 2 bw 2be1 h 335.28 cm
f'c Acp
2
Tcr 0.33MPa 27.065 kN m
MPa Pcp

Acp bw h 1806.448 cm
2

Pcp 2 bw h 172.72 cm
f'c Acp
2
Tcr1 0.33MPa 24.744 kN m
MPa Pcp

b.
Tn

-186- [ETC]
Tcr
Ta 6.766 kN m
4
a. Tcr
bw 14in 355.6 mm h 21in 533.4 mm
hf 6in 152.4 mm hw h hf 381mm

be min hw 4hf 381mm
2
Acp bw h be hf 2477.414 cm

Pcp 2 bw be h 254cm
f'c Acp
2
Tcr 0.33MPa 31.646 kN m
MPa Pcp

Acp bw h 1896.77 cm
2

Pcp 2 bw h 177.8 cm
f'c Acp
2
Tcr1 0.33MPa 26.5 kN m
MPa Pcp

b.
Tn
Tcr
Tn 7.911 kN m
4
..

(Equilibrium Torsion and Compatibility Torsion)

(Moment
Redistribution)
-187- [ETC]

1. (equilibrium torsion case)

Tu

Tu .

2. (compatibility torsion case) Tu

.

Tcr

0.33 f'c
Tu Tcr

Tcr

ACI Tu Tcr
.:
.:
-188- [ETC]

( ) ( )
ACI

.a

(compatibility requirement) .b
(redistribution of internal forces) ACI, Section 11.5.2

A 2
cp
0.33 f'c
P
cp
A 2 Nu
cp
0.33 f'c 1

P 0.33A f'
cp g c
Tu ACI

..
(Limitation of Torsional Moment Strength)
ACI, Section 11.5.3
. ,
2 2
Vu Tu ph Vc
0.66 f'c
bw d 1.7A0h
2
bw d
. ,
Vu Tu ph V
c 0.66 f'c
bw d 1.7A0h
2
bw d
Vc = 0.17 f'cbw d

( )

0.66 f'c

-189- [ETC]

() t
A0h

ph
Vu Tu Vc
0.66 f'c
bw d 1.7A0h t bw d
..
(Reinforcement for Torsion)

ACI

space truss analogy

Tu : (1) At (2) Al
ACI, Section 11.5.3 At Al:
. At ,
2A0 At fyt cot ( )

Tn =
s
Tu
Tn =
= 0.75

At =

fyt = At
s =
ACI, Section 11.5.3 30deg 60deg

= 45deg

A0

A0 = 0.85A0h

Ts
At =
2 A0 fyt cot ( )
At T
=
s 2 A0 fyt cot ( )

fyt 60ksi 414MPa

-190- [ETC]
= 45deg cot ( 45deg) = 1 fyt = 400MPa
At Tu
=
s 800A0
ph
s 300mm

8
A0h

0.5
ph
Av.t Av At
= 2
s s s
. U
( horizontal top bar)
ACI, Section 11.5.4

135deg
90deg
.a, b d U .d

T L

.e
.: -

-191- [ETC]
. Al

At fyt 2
Al = ph cot ( )
s fy

= 45deg fy = fyt = 400MPa

At
Al = ph
s

Al
s
a. 10mm
24
b.

300mm
c.

d. bt d bt
.. (Minimum Torsional Reinforcement)

1.

bw s bw s
Av 2At = 0.062 f'c 0.35
fyt fyt
Av =

At =

s =
fyt =

ph
s 300mm
8

2.
-192- [ETC]
0.42 f'cAcp At fyt
Al.min = ph
fy s fy
At bw

0.175
s fyt
Al.min

10%

..

ACI (Summary of ACI Code Procedures)
(
)

1.
Vu Tu

d
Vc
2. a/

Vu Vc = 0.17 f'cbw d
2
b/

A 2
cp
Tu 0.083 f'c
P
cp

3.
:
a.
Vc

Vu
Vu = Vc Vs Vs = Vc

b. Vs
0.66 f'cbw d
ACI, Section 11.4.7.9 Vs ,

c.

Vs s
Av =
fyt d
Av =
s =
-193- [ETC]

Av Vs
=
s fyt d
Av Av
d.
s s min
Av bw s bw s
= 0.062 f'c 0.35
s min fyt fyt
Av

4.

a. Tu

Tu
Tu
A 2
cp
Tu2 = 0.33 f'c
P
cp
b.
2 2
Vu Tu ph Vc
0.66 f' c
bw d 1.7A0h
2
bw d
Vu Tu ph Vc
2
0.66 f'c
bw d 1.7A0h bw d
A0h
t
ph
Vu Tu Vc
0.66 f'c
bw d 1.7A0h t bw d
( )
-194- [ETC]
c.
At Tu bw
= 0.175
s 2A0 fyt cot ( ) fyt
= 45deg = 0.75 A0 = 0.85A0h
ph
s 300mm
8
d.
At fyt
Al = ph cot ( )
s fy
0.42 f'cAcp At fyt

Al.min = ph
fy s fy
5. Vu Tu
bw s bw s

Av.t = Av 2At 0.062 f'c
fyt
0.35
fyt
.:

.

Vu 213.515 kN
Tu 40.675 kN m
d
f'c 28MPa fy 400MPa
.: .
-195- [ETC]

1.
Vu 213.515 kN Tu 40.675 kN m
2.

bw 16in 406.4 mm h 23in 584.2 mm

0.75

d h 2.5in 520.7 mm
f'c
Vc 0.17MPa b d 190.357 kN
MPa w
Vc 142.768 kN < Vu 213.515kN
b.

2
Acp bw h 2374.189 cm

f'c Acp
2
Ta 0.083MPa 9.372 kN m < Tu 40.675 kN m
MPa Pcp

Tu Ta

3.

Vu

Vs Vc 94.33 kN < 4Vc 761.429kN, OK

Av 2
mm
Shear =
s mm
Vs 2 2
mm Shear mm
Shear 0.453 ( ) 0.226 ( )
fy d mm 2 mm
-196- [ETC]
4.
a.
cover 38mm
Dv 12mm

x1 bw 2cover Dv 318.4 mm

y1 h 2cover Dv 496.2 mm
2
A0h x1 y1 1579.901 cm
2
A0 0.85A0h 1342.916 cm

ph 2 x1 y1 162.92 cm
45deg cot ( ) 1
b.
2 2
Vu Tu ph V
c 0.66 f'c
bw d 1.7A0h
2
bw d
2 2
Vu Tu ph
Termleft 1.859 MPa
1.7A0h
bw d 2

Vc f'c
Termright 0.66MPa 3.294 MPa
bw d MPa

"" if Termleft Termright
"" otherwise
""
c.
At
Torsion = fyt fy 400MPa
s
Tu 2
mm
Torsion 0.505 ()
2A0 fyt cot ( ) mm
d.
-197- [ETC]
fyt 2 2
Al Torsion ph cot ( ) 8.224 cm
fy
f'c Acp fyt 2
Al.min 0.42MPa Torsion ph 4.967 cm
MPa fy fy

AL max Al Al.min 8.224 cm 2
5.

Av.t At Av
a.
= = TS
s s 2s
2
Shear mm
TS Torsion 0.731 ( )
2 mm
2
Dv 2
Dv 12 mm Av 1.131 cm
4
Av
sreq 154.661 mm
TS
ph
b. smax min 300mm 203.65 mm
8

spro Floor min smax sreq 10mm 150mm
c.
f'c bw bw
mm
2
TSmin max 0.062MPa 0.35MPa 0.356
MPa fyt fyt mm

2 2
mm mm
TSmin 0.356 TS 0.731
mm mm
2
6.
( AL 8.224 cm )
1
/3
AL 2
AL Aadd 2.741 cm A's
3
2 2
Aadd 2.741 cm Aadd 2.741 cm

2
( 12mm) 2
a. A's 2 Aadd 5.003 cm
4
-198- [ETC]
2
( 16mm) 2
A's.pro 3 6.032 cm
4
2
( 28mm) 2
b. As 5 Aadd 33.529 cm ,
4
2
( 32mm) 2
As.pro 5 40.212 cm
4
2
( 14mm) 2
c. As.mid 2 3.079 cm
4
spro
DB 12mm 10mm 6.25 mm
24
.:

T

T .

Vu 180kN

Tu 51.4kN m

2
. As 2150mm
. f'c 27MPa fy 400MPa
.: T
1.
-199- [ETC]
Tu 51.4 kN m
bw 14in mm h 25in 635mm

2
Acp bw h 2258.06 cm

0.75
f'c Acp
2
Ta 0.083MPa 8.325 kN m <
MPa Pcp
Tu 51.4 kN m
2.
c 38mm Dv 12mm
Dv
x1 bw 2 c 267.6 mm
2
Dv
y1 h 2 c 547mm
2
2
A0h x1 y1 146377.2 mm
2
A0 0.85A0h 124420.62 mm
d h c Dv
25mm
572.5 mm
2

ph 2 x1 y1 1629.2 mm
45deg cot ( ) 1
3.
2 2
Vu Tu ph V
c 0.66 f'c
bw d 1.7A0h
2
bw d
-200- [ETC]
f'c
Vc 0.17MPa b d 179.832 kN
MPa w
2 2
Vu Tu ph
Termleft 2.463 MPa
bw d 2
1.7A0h
Vc f'c
Termright 0.66MPa 3.235 MPa
bw d MPa

"" otherwise
""
4.
At
Torsion =
fyt fy 400MPa
s
Tu 2
mm
Torsion 0.689 ()
2A0 fyt cot ( ) mm
Vu
240kN > Vc 179.832kN

Vu
Vs Vc 60.168 kN

Av At Av
Shear = TS = 2
s s s
Vs 2
mm
Shear 0.263
fy d mm
2
mm
TS 2Torsion Shear 1.64 ( )
mm
2
( 12mm) 2

Av 2 226.195 mm
4
-201- [ETC]
Av
sreq 137.941 mm
TS
ph
smax min 300mm 203.65 mm > sreq 137.941mm , OK
8

f'c bw bw
mm
2
TSmin max 0.062MPa 0.35MPa 0.311
MPa fyt fyt mm

2 2
mm mm
TSmin 0.311 < TS 1.64 ,

mm mm

Dv 12 mm

spro Floor min smax sreq 10mm 130mm (DB12@130)
fyt 2 2
Al Torsion ph cot ( ) 1121.744 mm
fy
f'c Acp fyt 2
Al.min 0.42MPa Torsion ph 110.244 mm
MPa fy fy

2
AL max Al Al.min 1121.744 mm

2

1/4 AL 1121.744 mm
1/2 AL
300mm
AL 2
As As 2430.436 mm
4
2
( 25mm) 2
As.pro 5 2454.369 mm
4
2
( 14mm) 2
A's.L 2 307.876mm
4
2
( 14mm) 2
As.side 2 307.876 mm
4
-202- [ETC]
.:

L 8.5m .a b
kN
Ls 1.8m L wLL 13
m
LL 50psf 2.394 kPa
d 546 mm CL 44mm
f'c 35MPa
fy 400MPa

.:

ACI
. t 150mm

bw 300mm h 600mm
kN kN

wD t Ls bw 25
3
5.625
m
m
-203- [ETC]
kN

wL LL Ls bw 3.591
m
kN
wu.s 1.2wD 1.6wL 12.496
m
kN kN
wD bw h 25 4.5
3 m
m
kN
wL wLL LL bw 13.718
m
kN
wu.b 1.2wD 1.6wL 27.349
m
kN

wu wu.s wu.b 39.845

m
Ls bw kN m
Torque wu.s
13.12

2 1m
wu L
V0 169.34 kN

2
Torque L
T0 55.762 kN m
2
Vu Tu .c
d Vu Tu d
( 0.5L d)
Vu V0 147.585kN
0.5L
( 0.5L d)
Tu T0 48.598 kN m
0.5L
hw h t 450mm

be min hw 4t 450mm
2
Acp bw h t be 247500 mm

Pcp 2 h 2 be bw 2700 mm
-204- [ETC]
ACI

() ( 1.0)

A 2
cp
Tu Ta = 0.083 f'c
P
cp
0.75
f'c Acp
2
Ta 0.083MPa 8.355 kN m < Tu 48.598 kN m
MPa Pcp

Tu
ACI

CL 44 mm
x0 bw 2 CL 212mm
y0 h 2 CL 512mm
2
A0h x0 y0 108544 mm
2
A0 0.85A0h 92262.4mm

ph 2 x0 y0 1448 mm
2 2
Vu Tu ph V
c 0.66 f'c
bw d 1.7A0h
2
bw d
2 2
Vu Tu ph
Termleft 3.627 MPa
1.7A0h
bw d 2

f'c f'c
Termright 0.17MPa 0.66MPa 3.683 MPa
MPa MPa
"" otherwise
""
-205- [ETC]
At Av
45deg fyt fy
Tu 2
mm
Torsion 0.878 (

)
2A0 fyt cot ( ) mm
f'c
Vc 0.17MPa b d 123.554 kN
MPa w
Vu Vc mm
2
(
Shear 0.147

)
fyt d mm
At Av
L Vc L
d0 1.149 m Vu = Vc
2 2V0

- 0 x 1.149 m x
A2t.v ( x) = 2 Torsion 1 Shear 1

2x x

L
d0
- 1.149m x 4.25 m
A2t.v ( x) = 2 Torsion 1
2x
L
Dv 12mm
Av 2
Dv 2 226.195 mm2
4
2 Torsion 1
2x x
A2t.v ( x) Shear 1 if 0 x d0
L
d0
2 Torsion 1
2x
if d0 x 0.5L
L
-206- [ETC]
Av
s ( x) min
A2t.v ( x)

d 600mm

sd s ( d) 140.736 mm
s0.6m s ( 0.6m) 143.341mm
s1.2m s ( 1.2m) 179.514mm
s1.8m s ( 1.8m) 223.477mm
s2.4m s ( 2.4m) 295.956mm
s3.0m s ( 3.0m) 438.015mm
s3.6m s ( 3.6m) 842.336mm
ph
smax min 300mm 181mm
8

sreq ( x) min s ( x) smax

spro ( x) Floor sreq ( x) 10mm
4000
3000
s ( x)
2000
mm
1000
0
0 1 2 3 4
x
m
.:

-207- [ETC]
200
150
sreq ( x)
mm
100
spro ( x)
mm
50
0
0 1 2 3 4
x
m
.:

d sd spro ( d) 140mm

50mm
9 140mm (9DB10@140)

16 170mm (16DB10@170)

Vc Vc L
ACI Vu ( 1.55 m
2 4V0
) bw d 0.846 m
A 2
cp
Tu 0.083 f'c
P
cp
2
Av 226.195 mm

ACI s 170mm
f'c bw s bw s
46.767 mm2
Av.min max 0.062MPa 0.35MPa
MPa fyt fyt

2d fyt
Al Torsion 1
2 2
ph cot ( ) 1107.881 mm
L
fy
-208- [ETC]
f'c Acp fyt 2
Al.min 0.42MPa Torsion ph 266.25 mm
MPa fy fy

AL max Al Al.min 1107.881 mm
2
ACI

300mm

10mm
AL 2
369.294mm 2DB20
3
2
( 16mm) 2 2
Aside 2 402.124 mm 369.294 mm
4

-209- [ETC]
]TahrN_TI7>5 karKNnakmaMgrmYlbnSI
TinnyKNna
sMPareRbIR)as;
- PaBFn;sgt;ebtugGayu 28f/ f'c 28MPa
- PaBFn;Edk/ fy 400MPa
bnkGnuvtn_
- bnkefrrbs; Fwmrg/ wjoist 3.687 kN2
m
kN
- bnkefrelIkMral/ wcover 1.436
2
m
- bnkGefrelIkMral/ wLL 2.4 kN2

m
Tinn y bEnm
- TMhEM lVg = 7.3m9.75m
- kMBs;Can;/ h 3.65m
rUb7>24 bg;)at
-210- [ETC]
TMhmM xu kat;ebtu g
- muxkat;Fwm/ bw 600mm h 550mm hf 115mm
- muxkat;ssr/ bc 550mm hc 550mm
RbEvgFmw CD nig 12 LCD 7.3m L12 9.75m
dMeNaHRsay
1> KNnam:mU g: r; mYlKitTaMgemKuN
eRBaHFwm CD kg rUbTI13 KWCaEpkmYynRbBne RKagkNal EdlEbgEckkMlaMgkg GacekIt
eLIgdUcman kareRbHrmY l m:mU g: r; mYlGtibrmaKitTaMgemKuN Tu enARtg;mxu kat;eRKaHf ak; manTI
taMgenAcMgay d ecjBIpmxu TMr GacRtUv)anKNnaecjBIsmIkarxageRkam
A 2
cp
Tu 0.33 fc
P
cp
Edl 0.75 KWCaemKuNkat;bnyPaBFn;srM ab;rmYl

Acp = RklaprmYlrbs;muxkat;
Pcp = brimaRtrmYlrbs;muxkat;
A 2
m:U m:g;rmY lGb,brma cp
Tu.min 0.083 fc
P
cp
eRBaH Fmw nig Fmw rg RtUv)ancak;bBal Kasac;EtmYy/ Acp nig Pcp GacbBal cM ENknkMral
Pab;Ka . TTwgRbsiTPi aB be nsabkugsU l RtUvEt

be min h hf 4hf 435mm
2
Acp1 bw h be hf 380025 mm

Pcp1 2 h bw be 3170 mm
cri klk NrmYlnFmw EdlminKitBIThM sM a bku gslU RtUv)anKNnadUcxageRkam

2
Acp2 bw h 330000 mm
-211- [ETC]

Pcp2 2 bw h 2300 mm
A 2 A 2
f'c
cp1 cp2
Tu 0.33MPa
MPa
min
P P 59.665 kN m
cp1 cp2
bnkrmYlelIFwm CD RtUv)ansntf; aCabnk BRgayes ItamRbelaHElVg.

2> m:Um:g; nig kMlaMgkat;TTwgkgFwm CD
kN L12 kN
wD bw h25
3
wjoist wcover 2
33.225
m
m
L12 kN
wL wLL 11.7
2 m
kN
wu 1.2wD 1.6wL 58.59
m
RbB neRKagrbs;eRKOgbgM epgpat;kl xNsMrab;karviPaKedayeRbIemKuN. dU ecH

karKNnam:mU g: ; GtibrmaviC man nig GviCm an ehIykMlaMgkat;TTwgkg F mw xagkg dUcxageRkam
ln LCD bc 6.75 m
2
wu ln
M u.pos 166.843kN m
16
2
wu ln
M u.neg 242.681kN m
11
wu ln
Vu0 197.74 kN
2
3> BinitelIPaBRKb;RKan;nTMhMmuxkat;
sMrab;muxkat;tan;
2 2
Vu Tu Ph Vc
0.664 f'c
bw d 1.7Aoh
2
bw d
edayeRbICMerARbsiTiPaBmFm/ d h 50mm 500mm kMlaMgkat;TTwgKitTaMgemKuNenA

Rtg;mxu kat; eRKaHfak; si tenAcMgay d ecjBImxu TMrKW
-212- [ETC]
Vu Vu0 wu d 168.445 kN
PaBFn;kat;edImple; Gayedayebtug
f'c
Vc 0.17MPa b d 269.867 kN
MPa w
kMNt;ykRsTab;karBarebtu g/ cover 38mm nig bnat; Edkkg

Dv 10mm

Aoh h 2 cover Dv bw 2 cover Dv 238496 mm

2

Ph 2h 2 cover Dv bw 2 cover Dv 1956 mm
dUcenH/ eyIg)an
2 2
Vu Tu Ph Vc f'c
3.31 MPa
1.331 MPa < 0.664MPa

1.7Aoh
bw d 2 b d MPa
w
dUecH muxkat;ebtugRKb;RKan;.
4> KNnaEdkbBarcaM)ac;srM ab;karrmYl
At Tu

s 2 A0 fyt cot ( )
Edl A0 0.85Aoh 202721.6 mm

2
45deg fyt fy 400MPa

At

s
Tu 2
mm
0.491
2A0 fyt cot ( ) mm
5> KNnaEdkkgcaM)ac;srM ab;klM aMgkat;

Av Vu Vc

s fyt d
Vu Vc
0.226 mm
fyt d
-213- [ETC]
dUecH minRtUvkarEdkkgsMrab;kMlaMgkat; eRBaH Vu 168.445kN < Vc 202.4 kN.
eTaHCa y:agNa eday Vu 168.445kN > 0.5 Vc 101.2 kN/
RklapGb,brmarbs;Edkkg RtUv)anpl;eGaytambTdan ACI 11.5.6.1.
6> KNnaEdkbBarcaM)ac;srub
sMrab;ebtu g f'c 28 MPa EdkbBarGb,brmasMrab;kMlaMgkat; nig rmYl
bw bw
0.75 f'c 50
fy fyt
EdkbBarcaM)ac;
Av At bw bw
2 max 0.75 f'c 50
s s fy fyt

Av At
eday s
0 dUecH eyIg)an 2
s
2
mm
2 f'c bw bw
mm
2
2 0.981 > max 0.062MPa 0.345MPa 0.517
mm MPa fy fyt mm

KMlatEdkbBarGtibrma
Ph
smax1 244.5 mm
8
d
smax2 250mm
2

smax min smax1 smax2 244.5 mm
2
Dv
kMNt;ykbnat;Edkkgbi T Dv 10 mm Rklapkg eCIg1 At 4
78.54 mm
2
/ KMlatRtUvkarRtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak; KW
At
s 160.111 mm < smax 244.5 mm, OK

dUecH eyIgyk Dv 10 mm KMlat s 160mm KitBIGkSkNalRtg;muxkat; eRKaHfak;. eday

eXIjfakarBRgayEdkkat;TTw g nig EdkrmYltambeNayRbEvgRbelaHElVg/ KMlat nig srsEdk
-214- [ETC]
TaMgenH GacRtUv)anp l;ecjBImuxTM reTAcMgay bw d 1100 mm.
7> KNnaEdkbeNaycaM)ac;sMrab;rmY l
2
At fyv At mm
Al Ph cot ( )
2
Edl 0.491
s fy s mm
45 deg
fyt 400MPa
fy 400MPa
At fyt 2 2
Al Ph cot ( ) 960.149mm
s fy

EdkbeNayGb,brma
f'c Acp At fyv
Al.min 0.415 Ph
fy s fy
2 bw 2
mm mm
Edl 0.491
mm
> 0.175 MPa
fyt
0.262
mm

Acp min Acp1 Acp2 330000 mm
2
f'c
A
MPa cp At fyt 2
Al.min 0.415MPa Ph 851.529 mm
fy s fy
RklapEdkbeNaycaM)ac;srM ab;rmYlKW Al max Al Al.min 960.149 mm2.

8> KNnaEdkbeNaycaM)ac; sMrab;karBt;begag
ssrsmIkaredIm,IrkRklapEdkbeNayCaGnuKmn_nm:Um:g;Bt; dUcenHeyIgGacsegbRklap
EdkcaM)ac;kgtaragxageRkam edaylkNmuxkat;ctu ekaNEkg nig kMNt;ykkMBs;RbsiTPaB
mFmKW d 500mm.
-215- [ETC]
Mu

As M u Mn
0.9
Mn
Rn
2
bw d
f'c 2R n
0.85 1 1
fy 0.85f'c

As bw d

As.neg_M As M u.neg 14.034 cm
2

As.pos_M As M u.pos 9.523 cm
2
TItaMg m:Umg: B; t;, [kN.m] RklapEdk, [cm ] 2
Kl;TMr 242.681 14.034
kNalRbelaH 166.843 9.523
9> KNnaEdkbeNaycaM)ac;srub
EdkbeNaysrubKWCaEdkbeNayEdlRtUvkarsMrab;rmYlbBal CamYynwgEdkbeNaysMrab;karBt;
begag. EdkbeNayrmYlRtUv)antMerograyCMu vli brimaRtmuxkat;CamYyKMlatGtibrma 300mm.
edIm,I manEdkBRgayeseI nACMvu i lbrimaRt eyIgRtUvkMNt;RbEhl1PaK4n 0.25Al 2.4 cm2
sMrab;mxu nimyY .
2
eRbIbnat;pitEdk DB 18mm EdlmanRklapEdkmYyedIm As1 DB 4
2.545 cm
2
dak;tMerobenApxagnimyY . karBRgayEdkenH epgpat;trM vU karKMlatGtibrma eRBaHKMlatEdk

h 100mm
sside 225mm < smax 244.5 mm. EdkBRgaycaM)ac;enAsl;sMrab;rmYl
2
enAcenaHmu xkat;elI nig eRkam/ dUecH RklapEdk As_T 0.5 Al 2As1 2.256 cm2 nwg
RtUv)anbEnmelIRklapEdkEdlcaM)ac;sMrab;m:Um:g;Bt;enATaMgmu xkat;elI nig eRkam.
- enApmxu TMr
RklapEdkcaM)ac;srub/ As.neg As.neg_M As_T 16.29 cm2
-216- [ETC]
1.4MPa
RklapEdkGb,brma/ As.min
fy
bw d 10.5 cm
2
eRbI Db 25mm cMnnY ntop ceil

As.neg
4 enAmuxkat;xagelI.
2
Db

4
Binti TTwgGb,brmarbs;Fmw
kMNt;eRbIEdk1CYrEdk rW 1RsTab; dUcenH eyIg)an

bmin 2 38mm 2Dv ntop 1 50mm ntop Db 346mm
bw 600mm > bmin 346mm, OK
- enAkNalRbelaH
RklapEdkcaM)ac;srub/ As.pos As.pos_M As_T 11.779 cm2
1.4MPa
RklapEdkGb,brma/ As.min
fy
bw d 10.5 cm
2
eRbI Db 22mm cMnnY nbot ceil

As.pos
4 enAmuxkat;xagelI.
2
Db

4
Binti TTwgGb,brmarbs;Fmw
kMNt;eRbIEdk1CYrEdk rW 1RsTab; dUcenH eyIg)an

bmin 2 38mm 2Dv nbot 1 50mm nbot Db 334mm
bw 600mm > bmin 334mm, OK
9> lMGti Edk

eyagtamkarple; GaysMrab;eRKOgbg sM ac;EtmYy ya:gehacNas;15nEdkTajcaM)ac;srM ab;m:Um:g;
GviCm anenARtg;Kl;TrM b:Eu nmni eGayticCag2edIm nig 14nEdkm:mU g: v; Ci m anenARtg;kNalRbelaH
b:uEnmineGayticCag2edIm RtUvEttCab; Ka nig cg;CamYyEdkkgbiT EdlmanBt; mMumintic Cag 1350.
-217- [ETC]
dUecH y: agehacNas; 2 n 4DB25 EdkxagelI RtUvEttCab;Ka rW 2 nEdk 4DB25 enARtg;muxkat;xag
elI GacRtUv)ankat;tamRTwseI nATItaMgEdlm: mU g: ; Bt;Kti TaMg emKuNesnI gw PaBFn;m:mU g: ; Bt;KNnanmuxkat;
2
GaRsyelIRklapEdksrub EdlesInwgRklap Acut 2 (25mm4
)
9.817 cm dkRkla
2
pEdkcaM)ac;sMrab;rmYl As_T 2.256 cm2. dUecH As Acut As_T 7.561 cm2

kMBs; sgte; btug
As fy
a 21.18 mm
0.85f'c bw
m:U mg: P; aBFn;KNna

f'c 28MPa
1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05 min 0.85 0.85
7MPa
a
c 24.918 mm
1
d h 38mm
25mm
499.5 mm
2
dt d 499.5 mm
u 0.003
dt c
t u 0.057
c
1.45 250t
0.6 max min 0.9 0.9
3
Mn As fy d 133.087kN m
a
2
cMgay x ecjBImuxTMreTAkEngm:U m:g;Bt;KitTaMgemKuN Mu Mn 133.087 kN m )anBIplbU

k m:U m:g;eFobnwgmuxkat;Rtg;TItaMgTaM genH.
wu 2
x Vu0 x M u.neg M u
2
edaHRsaysmIkardW eRkTI2 xagelI eyIgTTYl)an
-218- [ETC]
2
Vu0 Vu0 2M u wu 2M u.neg wu
x 0.609 m
wu
Edk 2DB25 RtUvEtbnaycMgay d 499.5 mm rW 12 25mm 300mm ecjBIcMgay

x 0.609 m . dUecH ecjBIm x u TMr RbEvgEdksrubRtUvEty:agehacNas;
Lcut x max ( d 12 25mm) 1.109 m . EdkRtUvEtbn ayRbEvgbgb;eBj ld
cUlk gmux TMr. RbEvgbgb;sMrab;Edkbnat; db 25mm GacRtUv)anKNnadUcxageRkam

fy t e s
ld db
1.1 f'c cb Ktr

db

Edl t 1.3 emKuNTItaMgEdk

e 1.0 emKuNRClk;fa M
s 1.0 emKuNTMhEM dk
1.0 emKuNebtugTMgn;maDRsal
2 38mm 2Dv ntop db
cb min 38mm 38 mm
ntop 1

Ktr 0 snSsn_EdkbBar
cb Ktr
1.52 < 2.5, OK
db
dUecH eyIg)an
fy t e s
ld db 1.469 m > Lcut 1.109 m
f'c cb Ktr
1.1MPa MPa d
b
dUecH RbEvgRtUvkarsru bsMrab;EdkenAsl; 2DB25 RtUvEtbnayy:agehacNas; ld 1.469 m
ecjBImuxTMr.
TItaMgkat;EdkviCm an KWRtUv)anKNnaviFIRsedognwgEdkenAKl;TrM Edr.
2
( 22mm)
RklapEdkRtg;TItaMgkat;/ As 2
4
As_T 5.347 cm
2
-219- [ETC]
kMBs; sgte; btug
As fy
a 14.976 mm
0.85f'c bw
m:U mg: P; aBFn;KNna

f'c 28MPa
1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05 min 0.85 0.85
7MPa
a
c 17.619 mm
1
d h 38mm
25mm
499.5 mm
2
dt d 499.5 mm
u 0.003
dt c
t u 0.082
c
1.45 250t
0.6 max min 0.9 0.9
3
Mn As fy d 94.701 kN m
a
2
cMgay x ecjBImuxTMreTAkEngm:U m:g;Bt;KitTaMgemKuN Mu Mn 94.701 kN m )anBIplbUk
m:U m:g;eFobnw
wug mu2xkat;Rtg;T ItaMgTaM genH.
x Vu0 x M u.pos M u
2
edaHRsaysmIkardW eRkTI2 xagelI eyIgTTYl)an

2
Vu0 Vu0 2M u wu 2M u.pos wu
x 0.387 m
wu
Edk 2DB25 RtUvEtbnaycMgay d 499.5 mm rW 12 25mm 300mm ecjBIcMgay x 0.387 m

. dUecH ecjBImuxTMr RbEvgEdksrubRtUvEty:agehacNas;
Lcut x max ( d 12 25mm) 0.887 m. EdkRtUvEtbn ayRbEvgbgb;eBj ld cUlkgmux TMr.
-220- [ETC]
RbEvgbgbs; rM ab;Edkbnat; db 22mm GacRtUv)an
KNnadUcxageRkam
fy t e s
ld db
1.1 f'c b
c K tr

db
2 38mm 2Dv nbot db

cb min 38mm 38 mm
nbot 1

Ktr 0 snSsn_EdkbBar
cb Ktr
1.727 < 2.5, OK
db
naMeGay eyIg)an
fy t e s
ld db 1.138 m > Lcut 0.887 m
f'c b
c K tr
1.1MPa MPa d
b
dUecH RbEvgRtUvkarsru bsMrab;EdkenAsl; DB22 RtUvEtbnayy:agehacNas; ld 1.138 m

ecjBIEKmTMr.
-221- [ETC]
: (Design of Short Columns)

(Concentrically Loaded) (Eccentrically Loaded) .
( .a)

( .b
c)

P
e .b
c
.:

1. (Axailly loaded column)
M e
e= = 0 ( 0.1)
P h
-222- [ETC]
2. (Eccentric columns)
M
e= 0
P
a. ()
Short columns (without buckling):
P M
b. ()
Long (slender) columns (with buckling):
P M ns
.
(Axially Loaded Columns)
..

(Introduction)

3

/ (monolithic) (end restraint)

e 0.1h h
e

.. (Type of Columns)
( .)

.
/
.

.

2 'Short Columns"

"Slender Columns"

ACI-ASCE
90% ( ) 40% ()
-223- [ETC]
.:
..

(Behavior of Axially Loaded Columnss)

1/3( f'c)

fy

fs n

f s = n fc
Es
n=
P
Ec
P = fcAg ( n 1)Ast

-224- [ETC]
Ag
Ast
(
.)
Pn = 0.85f'c Ac Ast fy
Ac =

P = 0.85f'c Ag Ast Ast fy
.:
/

.
.:

ACI (ACI Code Limitations)

..
ACI
. ACI
= 0.65
= 0.75
0.05

-225- [ETC]
.:

( = 0.9)
( = 0.75)

(under-reinforced section)

. 1% 8% (ACI
Code, Section 10.9.1)

(Creep) (Shrinkage)

( )

8%
. /

(ACI
Code, Section 10.9.2)

150mm . /
150mm
38mm
.
s ACI 10.5
Section 10.9.3
Ag f'c
s = 0.45 1
Ach fy
Ag =
Ach =

fyt =

-226- [ETC]
.:

(Spiral)
(Tie)

(Longitudinal bar)
s =
(Pitch)
.:

.
10mm 75mm
25mm
ACI, Section 7.10.4

48db 300mm

72db

300mm
-227- [ETC]

. 10mm ()
32mm

12mm
.
48dv 16db b
db =

dv =
b =
.:

-228- [ETC]
..
(Spiral Reinforcement)

(ductile failure)
shell

Pu ( shell) = 0.85 f'c Ag Ach
Ag
Ach (
.)

(strength
contribution of spiral)

2s Ach fyt s
.:

shell

0.85f'c Ag Ach = 2s Ach fyt
Ag f'c
s = 0.425 1
Ach fy
ACI, s
Ag f'c
s.min = 0.45 1
Ach
fyt

( .):
s =

as Dch ds
=

4 as Dch ds
D 2 S 2
Dch S
ch
4
-229- [ETC]
as =

Dch =

D =
S =

f''c 0.85f'c = 4.0f'2 (a)
f''c =

0.85f'c =

f'2 =

f'2

fy .

2Asp fyt
f'2 = (b)
dc s
Asp =

fyt =
dc =

s =

(volumetric ratio)

.:

2 dc Asp 4
s =
2 2
dc s
s d c s
Asp = (c)
4
Asp (c) (b)
s fyt
f'2 = (d)
2
-230- [ETC]

shell = 0.75f'c Ag Ach (e)
Ag
Ach
(confinement stress) (d) (a)

= 2s fyt Ach (f)

(e)
(f)

0.85f'c Ag Ach = 2s fyt Ach
Ag f'c
s = 0.425 1 (g)
Ach fyt
ACI ACI, Section 10.9.3
Ag f'c
s = 0.45 1
Ach
fyt
..
(Design Equations)
ACI, Section 10.3.6

ACI

0.80 0.85

ACI, Section 10.3.6

Pn.max = 0.850.85f'c Ag Ast fy Ast

= 0.75


= 0.65
Ag = b h =
Ast =
Ac = Ag Ast
-231- [ETC]

.. (Axial Tension)

( 1/10 )

Tn = Ast fy
Tn = Ast fy
= 0.9

..
(Summary)
.
(Safety Provision)
Pu Pn.max
Pu =
Pn.max =


= 0.65


= 0.75
. (Lateral Reinforcement)
D 32mm Dv = 10mm
-232- [ETC]
D 32mm Dv = 12mm
(Spacing of tie)

s = min 16D 48Dv b

Dv 10mm

25mm s 75mm
. (Column Steel Ratio)
Ast
g = = 1% 8%
Ag
. (Determination of Concrete Section)
Pu
0.80
Ag = = 0.65 ( )

0.85f'c 1 g fy g
Pu
0.85
Ag = = 0.75 ()

0.85f'c 1 g fy g
. (Determination of Steel Area)
Pu
0.85f'c Ag
0.80
Ast = = 0.65 (
0.85f'c fy
)
Pu
0.85f'c Ag
0.85
Ast = = 0.75 (

0.85f'c fy
)
.: 7
B 4m L 4.5 m
Hbase 2.6m HE0 Hbase
-233- [ETC]
Hmez HE0 HE1 3m
t 120mm

b1 200mm h1 370mm

b2 200mm h2 350mm
kN
LL0 2.0 ( ASCE 7-05)
2
m
kN
Lr 1.0
2
m
n 9
f'c 30MPa fy 400MPa
.:
kN kN
Slab t 25 3
3 2
m m
kN kN
Covering 50mm 22 1.1
3 2
m m
-234- [ETC]
kN
Mechanical 0.2
2
m
kN
Ceiling 0.4
2
m
kN
Partition 1.0
2
m
kN
DL Slab Covering Mechanical Ceiling Partition 5.7
2
m
kN
LL0 2.00 (
)
2
m
2
AT B L 18 m
KLL 4
2
AI KLL AT 72 m
(influence area)
R LL max 0.25

4.572m
0.4 0.789
AI
(live load reduction factor)
kN
LL R LL LL0 1.578
2
m
2
KLL AT 37.16m
2
( 30mm) 3
Void 190mm 4 537.212 cm
4
Brick10 120mm Void

55 kN kN
20 1.809
2 3 2
m m m
Brick20 220mm Void

110 kN kN
20 3.218
2 3 2
m m m
.

PD.floor DL B L n 923.4 kN
-235- [ETC]
PL.floor LL B L ( n 1) 227.179kN
PL.roof Lr B L 18 kN
kN

PB1 b1 h1 t L 25
3
n 50.625 kN
m
kN

PB2 b2 h2 t B 25
3
n 41.4 kN
m

WB1 Brick10 HE0 h1 2 HE1 h1 ( n 2) L 186.18 kN

WB2 Brick10 HE0 h2 2 HE1 h2 ( n 2) B 166.796kN

Column 5% PD.floor PB1 PB2 WB1 WB1 69.389 kN
PDL PD.floor PB1 PB2 Column WB1 WB2 1437.79 kN
PLL PL.floor 227.179kN
PLr PL.roof 18 kN
Pu 1.2PDL 1.6PLL 0.5PLr 2097.834 kN
f'c 30 MPa fy 400MPa
g 0.03 3 % 0.65
Pu
0.80 2
Ag 1098.216 cm

0.85f'c 1 g fy g
b
k =
h
300mm
k
400mm
-236- [ETC]
Ag
h 382.66 mm b k h 286.995 mm
k
h Ceil ( h 50mm) 400mm
b Ceil ( b 50mm) 300mm

b 300
mm
h 400
2
Ag b h 1200 cm
Pu
0.85f'c Ag
0.80 2
Ast 26.016 cm
0.85f'c fy
2
( 20mm) 2
Ast 10 31.416 cm
4
20 20 20 20
D 20 0 0 20 mm
20 20 20 20

rows ( D) cols ( D) Di j 2
Ast

4
31.416 cm2

i 1 j 1
( 20mm) 23
9.425

( 20mm) 2 6.283 2
2
As cm
4 ( 20mm) 22 6.283

2 9.425
( 20mm) 3
As 31.416 cm
2
Ast
-237- [ETC]
3 9.425
Db
2
2 6.283 2
n Db 20mm As n cm
2 4 6.283

3 9.425

2
Ast As 31.416 cm
. (Tie)
D 20mm
Dv 8mm ( )

smax min 16D 48Dv b 300mm
smax
sv 150mm
2
(Check of the spacing of main bar)
b 300mm n1 3
s1

b 30mm2 Dv2 n1 Db 82 mm s1 150mm 1
n1 1
h 400mm n2 4
s2

h 30mm2 Dv2 n2 Db 81.333 mm s2 150mm 1
n2 1
.:
. (Eccentric Column)
..

(Introductions)
-238- [ETC]

.
(two-hinged portal frame)
BC AB CD

e
Mn
e= ( .) e (plastic centroid)
Pn

fy 0.85f'c

arbitrary
(Design Assumtions for Columns)

..
ACI, Section 10.2

. (strain)
.

. u = 0.003
.
.
fs = s Es fy
.

0.85f'c
a = 1 c c
0.65 1 0.85
.:
-239- [ETC]
..
-
(Load-moment interaction diagram)

(normal force)

.a
b

e = 0
M n = 0

P0 .a
. Pn.max:

ACI, Pn.max = 0.80P0

Pn.max = 0.85P0

.

Pn = Pn.max Pn = Pb(balanced
load)

0.003

( )
(yield strength), fy fs fy Pb Pb
e eb

. Pb :
0.003
fy
y =
Es
" " M b
"
Mb
" eb =
Pb
.

y 0.003
( .)
Pn Pb e eb
.
M n
Pn = 0
-240- [ETC]
.: (a) -
-241- [ETC]
.: (b)
Pn
-242- [ETC]
..

(Safety Provisions)

.
U = 1.4D
U = 1.2D 1.6L
U = 1.2D 1.6L 0.8W
U = 1.2D 1.0L 1.6W
U = 0.9D 1.6W

.
. Pu = Pn 0.1f'c A.g = 0.65

= 0.75

. t 0.005
0.002 r 0.90
0.065 ( 0.75)
.

= 0.75 t 0.002 ( 50) = 0.75 0.15

1 5
c

3
dt

= 0.65 t 0.002 = 0.65 0.25

50 1 5
3
c

3
dt

.: t
-243- [ETC]
. Pu = 0 = 0.90

0.90 0.65 ( 0.75) (transition regoin)

..

(Compression plus Bending of Rectangular Columns)

(arch)

(monolithic frame)

,
(column bracket)

P
M .a
M
P e = .b
P

,
Mn M u
Pn Pu
.:
(Strain compatibility analysis and Interaction diagrams)
.a

Pn
e a a
-244- [ETC]
.b

.c
.: (a)
(b) a a (c)

.c

X = 0
Pn = C c C s T
Pn = 0.85f'c a b A's f's As fs
Pn

M = 0
M n = Pn e = C c C s d' T d
h a h h
2 2 2 2
M n = Pn e = 0.85f'c a b A's f's d' As fs d

h a h h
2 2 2 2
-245- [ETC]

s dc
=
u c
dc
s = u
c
dc
fs = Es s = Es u
c
's c d'
=
u c
c d'
's = u
c
c d'
f's = Es 's = Es u
c

= 5 a As fs A's f's
= 4
X = 0 M = 0 2

5 4

As = A's
fs = fy
. (Determination of Steel Area)
: Pu M u bh d' d f'c fy
Ast
: As = A's =
2
Pu
Pn 0.85f'c a b 0.85f'c a b

X = 0 AsN ( a) =
f's ( a) fs ( a)
=
f's ( a) fs ( a)
-246- [ETC]
M n 0.85f'c a b
h a

2 2

M = 0 AsM ( a) =
f's ( a) d' fs ( a) d
h h
2 2
Mu
0.85f'c a b
h a

AsM ( a) =
2 2
f's ( a) d' fs ( a) d
h h
2 2
.:
Pu 892.86kN M u 34.08kN m
b 250mm h 250mm
16mm
d' 30mm 6mm 44 mm
2
d h d' 206mm
f'c 25MPa fy 400MPa
. (case of concentric loaded column)
0.65
2
Ag b h 625cm
Pu
0.85f'c Ag
0.80 2
Ast 10.268 cm
0.85f'c fy
. (case of eccentric loaded column)
f'c 28MPa
1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05 min 0.85 0.85
7MPa
a 5
c ( a) u 0.003 dt d Es 2 10 MPa
1
-247- [ETC]
d t c ( a)
t ( a) u
c ( a)
1.45 250t ( a)
( a) 0.65 max min 0.9 ( 50mm) 0.9
3

fs f's a
d c ( a)
fs ( a) min Es u fy fs ( 160mm) 56.625 MPa
c ( a)
c ( a) d'
f's ( a) min Es u fy f's ( 55mm) 192MPa
c ( a)
AsN
AsM
a
fN ( a) f's ( a) fs ( a)
fM ( a) f's ( a) d' fs ( a) d
h h
2 2
Pu
0.85f'c a b
( a) 2
AsN ( a) if fN ( a) 0 AsN ( 230mm) 2.794 cm
f's ( a) fs ( a)
0 otherwise
Mu
0.85f'c a b
h a

AsM ( a)
( a) 2 2 if f ( a) 0 AsM ( 230mm) 19.333 cm
2
M
f's ( a) d' fs ( a) d
h h
2 2
0 otherwise
a AsN
AsM

a

AsN
AsM ( AsN = AsM) a
a AsN AsM
-248- [ETC]
h
a 1mm h
10
1 1.176 0.522 0.9

25 29.412 0.018 0.9
49 57.647 0.008 0.9
73 85.882 0.004 0.833
97 114.118 0.002 0.685
a 121 mm c ( a) 142.353 mm t ( a) 0.001 ( a) 0.65
145 170.588 0.001 0.65
169 198.824 0 0.65
193 227.059 -0 0.65
217 255.294 -0.001 0.65
241 283.529 -0.001 0.65
400 -21840 -0.444

400 -297.6 -12.317
400 142.041 -28.367
400 292.603 -63.694
400 368.66 -251.706
2
f s ( a) 268.264 MPa f's ( a) 400 MPa AsN ( a) 55.476 cm
124.552 400 21.903
21.657 400 12.576
-55.648 400 7.644
-115.853 400 4.281
-164.066 400 1.654
-0.214
27.639
2.666
1.175
1.664
2
AsM ( a) 2.027 cm
2.822
4.705
a1 190mm a2 192mm
8.321
14.516 a2 a1
a a1 a1 a2
24.421 10
-249- [ETC]
8.2
8.1
AsN ( a)
2 8
cm
AsM ( a)
7.9
2
cm
7.8
7.7
0.19 0.1903 0.1907 0.191 0.1913 0.1917 0.192
a
.: AsN AsM
a AsN = AsM a 191.12mm
2 2
AsN ( a) 7.957 cm AsM ( a) 7.957 cm

ACI

As.total max AsN ( a) AsM ( a) Ast 1% Ag 15.914 cm 2
As.total 2
As 7.957 cm ( )
2
2
( 16mm) 2 2
As 4 8.042 cm A's As 8.042 cm
4
As A's
g 2.574 % 1% g 8% 1
Ag
0 0
h 0

X h Y b
0 b

0 0
-250- [ETC]

33mm 33mm
h 33mm 33mm

X1 h 33mm Y1 b 33mm
33mm b 33mm

33mm 33mm

n 4 i 1 n
b 2 y1
y1 42mm S 55.333 mm
n1
yi y1 ( i 1)S x1i y1 x2i h y1
Y
mm
Y1
mm
y
mm
y
mm
X X1 x1 x2

mm mm mm mm
.:
-251- [ETC]
(

)
Asteel i 1
u 0.003
5
Es 2 10 MPa
h
for a d' d' h
10000
a
c
1
dt c
t u
c
1.45 250t
0.65 max min 0.9
3
dc
fs min Es u fy
c
c d'
f's min Es u fy
c
fN f's fs
( continue ) if fN = 0
Pu
0.85f'c a b

AsN
fN
( continue ) if AsN 0
fM f's d' fs d
h h
2 2
( continue ) if fM = 0
Mu
0.85f'c a b
h a

AsM
2 2
fM
( continue ) if AsM 0
a
h

AsN

-252- [ETC]
Ag

i
Z
AsM

Ag

AsN AsM
2
cm
i i 1
T
csort Z 4
1 2 3 4
1 0.7645 0.01273 0.01273 0.00176
2 0.7644 0.01274 0.01273 0.0072
3 0.7646 0.01272 0.01274 0.01072
4 0.7643 0.01274 0.01272 0.01615
5 0.7647 0.01272 0.01275 0.01968
6 0.7642 0.01275 0.01271 0.02511
7 0.7648 0.01271 0.01276 0.02863
Asteel 8 0.7641 0.01276 0.0127 0.03406
9 0.7649 0.0127 0.01276 0.03759
10 0.764 0.01276 0.0127 0.04301
11 0.765 0.0127 0.01277 0.04656
12 0.7639 0.01277 0.01269 0.05196
13 0.7651 0.01269 0.01278 0.05552
14 0.7638 0.01278 0.01268 0.06091
15 0.7652 0.01268 0.01279 0.06448
16 0.7637 0.01278 0.01267 ...

rows Asteel 5750 ( Asteel)
a Asteel h 191.125 mm
( 1 1)
2
AsN Asteel Ag 7.956 cm
( 1 2)
2
AsM Asteel Ag 7.958 cm
( 1 3)

Atotal max AsN AsM Ast 1% Ag 15.914 cm

2
-253- [ETC]
Atotal 2 2
As 7.957 cm A's As 7.957 cm
2
Asteel ( No) k 1
h
for a d' d' h
No
fN f's ( a) fs ( a)
( continue ) if fN = 0
Pu
0.85f'c a b
( a)
AsN
fN
( continue ) if AsN 0
fM f's ( a) d' fs ( a) d
h h
2 2
( continue ) if fM = 0
Mu
0.85f'c a b
h a

AsM
( a) 2 2
fM
( continue ) if AsM 0
a
h

AsN

Ag
k
Z AsM

Ag

AsM AsN
Ag

k k 1
T
csort Z 4
Z Asteel ( 10000) rows ( Z) 5750
a Z( 1 1) h 191.125 mm
-254- [ETC]
2
AsN Z( 1 2) Ag 7.956 cm
2
AsM Z( 1 3) Ag 7.958 cm
AsN AsM 2
Atotal max 2 Ast 1% Ag 15.914 cm
2
Atotal 2 2
As 7.957 cm A's As 7.957 cm
2
(Construction of strength interaction diagram)

Pn M n

Pn

M n .
.
M
e=
e = 0
P0

P
e = M 0

.:
-255- [ETC]

. c .
cb

Pb M b .
1. c =
Pn = 0.85f'c b h A's As fy 0.85f'c ()
2. c1 = d t = 0 ( )
600MPa d fy
3. c2 = t =

600MPa 0.5fy 2Es
600MPa d fy
4. cb = t =
600MPa fy Es
1200MPa d y 0.005
5. c3 = t =
3240MPa 0.5fy 2
6. c4 = 0.375d t = 0.005
7. c5 = 0.3d t 0.005 ( t )
.:
-256- [ETC]
.: P M

Pn ( a) ( )
Mn ( a) ( )
.: .
b 250mm h 250mm
16mm
d' 30mm 6mm 44 mm
2
d h d' 206mm
2
( 16mm) 2 2
As 4 8.042 cm A's As 8.042 cm
4
f'c 25MPa fy 400MPa
-257- [ETC]

0.65
Ast
Ag b h Ast As A's g 2.5736 %
Ag

Pn.max 0.800.85f'c Ag Ast Ast fy 1007.418 kN

f'c 28MPa
1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05 min 0.85 0.85
7MPa
a 5
c ( a) dt d u 0.003 Es 2 10 MPa
1
d t c ( a)
( a) t u ( 50mm) 0.9
c ( a)
1.45 250t
0.65 max min 0.9
3
d c ( a)
fs ( a) min Es u fy fs ( 125mm) 240.48 MPa
c ( a)
c ( a) d'
f's ( a) min Es u fy f's ( 100mm) 375.6 MPa
c ( a)

Pn ( a) min ( a) 0.85f'c a b A's f's ( a) As fs ( a) Pn.max

Mn ( a) ( a) 0.85f'c a b
h a
A's f's ( a) d' As fs ( a) d
h h
2 2 2 2
fy
y 0.002
Es
u
cb d 123.6 mm
u y
ab cb 1 105.06 mm
-258- [ETC]

Pn.b ab 0.85f'c ab b A's f's ab As fs ab 355.68 kN
h ab h
Mn.b ab 0.85f'c ab b A's f's ab d' As fs ab d
h

2 2 2
2

Mn.b 59.59 kN m
0 0
X Y
Mn.b
Pn.b
h
a 0 1.1h
30

1200
Interaction diagram
1050 Applied load
Balancing line
900
P n ( a)
kN 750
Pu
600
kN
Y 450
kN
300
150
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
M n ( a) Mu X

kN m kN m kN m
.:

(Case of distributed steel reinforcement for Rectangular Section)

As A's ( .)
-259- [ETC]
.:
.:

(-)

(+)

(-) (+)

-260- [ETC]

X = 0
ns ns
Pn = C
Ti = 0.85f'c a b
Asi fsi
i 1 i 1

M = 0
ns
M n = Pn e = C T d
h a h
2 2 i i

2
i 1
ns
M n = Pn e = 0.85f'c a b
h a h
2 2 As fs di
i i

2
i 1
s
i di c di c
= s = u
u c i c
di c
fs = Es s = Es u
i i c
.: P M
.

Pu 2963.86kN M u 61.29kN m
b 400mm h 400mm
Cover 30mm
Dv 8mm
1 1 1 1

1 0 0 1
D 22mm n
1 0 0 1

1 1 1 1
f'c 35MPa fy 400MPa
-261- [ETC]
.: 2D 3D
ns cols ( n) ns 4
15.205
2
D 7.603
As cm2

i 1 ns As
i 4 ni
7.603

15.205
As
2
Ast Ast 45.616 cm
Ast
2
Ag b h 1600 cm g 2.851 % 1% g 8% 1
Ag
D
d1 Cover Dv 49 mm
2
h 2 d1
s 100.667mm
ns 1
-262- [ETC]
di d1 ( i 1)s
15.205 49

7.603 2 149.667
As cm d mm
7.603 250.333

15.205 351

nx cols ( n) ny rows ( n)
D D
dx1 Cover Dv 49 mm dy1 Cover Dv 49 mm
2 2
h dx1 2
Sx 100.667 mm dxi dx1 ( i 1)Sx
nx 1
b dy1 2
Sy 100.667mm dyi dy1 ( i 1)Sy
ny 1
X k 1 Y k 1
for i 1 ny for i 1 ny
for j 1 nx for j 1 nx
continue if ni j = 0 continue if ni j = 0
Xk
nx 1 j 1 Sx Yk
ny 1 i 1 Sy

2 2
k k 1 k k 1
X Y
h b
h b
1 1
X1 h Y1 b
2 2
h b

h b
-263- [ETC]
h dx1 b dy1

h dx1 b dy1
X2 h dx1 Y2 b dy1
1 1
2 2
h dx1 b dy1
h dx b dy
1 1
200
100
200 100 0 100 200
100
200
.:
0.65


f'c 28MPa
1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05 min 0.85 0.8
7MPa
a 5
c ( a) u 0.003 Es 2 10 MPa
1
d i c ( a)
fs ( i a) s u fs ( 1 30mm) 184MPa
c ( a)

sign s min Es s fy
-264- [ETC]
dt max ( d) 351mm
d t c ( a)
t ( a) u
c ( a)
1.45 250t ( a)
( a) 0.65 max min 0.9
3
ns
Pn ( a) min ( a) 0.85f'c a b

As fs ( i a)
i P

n.max
i 1
ns
h a A f ( i a) d h
Mn ( a) ( a) 0.85f'c a b
2 2
si s
i

2
i 1

a

( Pu M u)

()

8%

()
h
a 1mm 1.1h
50
Interaction diagram of column strength

4000
3000
P n ( a)
kN 2000
Pu
1000
kN
P n ( a)
kN 400 300 200 100 0 100 200 300 400
1000
2000
M n ( a) Mu M n ( a)

kN m kN m kN m
.a:

-265- [ETC]
.b:
spColumn v4.2
(Manual Solution)

1. Pn.max
2.

emin
3.
0% fy
4.
25% fy
5.
50% fy
6. 100% fy (
)
7. s = 0.005
8. Pn = 0
9.
Mn = 0
-266- [ETC]
. Pn.max
c 0.65

Pn.max 0.80c0.85f'c Ag Ast Ast fy 3353.443 kN

Pn Pn.max 3353.443 kN
1
Mn 0
1
Pn Pn.max 3353.443 kN emin 0.1h 40 mm

2
Mn Pn emin 134.138kN m
2 1
.
0% fy
f'c 28MPa
1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05 min 0.85 0.8
7MPa
5 0MPa
u 0.003 Es 2 10 MPa s0 0
Es
dt max ( d) 351mm
u dt c0
c0 dt 351mm t u 0
u s0 c0
a0 1 c0 280.8 mm
i 1 ns
di c0 400

fs0 s u 344.16
i c0 fs0 MPa
172.08

sign s min Es s fy
0

1.45 250t
0 0.65 max min 0.9 0.65
3
-267- [ETC]
ns

Pn min 0 0.85f'c a0 b
3

As fs0 Pn.max 2822.437 kN
i i
i 1
a0
ns
Mn 00.85f'c a0 b
h A f d h
3 2 2 si s0 i
i
193.427 kN m
2
i 1
.
25% fy
25% fy
s.25% 0.0005
Es
u dt c25%
c25% dt 300.857 mm t u 0.001
u s.25% c25%
a25% 1 c25% 240.686 mm
di c25% 400

fs.25% s u 301.519
i c25% fs.25% MPa
100.76

sign s min Es s fy
100

1.45 250t
25% 0.65 max min 0.9 0.65
3
ns
4

Pn min 25% 0.85f'c a25% b

As fs.25% Pn.max
i i

i 1
Pn 2357.003 kN
4
h a25%
ns
A f h
Mn 25% 0.85f'c a25% b
4 2 2
s s.25% di
i i
2
i 1
Mn 227.912 kN m
4
-268- [ETC]
.
50% fy
50% fy
s.50% 0.001
Es
u dt c50%
c50% dt 263.25 mm t u 0.001
u s.50% c50%
a50% 1 c50% 210.6 mm
di c50% 400

fs.50% s u 258.879
i c50% fs.50% MPa
29.44

sign s min Es s fy
200

1.45 250t
50% 0.65 max min 0.9 0.65
3
ns
5

Pn min 50% 0.85f'c a50% b

As fs.50% Pn.max
i i

i 1
Pn 1969.139 kN
5
h a50%
ns
A f h
Mn 50% 0.85f'c a50% b
5 2 2
s s.50% di
i i
2
i 1
Mn 249.516 kN m
5
. fs = fy
fy
y 0.002
Es
u dt cb
cb dt 210.6 mm t u 0.002
u y cb
ab 1 cb 168.48 mm
-269- [ETC]
di cb 400

fs.b s u 173.599
i cb fs.b MPa
113.2

sign s min Es s fy
400

1.45 250t
b 0.65 max min 0.9 0.65
3
ns

Pn min b 0.85f'c ab b
6

As fs.b Pn.max 1333.04kN
i i
i 1
ab
ns
Mn b0.85f'c ab b
h h
6 2 2 Asi fs.b di
i
277.383kN m
2
i 1
. s 0.005
u dt ctc
ctc dt 131.625 mm t u 0.005
u s ctc
atc 1 ctc 105.3 mm
di ctc 376.638

fs.tc s u 82.241
i ctc fs.tc MPa
400

sign s min Es s fy
400

1.45 250t
tc 0.65 max min 0.9 0.9
3
ns

Pn min tc 0.85f'c atc b
7 i i
As fs.tc Pn.max 765.825kN

i 1
h atc
ns
A f d h
Mn tc 0.85f'c atc b
7 2 2

si s.tc i
i
337.604kN m
2
i 1
-270- [ETC]
.
a
c ( a)
1
d i c ( a)
fs ( i a) s u
c ( a)

sign s min Es s fy
ns
C c ( a) 0.85f'c a b T ( a)
Asi fs(i a)
i 1
am a 1mm
C c ( a)
while 1
T ( a)
4
a a 10 mm
a
am dt cm
cm 86.334 mm t u 0.009
1 cm
di cm 259.464

fs.m s u 400
i cm fs.m MPa
400

sign s min Es s fy
400

m 0.9
ns

Pn min m 0.85f'c am b
8 i i
As fs.m Pn.max 0 kN

i 1
am
ns
Mn m 0.85f'c am b
h h
8 2

2 Asi fs.m di
i
258.669 kN m
2
i 1
-271- [ETC]
.

dt ct
ct 0.0001mm t u 10529.997
ct
at 1 ct 0 mm
di ct 400

fs.t s u 400
i ct fs.t MPa
400

sign s min Es s fy
400
1.45 250t
t 0.65 max min 0.9 0.9
3
ns

Pn min t 0.85f'c at b
9

As fs.t Pn.max 1642.172 kN
i i
i 1
h at
ns
A f d h
Mn t 0.85f'c at b
9 2 2
si s.t i
i
0 kN m
2
i 1
3353.44 0
3353.44 134.138

2822.44 193.427
2357 227.912

Pn 1969.14 kN Mn 249.516 kN m
1333.04 277.383

765.82 337.604
0 258.669

1642.17 0
-272- [ETC]
4000
2800
P n
kN 1600
P n
kN
Pu 400
kN
400 240 80 80 240 400
800
2000
M n M n M u

kN m kN m kN m
.b:

.. (Design of Circular Columns)
. (Estimating the column size)
Pu Ast
Ag.trial g =

0.40 f'c fy g Ag
Pu
Ag.trial

0.50 f'c fy g
-273- [ETC]
.
(Interaction diagrams for circular columns)

.b c

a = 1 c
a .d

.
.:
.:
1 1 2
Asector = Radius Arch = r ( r 2 ) = r
2 2
2 sin ( )
xsector = r
3
1 1 2
Atriangle = Base Height = 2 r sin ( ) r cos ( ) = r sin ( ) cos ( )
2 2
-274- [ETC]
2
xtriangle = r cos ( )
3
2
Asegment = Asector Atriangle = r ( sin ( ) cos ( ) )
Asector xsector Atriangle xtriangle 2 sin ( ) sin ( ) cos ( )

2
x= = r
Asegment 3 sin ( ) cos ( )
3
2r sin ( )
x=
3 sin ( ) cos ( )
.:
h
. = = r
2

n =
Dc =
Ds =
Dc
rc =
2
rc a
c = acos c
rc

-275- [ETC]
2

Ac = rc c sin c cos c
xc =
sin c
2rc 3
3 sin c cos c

Ds = Dc 2 Cover Dv
DB

2
Ds
rs =
2

2
di = rc rs cos s s = ( i 1)
i i n

X = 0
n
Pn = C
Ti
i 1
n
Pn = 0.85 f'c Ac
Asi fsi
i 1
M = 0
n
M n = Pn e = C xc
Ti di rc
i 1
n
M n = Pn e = 0.85 f'c Ac xc
As fs di rc
i i
i 1
s
i di c
=
u c
-276- [ETC]
di c
s = u
i c
di c
fs = Es s = Es u fs fy
i i c i
.:

Pu 1822.71kN M u 32.78kN m
f'c 30MPa fy 400MPa
cover 30mm
Dv 8mm DB 20mm
g 0.025 2.5 %
Fe 1.051
Pu Fe 2
Ag.trial 957.834cm

0.50 f'c fy g
Ag.trial
Dc Ceil 50mm 350mm

4
Mu
Fe 1
e e
e 17.984 mm 0.051 1.051
Pu Dc Dc

2
Dc 2
Ag 962.113cm
4

0.75
-277- [ETC]
Pu Fe
0.85f'c Ag
Ast max
0.85
g Ag 24.053 cm
2
0.85f'c fy

DB
2
2 Ast
As0 3.142 cm n ceil 8
4 As0

2
Ast n As0 25.133 cm
Ds Dc 2 cover Dv
DB
254mm
2
Ds
arch 99.746 mm ( )
n
Ast
g 2.612 %
Ag
Ds Dc
rs 127mm rc 175mm
2 2
360deg
i 1 n s ( i 1)
i n
di rc rs cos s

i
0 48

45 85.197
90 175

135 264.803
s deg d mm
180 302

225 264.803
270 175

315 85.197
-278- [ETC]

k 50
j 1 k 2
c (j)
j k1
X1j rc rc cos c
j
Y1j rc rc sin c
j
Dv
R s rc cover 141mm
2
Xsj rc R s cos c
j
Ysj rc R s sin c
j
Xci rc rs cos s
i
Yci rc rs sin s
i
.:
f'c 28MPa
1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05 min 0.85 0.836
7MPa
5 a
Es 2 10 MPa u 0.003 c ( a)
1
d i c ( a)
fs ( i a) s u fs ( 2 50mm) 254.409MPa
c ( a)

sign s min Es s fy
-279- [ETC]
rc a
c ( a) acos
rc
2

Ac ( a) rc c ( a) sin c ( a) cos c ( a)
xc ( a)
2rc
sin c ( a) 3
3
c ( a) sin c ( a) cos c ( a)

Pn.max 0.850.85f'c Ag Ast fy Ast 2164.063 kN

dt max ( d) 302mm
d t c ( a)
t ( a) u
c ( a)

( a) 0.75 max 0.75 t ( a) 0.002 50 min 0.90

n

Pn ( a) min ( a) 0.85f'c Ac ( a)

As0 fs ( i a) Pn.max

i 1
n

Mn ( a) ( a) 0.85f'c Ac ( a) xc ( a)

As0 fs ( i a) di rc

i 1
Dc
a 0 Dc
30
2500
2000
P n ( a)
kN 1500
Pu
1000
kN
500
0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150
M n ( a) Mu

kN m kN m
.:
-280- [ETC]

..
(Bar Splices In Columns)

.
(mechanical splice) (butt splice)
.
.

ACI section 12.17.2, 12.17.3 12.17.4

.
(designer) ()

()

B (
.)
25mm 28mm 1.5m

-281- [ETC]
.: - ACI
-282- [ETC]
.: (metal-filled bar):

.: wedged sleeve:

-283- [ETC]
.:
.

ACI, Section 12.16.1 12.16.2
ACI, Section 12.17.2.4 12.17.2.5
-

. ld ACI, Section 12.2.2
12.2.3 ACI, Section 7.6.3

1.5db
ld
1
8-1 ld 1.0 A 1.3
-284- [ETC]

. ACI,
Section 7.8.1

1/6

1.5 (offset bar)
150mm .

.
75mm
ACI, Section 7.10.5

1
.5 s
.:
-285- [ETC]
: (Design of Long(slender) Columns)
. (Introduction)

(elastic shortening) (secondary moment)

(slenderness ratio)

I
l
r r = , I A
A

3
bh
b h ( .) Ix = A = b h
12
3
hb
rx = 0.288h ( rx = 0.3h) Iy = ry = 0.288b (
12
4 2
D D
ry = 0.3b)
D rx = ry =
A=
64 4
rx = ry = 0.25D

.
(lateral bracing)
(shear walls)
.

.

"slender"

(degree of slenderness)
l I
l r
r A
r , r

(pin-ended column)
(precast construction)
-286- [ETC]
.: r
( )

()
(stiff elevator core)

(cable-stayed
bridge)
. (Effective Column Length), k lu
l

r
k lu

. lu

(flat slab) (column capital)

lu ( x y) (
.) ()

. / k

lu
lu,

k = 1.0
lu
lu

( )

4
lu
k = 0.5 = 0.5 (.) k
lu
-287- [ETC]

-

(rigid
bracing)

k 1 ACI, Section 10.12 k = 1.0

-

k
.

.:

. (Effective Length Factor), k
(alignment chart) .
k (end restraint factor) A

B ,
EIc
lc
=
EIb
lb
lc =

lb =

10

1.0
-288- [ETC]
.: (a) k
(b) k
-289- [ETC]
.:
-290- [ETC]
.:
(a) (b)
.:

k A B A
B . k
nomogram

()
()

()
-291- [ETC]

ACI 10.10.1.1

Jackon
Moreland

k = 0.70 0.05 A B 1.0
k = 0.85 0.05min 1.0
A B (degree of restraint) min A

B
20 m
m 2 k= 1 m
20
m 2 k = 0.9 1 m
k = 2.0 0.3
.

(Alignment Chart Method)
k

.
1.

2.

3. (rigid)

4.

(. )
5.

(.
)
-292- [ETC]
P
6.
L

EI
7.

(slope-deflection equation method)

A B 2 A B
2 tan
k 2k = 1
1
4 k
tan
2
k
k

2
A B 36

k
k
= 0

6 A B tan

k
AASHTO-LRFD
AASTHO-LRFD:
= 1.5
= 3.0

= 5.0

= 1.0

. Duan-King-Chen (Duan-King-Chen Equations)

k
Duan, King Chen
1 1 1
k= 1
5 9A 5 9B 10 A B
1 1 1
k 2 k= 4
1 0.2A 1 0.2B 1 0.01A B
-293- [ETC]
2 a
k 2 k=
0.9 0.81 4a b
A B 36
a= 3 b= 6
A B A B
.: k (a) (b)
. French (French Equations)
k=

3A B 1.4 A B 0.64

3A B 2.0 A B 1.28

k=

1.6A B 4.0 A B 7.5
A B 7.5
-294- [ETC]
1966,

.
LeMessurier (LeMessurier Method)

( .)
k
LeMessurier ki i
2
E Ii

P CL P
ki =
Li 2 Pi PL

Pi
i i i
P

EI
PL =
2
L
=

6 A B 36

2 A B A B 3
k 2
0 1
CL =
2

k0

PL

.
Lui (Lui Method)

Lui
k i

2
E Ii P 1 1
Li 2 Pi
ki =
L 5 H

-295- [ETC]
P

L

,
H 1, 1 first-order,

=
3 4.8M 4.2M E I
2
3
L

H
.: k
.

k DC Ec 25000MPa
12 4 6 2
Ig 3.14 10 mm Ag 5.86 10 mm Lg 55m
11 4 6 2
Ic 3.22 10 mm Ac 2.01 10 mm Lc 16m
.:
-296- [ETC]

DC
C 1.0 ()
E c Ic

Lc
D 0.353
E c Ig

Lg

2
C D 36

F ( k) k
k

6 C D tan

k
k1 1 k2 2.2
F ( k)
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2
1
.: k
-297- [ETC]
k Given Find
Given
k 1
2
C D 36

k
k
= 0

6 C D tan

k
kalignment_chart Find ( k) 1.216
. Duan-King-Chen
C D
a 3 3.261
C D
36
b 6 32.617
C D
1 1 1
kDuan_King_Chen 4 1.236
1 0.2C 1 0.2D 1 0.01C D
. French
kfrench

1.6C D 4.0 C D 7.5
1.234

C D 7.5
LeMessurier
.
k0 kalignment_chart 1.216

6 C D 36
7.283

2 C D C D 3
k 2
0 1 0.091
C L
2

P1 3000kN P2 1.4 P1 4200 kN P3 P1 3000 kN
-298- [ETC]
PCD P2 4200 kN LCD Lc 16 m LAB 8m LEF LAB
E c Ic E c Ic
5 5
PL.CD 2.29 10 kN PL.AB 9.16 10 kN
2 2
LCD LAB
PL.EF PL.AB 9.16 10 kN

5

PL stack PL.AB PL.CD PL.EF
3000 916025.419
P 4200 kN PL 229006.355 kN
3000 916025.419

2
E c Ic

P P CL
kLeMessurier 0.632
LCD PCD
PL
2

. (Member Stiffness), E I

E I E I

. ACI
1.5
Ec = 0.043wc f'c Ec = 4800 f'c ( MPa)
5
Es = 2 10 MPa
. I
(degree of cracking)

, E I
I (ACI, Section 10.4.4.1):
.
I = 0.70Ig
- I = 0.70Ig
- I = 0.35Ig
.
I = 0.35Ig
I = 0.25Ig
-299- [ETC]

-
Ast Mu Pu
I = 0.80 25 1 0.5 I 0.875Ig
Ag Pu h P0 g

Pu
M u

Pu
M u I I 0.35Ig
-
bw
I = ( 0.10 25) 1.2 0.2 I 0.5Ig
d g

Ig =

As
=
bw d
. A = 0.1Ag (
)
.
1 dns ()
1.2 D ( sustained)
dns = 1.0
1.2D 1.6L
k lu
. (Limitation of Slenderness Ratio),
r
..
(Non-sway frames)
ACI, Section 10.10.1

.
k lu M1
34 12 40
r M2
M 1 M 2 M 2 M 1
M1
.

(single curvature)
M2

(double curvature) .
M1
. 34 12 40
M2

-300- [ETC]
Mu
. e = emin M 2
Pu

emin = ( 15mm 0.03h)
M 2 = Pu( 15mm 0.03h)
M 2 M 2
k 1.0

EI
.

12

.. (Sway frames)
k lu
22 ( ACI, Section 10.10.1)
r
-301- [ETC]
.:

. (Sway Versus Non-sway Columns)
( )
(secondary effect)


12

ACI 318-08, Section 10.11.4.1
second-order
5% 0.05 first-order

Pu 0
Q= 0.05
Vus Lc
Q = (Stability index)
Pu = ( )
Vus =

0 = (first-order relative lateral deflection)

Vus
Lc =

Q 0.05 :
( )
Q 0.05 : ()

Q
Vus = 0

(secondary moment)
M' M a,
M = M a M' M
M a
" " (magnifying moment factor)

1.0
-302- [ETC]
M max = M a
1.0 M a

P

(second-order
analysis) (nonlinear relationship)

ACI

ACI

k lu
100
r
Unbraced Frame Braced Frame
Shear Wall
Braced Frame
Brick Wall
Ties
.:
(
)

()
. (Moment-Magnifier Design Method)
..

(Moment magnificatioin procedure)

Pu

Pc

..

(Moment magnificatioin - Nonsway frame)

ns M 2
Pu M c M c
M c = ns M 2
-303- [ETC]
Cm
ns = 1.0
Pu
1
0.75Pc
2
EI
Pc =
k lu 2
Pc
EI

-

EI
EI =
0.2Ec Ig Es Ise EI =
0.4Ec Ig
1 dns 1 dns
Ec Es =

Ig =
Ise =
Ise

Ise

ns
A di 2
2
Ise = C g Ig Ise =
si
i 1
C =
g =
= ( .)
C . Ise
EI

Ec Ig C g Es
2
EI = 0.2
1 dns Ec

EI
EI
.
() dns = 0

-304- [ETC]

EI
dns (
ACI, Section 10.10.6.2):
maximun_factored_axial_sustained_load
dns = 1.0
maximum_factored_axial_load_with_same_load_combination
1.2 D ( sustain)
dns =
1.2D 1.6L
.: Ise
-305- [ETC]
.:
EI EI

C m C m
M1
C m = 0.6 0.4 0.4
M2

M 1 = min M top M bot
M 2 = max M top M bot

ns C m 1.0 .
C m

.: C m

M 2

M 2.min:
M 2.min = Pu( 15mm 0.03h)
M 2.min M 2 C m 1.0

M 1 M 2
..

(Moment magnificatioin - Sway frame)

M ns
:
M 1 = M 1ns s M 1s
-306- [ETC]
M 2 = M 2ns s M 2s

M ns
M s

ACI Section 10.13.5
ns Pc k = 1.0
s M s

s M s
ACI, Section 10.10.7.3
s M s
()
P

Ms
s M s = Ms
1Q
Q =
1 Pu 0
s = 1.0 Q=
1Q Vus Lc
s M s
ACI,
Section 10.10.7.4
Ms 1
s M s = Ms s = 1.0
Pu Pu
1 1
0.75Pc 0.75Pc
s 2.5
Pu =

Pc = ()
.:

PD 550.59kN PL 145.10kN
Pu 1.2PD 1.6PL 892.868 kN
M A 34.08kN m M B 15.47kN m
Q 0
-307- [ETC]
f'c 25MPa fy 400MPa

bA.left 200mm hA.left 400mm LA.left 4.0m
bA.rigth 250mm hA.rigth 700mm LA.rigth 8.0m
bB.left 200mm hB.left 400mm LB.left 4.0m
bB.rigth 200mm hB.rigth 400mm LB.rigth 8.0m
bc 250mm hc 300mm Lc 4.5m
btop 200mm htop 200mm Ltop 3.8m
bbot 250mm hbot 300mm Lbot 1.0m
e

max M A M B 38.169 mm
Pu
-308- [ETC]
.:
1.
g 0.02
ke 1.2
bc
k
hc
0.65
Pu ke
0.80 2
Ag 714.819 cm

0.85f'c 1 g fy g
Ag
h 292.879mm b k h 244.066 mm
k
h Ceil ( h 50mm) 300mm
b Ceil ( b 50mm) 250mm
2.
2
Ag b h 750cm
Pu ke
0.85f'c Ag
0.80 2
Ast 12.322 cm
0.85f'c fy
1 1 1
D 1 0 1
1 1 1

-309- [ETC]
i
i 1 cols ( D) ni
D
3
n 2 2 6.032
( 16mm) 2
3 As n As 4.021 cm
4 6.032

2
Ast As Ast 16.085 cm
3.

M 1 min M A M B M 1 15.47 kN m

M 2 max M A M B M 2 34.08 kN m
bA.left bA.rigth
Lu Lc Lu 4.275 m
2
3
bh 4 4
Ig Ig 5.625 10 cm
12
Ig
r r 86.603 mm
Ag
(Degree of end restraint )
3
bh 4 4
Ic 0.70 Ic 3.937 10 cm
12
3
btop htop
3 4
Itop 0.70 Itop 9.333 10 cm
12
3
bbot hbot 4 4
Ibot 0.70 Ibot 3.937 10 cm
12
3
bA.left hA.left 4 4
IA.left 0.35 IA.left 3.733 10 cm
12
-310- [ETC]
3
bA.rigth hA.rigth 5 4
IA.rigth 0.35 IA.rigth 2.501 10 cm
12
3
bB.left hB.left 4 4
IB.left 0.35 IB.left 3.733 10 cm
12
3
bB.rigth hB.rigth 4 4
IB.rigth 0.35 IB.rigth 3.733 10 cm
12
f'c
MPa
Ec Itop E c Ic

Ltop Lc
A A 0.276
Ec IA.left Ec IA.rigth

LA.left LA.rigth
Ec Ibot E c Ic

Lbot Lc
B B 3.437
Ec IB.left Ec IB.rigth

LB.left LB.rigth

A B A B
2

2 tan
F ( k) k 2k 1
1
4 k
tan
2
k
k
ab
Bisection ( a b ) c
2
( return c) if ab
otherwise
Bisection ( a c ) if F ( a) F ( c) 0
Bisection ( c b ) otherwise
k Bisection ( 0.5 1 0.000001) k 0.746
-311- [ETC]
k
Mathcad: Given Find
Given k 0.5 k 1.0
A B 2 A B
2 tan
k 2k = 1

4 k 1
tan
2
k
k
k Find ( k) 0.746
k Lu M1
Column "is Short" if min 34 12 40
r M2

"is Long(slender)" otherwise
Column "is Long(slender)"
4.
M1
C m max 0.6 0.4 0.4 C m 0.782
M2

1.2PD
d d 0.74
1.2PD 1.6PL
4
Ec 2.4 10 MPa
3
bh 4 4
Ig Ig 5.625 10 cm
12
0.4Ec Ig 2
EI EI 3103.477 kN m
1 d
2
EI
Pc Pc 3014.079 kN
k Lu 2
-312- [ETC]
Cm
ns max 1 ns 1.292
Pu
1 0.75P
c
M 2.min Pu( 15mm 0.03h) M 2.min 21.429 kN m
M c M 2 if Column = "is Short" M c 44.025 kN m

ns max M 2 M 2.min otherwise
5.
0.65

Pn.max 0.800.85f'c Ag Ast fy Ast 1145.543 kN

ns rows ( n) 3
16mm
d1 30mm 6mm 44 mm
2
h 2 d1
scol 106mm
ns 1
di d1 ( i 1)scol
3 6.032 44
2
n 2 As 4.021 cm d 150 mm
3 6.032 256

f'c 28MPa
1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05 min 0.85 0.85
7MPa
5
u 0.003 Es 2 10 MPa
a
c ( a)
1
-313- [ETC]
d i c ( a)
fs ( i a) s u
c ( a)

sign s min Es s fy
dt max ( d) 256mm
d t c ( a)
t ( a) u
c ( a)
1.45 250t ( a)
( a) 0.65 max min 0.90
3
ns
Pn ( a) min ( a) 0.85f'c a b

As fs ( i a)
i P

n.max
i 1
ns

Mn ( a) ( a) 0.85f'c a b
h a A f ( i a) d h
2 2
s s
i i

2
i 1
h
a 1mm 1.1h
50
-314- [ETC]
Interaction diagram for column strength
1200
1000
800
P n ( a)
kN
600
Pu
kN
400
200
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
M n ( a) Mc

kN m kN m
Given a 1mm
ns

( a) 0.85f'c a b
As fs ( i a)
i =P
u
i 1
a Find ( a) 201.776 mm
ns
h a A f ( i a) d h
Mn ( a) 0.85f'c a b
2 2

s s
i
i

52.798 kN m
2
i 1
Given
ns
( a) 0.85f'c a b
h a h
2 2 As fs ( i a) di
i
= Mc
2
i 1
a Find ( a) 227.477 mm
ns
Pn min ( a) 0.85f'c a b
As fs ( i a)
i P

n.max 1021.476 kN
i 1
-315- [ETC]
Column "is adequate to the applied force" if Pu Pn M c Mn
"is failure" otherwise
Column "is adequate to the applied force"
-316- [ETC]
]TahrN_9>3 karKNnassrEdlBicarNadl;\TiBlPaBRsavkgeRKagmineyag
cUrKNnassr A3 nig C3 enACan;TI1nGKarkariyal ykMBs;10Can;EdlmanbgajkgrUbxag
eRkam. kMBs;KNnanCan;T1I KW h1 6.5m nig h2 4.5m KWsMrab; kMBs;Can;dTepSgeTot.
snt;fa\TiB lbnk xagmanGMeBIelIGKar KWbNaledayxl; nig bnk efr KWCabnk ryeBlyUr
EtmYy. TinnyKNnaepSgeTotsMrab;GKarmandUcxageRkam
criklkNsMPar
ebtu g
PaBFn;sMrab;eRKObg MkMralCan; f'c 25MPa
PaBFn;sMrab;ssr nig CBaaMg f'c 40MPa
PaBFn;Edk fy 400MPa
muxkat;Fwm b 600mm h 500mm
RbelaHElVgFwm L 8.5m B 8.5m
TMhMssrxageRkA bc1 500mm hc1 500mm
TMhMssrxagkg bc2 600mm hc2 600mm
kMras;CBaaMgTb;xl; hw 300mm
TMgn;kMralFwmrg/ wjoist 4.12 kN2

m
bnkefrelIkMral/ wtoping 1.53 kN2

m
bnkGefrdMbUl/ wLr 1.0 kN2

m
bnkGefrkM ral/ wLL 2.4 kN2

m
cMnnY Can;/ n 10
bnk xl;KNnaGaRsytambTdan ASCE 7 .
-317- [ETC]
rUb9>15 bg;)at
rUb9>16 bg;rykMBs;
-318- [ETC]
1> KNnabnkcMpitnig m:Um:g;Bt;KitTaMgemKuNsMrab;ssr A3 ni g C3 enACan;TI1
1>1- sMrab;ssr A3
- emKuNkat;bnybn k Gefr
sMrab;eRKOgbgEM dlmantMl KLL AT 37.16m2 KWRtUvGnuBaatKNnacMeBaHkarkat;bny
bnkGefr EdlGnuelamtamrUbmnrbs;bTdan ASCE 7 EtRtUvelIkElgsMrab;bn kGefrdMbUl.
AT L 38.675 m
B b
RklaprgbnkelIssr 2
2 2
emKuNFatubgbM nk Gefr KLL 3 sM rab;ssreRkA

2
AI KLL AT 116.025 m
4.572
L 0.25 0.674
AI
2
m
- bnkefr
bnkefr KWCabnkbgBITMgn;FatubgMpal; nig rYmTaMgTMgn;rbs;sMParminEmneRKOgbgMPab;.
Pb b h L
B kN
25 n 956.25 kN
2 m3
kN
Pc1 bc1 hc1 h125 40.625 kN
3
m
kN
Pc2 bc1 hc1 h225 ( n 1) 253.125kN
3
m
Pjoist wjoist AT n 1593.41 kN
Ptoping wtoping AT n 591.727 kN
PD Pb Pc1 Pc2 Pjoist Ptoping 3435.137 kN
M D.top 107.11 kN m M D.bot 54.233 kN m
- bnkGefr
PLL L wLL AT( n 1) 563.425kN
-319- [ETC]
PLr wLr AT 38.675 kN
PL PLL PLr 602.1 kN
M L.top 41.081 kN m M L.bot 20.744 kN m
- bnkxl;
Pw 35.58kN M w.top 1.491 kN m M w.bot 5.83 kN m
cMNaM cMeBaHral;krNIbnkxl;/ eRbIkmviFIviPaKeRKOgbgMsMrab;CM nYykgkarKNnark.

PD MD.top MD.bot

LL
P ML.top ML.bot
PA3 M top.A3 M bot.A3
P
Lr 0 0
P M M
w w.top w.bot
tarag9>2 taragsegbbn k manGMeBIelI ssr A3
bnkcMpit m:mU g: B; t; (kN.m)

krNIbnk
(kN)
elI eRkam
bnk efr (D) 3435.138 107.110 54.233
bnkGefrkMral (L) 563.425 41.081 20.744
bnk GefrdMblU (Lr) 38.675 0.000 0.000
bnkxl; (W) 35.580 1.491 5.830
smIkar elxerog karbnSMbnk

9.1 1 1.4D 4809.193 149.954 75.926
9.2 2 1.2D+1.6L+0.5Lr 5042.983 194.262 98.270
3 1.2D+0.5L+1.6Lr 4465.758 149.073 75.452
9.3 4 1.2D+1.6Lr+0.8W 4212.509 129.725 69.744
5 1.2D+1.6Lr-0.8W 4155.581 127.339 60.416
6 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr+1.6W 4480.143 151.458 84.780
9.4
7 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr-1.6W 4366.287 146.687 66.124
8 0.9D+1.6W 3148.552 98.785 58.138
9.6
9 0.9D-1.6W 3034.696 94.013 39.482
-320- [ETC]
1> KitbBa l TaMgkarkat;bnybnkGefrtambTdan ASCE 7
2> ral;smIkarbnSMbnkGnuelamtambTdan ACI 318
1>2 sMrab;ssr C3
- emKuNkat;bnybn k Gefr
2
AT LB 72.25 m
KLL 4 sM rab;ssrxagkg
2
AI KLL AT 289m
4.572
L 0.25 0.519
AI
2
m
- bnkefr
kN
Pb b h( L B) 25 n 1275 kN
3
m
kN
Pc1 bc2 hc2 h125 58.5 kN
3
m
kN
Pc2 bc2 hc2 h225 ( n 1) 364.5 kN
3
m
Pjoist wjoist AT n 2976.7 kN
Ptoping wtoping AT n 1105.425 kN
PD Pb Pc1 Pc2 Pjoist Ptoping 5780.125 kN
M D.top 1.356 kN m M D.bot 0.949 kN m
- bnkGefr
PLL L wLL AT( n 1) 809.86 kN
PLr L wLr AT 37.494 kN
PL PLL PLr 847.353kN
-321- [ETC]
M L.top 43.929 kN m M L.bot 22.1 kN m
- bnkxl;
Pw 13.345 kN M w.top 3.39 kN m M w.bot 10.44 kN m
PD MD.top MD.bot

PLL ML.top ML.bot
PC3 M top.C3 M bot.C3
PLr 0 0
P M M
w w.top w.bot
tarag9>3 taragsegbbnk manGMeBIelIssr C3
bnkcMpit m:mU g: B; t; (kN.m)

krNIbnk
(kN)
elI eRkam
bnk efr (D) 5780.125 1.356 0.949
bnkGefrkMral (L) 809.860 43.929 22.100
bnk GefrdMblU (Lr) 37.494 0.000 0.000
bnkxl; (W) 13.345 3.390 10.440

9.1 1 1.4D 8092.175 1.898 1.329
9.2 2 1.2D+1.6L+0.5Lr 8250.672 71.914 36.499
3 1.2D+0.5L+1.6Lr 7401.069 23.592 12.189
9.3 4 1.2D+1.6Lr+0.8W 7006.816 4.339 9.491
5 1.2D+1.6Lr-0.8W 6985.464 -1.085 -7.213
6 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr+1.6W 7381.179 29.016 28.893
9.4
7 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr-1.6W 7338.475 18.168 -4.515
8 0.9D+1.6W 5223.465 6.644 17.558
9.6
9 0.9D-1.6W 5180.761 -4.204 -15.850
1> KitbBa l TaMgkarkat;bnybnkGefrtambTdan ASCE 7

2> ral;smIkarbnSMbnkGnuelamtambTdan ACI 318
2> Binti emIlfa eRKagenACan;T1I CaeRKageyag rW mineyag

-322- [ETC]
lTplecjBIkarviPaKeGLasicdMbUg edayeRbIlkNmuxkat;dUcxageRkam
Pu = bnkbBarsrubenACan;TI1 EdlRtU vKanwg krNIbnkxag
bnksrubrbs;GKar
PA3

2
PTD 16 PA3 PC3 4 148571.05 kN
1 1 2
PA3

2
PTL 16 PA3 PC3 4 23099.408 kN
2 2 2
PA3

3
PTLr 16 PA3 PC3 4 1296.046 kN
3 3 2
bnkGtibrma Pu KWRtUv)anKNnaecjBIsmIkar 9.4 rbs;bTdan ACI 318

Pu 1.2PTD 0.5PTL 0.5PTLr 190482.987 kN
Vus = kMlaMgkat;Kti TaMgemKuNenACan; T1I EdlRtUvKanwgbnk xl;

Vus 1.6 1442.558 kN 2308.093 kN
0 = kMhcU RTg;RTayxagdWeRkTI1 enAcenaHxagelI nigxageRkamCan;TI1 bNalBI Vus

0 1.6( 0.762 mm) 1.219 mm
lc = RbEvgr)arsgt;kg eRKag Edlvas;BGI kSeTAGkSntMNrbs;eRKag

h
lc h1 6.25 m
2
Pu 0
snSsn_esrPaBneRKag Q
Vus lc
0.016 < 0.05, OK
eRBaH Q < 0.05, eRKagenArykMBs; Can;TI1 RtUv)anBicarNaCaeRKagmineyag.

3> karKNnassr C3
3>1 BinitfaetI\TiB lPaBRsavnssrRtUvBi carNa rW faetIssrCassrx I b EvgenAral;krNIbnSMbnk
-323- [ETC]
lu M1
k
r
34 12
M2
40 sM rab;ssreRKagmineyag
edayssr C3 enAcM eRKagkNal ehIy RbEvgRbelaHFmw nigmuxkat;Fw mKWesKI a dUec H eyIgGac
eRbIemKu NRbEvg\TiB l rW Pat; k 1.0 sMrab;karKNnaPaBRsav.
RbEvgminTb; rW RbEvgRbsiTPi aBrbs;ssr lu h1 6.5 m
3
bc2 hc2
m:U m:g;niclPaBmuxkat;TaMgmUl Ig
12
1080000 cm
4
Rklapmuxkat;TaMgmUl Ag bc2 hc2 3600 cm

2
Ig
kaMniclPaB r
Ag
0.173 m
k lu
PaBRsav r
37.528
tarag9>4 PaBRsavGnuBaatsMrab;krNIbnk nimyY rbs;ssr C3

m:Um:g;Bt; PaBRsav RbePT
elxerog bnkcMpit
M1 M2
(kN.m) kMeNag (kN.m) (kN.m)
M1 /M2
(kN)
elI eRkam GnuBaat ssr
1 8092.175 1.898 1.329 Dub 1.329 1.898 -0.700 40.00 xI
2 8250.672 71.914 36.499 Dub 36.499 71.914 -0.508 40.00 xI
3 7401.069 23.592 12.189 Dub 12.189 23.592 -0.517 40.00 xI
4 7006.816 4.339 9.491 Dub 4.339 9.491 -0.457 39.49 xI
5 6985.464 -1.085 -7.213 Dub 1.085 7.213 -0.150 35.80 Evg
6 7381.179 29.016 28.893 Dub 28.893 29.016 -0.996 40.00 xI
7 7338.475 18.168 -4.515 eTal 4.515 18.168 0.249 31.02 Evg
8 5223.465 6.644 17.558 Dub 6.644 17.558 -0.378 38.54 xI
9 5180.761 -4.204 -15.850 Dub 4.204 15.850 -0.265 37.18 Evg
k lu M1
\TiB lPaBRsavcaM)ac;Bci arNasMrab;ssrluHRtaEt r
34 12
M2
.
-324- [ETC]
3>2 karKNnam: :Um:g;bEn msMrab;ssr C3
M c = ns M 2
Edl
Cm
ns = 1.0
Pu
1
0.75Pc
M1
C m = 0.6 0.4 0.4
M2

i 1 9
M1.C3
C m max 0.6 0.4
i
0.4
i M2.C3
i
2
EI
Pc =
k lu 2
0.4Ec Ig
EI =
1 dns
f'c
Ec 4800MPa 30357.866 MPa
MPa
4
Ig 1080000 cm
eRBaHbn kefrCabnk ryeBlEtg dUecH eyIgGacKNna dns dUcxageRkam

1.2PD
dns =
Pu
1.0 CamYy Pu Pu_C3 kN
1.2 PC3
dns min 1.0
1
i Pu
i
0.4Ec Ig
EIi
1 dns
i
-325- [ETC]
2
EIi
Pc
i
k lu 2
Cm
ns max i
1.0
i Pu
1 i
0.75 Pc
i
3>3 BinitemIltMrUvkarm: Um:g;Gb,brmasMrab; ssrRsav rW ssrEvg

M 2.min Pu 15mm 0.03hc2
i i

tarag9>5 m:Umg: m; anGMeBIelI ssr C3
M2.min m:mU g: e; lIssr
elxerog bnkcMpit
3 3
M2 EI10 Pc10
dns 2 Cm ns
(kN.m) (kN.m ) (kN) (kN.m) Mc (kN.m)
(kN)
1 8092.175 1.898 0.86 70.617 16.50 0.88 1.00 267.04 1.898
2 8250.672 71.914 0.84 71.249 16.64 0.80 1.00 272.27 71.914
3 7401.069 23.592 0.94 67.699 15.81 0.81 1.00 244.24 23.592
4 7006.816 9.491 0.99 65.905 15.40 0.78 1.00 231.22 9.491
5 6985.464 7.213 0.99 65.805 15.37 0.66 1.68 230.52 230.520
6 7381.179 29.016 0.94 67.611 15.79 1.00 1.00 243.58 29.016
7 7338.475 18.168 0.95 67.421 15.75 0.70 1.85 242.17 242.170
8 5223.465 17.558 1.00 65.573 15.32 0.75 1.00 172.37 17.558
9 5180.761 15.850 1.00 65.573 15.32 0.71 1.29 170.97 170.965
cMNaM emKuNBenIsm:Um:g;RtUv)anBicarNaEtelIkrNIssrEvgb:ueNaH rIkrNIssrxI KW es I 1.0 .

3>4 karsg;daRkamGn rGMeBI P-M rW daRkamPaBFn;rbs;ssr
muxkat;ssrKNna b bc2 600mm h hc2 600mm
RsTab;karBarebtug Cover 38mm
bnat;pitEdkvNssr Dv 10mm
bnat;picEdkbeNay DB 32mm
-326- [ETC]
sMPareRbIR)as; f'c 40 MPa fy 400MPa
KNnaRklapEdkcaM)ac;sMrab;muxkat;ssr
karKNnaRklapEdkcaM)ac; tamrUbmnssrcMpit dUcenH RklapEdkpl;eGayRtUvEtFMCagdac;
xat ehIy ssreRbIEdkkgFmta rW vN naMeGayemKuNkat;bnyPaBFn;srM ab; ssrcMpti kM Nt;
yk 0.65 . rI bnk sgtc; pM ti cugeRkayKitTaMgemKuN Cabnk GtibrmankarbnSMbnk TaMg
9 krNIxagelI.
2
Ag b h 3600 cm
Pmax max Pu Pmax 8250.672 kN
Pmax
0.85f'c Ag
0.80 2
Ast 99.09 cm
0.85f'c fy
karBRgayEdkbeNaykgmu xkat;ssr
1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 1

n 1 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 1

1 1 1 1 1
cMnYnCYrQrEdkkgmuxkat; ns cols ( n) ns 5 i 1 ns
2
DB i
RklapEdktamCYrQrnimYy As
i 4 n
40.212
16.085
2
As 16.085 cm
16.085

40.212
RklapEdkpl;eGaysrub As
2
Ast Ast 128.68 cm
-327- [ETC]
Column Section
400
200
400 200 0 200 400
200
400
rUb9>17 EdkBRgaykgmuxkat;ssr C3
RklapEdk nig TItaMgEdkkgmuxkat;
BinitelIPaKryEdkk gmuxkat;
2 2
Ag 3600 cm Ast 128.68 cm
Ast
g 3.574 %
Ag
1% g 8%
dUecH brimaNEdkk gmuxkat;RKb;RKan; .

cMgayBIEKmeRkAnmu xkat;ebtugdl;GkSkNalEdkCYrQrTI1
DB
d1 Cover Dv 64 mm
2
h d1 2
KMlatEdktamGkSQrkg muxakat; Sv
ns 1
118mm
cMgayKitBIEKmeRkAnpebtugdl;CYrQrnEdknimYy
di d1 ( i 1)Sv
-328- [ETC]
64
182

d 300 mm
418

536
krNIssrcMpti
0.65


krNIssrcak;pti
f'c 28MPa
1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05 min 0.85 0.764
7MPa
a 5
c ( a) u 0.003 Es 2 10 MPa
1
d i c ( a)
fs ( i a) s u
c ( a)

sign s min Es s fy
dt max ( d) dt 536mm
d t c ( a)
( a) t u
c ( a)
1.45 250t
0.65 max min 0.9
3
ssrPaBFn;kMlaMgsgt; nig m:Um:g; GaRsynw gkMBs;ebtugsgt; a

ns
Pn ( a) min ( a) 0.85f'c a b

As fs ( i a)
i P

n.max
i 1
ns
Mn ( a) ( a) 0.85f'c a b A f ( i a) d
h a h
2 2 si s

i

2
i 1
-329- [ETC]
Force k 1
h
for a 0.001mm h
30
a
c
1
dt c
t u
c
1.45 250t
0.65 max min 0.90
3
for i 1 ns
di c
fs Es u
i c
i i
fs sign fs min fs fy
i
ns

Pn min 0.85f'c a b

i i
As fs Pn.max

i 1
ns
h a h
Mn 0.85f'c a b
2 2
As fs di
i i 2
i 1
a
mm

t

Z
k
Pn

kN
Mn

kN m
k k 1
T
Z
Tittle ( "a(mm)" "t" "" "Pn" "Mn" )
Table stack ( Tittle Force)
-330- [ETC]
Table
"a(mm)" "t" "" "Pn" "Mn"
0 1229 0.9 -4632.4 0
20 0.1 0.9 -4265.3 106.5
40 0 0.9 -2934.4 433
60 0 0.9 -1682.1 733.7
80 0 0.9 -872.4 922.6
100 0 0.9 -0.2 1090.7
120 0 0.9 745.4 1226
140 0 0.9 1407.9 1335.2
160 0 0.9 2033.8 1369.6
180 0 0.8 2393.7 1309.5
200 0 0.7 2725.1 1250.8
220 0 0.7 3050.9 1191.8
240 0 0.7 3316.8 1139.3
260 0 0.7 3812.4 1097.3
280 0 0.7 4372.6 1059.9
300 0 0.7 4893.5 1023.3
320 0 0.7 5382.5 986.2
340 0 0.7 5845.1 948
360 0 0.7 6285.8 907.8
380 0 0.7 6708 865.1
400 0 0.7 7114.5 819.5
420 -0 0.7 7506.2 770.5
440 -0 0.7 7878.2 717.1
460 -0 0.7 8240.8 660
480 -0 0.7 8595.4 599.1
500 -0 0.7 8813.8 534.1
520 -0 0.7 8813.8 464.9
540 -0 0.7 8813.8 391.4
560 -0 0.7 8813.8 313.6
580 -0 0.7 8813.8 231.2
600 -0 0.7 8813.8 144.2
-331- [ETC]
h
a 1mm 1.1h
30
10000
7500
P n ( a) 5000
kN
P n ( a)
2500
kN
P u_C3
1500 1125 750 375 0 375 750 1125 1500
2500
5000
M n ( a) M n ( a)
M c_C3
kN m kN m
rUb9>18 daRkamlTPaBRTRTg;sMrab;PaBFn;rbs;ssr C3
tamdaRkamPaBFn;xagelI eyIgeXIjfaral;krNIbnSMbnkPaBFn;RtUvkar RKb;cMnucRbsBVrvag
kMlaMgsgtc; pM ti nig m:mU g: ; suTE tenAkg daRkam dUecH eyIgsndi a n)anfa ssrGacRTnUvbn kmanGMeBI)an.
4> karKNnassr A3
4>1 KNnaRklpEdkcaM)ac;sMrab;muxkat;
2
Ag bc1 hc1 2500 cm 0.65
Pmax max Pu_A3 kN Pmax 5042.983 kN
Pmax
0.85f'c Ag
0.80 2
Ast 32.733 cm
0.85f'c fy
-332- [ETC]
karBRgayEdkkgmuxkat;
1 1 1
n 1 0 1
1 1 1

RklapEdkple; Gay
ns cols ( n) ns 3
2
DB i
i 1 ns A1s
i 4 n

2
Ast A1s 64.34 cm
400
200
400 200 0 200 400
200
400
rUb9>19 EdkBRgaykgmuxkat;ssr A3
Ast
2
Ag 2500 cm g 2.574 %
Ag
DB
d11 Cover Dv 64 mm
2
-333- [ETC]
hc1 2 d1
Sv 186mm
ns 1
d1i d11 ( i 1)Sv
24.127 64
2
A1s 16.085 cm d1 250 mm
24.127 436

4>2 Binitfa ssrxI rW Evg

cMnnY Tb;enAcugr)arelI A nig eRkam B
3 3
bc1 hc1 bh
4 4
Ic 0.70 364583.333 cm Ib 0.35 378000 cm
12 12
Ec 30357.866 MPa Lc1 h1 6.5 m Lc2 h2 4.5 m
E c Ic E c Ic

Lc1 Lc2
A A 1.542
E c Ib
2
L
snty; k B 1 eRBaHssrCab; rwgnwgRKwH

emKuNRbEvgRbsiTiPaBsMrab;ssreRKagmineyag
A B 2 A B
2 tan
k 2k 1
F ( k) 1
4 k
tan
2
k
k
ab
Bisection ( a b ) c
2
( return c) if ab
otherwise
Bisection ( a c ) if F ( a) F ( c) 0
Bisection ( c b ) otherwise
k Bisection ( 0.5 1 0.000001) 0.8
-334- [ETC]
edaHRsaysmIkarRkahVicRtg; CYrsMrab;ssrmineyagEdlCab;GBaat A nig B eyIgTTYl)an
emKuNRbEvgPat;/ k 0.8 .
lu h1 6.5 m
3
bc1 hc1 4
Ig 520833.333 cm
12
2
Ag bc1 hc1 2500 cm
Ig
r 0.144 m
Ag
k lu
36.023
r
tarag9>6 PaBRsavGnuBaatsMr ab;krNI bnk nimyY rbs;ssr A3

m:Um:g;Bt; PaBRsav RbePT
No. bnkcMpit (kN.m) kMeNag
M1 M2
M1 /M2
(kN.m) (kN.m)
(kN)
1 4809.193 149.954 75.926 Dub 75.926 149.954 -0.506 40.00 xI
2 5042.983 194.262 98.270 Dub 98.270 194.262 -0.506 40.00 xI
3 4465.758 149.073 75.452 Dub 75.452 149.073 -0.506 40.00 xI
4 4212.509 129.725 69.744 Dub 69.744 129.725 -0.538 40.00 xI
5 4155.581 127.339 60.416 Dub 60.416 127.339 -0.474 39.69 xI
6 4480.143 151.458 84.780 Dub 84.780 151.458 -0.560 40.00 xI
7 4366.287 146.687 66.124 Dub 66.124 146.687 -0.451 39.41 xI
8 3148.552 98.785 58.138 Dub 58.138 98.785 -0.589 40.00 xI
9 3034.696 94.013 39.482 Dub 39.482 94.013 -0.420 39.04 xI
dUecH eyIgeXIjfa RbsinebIssrekagkgkMeNageTV enaHPaBRsavrbs;ssr mincaM)ac;RtUvBicarNaeT.
eTaHCay:agNakI edIm,IbgajviFKI Nna EdlKitbBal TaMg\TiB lPaBRsavsMrab;ssrmineyag eyIgsnt;
fassr A3 mankarBt;kMeNagEtmYy.
-335- [ETC]
4>3 KNnam:mU g: s; rub Mc KitrY mTaMg\TiBlPaBRsavsM rab;karbnSMbnkmnimYy
M c = ns M 2
Edl
Cm
ns = 1.0
Pu
1
0.75Pc
M1
C m = 0.6 0.4 0.4
M2

i 1 9
M1.A3
C m max 0.6 0.4
i
0.4
i M2.A3
i
2
EI
Pc =
k lu 2
0.2Ec Ig Es Ise
EI =
0.4Ec Ig
rW EI =
1 dns
1 dns
Ec 30357.866 MPa Es 200000 MPa
3
bc1 hc1
4
Ig 520833.333 cm
12
eRBaHbn kefrCabnk ryeBlEtg dUecH eyIgGacKNna dns dUcxageRkam

1.2PD
dns =
Pu
1.0 CamYy Pu Pu_A3 kN
1.2 PA3
dns min 1
1.0
i Pu
i
-336- [ETC]
0.4Ec Ig
EIi
1 dns
i
2
EIi
Pc
i
k lu 2
Cm
ns max i
1.0
i Pu
1 i
0.75 P ci

4>4 BinitemIltMrUvkarm:Um:g;Gb,brmasMrab;ssrRsav rW ssrEvg

M 2.min Pu 15mm 0.03hc1
i i

tarag9>7 taragsegbkarKNnam:Umg: B; ensI sMrab;ssr A3 sMrab;RKb; karbnSMbn k
3
Pu M2 EI10 Pc M2.min Mc
No. dns 2
Cm ns
(kN) (kN.m) (kN.m ) (kN) (kN.m) (kN.m)
1 4809.193 149.954 0.857 34.055 12432.895 0.803 1.657 144.276 239.103
2 5042.983 194.262 0.817 34.800 12704.735 0.802 1.704 151.289 257.857
3 4465.758 149.073 0.923 32.888 12006.727 0.802 1.592 133.973 213.273
4 4212.509 129.725 0.979 31.966 11669.972 0.815 1.571 126.375 198.575
5 4155.581 127.339 0.992 31.750 11591.436 0.790 1.513 124.667 188.622
6 4480.143 151.458 0.920 32.939 12025.260 0.824 1.637 134.404 220.041
7 4366.287 146.687 0.944 32.532 11876.853 0.780 1.531 130.989 200.484
8 3148.552 98.785 1.000 31.623 11544.832 0.835 1.313 94.457 124.001
9 3034.696 94.013 1.000 31.623 11544.832 0.768 1.182 91.041 107.646
4>5 karsg;daRkamGnrGMeBI P-M rW daRkamPaBFn;rbs;ssr

muxkat;ssrKNna b bc1 500mm h hc1 500mm
RsTab;karBarebtug Cover 38 mm
bnat;pitEdkvNssr Dv 10 mm
bnat;picEdkbeNay DB 32 mm
-337- [ETC]
sMPareRbIR)as; f'c 40 MPa fy 400MPa
krNIssrcMpti
0.65


krNIsscak;pit
i 1 ns
f'c 28MPa
1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05 min 0.85 0.764
7MPa
a 5
c ( a) u 0.003 Es 2 10 MPa
1
d1i c ( a)
fs ( i a) s u
c ( a)

sign s min Es s fy
dt max ( d1) dt 436mm
d t c ( a)
( a) t u
c ( a)
0.9 if t 0.005
0.65 if t 0.002
1.45 250t
otherwise
3
ns

Pn ( a) min ( a) 0.85f'c a b

A1s fs ( i a)
i P

n.max
i 1
ns
h a A1 f ( i a) d1 h
Mn ( a) ( a) 0.85f'c a b
2 2

i
s s i

2
i 1
-338- [ETC]
h
a 0 1.1h
50
6000
Interaction Diagram
5250 Required Strength
4500
3750
3000
2250
1500
750
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
rUb9>20 daRkamlTPaBRTRTg;sMrab;PaBFn;rbs;ssr A3
tamdaRkamPaBFn;xagelI eyIgeXIjfaral;krNIbnSMbnkPaBFn;RtUvkar RKb;cMnucRbsBVrvag
kMlaMgsgtc; pM ti nig m:mU g: ; suTE tenAkg daRkam dUecH eyIgsndi a n)anfa ssrGacRTnUvbn kmanGMeBI)an.
- kMNt;sMKal;cugeRkay
kgbTdan ACI 2008, Section 10.10 \Ti B lPaBRsavk g Ggtr; gkarsgt; RtU v)anerobcMeLIgvij.
tM lGnuBaat 1.4 RtUv)ankM Nt;elIemKuNbEnmm:Um:g;sMrab;ssreyag nig mineyag.
kg]TahrN_karKNnassrmineyagxagelI manemKuNbEnmm: Um:g;/ ns FMCagtMlkMNt; fI 1.4
dUecH eyagtam ACI 318-08 Ep k 10.10.2.1 ssrTaMgenH RbRBwtRi bqaMgnwgbTdan ACI 318-08 nigKYrEt
RtUvBRgIkTMhMmuxkat;ssrFMCagenH edIm,Ikat;bny ns eGaydl;tM lGnuBaat 1.4. KNkmkar ACI
318 kMBg u EtBicarNaeFVkI arEkERbtMrvU karKNnasMrab; ssrmineyag edIm,IGnuBaat eGaybEnmtMl ns
eRbIR)as;kg karKNna edIm,IKti BIkarGnuvtCak;EsgBImnu EdlTTYl)aneCaKCy.
-339- [ETC]
:
(Analysis and Design of One-way Slab)
. (Introductions)

La =
Lb =
t =
La
0.5
Lb
.:
-340- [ETC]
La
0.5 1

Lb
.:

***
-341- [ETC]
.:
. (One-way slab)

ACI

bh = 1mt .
-342- [ETC]

1. 1.2
2.
3.
3
-343- [ETC]

wu Ln
4.

1.15

2
wu Ln

2
2
5. M u = ( coefficient) wu Ln
wu =
Ln =
Ln
-
20
Ln
-
24
Ln
-
28
Ln
-

10
fy 50ksi shrinkage = 0.0020
fy = 60ksi shrinkage = 0.0018
60ksi
fy 60ksi shrinkage = 0.0018 0.0014
fy
50ksi 344.7 MPa
60ksi 413.7 MPa
/ smax = min ( 3t 450mm)
smax = min ( 5t 450mm)
-344- [ETC]

.:
(a) (b)
.:
L 2.5m
kN
LL 4.8
2
m
f'c 25MPa
fy 400MPa
b 250mm
h 500mm
DB 10mm
-345- [ETC]

Ln L b 2.25 m
Ln
tmin 80.357 mm
28

hs Ceil tmin 10mm 90 mm

kN kN
Finishing 50mm 22 1.1
3 2
m m
kN kN
Slab hs 25 2.25
3 2
m m
kN
Ceiling 0.2
2
m
kN
Mechanical 0.2
2
m
kN
Partition 1.0
2
m
-346- [ETC]
kN
DL Finishing Slab Mechanical Partition 4.55
2
m
kN
LL 4.8
2
m
kN
wu 1.2 DL 1.6 LL 13.14
2
m
(Bending moment)
1 2 kN m
M support wu Ln 5.543
12 1m
1 2 kN m
M mid wu Ln 4.158
16 1m
(Design of top reinforcement)
f'c 28MPa
1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05 min 0.85 0.85
7MPa
u 0.003
f'c u
max 0.85 1 0.01693
fy u 0.005
f'c
0.25MPa
MPa 1.4MPa
min max 0.0035
fy fy

d hs 20mm
DB
b 1m 65 mm
2
M u M support b 5.543 kN m
Mu
R 1.458 MPa
2
0.9 b d
f'c R
0.85 1 1 2 0.00378
fy 0.85 f'c

min max 1
-347- [ETC]

2
s 250mm
2
b DB 2
As.pro 3.142 cm
s 4

smax min 3hs 450mm 270 mm

stop min s smax 250 mm
(Design of bottom reinforcement)
M u M mid b 4.158 kN m
Mu
R 1.093 MPa
2
0.9 b d
f'c R
0.85 1 1 2 0.00281
fy 0.85 f'c

As max min b d 2.275 cm
2
As
n 2.897
DB2

4
s Floor 10mm 340 mm

b
n

smax min 3 hs 450mm 270 mm

sbot min s smax 270 mm
(
)
fys 235MPa
Ds 8mm
-348- [ETC]
t 0.002 if fys 50ksi t 0.002
0.0018 if fys = 60ksi
max 0.0018
60ksi
0.0014 otherwise
fys

2
Ashrinkage t b hs 1.8 cm
Ds2

sshrink Floor
4
b 10mm 270 mm
Ashrinkage

smax_t min 5hs 450mm 450 mm

st min sshrink smax_t 270 mm
.:
Bending moment Bar diameter Bar spacing Maximum spacing

Item
(kNm/1m) (mm) (mm) (mm)
Support -5.543 10.00 250.00 270.00
Middle 4.158 10.00 270.00 270.00
Shrinkage 0 8.00 270.00 450.00
-349- [ETC]
: (Design of Two-way Slab)
-350- [ETC]

Perimeter
t=
180
t =
1 1
L La =
30 50 a
-351- [ETC]

-

0.0018 b h
( b = h = )
60ksi (420MPa)
-
2h
450mm
-
f 1.0
ACI, Section 13.3.6.1 13.3.6.4
-

(Load distribution method)
-

(Coefficient method)
-
(Direct design method, ACI code)
-
(Equivalent frame method, ACI code)
-
(Strip method)
-
(Yield line method)
-352- [ETC]
.
(Load Distribution Method)

fa = fb
4 4
wa La wb Lb
a = b
EI EI
a = b
4 4
wa La = wb Lb
wa wb = wu

4
Lb 1
wa = wu = wu
4 4 4
La Lb 1
4 4
La
wb = wu = wu
4 4 4
La Lb 1
La
=
Lb
4
3m 1
0.375 0.981 0.019
8m 4 4
1 1
4
1
0.5 0.941 0.059
4 4
1 1
4
1
0.75 0.76 0.24
4 4
1 1
4
1
1 0.5 0.5
4 4
1 1
-353- [ETC]
f'c 25MPa fy 400MPa
La
La 3.75m Lb 5m 0.75
Lb
DB 10mm
L1 La 200mm 3.55 m
L2 Lb 300mm 4.7 m

Perimeter L1 L2 2
Perimeter
tmin 91.667 mm
180
t
1 1
L ( 125 75 ) mm
30 50 a

t Ceil tmin 10mm 100 mm
-354- [ETC]
kN kN kN kN kN kN
DL 50mm 22 t 25 0.4 0.4 1.00 5.4
3 3 2 2 2 2
m m m m m m
kN
LL 2.4 ( )
2
m
kN
wu 1.2 DL 1.6 LL 10.32
2
m
L1
0.755
L2
1 kN w1
w1 wu 7.786 75.444 %
4 2 wu
1 m
4 w2
kN
w2 wu 2.534 24.556 %
4 2 wu
1 m
1 2 kN m
M 1neg w1 L1 8.92
11 1m
1 2 kN m
M 2neg w2 L2 5.089
11 1m
1 2 kN m
M 1pos w1 L1 6.133
16 1m
1 2 kN m
M 2pos w2 L2 3.499
16 1m
d t 20mm
DB
b 1m 75 mm
2
Mu
M u M 1neg b 8.92 kN m M n 9.911 kN m
0.9
Mn
R 1.762 MPa
2
bd
-355- [ETC]
f'c R
0.85 1 1 2 0.0046
fy 0.85 f'c

f'c 28MPa
1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05 min 0.85 0.85
7MPa
0.003 f'c
max 0.85 1 0.0169 max 1
fy 0.003 0.005
2
As b d 3.453 cm
As.min 0.002 b t if fy 50ksi
0.0018 b t if fy = 60ksi
0.0018 fy
b t otherwise
60ksi
2
As.min 1.74 cm

As.req max As As.min 3.453 cm 2
2
( DB)
4
s b 227.427 mm
As.req
smax min ( 2t 450mm) 200 mm

s1top Floor min s smax 10mm 200 mm

2
b ( DB) 2
As.por 3.927 cm
s1top 4

Mu
M u M 1pos b 6.133 kN m M n 6.814 kN m
0.9
-356- [ETC]
Mn
R 1.211 MPa
2
bd
f'c R
0.85 1 1 2 0.00312 max 1
fy 0.85 f'c

2
As b d 2.34 cm

2
( DB)
4
s b 335.634 mm
As.req
smax min ( 2t 450mm) 200 mm

s1bot Floor min s smax 10mm 200 mm
2
b ( DB) 2
As.por 2.34 cm
s 4

Mu
M u M 2neg b 5.089 kN m M n 5.654 kN m
0.9
Mn
R 1.005 MPa
2
bd
f'c R
0.85 1 1 2 0.00258
fy 0.85 f'c

2
As b d 1.932 cm

2
( DB)
4
s b 406.597 mm
As.req
-357- [ETC]
2
b ( DB) 2
As.pro 1.932 cm
s 4

s2top Floor min s smax 10mm 200 mm

Mu
M u M 2pos b 3.499 kN m M n 3.887 kN m
0.9
Mn
R 0.691 MPa
2
bd
f'c R
0.85 1 1 2 0.00176 max 1
fy 0.85 f'c

2
As b d 1.318 cm

2
( DB)
4
s b 451.261 mm
As.req
2
b ( DB) 2
As.pro 1.74 cm
s 4

s2bot Floor min s smax 10mm 200 mm

(LDM)
Bending
Bar daimeter Bar spacing
Direction Location Moment
(mm) (mm)
(kN.m/1m)
Top 8.920 10 200
Short
bottom 6.133 10 200
Top 5.089 10 200
Long
bottom 3.499 10 200
-358- [ETC]
. (Moment Coefficient Method)
2
M a = C a wu La
2
M b = C b wu Lb
C a C b =
wu =
La Lb =

(Deflection Control)
L,
2
3 M L Ln
L =
32 Ec Ie
.
(completely free of
restraint)
2
5 M L Ln
L =
48 Ec Ie
D,
2
1 M D Ln
D =
16 Ec Ie
2
5 M D Ln
D =
48 Ec Ie
-359- [ETC]
M L =
M D =
Ln =
Ec =
Ie =

Mcr
3 M 3
cr
Ie = Ig 1 I
Ma M a cr

f r Ig f'c
M cr =
fr = 0.623MPa
yt MPa
Ig =

Icr =
M cr =
M a =

fr =
yt =
ACI, Section 9.5.3

2.0
2.0

Branson = 3.0
:
(MCM)
L1 3.75m 20cm 3.55

m
L2 5.0m 30cm 4.7

( )
Fixed 0 Fixed Fixed

Short Long
Simple 1 Fixed Fixed
-360- [ETC]

La min L1 L2 3.55 m
Lb max L1 L2 4.7 m

Perimeter La Lb 2
Perimeter
tmin tmin 91.667 mm
180
t
1 1
L t ( 71 118.333 ) mm
50 30 a

t Ceil tmin 10mm 100 mm
kN kN
Cover 50mm 22 1.1
3 2
m m
kN kN
Slab t 25 2.5
3 2
m m
kN
Ceiling 0.40
2
m
kN
Mechanical 0.4
2
m
kN
Partition 1.00
2
m
kN
DL Cover Slab Ceiling Mechanical Partition 5.4
2
m
kN
LL 2.4
2
m
kN
wu 1.2 DL 1.6 LL 10.32
2
m
f'c 25MPa
fy 400MPa
-361- [ETC]

La
m 0 0.755
Lb
0.75 0.069
C a.neg linterp m0 0.0686
0.8 0.065
0.065 0.069
C a.neg 0.065 ( 0.8 0.755) 0.0686
0.8 0.75
Coefficients for negative moments in short direction of slab

m Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6 Case 7 Case 8 Case 9
1.00 0.000 0.045 0.000 0.050 0.075 0.071 0.000 0.033 0.061
0.95 0.000 0.050 0.000 0.055 0.079 0.075 0.000 0.038 0.065
0.90 0.000 0.055 0.000 0.060 0.080 0.079 0.000 0.043 0.068
0.85 0.000 0.060 0.000 0.066 0.082 0.083 0.000 0.049 0.072
0.80 0.000 0.065 0.000 0.071 0.083 0.086 0.000 0.055 0.075
0.75 0.000 0.069 0.000 0.076 0.085 0.088 0.000 0.061 0.078
0.70 0.000 0.074 0.000 0.081 0.086 0.091 0.000 0.068 0.081
0.65 0.000 0.077 0.000 0.085 0.087 0.093 0.000 0.074 0.083
0.60 0.000 0.081 0.000 0.089 0.088 0.095 0.000 0.080 0.085
0.55 0.000 0.084 0.000 0.092 0.089 0.096 0.000 0.085 0.086
0.50 0.000 0.086 0.000 0.094 0.090 0.097 0.000 0.089 0.088
Coefficients for negative moments in long direction of slab

1.00 0.000 0.045 0.076 0.050 0.000 0.000 0.071 0.061 0.033
0.95 0.000 0.041 0.072 0.045 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.056 0.029
0.90 0.000 0.037 0.070 0.040 0.000 0.000 0.062 0.052 0.025
0.85 0.000 0.031 0.065 0.034 0.000 0.000 0.057 0.046 0.021
0.80 0.000 0.027 0.061 0.029 0.000 0.000 0.051 0.041 0.017
0.75 0.000 0.022 0.056 0.024 0.000 0.000 0.044 0.036 0.014
0.70 0.000 0.017 0.050 0.019 0.000 0.000 0.038 0.029 0.011
0.65 0.000 0.014 0.043 0.015 0.000 0.000 0.031 0.024 0.008
0.60 0.000 0.010 0.035 0.011 0.000 0.000 0.024 0.018 0.006
0.55 0.000 0.007 0.028 0.008 0.000 0.000 0.019 0.014 0.005
0.50 0.000 0.006 0.022 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.014 0.010 0.003
-362- [ETC]
Coefficients for dead load positive moments in short direction of slab
1.00 0.036 0.018 0.018 0.027 0.027 0.033 0.027 0.020 0.023
0.95 0.040 0.020 0.021 0.030 0.028 0.036 0.031 0.022 0.024
0.90 0.045 0.022 0.025 0.033 0.029 0.039 0.035 0.025 0.026
0.85 0.050 0.024 0.029 0.036 0.031 0.042 0.040 0.029 0.028
0.80 0.056 0.026 0.034 0.039 0.032 0.045 0.045 0.032 0.029
0.75 0.061 0.028 0.040 0.043 0.033 0.051 0.051 0.036 0.031
0.70 0.068 0.030 0.046 0.046 0.035 0.058 0.058 0.040 0.033
0.65 0.074 0.032 0.054 0.050 0.036 0.065 0.065 0.044 0.034
0.60 0.081 0.034 0.062 0.053 0.037 0.073 0.073 0.048 0.036
0.55 0.088 0.035 0.071 0.056 0.038 0.081 0.081 0.052 0.037
0.50 0.095 0.037 0.080 0.059 0.039 0.089 0.089 0.056 0.038
Coefficients for dead load positive moments in long direction of slab

1.00 0.036 0.018 0.027 0.027 0.018 0.027 0.033 0.023 0.020
0.95 0.033 0.016 0.025 0.024 0.015 0.024 0.031 0.021 0.017
0.90 0.029 0.014 0.024 0.022 0.013 0.021 0.028 0.019 0.015
0.85 0.026 0.012 0.022 0.019 0.011 0.017 0.025 0.017 0.013
0.80 0.023 0.011 0.020 0.016 0.009 0.015 0.022 0.015 0.010
0.75 0.019 0.009 0.018 0.013 0.007 0.012 0.020 0.013 0.007
0.70 0.016 0.007 0.016 0.011 0.005 0.009 0.017 0.011 0.006
0.65 0.013 0.006 0.014 0.009 0.004 0.007 0.014 0.009 0.005
0.60 0.010 0.004 0.011 0.007 0.003 0.006 0.012 0.007 0.004
0.55 0.008 0.003 0.009 0.005 0.002 0.004 0.009 0.005 0.003
0.50 0.006 0.002 0.007 0.004 0.001 0.003 0.007 0.004 0.002
Coefficients for live load positive moments in short direction of slab

1.00 0.036 0.027 0.027 0.032 0.032 0.035 0.032 0.028 0.030
0.95 0.040 0.030 0.031 0.035 0.034 0.038 0.036 0.031 0.032
0.90 0.045 0.034 0.035 0.039 0.037 0.042 0.040 0.035 0.036
0.85 0.050 0.037 0.040 0.043 0.041 0.046 0.045 0.040 0.039
0.80 0.056 0.041 0.045 0.048 0.044 0.051 0.051 0.044 0.042
0.75 0.061 0.045 0.051 0.052 0.047 0.055 0.056 0.049 0.046
0.70 0.068 0.049 0.057 0.057 0.051 0.060 0.063 0.054 0.050
0.65 0.074 0.053 0.064 0.062 0.055 0.064 0.070 0.059 0.054
0.60 0.081 0.058 0.071 0.067 0.059 0.068 0.077 0.065 0.059
0.55 0.088 0.062 0.080 0.072 0.063 0.073 0.085 0.070 0.063
0.50 0.095 0.066 0.088 0.077 0.067 0.078 0.092 0.076 0.067
-363- [ETC]
Coefficients for live load positive moments in long direction of slab
1.00 0.036 0.027 0.032 0.032 0.027 0.032 0.035 0.030 0.028
0.95 0.033 0.025 0.029 0.029 0.024 0.029 0.032 0.027 0.025
0.90 0.029 0.022 0.027 0.026 0.021 0.025 0.029 0.024 0.022
0.85 0.026 0.019 0.024 0.023 0.019 0.022 0.026 0.022 0.020
0.80 0.023 0.017 0.022 0.020 0.016 0.019 0.023 0.019 0.017
0.75 0.019 0.014 0.019 0.016 0.013 0.016 0.020 0.016 0.013
0.70 0.016 0.012 0.016 0.014 0.011 0.013 0.017 0.014 0.011
0.65 0.013 0.010 0.014 0.011 0.009 0.010 0.014 0.011 0.009
0.60 0.010 0.007 0.011 0.009 0.007 0.008 0.011 0.009 0.007
0.55 0.008 0.006 0.009 0.007 0.005 0.006 0.009 0.007 0.006
0.50 0.006 0.004 0.007 0.005 0.004 0.005 0.007 0.005 0.004
La
Case 2 m 0 0.755
Lb

: Caneg 0.0686

: Cbneg 0.0225

: CaposDL 0.028

: CbposDL 0.009

: CaposLL 0.045

: CbposLL 0.014
2 kN m
M aneg Caneg wu La M aneg 8.919
1m
2 kN m
M bneg Cbneg wu Lb M bneg 5.137
1m
wD 1.2 DL wL 1.6 LL
2 2 kN m
M apos CaposDL wD La CaposLL wL La M apos 4.426
1m
2 2 kN m
M bpos CbposDL wD Lb CbposLL wL Lb M bpos 2.533
1m
-364- [ETC]

Robot
D1.neg
10mm
D1.pos 10mm
CL 20mm

D2.neg 10mm
D 10mm
2.pos
1 0.85 if f'c 28MPa
0.65 if f'c 55MPa
f'c 28MPa
0.85 0.05 otherwise
7MPa
5
u 0.003 Es 2 10 MPa
f'c u
max 0.85 1 0.0169
fy u 0.005
f'c
0.25MPa
MPa 1.4MPa
min max 0.0035
fy fy

smax min ( 2 t 450mm) 200 mm
-365- [ETC]

D1.neg
b 1m d t CL 75 mm
2
M u M aneg b 8.919 kN m
Mu
M n 9.91 kN m
0.9
Mn
R 1.762 MPa
2
bd
f'c R
0.85 1 1 2 0.0046
fy 0.85 f'c

2
D1.neg

As1.neg max min b d 3.453 cm
2
As0
4
78.54 mm
2
As1.neg
S min smax 200 mm
b
n 4.396
As0 n
S1.neg floor
S
10mm S1.neg 200 mm
10mm
D2.neg
d t CL D1.neg 65 mm
2
M u M bneg b 5.137 kN m
Mu
M n 5.707 kN m
0.9
Mn
R 1.351 MPa
2
bd
f'c R
0.85 1 1 2 0.00349
fy 0.85 f'c

-366- [ETC]
2
D2.neg

As2.neg max min b d 2.275 cm
2
As0
4
78.54 mm
2
As2.neg
S min smax 200 mm
b
n 2.897
As0 n
S2.neg floor
S
10mm S2.neg 200 mm
10mm
D1.pos
b 1m d t CL 75 mm
2
M u M apos b 4.426 kN m
Mu
M n 4.918 kN m
0.9
Mn
R 0.874 MPa
2
bd
f'c R
0.85 1 1 2 0.00223
fy 0.85 f'c

2
D1.pos

As1.pos max min b d 2.625 cm
2
As0
4
2
78.54 mm
As1.pos
S min smax 200 mm
b
n 3.342
As0 n
S1.pos floor
S
10mm S1.pos 200 mm
10mm
D2.pos
d t CL D1.pos 65 mm
2
M u M bpos b 2.533 kN m
Mu
M n 2.815 kN m
0.9
-367- [ETC]
Mn
R 0.666 MPa
2
bd
f'c R
0.85 1 1 2 0.00169
fy 0.85 f'c

2
D2.pos

As2.pos max min b d 2.275 cm
2
As0
4
2
78.54 mm
As2.pos
S min smax 200 mm
b
n 2.897
As0 n
S2.pos floor
S
10mm S2.pos 200 mm
10mm
Table summary

(MCM)
Bending Required
Diameter Spacing
Direction Location moments steel area
kN.m/1m cm2 mm mm
Top 8.919 3.45 10 200
Short
Bottom 4.426 2.63 10 200
Top 5.137 2.28 10 200
Long
Bottom 2.533 2.28 10 200
f'c
, Ec 4800MPa 24000 MPa
MPa
3
bt 3 4

, Ig 8.333 10 cm
12
2 kN m
M aD CaposDL DL La 1.891
1m
2 kN m
M bD CbposDL DL Lb 1.099
1m
2 kN m
M aL CaposLL LL La 1.348
1m
-368- [ETC]
2 kN m
M bL CbposLL LL Lb 0.759
1m
( )
2
1 M aD La
aD b 0.745 mm
16 E c Ig
2
1 M bD Lb
bD b 0.759 mm
16 E c Ig
aD bD
D 0.752 mm
2
3.0
5 ACI
1/2 3

1
D D 1.128 mm
2
2
3 M aL La
aL b 0.796 mm
32 Ec Ig
2
3 M bL Lb
bL b 0.786 mm
32 Ec Ig
aL bL
L 0.791 mm
2

3

,
TL D L 1.919 mm
ACI 9.5(b):
La
limit 7.396 mm
480
-369- [ETC]
" " if limit TL
" " otherwise
" "
-370- [ETC]
. (Direct Design Method (DDM))
(Limitation)

1.

2.
( ) 2
3.

1/3
4. 10% ( )

5.

2
(L/D 2)
6.

2
1 L2
0.2 5.0
2
2 L1
1 2
Ecb Ib
=
Ecs Is
7.

-371- [ETC]

2
wu L2 Ln
M0 =
8
wu = 1.2wD 1.6wL
M neg = C neg M 0
M pos = C pos M 0
C neg C pos =

-372- [ETC]

M 0

-373- [ETC]

M col = C col M u
M mid = C mid M u
C col C mid =
Mu =

-374- [ETC]

L2
L1
_____________________________________________________
0.5 1.0 2.0

L2
1 = 0 75 75 75
L1
L2
1 1 90 75 45
L1
L2
1 = 0 t = 0 100 100 100
L1
-375- [ETC]
t 2.5 75 75 75
L2
1 1 t = 0 100 100 100
L1
1 2.5 90 75 45
L2
1 = 0 60 60 60
L1
L2
1 1 90 75 45
L1
____________________________________________________
1 L2 L2
C neg_col_int = 75 30 1
L1 L1

1 L2 L2
C neg_col_ext = 100 10 t 12 t 1
L1 L1

-376- [ETC]

1 L2 L2
C pos_col = 60 30 1.5
L1 L1

Ecb C 3
1 0.63 x x y
t =
2 Ecs Is
C =

y 3
1 L2
Note: when 1.0, use 1.0 in above equations. when t 2.5, use 2.5.
L1
-377- [ETC]

ACI (Depth Limitation of the ACI Code)
1.

hmin 5in 127 mm
hmin 4in 101.6 mm
-378- [ETC]
2.

0.2 mf 2.0
fy
ln 0.8
hmin = 1400MPa
125mm

36 5 mf 0.2
mf 0.2

fy
ln 0.8
hmin = 1400MPa
90mm
36 9
ln =

mf = f

=

(DDM)
b1 200mm h1 400mm

b2 200mm h2 350mm
bc 300mm hc 400mm

La 4.0m

Lb 5.0m
-379- [ETC]
hs
La Lb 2 100 mm
180
kN
LL 4.8
2
m
f'c 25MPa fy 400MPa
1.
f'c
MPa
Ln1 La b1 3.8 m
Ln2 Lb b2 4.8 m
Ln2
1.263
Ln1
hw h1 hs 300 mm

b min b1 2hw b1 8hs 800 mm
hs

A1 b b1 hs 60000 mm
2
y1
2
50 mm
h1
2
A2 b1 h1 80000 mm y2 200 mm
2
-380- [ETC]
A1 y1 A2 y2
yc 135.714 mm
A1 A2
b b1 hs
3
b1 h1
3
Ib
12
A
1 y1 yc 2

12

A2 y2 yc
2

5 4
Ib 1.888 10 cm
3
Ln1 hs 4
Is 31666.6667 cm Ecb Ec Ecs Ec
12
Ecb Ib
1 5.962
Ecs Is
hw h1 hs 300 mm

b min b1 2hw b1 8hs 800 mm
hs

A1 b b1 hs 60000 mm
2
y1
2
50 mm
2
h1
A2 b1 h1 80000 mm y2 200 mm
2
A1 y1 A2 y2
yc 135.714 mm
A1 A2
b b1 hs
3
b1 h1
3
Ib
12
A
1 y1 yc 2

12

A2 y2 yc
2

5 4
Ib 1.888 10 cm
3
Ln2 hs 4
Is 40000 cm
12
Ecb Ib
2 4.72
Ecs Is
-381- [ETC]
2 1 2 2
m 5.341
4
hmin

Ln max Ln1 Ln2 4.8 m
fy
0.8
hmin

max Ln
1400MPa
125mm if 0.2 m 2.0
36 5 m 0.2

fy
0.8
1400MPa
max Ln 90mm if m 2.0
36 9
"Unknown" otherwise
hmin 110.019 mm
hf Ceil hmin 10mm 120 mm

2.

kN kN kN kN kN kN
DL 50mm 22 0.4 0.4 hf 25 1.5 6.4
3 2 2 3 2 2
m m m m m m
Lb
a. 2 1 ,

La
b.

c.

d.

LL
e. 2.0 1
DL
f.

1 5.962 La 4 m
2 4.72 Lb 5 m
-382- [ETC]
2 2
1 Lb 1 Lb
1.974 0.2 5.0 1
2 2
2 La 2 La
3.
kN
wu 1.2 DL 1.6 LL 15.36
2
m
a/ (In short direction)
L2 Ln2 4.8 m
Ln1 3.8 m
2
wu L2 Ln1
M 0 133.079 kN m
8

M neg1 0.65 M0 86.501 kN m
M pos1 0.35 M0 46.578 kN m
b/
L2 Ln1 3.8 m
Ln2 4.8 m
2
wu L2 Ln2
M 0 168.1 kN m
8
M neg2 0.65 M0 109.265 kN m
M pos2 0.35 M0 58.835 kN m
-383- [ETC]
4.
4.1
a/
1 5.962 L2 Ln2 4.8 m L1 Ln1 3.8 m
L2 L2
k1 1.263 k2 min 1 1 1
L1 L1

1 L2
C beam 0 if = 0 C beam 0.85
L1
1 L2
0.85 if 1
L1
0 0 1 L2
linterp otherwise
1 0.85 L1

C slab 1 C beam 0.15

C neg_col 75% 30% k2 1 k1 0.671
C neg_mid_slab 1 C neg_col 0.329
C neg_col_beam C beam C neg_col 0.57
C neg_col_slab C slab C neg_col 0.101

C pos_col 60% 30% k2 1.5 k1 0.671
C pos_mid_slab 1 C pos_col 0.329
C pos_col_beam C beam C pos_col 0.57
C pos_col_slab C slab C pos_col 0.101
-384- [ETC]
Cneg_col_beam Cneg_col_slab Cneg_mid_slab
C 1
Cpos_col_beam Cpos_col_slab Cpos_mid_slab

0.57 0.101 0.329

C1
0.57 0.101 0.329
b/
2 4.72 L2 Ln1 3.8 m L1 Ln2 4.8 m
L2 L2
k1 0.792 k2 min 2 1 1
L1 L1

2 L2
C beam 0 if = 0 C beam 0.85
L1
2 L2
0.85 if 1
L1
0 0 1 L2
linterp otherwise
1 0.85 L1

C slab 1 C beam 0.15

C neg_col 75% 30% k2 1 k1 0.813
C neg_mid_slab 1 C neg_col 0.188
C neg_col_beam C beam C neg_col 0.691
C neg_col_slab C slab C neg_col 0.122

C pos_col 60% 30% k2 1.5 k1 0.813
C pos_mid_slab 1 C pos_col 0.188
C pos_col_beam C beam C pos_col 0.691
-385- [ETC]
C pos_col_slab C slab C pos_col 0.122
Cneg_col_beam Cneg_col_slab Cneg_mid_slab

C 2
Cpos_col_beam Cpos_col_slab Cpos_mid_slab

0.691 0.122 0.188

C2
0.691 0.122 0.188
Column Strip
Interior Panel Middle Strip
Beam Slab
Short directionNegative 0.570 0.101 0.329
Positive 0.570 0.101 0.329
Long directionNegative 0.691 0.122 0.188
Positive 0.691 0.122 0.188
4.2
a/

: Lcol

min La Lb
2 2 m
4

: Lmid La Lcol 2 m
C1 M neg1
1 2 kN m
M neg_col_slab 4.354
Lcol 1m
C1 M neg1
1 3 kN m
M neg_mid_slab 14.227
Lmid 1m
C1 M pos1
2 2 kN m
M pos_col_slab 2.344
Lcol 1m
C1 M pos1
2 3 kN m
M pos_mid_slab 7.661
Lmid 1m
Mneg_col_slab Mneg_mid_slab
M 1
Mpos_col_slab Mpos_mid_slab

-386- [ETC]
4.354 14.227 kN m
M1
2.344 7.661 1m
b/
: Lcol

min La Lb
2 2 m

4

: Lmid Lb Lcol 3 m
C2 M neg2
1 2 kN m
M neg_col_slab 6.658
Lcol 1m
C2 M neg2
1 3 kN m
M neg_mid_slab 6.829
Lmid 1m
C2 M pos2
2 2 kN m
M pos_col_slab 3.585
Lcol 1m
C2 M pos2
2 3 kN m
M pos_mid_slab 3.677
Lmid 1m
Mneg_col_slab Mneg_mid_slab
M 2
Mpos_col_slab Mpos_mid_slab

6.658 6.829 kN m
M2
3.585 3.677 1m
Moment of Slab (kN.m/1m)

Interior Panel
Column Strip Middle Strip
Short direction Negative 4.354 14.227
Positive 2.344 7.661
Long direction Negative 6.658 6.829
Positive 3.585 3.677
5.
: b 1m h hf 120 mm
-387- [ETC]
2
: As.min 0.0018 b h 2.16 cm
2
DB 2
: DB 10mm As1 0.785 cm
4
: cover 20mm
:
smax min 2 hf 450mm 240 mm

:
2,

45deg
Ln2 Lb hc 4.6 m
wu Ln2

Vu 1.15 b 40.627 kN
2
1.15
d hf cover
DB
105 mm
2
f'c

Vc 0.75 0.17MPa b d 66.938 kN
MPa
, Vu 40.627 kN < Vc 66.938 kN
-388- [ETC]

5.1
d hf cover
DB
95 mm
2
a/
M u M 1 b 4.354 kN m
1 1
Mu
R n 0.536 MPa
2
0.9 b d
f'c 2R n
1
0.85 1 0.0014
fy 0.85 f'c

2
As_top_col b d 1.289 cm

As.req_top_col max As_top_col As.min 2.16 cm 2
As1
s 363.61 mm
As.req_top_col
b

stop_col Floor min s smax 10mm 240 mm
-
M u M 1 b 14.227 kN m
1 2
Mu
R n 1.752 MPa
2
0.9 b d
f'c 2R n
1
0.85 1 0.0046
fy 0.85 f'c

-389- [ETC]
2
As_top_mid b d 4.347 cm

As.req_top_mid max As_top_mid As.min 4.347 cm 2
As1
s 180.666 mm
As.req_top_mid
b

stop_mid Floor min s smax 10mm 180 mm
b/
M u M 1 b 2.344 kN m
2 1
Mu
R n 0.289 MPa
2
0.9 b d
f'c 2R n
1
0.85 1 0.0007
fy 0.85 f'c

2
As_bot_col b d 0.69 cm

As.req_bot_col max As_bot_col As.min 2.16 cm 2
As1
s 363.61 mm
As.req_bot_col
b

sbot_col Floor min s smax 10mm 240 mm
-
M u M 1 b 7.661 kN m
2 2
-390- [ETC]
Mu
R n 0.943 MPa
2
0.9 b d
f'c 2R n
1
0.85 1 0.0024
fy 0.85 f'c

2
As_bot_mid b d 2.292 cm

As.req_bot_mid max As_bot_mid As.min 2.292 cm 2
As1
s 342.662 mm
As.req_bot_mid
b

sbot_mid Floor min s smax 10mm 240 mm
As_top_col As_top_mid As.req_top_col As.req_top_mid
As_1
As_bot_col As_bot_mid As.req_bot_col As.req_bot_mid

stop_col stop_mid
s1
sbot_col sbot_mid

1.289 4.347 2.16 4.347 2 240 180

As_1 cm s1 mm
0.69 2.292 2.16 2.292 240 240
5.2
d hf cover DB
DB
85 mm
2
a/
M u M 1 b 4.354 kN m
1 1
Mu
R n 0.67 MPa
2
0.9 b d
-391- [ETC]
f'c 2R n
1
0.85 1 0.0017
fy 0.85 f'c

2
As_top_col b d 1.446 cm

As.req_top_col max As_top_col As.min 2.16 cm 2
As1
s 363.61 mm
As.req_top_col
b

stop_col Floor min s smax 10mm 240 mm
-
M u M 2 b 6.829 kN m
1 2
Mu
R n 1.05 MPa
2
0.9 b d
f'c 2R n
1
0.85 1 0.0027
fy 0.85 f'c

2
As_top_mid b d 2.29 cm

As.req_top_mid max As_top_mid As.min 2.29 cm 2
As1
s 343.003 mm
As.req_top_mid
b

stop_mid Floor min s smax 10mm 240 mm
-392- [ETC]
b/
M u M 2 b 3.585 kN m
2 1
Mu
R n 0.551 MPa
2
0.9 b d
f'c 2R n
0.85 1 1 0.0014
fy 0.85 f'c

2
As_bot_col b d 1.187 cm

As.req_bot_col max As_bot_col As.min 2.16 cm 2
As1
s 363.61 mm
As.req_bot_col
b

sbot_col Floor min s smax 10mm 240 mm
-
M u M 2 b 3.677 kN m
2 2
Mu
R n 0.566 MPa
2
0.9 b d
f'c 2R n
0.85 1 1 0.0014
fy 0.85 f'c

2
As_bot_mid b d 1.218 cm

As.req_bot_mid max As_bot_mid As.min 2.16 cm 2
-393- [ETC]
As1
s 363.61 mm
As.req_bot_mid
b

sbot_mid Floor min s smax 10mm 240 mm
As_top_col As_top_mid As.req_top_col As.req_top_mid

As_2
As_bot_col As_bot_mid As.req_bot_col As.req_bot_mid

stop_col stop_mid
s2
sbot_col sbot_mid

1.446 2.29 2.16 2.29 2 240 240

As_2 cm s2 mm
1.187 1.218 2.16 2.16 240 240
Diameter Steel Bar Spacing, (mm)

Interior Panel
(mm) Column Stirp Middle Stirp
Short direction Top 10 240 180
Bottom 10 240 240
Long direction Top 10 240 240
Bottom 10 240 240
-394- [ETC]
:
(Analysis and Design of Staircase)
.:
IBC (IBC 1009)
100mm R 175mm
nosing T 275mm
W = 1.1m
Lhead = 2m
-395- [ETC]
Llanding 3.6m
Ntread = Nrise 1
2R T = 600mm 640mm

.:
CMhankaM nig kMBs;kaM T 300mm R 145mm 2 R T 590 mm
cMnnY kaM n 10
RbEvgfasCeNrI B 1.375m
kMras;kMraleRTk rW tYCeNIr twaist 120mm
kMras;krM alfas tlanding 120mm
-396- [ETC]
atan
R
mMu eRTtnCeNIr 25.796 deg
T
PaBFn;sgt;ebtu gGayu28f f'c 25MPa
PaBFn;EdkeRbIR)as; fy 400MPa
8>1 KNnabnkmanGMeBIelICeNIr
k> bnkelIkMraleRTt rW tYCeNIr
kN
50mm ( T R ) 1m 22
3
m kN
bnkefrrbs;)ayGrnigkar:U Cover
T 1m
1.632
2
m
1 kN
T R 1m 24
2 3
m kN
bnk efrrbs;kaM Step
T 1m
1.74
2
m
2
kN 1m kN
bnkefrrbs;kMraleRTt Slab twaist 25
3

2
3.332
2
m 1m cos ( ) m
2
kN 1m kN
bnk efrrbs;)ayGrbUkeRkam Rendering 20mm 20
3

2
0.444
2
m 1m cos ( ) m
kN
bnkefrrbs;bg an;d Handrail 0.50
2
m
bnkefrsru belI tYCeNI r

kN
DL Cover Step Slab Rendering Handrail 7.648
2
m
bnk GefrelICeNrI
kN
LL 4.80
2
m
bnk srubelItCY eNrI KitTaMgemKuN

kN
wwaist 1.2 DL 1.6 LL 16.858
2
m
-397- [ETC]
x> bnkelIfasCeN rI
kN kN
bnkefrrbs;)ayGrnigkar:U Cover 50mm 22
3
1.1
2
m m
kN kN
bnkefrrbs;fas Slab tlanding 25
3
3
2
m m
kN kN
bnk efrrbs;)ayGrbUkeRkam Rendering 20mm 20
3
0.4
2
m m
kN
bnkefrrbs;bg an;d Handrail 0.20
2
m
bnk efrsru belI fas DL Cover Slab Rendering Handrail 4.7

kN
2
m
kN
bnk GefrelICeNrI LL 4.8
2
m
bnk srubelIfasCeN rI KitTaMgemKuN

kN
wlanding 1.2 DL 1.6 LL 13.32
2
m
8>2 karviPakrkkMlaMgkgm:Um:g;nigkMlaMgkat;rbs;CeNIr
RbEvgrbs;tCY eNrI nig fasCeNrI
2 2
L0 n T R 3.332 m L1 L0 cos ( ) 3 m
L2 B 1.375 m
PaBrwgnkarBt;begag
kN
c 24
3
m
1.5
c f'c
Ec 44MPa 25866.612 MPa
kN MPa
3
m
-398- [ETC]
3
1m twaist
PaBrwgrbs;tY EI1 Ec
12
3
3.725 10 kN m
2
3
1m tlanding
PaBrwgrbs;fas EI2 Ec
12
3
3.725 10 kN m
2
emKuNsM rab;karviPaKrkkMlaMgkg
kN
w1 wwaist 1m 16.858
m
kN
w2 wlanding 1m 13.32
m
EI1 EI2 4
r11 4 4 1.531 10 kN m
L0 L2
2 2
w1 L1 w2 L2
R 1p 10.545 kN m
12 12
mMu bgVil
R 1p
C C 0.039 deg
r11
m:U mg: G; vi Cm anRtg;TrM

2
EI1 w1 L1
M A 2 C 14.183 kN m
L0 12
2
EI2 w2 L2
M B 2 1.634 kN m
L2 C 12
2
EI1 w1 L1
M CA 4 C 9.563 kN m
L0 12
2
EI2 w2 L2
M CB 4 9.563 kN m
L2 C 12
-399- [ETC]
kMlaMgkat; TTwg
2 kN
w0 w1 cos ( ) 13.665
m
M CA M A w0 L0
VA 24.153 kN
L0 2
VCA VA w0 L0 21.38 kN
M B M CB w2 L2
VCB 17.3 kN
L2 2
VB VCB w2 L2 1.015 kN
m:U mg: v; Ci m anenAcenaHkNalRbelaHElVg

VA VA x1
x1 1.767 m M 1 M A 7.162 kN m
w0 2
VCB VCB x2
x2 1.299 m M 2 M CB 1.672 kN m
w2 2
MC B
MCA MB
C B
M2
MA
M1
A
VCB
C B
VB
VCA
VA
A
.:

-400- [ETC]
8>3 KNnasrsEdkCeNIr
karKNnaEdksMrab;CeNrI dUcKaeTAnwgkarKNnakMralxN myY TisEdr edayykcMerokKNnaKitk g
TTwg 1m. EdkcaM)ac;eyI gKNnaEpkelIklM aM gk g m:mU g: b; egag rIEdkBRgay rWEdkRskmaDnig
sItN
u P aBeyIgGackMNt;ykeTAtamEdkGb,brmarbs;kMralxN.
emKuNkMBs;ebtugsgts; mmUl
1 0.85 if f'c 28MPa 1 0.85
0.65 if f'c 55MPa
f'c 28MPa
0.85 0.05 otherwise
7MPa
bMErbMrlY ragebtugcugeRkay u 0.003
PaKryEdkGtibrma nig Gb,brma

f'c u
max 0.85 1 0.0169
fy u 0.005
f'c
0.25MPa
MPa 1.4MPa
min max 0.0035
fy fy

k> KNnaEdkxagelIrbs; tYCeNIr

CeRmokKNna b 1m
d twaist 20mm
10mm
kMras;RbsiTPaB 95 mm
2
rkemKuNPaBFn;begag
M u M A 14.183 kN m
Mu
R 1.746 MPa
2
0.9 b d
-401- [ETC]
rkbri maNEdkxagelI ntYCeNrI
f'c R
0.85 1 1 2 0.00456
fy 0.85 f'c

min max 1

2
2
b ( 10mm) 2
As.pro 5.236 cm
150mm 4
dUecH eyIgkMNt;ykEdkeRbIR)as;KW DB10@150.

x> KNnaEdkxageRkamrbs;tYCeNrI
kMNt;ykemKuNkat;bnyPaBFn;begagsMrab;KNna 0.9.
rkdXas;bgVilsakl,g
d twaist 20mm
10mm
95 mm
2
jd 0.9 d 85.5 mm
rkbri maNEdkRtUvkar
M u M 1 7.162 kN m
Mu 2
As 2.327 cm
fy jd
2
As.min min b d 3.325 cm

As.req max As As.min 3.325 cm
2
2
b ( 10mm) 2
As.pro 3.927 cm
200mm 4
-402- [ETC]
Binti m:mU g: P; aBFn;
As.pro fy
a 7.392 mm
0.85 f'c b
a
c 8.696 mm
1
dt d 95 mm
dt c
t u 0.0298
c
1.45 250 t
0.65 max min 0.9 0.9
3
a
2
Mn
FS 1.802
Mu

K> KNnaEdkxagelIrbs; fasCeNIr
d tlanding 20mm
10mm
b 1m 95 mm
2

M u max M CB M B 9.563 kN m
Mu
R 1.177 MPa
2
0.9 b d
2R
a d 1 1 5.418 mm
0.85 f'c

0.85 f'c a b 2
As 2.878 cm
fy
f'c
0.25MPa
MPa 1.4MPa 2
As.min max b d 3.325 cm
fy fy

-403- [ETC]

2
b ( 10mm) 2
As.pro 3.927 cm
200mm 4

X> KNnaEdkxageRkamrbs;fasCeNrI
Mu
M u M 2 1.672 kN m M n
0.9
Mn
R 0.206 MPa
2
bd
f'c R
0.85 1 1 2 0.00052
fy 0.85 f'c

min max 0

2
2
b ( 10mm) 2
As.pro 3.927 cm
200mm 4

g> KNnaEdkBRgay rW EdkRskmaD nigsItN
u P aB
shrinkage 0.0020 if fy 280MPa
0.0018 if fy = 420MPa
max 0.0018
420MPa
0.0014 otherwise
fy

shrinkage 0.002
-404- [ETC]
1> sMrab;tCY eNIr
2
As.waist shrinkage b twaist 226.8 mm
2
b ( 10mm) 2
As 314.159 mm
250mm 4

2> sMrab;fasCeNIr
2
As.landing shrinkage b tlanding 226.8 mm
2
b ( 10mm) 2
As 314.159 mm
250mm 4

8>4 epgpat;kMlaMgkat;TTwg
k> sMrab;krM altYCeN rI
kMlaMgkat; TTwgKitTaMgemKuN
Vu max VA VCA 24.153 kN
PaBFn;klM aMgkat;pl;edayebtug
d twaist 20mm
10mm
95 mm
2
b 1m
f'c
Vc 0.17MPa b d 60.563 kN> 2 Vu 48.306 kN, OK!
MPa
x> sMrab;krM alfasCeN Ir

kMlaMgkat; TTwgKitTaMgemKuN
Vu max VB VCB 17.3 kN
-405- [ETC]
PaBFn;klM aMgkat;pl;edayebtug
d tlanding 20mm
10mm
95 mm
2
b 1m
f'c
Vc 0.17MPa b d 60.563 kN> 2 Vu 34.601 kN, OK!
MPa
dUecH srubmkTaMgkMraltY ngi kMralfasrbs;CeNrI minRtUvkareRbIEdkkat;TTwgeT.
.: A-A
-406- [ETC]
.: B-B
-407- [ETC]
: (Design of Footing)
13>1 RbePTeCIgtag
-408- [ETC]
-409- [ETC]
-410- [ETC]
-411- [ETC]
13>2 KMnitKNnaTUeTA
1> RkLapeCIgtagGaRsyelIlTPaBRTRTg;Gnu Baatrbs;d)I atRKw H
2> BinitkMlaMgkat;1Tis
3> BinitkMlaMgkat;2Tis bpug
4> rkm:Um:g;Bt; nigEdkcaM)ac;
5> smtPaBRTRTg;rbs;ssrRtg;RKwH nigEdkrgcaM
6> RbEvgEdkrgcaM bEdkbgb;
7> sMrutepSgKa
1> karKNnaTMhMeCIgtag
- RkLapRtU vkar
PD PL
Areq
qe
Edl PD PL = bnkefr ni gGefrmanGMeBIelIeCIgtag
-412- [ETC]
qe = lTPaBRTRTg; Rbsi TP aBrbs;dI
kN
qe qa H 20
3
m
qa = lTPaBRTRTg; GnuBaatrbs;dI CamYyemKu NsuvtiPaB FS 2.0 3.0
H = CMerAbgbR; KwH
kN
20
3
= dg;sIuetmFmrbs;ebtug nigdI
m
- Binti kugRtaMgdIeRkamRKwH
i. krNIbn k cMNakpti 1Tis
qmax qu
Pu 6e
1
L
qmax if e
B L L 6
4 Pu
otherwise
3 B ( L 2 e)
-413- [ETC]
Edl B L= TTwg nigbeNayeCIgtag
Mu
e
P
cMgaycMNakpitrbs;kMlaMg
u
qu = lTPaBRTRTg; cgu eRkayrbs;dI
1.2 PD 1.6 PL
qu qa
PD PL
ii. krNIbn kcMNakpit2Tis

qmax qu
Pu M x C x M y C y
qmax
A Ix Iy
Edl A B L
h
Cx Cy
2
ex = cMNakpitbnkeFobGkS X
ey = cMNakpitbnkeFobGkS Y
Ix = m:Um:g;niclPaBeFobGkS X
Iy = m:Um:g;niclPaBeFobGkS Y
h = kMras;eCIgtag
2> karKNnakMras;eCIgtag
lkxNsvu tiPaB
-414- [ETC]
sRmab;kmaMgpug Vu Vc
sRmab;kmagM 1Tis Vu1 Vc1 nig Vu2 Vc2
i. Binitkmag
M pug

Vu qu A A0
A B L
A0 bc d hc d
PaBFn;kmaMgpug
-415- [ETC]
4 f'c b0 d

4
2 f'c b0 d
Vc min

xat US

s d
b 2 f'c b0 d
0
0.33 f'c b0 d

0.17 1 2 f' b d
c 0
xat SI
Vc min

s d
0.083 2 f' b
c 0 d
b0
s 40 sMrab;ssrkNal
30 sMrab;ssreRkA
20 sMrab;ssrRCu gekon
= pleFobRCugEvgelIRCugxIrbs; kssretO
d = kRmas;RbsiTPaBrbs;eCIgtag
b0 bc d hc d 2 brim aRtpug

ii. BinitkmaMg kat;1Tis
-416- [ETC]
L hc
Vu1 qu B d
2
B bc
Vu2 qu L d
2
PaBFn;kmaMgkat;1 Tis
Vc1 2 f'c B d xat US
Vc1 0.17 f'c B d xat SI
Vc2 2 f'c L d xat US
Vc2 0.17 f'c L d xat SI
cMNaM kRmas;Gb,brmarbs;eCIgtagy:agehacNas;K W 150mm.
3> karKNnaEdk
-417- [ETC]
- karKNnam:Um:g;Bt;
2
q1 L1 L hc
M u1 q1 qu B L1
2 2
2
q2 L2 B bc
M u2 q2 qu L L2
2 2
-418- [ETC]
RbePTmuxkat;KNna KWCamuxkat;EdkeTaldUcFmw .
- EdksMxan;
As b d Edl b B b bL
Edl f'c

2M u

085 1 1
fy 0.85 f'c b d
2

RkLapEdkGb,brma
As.min min b d
Edl f'c
0.25MPa
MPa 1.4MPa
mn
fy fy
- EdksItuNPaB bEdkxagelI
Ashrinkage t B h
Edl t = PaKryEdksItuNPaB nigRskmaD

t 0.002 if fy 40ksi kgenaH 40ksi 275.79 MPa
0.0018 if fy 60ksi 60ksi 413.685 MPa
60ksi
0.0018 otherwise
fy
- karBRgayEdkem
-419- [ETC]
4> smtPaBRTRTg;rbs;kssretO
- PaBFn;kmaMgsgt;KW
N1 0.85 f'c A1
Edl 0.65
A1 = RkLapsg t;
- PaBFn;kmaMgsgt;EktMrUvsMrab;eCIgtagctuekaNEkg
A2
N2 0.85 f'c A1
A1

2 0.85 f'c A1
RbsinebIbnk KitTaMgemKuN Pu FMCag N1 b N2 EdkRtUvEtpl;eGayedI m,IepkbnkelIs.

bnk elIsKW Pex Pu N1 nigRkLapEdkrg;caMKW
Pex
Asd 0.005A1
fy
y:agehacNas;kmanEdk4edIm sRmab;dak;Rtg;RCugEkgnssr. bTdan ACI 15.8.2

bgajfa RkLapEdkrg;caMGb,brmaKW 0.005Ag.
Ag = RkLapTaMgmUlrbs;kssretO
5> RbEvgbgb;Edkrg;caM
0.24 db fy
ldc 0.043 db fy
f'c
b:uEntMl ldc minRtUv)ankMNt;yktUcCag 200mm.

-420- [ETC]
13>3 lMhat;]TahrN_
kN
lTPaBRTRTg;GnuBaatrbs;deI RkameCIgtag qa 150
2
m
CMerAbgbe; CIgtag H 1.5m
RklaprgbnkneCIgtag B 4.0m L 4.0m
TMhkM ssreCIgtag bc 250mm hc 250mm
PaBFn;sPM areRbIR)as; f'c 25MPa fy 400MPa
emKuNkat;bnyPaBFn;srM ab;kmagM kat; 0.75
dMeNaHRsay
1> bnkmanGMeBIelIkRmalxN
kN kN kN kN kN
DL 50mm 22 100mm 25 20mm 20 1.00 5
3 3 3 2 2
m m m m m
kN
LL 2.00
2
sRmab;GKarrs;enA
m
2> bnkmanGMeBIelI ssrCan;pal;dI
Beam 20cm ( 40cm 10cm) 25

kN
( B L) 12 kN
3
m
PD_slab DL B L 3 240 kN
PL_slab LL B L 3 96 kN
kN
SW 25cm 25cm ( 4.5m 4.0m 3.8m) 25 19.219 kN
3
m
PDL SW Beam PD_slab 271.219 kN
PLL PL_slab 96 kN
-421- [ETC]
3> KNnaTMhMeCIgtag
kN kN
qe qa 20 H 120
3 2
m m
PDL PLL 2
Areq 3.06 m
qe
TMhMeCIgtagKNna
B Ceil Areq 100mm 1.8 m L B 1.8 m
2 2
A B L 3.24 m > Areq 3.06 m ,OK
4> KNnakMras;eCIgtag
lTPaBRTRTg;KNnarbs;dI
1.2 PDL 1.6 PLL kN
qu qa 195.685
PDL PLL m
2
snty; k h 350mm
d h 50mm 14mm
14mm
279 mm
2
kmaMgpug

A0 bc d hc d 0.28 m 2

Vu qu A A0 579.26 kN
PaBFn;kmaMgpug

b0 bc d hc d 2 2.116 m

bc

hc
1 s 40 sM rab;ssrkNal
-422- [ETC]
f'c
0.33MPa b0 d
MPa

f'c
Vc min
0.17MPa 1
2
b0 d
MPa

s d f' c
0.083MPa b 2 MPa b0 d
0
Vc 730.575 kN > Vu 579.26 kN, OK
kmaMgkat;1Tis
L hc
Vu1 qu B d 174.708 kN
2
B bc
Vu2 qu L d 174.708 kN
2
f'c
Vc1 0.17MPa B d 320.153 kN
MPa
f'c
Vc2 0.17MPa L d 320.153 kN
MPa
eday Vu1 174.708 kN < Vc1 320.153 kN , OK
Vu2 174.708 kN < Vc2 320.153 kN , OK
5> karKNnaEdkrbs;eCIgtag
f'c
0.25MPa
MPa 1.4MPa
min max 0.0035
fy fy

- tamTisedA L 1.8 m
-423- [ETC]
b B 1.8 m
kN
q1 qu b 352.234
m
L hc
L1 0.775 m
2
2
q1 L1
Mu 105.78 kN m
2
rebobTI1
Mu
R 0.839 MPa
2
0.9 b d
f'c R
0.85 1 1 2 0.00214
fy 0.85 f'c

2
n floor
B 50mm 2
1 12
150mm
2
( 14mm) 2
As.pro n 18.473 cm
4
rebobTI2
snty; kdXas;nkmagM jd 0.9d 251.1 mm
Mu
RklapEdkcaM)ac; As.req
0.9 jd fy
11.702 cm
2
Binti elIPaKryEdkTaj
As.req
0.0023
b d
edaysar 0.0023 < min 0.0035 dUecH eyIgRtUveRbIEdkGb,brma

EdlRtUvnwg PaKryEdkGb,brma dUcxageRkam
-424- [ETC]
2
As.min min b d 17.577 cm
Edkpl;eGay
s 150mm CaKMlatEdkeRbI R)as;
2
B 60mm 2 ( 14mm) 2
As.pro 17.241 cm
s 4
Binti m:mU g: P; aBFn;

As.pro fy
a 18.03 mm
0.85 f'c b
f'c 28MPa
1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05 min 0.85 0.85
7MPa
a
c 21.212 mm dt d 279 mm
1
u 0.003
dt c
t u 0.036
c
emKuNkat;bnyPaBFn;srM ab;karBt;begag
1.45 250 t
0.65 max min 0.9 0.9
3
Mn As.pro fy d 167.574 kN m M u 105.78 kN m, OK

a
>
2
rebobTI3 eRbI )anEtkg kmvFi I Mathcad

edaHRsayrkRklapEdkcaM)ac; edayeRbIGnuKmn_rbs;kmvFi I Mathcad: Given nig Find .
Given
2
As 1cm
Mu As fy
As fy d
2 0.85 f'c b

-425- [ETC]

As Find As 10.748 cm
2
rebobTI4
Mu As fy
As fy d
2 0.85 f'c b

Mu 2 fy
As fy d As fy
1.7 f'c b

2
Mu fy
As d As
fy
1.7 f'c b
2
fy Mu
As As d 0
1.7 f'c b fy

fy Mu
q w
1.7 f'c b fy
2
q As d As w 0
d d2 4 q w
2 q d
2
d 4 q w 2
As As 10.748 cm
2 q
d d2 4 q w
2 q

rebobTI5
2M u
a d 1 1 11.24 mm
0.85 f'c b d
2

0.85 f'c a b 2
As 10.748 cm
fy
- tamTisedA B 1.8 m
b L 1.8 m
kN
q1 qu b 352.234
m
-426- [ETC]
B bc
L1 0.775 m
2
2
q1 L1
Mu 105.78 kN m
2
Mu
R 0.839 MPa
2
0.9 b d
f'c R
0.85 1 1 2 0.00214
fy 0.85 f'c

2
n floor
L 50mm 2
1 12
150mm
2
( 14mm) 2
As.pro n 18.473 cm
4
6> EdkBRgayxagelI rW EdkRskmaDnigsItuNPaB

t 0.0018
b B 1.8 m
2
As.shrikage t b h 11.34 cm
n floor
L 50mm 2
1 11
160mm
2
( 12mm) 2
As.pro n 12.441 cm
4
7> Bi nitemIllTPaBRTRTg;rbs;kssreCIgtag
2
c 0.65 A1 bc hc 625 cm
N1 0.85 f'c A1 1195.313 kN
Pu 1.2 PDL 1.6 PLL 479.063 kN
-427- [ETC]
N1 1195.313 kN > Pu 479.063 kN , OK.
8> EdkrgcaM TaMgbrimaNnigRbEvgrgcaM

Asd 0.005 bc hc 3.125 cm
2
Asd
n 2.03 eRbI 4DB14
( 14mm) 2

4
0.24 14mm f
y
MPa 0.043
ldc max 14mm fy 200mm 268.8 mm
f'c MPa

MPa
dUecH Edkrg;caMKW 4DB14 nigRbEvg 300mm .

9> Bi nitEdkemrbs;eCIgtag
RbEvgbgb;EdkRtUvkar
db 14mm bnat; pt i Edk
f'c 25 MPa
naMeGay
t 1.0 e 1.0 s 1.0 1.0
Ktr 0 eRBaHKanEdkbBar
db
cb 50mm 57 mm
2
cb Ktr
Term min 2.5 2.5
db

ld max
fy

min t e 1.7 s
db 300mm
f'c Term
1.1MPa min 8.3
MPa
ld 407.273 mm
-428- [ETC]
RbEvgbgb;BitR)akdrbs;EdkeCIgtag
L hc
Ldf 50mm 725 mm > ld 407.273 mm, OK
2
dUecH EdkemmincaM)ac;Bt;eT eRBaHRbEvgbgbE; dkBi tR)akdRKb;RKan;.
-429- [ETC]
: (Design of Pile Cap)
14>1 KNnaTMhMeCIgtagssrRKwH
cMnnY ssrRKwHGb,brma
PD PL
n=
Qe
Edl PD PL = bnk efrnigGefrmanGMeBIelI eCIgtagsssrRKwH

Qe = lTPaBRTRTg;RbsiTP aBrbs;ssrRKwH1edIm
kN 2
Qe = Qa 22 ( 3D) H
3
m
D = TMhMssrRKwH
H = CMerAbgbR; KwH
kN
22
3
= TMgn;maDmFmrbs;dI nigeCIgtagssrRKWH
m
Qa = lTPaBRTRTg;rbs;ssrRKwH1edIm CamYy FS = 2.5 4
KMlatBIssrRKwH1eTAssrRKwH1 KitBIGk S/ S = 2D 4D
D
cMgayBIpssrRKwHeTAEKmeRkAneCIgtagssrRKwH = 2
150mm 200mm
kMlaMgRbti km rbs;ssrRKwHnImYy
-430- [ETC]
Pu M x yi M y xi
Ru = Qu
i n n n
yk 2 xk 2
k 1 k 1
Pu = 1.2PD 1.6PL KWCakMlaMgsgte; lIeCIgtagssrRKwHcugeRkay

M x M y = m:U m:g;eFobGkS X nigm:U m:g;eFobGkS Y
xi yi = Gab;sIus nigGredaenrbs;ssrRKwH
1.2PD 1.6PL
Qu = Qa
PD PL
KWCalTPaBRTRTg;cgu eRkayrbs;ssrRKwH
-431- [ETC]
karteRmobssrRKwH nigTMheM CIgtagssrRKwH
14>2 karKNnakRmas;rbs;eCIgtagssrRKwH
k> krNIkMlaMgkat;2Tis rW kMlaMgpug
Vu Vc
Edl Vu = kMlaMgpugGnuvtn_
-432- [ETC]
Vc = PaBFn;klM aMgpug
= 0.75 KWCaemKuNkat;bnyPaBFn;srM ab;kl
M aMgkat;
critical section
for twoway shear
D S S D
D
S
critical section
B
for oneway shear
S
D
Vu =
Routside = Ru noutside
4 f'cb0 d

4
2 f' b d
Vc = min c 0 (in psi)

s
d
b 2 f'cb0 d
0
0.33 f'cb0 d

0.17 1 f'cb0 d
2
Vc = min (in MPa)

s d
0.083 2 f' b d
c 0
b0
s = 40 sMrab;ssrkNal (For interior column)

30 sMrab;ssrxageRkA (For edge column)
20 sMrab;ssrRCu gEkg (For corner column)
= pleFobRCugEvgelIRCugxInkssr
-433- [ETC]
d = kRmas;RbsiTPaBrbs;eCIgtagssrRKwH

b0 = bc d hc d 2
KWCabri maRtmuxkat;pgu eRKaHfak;
noutside = cMnYnssrRKwHenAeRkAbrimaRtpug
x> krNIpugRtg;ssrRKwHenARCugEkg
R u.max Vcorner
Edl R u.max = kMlaMgRbti km rbs;ssrRKwHenARCugEkg

Vcorner = PaBFn;klM aMgpugenARtg;ssrRKwHRCugEkg
D
d/2
b0
0.33 f'cb0 d

1 f' b d
2
0.17 c 0
Vconer = min (in MPa)

s
d
0.083 2 f' b d
c 0
b0
b0 = ( D d) sMrab;ssrRKw HmUl
b0 = ( D d)4 sMrab;ssrRKw Hkaer:
K> krNIkMlaMgkat;1Tis
Vux Vcx
nig
Vuy Vcy
Edl Vux Vuy = kMlaMgkat; tamTi s X nig Y
-434- [ETC]
Vcx Vcy = PaBFn;klM aMgkat;tamTis X nig Y
Vux =
R x = R u nx
Vuy =
R y = R u ny
nx = cMnnY ssrRKwHenAeRkABMnHu kat;eRKaHfak;tamGkS X
ny = cMnnY ssrRKwHenAeRkABMnHu kat;eRKaHfak;tamGkS Y
Vcx = 2 f'cB d (in psi)
Vcx = 0.17 f'cB d (in MPa)
Vcy = 2 f'cLd (in psi)
Vcy = 0.17 f'cLd (in MPa)
14>3 karKNnasrsEdkrbs;eCIgtagssrRKwH
karKNnasrsEdkrbs; eCIgtagssrRKw H RtUv)anGnuvttamFatubgMBt;begag Edlmanmuxkat;
ctuekaNEkgEdkeTal.
PaBFn;RtUvkar
hc
M ux =
R u xi
i 2

bc
M uy =
R u yi
i 2

RkLapEdkBt;begagcaM)ac;KEW pkelIkRmas;RbsiTP aBmFm d = D dc Edl D = kRmas;

srub nig dc = 250mm sRmab;ssrRKwHEdk b dc = 200mm sRmab;ssrRKwHebtug. lkxN
sRmab;RkLapEdkBt;begagGb,brma (ACI, Section 10.5 and 7.12) RtUv)anepgpat;edaykarbk
RsayxageRkam Edl As CaRkLap KNnarbs;EdkRtUvkarsRmab;karBt;begag
1.4
1> RbsinebI As 0.0035b d enaHeRbI As eRBaH fy
= 0.0035 Edl fy = 400MPa
-435- [ETC]
4
2> RbsinebI As 0.0035b d As
3
enaHeRbI 0.0035b d
4 4
3> RbsinebI 0.0018b D A 0.0035b d
3 s
enaHeRbI A
3 s
4
4> RbsinebI A 0.0018b D 0.0035b d
3 s
enaHeRbI 0.0018b D
sRmab;krNIeCIgtagmanssrRKwHEtcMnnY 2edIm enaHeyIgeRbIRkLapEdk 1/ 2 b 3

sRmab;EdkBt;begagcaM)ac;Evg. rIRkLapEdkBt;begagtamTisx IsRmab;eCIgtagctuekaNEkg
RtUv)anbegnI edIm,IGnu BaateGayeRbIKmatEdkBRgayesIEdleCogvagmankM husq gk gkarteRmobenA
kardan nigGnuelamtam ACI, Section 15.4.4.2.
karbgbs; srRKw HcUlkgeCIgtag
sRmab;eCIgtagEdlmanssrRKwH2/ 3/ 4/ 5/ 6/ 7/ 8/ b 9 RKb;EdkBRgwgTaMgGs;RtUvEtpl;
eGayCamYyTMBk;cgu sg;dar. sRmab;eCIgtagEdlmanssrRKwH8/ 10/ 11 b 12 enaHEdkBRgwgTi s
xEI tmYyKt;RtUvEtple; GayCamYyTMBk;cgu nigKYrEtRtUvdak; tRmobdUcRsTab;eRkam. m:ageTotEdkBt;
enAcugGacCMnYsedayk,alEdk (head). emIlrU bxageRkam
-436- [ETC]
lMGtieCIgtagssrRKwH TMhM nigbg; nigBMnHu kat;
]TahrN_ 14>1 cUrKNnaeCIgtagssrRKwHEdlrgbnksgt;suT
kMlaMgmanGMeBIelIk,alssrRKwH PD 571.79kN PL 144.20kN
CMerAbgbR; KwH H 1.5m
TMhkM ssretO bc 250mm hc 250mm
PaBFn;sPM ar f'c 25MPa fy 400MPa
lTPaBRTRTg;GnuBaatrbs;ssrRKwH Qa 95kN
TMhsM srRKwH kaer: D 200mm
dMeNaHRsay
lTPaBRTRTg;RbsiTP aBrbs;ssrRKwH
kN 2
Qe Qa 22 ( 3D) H 83.12 kN
3
m
-437- [ETC]
cMnnY ssrRKwH
PD PL
n
Qe
8.614 eRbI n 9
KMlatssrRKwH KitBIGk S S 3D 600mm
kUGredaenssrRKwHeFobnwgGkSkNalneCIgtagRKwH
0.6 0.6
0 0.6

0.6 0.6
0.6 0

X 0 m Y 0 m
0.6 0

0.6 0.6
0 0.6

0.6 0.6
TMhMeCIgtagssrRKwH
B ( max ( Y) D)2 1.6 m
L ( max ( X) D)2 1.6 m
L 1.6
m
B 1.6
L B
L B
1 1
X0 L Y0 B
2 2
L B

L B
-438- [ETC]
1
0.5
1 0.5 0 0.5 1
0.5
kartMerob nig TItaMgssrRKwH

karKNnakRmas;eCIgtagssrRKwH
kRmas;sakl,g h 550mm
d h ( 100mm 75mm 16mm) 359mm kMras; Rbsi TP aBmFm

lTPaBRTRTg;cugeRkayrbs;ssrRKwH
1.2PD 1.6PL
Qu Qa 121.653 kN
PD PL
0.5
1 0.5 0 0.5 1
0.5
TItaMgmuxkat;pug nigkMlaMg1TiseRKaHf ak;
-439- [ETC]
d
kMlaMgkat; 2TisecjBIEKmssretOcMgay 2
179.5 mm
Vu Qu 8 973.225kN emIlrUbxagelI
PaBFn;kMlaMgkat;2Tis

b0 bc d hc d 2 2.436 m
0.75
hc

bc
1 s 40 sMrab;ssrxagkg
f'c
0.33MPa b0 d
MPa

f'c
Vc min 0.17 1 MPa b0 d
2
MPa

s d f' c
0.083 b 2 MPa MPa b0 d
0
Vc 1082.223 kN
Two_way_shear "is not critical" if Vc Vu
"is critical" otherwise
Two_way_shear "is not critical"
BinitkMlaMgkat;1Ti s
Vux Qu 3 364.96 kN
Vuy Qu 3 364.96 kN
PaBFn;klM aMg1Ti s
f'c
Vcx 0.17MPa B d 366.18 kN
MPa
-440- [ETC]
f'c
Vcy 0.17MPa Ld 366.18 kN
MPa
Beam_shear "is not critical" if Vcx Vux Vcy Vuy
"is critical" otherwise
Beam_shear "is not critical"
karKNnasrsEdktamTis L 1.6 m
b B 1.6 m d 359mm
hc
M u Qu S 3 173.356 kN m
2
Mu
R 0.934 MPa
2
0.9b d
f'c R
0.85 1 12 0.00239
fy 0.85f'c

f'c
0.25MPa
MPa 1.4MPa
min max 0.0035
fy fy

2
2
( 16mm) 2
As0 2.011 cm
4
As0
sL Floor 10mm 160mm
A
s
b
L 2
As_L As0 20.106 cm
sL
EdkRskmaD
2 2
As.t 0.0018b h 15.84 cm < As_L 20.106 cm
-441- [ETC]
karKNnasrsEdktamTis B 1.6 m
b L 1.6 m d 359mm
bc
M u Qu S 3 173.356kN m
2
Mu
R 0.934 MPa
2
0.9b d
f'c R
0.85 1 12 0.00239
fy 0.85f'c

f'c
0.25MPa
MPa 1.4MPa
min max 0.0035
fy fy

2
As0
sB Floor 10mm 160mm
A
s
b
L 2
As_B As0 20.106 cm
sB
EdkRskmaD
2 2
As.t 0.0018b h 15.84 cm < As_B 20.106 cm
-442- [ETC]
1
0.5
1 0.5 0 0.5 1
0.5
bg;srsEdkeCIgtagRKwH
]TahrN_ 14>2 cUrKNnaeCIgtagssrRKw HnGKarsak;enAkM Bs;10Can;
1-Tinn y KNna
kMlaMgmanGMeBIelIeCI gtagssrRKwH
PD 1794.572kN PL 427.5kN
M Dx 25.55kN m M Lx 12.65kN m
M Dy 15.5kN m M Ly 9.75kN m
CMerAbgbe; CIgtagRKH H 1.2m
ssrk,aleCIgtagssrRKwH bc 400mm hc 400mm
PaBFn;sPM areRbIR)as; f'c 25MPa fy 400MPa
TMhsM srRKwHkaer: D 300mm
lTPaBRTRTg;ssrRKwH1edIm Qa 367.8kN
-443- [ETC]
2-karkMNt;cMnYnssrRKH nigtMerobssrRKwH
lTPaBRTRTg;RbsiTiPaBrbs;ssrRKwH
kN 2
Qe Qa 22 ( 3D) H 346.416kN
3
m
cMnYnssrRKwHRtUvkar
PD PL
nmin
Qe
6.414 kMNt;ykeRbI
n ceil nmin 7
kUGredaenssrRKwHeFobnwgGkSkNalneCIgtagRKwH
0.5 0.75
0.5 0.75

1.0 0
X 0 m Y 0 m

1.0 0
0.5 0.75

0.5 0.75
TMhMeCIgtagssrRKwH
B ( max ( Y) D)2 2.1 m
L ( max ( X) D)2 2.6 m
L 2.6
m
B 2.1
L B
L B
1 1
X0 L Y0 B
2 2
L B

L B
-444- [ETC]
2
2 1 0 1 2
kartMerob nig TItaMgssrRKwH

3-KNnakM laMgRbtikmrbs;ssrRKwHnimyY
bnk sgts; rubKitTaMgemKuN Pu 1.2PD 1.6PL 2837.486 kN
m:U mg: s; rubeFobnw gGkS X KitTaMgemKuN M ux 1.2M Dx 1.6MLx 50.9 kN m
m:U mg: s; rubeFobnw gGkS Y KitTaMgemKuN M uy 1.2M Dy 1.6MLy 34.2 kN m
Pu M uy Xi M ux Yi
i 1 n R u
i n n n
Xk Yk 2
2
k 1 k 1
416.622
428.022

393.955
R u 405.355 kN

416.755
382.689

394.089
eyIg)ankMlaM gGtibrmasMrab;ssrRKwHKW
R max max R u 428.022kN
lTPaBRTRTg;cugeRkayrbs;ssrRKwH
-445- [ETC]
1.2PD 1.6PL
Qu Qa 469.664 kN > R max 428.022kN
PD PL
dUecH karkMNt; ykcMnYnssrRKwH n7 KWRtwmRtUv.

3-karKNnasrsEdkeCIgtagssrRKwH
kRmas;eCIgRKw HKNnadMbgU h 750mm
CMerAbgb;ssrRKwHkg eCIgtag dpile 100mm sRmab;ssrRKwHebtug

RsTab;karBarebtug Cover 75mm
bnat;pitEdk DB 20mm
kRmas;RbsiTPaB
d h dpile Cover DB 555mm
d
epgpat;klM aMgpug2Tis EdlenAcMgayecjBIpxagnksseCIgtagRKwH 2
277.5 mm
2 1 0 1 2
mu xkat;pgu 2TiseRKaHfak;
tamrUbxagelI eyIgfamancMnYnssrRKwHcMnYn 6 EdlenAeRkAbrimaRtpug dUcenH eyIg)ankMlaMgpug
Vu
Ru Ru4 2432.131 kN
PaBFn;kMlaMgpug2Tis
-446- [ETC]
brimaRtpug
b0 bc d hc d 2 3.82 m
emKuNkat;bnyPaBFn;srM ab;klM aMgpu g nigkat; 0.75
hc
pleFobRCugEvgelIxInkssrkMralRKwH
bc
1
s 40 sMrab;ssrxagkg
PaBFn;klM aMgpug CatMltUcCageKntMlxageRkam
f'c
Vc1 0.33MPa b d 2623.624 kN
MPa 0
f'c
Vc2 0.17 1 MPa
2
b d 4054.691 kN
MPa 0
s d f'c
Vc3 0.083 2 MPa b0 d 5154.674 kN
b0 MPa

Vc min Vc1 Vc2 Vc3 2623.624 kN > Vu 2432.131 kN
dUecH eCIgtagRKwHminmaneRKaHfak;eT cM eBaHkMlaMgpug.

epgpat;kMlaMgkat;1Tis EdlenAcMgayBIpxagnkssreCIgtagRKwH d 555mm
2
2 1 0 1 2
mu xkat;klM aMgkat;1TiseRKaHfak;
-447- [ETC]
tamrUbxagelI eyIgeXIjfassrRKw H EdlenAecjeRkABI BMnuHkMlaMgkat;1TistamGkS X cMnYn2edIm
nig tamGkS Y cMnYn1edIm. edaysar kMlaMgkat;1TismanGMeBI tamGkS2 dUcenH karepgpat;RtUv
EtBicarNaTaMg2GkSEdr.
Vux R u 416.755kN
5
Vuy R u R u 844.644 kN
1 2
PaBFn;kMlaMgkat;1Tis
f'c
Vcx 0.17MPa B d 743.006kN > Vux 416.755kN
MPa
f'c
Vcy 0.17MPa Ld 919.913 kN > Vuy 844.644kN
MPa
dUecH kMlaMgkat;1Ti s minmaneRKaHfak;eT.

srubrYm karkMNt; kRmas;eCIgtagRKwHdMbUg h 750mm KWRtwmRtUv. dUec HehI y eyIgrkSakRmas;eCIg
tagRKwH h 750mm nUvdEdlsMrab;karKNnasrsEdk.
4-karKNnasrsEdkeCIgRKwH
- KNnasrsEdk tamTis L 2.6 m
rkm:mU g: B; t;tamTis X
hc hc
Left X Right X
2 2

hc
M left
Ru Left X 554.957 kN m
2

hc
M right
Ru Right X 580.037kN m
2

M x max M left M right 580.037 kN m
-448- [ETC]
viFIT1I
rksrsEdkcaM)ac; nig KMlatEdkpl;eGay
kMNt;yk b B 2.1 m nig RsTab;karBarebtu g cover 75mm
bnat;pitEdkEdleRbI DB 20mm
2
DB
nigRkLap1edIm As1
4
314.159 mm
2
kRmas;RbsiTiPaB
d h dpile cover DB 555mm
PaKryEdkGb,brma nig Gtibrma

f'c 28MPa
1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05 min 0.85 0.85
7MPa
u 0.003 enAeBlebtugEbk
f'c
0.25MPa
MPa 1.4MPa
min max 0.0035
fy fy

f'c u
max 0.851 0.0169
fy u 0.005
RkLapEdkRtUvkar
Mx
R x 0.996 MPa
2
0.9b d
f'c
0.85 1 1 2 Rx 0.00255
fy 0.85f'c

edaysar 0.00255 < min 0.0035
naMeGayRklapcaM)ac; RtUveRbIPaKryEdkGb,brmadU cxageRkam
-449- [ETC]
2
As min b d 40.793 cm
As
cMnnY EdkRtUvkar n
As1
12.985
b
KMlatEdkRtUvkar s
n
161.729 mm
KMlatEdkpl;eGay sx Floor ( s 10mm) 160mm
viFIT2I
Mx
jd = d
a
M nx jd 0.9d 499.5 mm
0.9 2
M nx 2
As 32.257 cm
fy jd
1.4MPa 2
As.min B d 40.793 cm
fy

2
2
B ( 20mm) 2
As.pro 41.233 cm
160mm 4
As.pro fy a
a 36.96 mm c 43.482 mm
0.85f'c B 1
dt c
dt d 555mm t u 0.035
c
1.45 250t
0.65 max min 0.9 0.9
3
Mnx As.pro fy d 796.412 kN m

a
2
Mnx
FS 1.373
Mx
-450- [ETC]
EdkRskmaD nigsItuNPaBxagelI
2
As.t 0.0018b h 28.35 cm
2
( 18mm) 2
As0 2.545 cm
4
As0
st_x Floor 10mm 180mm
A
s.t
b
- KNnasrsEdk tamTis B 2.1 m
rkm:mU g: B; t;tamTis Y
bc bc
Bottom Y Top Y
2 2

bc
M bottom
Ru Bottom Y 427.227kN m
2

bc
M top
Ru Top Y 464.554kN m
2

M y max M bottom M top 464.554 kN m

kMNt;yk b L 2.6 m nig RsTab;karBarebtu g cover 75mm
bnat;pitEdkEdleRbI DB 20mm
2
DB
nig Rklap1edIm As1
4
314.159 mm
2
d h dpile cover
DB
kMras;RbsiTiPaB 565mm
2
-451- [ETC]
f'c 28MPa
1 0.65 max 0.85 0.005 min 0.85 0.85
7MPa
u 0.003 enAeBlebtugEbk
f'c
0.25MPa
MPa 1.4MPa
min max 0.0035
fy fy

f'c u
max 0.851 0.0169
fy u 0.005
RklapEdkcaM)ac;
My
R y 0.622 MPa
2
0.9b d
f'c Ry
0.85 1 12 0.00158
fy 0.85f'c

edaysar 0.00158 < min 0.0035
naMeGayRklapcaM)ac; RtUveRbIPaKryEdkGb,brmadU cxageRkam

2
As min b d 51.415 cm
As
cMnnY EdkRtUvkar n
As1
16.366
b
KMlatEdkRtUvkar s
n
158.867 mm
KMlatEdkpl;eGay sy Floor ( s 10mm) 150mm
EdkRskmaD nig sItuNPaBxagelI

2
As.t 0.0018b h 35.1 cm
2
( 18mm) 2
As0 2.545 cm
4
-452- [ETC]
As0
st_y Floor 10mm 180mm
A
s.t
b
2 1 0 1 2
EdkeCI gtagRKwHxageRkam
-453- [ETC]
2
2 1 0 1 2
EdkeCI gtagRKwHxagelI
- BinitRbEvgbgb;Edk
edIm,I eGayRbEvgbgb;EdkRKb;RKan; luHRtaEtepgp at;dUcxageRkam
Lx ld nig Ly ld
Edl L hc
Lx cover 1.025 m
2 2
B bc
Ly cover 0.775 m
2 2
fy t e s
ld = db
1.1 f' c K
tr
c b

db

kgenaH db DB 20 mm f'c 25 MPa fy 400MPa
-454- [ETC]
t 1.0 e 1.0 s 0.8 if db 20mm 1.0
1.0 otherwise
db
cb dpile cover 185mm
2
cb Ktr
Ktr 0 Term 1.5 max min 2.5 2.5
db

fy t e s
ld max db 300mm 465.455 mm
f'c Term
1.1MPa
MPa
Lx ld Ly ld 1
- KNnasrsEdknig RbEvgEdkrgcaM
RklapEdkrgcaMGb,brmay:agehacNas;k As = 0.5% Ac EtmineGayti cCag4edIm.
2
Ac bc hc 1600 cm
2
As 0.005Ac 8 cm
db 16mm
2
db
2
As 4 8.042 cm
4
0.24 db fy 0.043
ldc max db fy 200mm 307.2 mm
MPa f'c MPa

MPa
-455- [ETC]
.: (Combined Pile Cap Design)
D := 300mm
Pu1 := 1693.86 kN
Pu2 := 1678.92kN
Pu1 + Pu2
R u := = 210.799 kN
16

Lx 1000 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
:= mm Piles :=
Ly 1000 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
hc 400
:= mm
bc 300
S := 5000mm
f'c := 25MPa
fy := 400MPa
D1 16mm
Dtop := 16mm
2
D := 16mm
D 20mm
3
D1 + D2 + D3
CL := 75mm + = 92.333 mm
3
nx := cols ( Piles) ny := rows ( Piles)
-456- [ETC]
X := k 1 Y := k 1
for i 1 .. ny for i 1 .. ny
for j 1 .. nx for j 1 .. nx
continue if Pilesi , j = 0 continue if Pilesi , j = 0
Xk j + 1 Lx Yk i + 1 Ly
nx 1 ny 1
2 2
k k + 1 k k + 1
X Y
n := rows ( X) n = 16
L 7.6
L := ( nx 1) Lx + 2 D B := ( ny 1) Ly + 2D = m
B 1.6
L B
L B
1 1
X0 := L Y0 := B
2 2
L B

L B

hc + d S hc + d S bc + d
Inside ( d) := X < + X > + Y <
2 2 2 2 2

Outside ( d) := (Inside ( d) )
hc S hc S
Left ( d) := X < d + Right ( d) := X > d + +
2 2 2 2

S hc S hc
Center ( d) := X < d + X > + d +
2 2 2 2
-457- [ETC]
bc bc
Bottom ( d) := Y < d + Top ( d) := Y > d +
2 2
(Punching shear)
Vu ( d) := R u
Outside (d)

(Punching shear strength)
hc
:= b0 ( d) := 2 ( bc + d + hc + d) 2
bc
s := if ( Stub = "Interior" , 40 , if ( Stub = "Edge" , 30 , 20) )
f'c
Vc1 ( d) := 0.75 0.33MPa b0 ( d) d
MPa
f'c
Vc2 ( d) := 0.75 0.17 1 +
2
MPa b0 ( d) d
MPa
s d f'c
Vc3 ( d) := 0.75 0.083 + 2 MPa b0 ( d) d
b0 ( d) MPa
Vc ( d) := min ( Vc1 ( d) , Vc2 ( d) , Vc3 ( d) )
(Beam shears)
Vu1 ( d) := R u max

Left ( d) +
Right ( d) ,

Center ( d)

Vu2 ( d) := R u max

Bottom ( d) ,
Top ( d)

(Beam shear strength)
f'c
Vc1 ( d) := 2 0.75 0.17MPa B d
MPa
-458- [ETC]
f'c
Vc2 ( d) := 0.75 0.17MPa L d
MPa
(Depth of pile cap)
d := d 1 mm
while ( Vu ( d) > Vc ( d) ) ( Vu1 ( d) > Vc1( d) ) ( Vu2 ( d) > Vc2( d) )
d d + 1 mm
d
d = 800 mm
h := d + CL = 892.333 mm h := Ceil ( h , 50mm) = 900 mm
d := h CL d = 807.667 mm
(Design of Reinforcement )
hc S hc S
ML := R u X Left( 0) MR := R u X Right( 0)
2 2 2 2
R u.TL := R u 8 = 1686.39 kN

S ( X < 0) X R
M 1 := Pu1 +
2 u

S ( X > 0) X R
M 2 := Pu2 +
2 u

MC := max ( M 1 , M 2) MC = 861.87 kN m
M1 := max ( ML , MR) M1 = 337.278 kN m
bc bc
MB := R u Y Bottom ( 0) MT := R u Y Top ( 0)
2 2
M2 := max ( MB , MT) M2 = 590.236 kN m
-459- [ETC]
0.25 f'c MPa 1.4MPa
min := max , = 0.0035
f y f y
shrinkage := 0.0018
Mu
As ( M u , b , d) := Rn
2
0.9 b d
f'c 2R n
0.85 1 1
fy 0.85 f'c
ratio if > min
4
min if < min <
3
4 4
if shrinkage < < min
3 3
shrinkage otherwise
ratio b d
As1 := As ( M1 , B , d) As2 := As ( M2 , L , d) As3 := As ( MC , B , d)
2 2 2
As1 = 23.261 cm As2 = 110.489 cm As3 = 40.415 cm
2
D1 As1 B 2 50mm
Asb1 := n1 := floor = 11 S1 :=
4 Asb1 n1
S1 := Floor ( S1 , 10mm) S1 = 130 mm
2
D2 As2 L 2 50mm
Asb2 := n2 := floor = 54 S2 :=
4 Asb2 n2
S2 := Floor ( S2 , 10mm) S2 = 130 mm
-460- [ETC]
2
D3 As3 B 2 50mm
Asb3 := n3 := floor = 12 S3 :=
4 Asb3 n3
S3 := Floor ( S3 , 10mm) S3 = 120 mm
shrinkage 2
Ast := L h if Steel = 1 h < 900mm Dtop
2 Asb :=
4
shrinkage L h if Steel = 1 h 900mm
0 otherwise
Ast L 2 50mm
nt := floor = 61 St := if Steel = 1
Asb nt
0 otherwise
St := Floor ( St , 10mm) = 120 mm
L D1 S1
n1
m mm mm
B 7.6 11 16 130
D2 S2
Table := n2 Table = 1.6 54 16 130
m mm mm 7.6 12 20 120

L D3 S3
m n3
mm mm
Dtop St
Topbar := nt Topbar = ( 61 16 120 )
mm mm
-461- [ETC]
1
4 2 0 2 4

Punching and Beam Shear - Thu Oct 04 05:24:28 PM 2012
0.5
4 2 0 2 4
0.5

Vu ( d) = 2529.585 kN Vc ( d) = 9256.587 kN
0.5
4 2 0 2 4
0.5

Vu1 ( d) = 843.195 kN Vu2 ( d) = 0 kN
Vc1 ( d) = 1647.64 kN Vc2 ( d) = 3913.145 kN

(Dimension of pile cap) B = 1.6 m L = 7.6 m
-462- [ETC]
. (Bearing Capacity of Bored Pile)
1.
FS 4
Ds 0.6m
Db Ds
' 45deg
kN
Es 40500
2
m
' 25deg

s 0.1 0.3 0.4
20deg
Df 1m
Dp 14m
0
3 20 0

21 kN 0
deg
kN
Z 7.5 m 9.81
13.5 21 m3 m
3 0

21 45
17.0
i 1 rows ( ) di Zi1 Zi
kN
1 0 i 1 rows ( ) i1 i i di
2
m
kN
f linterp Z Df f 10.19
2
m
kN
0 ( z) linterp ( Z z) f 0 ( 20m ) 210.61
2
m
kN
q' 0 Dp q' 143.47
2
m
( z) 0.8 ( 14m ) 36 deg

( Zz)
-463- [ETC]
(Pile length)
L Dp Df L 13 m
(Bearing capacity factor)
2
Nq tan 45deg
' tan ( ')
e Nq 134.874
2
Nc Nq 1 cot ( ') Nc 133.874
N 2 Nq 1 tan ( ') N 271.748
/ (Shape factor)
Fqs 1 tan ( ') Fqs 2
Fqd 1 2 tan ( ') ( 1 sin ( ') ) atan

2 L
Fqd 1.262
Db
Irc 0.5 exp 2.85 cot 45deg

'
Irc 486.561
2
Es
Ir Ir 100.817
2 1 s q' tan ( ')
kN
pa 100
2
m
' 25deg q'

0.005 1 0
20deg pa
Ir
Irr Irr 100.817
1 Ir
Fqc 1 if Irr Irc 0.419
3.07 sin ( ') log 2 Irr

exp 3.8 tan ( ')
1 sin ( ')
(Bearing capacity of pile at the base)
2
Db 2
Ap 0.283 m
4
-464- [ETC]
Qp1
Qp1 Ap q' Nq 1 Fqs Fqd Fqc 1435.982 kN
FS
(Frictional resistance)
' ' 45 deg

ZDp
D
p
Qs1 Ds ( 1 sin ( ') ) 0 ( z) ( 1 tan ( ( z) ) ) dz 537.075 kN
D
f
(Allowable bearing capacity of the pile)
Qu1
Qu1 Qp1 Qs1 Qa1 1570.251 kN
FS
2.
FS 4
Ds 0.6m
Db Ds
' 41deg
kN
Es 33000
2
m
' 25deg

s 0.1 0.3 0.34
20deg

Df 1m

Dp 14m
0
3 20 0

21 kN 0
deg
kN
Z 7.5 m 9.81
12 21 m3 m
3 0

21 41
15.5
i 1 rows ( ) di Zi1 Zi
-465- [ETC]
kN
1 0 i 1 rows ( ) i1 i i di
2
m
kN
f linterp Z Df f 10.19
2
m
kN
0 ( z) linterp ( Z z) f 0 ( 20m ) 210.61
2
m
kN
q' 0 Dp q' 143.47
2
m
( z) 0.8 ( 14m ) 32.8 deg

( Zz)
(Pile length)
L Dp Df L 13 m
2
'
Nq tan 45deg e
tan ( ')
Nq 73.897
2
Nc Nq 1 cot ( ') Nc 83.858
N 2 Nq 1 tan ( ') N 130.214
/ (Shape factor)
Fqs 1 tan ( ') Fqs 1.869
Fqd 1 2 tan ( ') ( 1 sin ( ') ) atan

2 L
Fqd 1.314
Db
Irc 0.5 exp 2.85 cot 45deg
'
Irc 259.981
2
Es
Ir Ir 98.731
2 1 s q' tan ( ')
kN
pa 100
2
m
' 25deg q'

0.005 1 0.00143
20deg pa
-466- [ETC]
Ir
Irr Irr 86.481
1 Ir
Fqc 1 if Irr Irc 0.559
3.07 sin ( ') log 2 Irr

exp 3.8 tan ( ')
1 sin ( ')
(Bearing capacity of pile at the base)
2
Db 2
Ap 0.283 m
4
Qp2
Qp2 Ap q' Nq 1 Fqs Fqd Fqc 1014.834 kN
FS

(Frictional resistance)
' ' 41 deg

ZDp
D
p
Qs2 Ds ( 1 sin ( ') ) 0 ( z) ( 1 tan ( ( z) ) ) dz 708.011 kN
D
f
(Allowable bearing capacity of the pile)
Qu2
Qu2 Qp2 Qs2 Qa2 1191.837 kN
FS
min Qp1 Qp2
Qap 1014.834 kN
FS
Qa min Qa1 Qa2 1191.837 kN
(Axial capacity of concrete section)
f'c 25MPa
2
f'c Ds
Pn.max Pn.max 1767.146 kN
4 4
(Steel reinforcement)
2 2
Ds 2 ( 16 mm) 2
As 0.5% 14.137 cm 8 16.085 cm
4 4
-467- [ETC]

KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA

NATION RELIGION KING
r r[s s

Engineering and Technology Center

CALCULATION NOTE

Project: Guest House Building

Calculated by: SOK RASMEY, M. Eng,
,
PHNOM PENH, January 2012
Project: 10 Story Guest House Calculation Note
I. (DESIGN STANDARD AND SPECIFICATION )
1.1 (Design Criteria)
ACI
The design criteria for RC structures shall be conformed to ACI Code.

ASCE
All design load and wind load calculation method on the building shall be conformed to ASCE.
1.2 (Design Codes and Specification)

Generally, Codes and Standards are complied with international standards.

The codes and standards adopted are listed below:
- ACI 318M-08
- ACI 318M-08 for Structural RC Design
- ACI DETAILING MANUAL-2004
- ACI DETAILING MANUAL-2004 for Details and Detailing of Concrete Reinforcement
- ASTM

- ASTM SPECIFICATION for Materails use
- ASCE 7-05
- ASCE 7-05 for Minimum Design Loads on Structures
- CRSI (DESIGN HANBOOK 2008)
- CRSI Standard (DESIGN HANBOOK 2008) for Spread Footing and Pile Caps
- IBC 2009 / ASCE 7-05
- IBC 2009 / ASCE 7-05 for Load Combination
Note: ACI DETAILING MANUAL-2004 including:
- Details and Detailing of Concrete Reinforcement (ACI 315-99)
- Manual of Structural and Placing Drawings for Reinforced Concrete Structures(ACI 315R-04)
- Suppoting Reference Data
1.3 (Materials)

The materials used in the construction shall be conformed to the following:

ASTM

Concrete strength shall be conformed to ASTM corresponding to cylinder sample.
ASTM 615M
Steel reinforcement shall be conformed to ASTM 615M or Equivalent.
Calculated by: SOK RASMEY, M. Eng, ETC Page-1-

II. (STRUCTURAL DESIGN)
2.1 (Structural Plan)
:
(LEGENT): (BH)
C1: 500500 C2: 500500
C3: 300400 C4: 300300

:
(LEGENT): (BH)
B1: 250450 B2: 200400
B'1: 250500 B'2: 200400 B3: 200350

:
(LEGENT):
S1:125mm S2: 115mm

2.2 (Material Strength)
- (Concrete compressive strength)

f'c = 25MPa

(for beam slab staircase and pile cap)

f'c = 30MPa

(for column and RC plie)
- (Steel strength)
(steel yield strength for DB)
fy = 400MPa
fy = 235MPa (steel yield strength for RB)
2.3 / (Design Loads on Structures / Gravity Loads)
2.3.1
(Loads on Slab)
kN kN

Covering = 50mm 22 = 1.1
3 2
(Floor covering) m m
kN
(Ceiling) Ceiling = 0.4
2
m
kN
(Partition) Partition = 1.0
2
m
kN

Mechanical = 0.4
2
(Mechanical and Eletronic) m
kN

SDL = Covering + Ceiling + Partition ... = 2.9
2
(Superimosed dead load) + Mechanical m

(Live load on floor for Hospitals)
kN
LL = 1.92 (Private rooms)
2
m
kN
LL = 3.83 (Corridors above first floor)
2
m
kN

LLr = 1.0 (Terrace)
2
(Live load on roof slab) m
2.3.2
(Loads on Stair)
IBC (IBC 1009)

100 mm R 175mm
nosing T 280mm
W = 1.1m
L head = 2m
Llanding 3.6m
Ntread = Nrise 1
2R + T = 640 mm
(For waist):

T = 300mm R = 175mm
(Tread and Riser)

R
= atan = 30.256 deg
(Slop angle)
T
kN
50mm ( T + R) 1m 22
3
m kN
Finishing = = 1.742
(Ceramic and bedding) T 1m m
2
T R kN 1m kN
(Step) Step = 24 = 2.1
m T 1m
2 3 2
m

2
kN 1m kN
Rendering = 20mm 20 = 0.463
3 2 2
(Rendering) m 1m cos ( ) m
kN
Handrail = 0.5
2
(Handrail) m
kN
DLwaist = Finishing + Step + Rendering + Handrail = 4.805
(Total dead load) 2
m
kN
LLstair = 4.8
(Live load on waist) 2
m
(For landing) :

kN kN
Finishing = 50mm 22 = 1.1
(Ceramic and bedding) 3 2
m m
kN kN
Rendering = 20mm 20 = 0.4
3 2
(Rendering) m m
kN
DLlanding = Finishing + Rendering = 1.5
2
(Total dead load) m
kN
LLstair = 4.8
2
(Live load on landing) m
2.3.3
(Hollow Clay Brick Wall)
2
( 30 mm ) 3
(Void Valume) Void = 180mm 4 = 508.938 cm
4
Wall10 = 120mm Void

55 kN kN
=
2
20 1.84
3 2
m m m
Wall20 = 230mm Void

110 kN kN
= 3.48
2 20
3 2
m m m
2.4 / (Wind Load Calculation on Building / Lateral Loads)
(Exposure Category) :
B =
C =
D = ()


B 1 I 1 0.87

C = 2 II = 2 Importance =
1.0
D 3 III 3 1.15

4 1.15
IV
km m
V = 120 V = 33.333 V = 74.565 mph
hr s
Exposure = C
Class = II (Classification of Building)

Kd = 0.85 (Directionality Factor)
Kzt = 1 (Topography Factor)

G = 0.85 (Guest Factor)
I = ImportanceClass = 1 (Importance Factor)

366m 7.0

Vzg = 274 m V = 9.5

213m 11.5

zg = Vzg zg = 274 m
Exposure
= VExposure = 9.5
2

max (z , 4.6 m)
Kz( z) = 2.01
zg

2
N V kN
qs = 0.613 qs = 0.681
2 m
2
m m
s

3.25
2.6
3.5

3.5
3.5
3.5

H = 3.5 m
3.5

3.5
3.5

3.5

3.5
4.08

(Total Height of Building)
Htotal =
H = 44.93 m

B = 22.2m


L = 12m
L
= = 0.541
B

(Velocity pressure)
qz( z) = qs Kd Kz( z)Kzt I
( )
Kh = Kz Htotal = 1.374
kN
qh = qs Kd Kh Kzt I = 0.795
2
m
(Design wind pressure):
( )
pz z , Cp = qz( z) G Cp
ph ( Cp) = qh G Cp
(External pressure coefficient):
Cp.windward = 0.8
(Windward)
0 0.5
1 0.5

Cp.leeward = linterp 2 , 0.3 , Cp.leeward = 0.5
(Leeward) 4 0.2

40 0.2
Cp.side = 0.7
(Sidewall)

1. (Interior Frame)
5.4m 4.2 m

Bwind.int1 = + = 4.8 m Bwind.int2 = 4.2 m
2 2
4.2 m 2.9m
Bwind.int3 = + = 3.55 m
2 2

Blee.int1 = 4.8m Blee.int2 = 4.2 m Blee.int3 = 3.55m
Bside.int = 6 m

2. (Edge Frame)
5.4m 2.9m

Bwind.edge1 = + 2m = 4.7 m Bwind.edge2 = = 1.45 m
2 2


Blee.edge1 = 4.7m Blee.edge2 = 1.45m
6m
Bside.edge = = 3m
2
n = rows( H) n = 13

i
Hi
i = 1 .. n zi =
Hk
2
zn+1 =
H
k=1
44.93
42.89
39.10
35.60
32.10
28.60
25.10
reverse( z) = m
21.60
18.10
14.60
11.10
7.60
4.55
1.63
Hi Hi
di = dn+1 = 0m di+1 = di+1 +
2 2
2.04
3.79
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
reverse( d) = m
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.05
2.925
1.625


i = 1 .. n
-
zi+ 1

Pwind.int1 =
i
( )
pz z , Cp.windward dz Bwind.int1
zi
zi+ 1

Pwind.int2 =
i
( )
zi
zi+ 1

Pwind.int3 =
i
( )
zi
( )
Plee.int1 = ph Cp.leeward di+1Blee.int1
i
Plee.int2 = ph (Cp.leeward) di+1Blee.int2
i
Plee.int3 = ph ( Cp.leeward) di+1Blee.int3
i
Pside.int = ph (Cp.side) di+1Bside.int
i
Ptotal.int1 = Pwind.int1 + Plee.int1
zi+ 1

Pwind.edge1 =
i
( )
pz z , Cp.windward dz Bwind.edge1
zi
zi+ 1

Pwind.edge2 =
i
( )
pz z , Cp.windward dz Bwind.edge2
zi
(
Plee.edge1 = ph Cp.leeward di+1Blee.edge1
i
)
(
Plee.edge2 = ph Cp.leeward di+1Blee.edge2
i
)
(
Pside.edge = ph Cp.side di+1Bside.edge
i
)
Ptotal.edge1 = Pwind.edge1 + Plee.edge1

Ptotal.edge2 = Pwind.edge2 + Plee.edge2
: Bwind.int1 = 4.8 m
Can; kMBs;Can; xl;rujmux xl;bWteRkay xl;Tajxag xl;srub

(m) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN)
dMbUl 4.08 5.270 3.310 5.792 8.580
10 3.50 9.650 6.149 10.760 15.798

9 3.50 8.738 5.678 9.937 14.417
8 3.50 8.559 5.678 9.937 14.237
7 3.50 8.364 5.678 9.937 14.043
6 3.50 8.151 5.678 9.937 13.830
5 3.50 7.915 5.678 9.937 13.593
4 3.50 7.648 5.678 9.937 13.327
3 3.50 7.341 5.678 9.937 13.020
2 3.50 6.977 5.678 9.937 12.655
1 3.50 6.522 5.678 9.937 12.201
eLAetO 2.60 5.186 4.948 8.659 10.135
pal;dI 3.25 4.70 4.75 8.30 9.44
:

Bwind.int2 = 4.2 m
Can; kMBs;Can; xl;rujmux xl;btW eRkay xl;Tajxag xl;srub

(m) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN)
dMbUl 4.08 4.611 2.896 5.792 7.507
10 3.50 8.443 5.380 10.760 13.824

9 3.50 7.646 4.969 9.937 12.615
8 3.50 7.489 4.969 9.937 12.458
7 3.50 7.319 4.969 9.937 12.287
6 3.50 7.132 4.969 9.937 12.101
5 3.50 6.925 4.969 9.937 11.894
4 3.50 6.692 4.969 9.937 11.661
3 3.50 6.424 4.969 9.937 11.392
2 3.50 6.105 4.969 9.937 11.073
1 3.50 5.707 4.969 9.937 10.676
eLAetO 2.60 4.538 4.330 8.659 8.868
pal;dI 3.25 4.11 4.15 8.30 8.26

: Bwind.int3 = 3.55 m

(m) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN)
dMbUl 4.08 3.897 2.448 5.792 6.345
10 3.50 7.137 4.548 10.760 11.684

9 3.50 6.463 4.200 9.937 10.662
8 3.50 6.330 4.200 9.937 10.530
7 3.50 6.186 4.200 9.937 10.386
6 3.50 6.028 4.200 9.937 10.228
5 3.50 5.854 4.200 9.937 10.053
4 3.50 5.656 4.200 9.937 9.856
3 3.50 5.430 4.200 9.937 9.629
2 3.50 5.160 4.200 9.937 9.360
1 3.50 4.824 4.200 9.937 9.023
eLAetO 2.60 3.836 3.660 8.659 7.495
pal;dI 3.25 3.48 3.51 8.30 6.99
: Bwind.edge1 = 4.7 m
Can; kMBs;Can; xl;rujmux xl;btW eRkay xl;Tajxag xl;Tajxag

(m) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN)
dMbUl 4.08 5.160 3.241 5.792 8.401
10 3.50 9.449 6.021 10.760 15.469

9 3.50 8.556 5.560 9.937 14.116
8 3.50 8.381 5.560 9.937 13.941
7 3.50 8.190 5.560 9.937 13.750
6 3.50 7.981 5.560 9.937 13.541
5 3.50 7.750 5.560 9.937 13.310
4 3.50 7.489 5.560 9.937 13.049
3 3.50 7.188 5.560 9.937 12.749
2 3.50 6.832 5.560 9.937 12.392
1 3.50 6.386 5.560 9.937 11.946
eLAetO 2.60 5.078 4.845 8.659 9.924
pal;dI 3.25 4.60 4.65 8.30 9.25

: Bwind.edge2 = 1.45 m

(m) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN)
dMbUl 4.08 1.592 1.000 2.896 2.592
10 3.50 2.915 1.857 5.380 4.772

9 3.50 2.640 1.715 4.969 4.355
8 3.50 2.586 1.715 4.969 4.301
7 3.50 2.527 1.715 4.969 4.242
6 3.50 2.462 1.715 4.969 4.178
5 3.50 2.391 1.715 4.969 4.106
4 3.50 2.310 1.715 4.969 4.026
3 3.50 2.218 1.715 4.969 3.933
2 3.50 2.108 1.715 4.969 3.823
1 3.50 1.970 1.715 4.969 3.686
eLAetO 2.60 1.567 1.495 4.330 3.062
pal;dI 3.25 1.42 1.43 4.15 2.85


2.5 (Design of Beams)
2.5.1 B1 (Beam B1) LB1 = 6m
:
B1
Lb = 6m
La = 4.2 m
La
= 0.7 > 0.5,

Lb
( )
Perimeter = L a + Lb 2 = 20.4 m
Perimeter
hmin = = 113.333 mm
180
ts = 115mm
- (bh)
LB1
hmin = = 324.324 mm h = 500mm
18.5
bmin = ( 0.3 0.6 )h = ( 150 300 ) mm bw = 250mm

kN kN
-
(
B1 = bw h ts 25 ) 3
= 2.406
m
m
kN
-
wwall = Wall10 3.5m = 6.441
m
kN kN
- slab = ts 25 = 2.875
3 2
m m
kN
- DL = SDL + slab = 5.775
2
m
kN
- LL = 2.0
2
m
45deg
B1
( ):
2 3
k = 1 2 +
La
2
= = 0.35
Lb
2 3
k = 1 2 + = 0.798


kN
wDL = 2 DL 2.1m k + B1 + wwall = 28.199
m
kN
wLL = 2 LL 2.1m k = 6.702
m
kN
( )
wu = 1.2wDL + 1.6wLL = 44.563
m
wu
- (Ultimate Moment)

ACI
: ACI

1 2
Mneg.end = wu L B1 = 100.266 kNm
16
1 2
Mpos = wu LB1 = 114.59 kNm
14
1 2
Mneg.int = wu LB1 = 178.25 kNm
9
- (Construct the moment diagram)
L = LB1 = 6 m
Mneg.int Mneg.end L
a = + = 3.292 m
wu L 2
Mneg.end

100.266 0 0
M1 = Mpos = 114.59 kNm X1 = a = 3.292 m
178.25
M
neg.int L 6
Mneg.int 0

178.25 0
M2 = Mpos = 114.59 kNm X2 = = 3 m
L
100.266 2
Mneg.end L 6

S1 = pspline X1 , M1 ( ) (
Mext( x) = interp S1 , X1 , M1 , x )
S2 = pspline X2 , M2 ( ) (
Mint( x) = interp S2 , X2 , M2 , x )
L
X = 0, .. L
30
Moment Diagram
200
Moment Value (KN.m)
120
40
40
120
200
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Span Length (m)

:

- (Longitudinal bar)
f'c = 25MPa fy = 400MPa
cover = 30 mm
1.
: T
Mu = Mpos = 114.59 kNm
S = 4.2 m
hf = ts = 115 mm
LB1
b = min , S , bw + 16 hf = 1500 mm
4
20mm

d = h cover + 6mm + = 454 mm
2

f'c 28MPa
1 = 0.65 max 0.85 0.05 min 0.85 = 0.85
7MPa
u = 0.003
f'c u
max = 0.851 = 0.0169
f y u + 0.005
f'c
0.25MPa
MPa 1.4MPa
min = max ,
f f = 0.0035
y y

hf
Mnf = 0.85f'c hf b d = 1453.42 kNm
2
= 0.9
Mnf = 1308.078 kNm
Beam = "is rectagular section." if Mu Mnf
"is Tee section." otherwise
Beam = "is rectagular section."
2
2Mu
a = d d if Beam = "is rectagular section."
0.85f'c b
hf

2
2Mu 2hf( b b w) d 2
d d otherwise
0.85f'c bw b
w
a = 8.885 mm

C=T 0.85f'c a b = As f y
0.85f'c a b 2
As.req = = 7.08 cm
fy
2
(18 mm ) 2
As.pro = 3 = 7.634 cm
4
As.pro
min = 0.0035 < = = 0.007 < max = 0.0169 , OK
bw d

18mm
dt = h cover + 6mm + = 455 mm
2
As.pro f y
a = = 9.58 mm
0.85f'c b
a
c = = 11.271 mm
1
dt c
t = u = 0.118 > 0.005
c
= 0.9
a
Mn = As.pro f y d = 123.455 kNm
2
Mn
FS = = 1.077
Mu
Beam = "is safe." if FS 1.0

"is not safe." otherwise
Beam = "is safe."

2.
Mu = Mneg.int = 178.25 kNm
2()
30 mm
d = h cover + 6mm + 18mm + = 431 mm
2
= 0.9
Mu
Mn = = 198.056 kNm


Mn
Rn = = 4.265 MPa
2
bw d
f'c 2Rn
= 0.85 1 1 = 0.012
fy 0.85f'c

Beam = "is singly reinforced" if max
"is doubly reinforced" otherwise
Beam = "is singly reinforced"
( )
As.req = max min , bw d = 12.954 cm
2
2
( 20mm ) 2
20mm , Asb = = 3.142 cm
4
As.req
n = = 4.123
Asb
2
A
s.pro = 5 Asb = 15.708 cm
bmin = 2cover + 2stirrup + nDb + (n 1) sv
cover =
stirrup =
n =
Db =
sv =
bmin = 2 30 mm + 2 6mm + 3 20mm + ( 3 1) 40mm = 212 mm
Web = "is enough." if b min b w Web = "is enough."
"is not enough." otherwise

As.pro fy
a = = 118.272 mm
0.85f'c b w
a
c = = 139.143 mm
1
20mm
dt = h cover + 6mm + = 454 mm
2
dt a
t = u = 0.0072
c
1.45 + 250t
= 0.65 max min 0.9 = 0.9
3

a
2
Mn

FS = = 1.18 > 1.0, O.K
Mu
3.
Mu = Mneg.end = 100.266 kNm
2
( 18 mm ) 2
As = 3 = 7.634 cm
4
bw = 250 mm h = 500 mm
As f y
a = = 57.48 mm
0.85f'c b w
a
c = = 67.624 mm
1
dt c
dt = 454 mm t = u = 0.017
c
= 0.9

a
Mn = As fy d = 110.552 kNm
2
a
Mn = 0.85f'c a bw d = 110.552 kNm
2
Mn
FS = = 1.103
Mu
Section = "is satisfactory." if FS 1.0

"is unsaticsfactory." otherwise
Section = "is satisfactory."
- (Stirrup)
kN

wu = 44.563
m

L = LB1 500mm = 5.5 m
wu L

V0 = = 122.547 kN
2
bw = 250 mm h = 500 mm
30mm
d = h 30 mm + 6mm + 20mm + = 429 mm
2
() bc = 400mm hc = 500mm
f'c = 25 MPa
fys = 235MPa
2
(6mm ) 2
Av = 3 = 84.823 mm
4

= 0.75

d = 429 mm
Vu = V0 wu d = 103.43 kN

V( x) = V0 wu x
L
x1 = 0 , .. L
30
Shear diagram
200
120
V ( x)
40
kN
V ( x1)
40
kN
120
200
0 1.1 2.2 3.3 4.4 5.5
x , x1
f'c
Vc = 0.17MPa b d = 91.162 kN Vc = 68.372 kN
MPa w
Vc
V0
2
xc = xc = 1.983 m
wu
V0 Vc
xmin =
wu xmin = 1.216 m
xc Vu
Xc = Yc =
xc Vu

xmin Vu
Xmin = Ymin =
xmin Vu

Shear diagram
200
V ( x)
kN 120
V ( x1)
kN 40
Yc
kN 40
Ymin
kN 120
200
0 0.786 1.571 2.357 3.143 3.929 4.714 5.5
x , x1 , Xc , Xmin
0:

f'c
Vs.max = 0.66MPa b d = 353.925 kN
MPa w
Vu
Vs = Vc = 46.744 kN

Concrete = "is enough." if Vs Vs.max Concrete = "is enough."
Av f ys Av fys
smax1 = min , = 227.81 mm
f'c 0.35MPa b w
0.062 MPa bw
MPa

smax2 =
d
min , 600 mm if Vs 2Vc = 214.5 mm
2
d
min , 300mm otherwise
4
( ( )
smax = Floor min smax1 , smax2 , 10mm = 210 mm )

Av f ys d
Vs.min = = 40.721 kN
smax
(
V0 Vs.min + Vc )
xmax = = 0.53 m
wu
xmax V0
Xmax = Ymax =
xmax V0

Shear diagram
200
V ( x)
kN
120
V ( x1)
kN
Yc 40
kN
Ymin
40
kN
Ymax
kN 120
200
0 0.786 1.571 2.357 3.143 3.929 4.714 5.5
x , x1 , Xc , Xmin , Xmax

L
1. d = 429 mm
= 1.375 m
4
Stirrup = "is Minimum." if Vu Vc
"is Requried." otherwise
Stirrup = "is Requried."
Av fys d
sreq = = 182.942 mm
Vs
ssup = 150 mm
L L
2. = 1.375 m = 2.75 m
4 2
V0.25L = V0 wu 0.25L = 61.274 kN
f'c
Vc = 0.17MPa b d = 91.162 kN Vc = 68.372 kN
MPa w
Stirrup = "is Minimum." if V0.25L Vc Stirrup = "is Minimum."
"is Requried." otherwise
smax = 210 mm
L/4 L/2 s0.25L = 200 mm
3.
- 50mm

- 8 ssup = 150 mm (8RB6@150) 1.25m
- 7 s0.25L = 200 mm (7RB6@200)
1.25m 2.65m
-

-
60mm
0
L 60 mm

YB = d + 60mm

XB = L
0 d + 60 mm
60mm
0

0.5hc L + 0.5hc 60mm 60mm

X0 = Y0 =
0.5hc L + 0.5hc d + 60mm d + 60mm

0.5hc 0.5hc 0 d
X01 = Y01 =
L + 0.5hc L + 0.5hc 0 d

L 50mm L n s
4 2 s sup
ns = floor = 8 nm = floor = 7
ssup s0.25L

i = 1 .. ns j = 1 .. nm
1 100 mm
Xs =
100 mm
1
i ssup
i+1 i 0
Xs = Xs + Ys =
i ssup d

n +1+i 0
n +1+i L i s
s
= Xs Ys =
Xs
L d
j ns ssup + j s0.25L j 0
=
Xm Ym =
ns ssup + j s0.25L d

n +1+j 0
n +1+j L j m
m
= Xm Ym =
Xm
L d

e b = 600 mm
0 30mm 30mm

bw b w 30mm
30 mm
0
bw X1 = bw 30mm
Y1 = h 30 mm

0
b b 30mm h 30mm
e w
+ bw h hf 30mm
2 30mm
b b h hf
e w
X = + bw Y = h
nmid = 3 nsup = 5
2
b b h
CL = 50mm k = 1 .. 3 j = 1 .. 2
e w h h
2 f
b w 2 CL
b b h hf sm = = 75 mm
e w
nmid 1
2 0
0 bw 2 CL
ss =
21
= 150 mm
0
k k
XMb = ( CL ) + ( k 1) sm YMb = ( CL )
j
XMt = ( CL ) + ( j 1) ss j
= ( h CL )
YMt
k k
XSt = ( CL ) + ( k 1) sm YSt = ( h CL )
j j
XSt1 = ( CL ) + ( j 1) ss YSt1 = h ( CL + 50mm )
j j
XSb = ( CL ) + ( j 1) ss YSb = ( CL )
Stirrup Distribution

: :
-
(Control of Deflection)
kN

wDL = 28.199
m
kN
w
LL = 6.702 m
kN
w0.2L = 0.20 wLL = 1.34
m

(
)

The beam will support nonstructural partitions that would be damaged if large deflections
were to occure.

f'c = 25MPa
fy = 400MPa

Ln = LB1 500mm = 5.5 m
bw = 250 mm b = 1500 mm
h = 500 mm hf = 115 mm
20mm
d = 429 mm d' = 30 mm + 6mm + = 46 mm
2

kN
w = wDL + wLL = 34.901
m
2
wLn
Msupport.end = = 65.986 kNm
16
2
w Ln
Msupport.int = = 117.308 kNm
9
2
wL n
Mmidspan = = 75.412 kNm
14
2
w Ln
M0 = = 131.971 kNm
8
2
( 18 mm ) 2
As = 3 = 7.634 cm
4
2
(20mm ) 2
As = 5 = 15.708 cm
4
2
( 18mm ) 2
A's = 2 = 5.089 cm
4
2
( 20mm ) 2
As = 3 = 9.425 cm
4
(Modular's ratio)
Es = 2 105MPa ( )

f'c
Ec = 4800MPa = 24000 MPa ( )
MPa
Es
n = floor = 8
E
c
/ (modulus of rapture)
f'c
fr = 0.623 MPa = 3.115 MPa
MPa
(a)
2
( 18 mm ) 2
As = 3 = 7.634 cm
4
Ma = Mmidspan = 75.412 kNm
(Ai yi)
i=1
yc =
n
(Ai)
i=1
hf
(
A1 = hf b bw = 1437.5 cm ) 2
y1 =
2
= 57.5 mm
2 h
A2 = bw h = 1250 cm y2 = = 250 mm
2
A1 y1 + A2 y2
yc = = 147.035 mm
A1 + A2
n
Ig =
Ii + Ai (yi)2

i=1
I1 =
(b bw)hf3 I2 =
bw h
3
12 12

(
Ig = I1 + A1 y1 yc )2 + I2 + A2 (y2 yc)2 = 524018.926 cm4
(Cracking moment)
yt = h yc = 352.965 mm
Ig f r
Mcr = = 46.246 kNm
yt
(
)
As
= = 0.00119
bd
2
k = ( n) + 2 n n = 0.129
xm = k d = 55.173 mm < hf = 115 mm,

3
b xm
Icr =
3
(
+ n As d xm )2 = 93744.34 cm4

Mcr
3

(Ig Icr) , Ig =
4
Iem = min Icr + 192974.361 cm
Ma
(b)
b w h
2
(20mm ) 2
As = 5 = 15.708 cm
4
2
( 18mm ) 2
A's = 2 = 5.089 cm
4
Ma = Msupport.int = 117.308 kNm

h
yt = = 250 mm
2
3
bw h 4
Ig = = 260416.667 cm
12
Ig f r
Mcr = = 32.448 kNm
yt
x
bw x + (n 1) A's( x d') = nAs( d x)
2
2
(n 1)A's + nAs (n 1)A's d' + n As d
x +2 x2 =0
bw bw
(n 1)A's + nAs
p = 2 = 0.129 m
bw
(n 1)A's d' + nAs d 2

q = 2 = 0.044 m
bw
2
p + 4q p
xint = = 155.941 mm x = xint = 155.941 mm
2
3
bw x 2 2 4
Icr = + n As ( d x) + (n 1) A's ( x d') = 129603.389 cm
3
Mcr
3

(Ig Icr) , Ig =
4
Ie.int = min Icr + 132371.818 cm
Ma

(c)
b w h
2
( 20mm ) 2
As = 3 = 9.425 cm
4
Ma = Msupport.end = 65.986 kNm
h
yt = = 250 mm
2
3
bw h 4
Ig = = 260416.667 cm
12
Ig f r
Mcr = = 32.448 kNm
yt
As
= = 0.00146
bd
2
k = ( n) + 2 n n = 0.142
xend = k d = 60.837 mm x = xend = 60.837 mm
3
bw x 2 2 4
Icr = + n As ( d x) + (n 1) A's ( x d') = 104152.446 cm
3
Mcr
3

(Ig Icr) , Ig =
4
Ie.end = min Icr + 122733.636 cm
Ma

4
Ie = 0.85Iem + 0.15Ie.end = 182438.253 cm (
)

(d)
M0
K = 1.2 0.2 = 0.85
Ma
2
5Ma Ln
D.L = K = 4.613 mm
48Ec Ie
' = 0 = 2.00

= =2
1 + 50'
wDL
D = D.L = 7.454 mm
wDL + wLL
w0.2L
(
0.20L = 1 + D.L )
wDL + wLL
= 0.532 mm
0.80wLL
0.80L = D.L = 0.709 mm
wDL + wLL
Total = D + 0.20L + 0.80L = 8.695 mm
Ln
= 15.278 mm > 0.80L = 0.709 mm OK
360
Ln
= 11.458 mm > Total = 8.695 mm OK
480

Ln = 5.5 m


- (Control of Cracking)
(a)
Ma = Msupport.int = 117.308 kNm

x = xint = 155.941 mm

n=8
3
bx 2 4
Icr = + nAs ( d x) = 245822.7 cm
3
Ma

fs = ( d x)n = 104.244 MPa
Icr

hx 30 mm
= = 1.26 dc = 30mm + 6mm + 20mm + = 71 mm
dx 2
bc = 5 ( )
2b w dc
2
A = = 71 cm
bc
fs 3
wmax = 0.011 Adc 10 3 = 0.115 mm < 0.41mm, OK
MPa
2

fs = fy = 266.667 MPa
3
fs 3
wmax = 0.011 Adc 10 3 = 0.294 mm < 0.41mm, OK
MPa
(b)

Ma = Msupport.end = 65.986 kNm

x = xend = 60.837 mm
3
bx 2 4
Icr = + nAs ( d x) = 113456.079 cm
3
Ma

fs = ( d x)n = 171.297 MPa
Icr
hx 20mm
= = 1.193 dc = 30mm + 6mm + = 46 mm
dx 2
bc = 3 ( )
2b w dc
2
A = = 76.667 cm
bc
fs 3
wmax = 0.011 Adc 10 3 = 0.159 mm < 0.41mm, OK
MPa

(c)


x = xm = 55.173 mm
3
bx 2 4
Icr = + nAs ( d x) = 113763.955 cm
3
Ma

fs = ( d x)n = 198.242 MPa
Icr
hx 18 mm
= = 1.19 dc = 30mm + 6mm + = 45 mm
dx 2
bc = 3
2b w dc
2
A = = 75 cm
bc
fs 3
wmax = 0.011 Adc 10 3 = 0.181 mm < 0.41mm, OK
MPa

2.6
(S1) 5.4m6.0m (S2) 4.2m6m
2.6.1
(S1)
L1 5.4m 25cm 5.15

1.
= = m
L2 6.0m 25cm 5.75

2.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Case
"Fixed" "Fixed"
SupportShort = SupportLong =
"Fixed" "Fixed"
3.
(
La = min L1 , L2 = 5.15 m ) ( )
Lb = max L 1 , L2 = 5.75 m
(
Perimeter = L a + Lb 2 )
Perimeter
tmin = tmin = 121.111 mm
180
4. ( )
t = Ceil tmin , 5mm = 125 mm
5.
kN kN
Cover = 50mm 22 = 1.1
3 2
m m
kN kN
Slab = t 25 = 3.125
3 2
m m

kN
Ceiling = 0.40
2
m
kN
Mechanical = 0.4
2
m
kN
Partition = 1.00
2
m
kN
DL = Cover + Slab + Ceiling + Mechanical + Partition = 6.025
2
m
kN
LL = 4.8
2
m
kN
wu = 1.2DL + 1.6LL = 14.91
2
m
6.
f'c = 25MPa
fy = 400MPa
7.

La

m0 = = 0.896
Lb
0.85 0.060
Ca.neg = linterp , , m = 0.0554
0.90 0.055 0
0.055 0.060
Ca.neg = 0.055 ( 0.90 0.896) = 0.0554
0.90 0.85

emKuNsRmab;mUm: :g;GviCmantamTisxI
m0 Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6 Case 7 Case 8 Case 9
1.00 0.000 0.045 0.000 0.050 0.075 0.071 0.000 0.033 0.061
0.95 0.000 0.050 0.000 0.055 0.079 0.075 0.000 0.038 0.065
0.90 0.000 0.055 0.000 0.060 0.080 0.079 0.000 0.043 0.068
0.85 0.000 0.060 0.000 0.066 0.082 0.083 0.000 0.049 0.072
0.80 0.000 0.065 0.000 0.071 0.083 0.086 0.000 0.055 0.075
0.75 0.000 0.069 0.000 0.076 0.085 0.088 0.000 0.061 0.078
0.70 0.000 0.074 0.000 0.081 0.086 0.091 0.000 0.068 0.081
0.65 0.000 0.077 0.000 0.085 0.087 0.093 0.000 0.074 0.083
0.60 0.000 0.081 0.000 0.089 0.088 0.095 0.000 0.080 0.085
0.55 0.000 0.084 0.000 0.092 0.089 0.096 0.000 0.085 0.086
0.50 0.000 0.086 0.000 0.094 0.090 0.097 0.000 0.089 0.088
emKuNsRmab;mUm: :g;GviCmantamTisEvg
m0 Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6 Case 7 Case 8 Case 9
1.000 0.000 0.045 0.076 0.050 0.000 0.000 0.071 0.061 0.033
0.950 0.000 0.041 0.072 0.045 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.056 0.029
0.900 0.000 0.037 0.070 0.040 0.000 0.000 0.062 0.052 0.025
0.850 0.000 0.031 0.065 0.034 0.000 0.000 0.057 0.046 0.021
0.800 0.000 0.027 0.061 0.029 0.000 0.000 0.051 0.041 0.017
0.750 0.000 0.022 0.056 0.024 0.000 0.000 0.044 0.036 0.014
0.700 0.000 0.017 0.050 0.019 0.000 0.000 0.038 0.029 0.011
0.650 0.000 0.014 0.043 0.015 0.000 0.000 0.031 0.024 0.008
0.600 0.000 0.010 0.035 0.011 0.000 0.000 0.024 0.018 0.006
0.550 0.000 0.007 0.028 0.008 0.000 0.000 0.019 0.014 0.005
0.500 0.000 0.006 0.022 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.014 0.010 0.003
Moment Cofficient

Case = 2

: Caneg = 0.0554

:
Cbneg = 0.0307

: CaposDL = 0.024

:
CbposDL = 0.012

: CaposLL = 0.037


:
CbposLL = 0.019
2 kNm
Maneg = Caneg wu La Maneg = 21.922
1m
2 kNm
Mbneg = Cbneg wu Lb Mbneg = 15.11
1m
kN kN
wD = 1.2DL = 7.23 wL = 1.6LL = 7.68
2 2
m m
2 2 kNm
Mapos = CaposDL wD La + CaposLL wL L a Mapos = 12.243
1m
2 2 kNm
Mbpos = CbposDL wD Lb + CbposLL wL L b Mbpos = 7.628
1m
Moment Diagram
8.
D1.neg
12mm
D1.pos 10mm
= CL = 20mm
D2.neg 12mm
D 10mm
2.pos

f'c 28MPa
1 = 0.65 max 0.85 0.05 min 0.85 = 0.85
7MPa
u = 0.003 Es = 2 105MPa
f'c u
max = 0.851 = 0.0169
f y u + 0.005
min = 0.0018
smax = min ( 2t , 450mm ) = 250 mm
D1.neg
b = 1m d = t CL + = 99 mm
2
Mu = Maneg b = 21.922 kNm
Mu
Mn = = 24.357 kNm
0.9
Mn
R = = 2.485 MPa
2
bd
f'c R
= 0.85 1
fy
12
0.85f'c
= 0.00663

2
D1.neg
( )
As1.neg = max , min b d = 6.56 cm
2
Asb =
4
= 113.097 mm
2
As1.neg
n = = 5.8
b
s = min , smax = 172.405 mm
Asb n
S1.neg = Floor( s , 10mm ) = 170 mm

D2.neg
d = t CL + D1.neg + = 87 mm
2
Mu = Mbneg b = 15.11 kNm
Mu Mn
Mn = = 16.789 kNm R = = 2.218 MPa
0.9 2
bd
f'c R
= 0.85 1 12 = 0.00587
fy 0.85f'c

( )
As2.neg = max , min b d = 510.662 mm
2
2
D2.neg 2
Asb = = 113.097 mm
4
As2.neg
n = = 4.515
b
s = min , smax = 221.472 mm
Asb n
S2.neg = Floor( s , 10mm ) = 220 mm S2.neg = 220 mm
D1.pos
b = 1m d = t CL + = 100 mm
2
Mu = Mapos b = 12.243 kNm
Mu
Mn = = 13.603 kNm
0.9
Mn
R = = 1.36 MPa
2
bd

f'c R
= 0.85 1 12 = 0.00352
fy 0.85f'c

2
D1.pos
( )
As1.pos = max , min b d = 3.517 cm
2
Asb =
4
= 78.54 mm
2
As1.pos
n = = 4.478
b
s = min , smax = 223.297 mm
Asb n
S1.pos = Floor( s , 10mm ) S1.pos = 220 mm
D2.pos

d = t CL + D1.pos + = 90 mm
2
Mu = Mbpos b = 7.628 kNm
Mu
Mn = = 8.476 kNm
0.9
Mn
R = = 1.046 MPa
2
bd
f'c R
= 0.85 1 12 = 0.00268
fy 0.85f'c

2
D2.pos
( )
As2.pos = max , min b d = 2.415 cm
2
Asb =
4
= 78.54 mm
2
As2.pos
n = = 3.075
b
b = min , smax = 250 mm
Asb n
S2.pos = Floor( s , 10mm ) S2.pos = 220 mm
Table summary

:

(MCM) (S1)
Bending Required
Diameter Spacing
Direction Location moments steel area
kN.m/1m cm2 mm mm
Top -21.922 6.56 12 170
Short
Bottom 12.243 3.52 10 220
Top -15.110 5.11 12 220
Long
Bottom 7.628 2.42 10 220
9.
f'c

, Ec = 4800 MPa = 24000 MPa
MPa
3
bt 4

, Ig = = 4069.01 cm
12
2 kNm
MaD = CaposDL DL La = 3.863
1m
2 kNm
MbD = CbposDL DL Lb = 2.373
1m
2 kNm
MaL = CaposLL LLLa = 4.755
1m
2 kNm
MbL = CbposLL LL Lb = 2.988
1m

(

)
2
1 MaD La
aD = b = 1.639 mm
16 Ec Ig
2
1 MbD Lb
bD = b = 1.255 mm
16 Ec Ig
aD + bD
D = = 1.447 mm
2


= 3.0
5 ACI
1/2
3

1
D = D = 2.171 mm
2
2
3 MaL La
aL = b = 3.027 mm
32 Ec Ig
2
3 MbL L b
bL = b = 2.371 mm
32 Ec Ig
aL + bL
L = = 2.699 mm
2

3 ,
TL = D + L = 4.87 mm
ACI 9.5(b):
La
limit = = 10.729 mm > TL = 4.87 mm, OK
480
:
(S1)

2.6.2 (S2)
f'c = 25MPa fy = 400MPa

La
La = 4.2 m Lb = 6m = 0.7
Lb
DB = 10mm
L1 = La 250mm = 3.95 m
L2 = Lb 250mm = 5.75 m
Perimeter = L 1 + L2 2 ( )
Perimeter
tmin = = 107.778 mm
180
t =
1 1 L = ( 140
a 84 ) mm
30 50
t = 110mm
kN kN kN kN kN kN
DL = 50mm 22 + t25 + 0.4 + 0.4 + 1.00 = 5.65
3 3 2 2 2 2
m m m m m m
kN
LL = 2.4 ( )
2
m
kN
wu = 1.2DL + 1.6LL = 10.62
2
m
L1
= = 0.687
L2

1 kN w1
w1 = wu = 8.686 = 81.786 %
4 2 wu
1+ m
4 w2
kN
w2 = wu = 1.934 = 18.214 %
4 2 wu
1+ m

L1 = 3.95 m
1 2 kNm
M1neg.end = w1 L1 = 5.647
24 1m
1 2 kNm
M1pos.ext = w1 L 1 = 9.68
14 1m
1 2 kNm
M1neg.ext = w1 L 1 = 13.552
10 1m
1 2 kNm
M1neg.int = w1 L1 = 12.32
11 1m
1 2 kNm
M1pos.int = w1 L1 = 8.47
16 1m
- (Construct the moment diagram in short direction)
L = L1 = 3.95 m
M1neg.ext M1neg.end L
a = + = 2.163 m
wu L 2
M1neg.end

5.647 0 0
M1 = M1pos.ext = 9.68
kNm X1 = a = 2.163 m
13.552 1m
M1neg.ext L 3.95
M1neg.int 0

12.32 0
M2 = M1pos.int = 8.47 X2 = = 1.975 m
kNm L
12.32 1m 2
M1neg.int L 3.95

(
S1 = pspline X1 , M1 ) (
(
S2 = pspline X2 , M2 ) (

L
X = 0, .. L
30
Moment Diagram
20
Moment Value (KN.m/1m)
10
10
20
0 2 4 6
Span Length (m)

:

L 2 = 5.75 m
1 2 kNm
M2neg.end = w2 L2 = 2.665
24 1m
1 2 kNm
M2pos = w2 L2 = 4.568
14 1m
1 2 kNm
M2neg.int = w2 L2 = 7.106
9 1m
-
(Construct the moment diagram in short direction)
L = L2 = 5.75 m
M1neg.ext M1neg.end L
a = + = 3.004 m
wu L 2
M2neg.end

2.665 0 0
M1 = M2pos = 4.568 X1 = a = 3.004 m
kNm
7.106 1m
M2neg.int L 5.75
M2neg.int

7.106 0 0
M2 = M2pos = 4.568
kNm
X2 = L a = 2.746 m
2.665 1m
M2neg.end L 5.75

S1 = pspline X1 , M1 ( ) (
S2 = pspline X2 , M2 ( ) (
L
X = 0, .. L
30
Moment Diagram
10
Moment Value (KN.m/1m)
5
0 5 10
Span Length (m)

:

L1 = 3.95 m
f'c 28MPa
1 = 0.65 max 0.85 0.05 min 0.85 = 0.85
7MPa
f'c 0.003
max = 0.851 = 0.0169
f y 0.003 + 0.005
As.min = 0.002 b t if fy 50ksi 2

As.min = 0.479 cm
0.0018b t if f y = 60ksi
0.0018fy
b t otherwise
60ksi
smax = min ( 2t , 450mm ) = 220 mm

(
As Mu , DB = ) b 1m

d t 20mm +
DB

2
Mu
Mn
0.9
Mn
Rn
2
bd
f'c Rn
0.85 1 12
fy 0.85f'c

(
As min , max b d )
(
As.req max As , As.min )
M1neg.end
5.647 10
M1pos.ext 9.68 10

Mu1 = 1neg.ext 1m = 13.552 kNm
M Db = 12 mm
12.32 12
M1neg.int

M 8.47 10
1pos.int
ORIGIN = 1 i = 1 .. rows Mu1 ( )
( )2
Db
4
As.req1 = As Mu1 , Db sreq1 = 1m
i i i As.req1
2
Db
s1 = Floor min sreq1 , smax , 10mm As.pro1 =
1m i
i
i i s1 4
i
1.885 416.739
3.283 239.255
2
As.req1 = 4.732 cm sreq1 = 238.987 mm
4.279 264.295

2.858 274.767

3.57 220
3.57 220
2
As.pro1 = 5.141 cm s1 = 220 mm
5.141 220

3.57 220
Mu1 As.req1 sreq1 As.pro1 Db s1

Table = augment , , , , ,
kNm cm2 mm cm 2 mm mm

:

(LDM)

TisxI TItaMgEdk m:Umg: B; t; EdkRtUvkar KmatRtUvkar Edkpl[; bnat;pit Kmatpl[;

2 2
(kN.m/1m) (cm ) (mm) (cm ) (mm) (mm)
elIxageRkA 5.65 1.885 417 3.570 10 220
bnHeRkA eRkam 9.68 3.283 239 3.570 10 220

elIxagkg 13.55 4.732 239 5.141 12 220
elI 12.32 4.279 264 5.141 12 220
bnHkg

L2 = 5.75 m
M2neg.end
2.665 10

Mu2 = M2pos 1m = 4.568 kNm

Db = 10 mm

M 7.106 10
2neg.int
(
i = 1 .. rows Mu2 )
( )2
Db
4
As.req2 = As Mu2 , Db sreq2 = 1m
i i i As.req2
2
Db
s2 = Floor min sreq2 , smax , 10mm As.pro2 =
1m i
i
i i s2 4
i

0.879 893.131
As.req2 = 1.518 cm sreq2 = 517.271 mm
2

2.385 329.285
3.57 220
As.pro2 = 3.57 cm s2 = 220 mm
2

3.57 220
Mu2 As.req2 sreq2 As.pro2 Db s2
Table = augment , , , , ,
kNm cm2 mm 2 mm mm
cm
:

(LDM)

TisEvg TItaMgEdk m:Umg: B; t; EdkRtUvkar KmatRtUvkar Edkpl[; bnat;pit Kmatpl[;

2 2
(kN.m/1m) (cm ) (mm) (cm ) (mm) (mm)
elIxageRkA 2.66 0.879 893 3.570 10 220
bnHcug eRkam 4.57 1.518 517 3.570 10 220

elIxagkg 7.11 2.385 329 3.570 10 220

:
(S2)

2.7
(Analysis and Design of Staircase)
2.7.1
: A-A
RbEvgTTwgtYCeNrI L = 3.0m
RbEvgTTwgfasCeNrI B = 1.0m
km<sK; ti dl;fasCeNrI H = 1.782 m
cMnYnkaM n = 11
CMhankaM nig kMBs;kaM T = 300mm R = 162 mm
kMras;kMraleRTk rW tYC eNIr twaist = 125mm

kMras;kMralfas tlanding = 125 mm
mMeu RTtnCeNrI R
= atan = 28 deg
T
PaBFn;sgt;ebtugGayu28f f'c = 25MPa
PaBFn;EdkeRbIR)as; fy = 400MPa
1-KNnabnkmanGMeBIelICeNIr
k> bnkelIkMraleRTt rW tYCeNIr
kN
50mm ( T + R) 1m22
3
m kN
bnk efrrbs;)ayGrnigkar:U Covering =
T 1m
= 1.694
2
m
1 kN
T R 1m 24
2 3
m kN
bnk efrrbs;kaM Step =
T 1m
= 1.944
2
m
2
kN 1m kN
bnk efrrbs;krM aleRTt Slab = twaist 25
3 2
= 3.552
2
m 1m cos ( ) m
2
kN 1m kN
bnk efrrbs;)ayGrbUkeRkam Rendering = 20mm 20
3 2
= 0.455
2
m 1m cos ( ) m
kN
bnk efrrbs;bgan;d Handrail = 0.50
2
m
bnk efrsrubelItYC eNrI

kN
DL = Covering + Step + Slab + Rendering + Handrail = 8.144
2
m
bnk GefrelItCY eNrI
kN
LL = 4.80
2
m
bnk srubelItCY eNrI KitTaMgemKuN

kN
wwaist = 1.2DL + 1.6LL = 17.453
2
m
x> bnkelIfasCeNrI
kN kN
bnk efrrbs;)ayGrnigkar:U Covering = 50mm 22
3
= 1.1
2
m m
kN kN
bnk efrrbs;fas Slab = tlanding 25
3
= 3.125
2
m m
kN kN
bnk efrrbs;)ayGrbUkeRkam Rendering = 20mm 20
3
= 0.4
2
m m
kN
bnk efrrbs;bgan;d Handrail = 0.5
2
m
bnkefrsrubelIfas DL = Covering + Slab + Rendering + Handrail = 5.125

kN
2
m
kN
bnk GefrelIfasCeNrI LL = 4.8
2
m
bnk srubelIfasCeNrI KitTaMgemKuN

kN
wlanding = 1.2DL + 1.6LL = 13.83
2
m
2-karviPakrkkMlaMgkgm:Um:g;nigkMlaMgkat;rbs;CeNIr
RbEvgrbs;tCY eNrI nig fasCeNrI
L
L0 = = 3.409 m L1 = L = 3 m
cos ( )
L2 = B = 1 m
PaBrwgnkarBt;begag
kN
c = 24
3
m

1.5
c f'c
Ec = 44MPa = 25866.612 MPa
kN MPa
m3

3
1m twaist
PaBrwgrbs;tY EI1 = Ec
12
= 4210.06 kNm
2
3
1m tlanding
PaBrwgrbs;fas EI2 = Ec
12
= 4210.06 kNm
2
emKuNsMrab;karviPaKrkkMlaMgkg
kN
w1 = wwaist 1m = 17.453
m
kN
w2 = wlanding 1m = 13.83
m
EI1 EI2
r11 = 4 +4 = 21779.515 kNm
L0 L2
2 2
w1 L1 w2 L2
R1p = = 11.937 kNm
12 12
mMubgVil
R1p
C = C = 0.031 deg
r11
m:Um:g;GviC manRtg;TMr
2
EI1 w1 L1
MA = 2 C = 14.443 kNm
L0 12
2
EI2 w2 L2
MB = 2 C = 3.463 kNm
L2 12
2
EI1 w1 L1
MCA = 4 C = 10.383 kNm
L0 12

2
EI2 w2 L 2
MCB = 4 = 10.383 kNm
L2 C 12
kMlaMgkat;TTwg
2 kN
w0 = w1 cos ( ) = 13.513
m
MCA MA w0 L 0
VA = + = 24.226 kN
L0 2
VCA = VA w0 L0 = 21.844 kN
MB MCB w2 L 2
VCB = + = 20.76 kN
L2 2
VB = VCB w2 L2 = 6.93 kN
m:mU g: v; Ci m anenAcenaHkNalRbelaHElVg
VA VA x1
x1 = = 1.793 m M1 = MA + = 7.274 kNm
w0 2
VCB VCB x2
x2 = = 1.501 m M2 = MCB + = 5.199 kNm
w2 2

MCB
MCA MB
C B
M2
MA
M1
A
VC B
C B
VB
VCA
VA
A
:

3-KNnasrsEdkCeNIr
karKNnaEdksMrab;CeNrI dUcKaeTAnwgkarKNnakMralxNmyY TisEdr edayykcMerokKNnaKitkg
TTwg 1m. EdkcaM)ac;eyIgKNnaEpkelIklM aMg kg m:mU g: b; egag rIEdkBRgay rWEdkRskmaDnig
sItuNPaBeyIgGackMNt;ykeTAtamEdkGb,brmarbs;kMralxN.
emKuNkMBs;ebtugsgt;smmUl
1 = 0.85 if f'c 28MPa = 0.85
0.65 if f'c 55MPa
f'c 28MPa
0.85 0.05 otherwise
7MPa
bMErbMrYlrageFobebtugcugeRkay u = 0.003
PaKryEdkGtibrma nig Gb,brma

f'c u
max = 0.851 = 0.0169
f y u + 0.005

f'c
0.25MPa
MPa 1.4MPa
min = max ,
f f = 0.0035
y y
k> KNnaEdkxagelIrbs;tYCeNrI Rtg;cMNuc A

cMerokKNna b = 1m
kMras;RbsiTPaB 10mm
d = twaist 20mm + = 100 mm
2
rkemKuNPaBFn;begag
Mu = MA = 14.443 kNm
Mu
R = = 1.605 MPa
2
0.9b d
rkbrimaNEdkxagelIntYCeNIr
f'c R
= 0.85 1
fy
12
0.85f'c
= 0.00418

min max = 1
( )
As.req = max , min b d = 4.176 cm
2
2
b ( 10mm ) 2
As.pro = = 5.236 cm
150 mm 4
dUecH eyIgeRbIEdk DB10@150 .

x> KNnaEdkxageRkamrbs;tYCeNIrcenaHcMNuc A-C
kMNt;ykemKuNkat;bnyPaBFn;begagsMrab;KNna = 0.9.
rkdXas;bgVilsakl,g
10mm
d = twaist 20mm + = 100 mm
2
jd = 0.9d = 90 mm
rkbrimaNEdkRtUvkar
Mu = M1 = 7.274 kNm
Mu 2
As = = 2.245 cm
f y jd
2
As.min = min b d = 3.5 cm
( )
As.req = max As , As.min = 3.5 cm
2
2
b (10mm ) 2
As.pro = = 3.927 cm
200 mm 4
Binitm:mU g: P; aBFn;
As.pro f y
a = = 7.392 mm
0.85f'c b
a
c = = 8.696 mm
1
dt = d = 100 mm
dt c
t = u = 0.0315
c
1.45 + 250t
= 0.65 max min 0.9 = 0.9
3
a
2
Mn
FS = = 1.872
Mu
dUecH eyIgeRbIEdk DB10@200.

K> KNnaEdkxagelIrbs;fasCeNrI
10mm
b = 1m d = tlanding 20mm + = 100 mm
2

Mu = max MCB , MB ( ) = 10.383 kNm

Mu
R = = 1.154 MPa
2
0.9b d
2R
a = d 1 1 = 5.585 mm
0.85f'c

0.85f'c a b
2
As = = 2.967 cm
fy
f'c
0.25MPa
MPa 1.4MPa 2
As.min = max ,
f f bd = 3.5 cm
y y
(
As.req = max As , As.min = 3.5 cm ) 2
2
b (10mm ) 2
As.pro = = 3.927 cm
200 mm 4

X> KNnaEdkxageRkamrbs;fasCeNrI
Mu
Mu = M2 = 5.199 kNm Mn =
0.9
Mn
R = = 0.578 MPa
2
bd
f'c R
= 0.85 1 12 = 0.00146
fy 0.85f'c

min max = 0
(
As = max , min b d = 3.5 cm ) 2
2
b (10mm ) 2
As.pro = = 3.927 cm
200 mm 4

g> KNnaEdkBRgay rW EdkRskmaDnigsItuNPaB

shrinkage = 0.0020 if fy 280MPa
0.0018 if f y = 420 MPa
420 MPa
max 0.0018 , 0.0014 otherwise
fy

shrinkage = 0.002
1> sMrab;tYCeNrI
2
As.waist = shrinkage b twaist = 236.25 mm
2
b ( 10mm ) 2
As = = 261.799 mm
300mm 4

2> sMrab;fasCeNIr
2
As.landing = shrinkage b tlanding = 236.25 mm
2
b ( 10mm ) 2
As = = 261.799 mm
300mm 4

4-epgpat;kMlaMgkat;TTwg
k> sMrab;kMraltYCeNIr
emKuNkat;bnyPaBFn;srM ab;klM aMgkat; = 0.75
kMlaMgkat;TTwgKitTaMgemKuN (
Vu = max VA , VCA ) = 24.226 kN
PaBFn;kMlaMgkat;pl;edayebtug
10mm
nig
d = twaist 20mm + = 100 mm b = 1m
2

f'c
Vc = 0.17MPa b d = 63.75 kN > 2Vu = 48.453 kN, OK
MPa
x> sMrab;kMralfasCeNIr
emKuNkat;bnyPaBFn;srM ab;klM aMgkat; = 0.75
kMlaMgkat;TTwgKitTaMgemKuN (
Vu = max VB , VCB ) = 20.76 kN
PaBFn;kMlaMgkat;pl;edayebtug
10mm
nig
d = tlanding 20mm + = 100 mm b = 1m
2
f'c
Vc = 0.17MPa b d = 63.75 kN > 2Vu = 41.52 kN, OK
MPa
dUecH srubmkTaMgkMraltY nigkMralfasrbs;CeNrI minRtUvkareRbIEdkkat;TTwg eT.

2.8 (Design of Columns)
(LEGENT): (BH)
C1: 400600 C2: 400600
C3: 400500 C4: 300300

2.8.1 C2
.
(Material properties)
f'c 30MPa
f'c
Ec 4800MPa 26290.683 MPa
MPa
fy 400MPa
5

Es 2 10 MPa
.
(Loading)
-
(Axial Force)
PDL 2735.582kN
PLL 517.355kN
PLr 19.852kN
Pw 10.383kN
- (Bending Moment)
MDL.top 1.319kNm MDL.bot 0.523kNm
MLL.top 1.729kNm MLL.bot 1.162kNm
Mw.top 5.985kNm Mw.bot 12.187kNm
PDL
2735.582
PLL 517.355
PC2 kN
PLr 19.852
P 10.383
w

MDL.top 1.319

MLL.top 1.729
Mtop.C2 kNm
0 0
M 5.985
w.top
MDL.bot 0.523

MLL.bot 1.162
Mbot.C2 kNm
0 0
M 12.187
w.bot
:

C2
bnkcMpti m:Umg: B; t; (kN.m)

krNIbnk (kN)
elI eRkam
bnkefr (D) 2735.58 -1.32 0.52
bnkGefrkRmal (L) 517.36 -1.73 1.16
bnkGefrdMblU (Lr) 19.85 0.00 0.00
bnkxl; (W) -10.38 -5.99 12.19

9.1 1 1.4D 3829.815 -1.847 0.732
9.2 2 1.2D+1.6L+0.5Lr 4120.392 -4.349 2.487
3 1.2D+0.5L+1.6Lr 3573.139 -2.447 1.209
9.3 4 1.2D+1.6Lr+0.8W 3306.155 -6.371 10.377
5 1.2D+1.6Lr-0.8W 3322.768 3.205 -9.122
6 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr+1.6W 3534.689 -12.023 20.708
9.4
7 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr-1.6W 3567.915 7.129 -18.291
8 0.9D+1.6W 2445.411 -10.763 19.970
9.6
9 0.9D-1.6W 2478.637 8.389 -19.029

ACI 318-08

Pu 0
Q
Vus lc

Q 0.05 :

(Non-sway frame or Braced frame)
Q 0.05 :
(Sway frame or Unbraced frame)
Pu =
PDL.TL 38372.30kN
PLL.TL 5910.11kN
PLr.TL 234.855kN
Pu

9.4 ACI 318-08
Pu 1.2PDL.TL 0.5PLL.TL 0.5PLr.TL 49119.243 kN
Vus =

Vwind 78.271kN
Vus 1.6 Vwind 125.234kN
0 =

Vus
0 1.6( 0.323 mm ) 0.517 mm
lc =

lc 3.25m 2.6m 5.85m

Pu 0
Q 0.035
Vus lc
Q 0.035 < 0.05

k lu M1
34 12 40 ()

r M2
k lu
22 ()
r

.
k
- A
B
(Degree of end restraint of column)
bc 400mm hc 600mm Lc 5.85m
bc.top 400mm hc.top 600mm Lc.top 2.6m
bc.bot 500mm hc.bot 700mm Lc.bot 1m
btop.L 250mm htop.L 500mm Ltop.L 6m
btop.R 250mm htop.R 500mm Ltop.R 6m
bbot.L 250mm hbot.L 500mm Lbot.L 6m
bbot.R 250mm hbot.R 500mm Lbot.R 6m

3
bc hc 4
Ic 0.70 504000 cm
12
3
b c.top hc.top 4
Ic.top 0.70 504000 cm
12
3
b c.bot hc.bot 4
Ic.bot 0.70 1000416.667 cm
12
3
btop.L htop.L 4
Itop.L 0.35 91145.833cm
12
3
btop.R htop.R 4
Itop.R 0.35 91145.833cm
12
3
bbot.L hbot.L 4
Ibot.L 0.35 91145.833cm
12
3
bbot.R hbot.R 4
Ibot.R 0.35 91145.833cm
12


Ec 26290.683 MPa Eb 4800MPa 25 24000 MPa
Ec Ic Ec Ic.top

Lc Lc.top
A 10.096
Eb Itop.L Eb Itop.R

Ltop.L Ltop.R

Ec Ic Ec Ic.bot

Lc Lc.bot
B 39.177
Eb Ibot.L Eb Ibot.R

Lbot.L Lbot.R
2 tan
A B A B
2
k 2k 1
F ( k) 1
4 k
tan
2
k k
(Alignment Chart)

()

(Bisection)

ab
Bisection( a b ) c
2
( return c) if ab
otherwise
Bisection( a c ) if F ( a) F ( c) 0
Bisection( c b ) otherwise
k Bisection( 0.5 1 0.000001 ) 0.976

k 0.976

lu Lc 50cm 5.35m
3
bc hc 4

Ig 720000 cm
12
2
Ag bc hc 2400 cm
Ig

r 0.173m
Ag
k lu
(Slenderness ratio) 30.152
r
:
C2
m:Umg: B; t; PaBRsav RbePT

No bnkcMpti (kN.m) kMeNag
M1 M2
M1 /M2
(kN.m) (kN.m)
(kN)
1 3829.81 -1.85 0.73 eTal 0.732 1.847 0.397 29.24 Long
2 4120.39 -4.35 2.49 eTal 2.487 4.349 0.572 27.14 Long
3 3573.14 -2.45 1.21 eTal 1.209 2.447 0.494 28.07 Long
4 3306.16 -6.37 10.38 eTal 6.371 10.377 0.614 26.63 Long
5 3322.77 3.21 -9.12 eTal 3.205 9.122 0.351 29.78 Long
6 3534.69 -12.02 20.71 eTal 12.023 20.708 0.581 27.03 Long
7 3567.91 7.13 -18.29 eTal 7.129 18.291 0.390 29.32 Long
8 2445.41 -10.76 19.97 eTal 10.763 19.970 0.539 27.53 Long
9 2478.64 8.39 -19.03 eTal 8.389 19.029 0.441 28.71 Long

k lu M1

34 12
r M2
Mc ns M2
Cm
ns 1.0
Pu
1
0.75Pc
M1 0.759
Cm 0.6 0.4 0.4
M2
0.829
i 1 9 0.798
0.846
M1.C2
Cm max 0.6 0.4
i
0.4 Cm 0.741
i M2.C2 0.832
i

2
0.756
EI 0.816
Pc ( Euler critical load)

k lu 2
0.776
0.4Ec Ig
EI
1 dns
Ec 26290.683 MPa
4
Ig 720000 cm

dns

1.2PDL
dns 1.0 Pu Pu.C2 kN
Pu
1.2PDL
dns min 1.0
i u P
i
0.4Ec Ig
EIi
1 dns
i

2
EIi
Pc
k lu
i 2
ns "NA" if Columni "Short"

i
Cm
max i
1.0 otherwise
Pu
1 i
0.75Pc
i
0.857 40770.782 14753.51 1.16

0.797 42142.457 15249.871 1.295
0.919 39462.424 14280.061 1.197
0.993 37993.362 13748.459 1.245
2

dns 0.988 EI 38088.238 kNm Pc 13782.792 kN ns 1.091
0.929 39257.948 14206.068 1.245

0.92 39434.776 14270.056 1.134
1 37858.583 13699.687 1.07

1 37858.583 13699.687 1.023
.

M2.min Pu 15mm 0.03hc
i i

: C2
No. bnkcMpti M2
dns
EI10
3
Pc10
3
Cm ns
M2.min m:Umg: e; lIssr
2
(kN) (kN.m) (kN.m ) (kN) (kN.m) Mc (kN.m)
1 3829.81 1.85 0.86 40.77 14.75 0.76 1.16 126.38 146.624
2 4120.39 4.35 0.80 42.14 15.25 0.83 1.30 135.97 176.137
3 3573.14 2.45 0.92 39.46 14.28 0.80 1.20 117.91 141.123
4 3306.16 10.38 0.99 37.99 13.75 0.85 1.24 109.10 135.794
5 3322.77 9.12 0.99 38.09 13.78 0.74 1.09 109.65 119.668
6 3534.69 20.71 0.93 39.26 14.21 0.83 1.25 116.64 145.272
7 3567.91 18.29 0.92 39.43 14.27 0.76 1.13 117.74 133.508
8 2445.41 19.97 1.00 37.86 13.70 0.82 1.07 80.70 86.374
9 2478.64 19.03 1.00 37.86 13.70 0.78 1.02 81.80 83.690

. P - M
b bc 400 mm h hc 600 mm
Cover 30mm
Dv 10mm

DB 22mm
f'c 30 MPa fy 400 MPa

0.65
9
2
Ag b h 2400 cm
Pmax max Pu Pmax 4120.392 kN
Pmax
0.85f'c Ag
0.80 2
Ast 48.166cm
0.85f'c fy
1 1 1 1 1
rows( n) cols(n)
1 0 0 0 1
n
1 0 0 0 1
nbar
n(i j) 14
i1 j 1
1 1 1 1 1
ns cols( n) 5 i 1 ns
15.205
7.603
DB
2
i 2

As
i 4 n As 7.603 cm
7.603

15.205


2
Ast As Ast 53.219 cm
Column Section
200
100
400 200 0 200 400
100
200

h 2Cover 2Dv DB
sCL DB 102.5 mm
ns 1
A max ( 1.5DB Cover 1.33 20mm ) 33 mm
Spacing "is satisfactory." if sCL A

Spacing "is satisfactory."
2 2
Ag 2400 cm Ast 53.219 cm
Ast
g 2.217 %
Ag
1% g 8%


DB
d1 Cover Dv 51 mm
2
h d1 2
Sv 124.5 mm
ns 1
i 1 ns
di d1 ( i 1)Sv
51
175.5

d 300 mm
424.5

549

0.65

Pn.max 0.800.85f'c Ag Ast Ast f y 4218.779kN
f'c 28MPa
1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05 min 0.85 0.836
7MPa
a 5
c ( a) u 0.003 Es 2 10 MPa
1
i 1 ns
di c ( a)
fs ( i a) s u
c ( a)

sign s min Es s f y
dt max ( d) dt 549 mm

dt c ( a)
( a) t u
c ( a)
1.45 250t
0.65 max min 0.9
3

a
ns
Pn( a) min ( a) 0.85f'c a b

i

As fs ( i a) Pn.max

i1
ns
h a A f ( i a) d h
Mn( a) ( a) 0.85f'c a b
2 2 si s

i

2
i1
Force k 1
h
for a 0.001mm h
24
a
c
1
dt c
t u
c
1.45 250t
0.65 max min 0.90
3
for i 1 ns
di c
fs Es u
i c
fs sign f s min f s f y
i i i
ns

Pn min 0.85f'c a b

As fs Pn.max
i i
i 1
ns
h a h
Mn 0.85f'c a b
2 2 As fs di
i i 2
i1
a
mm

t


k
Z
Pn

kN
Mn

kNm
k k 1
T
Z
a (mm) Net strain Phi PhiPn PhiMn

0 1376.418 0.9 -1915.860 0.003
25 0.05206 0.9 -1686.369 65.981
50 0.02453 0.9 -788.332 292.691
75 0.01535 0.9 -325.534 405.289
100 0.01076 0.9 102.698 493.323
125 0.00801 0.9 522.612 568.775
150 0.00618 0.9 838.670 617.628
175 0.00487 0.889 1206.352 648.152
200 0.00388 0.807 1405.362 616.351
225 0.00312 0.743 1589.174 583.899
250 0.00251 0.692 1762.196 551.240
275 0.00201 0.65 1903.013 521.447
300 0.00159 0.65 2216.426 500.568
325 0.00124 0.65 2509.119 479.157
350 0.00093 0.65 2783.677 456.365
375 0.00067 0.65 3043.727 431.641
400 0.00044 0.65 3291.988 404.569
425 0.00024 0.65 3530.541 374.832
450 0.00006 0.65 3758.812 341.912
475 -0.00010 0.65 3977.376 305.526
500 -0.00025 0.65 4190.658 265.942
525 -0.00038 0.65 4218.779 223.026
550 -0.0005 0.65 4218.779 176.665
575 -0.00061 0.65 4218.779 126.770
600 -0.00071 0.65 4218.779 73.264

h
a 1mm 1.1h
24
5000
4125
3250
Pn ( a)
2375
kN
Pn ( a)
1500
kN
Pu.C2 625
800 600 400 200 250 0 200 400 600 800
1125
2000
Mn (a) Mn (a)
Mc
kN m kN m
. (Lateral reinforcement)
s1 48Dv 480mm
s2 16DB 352 mm
s3 min ( b h) 400 mm

smax min s1 s2 s3 352 mm
DB10@250

2>9 karKNnaeCIgtagssrRKwH
1-TinnyKNna
kmagM manGMeBIelIeCIgtagssrRKwH
PSW 1281.40kN PD 1236.793kN PL 489.369kN
PW 60.718kN PLr 17.835kN
MSWx 1.775kNm MSWy 0.022kNm
MDx 2.601kNm MDy 0.05kNm
MLx 0.02kNm MLy 0.062kNm
MWx 2.012kNm MWy 0.064kNm
CeRmAbgb;eCIg tagRKH H 1.5m
ssrk,aleCIgtagssrRKwH bc 400mm hc 600mm
PaBFn;sMPareRbIR)as; f'c 25MPa fy 400MPa
TMhMssrRKwH D 300mm L 9m
lTPaBRTRTg;ssrRKwH1edIm Qa 510kN
2-karkMNt;cMnYnssrRKH nig tMerobssrRKwH

emKuNRbsiTP aBnRkumssrRKwH 0.7 eRBaHKmatBIssrRKwH1eTA1KW S 3D 0.9 m
lTPaBRTRbsiTPaBrbs;ssrRKwH1edIm
kN
TMgn;ssrRKwH 2
Pile D L 25
3
20.25 kN
m
kN ( S) 2H Pile 312.45kN
Qe Q a 20
3
m
cMnYnssrRKwHRtUvkar
PSW PD PL PLr PW
nmin 9.877
Qe
Calculated by: Mr. SOK RASMEY, M. Eng, ETC Page-91-

kMNt;ykeRbI
n ceil nmin 10
kUGredaenssrRKwHeFobnwgGkSkNalneCIgtagssrRKwH
cMNaM karteRmobssrRKwH GnuelamtamrUb43 xageRkam.
KmatssrRKwH S 0.9 m
rUb43 KMrUteRmobssrRKwH
Pile Location
TMhMeCIgtagssrRKwH
E D if D 300mm 300 mm
200mm otherwise
B ( max ( Y) E)2 2.166 m
L ( max ( X) E)2 3.3 m
L 3.3
m
B 2.166
L 1.65 B 1.083
L 1.65 B 1.083
1 1
X0 L 1.65 m Y0 B 1.083 m
2 2
L 1.65 B 1.083

L 1.65
B 1.083
-0.9 0.783
0 0.783 1
0.9 0.783
-1.35 0
-0.45 0
X m Y m 2 0 2
0.45 0
1.35 0
1
-0.9 -0.783
0 -0.783
0.9 -0.783
2
rUb44 karteRmob nigTItaMgssrRKwH

3-KNnakmaMgRbtikmrbs;ssrRKwHnImYy
karbnSMbnk emKuN edIm,IKNnaeCIgtagssrRKwH dkRsg;ecjBIbTdan ACI Section 9.2 dUecH
mankrNIbnk epSgKa EdlBicarNaKW

krNIT1I bnk TMnaj/ U = 1.2D 1.6L 0.5Lr ACI smIkar 9-2

krNITI2 bnkTMnaj bUknwgbnkxl;/ U = 1.2D 1.6W 1.0L 0.5Lr ACI smIkar 9-4
krNITI3 bnkTMnajtUc bUknwgbnkxl;/ U = 0.9D 1.6W ACI smIkar 9-6
bnksgt;srubKitTaMgemKuN

Pu1 1.2 PSW PD 1.6PL 0.5PLr 3813.74kN
Pu2 1.2 PSW PD 1.6PW 1.0PL 0.5PLr 3617.267 kN
Pu3 0.9 PSW PD 1.6PW 2363.523 kN
m:Um:g;srubeFobnwgGkS X KitTaMgemKuN

Mux1 1.2 MSWx MDx 1.6MLx 5.219 kNm
Mux2 1.2 MSWx MDx 1.6MWx 1.0MLx 2.012 kNm
Mux3 0.9 MSWx MDx 1.6MWx 0.719 kNm
m:Um:g;srubeFobnwgGkS Y KitTaMgemKuN

Muy1 1.2 MSWy MDy 1.6MLy 0.186 kNm
Muy2 1.2MSWy MDy 1.6MWy 1.0MLy 0.046 kNm
Muy3 0.9 MSWy MDy 1.6MWy 0.038kNm
kmaMgRbtikmssrRKwH
n rows( X) 10
Pu1 Muy1 Xi Mux1 Yi

i 1 n Ru1
i n n n

2 2
Xk Yk
k1 k 1
Pu2 Muy2 Xi Mux2 Yi

Ru2
i n n n

2 2
Xk Yk
k 1 k 1

Pu3 Muy3 Xi Mux3 Yi

Ru3
i n n n

2 2
Xk Yk
k 1 k 1
kUGredaenssrRKwHnImYy mUm: g: R; kLaprbs;ssrRKwH

-0.9 0.783 n

2 2
0 0.783
Xk 7.29 m
0.9 0.783 k 1
-1.35 0
-0.45 0 n
X m Y m

2 2
0.45 0 Yk 3.679 m
1.35 0 k 1
-0.9 -0.783
0 -0.783
0.9 -0.783
kmaMgRbtikmrbs;ssrRKwHnImyY sRmab;krNIbnSMbnk TaMgxagelI

380.286 361.304 236.195
380.263 361.298 236.199
380.24 361.293 236.204
381.408 361.735 236.345
381.385 361.73 236.35
Ru1 kN Ru2 kN Ru3 kN
381.362 361.724 236.355
381.34 361.718 236.359
382.508 362.161 236.501
382.485 362.155 236.505
382.462 362.149 236.51
eyIg)ankmaMgGtibrmasMrab;ssrRKwHKW
Rmax max Ru1 Ru2 Ru3 382.508kN
lTPaBRTcugeRkayrbs;ssrRKwH
1.2 PSW PD 1.6PL 0.5PLr
Qu1 Q e 393.867kN
PSW PD PL PLr
Rmax1 max Ru1 382.508kN < Q u1 393.867kN ,OK


1.2 PSW PD 1.6PW 1.0PL 0.5PLr
Qu2 Q e 366.226 kN

PSW PD PL PLr PW

Rmax2 max Ru2 362.161 kN < Q u2 366.226 kN ,OK

0.9 PSW PD 1.6PW
Qu3 Q e 286.354kN
PSW PD PW

Rmax3 max Ru3 236.51 kN < Qu3 286.354kN ,OK
dUecH karkMNt;ykcMnYnssrRKwH n 10 KWRtwmRtUv.

3-karKNnasrsEdkeCIgtagssrRKwH
kMras;kMralRKwHKNnadMbUg h 800mm
kRmas;RbsiT PaBmFm d h ( 100mm 50mm 20mm ) 630 mm
epgpat;kMlaMgpug2Tis EdlenAcMgayecjBIpxagnksseCIgtagRKwH d2 315mm

hc d bc d

Inside X Y Outside ( Inside)
2 2
ninside
Inside 2 noutside
Outside 8
tamrUb45xageRkam eyIgfamancMnYnssrRKwHcMnYn noutside 8 EdlenAeRkAbrimaRtpug
dUcenH eyIg)ankmaMgpug
Ru max Ru1 Ru2 Ru3
i i i i
Vu Ru Outside 3050.992 kN

2 1 0 1 2
rUb45 muxkat;eRKaHfak;sRmab;kmaMgpug
b GacKNnatamviFIxageRkam
380.286 380.286
380.263 380.263
380.24 380.24
381.408 381.408

Ru
381.385
kN
Ru Outside
0
kN
381.362 0
381.34 381.34
382.508 382.508
382.485 382.485
382.462 382.462

Vu

Ru Outside 3050.992 kN
PaBFn;kmaMgpug bkmaMgkat;2Tis
brimaRtpug b0 bc d hc d2 4.52 m

emKuNkat;bnyPaBFn;srM ab;kmaMgpug nigkat; 0.75
hc
pleFobRCugEvgelIxI nkssreCIgtagssrRKwH
bc
1.5
s 40 sRmab;ssrkNal EdlmanbrimaRtpug4
PaBFn;kmaMgpug CatMltUcCagntMlxageRkam
f'c
Vc1 0.33MPa b d 3523.905 kN
MPa 0
2 f'c
Vc2 0.17 1 MPa b0 d 4235.805kN
MPa
s d f'c

Vc3 0.083 2 MPa b0 d 6714.036 kN
b MPa
0

Vc min Vc1 Vc2 Vc3 3523.905 kN > Vu 3050.992 kN
dUecH eCIgtagRKwHminmaneRKaHfak;eT cMeBaHkmagM pug.

epgpat;kmaMgkat;1Tis EdlenAcMgayBIpxagnkssreCIgtagRKwH d 630 mm
2
2 1 0 1 2
rUb46 muxkateRKaHfak;s; Rmab;kmaMgkat;1 Tis


hc bc
nx
X d 1
2
ny
Y d 0
2

hc hc
Left X d Rigth X d
2 2

bc bc
Bottom Y d Top Y d
2 2
tamrUbxagelI eyIgeXIjfassrRKwH EdlenAecjeRkABIBnM Hu kmagM kat;1TistamGkS X cMnYn

nx 1 edIm nig tamGkS Y cMnYn ny 0 edIm. edaysar kmaMgkat;1 TismanGMeBItam
GkS2 dUcenH karepgpat;RtUvEtBicarNaTaMg2GkSEdr.

Vux max Ru Left Ru Rigth 381.408kN

Vuy max Ru Bottom Ru Top 0 kN
f'c
Vcx 0.17MPa B d 869.92kN
MPa > Vux 381.408kN
f'c
Vcy 0.17MPa L d 1325.362 kN > V
uy 0 kN
MPa
dUecH kmagM kat1Tis minmaneRKaHfak;eT.

dUecH karkMNt;kRmas;eCIgtagRKwHdMbgU h 800 mm KWRtwmRtUv. dUecHehIy eyIgrkSakRmas;eCIgtag
RKwH h 800 mm nUvdEdl sRmab;karKNnasrsEdk.
4-karKNnasrsEdkeCIgtagRKwH
- KNnasrsEdk tamTis L 3.3 m
rkm:mU g: B; t;tamTis X
hc hc
Left X Right X
2 2


hc
Mleft
Ru Left X 915.363 kNm
2

hc
Mright
Ru Right X 915.232 kNm
2

Mx max Mleft Mright 915.363 kNm
viFITI1
kMNt;yk b B 2.166 m
bnat;pti EdkEdleRbI DB 20mm
2
DB
nig Rklap1edIm As1
4
314.159 mm
2
kRmas;RbsiT PaB d 630 mm

1 0.85 if f'c 28MPa 0.85
0.65 if f'c 55MPa
f'c 28MPa
0.85 0.05 otherwise
7MPa
u 0.003
f'c
0.25MPa
MPa 1.4MPa
min max
f f 0.0035
y y
f'c u
max 0.851 0.0169
f y u 0.005
RklapEdkcaM)ac;
Mx
Rx 1.183MPa
2
0.9b d
f'c Rx
0.85 1 12 0.00304
fy 0.85f'c
edaysar 0.00304 < min 0.0035
naMeGayRklapcaM)ac; RtUveRbIPaKryEdkGb,brmadUcxageRkam

2
As
cMnYnEdkRtUvkar n
As1
15.203
b
KmatEdkRtUvkar s
n
142.476 mm
KmatEdkpl;eGay sx Floor( s 10mm ) 140 mm
viFITI2
Mx
Mnx
0.9
Mnx 2
As 44.844 cm
f y( 0.9d)
1.4MPa 2
As.min B d 47.76 cm
fy

2
2
B ( DB) 2
As.pro 48.605cm
140mm 4
As.pro f y a
a 42.24 mm c 49.694mm
0.85f'c B 1

dt c
dt d 630 mm t u 0.035
c
1.45 250t
0.65 max min 0.9 0.9
3
a
Mnx As.pro f y d 1065.405 kNm
2
Mnx
FS 1.164
Mx

2
As.t 0.0018b h 31.19cm
2
( 20mm ) 2
As0 3.142 cm
4
As0
st_x Floor 10mm 210 mm
As.t
b

- KNnasrsEdk tamTis B 2.166 m
rkm:mU g: B; t;tamTis Y
bc bc
Bottom Y Top Y
2 2

b c
Mbottom
Ru Bottom Y 668.966kNm
2

b c
Mtop
Ru Top Y 665.08kNm
2

My max Mbottom Mtop 668.966kNm
rksrsEdkcaM)ac; nig KmatEdkpl;eGay

kMNt;yk b L 3.3 m
bnat;pti EdkEdleRbI DB 20mm
2
DB
nig Rklap1edIm As1
4
314.159 mm
2
kRma;RbsiTiPaB d 630 mm

f'c
0.25MPa
MPa 1.4MPa
min max
f f 0.0035
y y
f'c u
max 0.851 0.0169
f y u 0.005
RklapEdkcaM)ac;
My
Ry 0.568MPa
2
0.9b d
f'c
0.85
1 1 2 Ry 0.00144
fy 0.85f'c
edaysar 0.00144 < min 0.0035
naMeGayRklapcaM)ac; RtUveRbIPaKryEdkGb,brmadUcxageRkam

2
As
cMnYnEdkRtUvkar n
As1
23.162
b
KmatEdkRtUvkar s
n
142.476 mm
KmatEdkpl;eGay sy Floor( s 10mm ) 140 mm


2
As.t 0.0018b h 47.52 cm
2
( 20mm ) 2
As0 3.142 cm
4
As0
st_y Floor 10mm 210 mm
As.t

b
2 1 0 1 2
rUb47karteRmobEdkxageRkam

2 1 0 1 2
rUb48karteRmobEdkxagelI
- BinitemIlRbEvgbgb;EdkkERBageCIgtag
edIm,IeGayRbEvgbgb;EdkRKb;RKan; luHRtaEtepgpat;lkxNxageRkam
Lx ld nig Ly ld
Edl L hc
Lx 75mm 1.275m
2 2
B bc
Ly 75mm 0.808m
2 2
fy t e s
ld = d
1.1 f'c cb Ktr b

db

kg enaH db DB 20 mm f'c 25 MPa fy 400 MPa

t 1.0 e 1.0 s 0.8 if db 20mm
1.0 otherwise
db
cb 75mm 85mm 1.0
2
cb Ktr
Ktr 0 Term 1.5 max min 2.5 2.5
db
fy t e s
ld max db 300mm 465.455 mm
f'c Term
1.1MPa
MPa
Lx ld Ly ld 1
- KNnasrsEdk nigRbEvgEdkrgcaM
RkLapEdkrgcaMGb,brmay:agehacNas;k As = 0.5% Ac EtmineGayticCag4edIm.
bnk sgtK; ti TaMgemKuN Pu max Pu1 Pu2 Pu3 3813.74kN
lTPaBRTRTg;rbs;ssrk,aleCIgtagRKwH
A2
Pn = min 0.85f'c A1 0.85f'c A1
A1

A2
b:uEn A1
2.0
Edl A1 bc hc 0.24 m
2 2
A2 min ( B L) 4.692 m
2
A2
0.65 4.421
A1
bnksgt;RTuDGitbrmaelIeCIgtagKW
(maximum bearing load on the pile cap)
Pn1 0.85f'c A12 10200 kN
bnk sgtR; TuDGitbrmaGnuBaatelIssrk,aleCIgtagRKwHKW

(allowable maximum bearing load on the base of the column)

Pn2 0.85f'c A1 3315 kN
dUecH bnk Gtibrma EdlGacRtUv)anepredaysarkarRTuDKW

Pn min Pn1 Pn2 3315 kN nigEdkrgcaM RtUvkarcaM)ac;edIm,Iepr bnk
elIs. GaRsydUcenH eyIg)an Pex Pu Pn 498.74kN .

Pex
RkLapEdkrgcaMRtUvkar As
fy
19.182cm
2
RkLapenH RtUvEtepgpat;nwgbTdan ACI Section 15.8.2.1

2
Ag bc hc 2400 cm
As.min 0.005Ag 12 cm
2
< As 19.182cm
2
/RtwmRtUv
eRbIEdk db 25mm
2
db 2
Adowel 18 88.357cm
4
0.24 db fy 0.043
ldc max db f y 200mm 480mm
MPa f'c MPa

MPa

2.10
(Shear Wall Design)
1.

tw 200mm

hw 3.25m

lw 6m
f'c 25MPa
fy 400MPa
1>sRmab;CBaaMgsaM (Rigth)
Right Nature N (kN) M (kN*m) H (kN)
1 Self-weigth 2444.677 366.719 58.865
2 Dead 1616.644 293.416 77.909
3 Live 701.443 162.751 37.962
4 Wind -154.402 2120.507 -221.66
5 Roof live 21.089 10.792 0.353
2>sRmab;CBaaMgeqVg (Left)
Left Nature N (kN) M (kN*m) H (kN)
1 Self-weigth 2261.181 241.706 -27.494
2 Dead 1331.51 183.946 -31.868
3 Live 830.789 169.818 -31.463
4 Wind 64.961 2161.238 -239.33
5 Roof live 14.705 1.766 -0.088
3>sRmab;CBaagM kNal (Center)
Center Nature N (kN) M (kN*m) H (kN)
1 Self-weigth 2757.34 392.444 -3.107
2 Dead 1951.941 320.612 -6.253
3 Live -1002.27 225.523 9.725
4 Wind -148.811 2074.462 -284.24
5 Roof live 25.827 8.827 0.119
2. (Design for Shear)
-

(Check maximum shear strength permitted)
Vright Right( 4 3) kN 221.656kN
Vleft Left( 4 3) kN 239.332 kN

Vcenter Center(4 3) kN 284.24 kN

Vtotal max Vright Vleft Vcenter 284.24 kN
Vu 1.6 Vtotal 454.784kN
Vn 0.83 f'ch d
0.75

h tw 200 mm

d 0.8lw 4.8m
f'c
Vn 0.83MPa hd 2988kN > Vu 454.784 kN, OK
MPa
-
Vc (Shear strength provided by concrete)

(Critical section for shear):
lw hw
hcrt min 1.625m
2 2

(Factored axial load):
2444.677
1616.644
1
Nright Right kN Nright 701.443 kN
154.402

21.089
2
Nright.D

Nright 4061.321 kN
k
k 1
2261.181
1331.51
1
Nleft Left kN Nleft 830.789 kN
64.961

14.705
2
Nleft.D
Nleft 3592.691 kN
k
k 1

2757.34
1951.941
1
Ncenter Center kN Ncenter 1002.272 kN
148.811

25.827
2
Ncenter.D

Ncenter 4709.281 kN
k
k 1

ND max Nright.D Nleft.D Ncenter.D 4709.281 kN

ACI (9-6)

Nu 0.9ND 4238.353 kN

Mu Vu hw hcrt 739.024 kNm
f'c Nu d
Vc1 0.27MPa hd 2143.671 kN
MPa 4lw
f'c Nu

lw 0.1MPa 0.2
f'c MPa lw h
Vc2 0.05MPa
hd 4813.686 kN

MPa Mu lw

Vu 2

Vc
min Vc1 Vc2 if Vc2 0 2143.671 kN
Vc1 otherwise
Vc 0.75Vc 1607.753 kN > Vu 454.784kN, OK

ACI Section 11.9.9

t 0.0025
2
Av t lw tw 30 cm


DB12@250
lw ( 10mm ) 2 2
Av 2 47.124 cm
200mm 4
Av
t 0.0039 > 0.0025,

lw tw
lw

smax min 3h 450mm 450 mm
5

DB10@200
- (Vertical reinforcement)
hw
l max 0.0025 0.5 2.5
t 0.0025 0.0025 0.0039
lw

2
Al l lw tw 46.767 cm
lw ( 12mm ) 2 2
Al 2 67.858cm
200mm 4
Al
l 0.0057 > 0.0045,

lw tw
lw

smax min 3h 450mm 450 mm
5

DB12@200

3. (Check Moment Strength)

()

Mright Right( 4 2) ( kNm ) 2120.507 kNm
Mleft Left( 4 2) ( kNm ) 2161.238kNm
Mcenter Center( 4 2) ( kNm ) 2074.462 kNm


Mbase max Mright Mleft Mcenter 2161.238kNm
Mu.base 1.6 Mbase 3457.981kNm
f'c 28MPa
1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05 min 0.85 0.85
7MPa

fy Nu
l 0.09
0.141
f'c h lw f'c
l 1539.132mm
c w
0.851 2

d

0.8lw 4.8m

c 1539.132mm 0.375d 1800mm

0.9

Ast

2
( 12mm ) 2
Ab 113.097 mm
4
sv 200mm
lw 6 m
lw 2
Ast 2Ab 67.858cm
sv
lw c
T Ast f y 2018.049kN
l
w

lw lw c
Mn T Nu 15507.513 kNm
2 2
0.9

Mn Mn 13956.762 kNm
Mn 13956.762 kNm Mu.base 3457.981kNm


4.
(Case of Combined Axial Force and Moment)
- (9-6) ACI:
U 0.9D 1.6W

(

)

Pwind Left( 4 1) ( kN) 64.961 kN
Pu Nu 1.6Pwind 4342.291 kN
Mu Mu.base 3457.981kNm
-
P-M (Interaction Diagram P-M)
lw (2 30mm 2 10mm )
ns ceil 30 i 1 ns
s
v

As 2Ab
i
2
Ast ns Ab2 67.858cm
12mm
ds 30mm 10mm 46 mm
1 2
lw ds 2
1
S 203.724 mm
v ns 1
ds ds ( i 1)Sv
i 1
(Case of axial load)
2
0.65 Ag lw tw 12000 cm

Pn.max 0.800.85f'c Ag Ast Ast f y 14596.471 kN

(Case of eccentric load)
f'c 28MPa
1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05 min 0.85 0.85
7MPa
a 5
c ( a) u 0.003 Es 2 10 MPa
1
ds c ( a)
i
fs ( i a) s u
c ( a)

sign s min Es s f y
dt max ds dt 5954 mm
dt c ( a)
( a) t u
c ( a)
1.45 250t
0.65 max min 0.9
3

a
ns
Pn( a) min ( a) 0.85f'c a tw

i
As f s( i a) Pn.max

i1
ns
lw
lw a
Mn( a) ( a) 0.85f'c a tw
2

2 As fs ( i a) ds
i i 2
i1
lw
a 1mm lw
50
15000
Pn ( a) 12000
kN 9000
Pu
6000
kN
3000
0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
Mn ( a) Mu

kN m kN m
:


. (Foundation Design)
3.1 (Calculation the bearing capacity of pile)
D 0.3m
L 9m
0
1.95 20.1 12 8.9

20.5 kN 13 24.5 kN
deg
Z 3.45 m s cu
6.90 19.6 3 24 4.8 2
m m
10.2 31 1.9
9

FS 3
n rows( )
7 tan n
N'q e 67.089
N'c N'q 1cot n if n 0 N'c 109.991
1 otherwise
(End bearing capacity of pile)
i 1 n
Hi Zi1 Z i
1.95 39.195

1.5 30.75
H m q H s kPa
3.45 67.62

2.1 21.42
q'
q 158.985kPa
kN
qi 50
2

N'q tan n 2015.565 kPa
m

2 2
Ap D 0.09 m p D 4 1.2 m
Qp 9 cu Ap if cu 0 Qp 978.766kN
n n

min q'N'q Ap qi Ap if n 0
Ap cu N'c q'N'q if cu 0 n 0
n n

(Friction (skin) resistance of pile)
19.598
i
Hi 54.57
'0
i Hk s s
k 2 i
'0
103.755
kPa
k 1
148.275
i 0 if cu 0 0.713
i

0.717

0.45 1.993
'0
0.5
i
otherwise 3.552
cu
i
i 0 if i 0
0.44
0.44 if 0deg i 28deg
0.44

0.75 if i 35deg 0.44

1.20 if i 37deg 0.529
0.44 28
linterp 0.75 35 deg i otherwise
1.20 37 14.971

fi cu i '0 i 41.575
i i f kPa
55.221
35.031
85.115
74.836
Qfi ( f p H) kN
228.615

214.491
Qf f p H 552.973 kN
Qu Q p Q f 1531.738kN
Qu
Qall 510.579kN
FS

f'c 25MPa
2
Qcon 0.33f'c D 742.5 kN

Qa min Q allQ con 510.579kN
3.2 (Calculation the settlement of pile)

Q w
,
se se1 se2 se3
se1 =

se2 =
se3 =
.

2 2
Ap D 900 cm
D 0.3 m p 4D 1.2 m

f'c
f'c 25 MPa Ep 4800MPa 24000 MPa
MPa
0.5
Qp
Qwp 326.255 kN
FS
Qf
Q
ws FS
184.324kN
Qwp QwsL
se1 1.743 mm
Ap Ep
3 kN
s 0.35 Es 35 10
2
m

(influence factor) Iwp 0.85
Qwp kN
qwp 3625.058
Ap 2
m

qwp D
se2 1 2 I 23.176 mm
Es s wp
L
Iws 2 0.35 3.917
D
Qws D
1 s Iws 0.503 mm
2
se3
p L Es

se se1 se2 se3 25.422 mm
3.3 (Calculation the settlement of group pile)

Bg ( S)
Vesic (1969),
Bg
sg s
D e
sg =

Bg =
D =

se =

F1 10
2 1 0 1 2
:
10

B 2.166 m
L 3.3 m
S 3D 0.9 m
Bg 0.87S2 D 1.866m
Bg
sg s 63.402 mm
D e

References
[1]. ACI Detailing Manual -2004 / ACI Committee 315 Details of Concrete Reinforcement.
American Concrete Institute, 2004. 212p
[2]. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318M-05) and Commentary /
ACI Committee 318 Structural Building Code. American Concrete Institute, 2004. 436p
[3]. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318M-08) and Commentary /
ACI Committee 318 Structural Building Code. American Concrete Institute, 2004. 478p
[4[. CRSI Design Handbook 2008/ Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute. 10th ed. 2008. 1605p
[5]. Design of Concrete Structures / Arthur H. Nilson. - 12th ed. MaGraw-Hill, 1997. 780p
[6]. Design of Concrete Structures / Arthur H. Nilson, David Daraw, Charles Dolan. - 13th ed.
MaGraw-Hill, 2003. 779p
[7]. Design of Concrete Structures / Arthur H. Nilson, David Daraw, Charles Dolan. - 14th ed.
MaGraw-Hill, 2010. 813p
[8]. Details and Detailing of Concrete Reinforcement (ACI 315-99) / ACI Committee 315.
American Concrete Institute, 1999. 44p
[9]. Foundation Analysis and Design / Joseph E. Bowles. - 6th ed. MaCraw-Hall Companies, Inc.,
1997.
[10]. Foundation Design / Wayne C. Teng. - 13th ed. Prentice-Hall, 1992. 466p
[11]. International Building Code (IBC) 2009 / International Code Council, Inc. (ICC), 2009.
676p.
[12]. Minimum Design Loads for Building and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05) / ASCE
Standard. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. 388p
[13]. Notes on ACI 318-02 Building Code Requirement for Structural Concrete / David A.
Fanella, Basile G. Rabbat, Portland Cement Association, 2002.
[14]. Notes on ACI 318-05 Building Code Requirement for Structural Concrete / Mahmoud E.
Kamara, Basile G. Rabbat, Portland Cement Association, 2005.
[15]. Notes on ACI 318-08 Building Code Requirement for Structural Concrete / Mahmoud E.
Kamara, Basile G. Rabbat, Portland Cement Association, 2008.
[16]. Principles of Foundation Engineering / Braja M. Das. - 5th ed. Brooks/Cole, 2004. 743p
[17]. Principles of Foundation Engineering / Braja M. Das. - 6th ed. Nelson, 2007. 445p
[18]. Principles of Foundation Engineering / Lymon C. Reese, William M. Isenhower, Shin-

Tower Wang. - 6th ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2006. 538p
[19]. Reinforced Concrete: A Fundamental Approach / Edward G. Nawy. - 5th ed. Pearson
Prentice -Hall, Inc, New Jersey. 2006. 824p
[20]. Reinforced Concrete: A Fundamental Approach / Edward G. Nawy. - 6th ed. Pearson
Prentice -Hall, Inc, New Jersey. 2009. 940p
[21]. Reinforced Concrete: Mechanic & Design / James K. Wight, James G. MacGregor. 4th ed.
Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey. 2009. 1128p
[22]. Reinforced Concrete Structure in Mathcad / Sok Rasmey. 1st ed. National Polytechnic
Institute of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, 2010. 293p.
[23]. Structural Concrete: Theory and Design / M. Nadim Hassoun. - 2nd ed. Pearson Prentice -
Hall, Inc. 2002. 772p
[24]. Structural Concrete: Theory and Design / M. Nadim Hassoun, Akthem Al-Manaseer. 4th
ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008. 929p

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Third Print

7.0US$ (Original Print)

012 495 594

Editor : Sok Rasmey

ACI AASHTO ASTM ASCE AISC UBC IBC

ACI Code ASCE 7

(855) 12 495 594 sokrasmey@hotmail.com

f'c 3000psi 20.684 MPa f'c 20MPa 2900.755 psi

f'c 3500psi 24.132 MPa f'c 25MPa 3625.943 psi

f'c 4000psi 27.579 MPa f'c 28MPa 4061.057 psi

f'c 4500psi 31.026 MPa f'c 30MPa 4351.132 psi

f'c 5000psi 34.474 MPa f'c 35MPa 5076.321 psi

f'c 6000psi 41.369 MPa f'c 40MPa 5801.51 psi

f'c 6500psi 44.816 MPa f'c 45MPa 6526.698 psi

f'c 7000psi 48.263 MPa f'c 50MPa 7251.887 psi

11% 23% 15%

fr = 7.5 f'c ( US)

(ACI Section 8.6.1)

f'c [MPa] Ec [MPa] fr [MPa] Gc [MPa]

. (Reinforcing Steel Bars)

ACI ASTM A615 /

.: ASTM 615M (Metric)

Bar Area of steel bar, [cm2] Unit

2>1 bnkTMnaj (Gravity Loads)

shrdGaemrik Gg;eKs Cb:nu r:su SI

evr:gd; a 3.80 2.50 - 2.90

kEngTTYlePJg 4.80 2.50 2.90 2.90

sNaKar 1.90 2.00 1.80 2.00

evr:gd; a 3.80 - 1.80 2.90

bnb;saFarN 4.80 2.00 3.50 2.00

ASCE 7-05 bnkGefrkat;bny

ssrekonCamYykMralkugs Ullyecj KLL 2

RKb;Fatu bgdM TeTot rYmbBal TaMgkMralxN2Tis KLL 1

karkat; bnybnkGefrGnuvtEtelIbn kGefr bNalBIkareRbIR)as; mincMeBaHbnkRBil>>>>

ekAGIrMkil 100psf 4.788 kPa

yandan sMrab;EtrfynePJg 50psf 2.394 kPa

kariyaly 50psf 2.394 kPa

Fn; 250psf 11.97 kPa

sNaKar nig GKareRcInCan;

bnb;saFarN 100psf 4.788 kPa

evr:g;daxagelICan;TI1 80psf 3.83 kPa

evr:g;daCan;TI1 100psf 4.788 kPa

CeNIr nig pvecj 100psf 4.788 kPa

1 nig 2 RKYsarrs;enA 40psf 1.915 kPa

dMbUleRbIsMrab;kEngkMsan 60psf 2.873 kPa

dMbUlsYnc,ar 100psf 4.788 kPa

RKb;sMNg; epSgeTot 20psf 0.958 kPa

ASCE 7-05 karkat;bnybnk GefrdMbUl

kgenaH Lr = bnkGefrdMbUlkat;bnykg 1m2 nTisedAedkEkgnwgFatubgM

1.2 0.001AT otherwise

1.2 0.011AT otherwise

Edl AT = Rklap rgbnk EdlRTedayRKb;FatubgMeRKOgbgM nig

kgenaH sMrab;dMbUl\nnU/ F = cMnYnnkM Bs;KitCaGIun (inch) elIhVt (foot) k gxat SI:

2>2 bnk xl; Gnu elamtambTdan ASCE 7-05

tarag2>3 RbePTtMbn; sMrab;GKar

TIRkugmCmNlFM Edlman50PaKry A 1500ft 457 m 5.0 0.85

tM bn;valrab EdlEbrmuxeTArklMhUrxl;BI D 700ft 213 m 11.5 0.85

elIpTwkcMh cMeBaHcM gayy:agehacNas;