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Technical note
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: The formula for calculating the ultimate bearing capacity of horizontal-vertical reinforced soil is inves-
Received 25 December 2015 tigated based on the failure mode and the mechanism of sand beds reinforced with horizontal-vertical
Received in revised form reinforcement. Two components of soils and reinforcement are calculated separately. The ultimate
28 June 2016
bearing capacity of a shallow, concentrically loaded strip footing on homogeneous soil is commonly
Accepted 2 July 2016
Available online 21 July 2016
determined using the Terzaghi superposition method. The contribution of horizontal-vertical rein-
forcement is calculated based on the bearing resistance of the soil against the transverse members. A
vertical inclusion is treated as a retaining wall, the connement being calculated using Rankine's earth
Keywords:
Geosynthetics
pressure theory. An analytical solution is presented including the traditional factors of soil, unit soil
Horizontal-vertical reinforcement weight, footing width, number of horizontal-vertical reinforcement layers, and reinforcement geometry.
Bearing capacity The results were validated against experimental results and the mean error of the theoretical model was
Mechanism about 10%, with a maximum error of about 20%.
Foundations 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Analytical model
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2016.07.001
0266-1144/ 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
30 J. Hou et al. / Geotextiles and Geomembranes 45 (2017) 29e34
bearing capacity of the depth of the rst layer, the vertical distance pHV ps Dp (1)
between layers and the number of reinforcement layers have been
investigated. where pHV the ultimate bearing capacity of an H-V reinforced
Determining the bearing capacity of different types of founda- foundation. ps the ultimate bearing capacity of the corresponding
tions is a topic of great interest from the point of view of design. unreinforced soil foundation, and Dp the increased bearing ca-
Numerous analytical studies have examined the effect of soil re- pacity due to the H-V reinforcement.
inforcements on the ultimate bearing capacity of foundations The limit equilibrium method is used most commonly to eval-
(Chakraborty and Kumar, 2014; Chen and Abu-Farsakh, 2015). uate the bearing capacity of footings because of its simplicity
Kumar and Sahoo (2013) proposed an empirical method to calcu- (Terzaghi, 1943; Vesic, 1973; Kumbhojkar, 1993). The ultimate
late the ultimate bearing capacity of a rectangular footing on bearing capacities of strip footings can be determined using Ter-
reinforced soil and validated their results in large-scale model tests. zaghi's general shear failure mechanism, in which the ultimate
Michalowski and Shi (2003) found that, while reinforcement affects bearing capacity of a shallow, uniformly loaded strip footing on a
the failure mechanism to some degree, the characteristic features of homogeneous soil is commonly determined as:
the collapse process resemble that of unreinforced soil.
1
Soils and reinforcement are two main components of the bearing ps cNc qNq Ng gB (2)
capacity of reinforced foundation. Recognizing this, Michalowski 2
(2004) proposed a kinematic approach of limit analysis to calculate
whereNc, Nq,Ng bearing capacity factors, B foundation width,
the bearing capacity of reinforced soil foundations. However, all
q uniform surcharge around foundation, c effective soil cohe-
these research studies are generally meant for foundations on plane-
sion andg unit weight of soil. The case of interest here is the
reinforced soil beds. Hardly any analytical studies are available that
bearing capacity of a foundation initially on the surface of a cohe-
look at the ultimate bearing capacity of a strip footing placed over
sionless soil (c 0, q 0). Accordingly, Eq. (2) becomes
soils that are embedded with three dimensional H-V reinforcements.
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the formula for the ulti-
1
mate bearing capacity of a H-V reinforced foundation. ps Ng gB (3)
2
Many researchers (Bergado et al., 1993; Jewell, 1990; Matsui
2. Brief overview of laboratory tests
et al., 1996; Moraci and Gioffre, 2006) have found that the
bearing resistance of the soil against the transverse members is the
A previous study has detailed a series of model tests (Hou, 2010;
dominant contributor to pull-out resistance. Jewell (1990) found
Hou et al., 2011b) and hence we give here only a brief description of
that the bearing resistance of the soil against the transverse
the equipment and testing method. The model tests were con-
members, for a grid reinforcement of length LR and width WR
ducted in a box 1.4 m long, 0.6 m wide and 0.8 m deep. The model
(Fig. 2a), can be evaluated from the following expression:
footing was a steel plate of dimensions 0.15 0.592 m (B L, where
B and L represent the width and length respectively of the rect-
Fb L
angular footing) and 0.025 m thick. The particle size of the sand is R sz WNb (4)
mainly between (0.3e2.36) 103 m. The density of soil is 19 kN/
WR S
m3 and the soil shear strength angle is 38.6 . The strip reinforce-
whereFb is the resistance of the transverse members against the
ment and horizontal inclusions of H-V reinforcement are 0.75 m
soil, S is the spacing between grid bearing members, LR/S is the
long, 0.02 m wide and 0.002 m thick. The vertical inclusions are
number of grid bearing members, Nb is the bearing resistance fac-
0.03 m high, 0.02 m wide and 0.002 m thick and are xed on the
tor, W is the bearing member thickness and sz is the normal stress.
horizontal inclusions every 0.075 m. Nine H-V reinforcements are
For unit ultimate bearing resistance,sb, Eq. (4) can be rewritten as:
uniformly laid out in one layer. N (from 1 to 3) layers of rein-
forcement were placed at specic depths in the sand bed for each
Fb
model test. The depth of the each layer from the bottom face of the sb Nb sz (5)
footing to the top of the vertical inclusions was measured as zi (i WR W LSR
from 1 to 3). The test programs and main conclusions are sum- Many studies (Jewell et al., 1984; Peterson and Anderson, 1980;
marized in Table 1. Bergado et al., 1993; Matsui et al., 1996) have shown that the
bearing resistance factor Nb depends only on soil shear strength
3. Ultimate bearing capacity of the sand band reinforced with angle. In particular, the micro-scale research of Zhou et al. (2012)
H-V reinforcements showed that the solutions of Matsui et al. (1996) are in good
agreement with their experimental results.
As indicated in laboratory model tests and numerical analyses, Matsui et al. (1996) proposed an equation based on a Prandtl
H-V reinforcements can provide resistance to lateral displacement mechanism as shown in Fig. 2b:
J. Hou et al. / Geotextiles and Geomembranes 45 (2017) 29e34 31
Table 1
The test programs and main conclusions (Hou et al., 2011b).
N z1 (m) z2 (m) z3 (m) B (m) g (kN/m3) f ( ) n W (m) Ultimate bearing capacity (kPa)
1
y sy usx sz
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram for grid. E
1
(7)
z s z u s x s y
E
p f p f p f
Nb eptan f tan cos 1 sin fsin 0
y z
4 2 4 2 4 2
(6) We nd that:
a retaining wall (Fig. 4). Therefore, the Dq can be calculated by layer. Therefore, according to Eq. (9), the improvement of vertical
Rankine's earth pressure theory. The lateral earth pressure on the bearing capacity, Dp, due to all vertical inclusions can be stated as:
top and bottom of a vertical inclusion of unit width for Rankine's
qatop qabottom 1 Kp Ka g
qa (11) pHV gBNg Nb Wn 2zi H (19)
2 2 2
For the Rankine passive state it is: Many researchers (Fragaszy and Lawton, 1984; Huang and
Tatsuoka, 1990; Khing et al., 1993; Omar et al., 1993; Yetimoglu
qptop Kp gzi ; qpbottom Kp gzi H (12) et al., 1994) stated that the parameters identied as critical in
improving bearing capacity include the embedment depth of
and the mean value is: reinforcement, number of reinforcement layers, vertical spacing
between reinforcement layers, reinforced depth, and width of
qptop qpbottom reinforcement. In particular, previous experimental studies
qp (13) (Binquet and Lee, 1975a, 1975b; Yetimoglu, 1994) stated that the
2
Kp Ka g
Dq qp qa 2zi H (16)
2 70
The contribution of all vertical inclusions can be calculated as
follows:
60
X Kp Ka g
Dq nW 2zi H (17) 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12
2
zi
where, n is the number of vertical inclusions on a H-V reinforce-
ment, and W is the sum of the widths of vertical inclusions in a Fig. 5. Fitting curve (s 0.3%B).
J. Hou et al. / Geotextiles and Geomembranes 45 (2017) 29e34 33
Table 2
The comparisons for different cases.
N z1 (m) z2 (m) z3 (m) b1 b2 b3 Measured (kPa) Proposed method (kPa) Error (%)
value of the reinforcement embedment depth is largely inuenced capacity of H-V reinforced foundation. However, it should be noted
the bearing capacity. Hence, a correction,bi, for the effect of that the experimental results are based on tests conducted in a
embedment depth is introduced. Hou (2010) proposed an equation small model box. Research on the best value of n, the real life loads
for an H-V reinforced foundation by tting the test results as shown and sizes is necessary, and full application is possible only after the
in Fig. 5: above limitations are better understood.
1
bi i 1; 2; /N (20) Acknowledgments
20zi
The contribution of reinforcement layers to the bearing capacity This study has been supported by the gs1:National Natural
can be calculated by summing across every layer of H-V rein- Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41372280 and 41202215). The
forcement. Therefore, the ultimate bearing capacity equation for a authors would like to express their gratitude for this nancial
strip footing reinforced with multi-layer H-V reinforcement can be assistance.
calculated as:
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