Elastic Solutions For Soil and Rock Mechanics.

CENTRE FOR GEOTECHNICAL RESEARCH THE UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY ELASTIC SOLUTIONS FOR SOIL AND ROCK MECHANICS by HG. Poulos and E.H. Davis ‘The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Telephone: (02) 692 2109 Telex: AA 26169ELASTIC SOLUTIONS FOR SOIL AND ROCK MECHANICSSERIES IN SOIL ENGINEERING Edited by T.William Lambe Robert V. Whitman Professors of Civil Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Books in Series: Soil Testing for Engineers by T. William Lambe. 1951 ‘Soil Mechanics by T. William Lambe and Robert V. Whitman, 1968 Elastic Solutions for Rock and Soil Mechanics by Harry G. Poulos and E.Davis, 1974 ‘Soil Dynamics by Robert V. Whitman (in progress) Fundamentals of Soil Behavior by James K. Mitchell (in progress) ‘Tho aim ofthis series isto present the modern concepts of soil ‘engineering, which is the science and technology of soils and their application to problems in civil engineering. The word “soil” is interpreted broadly to include all earth materials whose properties and behavior influence civil engineering construction. Soil engineering is founded upon many basic disciplines? mechanics and dynamics: physical geology and engineering geology: clay mineralogy and colloidal chemistry: and mechanics of granular systems and fluid mechanics. Principles from these basic disciplines are backed by ‘experimental evidence from laboratory and field investigations and from observations on actual structures. Judgment derived from experience and engineering economics are central to soil engineering. “The Books In this series are intended primarily for use in university ‘courses, at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. The editors also ‘expect that al ofthe books will serve as valuable reference material for practicing engineers. T. William Lambe Robert V. Whitman iiELASTIC SOLUTIONS FOR SOIL AND ROCK MECHANICS H G Poulos Reader in Civil Engineering University of Sydney EH Davis Professor of Civil Engineering (Soil Mechanics) University of Sydney Originally Published in 1974 by: JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. NEW YORK - LONDON - SYDNEY - TORONTO. Reprinted in 1991 by: CENTRE FOR GEOTECHNICAL RESEARCH UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY itiDetails of original publication: ‘Copyright © 1974, by Jona Wiley & Sons, Inc. [Alright reserved Published simultaneously in Canad. ‘No pat of thia book may be reproduced by any means. ‘or ianamiied, nor Wansiated into a machine language ‘without he writen permission ofthe pubiher. Urary of Congress Cataioging in Puttcaton Date: Povo H G84 laste slitlns for en and rock mechanics. ibiography: p. . 4, Soll mechanics—Probloms, exercises, etc. 2. lock mechanies—Probieme, exerts, ot |. Elastcty—Probiems, exercises, et. Davia, EM, joint author. Ik Tie. Taniope? — e2essia 7371 ISBN 0471-605653, Printed in th United States of America woeaTesaaz1 ivPREFACE TO REPRINTED EDITION The original edition of this book has been out of print for several years, but there have been many requests for it to be reprinted. The original publishers, John Wiley and Son Inc, New York, have been gracious in re-assigning copyright to the surviving author, and hence, the book is now being reprinted through the Centre for Geotechnical Research at the University of Sydney. This reprinted edition contains a significant number of corrections which were brought to the author's attention by a number of users, in particular, Dr John T Christian, Dr Peter T Brown, Professor M R Madhav, Mr J M Shen, Sir Alan Muir Wood, Dr K J Cheverton, Professor Michael J Pender, Dr | D Moore, Associate Professor J C Small and Mr M A Adler. | am very grateful to these persons for their interest in bringing the errors to my attention. | am also grateful for the encouragement of my colleagues within the Centre for Geotechnical Research at the University of Sydney to prepare the corrected edition, and to Ms Monica Martin, who undertook the typing of the corrections and Miss Kim Pham for correcting the figures. Harry G Poulos August, 1991PREFACE ‘The authors have attenpted to asseable as comprehensive a collection as possible of graphs, tables and explicit solution of probleas in elasticity relevant to soil and rock nechanies. Many of these solutions are well known and‘widely used in geotechnical practice, and are available in standard xeferences. However, new solutions of relevance appear at frequent intervals and in diverse publications, and it is~ difficult for the practising engineer to locate, or even to kmow of the existence of, solution which may be of interest. ‘The large majority of solutions are for an isotropic hono- geneous nass, but some important solutions are also included for cross-anisotropic and non-hopogeneous elastic materials. Because of the vast literature in the theory of elasticity and the need to keep the book to a reasonable size, coverage of solutions in this book is by no means exhaustive, and solutions which nay be considered of relevance by sone people will doubt- Jess have been onitted. In a number of instances, a reference is given even though no solution is reproduced in the book. Tt has not been found practicable to maintain 2 uniform notation throughout the book; where there appeared to be valid reasons for doing so, the original author's notation has been adhered to, but particularly in the nore basic material, a comon notation has been used. However, a uniform sign convention has been used in that the following are considered as positive: compressive stress, reduction in length or volme, and displacement in the positive co-ordinate direction. ‘The authors have not attempted the imense task of a full check of all the solutions they have reproduced, but a more Jimited check has been carried out by testing solutions for self= consistency and consistency with other solutions and this has uncovered a mmber of errors in the original solutions which have ‘been corrected. However, it is probable that some further errors vill have escaped the-authors' notice and any information on such errors will be gratefully received by then, ‘The book is divided into essentially four parts: (2) __an introductory sumary of the basic equations and relationships in elastic theory (Chapter 1) and then basic solutions for problens involving concentrated leads on elastic nedia (Chapter 2); () __ solutions for loading of simple geonetrical areas, both unifornly loaded and rigid (Chapters 3 to 9); (©)___ solutions of a nore complicated nature having relevance to practical soil mechanics, rock mechanics and foundation problens (Chapters 10 to 15); (@__ appendices containing complete solutions for various cases of surface loading on an anisotropic or isotropic elastic half space.PREFACE As a reference for students, research workers and practising engineers, this book may be used in a umber of ways: (2) __as an immediate source of solutions for use in solving geotechnical problems; (b) __as a source of basic solutions from which nore complicated solutions may be evaluated by the user; (6)___ as a source of reference solutions against which numerical computer solutions (e.g. from the finite elenent method) may be checked. Grateful achnowledgenent is given to the great mmber of persons and institutions, too mmerous to list individually, who have given permission for their solutions to be reproduced. Special thanks are due to Dr. T. William Lanbe; Edmund K. Tumer Professor of Civil Engineering at M.I.T., for his original encouragenent of the preparation of the book; Dr. J.P. Giroud of the University of Grenobie, France, for his generous permission to reproduce many of his results, both published and unpublished; Drs. J.R, Booker and P.T, Brown of the University of Sydney for their coments and advice, and Dr. C. M, Gerrard and Mes. W.J. Harrison for permission to reproduce ‘their papers in full as Appendices A and B. Finally, the authors are greatly indebted to Mrs. M. Brown, who cheerfully and patiently carried out the major task of typing the manu- seript, and to Mr. R. Brew, Mes. H. Papallo and Miss A. Chittendon, who undertook the onerous task of preparing the diagrans. H. G. Poulos EH. Davis June 1973 viiLae 12 Ls Ls Ls 1.6 Lar 1g HAPTER 2 24 22 23 GUAPTER S aa 3.2 33 34 CHAPTER 4 4a. 42 43 CONTENTS FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS Analysis of stress Analysis of strain Equilibein equations Strain-displacenent and compatability equations Stress-strain relationships Digferential equations of isotropic elasticity Convenient methods of considering loaded areas ‘Superposition of solutions for various loadings Equations of simple bending theory BASIC SOLUTIONS FOR CONCENTRATED LOADING Point Loading Line loading Line loading-axial symetry DISTRIBUTED LOADS ON THE SURFACE OF A SEMI- INFINITE YASS Loading on an infinite strip Loading over half the infinite surface Loading on a circular area Loading on a rectangular area Loading on an elliptical area ‘Loading over any area - DISTRIBUTED LOADING BENEATH THE SURFACE OF A ‘SEMI-INFINITE MASS Vertical Loading on a horizontal area Horizontal loading on a vertical rectangle Rectangles subjected to shear loading wean 10 2 “ 1s 16 26 41 a3 54 4 92 7 99CHAPTER 5 Sal 5.2 5.3 5.4 GUPTER 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 CHAPTER 7 7 7.2 73 78 1s 7.6 17 7.8 79 CHAPTER 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 85 CHAPTER 9 9. 9.2 9.3 CONTENTS SURFACE LOADING OF A FINITE LAYER UNDERLAIN BY A RIGID BASE Loading on an infinite strip Loading on a circular area Loading on a rectangular area Vertical loading over any area ‘SURFACE LOADING OF MULTI-LAYER SYSTEMS ‘Tworlayer systems ‘Three-layer systens Four-layer systens Approximate solutions for mlti-layer systens RIGID LOADED AREAS Infinite strip on a seni-infinite mass Cirele on semi-infinite mass Circular ring on seni-infinite mass Rectangle on semi-infinite nass Ellipse on semi-infinite mass Infinite strip on finite layer Circle on finite layer Rectangle on finite layer Rigid areas enbedded within a semi-infinite mass ‘STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS IN CROSS- ANISOTROPIC MEDIA Concentrated loading on a semi-infinite mass Strip on semi-infinite mss Circle on seni-infinite mass Loading on miti-layer systems Particular cases of anisotropy STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS IN A NON-HOMOGENEOUS ELASTIC MASS Seni-infinite mass with linear variation of nodulus Generalized Boussinesq theory for non- homogeneous semi-infinite mass Finite layer with linear variation of modulus 103 a us 182 138 us 162 162 165 16 167 168 169 17 178 180 180 183 184 18s 187 191 193 195. 198CHAPTER 10 10.1 10.2 10.3 CHAPTER 11. iL 1.2 CHAPTER 12 12a 12.2 12.3 CHAPTER 15 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 CHAPTER 14 Web 14.2 14.3 CHAPTER 15 15.1, 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 CONTENTS ‘STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS IN EMBANKMENTS ‘AND SLOPES Enbankeent on rigid base Exbankeeht on elastic foundation Infinite slope ‘STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS AROUND UNDERGROUND OPENINGS Unlined openings Lined openings RAFT FOUNDATIONS Strip foundations on a seni-infinite mass Circular rafts Rectangular rafts AXIALLY LOADED PILES Single incompressible floating pile Single compressible floating pile Single compressible end-bearing pile Negative friction in a single end-bearing pile Floating pile groups End-bearing pile groups PILES SUBJECTED TO LATERAL LOAD AND MOMENT Single floating pile ‘Tip-restrained piles Pile groups MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS ‘Thick-wall cylinder in triaxial stress field Cylinder with rough rigid end plates Inclusien in an infinite region Stigé plate subjected to moment and horizental load Stresses in a layer with @ yielding base Stresses ‘behind retaining walls 199 208 226 29 245 249 235 260 269 27. 278 278 279 281 283 287 291 297 297 304 305APPENDIX A STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS IN A LOADED ORTHORHOMBIC HALF SPACE APPENDIX B CIRCULAR LOADS APPLIED TO A CROSS~ ANISOTROPIC HALF SPACE REFERENCES AUTHOR DXDEX 309 337 399 405 407Chapter 1 FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS 1.1 Analysis of Stress 1.1.1 BASIC DEFINITIONS AND SIGN CONVENTION Since it is often convenient in soil nechanics to consider compressive stresses as positive, this conventional will be adopted here. The normal and shear stresses acting on an elenent are shown in Fig.11, the stresses all being of positive sign. ‘The normal stresses Gz, Jy, dz are positive when directed into the surface. The notation for the shear stress Tj; is as follows: is the shear stress acting inthe direction on a plane normal to the i axis. ‘The sign convention for shear stress is as follows: ‘The shear stress is positive when directed in a negative Cartesian direction while acting on a plane whose outward normal points in a positive direction, or, when directed in a positive Cartesian direction while acting on a plane whose outward normal points in a“hegative Cartesian direction. Equilibriua requires that wy" ye Tye = ty Te 7 Teg For the definition of stresses in other coordinate systems, see Section 1.3. 1.1.2 STRESS COMPONENTS ON ANY PLANE Referring to Fig.1.2, the stress components Pres Pays Pra on any plane with a directed normal » can be expressed in tems of the stresses in the 2, y and 2 coordinates as PIG.1.2,2 FUNDAMENTAL DEPINITIONS AND RELATIONSEIPS Paz Tye Tee | | eo ua Pry | = | Tay Sy Tay | [orate Jos G0 Paz Tee Tys Sx | [e082 where cos(njz) is the cosine of the angle between the 7m and = directions, and similarly for cos(ny) and cos(n,z). y Zi Nem FIG.1.2 1,1,3 TRANSFORMATION OF AXES If anew set of orthogonal axes !, y', x! are chosen, the stress components in this coordinate system are related to the stress components in the original =, y, 2 system as follows: 8 =Asat see (1.2) where $, is the stress matrix with respect tothe xty'z! axes, Sis the stress matrix with respect tothe zy = axes, A is the direction cosine matrix, ies, A= | cos(s',2) cos(a',y) qos(s',z) cos(y',2) coa(y',y) cos(y',a) eoe(a",2) cos(a',y) cos(a',z) AT is the transpose of A. 1.1.4 PRINCIPAL STRESSES It is possible to show that there is one set of axes with respect to which all shear stresses are zero and the nornal stresses have their extreme values. The three mutually perpendicular planes where this condition exists are called the princtpal planes, and the normal stresses acting on these planes are the principal stresses. The principal stresses, 01, 62 and os (the maximum, intermediate and ninimm stresses respectively) may be found as the roots of the equation o oe OD 9,3-s10;2 + d20, - Js where Jy = 0_40,40,,= @(bulk stress) oie see (Leda) 2g tag 2 Ja Oye tey “ys ee see (edb) - 0.1.2 tiga? Je = 00,9508 yg Oy an ~Oa*ay + Ryytyeteg -++ 40) Jy (or 0), Jz, Js are often known as the first, second and third stress invariants, as they remain constant, independent of the coordinate system. In terms of the principal stresses, T= 6 =o +02 +03 see G52) Jz = 0102 + 0203 + 0302 + (50) Ty = 010203 see G50) The directions of the normals to the principal planes are given by 208 (3,2) ss Q.6a) 2s c09(nzs4) = + (1.66) Ma tas,240,2 fy 8240; ses G62) F004) 0,r0,) Ty kyy Tykes ~ Tey (6, yo Tay ys “Tee and ©, are the principal stresses = 1,2,3)6 © 1.1.5 MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS ‘The maximm shear stress occurs on a plane whose normal makes an angle of 45° with the o; and oy directions. The maximm shear stress, Tmar at @ point is given byANALYSIS OF STRESS 3 paz 7 (01-03) we ON 1.1.6 OCTAHEDRAL STRESSES The octahedral normal stress yoy and the octahedral shear stress Tost at a point are the stresses acting on the eight planes of an imaginary octahedron surrounding the point, the normals to the faces of the octahedron having direction cosines of 41/73 with the direction of the principal stresses. ‘The magnitudes of the octahedral stresses are 6,49, Sete ve (1.8) 3 Tot = 2 ((or-o2)* Horas? #103-01)*)* = ty) *#(0,,-0,,)*+(0,-0,)* Ht Hg Hyg )) ves 2.9) 1.1.7 TWO-DIMENSIONAL STRESS SYSTEMS Many situations in soil mechanics can be treated as two-dimensional problems in which only the stresses in a single plane need be considered. The most important case is that of plave strain, in which the strain (see Section 1.2) in one of the coordinate directions (usually the y direction here) is zero. Another class of problems are those involving plane ‘stress conditions, in which the stress in one of the coordinate directions (usually y here) is zero. In two-dimensional stress situations, the stress relationships are considerably simplified in relation ‘to the general three-dimensional case. Referring to Fig.1.3, the stresses on a plane making an angle @ with the 2 direction are 1g = H(0,40,)44(0,-0,)ovs20+t,.sin2® ... (1.10) = 1,,00820-K(0,, -0,)sinze se Qa % ‘The principal stresses are given by By soso) e((or0,J*4r,,7)* ... 0.12) ‘The principal planes are inclined at an angle a, 6 = Hart Sart see 2.13) and 490° to the 2 axis. ¥IG.1.3 ‘The maxim shear stress occurs on planes inclin~ ed at 45° to the principal planes and is of magnitude Tne = ¥ ((0,7,)*4 40,,2)¥ see Qed) (It should be noted that the sign of this maxim shear stress is opposite on the two planes, in order to confora to the sign convention given in Section Lip. 1.1.8 MOHR'S CIRCLE OF STRESS A geometrical solution for stresses in any direction is provided by Mohr's circle, shown in Fig.1.4 for a two-dimensional stress systen. The circle is drawn in relation to a set of orthogonal axes, one for normal stress (c) and the other for shear stress (1). The seale of these two axes mst be equal. I£ the principal stresses 1, 6 are known, the circle can be drawn with the centre at o=4(01403) and of radius (01-03)/2. If the normal and shear stresses are known, the cirele can be drawn with the centre at o=k(oztdy) and passing through the points (0_, t,,) and (0,,-T,)» The radius of the circle thus constructed is equal to the maximm shear stress Taz (see Equation 1.14). ‘The angle 28; is twice the angle between the a coordinate axes and the axes corresponding to the directions of principal stress (the 1-3 axes in Fig.1.4). The direction of rotation of the radius fron its original constructed position to where the circle intersects the normal stress axis is in the same angular sense as the direction of rotation of the axes for the =-z axes to becone the principal 3-7 axes: The stresses in any other directions x’, 2! nay similarly be determined by drawing a diameter, through the ‘centre of the circle, at an angle 20 to the diameter describing the stress conditions on the4 FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS 2-2 axes, where 0’ is the angle between the az axes and the x!‘ axes (see Fig.2.4). It should be noted that shear stresses are considered positive if they tend to produce a clockwise rotation about a point, outside the elenent, at the plane on which they act (Fig.1.5). This convention is consistent with that previously developed for ‘three-dimensional conditions. Q 1.1.9 POLE CONSTRUCTION ‘The pole construction is a useful way of Linking the stresses at a point in the physical plane (Fig. 1.60) to the Mohr circle diagram for the stresses (Fig.1.6a). The pole, P, is the point on the circle such that the normal and shear stresses on any plane & (perpendicular to the physical plane) are given by the intersection with the Mohr circle of a line ‘through P parallel with the plane a. For example the stresses on vertical and horizontal planes are as indicated in Fig.1.6a and the major principal plane is inclined at the angle 8 above the horizontal. 1.2 Analysis of Strain 1.2.1 BASIC DEFINITIONS Considering first the case of two-dimensional strain (Fig.1.7), the normal strains e and ¢, are defined as see (L158)ANALYSIS OF STRAT 5 -3 see (Le15b) where Pz, Og are the displacements in the = and 2 directions. A positive normal strain corresponds to a decrease in length. ‘The shear strain Yzz is the angular change in a right angle in a material and is related to the displacements pz and pz as + @.16) ‘A positive shear strain represents an increase in the right angle and a negative shear strain represents a decrease in the right angle. = Considering the sy and yz planes similarly, the six strain components are related to the displace- Rents Pz» Pys bg inthe =,y and z directions as ap, 20, 20, oe -aee gt Se 7 Ge Ny 7 Be ee et?) 20, a, 2, ae5t = - oh oe ae ato FE + Gam) ap, a, Pe ce gg ee oes (LT) as a2 Os As for shear stresses Ge! te sro! postion fons exrtigaration oF the ‘origina! right orgie AOB. ‘Shear SOM Yqg 2-017 Oe 1.2.2 STRAIN IN A PLANE Considering again a two-dimensional strain situ- ation, the normal strain cg in 2 plane inclined at @ tothe = axis is x, 00820 + 2 sine & = see 28) and the shear strain is Ye = Yoq 07820 - (6,764) einde see G19) (ote that the above expressions correspond to those for the noraal and shear stresses (Section 1-1), except for a factor of i in the last tem). 1.2.5 TRANSFORMATION OF AXES I£ a new set of orthogonal axes =!, y', 2! are chosen, the strain components in this coordinate system are related to the strain components in the original =, y, 2 system as Dy = ADAT +++ (1.20) where D is the strain matrix in the 3 Ys 2 systea, Fx Ny Fea] pe ye Y My} ... a tse May D, is the strain matrix in the a!, y!, 2! system. A is the direction cosine matrix defined in Section 1.1.3. AT iis the transpose of A. In matrix operations, it is convenient to use the double suffix notation and to define 4ygj as 23. ‘The strain matrix is then ese Sey Se pe ye °w &ya B wes (1.22) az "ye Sa 1.2.4 PRINCIPAL STRAINS Analogous to the principal planes of stress, there are three principal planes of strain. The shear strains in these planes are zero and the normal strains are the principal strains. The major and minor principal strains are respectively, the greatest and least normal strains at the point. For an isotropic elastic material, the principal planes of strain can be shown to coincide with the principal planes of stress.6 FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS ‘The principal strains are determiied, in a sinil- ar manner to principal stresses, as the roots of the ‘equation ef - het +ne,- t= 0 vee 2.25) were Th = 6, + 6, +6, ese (24a) Yet Tenet, +6, + 66, - ere) ate le 4 4. cea ety San? Tyecee, - eae. Stee aty’s G é ey? _ Sale? | Yo Yes 4 4 see (1.240) Ih, Iz, Is are the strain invariants, analogous to ‘the stress invariants. In two-dimensional systens, the principal strains €1, €3 are as follows: see (1.25) a ete = 22s we), pe Sale es and the principal planes are inclined at an angle 6; to the = and 2 axes, where ses 1.26) ran = 827 ss G27 where €, = maximum principal normal strain, €3 = minimm principal normal strain. ‘Ymge _ccours on a plane whose normal makes an angle of 46° with the €, and 3 directions. 1.2.6 MOHR'S CIRCLE OF STRAIN A geonctrical solution for strains in any direction is provided by Vohr's circle of strain (Fig.1.8). ‘The only difference between the circle of strain and the cizcle of stress is that, in the circle of strain, the ordinate represents only one-half the shear strain Ge. the ordinate axis is y/2). As in Fig.1.4, the axes 1-3 represent the principal axes, 2-2. the horizontal and vertical space axes and ‘2'-2! the axes in direction at an angle @/ to the 2-2 axes. ‘The diameter of the circle is equal to the maximm shear strain Jeaapaeet Ynune = ME greg) + Yaw ‘The pole construction as described for’ the Mohr circle of stress may be adapted for the Mohr circle of strain. FIG.1.8 Mohr circle of strain, 1.3 Equilibrium Equations 1.3.1 CARTESIAN COORDINATES By considering the equilibrium of the element shown in Fig.1.1 in the Cartesian coordinate systen, the following equilibrium equations are obtained: 20, at, t, pow 3 i, ye see (2.288) te ay ee Mer, Be eng vee 288) az ay asa, », Seep de eee vo Gate here Z, ZZ. are the body forces, per unit volume, in the 2, y and = Siceetionsy eee (1-308) With an ordinary gravity field and the z direction vertically downwards, X and J are zero and a, we Ot Z is the unit weight, y, of the material. = oqte 20 eee (2.306) at 1.5.2 CYLINORICAL coonpmsaTEs 1.5.5. SPHERICAL coonomiaTes (Fig.1.10) 710.1.10 Baoytgtygeots a e+ Q-31a) Stygtlogayieot® F see GL.31b) Corisidering the equilibrium of the elenent in the cylindrical (r,z,0) coordinate system shown in Fig. ‘nga ggoot8 1.9, the equilibriua equations are (neglecting body . oe forces) ses Ge31e) see 1.298) For complete spherical symmetry these become 20, 20,6, . Bp, Mee + (323 oe see G.290)8 FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS 1.4. Strain-Displacement and Compatibility Equations 2.A.1CARTESEAN CoonDINATES ‘The strain - displacement relationships are given 4m equation (1.17). Since six strain components are derived from only three displacenents, the strains are not independent of each othor. Six further relationships, known as the compatibility equations, can be derived. These are as follows: “a se+ (33a) ate, ate, ay, ay, 2 2 Se tat * at ss (1-350) Fe, Fe, ye WtaF "le noe TAateh Be, ye ee %, Ga "at ae tap tae Gs ae, Nye Men, %, -2 G#_—= Ge 3 Ge Fee. asm ae, 9 ty, 37, YY, Zee 2,2. Heap GEE ano 1.4.2 CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES ‘The strain ~ displacement equations are 2, 2, Yap 7 Op 7 Ge sss Qs34e) ‘The corresponding compatability equations are quoted by Lture (1964). 1.4.3. SPHERICAL COORDINATES ‘The strain - displacement equations are: 12% _ Ho te tee e358) ggg oon ae (eg ““reind ap 7 26 ogees —_— > ves (1.358) a, e, ®, night ta Yer oe * yr ” Reine 3p = wig te ‘Feine 3¢ ve Qu350) ‘The compatibility equations, for the case of axial symmetry, are quoted by Lure (1964). 1.5 Stress-Strain Relationships 1.5.1 LINEAR HOMOGENEOUS ISOTROPIC MATERIAL Strains in terms of stress: = Ft, - voy +01 es, = Zio, - vo, +0.) y 7 By” Cet oe 1 «, 7 biez- ve, +o 2 “ey” G tee ei Tye” 6 "ye 1 Yen” G Tee where E = Young's modulus v= Poisson's ratio G = shear modulus E 2(140) Also, volume strain ) 8 e = where. c, = Extoytes © = ot0y40, = bulk ee (36a) ses (1-360) ses 1-360) + (1.368) see G.360) s++ (1.368) see 137) see (1.37) stressSTRESS-STRAIH RELATIONSHIPS 9 X= balk modulus. Stresses in terms of strains: o, = dey + 200, oy = Ae, + 206, o, = Ae, + 26e, see 38a) see 380) vee (1.38e) = Oy, ete see (1.384) where 1,@ are Lame's paraneters ve, (149) (1-20) see (1-398) a= —2_« shear modulus 20) ves (1-396) (© 4s also often denoted as u). Fot the special case of plane stress e.g. in the az plane, o=0 in the above equations. For the special case of plane strain in the mz plane, ey=0 and hence 9, = veo, +6,) a.40) Equations (1.36) then reduce to a= 22 aw - ww) se (sda) gro ves (eae) 6, = SM to,2-) - wo ses Ge4le) = 2 wit vee Qo) Solutions for a plane strain problea can be used for the corresponding plane stress problem provided that the following equivalent values of E and v are used in the plane strain problem: 2, = “ibe see (42a) (a)? x vet ses 1.420) ew Conversely, to use solutions for a plane stress problem for the corresponding plane strain problen, the equivalent moduli are z ey fc Tt (2.438) see (1.436) Plane stress solutions which do not involve the elastic parameters aze therefore identical with the corresponding plane strain solutions e.g. stresses within a semi-infinite plate and stresses due to line loading on a semi-infinite mass. Sumary of Relationships Zetween Elastic Paraiieters (ory) = ses G48) 31+) a= —_ see (1-48) (4) 2-20) : xe —S—. shee see (1-46) 3ti-2v) 5(1-2v) ae 2 + G47) 340 : vy = Gti + (1.48) 2(3x+0) X 2 . Ae - @.49) ope Constrained modulus (1/my in Soil Mechanics) » + @.50) (ey) (2-20) : 1.5.2 CROSS ANISOTROPIC MATERIAL ‘Stresses in terms of strains: Cartesian cobniinates: 1, = 8, + bey + oc, +++ 51a) = be, + ae, tee, ses Q.S1b) = 06, + os, + a, see Q.5lc) Ten = Fogg see G.514) ty fey ses G.Ste) LF fable, + G.514) Gylindeicat coordinates: 0, = at, + bey + ec, see (1.528) % = be, + Oty toe, eee (1.526) O, = 6c, + cg + de, ses @.826) Tye Seng so (1.528) Tee Teg + @.520) Tyg = abe + G52)10 FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS Fy(1-VpYop) (4) YP %54) see (1.538) Fx on) (Fy) yr 2 oq) see (1536) ee) 5 Yon Trop see (2.530) assay and E, = sodulus of elasticity in the horizontal direction B, = modulus of elasticity in the vertical direction Vy, = Poisson's ratio for effect of horizontal stress on con : plenentary horizontal strain Vgy 7 Poisson's ratio for effect of horizontal stress on vertical strain = Poisson's ratio for effect of vertical stress on horizontal strain. Tt can be shown that , . 2- oe ase) D ‘vk The elastic constant f is a shear modulus and cannot be expressed in terns of the Young's moduli or Poisson's ratios. f is often denoted as G,. Strains in terms of stresses: ese (1.558) see (1-550) see G.55¢) see (1.588) see Q.85e) + (558) In sone works (e.g. Uren et al, 1966) Vig is denoted merely as Uy and the use of vy, is avoid- ed by using equation (1.54). ‘The fact that the strain energy must be positive imposes restrictions on the values of the elastic parameters. For a cross-anisotropic material with a Yertical axis of elastic symetry, Hearmon (1961) gives these restrictions as a>0 ses (1.568) a>0 ses (2.560) fo ses (1.560) at> bt ass (1.568) (atb)d > 20% vee (1.560) ad > - wee 568) In terms of the Poisson's ratios, these restrictions impose the limits see (1.578) = My yn? 7 1-y,20 +++ 1.576) 1+y,>0 see (570) 1.6 Differential Equations of Isotropic Elasticity 1.6.1 EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF STRESSES Cartestan Coordinates vo, +2 M8. v ye, yeh F pat ty a yo ae see (1-588) +2 y +++ (2.58) +28 as see (1.58¢) vot 1 #0 a eee (1.584) YF tev yds ty vr, b 2B, k eee (2.586) = wee & &EQUATIONS OF ISOTROPIC ELASTICITY a ass (588) oO =a tyro, For constant or zero body forces, the first three ‘equations of (1.58) reduce to the Laplace equation ve =0 see (1.59) For the special case of plane stress, the equations are the equilibriun equations , 20, Be Mey 2 0 s+ (1.608) a Oe ao, 3 ye, eg ++ (2.600) eo and By 2) fo +0) = co Ee tae ae Oe sos (1.608) For plane strain, the first two of the above three equations are again applicable. The third equation is E+ we roy Gate ses (1.61) I£ body forces are constant, the equations for plane stress and plane strain conditions are identical. Cylindrical Coordinates With zero or constant body forces: vo +t Berg ses (1.628) 1 Oat fo 42 4 1 30 v0, + Aog-o,) - £8 +1 F826 et! Ge” Tas ast c++ (1.620) ar, 2, 49 a v0, - 2fog-0,) +4 + + ER 70 M0 te ay eon =o see (1.62) Vtg 20,2 oe = @ r 240 » 3088 ves (1.628) For the general case of non-constant body forces, the corresponding equations, in tensor fora, are given by Lure (1964). 1.6.2 EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF STRESS FUNCTION. ¢ Cartesian Coordinates w= where ot pe at ay? ae For plane stress or plane strain, 6. 24, at ate, to, ate act aataz? an* ses 1.63) 0 1.64) and the stresses are related to $ as follows: o, = Xt (i652) ast ses (1.656) 7 Gt ses (1.65) Cylindrical Coordinates For axial synmetry, vo = 0 = Vy vee (1,66) where a az ‘The stresses are related to ¢ as 2 o, = & (we - =H ves 67a) as ar® = 2 pvp - 24%) ses (1.676) as rap 2, o, = Liew ve - Ft) ses (1.670) on aa?2 FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS 2, tye 2 Eta e-F2y ... carey or az? 41.6.3 EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF DISPLACEMENTS Cartesion Coordinates ac, 040) 2+ op, -x = 0 ses (1688) ae Pe 2, 046) 2+ cp, -¥ = 0 see (1.680) wy a 2, Ose) 24 Gp,-2 = 0 see (1-686) aa where A,@ are Lane's parameters &, = volume strain 2 tyre Cylindrical Coordinates For axial symmetry, 3p, 7 Pn Pp, 3, ao, (Ove) (—E +2 2) +g —*+ rg) —2 ar? rar x as? ores = Ro. (1.698) #e, a, ap, ov2g) 2422 yeh a2? rar or vor oa +++ (1-696) rae 3r where R,2 are the body forces in the py and z directions. Qn the Z axis. (70) the relevant equation is ao, ao, ao, 426) —2 + 26 —2 + 2000) —T= ast art arta +++ (2.690) 1.7 Convenient Methods of Considering Loaded Areas 1.7.1 SUPERPOSITION OF RECTANGLES If the loaded area can be approximated by a rectangle, or by a series of rectangles, and appropriate influence factors for stress or displacement beneath the comer of a rectangle are available, the stress or displacement at any point nay be determined by superposition of rectangles. For the simple case of a single rectangle, the stress beneath an interior point Oy (see Fig.1.11) may simply be calculated as = hy +h + Ky +H) ses 70) where Xi, X2s Ks, Xy_ are the approp- ‘iate influence factors for areas 1,2,3 and 4, for the appropriate geonetry of each rectangle. FIG.1.11, For an exterior point 0g (Fig.1.11) O = PlKitatate ~Katy -Xaty #Xs) vee G7) For computer calculations, the superposition principle can be stated as (see Fig.1.11): 6 = IOWX) = IlWOV,X) ~ IEW XAT) + lwo, X-V) see (1.72) where J(mn) = sign (mdot|n|,[n[) sign (mm) = 1 when m>0O a m <0 o¢|mls|n|) = stress beneath comer of a rectangle mx n. Displacements are calculated similarly. For horizontal and shear stresses, care mst be taken to take account of the sign of k for each rectangle. 1.7.2 NEWMARK'S METHOD This method was developed by Newark (1935) and is a graphical method involving the use of an influence chart, examples of which are shown in Figs.3.68-3.78. A drawing is nade of the loaded area to a scale which is marked on the chart, and this drawing is so placed on the chart that the origin of the chart coincides with the point at or beneath which the stress or displacement is required. ‘The mumber of blocks covered by the loaded area is then counted and multiplied by’an appropriate factor (shown on the chart) and the applied loading to. give the required stress or displacenent.METHODS FOR LOADED AREAS a3 When the area is not uniformly loaded, the charts can still be used by considering the non-uniform load~ ing to be made up of several sets of uniformly loaded areas. In using the charts, parts of blocks may be est- imated with sufficient accuracy for practical purposes. In general, the loaded area will be drawn on tracing paper and laid upon the chart. Several "Newmark Charts" for stresses and displacements in a semi-infinite mass are given in Section 5.6. For a finite layer, Burmister (1956) has prepared charts, but the use of these charts is more complicated as they must be used in conjunction with a table of influence values (see Section 5.4.1). 1.7.3. SECTOR YETHOD ‘This method has been described by Poulos (19672). For any particular problea, a set of curves relating the stress or displacenent influence factor beneath the apex of a uniforaly loaded sector to the sector radius may be obtained by integration of the appropriate point load influence factors over a sector. Such sets of curves are referred to as "sector curves", and fppical examples are given in Sections 3.6.2 and 34.2. ¥IG.1.12 Division of loaded area into sectors. In order to use the sector curves for calculation of the required influence factors for a loaded area of any shape, a scale diagram of the area is dram, anda number of relatively snall-angled sectors are dram to cut the loaded area, each sector enanating from an apex which lies on the sime vertical Line as the point at which the influence factor is required. The point on the surface of the elastic solid through which this vertical line passes will be termed the "surface origin". In Fig.1.12, typical sectors Op AaBs and Oy A\B, are shown in plan for surface origins Og outside and Or inside the loaded area. For invariant stresses such as the bulk stress 8, and for the stress ¢, and the displacement p;, the influence of the typical sector Og 4232 for the exter- nal surface origin Og is (1, - 1,,) -88 where 1, fs, 8 the sector influence value at the required depth for a mean sector radius 7m, and similer- ly for IZ, ‘The influence factor at Og for the whole loaded area is T= Wty, -1,,) 8 a.73) For the surface origin Oy within the loaded area, the influence factor for the whole loaded area is I= Yr,,.88 see (74) ‘hen evalue ing the influence factor for a stress or displacement sich is in a direction other than the 2 direction, the sumation of sector influence factors must be vectorial. To calculate the horizontal stress cy in the = dizection at Op, both the ‘tangential and radial stress influence factors for each sector are required, the influence value for the whole loaded area being given by = Wlote,n oyZe,)-58c088 + +Goe%g,.- opg,)}68-ein*9}.. (1.75) where Io, is the influence factor for due to the loaded area, are the sector influence factors for the radial stress, for sector radii of ry and rz respectively. os'sy? ones cole;? cole, a8 the sector influence fact- esi" 962 ors for the tangential stress, for sector radii of ri, 72. ‘The influence factors for horizontal stress 9, in the y direction may be obtained similarly, Fa, 7 WG Zo, “aplos)-S0-00078 2 + (glen ~ agZo,)50-070°8} wes (1-76) In the same manner, it may be shown that the influence factors for the three shear stresses in the Cartesian coordinate system are as follows: ag Tg 7 Mies econ “aslo ted -88.8in 6.008 6} ses 778)14 FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS = UG tan spglan)so000.68 see GL.770) = - I.) . sin6.ée ge” ago fed @.77¢) where <..Tos tygla are the sector influence factors for radial shear stress, for sector radii of m, fe For the displacements 9; and py in the = arid y directions for the surface origin Og, the influence factors are see 78a) ates) +88,0088 0g * Meter ~ o, Zo, 7 Uogler ~ spleen «TE where Jp, and Toy are influence factors for”the displacements in the = and y directions due to the whole loaded area, are the sector influence factors for radial displacenent, for sector radii of ri,re- alex? 9,702 Having found the influence factor I for the whole area, the stresses and displacements for Oz and 0 due to uniform loading are given in all cases by o-2.r ss 1.79) a and, p = PE. 7 sss (1.80) mE The accuracy of the influence factors calculated by the sector method increases with the mmber of sec- ‘tors used, and the more irregular the shape of the loaded area, the greater is the desirable mumber of sectors. For the calculation of influence factors for stresses and displacements which are neither invariant nor in the z direction, the sector angle 88 mist be small in order to preserve the accuracy of both the magnitude and direction of the calculated influence factor. Stresses and Displacements Beneath the Centre of @ Uniformly Loaded Cizele Beneath the centre of 2 uniformly loaded circle, the expressions for stresses and displacements reduce to very sizple forms. For dy, 0; and the invariant stresses, I= tl,, oe G81) where Igq is the sector influence factor for a sector radius equal to the radius of the circle. For the horizontal stresses 0 and o , = y =I, = Jaa * opled! see (1.82) where o,Zeas oglea ate sector influence factors for og and Gp for a sector radius equal to the redius of the circle. ‘The influence factors for all shear stresses and for the horizontal displacenents pz and py are zero in this case. 1.8 Superposition of Solutions for Various Loadings Solutions are usually only available for relatively simple types of loading. If the loading pattern is complicated, superposition of solutions for simple loadings may frequently be exployed. Examples of the decomposition of complicated loadings into simpler Joads have been given by Giroud (1968) in terns of four simple loading types, uniforn vertical load, linearly varying vertical load, uniform horizontal Joad and linearly varying horizontal load. Fig.1.15 shows the examples given by Giroud, the signs in each case referring to the signs of the four simple loading types. ‘The foregoing is exact for generalized linear loading. The approach can be extended approximately to completely general non-linear loading by division of this loading into a series of general linear ‘loadings. © ® ™ [zp GSD __ Sf 3ed0)y? (2-0) =60( 40) {(1-20) 2-20 q PH) 14 22 reg) (Ee tt 0, = Fag (1+ Get a) GS - Taal _ Soewte(ate) _ £(1-v)(I-20) y see (2.34) Rp 2, (Rtat0) PO) pzy _ (dnoviey x 2 < hor (UGE eae! ore GSD (Ge - aratarar -#) ses ub) 2.1.4 ~MINDLIN'S PROBLEM NO.2 Vertical point load P acting beneath the surface Jfaneh of a semi-infinite mass. (Mindlin, 1936). (Fig.2.4)- R R _ Sace)® _ 3(5-4v)2( ate} ~5e( ate) (S2-c) =P) (stv)(éno)_ aat(ae) = 7 wae a i a Sez(ero) [Hebe t8t2ce)-av(ate) - Bexiee ses Bete) = A18 CONCENTRATED LOADING te 7 Py Y _ Sf2-0)* 2 Tye" BT [ - oy ER seg ~ SS-Av)alste)~Sol3te) _ 30ea(2te) 7 a a a BE 2 + (2.48) _ Udetv)alate)~Se(32re) _ 3002 ate) a % see (248) 2° Tener - a sce , (S-4v) (2-0) 5 [age Sage ~ ov (1-20) , Séa(ate) Gotiate) Seale ses (2.43) _ S(S-4v)2(ate)-Sol3ate) _ 3002(ate)* 7 * 3 2 vee (2ede) P| sogu , a(tov)?-(snav) 0 P| Sev, Blew)? (seg) Terai | “Ry Fe Se) gees 4 lara)? , (Sty) (st0)* ~208 , Gent ate) 2 [_ Saco) _ SUSo40)(2-0), + z i [ty 4090-0) 1 _ 4d + RR gate) “Rerate * Re Influence factors for 0g, and Gp and , the axis have been tabulated by Geddes’ (1966). ~ Stez(zte) + 24H 2 2.1.5 MINDLIN'S PROBLEM NO.2. Horizontal point load @ acting beneath the surface of a semi-infinite mass, (Mindlin, 1936). =P (i-2v) (zee) _ (1-20) (2470). (Fig.2.4). oe + wifayl fen cane Bet), B58) | oe ors _ ui yy = ¢ HAVUABV) | B*Czre) = ay 2 R Bik,tate) a . = Satya? _ sow) (1-20) Y p Salt=Bv) (ate)?-60" (ate)~3(5-4v) 2? (3-0) a R, (pate) Fe : a (3 - 2 URatate) y _ Sortalate) wee (248) E(B tate) oH we Gs . 6 se +9 (30 - (aeate) + =] Pliny) [20 , (S60) (ste)afe %9 * “enciewy [a * R see (25a) 4(1-v) Selzte)? _ ge* (ate) (4-2y) , (1-20) (3-40) _ 5y* yCReare) ay” Bway °y Rtas [SP nee ae wee (2e4h) _ SScavy® _ stv) (1-2) A 2B, (R,tat0)* x (1 - Efstatately (contiames) Fi(Ratate)porwr LoaDzNG a9 Gi sez . 4, (tu) | foe +8 (0 comtare) + )] mS le i. fe ses (2.56) . _ stv) (1-20) em R(R,tate)® as = | eee) | ey) | hoeo)* Re mas | om” oR RE 315-4) (340) i. 0, (Sotv) (are) ee 2 Fenaci-w [Uae * a 2, Sa(ato)? Sex(zte) , $(1-v)(In2v) 2 Si $2. 7 Salzte)? - svi (a-b0) vee 2.58 + (e+ aeaweare « BE )} at aa @.siy ses (2150) 2.1.6 POINT LOAD ON FINITE LAYER S(z-e) _ 55-40) (240) ; Tye" ae Vertical point load acting at the surface of a 7: E + layer méerlain by a rough rigid base (Fig.2.5). This rablen has been Studied in deat? by Purnister 7 Salzte) 1943,1945). + ga + GH] ves (2.58) 213 01054-01002 “01116 "0.210 : 3.0 0.012 -0.015 -0.067 -0.135 Spa? a eee (2.138) 40 01002-0002 “0/026 201053 1s Tatyet 72 6:0 0:000 "0.000 70:00 "0-007 8.0 01000 0.000 -0:000 -0-000 _ Rest) -30 Be 89 = Sy aye Lae) Cates?) -ae4 see (2.130) TABLE 2.15 cava INFLUENCE VALUES 7, FOR SURFACE DISPLACEMENTS 0» ee sos Qe) LINE Loan «2 = 0g * Blog two eos @158) VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT 9, = PGW [aw +2] ... 2.3) oh 0 0.2 0.4 0.5 2 Bates?) (aPea*) 13.756 3.466 2.635 1.926 2 21461 2.222 11858 0.973 =o see (@.138) 73 «11730-1533 0.964 0.488 41124 1069 0.583 0.132 35 0.896 0.749 (0.328 -0.079 1-6 0.643 0.511 0.245 0.217 2.3.2 UNIFORM VERTICAL SUBSURFACE LINE LOAD 0.455 0.347 (0.045 -0.299 (Fig. 2.14) 01313 0.218 -0.057 -0.344 0.212 0.141 -0.101 0.358 0:126 0.059 -0.139 0.359 0.025 -0,006 -0.146 -0.315 0.012 -0.024 -0.112 -0.254 0.025 -0.023 -0.086 -0.198 0.017 -0.015 -0.071 0.134 0.010 -0.009 0.034 -0.085 0,008 -0.001 -0.014 -0.057 > . if 0.002 -0.000 -0.007 -0.025 0.000 -0.000 -0.002 -0.004 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 Surtace FIG, 2.14EINE LOADING ~ AXIAL Sviu@TRY 33 Geddes (1966) evaluated the following expressions for the stresses from Mindlin's equations: 2 P B(ay) + 21-2) BB+) + B 2 2 (a-avi2 gg anita 240) (2) wt a x F a P 2 tm 120) (rt) + 2) ~ Canton?) ~ 2 on?) ont? - 2, pret *) ee, abe Fo ses (2.14a) z ae" Sn 'p * Gafz-¥) (-w) _ pve FG + db B a(2-v)-12(1-v) @) 1 F sntaente2( 1420) mt + P 7 Sn2antee (1420) med)? + ?, etna) yma) + 2) - mtnty + + F eo + armani ge ghz) | poyt@ ot 62 (1-20) (3-4v)46 (2 + 5) 2 2 2(1-20)?-6(1-20)(@) = 6 F + ax-antvectentieen? 2+ 8 + 3 un’. an? 2¢t42vInt 2 # + + Havant ep) ] see (2.140) - z awe ee > ay [SR mve-* ales boy ard ee om eume (m2) 9((2) "4 12 2 + 3 82 (ot) 9 + 2) stent SO * m 6@) & -202-) 2 ? + + amtemn 2+ 1221 omntven? (2) ] — Fe ee ses (2.144) On the axis with mo and 91.0, sw) _ 202-v) , 2(2-) mm” (amay * ae 4n(2-\ 2 +m - Sr] ses 140) 1 [_2e2v(7-2v) 00 = wits [ ™ S2(1-2y)?_ on, _ an? GP. ie tear] vee (2148) o see (2.148) where n= 2/D, m= 2/D Pen? nt? Ae tn? + (me1)?] Bie fn? + (me1)*). %zq throughout the mass, and Kye and Kg on the axis, are tabulated by Geddes (1966).Ey CONCENTRATED LOADING 5 2(5420) Be + 4(5-v)m® ——==e—~ 2.5.3. LINEARLY VARYING SUBSURFACE LINE LOAD - (Fig. 2.15) Pe mn? (m?-n?)~122) (me) § | ae Surtace pacar? 6m? (ni?-n?) 18 Be Vet “ HE 4 (1-ay)log Aah q toas [> me a | f ¥ ((2-20)?- 6Hog CY FIG. 2.15 + 21w)(i-ay GEE * ‘The following expressions for stress have been ses 2.150) obtained by Geddes (1966): ze eg -1 (2-v) Egg = 55 = = 4-4 F = ae PSY _ 2 2 (o 20) 2) 2¢-¥) (amet) 262-20) 2) met) Gna (40461 2) 2) (mt) 46 (=) + zB my e(1-2v) Br 412m + FP 2m)? -22)* et)? 2 op Latina aan (amet) *+¢me1)® = (1-2v) & ; 3 ; 3 g6an?-2n*-6 29° (met) ® eT ae tonto ort x + = P 5 5 Paton? 7 gm! sen ent 1029 tot tatiana Ban) omit Se + — F P EB 22) nb rom? (n?-m*) Ha-ev)tog, (HEY +£c2-20)?-6) : 7 Benet mlm = 220) tog, (AME. Samet | + tog CR - 2C1-v) (1-20) gar - Fae! (2.150) see (2.180) gece 1 [(1-2v) and, 7” be OF = ae [GS pe wg [BEIT BIB le) 2 tata ® * Rts r (7-2y)=120412(1-v) &) (mt) 5 . 7 2¢2-v)4(1-2v)2, (met) -6 Bfmed) ————EETE— rv’ 2 a deez) Beg) nes Tr @ Byne1) ?-n' tmp) 9-24 22-40)e*49( 6420) Ott)? 7LINE LOADING ~ AXIAL SYMMETRY 2 (340) Ga rt) ay 420m? ned Teme? B . ‘ (2-20) Be 44(S-vnte2 ae tenet 2 6 By Cnet) 9-6 2 (mbt) S120? + = gt Be no Ba rant? Pe + (2.188) On the loading axis with m1.0 o1_[,_ 2(2vin , S(2ovim _ 2(7-2v)n? - kag = fmm) *~ (mei) ~~ met) ® ‘a FI + Bhs rewiee, 5] + (2.25¢) Xe Neg = Gator [preraswca-vecz-oy + Tog EB (2-20) 20g YY ~ 810g + (2) BE ay t1C-avF -181 Gay on™ 2m? +t - Gee ses (2.258) =0 c++ (2-158) where n= 2/D, m= 2/D Frente nt APs [nt (me1)?) Bt inte (m2)*) ~ Values of Xgg throughout the mass, and Kew and Xgg on the axis,are tabulated by Geddes (1966). 35Chapter 3 DISTRIBUTED LOADS ON THE SURFACE OF A SEMI-INFINITE MASS 3.1 Loading on an Infinite Strip 3.1.1 UNIFORM VERTICAL LOADING (Fig.3.1) 20 Tree" nz) FIG.3.2 = 2 [a+ sina cos(o+26)] + Gus) 1, = 2B [a ~ sina cos(at26)] see Gelb) = Bye y 7 ses Gale) _* B sina sin(at26) vee Geld) 6, = 2 lar cina) ses Gale) 3 = 2 la- sine] os GD a 2 eine eee Gel) Loci of constant 0; and oz are circles passing through 01 and O2. Loci of constant tmaz are circles passing through 01 and Os. 36 Trajectories of 0; are a family of confocal hyper- bolas, foci at 0; and 0;. These curves bisect the angle, a, at all points. Trajectories of 02 ellipses, are a family of confocal foci at 0, and 03. Trajectories of tmar are two orthogonal familie equiangular spirals intersecting the ellipses under 45°. Maximum Twaz = p/", occurs at all points of the semi- ‘circle through 0; and 02. Maximum 01 =p, occurs at points (2,0), -bSecb. Minimum os = 0, 0" =" =" (2,0), ~b>=>b. Values of oz, Gz Tox, 01 03 and Tar are tabulated in Table 3.1, and contours of "and Tpaz are given in Fig.3.2 (Jurgenson, 1934). As for Line loading, displacements due to strip Joading on or in a semi-infinite mass are -only mean= ingful if evaluated as the displacement of one point relative to another point, neither point being located at infinity, The vertical displacement at the surface, relative to the centre of the strip, is given by stupunos or starsses woen 4 wows rooms FIG.3,2 Stresses beneath a strip (Jurgenson,1934).20250) ~ 9,(0,0) = BI t(o.5)¢n|-b] 7 ~(o#b)in|21b| + Band} INFINITE STRIP (See plot in Fig.9.2a, Chapter 9) G2) TABLE 3.1 STRESSES BENEATII A UNIFORMLY LOADED STRIP (urgenson, 1934) fo s/o 9/0 Of? Tya/P 8 Tyaq/P OP 93/P © 0 1.0000 1.0000 © = += 01.0000 1.0000 S 19594 14498 0 0.2548. 9594 4498 i le1a3 1gi7_ 0 = 013183 -8183 1817 1.5 16678 10803 0 02937-6678 0803 2° 15508 (0810 9 «= 012546 $508 0410, 2.5 14617 10228 0 0.2195 4617 0228 3 13954 10138 0 «= 011908 3954 0138, 3.8 13457 10091 0 011683. +3457 .009 4° 13050 ‘0061 0 0 11499 3050 L006 0.5 01,0000 1.0000 0 0 01.0000 1.0000 25 19787 16214 0522 8°35" .1871 .9871 .6129 [5 19028 13920 :1274 13°17" 12848 9323-3629 i 17352 T1a63 11590 14es2" ‘3158 17763-1446, 1,5 16078 ‘0994 1275 13°18" 12847 16370-0677 2° 15107 0542 0959 11°25" 12470 15298 .0357 2.5 14372 10334 10721 9°49" 12143 14693 0206, 1.25 4996 4208 «3134 41°25" 43158 .7760 «1444 ‘5 14969. 13472 12996 37°59" (3088-7308 -1133 i l4797 12250 ‘254s 31e4s¢ 12847 ‘6371 0677, 1.5 l44go 11424 12037 26°34" 12546 ‘5498 0406, 2 409s 0908 11892 2230" 12251 14751 Lo249 2.8 13701 10895 11243 19°20" ‘1989 14137 10159 15.25.0177 .2079 .0606 75°47" .1128 .2281 0025 15 0892 2850 ‘1466 61°50" 11765 13636 10106 i laas7 “2aas ‘2101 47223" 12115 “4428 ‘0198, 1.8 12704 11807 2022 38e44' 12071 14327 L0184 2° 12876 11268 .1754 32°41" 11929 14007 .0143 2.5 12851 10892 .1469 28°09" 11765 +3637 .0106 2 28.0027 .0987 .0164 80°35" .0807 .1014 .0002 Ts loi9a ‘1714 0552 71°58" 10840 /1893 ‘0014 1 10776 2021 1305 s8°17" 11424 12834 0052 1.5 11458 11847 11568 48°52" 11578 13232 2 11847 11456 .1567 11879 13232 2.5 12045 11256 ‘1442 11515. 3094 25.5 .0068 1104 .0254 76°43" 0569-1141 1 10357 ‘1615 10739 65°12" 10970 ‘1957 1.5 10771 ‘1645 11096 55°52" 1180 2388 2 lan39 11447 11288 48°32" 11265-2556 2.5 lados 11205 11266 42°45" 1269 2575 3 «8. .0026 .0741 .0137 79°25' 0379 .0758, i lox71_ ‘1223 10449 69°42" 10690 11384 1.5 1042711388 10757 61°15" 10895-1803 0012 2° 10708 1341 “o9S4 sae12* ‘1006 2029 ‘0018, 2.5 10952 ‘1196 11036 48°20 11054 2128 0020 3° 11139 ‘1018 11057 43*22" 11058 2137 ‘0020 B is angle between direction of 0; and the vertical. 3.1.2. UNIFORM HORIZONTAL LOADING (Fig.3.3). 2 unit eree Ie ‘ FIG.3.3 - £ [teg, a. sina sin(ar25)) ... (3-3a) o, = 2 [sina sin(ar2s)] see GB.3b) Taq = $ [o-cina cos(at26)] oe ey Values of o2/q have been tabulated and are given in Table 3.2, It should be noted that 2/¢ Yalues are equal to the corresponding values of tzz/p for uniform vertical loading. TABLE 5.2 VALUES OF ,/q FOR UNIFORM HORIZONTAL LOADING ‘OVER STRIP (Scott, 1963) 0.0 0,00 0.70 - ~—0.60 0.2 0.00 0.62 1.16 0.68 0:5 0.00 0.39 0.60 0.87 10 0:00-0:13 0.26 0.39 1S 0.00 0.06 © 0.12024 2.0 0,000.03 0.06 0.15 3:0 0:00 0.01 0.02 0.06 5.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 ‘The expression for the horizontal displacement of a point on the surface, relative to the centre of the strip, pz(2,0)-p2(0,0), is identical with the expression for the relative vertical displacement due to uniform vertical load in equation (3.2).38 SURFACE LOADS OW SEMI-INFINITE MASS 5.1.3 VERTICAL LOADING THCREASING LINEARLY 5.1.4 HORIZONTAL LOADING LINEARLY INCREASING ig. 3-4) (lax. loading = 4, Fig.3-4) = £8842 tog At costs - 5} Se t+ (3.68) 1g = EL + coe88 - Za] soe (5.66) te ELE. a - #109, + ointé] ca” BIR a - 009, B+ oints] ... (3.00) ‘The expression for the horizontal displacenent of a point on the surface, relative to 0, is identical with the expression for relative vertical movement due to vertical loading (equation 3.5). r16.3.4 3.1.5 SYUMETRICAL VERTICAL TRIANGULAR LOADING (Fig.3-5, Gray, 1936) = Bifa- ot 5 a, = & [Ea- oinss] vee Buta) cs og Rife f tony re oinst] ... (5.00) 2 a ot ty & [1+ 00028 - ] ses (Bede) ew area Values of 2/P have been tabulated by Scott wk (1963) and are given in Table 5.5. nad TABLE 5.5 s ‘VALUES OF 2/P FOR LINEARLY INCREASING : LOAD ON STRIP ¥16.3.5 (Scott, 1963) DR 3.0 -2.0 -1.0 0 «1.0 2.0 5.0 5.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0,00 0.00 0,50 0.50 0.00 0.00 = 2 [faytaz) + For-az)] see G78) 0'5 0.00 0:00 0:00 0:08 0.48 0.42 0.02 0.00 10 0:00 0:00 0.02 0:15 0.41 0:35 0.06 0:00 250 0.01 0:03 0.06 0.16 0.28 0.25 0.13 0.01 1g = B (Cartas) + Flaras) ~ 22 tog 2 | 510 0102 0:05 0.10 0.1 0.20 0.19 0.12 0:04 3 410 0105 0.06 0.09 0115 0:16 0:15 0.11 0.05 set G70) tye = EE tea) ws 70) The vertical displacement of 2 point on the « 2 aoe Bal sutface, relative to the value at 20, is given by O1 mG [lertted + Flar-a2)-§ Dog 2 PE (tog? ae 2y* g(0)~0,(0,0) = PE) (202m 2b + (too? A + car-a2)*) 70 = Bhnet(- 25°) tn| 20-2] 2) 2 2 to, Bah wee (3.5) os = 2 [larta2) + lara) § 109, at] = FE (bogs BE + tarnant?)F 2. (3.70)2 ARR, . Tae 7 (toa 3a + (m-0g)*)* (3.70) Stresses have been tabulated by Jurgenson (1934) and are given in TABLE 3.4. Contours of 0, Gurgenson, 1934). TABLE 3.4 STRESSES BENEATH A STRIP WITH SYMMETRICAL “TRIANGULAR LOADING (Jurgenson, 1934) and Tyg axe shown in Fig.3.6 a/b xfo ofp ofp ,f? & Trax/? %/P o/0 ‘0 @ 1.0000 1.0000 0 0 0 1.0000 1.0000 28 8440 13931 0 0.2285 8640 +3931 1S. ‘70a “1925 0 0 27048 1925 17s ‘s904 1028 0 0 13908 11025 1.0 .5000 .0s88 0 © 0 =5000 0588 1 14296 10359 0 0 [4296 Lo3s9 1s T3744 10238 0 0 ‘3784 lo23e LB 13508 loss 0 0 13305 ‘o1s8 2i0 ‘2952 ‘oll 0 = 0 2952 lout 213 [2422 ‘0062 0 90 2422 “0062 .28 0 7500 .7500 0 == ~—o_—. 7500-7500 128 7196 13874-1151 17922" .2021 °7556 13514 TS) 16344 12026 ‘and6 13°59" 2444 °6629 11741 i7s ‘s462 11138 logst 11°53" ‘2361 “5661-0939 1.0. [4711 loss. lo7s6 10°17" :21s2 L4sas L0s4a 1.2 4101 loasz 10597 9°01" 11930 14197 10337, +8000 .3000 9 - 9.5000 .5000 1494913387 .1525 51°13" 1720 15873 12433 Taig T2152 11762 27°00" ‘2178 ‘s611 1255 14350. 11385 11570 23°19" 2160 15028 10708 +3955 .0913 «1299 20°15' .2000 .4434 0434 +3577 0617 «1055 17°45" 1817 .3914 .0280 T3238 10483 ‘osss 1seadr ‘i644 13480 0192 2682 [0229 ose2 12°42" 11358 2814 0098 12266 [0130 “041s 10°37" ‘1146 2544 0052 -2500 .2500 0 = 0.2500 2500 12620 12620 .1476 45c00" .1475 4096 “1144 T2ans "2162 “isto 39°26" 11845 4364 0674 13000 [1611 11735 34°0S* ‘169 4175 10837 T29e0 1ins7 11528 29°39) 11777 ‘3851-0297 12869 ‘0847 11309 26°10" 11654 3512 0204 o 0 o = o 09 oO 0766 1956 .0959 60°54" 1129 2490 .0232 11393 [2005 L144 51°06" 1487 “3146 10252 «1813 .1693 .1534 43°S3' .1535 .5288 0218 B is angle between vertical and direction or oo > TABLE 3.4 (Cont.) a/b 2/> 0./p o/P t,/P 8 Tmas/P i/p 93/P Satan ie eee ge er oer EB Oe ae “BG oa: eh a Lae fe cueee. in oe ae ae ee ee Meg ike de sai oe oat sae al Pam Am cee ae ae me a 3 ae ae oe oe ee a Gi a sen ce ae 2 re ae ae oe se as apt aul aloes jaa le PRE Be amma ge ae ae eg eee ae rae fe ee ee eee 5 eee ie ae ee Si ties Reagan sll dln bb ABE og mw ae uae aa one es cee ae ee sas incl rat ting fh cat ee 2S On Seay oe me ae fg Se SG oe So eal 2 eee a oe ee See eon: oe ee 22 in ; R Ret I : a ee Ee FIG.3.6 Stresses beneath strip with triangular Jeading (Jurgensen, 1934).SURFACE LOADS OW SEMI-INFINITE MASS ASYMMETRICAL VERTICAL TRIANGULAR LOADING (Fig.5.7, Gray, 1936) 3.1.6 ee afore rea is F16.3.7 o, = & [B+ SES a) ses (8.80) mathe, 2 May = 2 [+ Meee Beg, he 2 tog, sos (3:80) 8 tee” FIE-5) wes (3-8e) ay = B[Zar PEs +2 to, Bef tog, B) Lice Balt % ae +B (tog, +f tog, Bee @- HF ses (8.88) a, = 8 +2109, By Eto, 2] Lig & ~% (Ste, He Seg, Bee g- BF see (3.82) Ligg Byling Rie, @_ B2)¥ Tuas FG ee Hy tb te Bt GB) ves (8.80) 3.1.7 VERTICAL "ENBANKOENT" LOADING " (ig.3.8, Gray, 1956) o, = 2 [6 +o og oe] sss G.9a) 2B 2,4 21, Fi o, = F[s+2 te eM tog, gt] +++ G.9b) a " ats ale J ses (3.90) Bh FIG.3.8 see (3.98) Influence factors ford, beneath the edge of ‘the loading have been published by osterberg (1957) and are shown in Fig.3.9. 050) 0-49} “4 66100 om 2 4 6801 2 «6810 2 ol FIG.3.9 Influence chart for vertical stress due to ‘enbanknent loading (Osterberg, 1957).‘LOADS OVER HALF INFINITE SURFACE a 3.2 Loading over Half the Infinite Surface 3.2.1 UNIFORM VERTICAL LOADING (Fig.510, Gray, 1936). pleett orca donor cs+ (3.108) see (3-106) ase (3-100) see G.10d) ses B.10e) + G10) Loci of constant o and 03 are radial lines, OR. Loci of constant t,,,, are radial lines, OR. Trajectories of 0; are a family of confocal parabolas*. Focus at 0. Horizontal axis. ‘Trajectories of os are a family of confocal parabolas*. Focus at 0, Horizontal axis. The two families are orthogonal. elas. Focug at 0. Vertical axis. ~~ Trajectories of are two orthogonal families of paras Vaximm 1," P/T, occurs at points (0,2), 20. Maximum 0, = py a a (0), 20. Minimum ¢3 = 0, " ” . (w,0), <0. ‘These curves bisect the angle,B, at all points. 5.2.2 LINEARLY INCREASING VERTICAL LOADING (Fig.3.11, Gray, 1936). PRE e FI.3.12 (8 +2] see Gulla) (eB - 2-25 logR] (3.118) 28 G.1e) 2, 22 cap = a tog,p) +2 [eae tage) 62) (3.114) [a+ tog pt + 88F ... G.11e) 5.2.3 VERTICAL "EMBANKMENT" LOADING (Fig.3.12, Gray, 1936). FIG.3.12 see Get2a) = 5 [as + a] Ro 0, = Elab + eat 22 log, F] +++ (3.120)a SURFACE LOADS, ON SEMI-INFINITE MASS + Be 126) R R = Ziaprars Jog, 3 (iog3, Rtey -2 1a a fe (og, Fe +a} oe Be + Be Values of stresses, presented originally by Jurgenson (1934), are tabulated in TABLE 3.5. TABLE 3.5. STRESSES DUE TO SEMI-INFINITE EMBANKMENT LOADING (Jurgenson, 1934) 124) 12e) fa z/a o 0 225 5 275 an) o,/P o,/P 0 0 +0780 3034 +1476 .4038 +2088 4487 +2500 4706 +2852 4821 +3129 4883 +3524 4946 +3789 4968 +2500 .2500 +2643 .3924 +3023. 4544 33814784 3659-4885 3867-4935 0 ° +0161 .2201 10633 3430 +1156 4077 +1650 .4431 +2032 4634 5000 5000 +5000 .5000 5000 .5000 5000-5000 +5000 .5000 +5000 .5000 +5000 .5000 +5000 +5000 0 0 0051-1642 10286 .2847 0650 .3614 +1045 .4086 +1422, .438L +1762 .4566 22317-4771 22734-4869 Tyq/P 90°. ° -2055 +1762 12214 +2500 +2685 £2807 12982 +3028 ° -1619 £2302 $2643 22828 £2936 ° 20468 :us7 11692 $2072 12339 ° +1762 £2500 £2807 £2952 £5028 13072 15119 T3144 0 +0257 10738 11239 21653 21972 r2218 12537 12729 21°33 27°00" 30°35" 33°06" 34°56" 36°20" 38°14 39°30" sarist 35°52! 37°34" 38°53" 59°51" izeist 19°48 24°36" 27°59" 30°28" 45200° 45°00" 45°00" 45°00" 45200" 45°00" 26°41" 28°50! 0 1844 12178 £2528 12732 +2860 12941 73036 "3085 ° -1781 "2424 12734 12894 12984 0 +1123 11816 12235 12501 12677 0 1762 2500, 12807 12982 £3028 13072 3119 23144 o +0829 11478 11932 12246 12465 12621 12818 £2930 0 -3451 24935 13796 76335 -6697 16047 inn 27464 -2500 *5025 16208 16817 i716 17385 0 +2304 13848 14852 18532 +6010 +5000 16762 +7500 +7807 17952 78028 18072 ‘a1i9 Ts144 ° -1676 23045 74064 14812 15367 15785 16362 16732 Tyan’? %/P O2/P ° 0363 +0579 20740 20871 0977 £1065 T1199 21294 -2800 Tis43 71360 21349 11378 21417 0 0058 10216 10382 +0530 10656 -5000 15238 +2500 12193 12048 11972 11928 11881 11886 0 +0018 70089 0200 10320 £0437 10543 10726 10872 ‘TABLE 3.5 Continued Basa Ojp “jp % pp WB yp nlp ov/p 0.75.0 .7500 .7500 7300 .7500 +25 .7357 6076 1458 14976 Is) 16978 15457 Teea2 13794 175 6619-5217 [3652 13184 io 6341 ‘5114 "3622 12834 125.6133 ‘S065, 13583 12615 0.50 0 Oo oo +25 0023 .1502 +1519 .0007 18) ‘0147 ‘2382 [2487 L003 1.0 0 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 +25 19220 16973 19638-6556 13 9524 ‘5962 ‘9421 15065 175 17951 ‘5812 12214 59°26" 12528 19260 4204 1.0 17500 ‘5204 12500 Sess" 2732 ‘9129 3665 115.7148 15178 :2685 55°05" 12860 9023-3505 115 16871 15117 12807 S3e41" 12041 13935 13053 210 1676 15054 2952 51°47" 13036 ‘8801-2729 218 16211 15032 13028 50°31" 13085 18707 2557 2.00 0 0 0 0 oo <5. .0083 2031 0348 9*50" -2091 .0023 Lo :04s2 13369 L024 17*33" [1782 13693-0129, 15 [0967 4092 [1621 23*02" ‘4782 0278 210 11475 lade 12089 26°57" 12536 15506 10434 215 L115 14674 12343 29°45" T6014 :0576 1.2 0 1.0000 1.0000 0 90*00 1.0000 1.0000 25.9803 -7763 77°51" 1120 19903 7665 15. 19367 16570 yor1s" 19785 16153 175 18844 °5923 e524" 12235 9619 15149 1.0 18370 5569 62°02" ‘9471 14469 118-7632. 15247 87°38" 12795 19235 13645 2i0 17125 ‘5124 54957" 19062 ‘3186 215 16765 5069 55°10" 13935 2899 1.5 01.0000 1.0000 0 90°00" 9 1.0000' 1.0000 28 19949 18357 0257 81°42" .0829 (9982 8254 15. 19714 17152. [0738 75*02" (1478 ‘9911-6955, [78 19350 16385 11239 70°03" 11932 19800 15936 1,0 .8955 .5913 1653 6619" .2246 .9680 5188 L.S 18238 15433 ‘2214 g1ti1' 2621 19457 “a2is 210 17682 15229 ‘9274 13638 215 17266 15130 19128 13268 2.0 01.0000 1.0000 9 9000" 9 1.0000 1.0000 +25 .9989 8919 19997 “8911 15 lep16 17968 19976 7908 1.0 19548-6631 19871 [6309 15 19032 ‘5908 ‘9722 ‘sais 2.0 +8524 15534 19566 :4492 215 18085 15325 ‘3424 ‘3986CIRCULAR AREA a 3.3 Loading on a Circular Area 3.3.1 UNIFORM VERTICAL LOADING (Fig. 3.13) corte] elent eee we ¥IG.3.13, On the axis (ro), 1 v3 -e[p- Py] soe (5158) 7 1+ (a/a)* =o 28 [ve - {Gee +oihrl a2 Matiz?) (atea*) so G10) se G.15e) o = same “saat | (atea*)® a, = salt’) (JT 5 afal* 2/a) — i+ a(i-w'1 + (2/a)® (.138) General expressions and tabulated values for all stresses, strains and displacements are given in Appendix'B, as a special case of the values for sn anisotropic material. Values of Oz, Or, 06, Trg and pz for v=0.5 have been presented in graphical form by Foster and ablvin (1954) and are reproduced in Figures 3.14 to 3.18. A complete tabulation of stresses, strains and deflections for ali values of V has been presented by by Anlvin and Ulery (1962) and is given in Tables 3.6 to 3.13. The key to the use of these Tables is shown below. Butk tress @ = apltH)A = 0,40,40,= 6 2 (3.148) 80 Vertical otrese o = pura} Radial hortsontat etree o,, = lava #0 + (1-20) see (Ble) fangential horizontal stress = piavd - D+ (1-208) ses (Be14€) Vertical-radial shear atress Tyg? Top 7 PO ses Ge) Bulk strain act) e =p AGH) (120d = 66,46; GMD) Vertical strain =p 2 eca-2ya + 1 see (B.14g) Radial horizontal strain c, p22 (aR + a1 ses (S148) Tangential horézontal strain eg2P a [(1-2v)B, ~ D} vee Be14i) Vertical-radial shear strain 20) Ga zap Yeo" Var 7 P Tye 6.49) Vertioat deflection 9, = PAE atZa+ (1-v)ay see (8.4K) Radial horizontal deflection 0, = PE (ory [1-2K~ = =r 6 Guy Tangential horizontal deftection = see Goldn)“ SURFACE LOADS ON SEMI-INFINITE MASS ‘Stress im Percent of Surtoce Contact Pressure PhS Ot OS OIS 2 4 SOM 4 OED SSS }p0° iI r FIG.3.14 Vertical stress 0, beneath uniform circular Joad (Foster and ahivil, 195: 3| i +3} J. a se “20,7 bs rizont stress =m [Se ear tay nites te i 1B lI i fe ae a ces : 3 i | | : d Hl FIG.3.16 Horizontal stress , beneath uniform circular load (¥#0.5) (Foster and ahlvin, 1954). 7 Inaceer” ofeet oatances s inrat 3CIRCULAR fA\ i till wing SS etn Red % “5 FIG.3.17 Shear stress t_, beneath uniform circular load (Foster and ani¥in, 1954). FIG.3.18 Vertical deflection p_ beneath uniform cixcular load (Foster and Mhivin, 1954).46 SURFACE LOADS OW SEMI-INFINITE "RSS TABLE 5.6 FINCTION "A" (Ahivin and Ulery, 1962) s °F “Base “Howse t Bees “eam ones ha ‘hes ‘oats ‘one is Tse ‘esos ooo z “eons ‘esans ‘oes is “26573 at ‘oss ; coaor “ean ose i “oa ‘2430 ‘tosee 5 coset ‘ ‘eosee i 0380 3 ‘ose te on oer (Anivin and Ulery, 1962) oe Ea on a zs ss 7 8 © OM 18796 °.ossua Sora *.o2472 S.cosas *.cono S000 °.o2042 ity ott 201595 --o0t12 oles -co00eS ~.00024 -,000n5 -.00010 crs tgp “eziee <-onshs 0308 Coos Tees “lozses ce +0091 +,00588 00199 +. 00136 -.00075 00049 +.00025 00014-00009 =. 01225 09608-00544 00210-0018 -.00062 -0006 -.00028 -.c00n8 ‘asses 1) ses G.160) ROUGH CIRCULAR AREA (Fig.3.13) ‘This problem was considered by Schiffman (1968), who obtained general solutions for stresses and displacements. ‘The radial distribution of trz beneath the surface of the circle is shown in Fig.3.26 for various values of ¥. Along thi » the stresses are as follovs: . par ac a The surface displacements are as follows: sie o, = pir- t+ ay ~ nF x3(0,2)] 7 1+ @ = Patiev) (2-20) % Eo [2tt-vigtr/a) - G2 7 a, = p (ae. 2am, Ae o) (t/a< 1) wee (3.17a) BO abeaty (ataat) = Believe pea) _ (rP-a®) yea entaewd (0, 2) = 38 0,89] = GE eh - Se ae) 5.155) (r/a> + 17) e, = 0 (fae... (8.170) ” wee GulSe ° Te" 0 G.18e) vhare KS (0,a/a) = WEFiltax*(a/s) - 222) ° 2) (190) (1-20) p0 FP 59 14% a") = Gee (Eetg + 2B) 2 (0,2/a) = VFR / (14(3/a)*)* (r/a>1) —... (3.178) The distributions of Gy and og along the where X(k) is the complete elliptic integral of the axis are shom in Figs. 3.254 and 3.256 for v0 and first kind, 0.5. Also shown are the corresponding distributions E(k) is the complete elliptic integral of for a frictionless or sooth surface. For v0.5, second Kind, Pri integral of she friction has no influence on the stresses. Along the surface (2-0), the shear stress is Surface displacement profiles are shown in Fig. 3.27 for both a frictionless and fully rough circular areas. For W0.5, fricl juence = EE yan)... (3.163) SMaplacenent. oe ee (evn Pant The influence of von the central vertical surface displacement is shown in Fig.3.28.53 CIRCULAR AREA %, Radiol Distonce r/a o oz os 06 ot 02 04 08 08 +0 se SS 05 vee ‘esion (+0) T ° . Fricpontess vo ai] | ° + ‘Acheson (705), ve BU : sien . 116.3.26 nistetbution of sheas stzess 1, slong sertece (chifioan, 190): fa) Vertical stress 0, adit Dstence r/o % 30 | z ‘ é | | ef aS? / 5 L | 2} (e) radial stress @, oa 710.3.28 Distribution of stress on axis of circle, F10.3.27 vertical displacesent profile along surface, (Schigéman, 1968). (Schiffman, 1968).54 SURFACE LOADS ON SEMI-INFINITE MASS Poisson's Ratio v w—_O1 0203s os ue, foro v6 2/020 - ae 7 1! FIG.3.28 Influence of V on p, at surface on axis. (Schiffman, 1968). 3.3.6 OTHER TYPES OF LOADING (G) Parabolic loading - see Harr and Lovell (1963) and Schiffman (1963). (41) Linearly varying vertical stress = see Appendix B. (4ii) Linearly varying torsional stress = see Appendix B. 3.4 Loading on a Rectangular Area 3.4.1 UNIFORM VERTICAL LOADING Ueitorm verti! y stress pJurit ore. FIG.3.29 Beneath the corner of the rectangle (see Fig. 3.29), Holl (1940) gives the following expressions for stresses for v = 0.5: o, = Beltan? Bs Bey es yl (3.188) «* (8.180) - ses Gule) tea ses (Gu284) Tye" (.18e) we er) where By = (a*/* Be = (b4a8/ Ry = (2 4b%2", Influence factors for the nomal stresses have been presented by Gizoud (1970). These stresses are expressed a5 follows: under the corners: 0, = PX ses B.198) P UKe- (2-20)K2) a s++ G.29b) P Ula~ (1-20)14) (3.190) Je influence factors fo(# 1 tn Fig5.30), Mast sath eet tpaiacel in Tables 3. ee dibs Influence factors for dg beneath the corner are shown in Fig.3.30(Fadum, 1948). For points other than the comer, the principle of superposition may ‘be employed. Beneath the corner of a rectangle (see Fig.5.29), Harr (1966) quotes the following expression for vertical displacenent at depth 3: = Bawa-EB» Yttmtmtm * 1 where A = (an see G20) +m tn =m Stam ened + my So ) Viemen-RECTANGULAR AREA 55 TABLE 3.14 VALUES OF Ko (atso0d, 1970) a 0 O.1 0.2 YS 0.4 OS 2/3 2 15 2 253 s © 0 0,000 0.250 0,250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 9.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.2 01000 0.137 0.204 0-234 0.240 0.244 0.247 0.249 0.249 0.249 0.249 0.249 0.249 018 0.000 0.076 0.136 0.187 0.202 0.218 0.251 0.240 0.243 0.244 0.244 0.244 0.248 015 0.000 0.061 0.113 0-164 0,181 0.200 0.218 0.252 0.238 0.239 0.240 0.240 0.240 06 0.000 0.051 0,096 0.143 0.161 0.182 0.204 0.223 0.231 0.233 0.234 0.234 0.234 018 0.000 0.037 0.071 0-111 0.127 0.148 0.175 0.200 0.214 0.218 0.219 0.220 0.220 1» 91000 01028 0.055 0.087 0.101 0.120 0.145 0.175 0.194 0.200 0.202 0.203 0.204 1.2 01000 0.022 0.045 0.069 0.081 0.098 0.121 0.152 0.173 0.182 0.185 0.187 0.189 114 01000 0-018 0.035 0.056 0.066 0.080 0.101 0.131 0.154 0.164 0.169 0.171 0.174 113 01000 01016 0-081 0.051 0.060 0.073 0.092 0.121 0.145 0.156 0.161 0.164 0.166 156 01000 0:014 0.028 0.046 0.055 0.067 0.085 0.112 0.136 0.148 0.154 0.157 0.160 Ys 01000 0.012 0.024 0.039 0.046 0.056 0.072 0.097 0.121 0.135 0.140 0.143 0.147 2° 01000 0.010 0.020 0.033 0.039 0.048 0.061 0.084 0.107 0.120 0.127 0.131 0.156 2.5 0.000 0.007 0.013 0.022 0.027 0.033 0.043 0.060 0.080 0.095 0.10h 0.106 0.115 5°” 91000 0.005 0.010 0.016 0.019 0.024 0.031 0.045 0.061 0.073 0.081 0.087 0.096 4 01000 0:003 0.006 0.009 0.011 0.014 0.019 0.027 0.038 0.048 0.055 0.060 0.071 S 0,000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.007 0.009 0.012 0.018 0.026 0.035 0.039 0.043 0.055 Yo 0,000 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.005 0.007 0.009 0.011 9-013 0.020 15 0,000 0.000 0.000 0-001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0,003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.010 20 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.006 50 0,000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 TABLE 3.15 VALUES OF Kz (Giroud, BE wo Od 02 WS AS SS 2S SS © 0,000 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.2 01000 0.069 0.116 0.149 0.159 0.169 0.177 0.184 0.187 0.188 0.188 0.188 0:4 0.000 0.031 0.058 0.085 0.095 0.106 0.118 0.128 0.133 0.134 0.134 0.135 0.5 0.000 0.022 0.083 0.064 0.073 0.083 0.094 0.105 0.110 0.112 0.112 0.113 0:6 0.000 0.017 0.032 0.049 0.056 0.065 0.075 0.086 0.091 0.095 0.093 0.098 0.8 0,000 0.009 0.018 0.029 0.034 0.040 0.087 0.057 0.062 0.064 0.068 0.065 1° 9,000 0.006 9.011 0.018 0.021 0.030 0.037 0.042 0.044 0.045, 0.045 1.2 01000 0.003 0.007 0.011 0.013 0.020 0.025 0.029 0.031 0.032 0.032 154 0,000 0.002 0.004 0.007 0.008 0.013 0.017 0.020 0.022 0.025, 0.028, 118 0,000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.007 0.011 0.014 0.017 0.019 0.019 0.020 156 0,000 0.001 0.003 0.005 0.006 0.009 0.012 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.017 118 0,000 0.001 9.002 0.003 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.013 2° 0,000 0.001 9.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 9.006 0.008 0.069 0.009 0.010 2.8 0,000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.006 3” 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 9.002 0,002 0.003 0.003 0.003, 4 0,000 0.000 9.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0-001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001, S 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 9.000 9.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 10 0,000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 15 0,000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0-000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 20 0,000 0.000 0.000 0.000° 0.000 0.000 9.000 0.000 9.000 0.000 0.000 50 0.000 0.000 0.000 9.000 0.000 0.000 9.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0-000SURFACE LOADS OW SEMT-INFIWITE KASS 56 TABLE 3.16 : wiaes OF Se (Gixoud, 1970) wo 0.1 02 S04 0S SS 2S © 0,000 0.234 0.219 0.199 0.189 0.176 0.156 0.125 0.094 0.074 0.061 0.051 0.031 0.016 0.000 0.2 0.000 0.059 0.097 0.18 0.121 0.122 0.118 0.103 0.082 0.067 0.056 0.048 0.030 0.016 0.000 0.4 0.000 0.026 0.048 0.069 0.075 0.082 0.086 0.083 0.071 0.060 0.051 0.045 0.029 0.015 0.000 0.5 0.000 0.019 0.036 0.054 0.060 0.067 0.073 0.074 0.066 0.056 0.049 0.043 0.028 0.015 0.000 0.6 0.000 0.015 0.028 0.043 0.049 0.056 0.062 0.053 0.047 0.041 0.028 0.015 0.000 9-8 0.000 0.008 0.018 0.029 0.033 0.039 0.046 0.047 0.043 0.038 0.026 0.015 0.000 TY" 0,000 0.007 0.013 0.021 0.026 0.029 0.035 0.042 0.039 0.035 0.025 0.014 0.000 1.2 0.000 0.005 0.009 0.015 0.018 0.022 0.027 0.037 0.035 0.032 0.024 0.014 0.000 1.4 0.000 0.004 0.007 0.012 0.014 0.017 0.021 0.033 0.032 0.030 0.023 0.014 0.000 1.5 0.000 0.003 0.006 0.010 0.012 0.015 0.019 0.031 0.030 0.029 0.022 0.014 0.000 156 0:000 0.003 0.006 0.009 0.011 0.013 0.017 0.029 0.028 0.027 0.022 0.013 0.000 1:8 0.000 0.002 0.005 0.007 0.009 0.011 0.014 01025 0.926 0.025 0.021 0.013 0.000 2° 01000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.007 0.009 0.012 0.023 0.023 0.025 0.020 0.013 0.000 2.5 0.000 9.001 0.002 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.008 0.017 0.018 0.019 0.017 0.012 0.000 3” 01000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.006 0.013 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.011 0.000 4 42000 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.008 0.010 0.011 0.012 0.010 0.000 5 01000 0-000 0.001 9.001 0.001 0.002 9.002 0.006 0.007 0-008 0.009 0.009 0.000 10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.092 0.003 0.005 0.000 15 0,000 9.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.091 0.002 0.003 0.000 20 01000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.091 0.001 0.002 0.000 $0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 9.090 0.000 0.000 0.000 TABLE 3.17 me “ee (Giroud, 1970) we 0 ik 0.2 /S_ SS LS 2S SS 0.000 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250° 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 9.000 0.010 0.045 0.094 0.201 0.208 0.211 0.214 0.217 0.218 0.219 0.000 0.002 0.010 0.032 0.156 0.169 0.175 0.179 0-186 0.188 0.189 0.000 0.001 0.006 0.020 0.136 0.251 0.159 0.164 0.172 0.175 0.176 0.6 0.000 0.000 0.005 0.015 0.118 01134 01144 0.189 0.158 0.165 0.164 0.8 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.006 0.087 0.306 0.127 0.124 0.135 0.141 0.143 1 01000 0.000 0.001 0.003 0.064 0.083 0.095 0.103 0.126 0.125 0.125 1.2 01000 0:000 0.000 0.002 0.047 0.085 0.077 0.085 0.100 0.108 0.111 1:4 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.03 0.051 0.062 0.071 0.087 0.095 0.099 1:5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.030 0.045 0.056 0.064 0.081 0.090 0.094 156 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0,026 0.040 0.081 0.059 0.076 0.085 0.089 1:8 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.020 0.031 0.041 0.089 0.066 0.077 0.081 2° 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.025 0.025 0.034 0.061 0.058 0.069 0.074 2.5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.008 0.014 0.021 0.027 0.043 0.055 0.061 3° 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.008 0.013 0.018 0.032 0.045 0.051 4 9.000. 0:000 0.000 0.000 9.002 0.003 0.006 0.008 0.018 0.031 0.059 5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.900 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.011 0.022 0.031 30 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0-000 0.000 0.001 0.006 0.016 15 0.000 0-000 0.000 0-000 9.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.011 20 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 9.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.008 $0 9.000 0.000 0.000 0.090 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003RECTANGULAR AREA 7 TABLE 5.18 yeast (Gizoud, 1970) Wo on 02 3 04 0S 2S 1 1S 2 25 5 5 10 © 0 0,000 0.051 0.061 0.074 0.094 0,125 0.156 0.176 0.189 0.199 0.219 0.2 0,000 0.041 0.049 0.060 0.076 0.103 0.130 0.148 0.160 0-169 0.188 0.4 0.000 0.032 0.039 0.047 0.061 0.085 0.106 0.122 0.133 0.141 0.159 0.5 0.000 0.029 0.034 0.042 0.054 0.074 0.096. 0.111 0.121 0.129 0.146 0:6 0.000 0, 01025 0.030 0.037 0.048 0.066 0.086 0.100 0.110 0.118 0.134 0:8 0.000 0. 0.020 0.023 0.029 0.037 0.052 0.069 0.082 0.091 0.098 0.114 1° 0.000 0 01015 0.018 0.023 0.029 0.042 0.056 0.067 0.075 0.082 0.097 1.2 05000 0.004 0.007 0-012 0.015 0.018 0.024 0.054 0.046 0.056 0.063 0.069 0.083 154 0,000 0.003 0.006 0.010 0.012 0.015 0.019 0.027 0.058 0.046 0.053 0.058 "0.072 1°5 0:000 0.003 0.005 0.009 0-011 0.013 0.017 0.025 0.035 0.043 0.089 0.054 0.067 1.6 0.000 0,010 0.012 0.018 0.025 0.032 0.039 0.045 0.050 0.062 1/8 01000 0.002 0.004 0.007 0.008 0.010 0.013 0.019 0.027 0.035 0.039 0.045 0.055 2° 0,000 0.002 0.003 0.006 0-007 0.008 0-011 0.016 0.023 0.029 0.035 0.038 0.048 2.5 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.005 0-006 0.007 0.011 0.016 0.020 0.024 0.027 0.036 3° 0,000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.005, 0.008 9.012 0.015 0.018 0.021 0.028 4 01000 0-000 0:001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.005 0.007 0.009 0.011 0.015 0.018 3 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0-001 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.009 0.013 To 0.000 0:000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0-001 0-001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.004 13 01000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0-000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 20 01000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 9.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 50 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 mo ma Boe pe tan) ee 7 m “em +n m= t/> m= af ood oe] 23456810 2 3456800 Sac 2 3456607 FIG.2.30 Vertical stress beneath comer of uniformly Joaded rectangle. (Fadun, 1948). the vertical displatement at the surface Explicit expressions and influence factors for (@=0) have been evaluated for four points beneath the rectangle, and for the mean displacement pm, by Gixoud (1968). These influence factors are shown in Fi; tabulated in Table 3.19. For all points, "a where 2 G2) pps soas ko 5.51 and are + G21) is the length of the shorter side is the centre of the longer side the centre of the shorter side the comer the centre of the rectangle ‘the mean58 SURFACE LOADS ON SEMI-INFINITE ¥ASS TABLE 3.19 INFLUENCE FACTORS FOR VERTICAL SURFACE DISPLACEMENT BENEATH RECTANGLE (Giroud, 1968) a la=$ Ip ty ty ty 4, @ 4 joie i 1,122 0,946] 15 1.401 2.362 1.621 11176 0.992| 20 1.493 2.544 1.713, 11226 1.035| 25 1-564 2.686 1.784 11273. 11078) 30 1.622 2.802 1.842 11317 1.122] 40 1.713. 21985 1.934 11358 11148} $0 1.784 3.127 2.005 11596 1.181} 60 1.842 3.243 2.063 11433 1.215] 70 1.891 3.341 2.112 11467 11244] 80 1.934 3.426 2.154 11800 1.273] 90 1.971 3.501 2.192 11532 1.500] 100 2.005 3.568 2.225 11590 1.353] 200 2.225 4.010 2.446 11644 1.401] 300 2.355 4.268 2.575 11669 11424] 400 2.446 4.451 2.667 il7es. 11527] $00 2.517 4.593 2.738 11880 11616] 600 2.575 4.709 2.796 L964 1.694] 700 2.624 4.807 2.845 21038 11763] 800 2.667 4.892 2.887 2108 1.826] 909 2.704 4.967 2.925 21220 11935] 10° 2.738 5.034 2.958 2.518 2.028] 10% 3.471 6.500 3.691 21403 21110] 105 4.204 7.966 4.424 2.477 21182] 10° 41937 9.432. 5.157 2154s 21266) @ © = © bh ben BeVon eae BOOVOUE RUUD NONE EE For a point on the centre-line of the rectangle, distance = from the centre (Fig.3.32), Giroud (1969) gives the following expression for the horizontal surface displacement zt (149) (1-20) 99 |B. gy $(4a) 24? - pe [2 yn Sica) eee = 2nE 2h date Dt s > 3 +20 - Pactm ghar - Govt £1 ves G20) From this expression, the solution for Psy beneath the corner of a rectangle of proportions 25 may be obtained by taking half the value of p= ‘obtained fron equation (3,21) when ==£. 1 PIG.3.31 Influence factors for vertical surface FIG.3.32 ‘Gisplacement beneath rectangle. (Gizoud, 1968).RECTANGULAR AREA 58 5.4.2 LINEARLY VARYING VERTICAL LOADING (Fig. 5.53) 7 FxG.3.33 ‘The normal stresses are expressed as Giroud (1970): Under the corners: © DM, 1g = © PL Ma ~ (1-2v)¥E) oy = © a Me - (iain) Under the centre: o, = 0 = 0 a, = 0 follows by see B.22a) see B.22b) see 220) vee 3.25) see G.23) see G.230) where e= +42 at Ciand Cl, and, Tat Cand chy HosMapMiN2,Ni ore influence factors which are given in Tables 3.21 80-5.25. Influence factors for the vertical surface displacement beneath various points have been obtained by Giroud (1968), and are tabulated in Table 3.20. Explicit expressions for the displacements are given by Giroud. At the corners o, - Spr: SE bE. (8.2Ha) 2 or Geviie ys sf aw (5.280) and a= D/L see Be24e) a FS 4 anfa + Vea) and a= #/b wee (5.244) Levt : oe, = Gees, if BRE. (5.240) -s8)pb Gai py) seed. (3.248) P= 0 at points M and 0 .., (5.24g) TABLE 5.20 INFLUENCE FACTORS FOR VERTICAL SURFACE DISPLACEMENT DUB TO LINEARLY VARYING COMPRESSION TO TENSION ‘LOADING (Gizoud, 1968) bee tee bh ty ty [ve Tg “fo 0.149 0.263 15 0.785 0.995 0,162 0.282 20 0.872 1.084 0:74 0.300 25 0.940 1.154 0.187 0.517 50 0.995 1.211 0.198 0.334 40 1084 1,301 0.210 0.349 SO 1,254 1.371 0.221 0.364 60 1,211 1.429 0.252 0.379 70 1,259 1.478 0.243 0.392 80 1,301 1.520 0.253 0.406 90 1.338 1.557 0:26 0.418 100 1,371 1.590 0.282 0.462 200 1,590 1.810 01300 0.465 300 1.739 1.959 0.308 0.475 400 1/810 2.051 0.349 0,524 500 1.881 2.101 01386 0.566 600 1.939 2.159 0.418 0.603 700 1.988 2.208 0.448 0.656 800 2.031 2.251 0.475 0.666 909 2.068 2.788 0.524 0.719 108 21101 2.322 01566 0.765 10% 2.834 3.055 0.603 0.804 105 31567 5.788 0.636 0.840 10° 4.300 4,521 0,666 0,872 = = =60 SURFACE LORDS ON SEME—DHFTUTTE MASS TABLE 3.21 - VALUES OF Mo (Gizous, 1970) A O.1 02 VS O04 O08 43 1 LS 2 25 5 § 1 © ° 0.250 0.250 0.250 0,250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.2 0:180 0.185 0.186 0:187 0.188 0.188 0.188 0.168 0.188 0:188 0-188 oa Oc121 0-218 0.126 0.151 0.134 0.154 0.135 0.135 0.135 0.135. 0.155 0:5 0.085 0-092 0.100 0.107 0.111 0.112 0.115 0.115 0.115 01113. 01113 016 0.065 0-072 0.079 0.087 0.092 0.095 0.094 0.094 0.08 01094 0.094 0:8 0.038 0.083 0.049 0.056 0.062 0.064 0.065 0-065 0.065 0065 0.065 1 0.025 0:026 0051 0.056 0:042 0-045 0.045 0.085 0-045 01045 0.045, 12 01014 0.017 0.020 0.024 0.029 0.081 0.052 0.052 0.032 0.052 0.052 1a 0:09 0:011 0.013 0.016 0-020 0-022 0-025 0.023 0.025 0.023 0.023 us 0007 0:009 0.011 0.013 0:017 0.019 0:020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 16 0.006 0.007 0.009 0.011 0.018 0.016 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 us 0004 0.005 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.015 0.015 0101s 0.013 2 0.003 0.005 0.004 0-005 0-007 0.009 0:010 0.010 0.010 0010 2s 9.001 0.002 0.002 0.005 0.008 0.005 0.005 0.005 0006 0-006, 3 0.001 0.001 0.001 0-001 0.002 0:05 0:05 0.005 0.003. 0.003 4 9.000 0:000 0:00 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 5 9000 0.000 0.000 0:000 0.000 0:00 0:001 0-001 0:01 0-001 10 9:000 0:00 0.000 0.000 9.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0:000 0.000 0-000 15, 0000 9000 0.000 0:00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0-000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 20 0:000 0.000 0.000 0:00 0.000 9.000 0.000 0009 0:00 50 9,000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0:00 0:00 TABLE. 5.22 7 Sa (Gixoud, 1970) a 01 02 WS 04 OF 3 1 1S 2 25 3 § 10 © ° 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.2 01026 0.080 0.046 0.046 0.046 0.085 0.083 0.042 0.042 0.042 01082 0.042 0.082 o8 0.002 0:03 0.002 0.001 ~0.000 -0:002 -0.005 - -0:008 -0:008 -0:008 -0-008 0:5 -0.001 -0002 -0:005 -0:006 =0.008 -0:010 0.013 2olo16 Zolois “0/018 “02016 o6 702002 “0008 20:007 “0-009 “0-010 “0-013 0:018 ~ o:019 20.020 “0:020 “07020, 0:8 70002 “0008 0:007 -0:009 -0:010 0.015 -0.016 ~ “0.018 201019 “0:019 “0/019 1 701002 70:005 “0005 “0-007 0.008 -9.010 -0.015 ~ “0.016 Zo:a1s “0-016 “0016 12 2o!001 “02002 “0004 -0008 -0:006 =0:007 -0:009 - 201012 2o!015 “0/013 -0015 ua ZoZ001 0:02 20003 “0.005 ~0:008 -0:005 0.007 ~ “0-009 0010 “0-010 “0010 us 707001 “0.001 20002 20003 0.003 -0004 0006 = 70:08 702008 =0:008 =0:009 16 ZoZ001 “0001 20002 “0002 =0:005 “0.004 0.005 ~ 20007 “9%007 70:008 “0008 1s 707000 70001 “0001 -0:002 0.002 -0:005 0.004 ~ 20.005 20006 70:06 -0008 2 20000 “0:001 “0:001 “0001 =0.002 -0.002 0.005 ~ “0:08 0005 “0.005 “0:00 2.5 ~0000 “9.000 0:000 -0:001 -0.001 -0-00. 0.001 ~ ~0:002 =07005 -0:005 -0:00 5 20000 “0/000 0:000 -0000 =0:000 -0:001 20001 0002 “0.002 “0002 4 70000 79:000 “0:000 “0000 “0-000 -0:000 001 $001 -0001 -0:001 5 =0:000 “0000 0.000 0.000 =0.000 0.000 =0:000 70000 0:000 “0:00 10 70009 “0.000 0:00 -0:000 “0-000 -0:000 “0:000 “0-000 0.000 -0:000 -0:000 18 “0000 -9.000 0-000 -0:000 -0.000 -0.000 =0:000 =0:000 =0.000 0.000 -0.000 20 70000 “0.000 0:000 -0000 -0:000 -0:000 707000 “0-000 “0:000 -0000 0.000 50 “0000 “9:090 0:000 -0:000 -0:000 -0:000 707000 “0000 “0:000 -0:000 0.000RECTANGULAR AREA a TABLE 3.23 VAWES OF ME (Giroud, 1970) Foon 02 VS 08 OS WS 1 1S 2 25 $3 $ W © ° 0.006 9.005 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.2 9:005 0.002 0.001 0.001 0:00 0.000 0.000 oa 0,004 0,002 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 og 0.003 0:002 0:001 0.001 0.000 01000 0.000 0:6 0.003 0.002. 9.001 0.001 0:00 0.000 0.000 0:8 0.000 0,002 0:001~ 0:001 0:001 0:000 0.000 0.000 1 0.000 0:002 0.001 0.001 0.000 0:000 0.000 0.000 1.2. 0.000 0:001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0:000 0.000 0.000 114 0,000 0.001 0.001 9.001 0.000 0-000 0.000 0.000 1:5 0.000 0:001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0:000 0.000 0.000 1.6 0.000 : 0:001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 18 0.000 ° 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0-000 0.000 0.000 2° 0,000 9.000 0:00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 000 0.000 2.5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 5°” 0,000 0.000 0.000 0:000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 4 0.000 9.000 0.000 0:00 0.000 0.000 0.000 9-000 0.000 0.000 S 0,000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0-000 10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0:00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0:00 0.000 0.000 15 0.000 0.000 0.000 0:00 0:00 0.000 0:000 9.000 0.000 - 0-000 20 0.000 0.000 0.000 0:00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0-000 50 0.000 0.000 0.000 0:00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0-000 TABLE 5.26 — Giroud, 1972 ae 0.1 0.2 WS 04 O05 WS 1 1S 2 25 3 $ 10 © © 0,000 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.2 01000 0.008 0.034 0.067 0.078 0.110 0.114 0.114 0.115 0.115 90.118 0.115 0:4 0,000 0.001 0.006 0.018 0.024 02056 0.061 0.062 0.063 0.063 0.063 0.063 0:5 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.010 0.014 01040 0.045 0.047 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.048 05 02000 0.000 0.002 0-006 0.008 01028 0.054 0.036 0.036 0.037 0.037 0.037 0:8 0.000 0.000 0.000 0-002 0.003 01015 0.019 0.021 0.022 0.022 0.023 0.023 1° 0,000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 02008 0.011 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.015 1.2 01000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.004 0.007 0.008. 0.009 0.009 0.010 0.010 154 01000 0.000 0.000 0.000 9.000 0.002 0.004 0.005 0.008 0.006 0.007 0.007 115 0:000 0.000 0.000 0-000 0.000 0,002 0.003 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.008 0.006 156 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 02001 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.005 1/8 02000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 05001 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.005 0.004 0.004 2° 01000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 2.5 0:000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0,001 0.001 0.001 3°” 01000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 9.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0-001 4 0000 0.000 0.000 0:000- 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0-000 5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0-000 10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.000 02000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1S 0.000 0.000 0000 0.000 0.000 -0:000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 20 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0,000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0-000 50 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 05000 0.000 -0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00062 SURFACE LOADS ON SEMI-INFINITE MASS TABLE 5.25 WACAIESIOF? “Ma (Giroud, 1970) I OVOOOoamc6_'0 aA 0 02 Sk S/S SSS © 0.000 0.039 0.135 0.175 0.187 0.202 0.219 0.249 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.2 0.000 0.022 0.042 0.062 0.070 0.079 0.091 0.114 0-115 0.115 0.115 0:4 01000 0.009 0.018 0.028 0.033 0.038 0.045 0.063 0.063 0.063 0.063 0.S 0.000 0.006 0.013 0.020 0.025 0.027 0.035 0:047 0.048 0.048. 0.048 0.6 0.000 0.005 0.009 0.014 0.017 0.020 0.024 0.036 0.037 0.037 0.057 0.8 0-000 0.002 0.005 0.008 0.009 9.011 0.015 0.022 0.023 0.023 0.025 1° 0-000 0.001 0.003 0:00 0.005 0.006 0.008 0.014 0.015 0.015 0.015 1.2 0.000 0.001 0.002 0-003 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.010 1:4 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0-006 0.006 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.007 1:5 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.005 0-005 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.006 1.6 0,000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.004 0.004..0.005 0.005 0.005 1:8 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.005 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.004 2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0,002 0.003 0.003 0.003 2.5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0. . 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 3° 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 °. 0.001 0:001 0-001 0,001 4 0-000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 °. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 i 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 15 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.000 20 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.000 $0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 ~0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.000 For a point at a distance = from the edge 3.4.3 VERTICAL EMBANKMENT LOADING Clie, on the axis HOY (Fig.5.33),Giroud (1969) (Fig.5.34) gives the following solution for the horizontal Vertical surface displacements ps have been displacement Pp: evaluated for several points by Giroud (1968b). EP) A-B) gb (y ypq EOowIE BE ___Influence factors Xo, Ke etc for the seven a ep OE ep goints marked in Fig.3.s4"dre shom in Figs, 3.35 to 2, > > ~ & (1-H) (aratan 2 + arctan sy) Im all cases iv? 2 2e 2Qmz) b = pak see G26) + Fplactan F + arctan OE) - 5] 2" E see G25) Expressions for the influence factors Xo(centre) As in Section 3.4.1, the solution for the and Xe(corner) are as follows: comer of a rectangle of proportions 22/b may be ii taking half the value of for zak. 2 3 rains yas = y= Eel bin cae Vaal) + am Lethe? The resutts in this section can be coined wich ose ty Seeties Seth to give the eeuite fora . __ ‘trapezoidal distribution of loading. For the par- _ Gna8)? ,,, 228 + it-ap)? + (ana EEediar case ven she Ioaling aries 1ineriy aetoss CaO yy stb + Ateaal + (eoas) the seceatle to sero a ene tne, smresions and Tarik velteal sense tf given by Gray © naps MESFET? Figus, 1048) expressions for the horizontal and’ shear = GEER pq 2B + HtnaB) + (on stresses by Ambraseys (1960) and graphs and expressions a-28 for vertical displacement by Stanatopoulos (1959).RECTANGULAR AREA ae ent AGF 1081 ] For the point A, veB Rd=28)?42(a- 28) 484047 see (8.278) En (odie + 2 gy, Solita ke 4 20 ke 2[f« (onlin?) + F ay LAMA fsa! Ly, Aa=26)7 198 48-2 ” 3B faa * Ba EEL -1 ty Sotelo) Gan? eras) eae 46-201 7+(1-B)? 2/28 Va(i+4a?)~ (1420) “1, Aatatras 204 _ G28) ,, __fass-28)*-28 Been 8 Yei=28) 4 (a8) 42(8-a) Hob)» aonb) 2 F, 5, = at, ABteate-B)t2i0 fn -f im 8 We-28) 4 (0-8) 4428-1 vB atve-1) = 28 = 2 _ lant, AEB tee ot 8 tn Teo | a8 fa(tsa*)—(140) —- Be a Hio-8) In the above expressions, "Ja-8) (0-8) 45-0 a= b/a B= c/a _ feo)? y, _Maerp a * . 8 Yei-B)*e(0-8) 48-1 +28 nurw] es (8.270) =e PE Joi tye — Lapua -. . < T © L |e [| '‘SURFACE LOADS OH SEMI-INFINITE MASS 64 FIG.2.35 Displacement Influence Factors K,.(Giroua, 1968). FXG.3.36 Displacement Influence Factors K. (Giroud, 1968). Factors ¥y. (Giroud, 1968). FIG.3.37 Displacement Influence *oRECTANGULAR AREA PIG.3.38 Displacenent Influence Factors X,. (Giroud, 1968). FIG.3.39 Displacenent Influence Factors K,'. (Gizoud, 1968). at Ss 1 10 5 20% os 1 ¥1G.3.40 Displacement Influence SI Factors X,'. (Giroud, 1968). SS I 1s = = 2 = 2 = 25 Pot [ a t66 SURFACE LOADS OW SEMI-INFINITE MASS Ket 3.4.4 UNIFORM HORIZONTAL LOADING (Fig-3.42) S cs FIG.3.42, Holl (1940) gives the following solugions for the stresses beneath the comers Cz and Ci of the rectangle: o = & [b.eb - oS & = + .28a) ean Oe) HE = 2 (a —— see (5.280) OU 20H) a Ry ome ‘Ry (bt) gy = fen ———- oh -2)] . 5,280) or z(btRy) RR, FIG.3.41 Displacement Influence Factors K_'. (Girowd, 1968). = % fear. Bee an Rs Ri Ry wee (3.288) = % fetes tye < Zee ee b) ... ooze) =D Itm CFR) gp 2 1, = [en ary a +h) see (3,288) where Ry = (24453) Ry = (Batt Ry = (1228) Tt should be noted that the values of Tez tys and 0g for unifora horizontal loading correspond ¢o ‘the values of Oz, Tey and Tz, for uniform vertical loading (€rom the reciprocal theoren). ‘The principle of superposition may be applied to determine the stresses at points not beneath the comer of the rectangle. Influence factors for the normal stresses have been obtained by Giroud (1970). The stresses are expressed as follows: Under the comers, eqh see (3.294) 0, = © thy ~ (1-20)K3] see (3.296) €q Ks ~ (1-20)K31 ses (3.290)RECTANGULAR AREA or where €= +2 at Cz and C} (see Fig.3.42) Under the centre, add at Cy and ch, o, 20 Ki, Ks, #3, Xs, X are influence factors 70 which are given in Tables 5.26 to 3.50. oy = 9- TABLE 3.26 - VALUES OF _Ky (Giroud, 1970) ee 01 0.2 308 0S 2/8 25 3 5 0 @ 0.159 0.159 0.159 0,159 0.159 0.153 0.153 0.153 0.153 0.153 0.137 0.137. 0.157 0.137 0.137 0.127 0.127 0.127 0.127 0.127 0.117 0.117 0.117 0.117 0.117 0.096 0.097 0.097 0.097 0.097 0.079 0.079 0.079 0.080 0.080 0.064 0.064 0.065 0.065 0.065 0.052 0.053 0.054 0.054 0.054 0.047 0.048 0.049 0.049 0.049 0.043 0.044 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.035 0.056 0.037 0.038 0.038 0.029 0.030 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.019 0.020 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.015 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.016 0,159 0.159 0.159 0.159 0.159 0.159 0,159 0.071 0.111 0.135 0.140 0.145 0.149 0.152 0.037 0.067 0.095 0,105 0.115 0.125 0,133, 0.028 0.054 0.079 0.089 0.100 0.111 0.121 0.023 0.043 0.066 0.075 0.085 0.097 0.109 0.015 0,029 0.046 0.053 0.062 0.073 0.086 02010 0,020 0.032 0.037 0.045 0.084 0.067 0.007 0.014 0.023 0.027 0.033 0.040 0.051 0.005 0.010 0.017 0.020 0.024 0.030 0.040 0.004 0.009 0.014 0.017 0.021 0.026 0.035 0.004 0,008 0.013 0.015 0.018 0.023 0.031 0,000 0.003 0.006 0.010 0.011 0.014 0.018 0.024 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.007 0.009 0.011 0.014 0.019 0.000 0.001 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.008 0.011 0,000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.005 9.007 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.009 0.009 0. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.006 0. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0. 9.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.0 9.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0 9.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 UhUNNE EEE EE eooose S8n5 3 TABLE 5.27 VALUES OF _Ky_ (Gizoud, 1970) too 02 ifs 0 OS 2/8 SSS : a. 2. 6 © = @ = =< «© © « @. = - 0.2 0.107 0.189 0.259 0.282 0.555 0.562 0.564 0.565 0.565 0.565 0.366 0.366 ou 0,057 0.069 0.104 0.117 0:167 0.175 0.177 0.177 0.178 0.178 0.178 0.178 0.5 01025 0.045 0.069 9.079 01118 01125 0.127 0.128 0.129 01129 0.129 0.129 0:6 07016 0.030 0.047 0.054 0,085 0.091 0.093 0.094 0,094 0.094 0.095 0.095 018 02007 0.014 0.023 0.026 01045 0.080 0.052 0.082 0.052 0.053 0.083 0.055 1 02004 0.007 0.012 9.014 0025 02028 0.050 0.050 0.030 0.051 0.051 0.031 12 02002 0.008 0.006 0.007 0:014 0.017 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.019 0.019 0.019 a 02001 0.002 0.004 0.004 0009 0:010 0.011 0.011 0.012 01012 0.012 0.012 is 02001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0. 0,008 0.009 0,009 0.009 1s 02001 0:01 0:02 0.003 0.1 0006 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.008 is 0:00 0.001 0.001 0.002 0. 0:003 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 2 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0. 0,002 9003 01003 01003 0.004 0.004 2s 9,000 0.000 0:00 0.000 0.000 0.001 0002 01001 0,001 0.002 0.002 5 02000 0:000 0.000 0.000 0.000 07000 0001 01001 0.001 0.001 0.001 4 92000 0.000 0:00 0.000 0.000 02000 9000 05000 0.000 0.000 0.000 5 0,000 0.000 0,000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0,000 0.000 0,000 0.000 0.000 0.000 10 0:00 01000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 02000 0000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 15 01000 0:00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 02000 0:000 0.000 0:000 0.000 0.000 20 0.000 0000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0,000 0.000 0.000 0:00 0.000 0.000 50 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.000 0.000cy SURFACE LOADS ON SEME-INFINITE 2ASS TABLE 3.28 a (Gixoud, 1970) Wr aft 0-01 0.2 WS 04 O85 2/3 1 15 2 25 3 $5 10 © © 0.000 0.143 0,128 0.109 0.100 0.088 0.071 0.047 0.027 0.017 0.011 0.008 0.003 0.2 0.000 0.025 0.040 0.048 0.049 0.048 0.044 0.035 0.021 0.014 0.010 0.007 0.003 0:4 0.000 0.009 0.016 3.025 0.025 0.026 0.026 0.025 0.016 0.011 0.008 0.006 0.003 9:5 0,000 0.006 0.011 0.016 0.018 0.020 0.021 0.019 0.014 0.010 0.008 0.006 0.003 0:6 0,000 0.004 0.008 0.012 0.013 0.015 0.016 0.016 0.012 0.009 0.007 0.005 0.002 9.8 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.011 0.009 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.002 1° 0.000 0.001 0-003 0.004 0:005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.002 1,2 0.000 0.002 0.002 0.005 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.002 1:4 0.000 0.001 0.001 9.002 0.003 0.004 0.004 9.004 0.004 0.003 0.002 1:5 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.002 156 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 1.8 0,000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.005 0.002 0.001 2° 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 2.5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 9.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 3° 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 4 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0:000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 5 0,000 0.000. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 9.000 0.000 0,000 9.000 0.000 30 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 9.000 0,000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1S 0,000 0.000 0.000 0.000 9.000 0.000 0.000 9.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 20 0.000 0.000 9.000 0.000 9.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 9.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 50 0,000 -0.000 0.000 0.000 9.000 0.000 0.000 9.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 TABLE 3.29 oe eee (Giroud, 1970) by we o_o 02 V3 04 08 23 2 15 2 28 3 5 0 © 0.00 © © 2 » © © 2 e® » 2 2® e@ @ » 0.000 0.005 0.027 0.066 0,085 0,109 0.142 0.185 0.218 0.234 0.242 0.247 0.000 0.001 0.005 0.017 0.025 0.038 0.059 0.091 0.118 0.133 0.141 0.145 01000 0.000 0.003 0.010 0.015 0.024 0.039 0.065 0.090 0.104 0.121 0.116 0.009 0.015 0.026 0.048 0.070 0.082 0.008 0.007 0.013 0.026 0.042 0.053 9.002 0.003 0.007 0.035 0.027 0.035 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.009 0.017 0.024 02001 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.011 0.016 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.009 0.013 0.001 0.003 0.007 0.011 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.008 0.000 0.000 90.002 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0,000 9.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 9.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 9.000 0.000 0.000 9.000 0.000 0,000 3 2° 0-000 9.000 0.000 9.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.003 0.006 2.5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.003 3 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 4 0,000 0.000 0.000 9.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0-000 0.000 10 0.000 -0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 9.000 15 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 9.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 20 0.000 -9.000 -0.000 =0:000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 50 =0.000 -0.000 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.000 -0.000TABLE 3.50 : vaunes oF 1b a 7 afk o 0.1 0.2 ys 0.4 os 2/3 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 s 10 “ 7 7 -_-< «= @ 7 7 °. 0.036 0.120 0.159 0.164 0.397 0.223 0.244 0.258 °. 0.016 0.058 0:069 0.085 0-107 0.127 0.143 0.157 °. o:o11 0.043 0.064 0.083 0.100 ous, 0.127 °. 009 ot0s2 (050 0.065 0.080 0.033, o:105, 2. 0.005, 0.020 031 0.042 0,058 0.068 0.074 i 0.003, 0013 0.020 01028 0.036 0.085, 01082 9.084 1 0.002 0009 02014 01019 0.025, 0.033 01039 0.042 L 0.002 01006 91007 0.010 0.014 0.018 0.024 0.030 9.032 i 0:00 8.008 92006 0.008 0-012 0.016 021 01026 9.028 i 0.001 81004 92003 0:007 0.010 0.014 0.019 01023 0.025, i 0.001 01003 02004 0.003 0.008 0.010 O11 0.019 0.020 2 0.001 01002 01005 0.004 0.006 0.008 Ooi O.01s 0.017 2 02000 8.001 02002 0:002 0.003 0.005 0.007 0.009. 0.011 3 02000 01001 0.001 0-001 0.002 0.003, 0.004 0.006 9.008 a 000 02000 0.000 0:001 0.001 0.001 :002 0.003 9.004 5 0000 1000 0.000 0:000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 9.003 190.000 0.000 02000 0.000 0-000 0.000 0.000, 0000 9.000 9.000 18 0,000 0-000 9000 02000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 20 0.000 0-000 8000 02000 0:000 0.000 0,000 0.000 0,000 9.000 $00,000 0.000 9000 02000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 01000 9.000 : Explicit expressions and influence factors for or MUI-BIEL TE yyy vertical displacenent py” beneath the points Ci, C2, r z By and By of the rectangle have been evaluated by’ Gixoud (1968) and are given in Table 3.31 (refer Fig. 3.42 for definition of £ and b). +++ G.31b) Giroud (19698) gives the following expression At Co, p, = SUtw)G-tvla bo xe pap for the horizontal displacement ‘of a point on a z the conerecline. 22s "(Pigr3vt2), distance” =" fon see (B.30a) Ba Py a 14 a or SGWG-B)a LT ie yyy 6: fe 2) at [aca-w9(e1 - 3 ty Dev (me? + B' F 7 Pe aes) see (3.306) de +E py, DARE, by, tea [arctanat atn FEA]... (5.506) L ele] a lee + Make | and a = b/L o> G3) For the comers Cy and Ce, Grow! (18558) Loe 1a L an fat ves T= [met t+ Lin Maal]... (8.302 | snd a= 4 be = Beh os [avin BAH, by, elt) tes) + G.33a) — Sete? myo etiatta ttn te tb Py = AT glatd-/ateb?) see (5.336) 5 s+» (3-310) (+ for ch and Cg = for Cy and Ch),70 SURPACE LOADS ON SEMI-INFINITE MASS ‘TABLE 3.31 INFLUENCE FACTORS FOR VERTICAL SURFACE DISPLACEMENT DUE TO UNIFORM HORIZONTAL LOADING (Giroud, 1968) 22d Ip te ty Ty 0.276 15 0.590 0.701 0.290 20 0.636 0.746 0.303 25 0.671 0.782 0.315 30 0.701 0.811 0.326 40 0.746 0.857 0.337 50 0.782 0.347 60 0.811 0.921 0.356 70 0.835 0.946 0.365 80 0.373 90 0.381 100 0.396 200 0.410 300 0.416 400 0.445 S00 0.469 600 2.491 700 0-509 800 0.526 909 0.555 10° 0.579 10° 0.601 105 0.619 10° 3.4.5 LINEARLY VARYING HORIZONTAL LOADING (Fig.5.43) 8 _ ss 4 ch & 2 [> G cz FIG.3. Influence factors for the normal stresses have been obtained by Giroud (1970). The stresses are expressed as follows: Under the corners: o,=-ath se (3.548) 0, = -qiMs - (2-20)m3) see (3.340) oy = als - (2-20)H5) see (B.54e) Under the centre, O, = 2(Ki~ My) wee .35a) ©, = 29 fy My~(1-20) (3-H )) see (3.350) oy = 2qlKs- Mg=(1-20) (x3- M4)) ses (8.35) The influence factors My,Ms,M},Ms,Mi are given in Tables 3.32 to 3.36. Tables 3.26 to 3.30, Ea,Ks,Ki,ks,X} are given in’ Explicit expressions and influence factors for vertical displacement 0, beneath the points 0.4,C1, Ci,B1,C2,Ch,B2 of the rectangle have been evaluated by Giroud (1968) and are shown in Table 3.37. Influence factors for the mean settlement 9, are also given. -(14y) (Io2v)q bg At oe 4 2, ? ifb2L s+ B.36a) or Cw A=tv0b TS sey yy $ 2 ses 56) and similarly for points B2 and Bi, 1 An? athe) see (3,36) 12 1 B= Eli +l acta + wie] es : see (3.364) and a= t/b Ae 0, 5, = AAUGBVOEID 56 yo ses (8.378) ox Ciabidebveb af 22 ses B37) and similarly for point 4 and the mean Settlement Opp Giroud (19690) gives the following expressions for the horizontal displacements at the corners of the ‘rectangle:RECTANGULAR AREA pr a p= 2M 4 pm tear = UN 9 p= Ban LEY ee > y 15 2 % 2 he ~ a) 2 ABE - by]. (8.588) ses (8.380) (+ for Cy and Cl, - for Cz and Ch) (+ for C} and Ch, - for ¢y and C2). TABLE 3.32 a a yur ce (Girovud, 1970) wn Ol 0.2 VS 04 O8 YS 1.25 2 25 3 5 1 & © 0,000 0.159 0.159 0.159 0,159 0.259 0.159 0,159 0.159 0.159 0.159 0.159 0.2 0,000 0.043 0.065 0.075 0.076 0.078 0.078 01078 0.078 0.078, 0.078 0.078 0:4 0,000 0.012 0.022 0.027 0.029 0.030 0.031 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 015 01000 0.006 0.011 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.017 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0:6 0,000 0.003 0.005 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.007 9,005 0.005 0.005, 0.005 0,004 0:8 0.000 -0.000 0001 -0.001 -0.002 -0-003 -0,006 -0.006 -0.007 -0.007 -0,007 1 0,000 -0-001 70005 0004 -0.005 -0.006 ~0:010 -0.011 -0.011 -o.011 -0,011 1.2 0.000 -0.001 “0,004 =0.004 -0.005 -0.007 “0.011 -0:011 -0.012 -0:012 701012 114 0000 -0.001 701003 =0.004 ~0:008 -0.006 70:010 =0.011 -0.011 -0.012 -0.012 -0,012 1:5 0.000 -0.001 =0.003 =0.004 -0:004 -0.006 “07009 ~0:010 -0.011 -0.013 -0.011 -o:011 16 001 70.003 -0.003 -0:004 -0.005 0.010 -0.010 -0:011 -0.011 20:01 1.8 0000 -0.001 “0.002 -0.003 -0.003 -0,004 0.009 0.009 ~0.009 -0.010 “0:010 2° 0.000 -0.001 =0:002 =0.002 -0.003 =0:007 -0.008 -0.008 0.009 =0.009 2.8 0,000 -0.000 70.001 =0.001 -0:002 70;008 -0:006 ~0.006 0.008 70,006 3° 0.000 -0.000 0:001 0.001 -0:001 -0-001 70.004 -0.004 -0.004 -0.005 =0,005 4% 0,000 -0.000 0000 0.000 -0.001 -0-001 =0.002 =0.002 -0:002 -0.003 -0.003 3 0.000 -0.000 0000 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.001 =0.001 -0.001 -0.002 =0;002 10 0000 -0.000 0000 0.000 -0.000 -0-000 0.000 =0.000 -0.000 -0.000 =0.001 15 0.000 -0.000 ‘000 =0.000 0.000 -0.000 0,000 =0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0,000 20 0.000 -0.000 0000 -0.000 0.000 0.000 =0.000 -0,000 -0.000 0.000 50 ~ 0.000 -0.000 ~0:000 -0.000 -0.000 0000 =0:000 -0:000 -0.000 =0.000 TABLE 3.33 VALUES OF My (cirowd, 1970) be wt 0 01 02 3/3 0.4 08 WS 1 15 2 25 3 5 10 © 0. 00008 8 2 «© © «© © © » se » 0.2 0,000 0.015 0,017 0.012 0.008 0.002 -0.006 -0.015 -0.021 -0.021 -0,021 014 01000 -01006 0.012 -0.020 -0.024 -0.028 -0.035 -0.042 -0:047 -0.048 -0.048 015 0,000 -0.006 0.012 -0.019 -0.022 -0.026 “0.031 -0.037 -0.042 -0.043 -0.043 0:6 0,000 -0:005 -0.010 -0.035 -0.018 -0.021 -0.026 -0.031 -0:036 -0.036 -0.036 058 0.000 -0.003 -0.006 0.008 -0.011 -0.015 -0.016 -0.020 0.025 -0023 -0.024 10.000 -0.002 -0.003 “0.012 70,015 -0.015 -0.015 1.2, 0,000 -0:001 -0.002 -0.007 701009 -0010 -0.010 114 0,000 -0:001 -0.001 “0:04 07006 -0.008 -0.006 1s 0.000 -0:000 -0-001 -0:008 0.005 -0.005 -0-005 156 0000 -0.000 -0.001 20:003 02006 -0.004 -0,004 18 0000 -0.000 -0.000 “0:02 0.003 -0.003 -0:003 2 0.000 =0.000 -0.000 “0/001 02002 -0.002 -0.002 2.5 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 =0:000 02001 -0:001 -0.001 5° 0,000 0.000 -0.000 =0:000 -0:000 -0.000 -0.000 4 07000 0.000 -0.000 “9:00 20000 -0:000 -0:000 -0.000 5 9.000 -0:000 -0.000 10 0,000 -0.000 -0.000 15 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 20 0,000 -0.000 -0.000 50 0.000 -0.000 0.000 0:00 -0.000 0:00 -0.000 0:00 -0.000 0:00 ~0.000 0,000 0.000 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.000 -0:000 -0.000 01000 -0:000 -0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0002 SURFACE LOADS ON SEMI-INFINITE MASS TABLE 3.34 1 VALUES OF M} (Girend, 1970) s we Oe SH S/S 1S 2S SS © 0,000 0.080 0.043 0.017 0,009 0.001 -0.006 -0.009 -0.007 -0.005 -0.003 -0.003 -0.001 -0.000 0.000 0.2 0.000 0.004 0.005 0.001 -0.002 -0.003 -0.006 -0.007 -0.006 -0.004 -0.003 -0.002 -0.001 -0.000 0.000 0.4 0.000 -0.001 -0.002 -0.003 -0.003 -0.004 -0.005 -0.004 -0.003 -0.003 -0.002 -0.001 -0.000 0.000 0.$ 0.000 -0.001 -0.002 -0.003 -0.003 -0.004 -0.004 -0.004 -0.003 -0.002 0.001 -0.000 0.000 0.6 0.000 -0.001 -0.002 -0.002 -0.003 -0.003 -0.004 -0.005 -0.003 -0.002 0.001 -0.000 0.000 0.8 9.000 0.001 -0.001 -0.002 -0.002 -0.002 -0.003 -0.003 -0.002 -0.002 0.001 -0.000 0.000 10.000 0001 -0:001 -0:001 -0.001 -0.002 -0.002 -0.002 -0.002 0,001 -0.000 0.000 1,2 0000 -0:000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0-001 -0.002 -0.002 -0.002 =0,001 -0.000 0.000 1:4 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.000 0.000 1.5 0.000 ~0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 0.001 -0:000 0.000 1,6 0.000 ~0.000 -0.000 ~0.000 0,000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 - -0.001 -0.000 0.000 1.8 0.000 ~0.000 =0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 0:00 -0.000 0.000 2 +0000 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 000 -0.000 0.000 2.5 -0.000 -0.000 ~0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.000 -0:000 0.000 3 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.000 -0.000 0.000 4 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0,000 -0.000 0.000 5 0.000 ~0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.000 -0.000 0.000 10 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.000 -0.000 0.000 15 0.000 -0.000 -0:000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 +=0.000 -0.000 0.000 20 0.000 -0.000 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.000 -0.000 0.000 50 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.000 -0.000 0.000 TABLE 3.35 VALUES OF Ms __(Gizovd, 1970) Wr af 00.2 SA S/S OS 2S SS 0 0000 | © 8 2 2 o© © © 8 8s 2 @© @ ow 0.2 0.000 0.005 0.015 0.031 0.036 0.042 0.040 0.036 0.034 0.032 0.030 0.029 0.028 0.4 0,000 0.000 0.001 0.004 0.006 0.007 0.002 0-002 -0-004 ~0.005 -0.008 -0.009 -0.009 0.5 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003 (004 0.007 ~0.009 -0.010 -0.013 -0.014 -0.014 0.6 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 006 -0.009 ~0.011 -0.012 -0.014 -0.015 -0.016 0.8 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 1.006 -0.009 -0.010 -0.012 -0.014 -0.015 -0.015, 1 000 0.000 -0.000 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 005 ~0.007 0.009 -0.010 -0.012 -0.013 0.015, 1.2 0.000 0.000 ~0.000 0.000 -0.000 ~0.000 0.001 -0.002 -0.004 -0.005 -0.007 -0.008 -0.010 -0.011 -0.011 1.4 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.000 -0.001 -0.003 ~0.004 -0.005 -0.006 ~0.008 -0.009 -0.009 1,5 0.000 -0.000 ~0.000 ~0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0-000 -0.001 -0.002 -0.003.-0.004 -0.005 -0.007 ~0.008 -0-008 1.6 0.000 ~0.000 -0.000 -0.000 ~0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.002 -0.003 -0.004 -0.005 0.006 -0.007 -0.008 1.8 0.000 ~0.000 -0.000 -0.000 ~0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.002 ~ 0.003 -0.004 -0.005 ~0.006 -0.006 2 _ 0.000 0.000 ~0.000 -0,000 -0.000 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 ~0.002 -0.002 -0.003 -0.004 -0.005 -0.005 2.5 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.000 -0.000 -0,000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 ~0.002 -0.005 -0.003 -0.004 30,000 ~0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0-000 ~0.000 -0.000 ~0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.002 0.002 -0-003 4 0,000 -0,000 ~0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0-001 -0.002 5 000 -0.000 ~0.000 -0,000 -0.000 ~0.000 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.002, =0-000 ~0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 ~0.000 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 - 0.000 3 10 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.000 100 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 100 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 - ~9.000 ~0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.000 0.000 =0.000 ~0,000 -0.000 -0.000 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.000 000 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000RECTANGULAR AREA 73 TABLE 5.36 2 VALUES OF Mi fein, 7 bf aft ° O1 0.2 WS 04 05 2/3 1 Ls 2 25 3 s 0 08 0 6m 2 2 = «@ = 8 ee ee ele 0.2 0.000 0.016 0.028 0.038 0.041 0.045 0.038 0.055 0.055 0.082 0.030 0.029 0.028 0.4 0,000 0,002 0,004 0.006 0.006 0.003 -0.000 0,006 -0,008 -0.009 -0.009 0.5 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 -0.006 0.011, -0.013 ~0.014 -0.014 0.6 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0,005 -0.008 0.013 -0.014 -0.015 -0.016 0.8 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.002 -0.002 0.009 0.012 -0.014 -0,015 -0.015 1 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.002 -0.002 0.007 ~0.011 -0,012 -0.013 -0.013 1.2 0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.002 -0.002 -0.002 -0.003 -0.004 -0.006 -0.009 -0.010 -0,011 -0.011 154 0/000 “0000 “07001-0001 -0001 0:002 -0:002 -0-003 -0.005, “0'007 “0/008 “07009 0.009 15 0,000 -0000 ~0.001 -02001 -0:001 -0:002 -0.002 -0-003 -0.004 70008 “0007: -0:008 -0.008 16 01000 -0.000 “0.001 -0:001 -0:001 0.001 -0.002 008 70.006 201007 -0:007 -0.008 1.8 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0,002 -0.003 0.005 -0.005 -0.006 -0.006 2° 04000 0.000 0.000 -0.001 -0:001 -0.001 -0.001 0.002 -0.002 70008 70:006 “0004 0.008 -0.008 2.5 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 0.002 -0.002 -0.003 -0.003 -0.004 5°” 0000 0.000 0.000 -0000 -0:000 -0:000 -0.000 0.001 -0.001 0001 “0/002 “0.002 =0.002 -0.003 4 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 +0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.002 5 04000 -0.000 0,000 -0:000 -0000 0.000 0,000 -0.000 -0.000, 707000 0000 “0001 0.001 =0.001 10 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 15 0,000 -0:000 -0:000 -0.000 -0;000 -0.000 -0:000 -0.000 79000 “0:000 0000 0.000 -0.000 20 01000 0.000 -0-000 -0-000 -0.000 -0:000 -0.000 -0.000 -0-000 707000 “0000 0000 “0000 -0.000 50 0,000 -0000 0.000 -0000 -0:000 -0:000 0.000 0.000 -0.000 70000 “0:000 0000 -0:000 -0:000 TABLE 5.37 INFLUENCE FACTORS FOR VERTICAL SURFACE DISPLACEMENTS DUE TO LINEARLY VARYING HORIZONTAL LOADING Goud, 1965) heb 22d ber afb tq; Ty a afo I; Ty th Efi v/a Ty Oy _1o In 1 o.1s9 0.080 | 1 0.021 0.057 35 0.021 0.057 0.100 0.159 0.080 ha ores 0-08 | 1.1 01024 01064 20 +1 01020 0.056 01102 0.166 0.085 1.2 0.176 0.087 1.2 0.028 0.071 25 «2 0.019 0.054 0.104 0.171 0.087 13 0.183 0.090 1.3 0.032 0.078 30 +3 0.018 0,052 0.105 0.176 0.090 1.4 0.189 0,095. 1.4 40 4 0.017 0,051 0.107 0.181 0.093 1S 0.195 0.096 Ss 50 5 0.016 0.049 0,108 0.185 0.095 16 0.201 0-098 | 1:8 60 56 01015 0.048 0:109 0.188 0.098 i 0:20¢ 0-100 | 1-7 7 [7 0.014 0.046 07110 0.191 0-100 1.8 0.210 0.102 1.8 80 +8 0,014 0.045 0.110 0.194 0.102 19 0.215 0.104 19 90 +9 0.013 0.043 0.111 0.197 0.104 2 0.219 0.106 2™-. 0.087 0.119 100 0.012 0.042 0.112 0.199 0.106 2.2 0.226 0.110 2.2 0.064 0.129 200 +2 0,011 0.039 0.115 0.204 0.109 2/5 01285 0:11 | 2:4 0.071 0.139 300 "5 0,010 0.086 0-114 0.209 0.115 5 01247 01119 | 2'5 0.074 0.148 400 0009 0.051 0.116 0.218 0.119, 3.5 01255 01124 | 5° 0.090 0.165 500 5 0.007 0.028 01117 0.220 0.124 a 01262 01127 | 3.8 0.105 0.185 600 01007 0.025 0/118 0.224 0.127 5 0:27 0.133 | 4” 0.119 0.202 700 0.005 0.020 01120 0.229 0.133 7 01285 01139 | 4.5 0.182 0.217 800 01004 01015 07121 0.238 0.140 10 01294 0114s | 5 309 10 0.003 0:010 0.122 0.239 0-146. 1s 0.302 0.149 6 19° 1s 0.002 0.007 0.123 0.243 0.151 20 0.306 0.151 7 108 20 0.001 0.005 0.124 0.245 0.155 50 0.313 0.156 8 105 30 0,001 0.002 0.124 0.248 0.161 100 0.316 0.158 9 10 100 0.000 0.001 0,125 0.249 0.163 : 01318 0.159 | 10 . 0 00.125 (0.250 0.167ee SURFACE LOADS OW SEMI-INFINITE MASS 3.5 Loading on an Elliptical Area mex! B 3.5.1 UNIFORM VERTICAL LOADING oF mS? 03 o_o ‘ l7 Stresses and displacements at the surface and on hs the axis of the ellipse have been obtained by Deresiewicz (1960) (Fig.3.44). Expressions are derived for the stresses and dis- 1 placements on the axis within the mass, and on the surface. ‘The varistion of maximm shear stress with depth for various e values is shown in Fig.3.45. Stress distributions along the axis for four values of ¢ 2 + are given in Fig.3.46, In all cases, v=0.3, and e os is defined as e=(1-a*/b*)%. Sexe 08 y aod 80 FIG.3.45 Maximum shear stress down axis of ellipse. (eresiewicz, 1960). Values of the horizontal stresses on the axis are tabulated in Table 3.38. fenit oreo FIG.3.44 TABLE 3.38 HORIZONTAL STRESSES ON AXIS OF ELLIPSE (00.8)! Deceatiattes. ‘bed e °o 0.3 0.6 0.9 0.99 Extla ofp %y/p_—2/P alpen? uP a? e/D o 0.8000 0.8000 0.8047 0.7953 0.8222 0.7778 0.8786 0.7214 0.9636 0.6364 0.05 0.7351 0.7351 0.7404 0.7330 0.7585 0.7244 0.8157 0.6875 0.8987 0.6158 0.1 0.6711 0.6711 0.6765 0.6716 0.6954 0.6716 0.7535 0.6538 0.8343 0.5954 0.2 0.5488 0.5488 0.5542 0.5542 0.5744 0.5694 0.6338 0.5875 0.7100 0.5551 0.4 0.5428 0.3428 0.5488 0.3531 0.5681 0.3894 0.4236. 0.4647 0.5003 0.4849 0.7 0.1488 0.1488 0.1524 0.1599 0.1999 0.2094 0.3137 0.2587 0.3839 1.0 1.0575 0.0575 0.0648 0.0949 0.0928 0.2060 0.1235 0.3105 1.5 0.0064 0.0064 0.0090, 0.0229 0.0997 0.0179 0.2270 2 +0050 -0.0050 0.0037, 9.0017 0.0457 0.0277 0.1721 3 -0.0064 ~0.0064 0.0067 0.0054 0.0080 -0.0604 0.1095, 4 0046 -0.0046 0.0064 0.0086 0.0011 -0.0723. 0.0761 5 0033 -0.0035 0.0050 0.0040 0.0030 -0.0783 0.0566 10 -0.0009 -0.0009 0.0002. 0.0013 -0.0021 -0.0018 0.0898 0.02521 [ pe eo © our ozeze & ounce Josese lo7070 +0 +0 02 Gs % ow sy % 4 vy @ wey ‘V=0.3. (Deresiewiez, 1960). 46 Variation of normal stresses with depth on axis g é & 3 3 3 8 a 3 - 24 $ 3 gy q vith 2 7 eines”76 SURFACE LOADS ON SEMI-INFINITE MASS On the axis the displacements are given by , = Aisles x6) eee (8.398) 1 °, = s+ (3.396) where X(e) = complete elliptic integral of the first kind. Relative vertical displacements 9/p,on the axis of the ellipse are shown in Fig.5.47 for v=0.3. ‘The variation of 9/0, along the boundary of the ellipse with position is given in Fig.3.48, while Fig.3.49 shows the variation of the displacements at the extremity of the major axis (py) and the minor axis (fm). Pz_ is expressed in all cases as a ratio of the surface displacement A. FIG.3.47 Vertical displacesent on axis as ratio of surface value p, . (Deresievics, 1960). + o-4} | . | | 2030 306070 80 80 FIG.3.48 Variation of boundary surface displacement 9 to centre value p, with position along boundary. (Deresiewicz, 1960). +o-—— os} Pr o- jt on Ph Ful Po. on — 02 ° ° oz o4 os 08 +0 FIG.3.49 Variation of ratio of displacement at extremity of major axis, p_, and minor axis, Pay to that at centre, P,.” (eresiewiez, 1960). 3.5.2 VERTICAL SENI-ELLIPSOIDAL LOADING ‘This type of loading has been used to simulate wheel loading on road pavements. Vertical stresses and vertical displacenents within the mass have been evaluated by Sanborn and Yoder (1967).ORDING OVER ANY AREA 3.6 Loading over Any Area 5.6.1 "NEWARK CHARTS" The basis for, and use of, "Newmark Charts", is described in 1.7.2. Charts for vertical stress Gz» horizontal stress, bulk stress @ and shear stresses Tez and try (all as a function of the applied stress), originally presented by Newmark (1942), are reproduced in Figs. 3.50 to 3.54. F 3,55 gives correction factors for when Poisson's ratio is different from 0.5, while Fig. 5.56 gives part of the correction factor for Gz. When W0.8, dz is given by the value of op for v0.5, plus (1-20)/6 times the value of © for V0.5 (Fig. 3.52) plus (1-2v) times the quantity obtained from Fig. 3.56. Similar charts for vertical displacement pz on the surface and below the surface were obtained by Newmark (1947) and are shown in Figs.3.57 and 3.58. A chart for correcting the vertical subsurface di placements in Fig.5.S8, which are for vel.5, for other values of v, is given in Fig.5.59. Figs. 3.50 to 3,59 are for vertical surface loading. Charts for the horizontal normal stress due to an applied surface horizontal shear loading have been prepared by Barber (1965) and are given in Figs.3.60 to 5.65. Stresses parallel to, and perpendicular to, the applied loading are considered for both v=0.5 and V=0. As pointed out by Barber (1966), the vertical stress due to shear loading is, by the ‘reciprocal theorem, identical to the shear stress due to a vertical load and may thus be determined from Fig,3.53. 3.6.2 SECTOR CURVES ‘The sector method and the use of sector curves have been described in 1.7.3, Sector curves for ‘the normal and shear stresses due to vertical loading, obtained by Poulos (1967a), are shown in Figs.3.64 and 5.65. For the vertical and radial displacements pz and ‘pp, plots of the curves are unnecessary, as the sector curves have the following simple explicit form: 2, = 2a, Go) ". see (8.398) , = Bigg GHG = Ea8e see (3.390) ot Sry oor 02 03 04 05 2 15 40 08 0 ™%, FIG.3.64 Sector Influence Values for d, and T,,. ‘Sector itive Fock tof. Bausoase Case | Tengen! Stress a rg toon, pa Bias f ; A ott eS I ° +4] Tororo OE vs 10 os 6 * hy FIG.3.65 Sector Influence values for @ and J. 7

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