Zaha Hadid

Arsitek Wanita Terkenal yang berani

Contents

1 Zaha Hadid 1
1.1 Early life and academic career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Early buildings (19912005) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 Vitra Fire Station (199193) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2 Bergisel Ski Jump (19992002) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.3 Contemporary Arts Center, Cincinnati (19972000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.4 Phaeno Science Center (20002005) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.5 Ordrupgaard Museum extension (20012005) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.6 BMW Administration Building (20012005) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Major projects (20062010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3.1 Zaragoza Bridge Pavilion (20052008) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.2 Sheik Zayed Bridge (19972010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.3 National Museum of Arts of the 21st Century (MAXXI), Rome, Italy (19982010) . . . . 5
1.3.4 Guangzhou Opera House (20032010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Major projects (20112012) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4.1 Riverside Museum, Glasgow, Scotland (20042011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4.2 London Olympics Aquatics Centre (20052011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4.3 Broad Art Museum, East Lansing, Michigan (20072012) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4.4 Galaxy SOHO, Beijing, China (20082012) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.5 Last completed major projects (20132016) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.5.1 Heydar Aliyev Center, Baku Azerbaijan (20072013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.5.2 Dongdaemun Design Plaza, Seoul, Korea (20072013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.5.3 Library and Learning Center, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (20082013) . . . . . 9
1.5.4 Innovation Tower, Hong Kong Polytechnic University (20072014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.5.5 Wangjing SOHO Tower, Beijing (20092014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.5.6 Port Authority, Antwerp, Belgium (2016) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.6 Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.7 Posthumous major projects (2016present) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.7.1 Salerno Maritime Terminal in Salerno, Italy (20002016) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.7.2 Skyscraper re-purposing of 666 Fifth Avenue (20152017) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.8 Teaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.9 Interior architecture and product design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

i
ii CONTENTS

1.10 Reputation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.10.1 Qatar controversy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.11 Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.12 Awards and honours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.13 List of architectural works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.13.1 Conceptual projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.13.2 Completed projects (selection) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.13.3 Non-architectural work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.14 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.15 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.16 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.17 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

2 BMW Central Building 19

2.1 Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2 The building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3 Quick facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.4 Timeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.7 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.7.1 Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.7.2 Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.7.3 Content license . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Chapter 1

Zaha Hadid

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox architect with the Architectural Association School of Architecture.[10]
unknown parameter death_cause (this message is There she studied with Rem Koolhaas, Elia Zenghelis and
shown only in preview). Bernard Tschumi.[9] Her former professor, Koolhaas, de-
scribed her at graduation as a planet in her own orbit.[9]
Dame Zaha Mohammad Hadid DBE RA (Arabic: Zenghelis described her as the most outstanding pupil he
Zah add; 31 October 1950 31 March 2016) ever taught. We called her the inventor of the 89 de-
was an Iraqi-British architect. grees. Nothing was ever at 90 degrees. She had spec-
tacular vision. All the buildings were exploding into tiny
She was the rst woman to receive the Pritzker Architec- little pieces. He recalled that she was less interested in
ture Prize, in 2004.[1] She received the UKs most presti- details, such as staircases. The way she drew a staircase
gious architectural award, the Stirling Prize, in 2010 and you would smash your head against the ceiling, and the
2011. In 2012, she was made a Dame by Elizabeth II for space was reducing and reducing, and you would end up
services to architecture, and in 2015 she became the rst in the upper corner of the ceiling. She couldnt care about
and only woman to be awarded the Royal Gold Medal tiny details. Her mind was on the broader pictureswhen
from the Royal Institute of British Architects.[2][3] it came to the joinery she knew we could x that later.
[9]
She was described by The Guardian of London as the She was right. Her fourth-year student project was a
'Queen of the curve',[4] who liberated architectural ge- painting of a hotel in the form of a bridge, inspired by
ometry, giving it a whole new expressive identity.[5] Her the works of the Russian suprematist artist Kazimir Male-
[13]
major works include the aquatic centre for the London vich.
2012 Olympics, Michigan State Universitys Broad Art After graduation in 1977, she went to work for her
Museum in the US, and the Guangzhou Opera House former professors, Koolhaas and Zenghelis, at the
in China.[6] Some of her designs have been presented Oce for Metropolitan Architecture, in Rotterdam, the
posthumously, including the statuette for the 2017 Brit Netherlands.[14] Through her association with Koolhaas,
Awards, and many of her buildings are still under con- she met the architectural engineer Peter Rice, who gave
struction, including the Al Wakrah Stadium in Qatar, a her support and encouragement.[9] Hadid became a natu-
venue for the 2022 FIFA World Cup.[7][8] ralised citizen of the United Kingdom.[15][16] She opened
her own architectural rm, Zaha Hadid Architects, in
London in 1980.[17]
1.1 Early life and academic career She then began her career teaching architecture, rst at
the Architectural Association, then, over the years at
Hadid was born on 31 October 1950 in Baghdad, Iraq, Harvard Graduate School of Design, Cambridge Uni-
to an upper-class Iraqi family.[9] Her father Mohammed versity, the University of Chicago, the Hochschule fur
Hadid Muhammad al-Hajj Husayn Hadid was a wealthy Bildende Kunste in Hamburg, the University of Illinois
industrialist from Mosul. He co-founded the left-liberal at Chicago, and Columbia University. She earned her
al-Ahali group in 1932, a signicant political organisa- early reputation with her lecturing and colourful and rad-
tion in the 1930s and 1940s.[9] He was the co-founder ical early designs and projects, which were widely pub-
of the National Democratic Party in Iraq.[9] He served as lished in architectural journals but remained largely un-
minister of nance after the overthrow of the monarch af- built. Her ambitious but unbuilt projects included a plan
ter the 1958 Iraqi coup d'tat for the government of Gen- for Peak in Hong Kong (1983), and a plan for the Opera
eral Abd al-Karim Qasim. Her mother Wajiha al-Sabunji in Cardi, Wales, (1994). The Cardi experience was
was an artist from Mosul.[10] In the 1960s Hadid attended particularly discouraging; her design was chosen as the
boarding schools in England and Switzerland.[11][12] best by the competition jury, but the Welsh government
refused to pay for it, and the commission was given to a
Hadid studied mathematics at the American University dierent and less ambitious architect.[18] Her reputation
of Beirut before moving, in 1972, to London to study at

1
2 CHAPTER 1. ZAHA HADID

in this period rested largely upon her teaching and the

imaginative and colourful paintings she made of her pro-
posed buildings. Her international reputation was greatly
enhanced in 1988 when she was chosen to show her draw-
ings and paintings as one of seven architects chosen to
participate in the exhibition Deconstructivism in Archi-
tecture curated by Philip Johnson and Mark Wigley at
New Yorks Museum of Modern Art.[6][19]

1.2 Early buildings (19912005)

Phaeno
Science Center, Wolfsburg, Germany (20002005)

Vitra
Fire Station in Weil am Rhein, Germany (199193)

Phaeno
Science Center interior

Bergisel
Ski Jump, Innsbruck, Austria (19992002)

Administrati
Contemporary Arts Center, Cincinnati, Ohio building of BMW Factory in Leipzig, Germany
(19972003) (20012005)
1.2. EARLY BUILDINGS (19912005) 3

1.2.3 Contemporary Arts Center, Cincin-

nati (19972000)

At the end of the 1990s, her career began to gather mo-

mentum, as she won commissions for two museums and
a large industrial building. She competed against Rem
Koolhaas and other well-known architects for the design
of the Contemporary Arts Center in Cincinnati, Ohio
(19972000). She won, and became the rst woman to
design an art museum in the United States. At 8,500
square metres, the museum was not huge, and her design
didExtension
not have the amboyance of the Guggenheim Bilbao
of Ordrupgaard Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark of Frank Gehry, built at the same time. But the project
(20012005) demonstrated Hadids ability to use architectural forms
to create interior drama, including its central element, a
30-metre long black stairway that passes between massive
curving and angular concrete walls.[21]

1.2.1 Vitra Fire Station (199193)

One of her rst clients was Rolf Fehlbaum, the president-

director general of the German furniture rm Vitra, and
later, from 2004 to 2010, a member of the jury for
the prestigious Pritzker Architecture Prize. In 1989
Fehlbaum had invited Frank Gehry, then little-known,
to build a design museum at the Vitra factory in Weil-
am-Rhein. In 1993, he invited Hadid to design a small
re station for the factory. Her radical design, made of
raw concrete and glass, was a sculptural work composed
of sharp diagonal forms colliding together in the cen-
tre. It appeared in architecture magazines before it was
ever constructed. When completed, it never served as a
re station, as the government requirements for industrial
reghting were changed. It became an exhibit space in-
stead, and is now on display with the works of Gehry and
other well-known architects. It was the launching pad of
her architectural career.[19]
1.2.2 Bergisel Ski Jump (19992002)
1.2.4 Phaeno Science Center (20002005)
In 2000 she won an international competition for the
Phaeno Science Center, in Wolfsburg, Germany (2002
2005). The new museum was only a little larger than the
Cincinnati Museum, with 9,000 square metres of space,
but the plan was much more ambitious. It was similar in
concept to the buildings of Le Corbusier, raised up seven
metres on concrete pylons. Unlike Corbusiers buildings,
she planned for the space under the building to be lled
with activity, and each of the 10 massive inverted cone-
shaped columns that hold up the building contains a cafe,
a shop, or a museum entrance. The tilting columns reach
up through the building and also support the roof. The
museum structure resembles an enormous ship, with slop-
ing walls and asymmetric scatterings of windows, and the
interior, with its angular columns and exposed steel roof
framework, gives the illusion of being inside a working
vessel or laboratory.[22]

Hadid designed a public housing estate in Berlin (1986

1993) and organised an exhibition, The Great Utopia
(1992), at the Guggenheim Museum in New York.
Her next major project was a ski jump at Bergisel, in
Innsbruck Austria. The old ski jump, built in 1926, had
been used in the 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics. The
new structure was to contain not only a ski jump, but also
a cafe with 150 seats oering a 360-degree view of the
mountains. Hadid had to ght against traditionalists and
against time; the project had to be completed in one year,
before the next international competition. Her design is
48 metres high and rests on a base seven metres by seven
metres. She described it as an organic hybrid, a cross
between a bridge and a tower, which by its form gives a
sense of movement and speed[20]
1.2.5 Ordrupgaard Museum extension
(20012005)
In 2001 she began another museum project, an extension
of the Ordrupgaard Museum in Copenhagen, Denmark, a
museum featuring a collection of 19th century French and
Danish art in the 19th-century mansion of its collector.
The new building is 87 metres long and 20 metres wide,
and is connected by a ve-metre wide passage to the old
museum. There are no right angles only diagonals in
the concrete shell of the museum. The oor-to-ceiling
glass walls of the gallery make the garden the backdrop
of the exhibits. [22]
4 CHAPTER 1. ZAHA HADID

1.2.6 BMW Administration Building

(20012005)

In 2002 she won the competition to design a new admin-

istrative building for the factory of the auto manufacturer
BMW in Leipzig, Germany. The three assembly build-
ings adjoining it were designed by other architects; her
building served as the entrance and what she called the
nerve centre of the complex. As with the Phaeno Sci-
ence Center, the building is hoisted above street level on
leaning concrete pylons. The interior contains a series of
Sheikh
levels and oors which seem to cascade, sheltered by tilt-
Zayed Bridge, Abu-Dhabi (19972010)
ing concrete beams and a roof supported by steel beams
in the shape of an 'H'. The open interior inside was in-
tended, she wrote, to avoid the traditional segregation
of working groups and to show the global transparence
of the internal organisation of the enterprise, and wrote
that she had given particular attention to the parking lot in
front of the building, with the intent, she wrote, of trans-
forming it into a dynamic spectacle of its own. [23]
In 2004 she won the Pritzker Architecture Prize, the
most prestigious award in architecture, though she had
only completed four buildings including the Vitra Fire
Station, the Ski Lift in Innsbruck Austria, and the Con-
temporary Art Center in Cincinnati. In making the an-
nouncement, Thomas Pritzker, the head of the jury, an- MAXXI
nounced: Although her body of work is relatively small, Entrance, Rome, Italy (19982010)
she has achieved great acclaim and her energy and ideas
show even greater promise for the future.[24]

1.3 Major projects (20062010)

MAXXI
Interior, Rome, Italy (19982010)

Bridge
Pavilion in Zaragoza, Spain (20052008)
G
1.3. MAJOR PROJECTS (20062010) 5

Opera House, Guangzhou, China (20032010) each other. The imagery is of ow and movement and it
resembles a demented piece of transport architecture. In-
side, black steel stairs and bridges, their undersides glow-
ing with white light, y across a void. They take you o to
1.3.1 Zaragoza Bridge Pavilion (2005 the galleries, which are themselves works of frozen mo-
2008) tion. The design is intended to generate what Hadid called
conuence, interference and turbulence,[28]
Between 1997 and 2010 Hadid ventured into the engi-
neers domain of bridge construction, a eld also occu-
pied by other top architects including Norman Foster and
Santiago Calatrava. Between 2005 and 2008 she designed
and built the Bridge-Pavilion of Zaragoza, which was
both an exhibit hall and a bridge, created for Expo 2008,
an event on the themes of water and durable development.
The concrete bridge span on which the pavilion rests is
85 metres long, from the Exposition site to an island in
the Ebro River. The bridge carries or is attached to four
tunnel-like exhibition spaces she termed pods, which
spread onto the island, for a total length of 275 metres.
The pods are covered with a skin of 26,000 triangular
shingles, many of which open to let in air and light. Like 1.3.4 Guangzhou Opera House (2003
her other structures, the bridge-pavilion is composed en- 2010)
tirely of diagonal slopes and curves, with no right-angles
of orthogonal forms. By its curving shape and low prole,
the bridge-pavilion ts smoothly into the grassy landscape
along the river.[25] In 2002 Hadid won an international competition for her
rst project in China. The Guangzhou Opera House is
located in a new business district of the city, with a new
1.3.2 Sheik Zayed Bridge (19972010) 103-storey glass tower behind it. It covers 70,000 square
metres and was built at cost of US$300 million. The
Between 1997 and 2010 she constructed a much more complex comprises an 1,800-seat theatre, a multipurpose
ambitious bridge, the Sheikh Zayed Bridge, between the theatre, entry hall, and salon. A covered pathway with
island of Abu-Dhabi and the mainland of Abu-Dhabi, as restaurants and shops separates the two main structures.
well as to the international airport. Both the design of the This building, like several of her later buildings, was in-
bridge and the lighting, consisting of gradually changing spired by natural earth forms; the architect herself re-
colours, were designed to give the impression of move- ferred to it as the two pebbles. It appears akin to two
ment. The silhouette of the bridge is a wave, with a prin- giant smooth-edged boulders faced with 75,000 panels of
cipal arch 235 metres long, standing 60 metres above the polished granite and glass.[29] Edwin Heathcote, writing
water. The total span of four lanes is 842 metres long, for the Financial Times, noted Hadids concentration on
and also includes pedestrian walkways.[26] how her design could transform the urban landscape of
Guangzhou, as the building rose as the centre of the new
business area. He wrote in 2011 that Hadid produced
1.3.3 National Museum of Arts of the a building that seems to suck the surrounding landscape
21st Century (MAXXI), Rome, Italy into a vortex of movement and swirling space... appears
(19982010) both as alien object in a landscape of incomprehensible
vastness (and often overwhelming banality), and as an ex-
The National Museum of Arts of the 21st Century trusion of the peculiar nature of this landscape.[30] Nico-
(MAXXI for short), in Rome, was designed and built be- lai Ourouso, architecture critic of the New York Times,
tween 1998 and 2010. The main theme of its architec- wrote that stepping into the main hall is like entering the
ture is the sense of movement; Everything in the structure soft insides of an oyster...The concave ceiling is pierced
seems to be moving and owing. The facade belongs to by thousands of little lightsit looks like you're sitting
her earlier period, with smooth curving white walls and under the dome of a clear night sky. Ourouso noted that
an austere black and white colour scheme. The building the nished building had construction problems: many of
is perched on groups of ve very thin pylons, and one the granite tiles on the exterior had to be replaced, and
gallery with a glass face precariously overhangs the plaza the plaster and other interior work was poorly done by
in front of the museum, creating shade.[27] Rowan Moore the inexperienced workers, but he praised Hadids ability
of The Guardian of London described its form as bend- to convey a sense of bodies in motion and called the
ing oblong tubes, overlapping, intersecting and piling over building a Chinese gem that elevates its setting.[31]
6 CHAPTER 1. ZAHA HADID

1.4 Major projects (20112012)

Galaxy
SOHO in Beijing, China (20082012)

Riverside
1.4.1 Riverside Museum, Glasgow, Scot-
Museum, Glasgow, Scotland (20042011)
land (20042011)

London
Aquatics Centre, built for the 2012 Summer
Olympics, London (20052012)

The Riverside Museum (20042011), on the banks of the

River Clyde Glasgow, Scotland, houses the Glasgow Mu-
seum of Transport. Hadid described the 10,000-square
metre building, with 7,000 square metres of gallery space,
as a wave, folds in movement, and a shed in the form
of a tunnel, open at the extreme ends, one end toward the
city and the other toward the Clyde.[32] Like many of her
buildings, the whole form is only perceived when viewed
from above. The facades are covered with zinc plates, and
the rooine has a series of peaks and angles. The interior
galleries caused some controversy; visitors who came to
see the collection of historic automobiles found that they
Broad
are mounted on the walls, high overhead, so it is impos-
Art Museum in East Lansing, Michigan (2007 sible to look into them. Rowan Moore of The Guardian
2012) of London wrote: Obviously the space is about move-
ment...Outside it is, typologically, a supermarket, being
1.5. LAST COMPLETED MAJOR PROJECTS (20132016) 7

a big thing in a parking lot that is seeking to attract you the same coherent formal logic of continual curvilinear-
in...It has enigma and majesty, but not friendliness.[33] ity. The complex, like most of her buildings, gives the
impression that every part of them is in motion.[39]

1.4.2 London Olympics Aquatics Centre

(20052011)
1.5 Last completed major projects
Hadid described her Aquatics Centre for the 2012 Sum-
mer Olympics in London as inspired by the uid ge-
(20132016)
ometry of water in movement. .[34] The building cov-
ers three swimming pools, and seats 17,500 spectators
at the two main pools. The roof, made of steel and alu-
minium and covered with wood on the inside, rests on
just three supports; it is in the form of a parabolic arch
which dips in the centre, with the two pools at either
end. The seats are placed in bays beside the curving and
outward-leaning walls of glass. At 269 million, the com-
plex cost three times the original estimate, owing princi-
pally to the complexity of the roof. This was the subject
of much comment when it was constructed, and it was
the rst 2012 Olympic building begun but the last to be
nished. It was praised by architecture critics. Rowan
Moore of The Guardian said that the roof oats and un- Heyd
dulates and called the centre The Olympics most ma- Aliyev Center in Baku, Azerbaijan (20072013)
jestic space.[35]

1.4.3 Broad Art Museum, East Lansing,

Michigan (20072012)

The Broad Art Museum at Michigan State University in

East Lansing, Michigan, Hadids second project in the
United States, has a space of 4,274 square metres, dedi-
cated to contemporary art and modern art and an histor-
ical collection. The parallelogram-shaped building leans
sharply and seems about to tip over. Hadid wrote that
she designed the building so that its sloping pleated stain-
less steel facades would reect the surrounding neigh-
bourhood from dierent angles; the building continually Auditorium
changes colour depending upon the weather, the time of of the Heydar Aliyev Center
day and the angle of the sun. As Hadid commented, the
building awakens curiosity without ever truly revealing
its contents.[36] Elaine Glusac of the New York Times
wrote that the architecture of the new museum radical-
izes the streetscape.[37] The Museum was used in a scene
of the 2016 Batman vs. Superman movie.[38]

1.4.4 Galaxy SOHO, Beijing, China

(20082012)

Many of Hadids later major works are found in Asia.

The Galaxy SOHO in Beijing, China (20082012) is a
combination of oces and a commercial centre in the
heart of Beijing with a total of 332,857 square metres, Vienn
composed of four dierent ovoid glass-capped buildings University Library and Learning Center, Vienna,
joined together by multiple curving passageways on dif- Austria (2013)
ferent levels. Hadid explained, the interior spaces follow
8 CHAPTER 1. ZAHA HADID
of the Vienna University Library and Learning
Center (2013)
Design Plaza, Seoul, Korea (20072013)
Design Plaza from ground level
Interior The Wangjing SOHO
oce complex in Beijing, China (20092014)
Jockey
Club Innovation Tower at the Hong Kong Polytech-
nic University (20072014)
Dongdaemun
Port
Authority Building (Havenhuis) in Antwerp,
Belgium (2016)
1.5.1 Heydar Aliyev Center, Baku Azer-
baijan (20072013)
The Heydar Aliyev Center in Baku, Azerbaijan (2007
2013) is a gigantic cultural and conference centre contain-
ing three auditoriums, a library and museum, with a to-
Dongdaemun
tal space of 10,801 square metres on a surface of 15,514
square metres, and a height of 74 metres. Hadid wrote
that its uid form emerges from the folds of the natural
1.6. DEATH 9

topography of the landscape and envelops the dierent as generating corridors and bridges ensuring smooth tran-
functions of the centre, though the building when com- sitions between dierent levels.[43]
pleted was largely surrounded by Soviet-era apartment
blocks.[40] Peter Cook in Architectural Review called it a
white vision, outrageously total, arrogantly complete'... a 1.5.4 Innovation Tower, Hong Kong Poly-
unique object that confounds and contradicts the reason- technic University (20072014)
able...a wave form sweeping up, almost lunging, into the
sky...here is architecture as the ultimate statement of the- The Innovation Tower in Hong Kong (20072014) is part
atre...It is the most complete realisation yet of the Iraqi- of Hong Kong Polytechnic University. The building of
born architects vision of sweeping curves and owing 15 oors has 15,000 square metres of space, with labo-
space.[41] ratories, classrooms, studios and other facilities for 1,800
students and their faculty. It was built on the site of the
Consisting of eight storeys, the centre includes an audito-
universitys former football pitch. The extremely com-
rium with 1000 seats, exhibition space, conference hall,
plex forms of the building required computer modelling.
workshop and a museum. No straight line was used in
Early designs experimented with a facade made of rein-
the project of the complex. The shape of the building is
forced plastic, textiles or aluminium, but Hadid nally
wave-like and the overall view is unique and harmonic.
settled upon metal panels with multiple layers. The build-
Such an architectural structure stands for post-modernist
ing seems to lean towards the city. The oors inside are
architecture and forms oceanic feeling. The lines of the
visible from the exterior like geological strata.[44]
building symbolise the merging of past and future.

1.5.5 Wangjing SOHO Tower, Beijing

1.5.2 Dongdaemun Design Plaza, Seoul,
(20092014)
Korea (20072013)
Wangjing SOHO tower in Beijing is the second building
The Dongdaemun Design Plaza (20072013) is among Hadid designed for the major Chinese furniture manufac-
the largest buildings in Seoul, South Korea. Its name turer, located half-way between the centre of Beijing and
means Great Gate of the East, in reference to the old the airport. The towers slope and curve; Hadid compared
walls of the city. The complex of 86,574 square metres them to Chinese fans, whose volumes turn one around
contains exhibition space, a museum of design, confer- the other in a complex ballet. The tallest building is 200
ence rooms and other common facilities, as well as the metres high, with two levels of shops and 37 levels of of-
bureaux and a marketplace for designers which is open 24 ces. A single atrium level three storeys high joins the
hours a day. The main building is 280 metres long with three buildings at the base.[45]
seven levels, including three levels underground. The
smooth-skinned, giant mushroom-like structure oating
atop sloping pylons is made of concrete, aluminium, steel 1.5.6 Port Authority, Antwerp, Belgium
and stone on the exterior, and nished inside with plas- (2016)
ter reinforced with synthetic bre, acoustic tiles, acrylic
resin, and stainless steel and polished stone on the inte- Of all her works, Hadid designed only one government
rior. Hadid wrote that the principal characteristics of her building, oces for the port authority, or Havenhuis, in
design were transparency, porousness, and durability. It Antwerp, Belgium, completed in 2016. Most new gov-
also features many ecological features, including a double ernment buildings attempt to express solidity and serious-
skin, solar panels, and a system for recycling water.[42] ness but Port Authority, a ship-like structure of glass and
steel on a white concrete perch, seems to have landed atop
the old port building constructed in 1922. The faceted
1.5.3 Library and Learning Center, Uni- glass structure also resembles a diamond, a symbol of
versity of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Antwerps role as the major market of diamonds in Eu-
(20082013) rope. It was one of the last works of Hadid, who died in
2016, the year it opened.
The Library and Learning Center was designed as the
centrepiece of the new University of Economics in Vi-
enna. Containing 28,000 square metres of space, its dis- 1.6 Death
tinctive Hadid features include walls sloping at 35 degrees
and massive black volume cantilevered at an angle over
the plaza in front of the building. She described the inte- On 31 March 2016, Hadid died of a heart attack in
rior as follows: The straight lines of the buildings exte- a Miami [46][47]
hospital, where she was being treated for
rior separate as they move inward, becoming curvilinear bronchitis.
and uid to generate a free-formed interior canyon that The statement issued by her London-based design stu-
serves as the principal public plaza of the Center, as well dio announcing her death read: Zaha Hadid was widely
10 CHAPTER 1. ZAHA HADID

regarded to be the greatest female architect in the 1.8 Teaching

world today.[48] She is buried next to her father and
brother in Brookwood Cemetery in Brookwood, Surrey, In the 1990s, she held the Sullivan Chair professorship at
England.[49] the University of Illinois at Chicago's School of Architec-
ture. At various times, she served as guest professor at the
Hochschule fr bildende Knste Hamburg (HFBK Ham-
burg), the Knowlton School of Architecture at Ohio State
1.7 Posthumous major projects University, the Masters Studio at Columbia University,
(2016present) and was the Eero Saarinen Visiting Professor of Archi-
tectural Design at the Yale School of Architecture. From
2000, Hadid was a guest professor at the Institute of Ar-
chitecture at the University of Applied Arts Vienna, in
the Zaha Hadid Master Class Vertical-Studio.[52]

1.9 Interior architecture and prod-

uct design

Salerno
Maritime Terminal in Salerno, Italy (20052016)

1.7.1 Salerno Maritime Terminal in

Salerno, Italy (20002016)

The rst major project to be completed shortly after her

death was the Salerno Maritime Terminal in Salerno,
Italy, her rst major transportation building. She won the
competition for the building in 2000, but then the project
was delayed due to funding and technical issues. Hadid
scouted the site from a police boat in the harbour to vi-
sualise how it would appear from the water. The nal Hadids uid interior of the Silken Puerta America in Madrid
building covers 50,000 square feet and cost 15 million
Euros. Paolo Cattrarin, the project architect who com- Hadid also undertook some high-prole interior work,
pleted the building after Hadids death, said, We thought including the Mind Zone at the Millennium Dome in
of the building as an oyster, with a hard shell top and London as well as creating uid furniture installations
bottom, and a softer, liquid, more organic interior. At within the Georgian surroundings of Home House private
the opening of the new building, posters of Hadid were members club in Marylebone, and the Z.CAR hydrogen-
placed around the city, saying, Goodbye Zaha Hadid; powered, three-wheeled automobile. In 2009 she worked
Genius and Modernity, Inspiration and Transformation, with the clothing brand Lacoste to create a new, high
Light That Takes Shape.[50] fashion, and advanced boot.[53][54] In the same year, she
also collaborated with the brassware manufacturer Tri-
ow Concepts to produce two new designs in her signa-
ture parametric architectural style.[55]
1.7.2 Skyscraper re-purposing of 666 Fifth
Avenue (20152017) In 2007, Hadid designed Dune Formations for David Gill
Gallery and the Moon System Sofa for leading Italian fur-
[56][57]
On March 25, Kam Dhillon reported a completed niture manufacturer B&B Italia.
skyscraper design completed by Hadid prior to her death In 2013, Hadid designed Liquid Glacial for David Gill
in 2016 in an article titled Zaha Hadid Architects Un- Gallery which comprises a series of tables resembling ice-
veils Monumental Skyscraper Project for NYC.[51] formations made from clear and coloured acrylic. Their
1.11. STYLE 11

design embeds surface complexity and refraction within Wakrah project and Ms Hadids comments about Qatar
a powerful uid dynamic.[58] The collection was further that I quoted in the review had nothing to do with the Al
extended in 20152016. In 2016 the gallery launched Wakrah site or any of her projects. I regret the error.[8]
Zahas nal collection of furniture entitled UltraStellar[59]

1.10 Reputation
Following her death in March 2016, Michael Kimmel-
man of the New York Times wrote: "...her soaring struc-
tures left a mark on skylines and imaginations and in the
process re-shaped architecture for the modern age...Her
buildings elevated uncertainty to an art, conveyed in the
odd way of one entered and moved through these build-
ings and in the questions that her structures raised about
how they were supported...Hadid embodied, in its proi-
gacy and promise, the era of so-called starchitects who
roamed the planet in pursuit of their own creative genius,
oering miracles, occasionally delivering.[60]
Deyan Sudjic of The Guardian described Hadid as an moved away from existing typology, from high tech, and
architect who rst imagined, then proved, that space has shifted the geometry of buildings.[72]
could work in radical new ways...Throughout her career,
she was a dedicated teacher, enthused by the energy of
the young. She was not keen to be characterised as a
woman architect, or an Arab architect. She was simply
an architect.[61]
In an interview to Icon magazine, she said: I never use
the issue about being a woman architect.. but if it helps
younger people to know they can break through the glass
ceiling, I don't mind that.[3]
Sometimes called the 'Queen of the curve', Hadid was fre- the space. This was an important discovery.[73]
quently described in the press as the worlds top female
architect.[4][62][63][64][65] although her work also attracted
criticism. The Metropolitan Museum in New York cited 1.12 Awards and honours
her unconventional buildings that seem to defy the logic
of construction "[66][67] Her architectural language was
described as famously extravagant and she was accused
of building dictator states.[68] Architect Sean Griths
characterised Hadids work as an empty vessel that sucks
in whatever ideology might be in proximity to it.[69]
1.10.1 Qatar controversy
As the architect of a stadium to be used for the 2022
FIFA World Cup in Qatar, Hadid was accused in the New
York Review of Books of giving an interview in which
she allegedly showed no concern for the deaths of mi-
grant workers in Qatar involved in the project. In Au-
gust 2014, Hadid sued The New York Review of Books for
defamation and won.[70] Immediately thereafter, the re-
viewer and author of the piece in which she was accused
of showing no concern issued a retraction in which he
said "...work did not begin on the site for the Al Wakrah
stadium, until two months after Ms Hadid made those
comments; and construction is not scheduled to begin un-
til 2015.... There have been no worker deaths on the Al
1.11 Style
The architectural style of Hadid is not easily categorised,
and she did not describe herself as a follower of any one
style or school. Nonetheless, before she had built a sin-
gle major building, she was categorised by the Metropoli-
tan Museum of Art as a major gure in architectural
Deconstructivism.[71] Her work was also described as an
example of parametricism.
When she was awarded the Pritzker Prize in 2004, the
jury chairman, Lord Rothschild, commented: At the
same time as her theoretical and academic work, as a
practicing architect, Zaha Hadid has been unswerving in
her commitment to modernism. Always inventive, shes
Her work was described in 2016 by Designmuseum as
having the highly expressive, sweeping uid forms of
multiple perspective points and fragmented geometry that
evoke the chaos and ux of modern life.[14]
Hadid herself, who often used dense architectural jar-
gon, could also describe the essence of her style very
simply: The idea is not to have any 90-degree angles.
In the beginning, there was the diagonal. The diagonal
comes from the idea of the explosion which re-forms
Hadid was appointed Commander of the Order of the
British Empire (CBE) in the 2002 Birthday Honours
and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Em-
pire (DBE) in the 2012 Birthday Honours for services to
architecture.[74][75]
Hadid was named an honorary member of the American
Academy of Arts and Letters and an honorary fellow of
the American Institute of Architects. She was on the
board of trustees of The Architecture Foundation.[76]
In 2002, Hadid won the international design competition
to design Singapores one-north master plan. In 2004,
Hadid became the rst female recipient of the Pritzker
Architecture Prize.[77] In 2005, her design won the com-
petition for the new city casino of Basel, Switzerland[78]
and she was elected as a Royal Academician.[79] In 2006,
she was honoured with a retrospective spanning her entire
work at the Guggenheim Museum in New York; that year
she also received an Honorary Degree from the American
University of Beirut.
In 2008, she was ranked 69th on the Forbes list of "The
12 CHAPTER 1. ZAHA HADID

Worlds 100 Most Powerful Women".[80] In 2010, she 2006: RIBA European Award for Phaeno Science
was named by Time as an inuential thinker in the 2010 Centre[93]
TIME 100 issue.[81] In September 2010 the New States-
man listed Zaha Hadid at number 42 in its annual survey 2007: Thomas Jeerson Medal in Architecture
of The Worlds 50 Most Inuential Figures of 2010.[82] 2008: RIBA European Award for Nordpark Cable
In 2013, she was assessed as one of the 100 most powerful Railway[93]
women in the UK by Womans Hour on BBC Radio 4.[83]
2009: Praemium Imperiale
In 2014, 2015 and 2016, Hadid appeared on Debretts list
of the most inuential people in the UK.[84] In January 2010: RIBA European Award for MAXXI [94]
2015, she was nominated for the Services to Science and
Engineering award at the British Muslim Awards.[85] 2012: Jane Drew Prize for her outstanding contri-
bution to the status of women in architecture[95]
She won the Stirling Prize, the UKs most prestigious
award for architecture, two years running: in 2010, 2012: Jury member for the awarding of the Pritzker
for one of her most celebrated works, the MAXXI in Prize to Wang Shu in Los Angeles.
Rome,[86] and in 2011 for the Evelyn Grace Academy,
a Zshaped school in Brixton, London.[87] She also de- 2013: 41st Winner of the Veuve Clicquot UK Busi-
signed the Dongdaemun Design Plaza & Park in Seoul, ness Woman Award[96]
South Korea, which was the centrepiece of the festivities 2013: Elected international member, American
for the citys designation as World Design Capital 2010. Philosophical Society[97]
In 2014, the Heydar Aliyev Cultural Centre, designed by
her, won the Design Museum Design of the Year Award, She was also on the editorial board of the
making her the rst woman to win the top prize in that Encyclopdia Britannica.[98]
competition.[2]
In 2016 in Antwerp, Belgium a square was named af-
ter her, Zaha Hadidplein, in front of the extension of the 1.13 List of architectural works
Antwerp Harbour House designed by Zaha Hadid.
Google celebrated her achievements with a Doodle on
May 31, 2017, to commemorate the date (in 2004) on
which Hadid became the rst woman to win the presti-
gious Pritzker Architecture Prize.[88]

1982: Gold Medal Architectural Design, British Ar-

chitecture for 59 Eaton Place, London
1994: Erich Schelling Architecture Award[89]
2001: Equerre d'argent Prize, special mention[90]
2002: Austrian State Prize for Architecture for Ber-
giselschanze
2003: European Union Prize for Contemporary Ar-
chitecture for the Strasbourg tramway terminus and Maggies Centre, Kirkcaldy, Scotland
car park in Hoenheim, France
2003: Commander of the Civil Division of the
Order of the British Empire (CBE) for services to
architecture
2004: Pritzker Prize
2005: Austrian Decoration for Science and Art[91]
2005: German Architecture Prize for the central
building of the BMW plant in Leipzig
2005: Designer of the Year Award for Design Mi-
ami
2005: RIBA European Award for BMW Central CMA CGM Tower in Marseille, France
Building[92]
1.13. LIST OF ARCHITECTURAL WORKS
Evelyn Grace Academy, London
Main article: List of works by Zaha Hadid
Her architectural design rm, Zaha Hadid Archi-
tects, employs 400 people and its headquarters are
in a Victorian former-school building in Clerkenwell,
London.[99]
1.13.1 Conceptual projects
Cardi Bay Opera House (1995), Cardi, Wales
not realised
Price Tower the extension hybrid project (2002),
Bartlesville, Oklahoma, United States pending
Signature Towers (2006)
1.13.2 Completed projects (selection)
Vitra Fire Station (1994), Weil am Rhein, Germany
Bergisel Ski Jump (2002), Innsbruck, Austria
Rosenthal Center for Contemporary Art (2003),
Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
Hotel Puerta America (20032005), Madrid, Spain
BMW Central Building (2005), Leipzig, Germany
Ordrupgaard annexe (2005), Copenhagen, Den-
mark
Phaeno Science Center (2005), Wolfsburg, Ger-
many
R. Lopez De Heredia Wine Pavilion (20012006),
Haro, La Rioja, Spain
Issam Fares Institute for Public Policy and Interna-
tional Aairs at the American University of Beirut
(200614), Beirut, Lebanon
Maggies Centres at the Victoria Hospital (2006),
Kirkcaldy, Scotland
Hungerburgbahn new stations (2007), Innsbruck,
Austria
13
Chanel Mobile Art Pavilion (200608), worldwide
Bridge Pavilion (2008), Zaragoza, Spain
Pierresvives (200212), Montpellier, France
MAXXI National Museum of the 21st Century
Arts (19982010), Rome, Italy.[100] Stirling Prize
2010 winner.
Guangzhou Opera House (2010), Guangzhou, Peo-
ples Republic of China
Sheikh Zayed Bridge (200710), Abu Dhabi,
United Arab Emirates
Galaxy SOHO in Beijing, China.[101]
London Aquatics Centre (2011), 2012 Summer
Olympics, London, United Kingdom
Riverside Museum (200711) development of
Glasgow Transport Museum, Scotland
CMA CGM Tower (200411), Marseilles, France
Evelyn Grace Academy (200610) in Brixton, Lon-
don, UK. Stirling Prize 2011 winner.
Capital Hill Residence, in Moscow, Russia.
Roca London Gallery (200911) in Chelsea Har-
bour, London, UK
d'Leedon, Singapore (2011)
Heydar Aliyev Cultural Centre (200712) in Baku,
Azerbaijan.[102]
Eli and Edythe Broad Art Museum (201012), East
Lansing, Michigan, United States[103]
Mandarin Oriental Dellis Cay, Villa D (2012) (pri-
vate home under construction), Dellis Cay, Turks &
Caicos Islands
Library and Learning Center of the Vienna Uni-
versity of Economics and Business Campus (2010
2013)
Salerno Maritime Terminal (200713), Salerno,
Italy
Napoli Afragola railway station, Italy (2013)[104]
Jockey Club Innovation Tower (2013), Hong Kong
Dongdaemun Design Plaza (200814), Seoul, South
Korea[105]
Citylife oce tower (Storto) and residentials, Milan,
Italy (2014)
Investcorp Building, St Antonys College, Oxford
(201315), UK.[106]
14
King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research 1.13.3 Non-architectural work
Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (201015)[107]
Museum exhibitions
Nanjing International Youth Cultural Centre, China
(2016)[108]
Antwerp Harbour House, Antwerp, Belgium
(2016)[109]
Uncompleted projects
Hadids project was named as the best for the Vilnius
Guggenheim Hermitage Museum in 2008. In 2010, Ha-
did was commissioned by the Iraqi government to de-
sign the new building for the Central Bank of Iraq. An
agreement to complete the design stages of the new CBI
building was nalised on 2 February 2012, at a ceremony
in London.[110] This was her rst project in her native
Iraq.[111] In 2012, Hadid won an international competi-
tion to design a new National Olympic Stadium as part
of the successful bid by Tokyo to host the 2020 Sum-
mer Olympics.[112] As the estimated cost of the construc-
tion mounted, however, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo
Abe announced in July 2015 that Hadids design would
be scrapped in favour of a new bidding process to seek a
less expensive alternative.[113] Hadid had planned to enter
the new competition, but her rm was unable to meet the
new requirement of nding a construction company with
which to partner.[114]
600 Collins Street, Melbourne, Australia[115]
One Thousand Museum, Miami, United States
Nuragic and Contemporary art museum (on hold),
Cagliari, Italy
Eleftherias Square in Nicosia, Cyprus
Esfera City Center in Monterrey, Mexico
New Century City Art Center, Chengdu, China[116]
520 West 28th Street, New York City, United
States[117]
Dominion Tower in Moscow, Russia
Danjiang Bridge in New Taipei, Taiwan
Iraqi Parliament Building in Baghdad[118]
2014 Qatar 2022 FIFA World Cup stadium
design[119]
2016 Winton (Mathematics) Gallery at the Science
Museum, London[120]
CHAPTER 1. ZAHA HADID
1978 Guggenheim Museum, New York
1983 Retrospective at the Architectural Associa-
tion, London
1985 GA Gallery, Tokyo
1988 Deconstructivist Architecture show at
Museum of Modern Art, New York
1995 Graduate School of Design at Harvard Uni-
versity
1997 San Francisco MoMA
2000 British Pavilion at the Venice Biennale
2001 Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg
2002 (10 May 11 August) Centro nazionale
per le arti contemporanee, Rome[121]
2003 (4 May 17 August) MAK Museum
fr angewandte Kunst (Museum of Applied Arts) in
Vienna
2006 (3 June 25 October) Solomon R. Guggen-
heim Museum, New York
2006 (1 June 29 July) Ma10 Mx Protetch
Gallery, Chelsea, NYC
2007 (29 June 25 November) Design Museum,
London
2007 Dune Formations with David Gill Gallery
Venice Biennale
2011/12 (20 September 25 March) Zaha Ha-
did: Form in Motion at the Philadelphia Museum of
Art
2012 Liquid Glacial David Gill Gallery, London
2013 (29 June 29 September) Zaha Ha-
did: World Architecture at the Danish Architecture
Centre[122]
2015 (27 June 27 September) Zaha Hadid at
the State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Rus-
sia[123]
Other work
Nightlife (1999). Zaha Hadid designed the stage set
for the Pet Shop Boys' world tour.
A Day with Zaha Hadid (2004). A 52-minute doc-
umentary where Zaha Hadid discusses her current
work while taking the camera through her retrospec-
tive exhibition Zaha Hadid has Arrived. Directed
by Michael Blackwood.[124]
1.15. REFERENCES
On 2 January 2009, she was the guest editor of [19] Taschen 2016, p. 254.
the BBC's agship morning radio news programme,
Today.[125] [20] Jodidio 2016, p. 33.
1.14 See also
Category:Zaha Hadid buildings
Women in architecture
1.15 References
[1] Nonie Niesewand (March 2015). Through the Glass
Ceiling. Architectural Digest.
[2] Dame Zaha Hadid awarded the Riba Gold Medal for ar-
chitecture. BBC News. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
[3] Zaha Hadid: The woman who reshaped modern archi-
tecture. www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2017-05-30.
[4] Queen of the curve' Zaha Hadid dies aged 65 from heart
attack. The Guardian. 29 November 2016.
[5] Kimmelman, Michael (31 March 2016). Zaha Hadid,
Groundbreaking Architect, Dies at 65. The New York
Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
[6] Kamin, Blair (1 April 2016). Visionary architect 1st
woman to win Pritzker. Chicago Tribune. 2. p. 7.
[7] Dame Zaha Hadids Brit Awards statuette design un-
veiled. BBC News. 1 December 2016.
[8] Joanna Walters. New York Review of Books critic 're-
grets error' in Zaha Hadid article. The Guardian.
[9] A warped perspective. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved
1 April 2016.
[10] Zaha Hadid Biography. notablebiographies.com. Re-
trieved 1 April 2016.
[11] Qureshi, Interview by Huma (14 November 2012). Zaha
Hadid: 'Being an Arab and a woman is a double-edged
sword'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 1
April 2016.
[12] Iraqi-British Architect Zaha Hadid Dies of Heart Attack
at 65. NDTV.com. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
[13] Jodidio 2016, pp. 717.
[14] Dama Zaha Hadid prole. Design Museum. Retrieved
31 March 2016.
[15] Zaha Hadid biography. Encyclopedia of World Biogra-
phy. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
[16] Architects: Biography Zaha Hadid. oornature.com.
10 August 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
[17] Jodidio 2016, p. 1980.
[18] Nicolai Ourouso, The New York Times, July 5, 2011
15
[21] Jodidio 2016, p. 35.
[22] Jodidio 2016, pp. 3739.
[23] Jodidio 2016, p. 43.
[24] 2004 Pritzker Prize announcement. Retrieved February
19, 2017.
[25] Jodidio 2016, p. 51.
[26] Jodidio 2016, p. 53.
[27] Jodidio 2016, pp. 5457.
[28] Rowan Moore: Zaha Hadids new Roman gallery joins
the pantheon of the greats, in The Guardian, 6 June 2010,
retrieved 20 February 2017
[29] Jodidio 2016, pp. 5960.
[30] Edwin Heathcote, Financial Times, Zaha Hadids
Guangzhou opera house, March 11, 2011
[31] Ourousso, Nicolai (5 July 2011). Chinese Gem That
Elevates Its Setting. The New York Times.
[32] Jodidio 2016, p. 65.
[33] Riverside Museum of Transport and Travel, Glasgow a
review. Retrieved February 25, 2007.
[34] Jodidio 2017, p. 69.
[35] Olympics Aquatic Center review. Retrieved February
25, 2017.
[36] Jodidio 2016, p. 74.
[37] Elaine Glusac, New York Times, June 3, 2014
[38] MSU & Batman v Superman: The Broad Art Mu-
seum"". Michigan State University. March 2016.
[39] Jodidio 2016, p. 77.
[40] Jodidio 2016, pp. 7981.
[41] Zaha Hadids Heydar Aliyev Center in Baku is a shock
to the system. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
[42] Jodidio 2016, p. 83.
[43] Library and Learning Centre of the University of Eco-
nomics, Vienna / Zaha Hadid Architects. Architecture
Daily. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
[44] Jodido 2016, p. 85.
[45] Jodidio 2016, p. 87.
[46] Architect Dame Zaha Hadid dies after heart attack.
BBC News. 31 March 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
[47] Editorial Desk (1 April 2016). "'Formidable' Zaha Hadid
dies, aged 65. ArchitectureAU. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
16
[48] Iraqi-British architect Zaha Hadid dies at 65. www.
aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2017-05-30.
[49] Henry H Kuehn (2017). Architects Gravesites: A
Serendipitous Guide. p. 43. MIT Press
[50] Review by Joseph Giovannini, New York Times, April 26,
2016
[51] By Kam Dhillon, Mar 25, 2017, HIGHSNOBIETY,
Zaha Hadid Architects Unveils Monumental Skyscraper
Project for NYC.
[52] IoA Institute of Architecture. i-o-a.at. Retrieved 1
April 2016.
[53] Lacoste Shoes Design Zaha Hadid Architects. zaha-
hadid.com. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
[54] Lacoste and Zaha Hadid launch exclusive limited edi-
tion footwear collection. gizmag.com. Retrieved 1 April
2016.
[55] Triow Concepts History. triowconcepts.com. Re-
trieved 1 April 2016.
[56] B&B Italia modern contemporary furniture leading
Italian company in the international scene of design fur-
nishings. Bebitalia.it. 14 January 2014. Retrieved 18
March 2014.
[57] Moon System Sofa from B&B Italia. Furniture Fashion.
Retrieved 1 April 2016.
[58] Liquid Glacial Table Architecture Zaha Hadid Ar-
chitects. zaha-hadid.com. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
[59] Zaha Hadids nal furniture collection for David Gill
based on mid-century wooden antiques. 3 October 2016.
[60] Zaha Hadid, Groundbreaking Architect, Dies at 65, by
Michael Kimmelman, New York Times, March 31, 2016
[61] Deyan Sudjic, The Guardian, Dame Zaha Hadid obituary,
April 1, 2016
[62] Zeiss Stange, Mary; K. Oyster, Carol; E. Sloan, Jane
(2013). The Multimedia Encyclopedia of Women in To-
days World. SAGE Publications. p. 434. ISBN 978-1-
4522-7037-1.
[63] Haines-Cooke, Shirley (2009). Frederick Kiesler: Lost in
History; Art of This Century and The Modern Art. Cam-
bridge Scholars Publishing. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-4438-
0837-8.
[64] McNeill, Donald (2009). The Global Architect: Firms,
Fame and Urban Form. Routledge. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-
135-91163-8.
[65] Prescott, Julie (30 September 2012). The Global Archi-
tect: Firms, Fame and Urban Form. IGI Global. p. 51.
ISBN 978-1-4666-2108-4.
[66] Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.) (2008).
Recent Acquisitions, A selection: 20072008 The Bulletin
of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The Museum. p. 55.
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[67] Farrelly, Lorraine (2009). Basics Architecture 02: Con-
struction & Materiality. AVA Publishing. p. 59. ISBN
9782940373833.
[68] On Zaha Hadid, Muammar el-Qadda and exploiting the
value of big-ticket architecture. Design Observer.
[69] Rowan Moore, Zaha Hadid: queen of the curve. The
Observer, 8 September 2013.
[70] Walters, Joanna (25 August 2014). Zaha Hadid suing
New York Review of Books over Qatar criticism. The
Guardian. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
[71] Hadid 2016, p. 254.
[72] 2004 Pritzker Prize announcement. Retrieved March 2,
2017.
[73] Taschen 2016, p. 1.
[74] No. 56595. The London Gazette (Supplement). 15 June
2002. p. 8.
[75] No. 60173. The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 June
2012. p. 6.
[76] The Architecture Foundation Board of Trustees Archi-
tecture Foundation. architecturefoundation.org.uk. Re-
trieved 1 April 2016.
[77] Davies, Caroline; Booth, Robert; Brown, Mark (31 March
2016). "'Queen of the curve' Zaha Hadid dies aged 65
from heart attack. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 31
May 2017.
[78] Basel rejects Zaha Hadid casino. Dezeen. 25 June 2007.
Retrieved 24 September 2015.
[79] Zaha Hadid Artist Royal Academy of Arts.
[80] Edited Mary Ellen Egan and Chana R. Schoenberger (27
August 2008). The Worlds 100 Most Powerful Women.
Forbes.
[81] Zaha Hadid The 2010 TIME 100 TIME. Time. 29
April 2010.
[82] 42. Zaha Hadid 50 People Who Matter 2010. New
Statesman. Retrieved 12 October 2010.
[83] BBC Radio 4 Womans Hour The Power List 2013.
BBC.
[84] Debretts 500 List: Film. Debretys. 30 May 2017.
[85] British Muslim Awards 2015 nalists unveiled. Asian
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[86] Heathcote, Edwin (3 October 2010). Hadid nally wins
Stirling Prize. Financial Times. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
[87] Evelyn Grace Academy wins Stirling Prize. BBC News.
2 October 2011.
[88] Persio, Soa Lotto. GOOGLE DOODLE HON-
ORS ZAHA HADIDS SUCCESS BUT GENDER
INEQUALITY IN ARCHITECTURE PERSISTS.
Newsweek. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
 1.16. BIBLIOGRAPHY 17

[89] Recipients 1994. Schelling Architekturstiftung. Re- [110] Zaha Hadid Architects and Central Bank of Iraq Sign
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Archived from the original on 4 December 2013.
[90] Archived copy (in French). Archived from the original
on 12 November 2011. Retrieved 9 February 2016. [111] Nayeri, Farah (27 August 2010). Zaha Hadid to Design
New Iraqi Central Bank After June Attack. Bloomberg
[91] Reply to a parliamentary question (PDF) (in German).
L.P.
p. 1713. Retrieved 29 November 2012.

[92] RIBA Awards. e-architects. Retrieved 21 September [112] Chin, Andrea (10 September 2013). Zaha Hadid:
2009. New National Stadium of Japan Venue for Tokyo 2020
Olympics. Designboom. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
[93] RIBA European Awards. RIBA. Archived from the
original on 30 September 2009. Retrieved 21 September [113] Himmer, Alastair (17 July 2015). Japan rips up 2020
2009. Olympic stadium plans to start anew. Yahoo! News.
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[94] 2010: RIBA Award Winners Announced. Bustler. Re-
trieved 28 May 2010. [114] McCurry, Justin (18 September 2015), Zaha Hadid
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Really an Advancement for Women?". The Hungton Guardian, retrieved 27 September 2015
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seen as global drawcard. The Age. Retrieved 11 July
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[116] New Century City Art Centre. Zaha-hadid.com.
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[118] Iam-Architect.com. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
[100] Maxxi_Museo Nazionale Delle Arti Del XXI Secolo.
Darc.beniculturali.it. Archived from the original on 28 [119] zaha hadid discloses qatar 2022 FIFA world cup stadium
October 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2009. design. designboom architecture & design magazine.
Retrieved 18 November 2013.
[101] Galaxy Soho Architecture Zaha Hadid Architects.
Zaha-hadid.com. Archived from the original on 3 March [120] Zaha Hadid Science Museum: new mathematics gallery
2014. Retrieved 18 March 2014. design. designboom | architecture & design magazine. 10
September 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
[102] Photo from Reuters Pictures. Reuters Daylife.
Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved
[121] D A R C Zaha Hadid. Darc.beniculturali.it. Archived
17 January 2009.
from the original on 19 February 2009. Retrieved 17 Jan-
[103] Howell, Brandon (13 November 2012). Broad Art Mu- uary 2009. (in Italian)
seum draws thousands to Michigan State during opening
weekend; $40 million fundraising goal met. MLive Lans- [122] Zaha Hadid World Architecture. Retrieved 1 April
ing. East Lansing. 2016.

[104] Afragola station delayed (156). Todays Railways Eu- [123] Dame Zaha Hadid at the State Hermitage Museum.
rope. December 2008: 52. Archived from the original on 29 June 2015.

[105] [124] Michael Blackwood Productions. Michael Blackwood

[106] Glancey, Jonathan (14 June 2015). Zaha Hadids Mid- Productions. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
dle East Centre lands in Oxford. The Sunday Telegraph.
[125] Guest editor: Zaha Hadid. BBC. 27 December 2008.
London. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
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[107] Syed, Imran. King opens petroleum research & study
center. Saudi Gazette. Retrieved 1 April 2016.

[108] Nanjing International Youth Culture Centre by Zaha Ha-
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Daily. 2016-09-22. Retrieved 2016-12-25.
1.16 Bibliography
Taschen, Aurelia and Balthazar (2016).
L'Architecture Moderne de A Z (in French).
Bibliotheca Universalis. ISBN 978-3-8365-5630-9.
18 CHAPTER 1. ZAHA HADID

Fontana-Giusti, Gordana and Schumacher, Patrik.

(2004). Complete Works of Zaha Hadid, 4 volumes,
Thames and Hudson, Rizzoli, published in English,
translated into German and Spanish. ISBN 0-500-
34200-8

Jodidio, Philip (2016). Zaha Hadid (in French).

Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8365-3626-4.

1.17 External links

Ocial website

Zaha Hadid publications at Archello

Chapter 2

BMW Central Building

The BMW Central Building Located in Leipzig, Ger- the 540-acre (2.2 km2 ) campus. Serving 5,500 employ-
many was the winning design submitted for competition ees, the building functions as the most important piece of
by Pritzker Prize winning architect, Zaha Hadid. The the factory, connecting the three production sheds. Each
central building is the nerve center for BMWs new $1.55 day, 650 BMW 3 Series sedans pass through the Central
billion complex built to manufacture the BMW 3 Series Building on an elevated conveyor as they move from one
Vehicle. of the three production sheds to the next. Dim blue LED
lights highlight the vehicles after each stage, as they exit
one of the sheds. These conveyors not only take the ve-
2.1 Concept hicles from one production shed to another, but do so di-
rectly through all of the functional spaces of the Central
Building. The oces, meeting rooms, and public rela-
The BMW factory prior to the construction of the cen- tions facilities are all built around these elevated convey-
tral building existed as three disconnected buildings, each ors, creating an interesting relationship between the em-
playing an integral part in the production of BMW 3 Se- ployees, the cars, and the public. Not only is the Central
ries vehicles. These three production buildings were de- Building an oce building and public relations center for
signed in-house by BMWs real estate and facility man- the factory, it is also a very important piece of the pro-
agement group, housing separately the fabrication of raw duction process at the factory. All of the load-bearing
auto bodies (645,000 square feet (59,900 m2 )), the paint walls, oors, and oce levels are made of cast-in-place
shop (270,000 square feet (25,000 m2 )), and the nal concrete, while the roof structure is composed of struc-
assembly hall (1,075,000 square feet (99,900 m2 )). A tural steel beams and space frame construction. The fa-
competition was held for the design of a central building cade is clad in simple materials of like corrugated metal,
to function as the physical connection of the three units. channel glass, and glass curtain walls .
It also needed to house the administrative and employee
needs spaces. Hadids design took this idea of connectiv- The buildings has received numerous architectural
[1]
ity and used it to inform every aspect of the new building. awards, including a 2006 RIBA European Award, and
It serves as a connection for the assembly process steps was placed on the shortlist for the Stirling Prize.
and the employees. Designed as a series of overlapping
and interconnecting levels and spaces, it blurs the sep-
aration between parts of the complex and creates a level
ground for both blue and white collar employees, visitors,
and the cars.

2.2 The building

From a pool of 25 international architects , the BMW
jury chose the very innovative design of Zaha Hadid as
the nal piece of the BMW plant in Leipzig, Germany.
With no real precedent for her design, Zaha Hadids Cen-
tral Building can only be related to the revolutionary and
monumental industrial designs of the past including Fiat
Lingotto Factory by G. Matt-Trucco and the AEG Tur-
bine Factory in Berlin by Peter Behrens. The BMW Cen-
tral building is a 270,000-square-foot (25,000 m2 ) facil-
ity that makes up only 250,000 square feet (23,000 m2 ) of

19
20
Diagrammatic Plan Of BMW Central Building Pro-
ductions Sheds
2.3 Quick facts
Building Name: BMW Central Building
Location: Leipzig, Germany
Client: BMW AG, Munich, Germany
Architect: Zaha Hadid
Building Footprint: 250,000 square feet (23,000
m2 )
Total Area: 270,000 square feet (25,000 m2 )
Building Cost: $60 million
Groundbreaking: March 2003
Completion: May 2005
CHAPTER 2. BMW CENTRAL BUILDING
Employees in Factory: 5,500
Program: Control Functions, Oces/Admin.,
Meeting rooms, Cafeteria, Public Relations
Parking: 4,100 Spaces
Total Complex Cost: $1.55 Billion
2.4 Timeline
November 2001: Competition Phase #1
November 2002: Competition Phase #2
March 2002: Jury Decision
August 2002: Design Development Completed
2002/2003: Construction Documents Com-
pleted/Bidding and Negotiations
March 2003: Groundbreaking/Construction Com-
menced
January 2004: Steel Construction Completed
March 2004: Building Enclosed
June 2004: Car Park Completed
September 2004: Central Building Completed
May 2005: Landscaping Completed/Central Build-
ing Opened
2.5 References
[1] RIBA Awards. e-architects. Retrieved 2009-09-21.
1. ^ Hadid, Zaha (2006). BMW Central Building.
New York, NY: Princeton Architectural Press.
2. ^ Architectural Record | Project Portfolio |
BMW Plant Leipzig, Central Building. Re-
trieved April 4, 2009, from Architecture Design
for Architects | Architectural Record Web site:
http://archrecord.construction.com/projects/
portfolio/archives/0508BMW.asp
3. ^ BMW Central Building, Plant Leipzig by Zaha
Hadid Architects | Project Portfolio | Architecture-
Page. Retrieved April 4, 2009, from Architecture-
Page | International resource for architecture and de-
sign Web site: http://www.architecture-page.com/
go/projects/bmw-central-building-plant-leipzig
2.6. EXTERNAL LINKS 21

4. Barreneche, Raul (2005, August). Zaha Hadid pro-

vides the connective tissue for a BMW complex by
designing central building that brings People and
cars together. Architectural Record, 193(8), 82-91.
5. (2005, August). Zaha Hadid: BMW Plant Leipzig,
Central Building, Leipzig, Germany, 2005.. A + U:
architecture and urbanism, 419(8), 66-85.

2.6 External links

(n.d.). Zaha Hadid Architects. Retrieved April 5,
2009, from : http://www.zaha-hadid.com
(n.d.). Zaha Hadid: BMW Central Building,
Leipzig, GermanyAmazon.co.uk: Todd Gan-
non: Books. Retrieved April 5, 2009, from
Amazon.co.uk: low prices in Electronics, Books,
Music, DVDs & more: http://www.amazon.co.uk/
Zaha-Hadid-Central-Building-Architecture/dp/
1568985363

(2007, April 4). BMW Central Building. Re-

trieved April 4, 2009, from Architectook: http://
architectook.net/bmw-central-building/
(n.d.). The Tamed Snake - BMWs Central
Building in Leipzig. Retrieved April 5, 2009,
from DETAIL.de - Architekturportal und Ar-
chitek: http://www.detail.de/rw_5_Archive_En_
HoleArtikel_5536_Artikel.htm

(n.d.). Zaha Hadid Architects - Central Build-

ing . Retrieved April 5, 2009, from Architec-
ture Online: http://www.arcspace.com/architects/
hadid/bmw_central/bmw_central.html
22 CHAPTER 2. BMW CENTRAL BUILDING

2.7 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

2.7.1 Text
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meier, Arwel Parry, Jdforrester, Darkwind, RodC, Tpbradbury, Warofdreams, Owen, Paul W, Auric, Blainster, Mervyn, HaeB, David-
cannon, JamesMLane, Folks at 137, Gamaliel, Lang rabbie, Chowbok, Quadell, Necrothesp, Udzu, D6, Dbaron, Ham II, Boy in the bands,
Rich Farmbrough, Sicilarch, Dagonet, Mani1, Bender235, Violetriga, Robotje, Bitrot, Guy Harris, Atlant, Philip Cross, Carbon Cary-
atid, Mysdaao, Wtmitchell, Prattora~enwiki, Michael Gbler, Woohookitty, Sylvainremy, Tabletop, Marudubshinki, BD2412, Rjwilmsi,
Erebus555, Lockley, Afterwriting, MarnetteD, FlaBot, GnniX, Riki, OpenToppedBus, Chobot, Kjlewis, EamonnPKeane, The Ram-
bling Man, YurikBot, Wester, Hydrargyrum, Gaius Cornelius, Rsrikanth05, NawlinWiki, Gareth Jones, Tony1, Sir Edgar, H0n0r, Phenz,
Eric278, Sandstein, Rms125a@hotmail.com, Josh3580, Garion96, Jonathan.s.kt, NeilN, DVD R W, SmackBot, Sprocket, McGeddon,
CRKingston, Bwithh, Zyxw, Agentbla, Mauls, Alsandro, Gilliam, Bluebot, Snori, DHN-bot~enwiki, Eusebeus, Fjmustak, Calvin ngan,
Veggies, CHV, Duncancumming, Ww2censor, Omernos, Kevzz, Clean Copy, Engleham, Dogears, FrancescoMazzucotelli, Ohconfucius,
Blahm, SashatoBot, Esrever, Phinn, Khazar, Robosh, Tktktk, Beetstra, Muadd, Dr.K., CaitrionaS, Hu12, Jim856796, Sameerct, Cour-
celles, GiantSnowman, Meow, Dia^, Joey80, Mcginnly, ShelfSkewed, Araucaria, Cydebot, Meno25, Meowy, M.K, Trident13, Joewein,
DumbBOT, Chrislk02, Goldenlane, PKT, Marina T., Thijs!bot, TonyTheTiger, MrMarmite, WinBot, Widefox, FatTa, Toohool, Night-
skydancer, Grombo~enwiki, Kaobear, MER-C, Rothorpe, Acroterion, Magioladitis, Connormah, Hullaballoo Wolfowitz, Hekerui, Ahecht,
, Aziz1005, Pjt56, StephP, CommonsDelinker, Johnpacklambert, Nono64, MoiraMoira, Svetovid, Cyanolinguophile, Storm9,
Peko2, Shawn in Montreal, GQsm, Louislemieux, VNPeO, Ipigott, 83d40m, Flatterworld, Trorov, KylieTastic, STBotD, Levydav, Ap-
pollinaire, Hammersoft, Kelapstick, Chienlit, Philip Trueman, Oshwah, Boberger, Emo muzik sux, Clithering, GcSwRhIc, Memefactory,
Girona7, Jasonhoward7, Bupasival, Jpmaytum, Wavehunter, Aednichols, Ponyo, SieBot, Brenont, WereSpielChequers, Malcolmxl5, King-
bird1, Chulwoo26, Whiteghost.ink, Hm123, Kjhughes, Pumun, VAwebteam, Wameya, Comayagua99, Janggeom, SiefkinDR, Behtis,
Kimodin, Escape Orbit, ImageRemovalBot, Keinstein, Martarius, Hell nah pix, Neptunes2007, Quisqualis, The Thing That Should Not Be,
All Hallows Wraith, MIDI, Der Golem, Arabarch, Niceguyedc, Ottawahitech, Dengero, Excirial, Nymf, Alexbot, TonyBallioni, JO 24,
Xelaxa, Arjayay, Carriearchdale, La Pianista, Another Believer, Karolis-lt, Gnickett1, Sullivanesque, Camboxer, XLinkBot, LucturEtE-
mergo, John Prattley, Cmr08, Good Olfactory, Bridgetfox, Kbdankbot, Dotdog, Felix Folio Secundus, Addbot, Mkhabbaz, ArabMexi-
can, CandaceID, Zarcadia, Jafcaesar, This is Paul, MrOllie, Download, Cwholt, Coloseven, Herr Gruber, Tassedethe, Alanscottwalker,
Enysjg, Margin1522, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Worldbruce, Themfromspace, Bunnyhop11, Habypyramid~enwiki, Jessi1989, AnomieBOT,
Jim1138, Alysami, Cutmynoseotospitemyface, Cyan22, Fatepur, Quebec99, Cliftonian, ChildofMidnight, Anonymous from the 21st
century, Sionk, GrouchoBot, MZychster, Ramblersen, Samsfoster, Baghdadian, Skashifakram, Bigger digger, Thehelpfulbot, Peter m
keogh, Eddgar, Simuliid, Haeinous, Masterknighted, Hey Vlad, Mariam ellala, Hereu, Jonesey95, Plucas58, Jabberjawjapan, Jaguar, Ifns-
man, Romazur, Kgbo, Full-date unlinking bot, Dmm65, Gerda Arendt, Gampe, Elekhh, Dj1997, Zanhe, TAGWERC, Anthony Winward,
Diannaa, Roquejaw, RjwilmsiBot, Stephan Luecke, TjBot, Alph Bot, EmausBot, John of Reading, Look2See1, Ossipzadkine, Eoinho,
Dewritech, Htanna, GoingBatty, Wikipelli, Sotutto, PBS-AWB, , H3llBot, GroGaBa, Atmann43, Unreal7, Francochignola,
SporkBot, Simpatico qa, Damirgrati, Carltonz, CurateRob, ChuispastonBot, Pruisen56DE, Lt-mms, Socialservice, ClueBot NG, Gal-
lura, Tanbircdq, Rossi101, Frietjes, Hstewart1, Niemin2, StatMarianne, Alexandru M., Candleabracadabra, Lowercase sigmabot, BG19bot,
Sealle, Gmcbjames, Gaborcselle, MusikAnimal, Hima3d, Mark Arsten, Deamonpen, Meatsgains, Aldernodules, WikiHannibal, Hamish59,
Polmandc, RscprinterBot, 220 of Borg, Olexandr Soloviov, BattyBot, Grouches101, Miszatomic, Kremerbi, Marcrules41, Cyberbot II,
Egeymi, Shilpaahuja1984, JYBot, Tarubab, Enterprisey, Bc239, Mohsenali93, SeldaK, Mogism, Zcbeaton, The Vintage Feminist, Acire93,
Frosty, TeriEmbrey, FadelAdib, Henryz7654, Cadillac000, Dschslava, Ekips39, Epicgenius, DeviantSerpent, Waliway, NYBrook098,
JackBrad419, P e z i, Citobun, BuildingFanatic, FPP, Ruperthetherton, No longer a penguin, HARRIS.news, Sabbatino, Uvedale, Axel
lordo, Massyparcer, Monkbot, Filedelinkerbot, Artsybart, Tigercompanion25, OMN koprah, The Master of Cock, Tiptoethruthemine-
eld, Waxilexlilarose, Abstractw, Gordana Fontana-Giusti, Grump International, Makeandtoss, Ben Hamilton-Rhys, Fuebaey, Leila 83,
Cheriowed, Kfpenrose02, Cewbot, Ytoyoda, Kannukutty1989, Mongoose Army, GeneralizationsAreBad, 3lisadeq, KasparBot, Masry-
muslim, Pagalosp, Ira Leviton, WSmeyers, Mmaster12345, Anatol Svahilec, , Professor of Art, A10.comfan24, Joan1066, Hastings-
Bella, MurielMary, Sketch me - custom portraits, Laura Patricia Spinadel, Simplexity22, Yihkrys, DatGuy, Baking Soda, TheHamadx,
MaiMandour, Jwindat, Ctoledoth, Deanb1994, Cmusue, GreenC bot, ZyjanCZ, Motivao, Blue Edits, Emir of Wikipedia, Bender the
Bot, Xedrey, Lolpug, RichardHarris22, Zachary12345Pogson, GaryGill, ManKnowsInnity, PrinceOfPontecorvo, Pneumonoultramicro-
scopicvolcanoconiosis, Edit 90, Mazzy4, BT Curry, Bennv3771, Eddy mejia, Aashnapshah, Nealolaen, Magic links bot, JoshC2017, Jenny
Herhardt, RiPersad, B Everett Reynolds and Anonymous: 393
BMW Central Building Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_Central_Building?oldid=780176487 Contributors: Docu, Radio-
Fan, Nikkimaria, Chris the speller, Movementarian, Il palazzo, JaGa, Vladsinger, Aednichols, Lightmouse, ClueBot, Niceguyedc, John
Nevard, Stepheng3, Addbot, Yobot, GrouchoBot, Ramblersen, Anm23, Kgbo, Look2See1, Rangoon11 and Anonymous: 6

2.7.2 Images
File:5298_Wolfsburg.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/5298_Wolfsburg.JPG License: CC BY-SA
4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Spyrosdrakopoulos
File:Antwerpen_Havenhuis_5.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Antwerpen_Havenhuis_5.jpg Li-
cense: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Torsade de Pointes
File:BMW.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/BMW.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://
brandsoftheworld.com Original artist: BMW
File:BMWCENTRAL.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/BMWCENTRAL.jpg License: GFDL Con-
tributors: Artist Work Original artist: Alex Merlucci
File:BMW_Leipzig.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/BMW_Leipzig.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Grombo
File:BMW_Leipzig_MEDIA_050727_Download_ZGB_4_max.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/
BMW_Leipzig_MEDIA_050727_Download_ZGB_4_max.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 de Contributors: http://bmw-werk-leipzig.de
Original artist: BMW Werk Leipzig
2.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 23

File:Bergisel_2004-11-04.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Bergisel_2004-11-04.jpg License: Public

domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Richard Wasenegger
File:Campus_WU_LC_D1_TC_DSC_1440w.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Campus_WU_LC_
D1_TC_DSC_1440w.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: P e z i
File:CenterForContemporaryArtCorner.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/
CenterForContemporaryArtCorner.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Eric Inglert
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-
nal artist: ?
File:Dongdaemun_Design_Plaza.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Dongdaemun_Design_Plaza.jpg
License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Warren Whyte
File:Dongdaemun_Design_Plaza_at_night,_Seoul,_Korea.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Dongdaemun_Design_Plaza_at_night%2C_Seoul%2C_Korea.jpg License:
CC BY 2.0 Contributors: https://www.flickr.com/photos/eugenelimphotography/13983519595/in/
photolist-niFccr-9KXMZb-pEsfbc-JhhaZ-9KYcWs-qbrZV3-oYPhNY-c5L5ZE-a2Dgye-BGMzxc-7W14nW-7n9UEj-6z5uKE-4y4hKE-sieoNK-BQ5gaZ-oq
Original artist: Eugene Lim
File:Evelyn_Grace_Academy,_Shakespeare_Road.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Evelyn_
Grace_Academy%2C_Shakespeare_Road.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: From geograph.org.uk Original artist: Stephen
Richards
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%C3%81lvaro-Siza-Promenade_2.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Andreas Schwarzkopf
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sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
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House%28Near%29.JPG License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mr a
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jpg License: PD Contributors:
Own photo of uploader
Original artist:
Original architectural work: Zaha Hadid
Depiction: Interfase
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24 CHAPTER 2. BMW CENTRAL BUILDING

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