Tp hun i tuyn Vit Nam thi Ton quc t

Bt ng thc thun nht

1. M u

Hu ht cc bt ng thc c in (Cauchy, Bunhiacopsky, Holder, Minkowsky,

Chebysev ...) u l cc bt ng thc thun nht. iu ny hon ton khng ngu
nhin. V logch, c th ni rng, ch c cc i lng cng bc mi c th so snh
vi nhau mt cch ton cc c.

Chnh v th, bt ng thc thun nht chim mt t l rt cao trong cc bi ton bt

ng thc, c bit l bt ng thc i s (khi cc hm s l hm i s, c bc hu
hn). i vi cc hm gii tch (m, lng gic, logarith), cc bt ng thc cng
c coi l thun nht v cc hm s c bc (theo cng thc Taylor).

Trong bi ny, chng ta s cp ti cc phng php c bn chng minh bt

ng thc thun nht, cng nh cch chuyn t mt bt ng thc khng thun nht
v mt bt ng thc thun nht. Nm vng v vn dng nhun nhuyn cc phng
php ny, chng ta c th chng minh c hu ht cc bt ng thc s cp.

2. Bt ng thc thun nht

Hm s f(x1, x2, , xn) ca cc bin s thc x1, x2, , xn c l hm thun nht bc

nu vi mi s thc t ta c
f(tx1, tx2, , txn) = tf(x1, x2, , xn)
Bt ng thc dng
f(x1, x2, , xn) 0
vi f l mt hm thun nht c gi l bt ng thc thun nht (bc ).
V d cc bt ng thc Cauchy, bt ng thc Bunhiacopsky, bt ng thc
Chebyshev l cc bt ng thc thun nht. Bt ng thc Bernoulli, bt ng thc
sinx < x vi x > 0 l cc bt ng thc khng thun nht.

3. Chng minh bt ng thc thun nht

3.1. Phng php dn bin

c im ca nhiu bt ng thc, c bit l cc bt ng thc i s l du bng

xy ra khi tt c hoc mt vi bin s bng nhau (xut pht t bt ng thc c bn x2
0!). Phng php dn bin da vo c im ny lm gim s bin s ca bt
ng thc, a bt ng thc v dng n gin hn c th chng minh trc tip bng
cch kho st hm mt bin hoc chng minh bng quy np.
chng minh bt ng thc
f(x1, x2, , xn) 0 (1)
Ta c th th chng minh
f(x1, x2, , xn) f((x1+x2)/2,(x1+x2)/2, , xn) (2)
hoc
f(x1, x2, , xn) f(x1x2, x1x2, , xn) (3)
Sau chuyn vic chng minh (1) v vic chng minh bt ng thc
f(x1, x1, x3, ..., xn) = g(x1, x3, ..., xn) 0 (4)

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tc l mt bt ng thc c s bin t hn. D nhin, cc bt ng thc (2), (3) c th

khng ng hoc ch ng trong mt s iu kin no . V ta ch thay i 2 bin s
nn thng thng th tnh ng n ca bt ng thc ny c th kim tra c d
dng.

V d 1: Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh bt ng thc

a3 + b3 + c3 + 3abc a2b + a2c + b2a + b2c + c2a+ c2b
Gii: Xt hm s f(a, b, c) = a3 + b3 + c3 + 3abc (a2b + a2c + b 2a + b 2c + c2a+ c2b)
Ta c
f(a, b, c) f(a, (b+c)/2, (b+c)/2) = a3 + b3 + c3 + 3abc (a2b + a2c + b2a + b2c + c2a+
c2b) a3 (b+c)3/4 3a(b+c)2/4 + a2(b+c) + a(b+c)2/2 + (b+c)3/4 = (b+c-5a/4)(b-c)2.
Do , nu a = min{a, b, c} (iu ny lun c th gi s) th ta c
f(a, b, c) f(a, (b+c)/2, (b+c)/2)
Nh vy, chng minh bt ng thc u bi, ta ch cn chng minh f(a, b, b) 0.
Nhng bt ng thc ny tng ng vi
a3 + 2b3 + 3ab2 (a2b + a2b + b 2a + b 3 + b2a+ b3) 0
a3 + ab2 2a2b 0
a(a-b)2 0.
V d 2: Cho a, b, c l cc s thc bt k. Chng minh rng
F(a,b,c) = (a+b)4 + (b+c)4 + (c+a)4 (4/7)(a4+b4+c4) 0
( thi chn i tuyn Vit Nam 1996)
Gii: Ta c
F(a, b, c) F(a, (b+c)/2, (b+c)/2) = (a+b)4 + (b+c)4 + (c+a)4 (4/7)(a4+b4+c4)
2(a+(b+c)/2)4 (b+c)4 + (4/7)(a4+2((b+c)/2)4) = (a+b)4 + (c+a)4 - 2(a+(b+c)/2)4 +
c(4/7)((b+c)4/8 b4 c4) = a(4b 3+4c3-(b+c)3) + 3a2(2b 2+c2-(b+c)2) + (3/7)(b4+c4-
(b+c)4/8) = 3a(b+c)(b-c)2 + 3a2(b-c)2 +(3/56)(b-c)2[7b2+7c2+10bc] = 3a(a+b+c)(b-c)2
+ (3/56)(b-c)2[7b2+7c2+10bc].
S hng cui cng lun khng m. Nu a, b, c cng du th bt ng thc cn chng
minh l hin nhin. Nu a, b, c khng cng du th phi c t nht 1 trong ba s a, b, c
cng du vi a+b+c. Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s l a. T ng thc trn suy
ra F(a, b, c) F(a, (b+c)/2, (b+c)/2). Nh vy ta ch cn cn chng minh:
F(a, b, b) 0 vi mi a, b, hay l
2(a+b)4 + (2b)4 (4/7)(a4+2b 4) 0
Nu b = 0 th bt ng thc l hin nhin. Nu b 0, chia hai v ca bt ng thc
cho b4 ri t x = a/b th ta c bt ng thc tng ng
2(x+1)4 + 16 (4/7)(x4+2) 0
Bt ng thc cui cng c th chng minh nh sau
Xt f(x) = 2(x+1)4 + 16 (4/7)(x4+2)
Ta c f(x) = 8(x+1)3 (16/7)x3. f(x) = 0 x+1 = (2/7)1/3x x = -2.9294.
fmin = f(-2.9294) = 2(-1.9294)4 + 16 (4/7)(-2.9294)4 8/7 = 0.4924
(Cc phn tnh ton cui c tnh vi chnh xc ti 4 ch s sau du phy. Do fmin
tnh c l 0.4924 nn nu tnh c sai s tuyt i th gi tr chnh xc ca fmin vn l
mt s dng. V y l mt bt ng thc rt cht nn khng th trnh c cc tnh
ton vi s l trn y. Chng hn nu thay 4/7 bng 16/27 xmin = -3 th f*min c gi
tr m! y f*(x) = 2(x+1)4 + 16 (16/27)x4 - 8/7.)

3.2. Phng php chun ha

Dng thng gp ca bt ng thc thun nht l

f(x1, x2, , xn) g(x1, x2, , xn)

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trong f v g l hai hm thun nht cng bc. Do tnh cht ca hm thun nht, ta c
th chuyn vic chng minh bt ng thc trn v vic chng minh bt ng thc
f(x1, x2, , xn) A vi mi x1, x2, , xn tho mn iu kin g(x1, x2, , xn) = A.
Chun ha mt cch thch hp, ta c th lm n gin cc biu thc ca bt ng thc
cn chng minh, tn dng c mt s tnh cht c bit ca cc hng s.
V d :
Cho b n s thc dng (x) = (x1, x2, , xn). Vi mi s thc r ta t
Mr(x) = [(x1r + x2r + + xnr)/n]1/r
Chng minh rng vi mi r>s>0 ta c Mr(x) Ms(x).
(Bt ng thc v trung bnh ly tha)
Gii: V Mr(tx) = tMr(x) vi mi t>0 nn ta ch cn chng minh bt ng thc ng
cho cc s thc dng x1, x2, , xn tho mn iu kin Ms(x) = 1, tc l cn chng
minh Mr(x) 1 vi mi x1, x2, , xn tho mn iu kin Ms(x) = 1. iu ny c th
vit n gin li l
Chng minh x1r + x2r + + xnr n vi x1 s + x2s + + xns = n.
chng minh bt ng thc cui cng, ta p dng bt ng thc Bernoulli:
xir = (xis)r/s = [1 + (xis-1)]r/s 1 + (r/s)(xis-1), i = 1, 2, , n.
Cng cc bt ng thc trn li, ta c iu phi chng minh.

V d 4: Chng minh rng vi x, y, z l cc s thc bt k ta c bt ng thc

6(x + y + z)(x2+ y2 + z2) 27xyz + 10(x2+ y2 + z2)3/2
( thi Hc sinh gii quc gia nm 2002)
Gii: Bt ng thc ny rt cng knh. Nu thc hin php bin i trc tip s rt
kh khn (v d th bnh phng kh cn). Ta thc hin php chun ha n
gin ha bt ng thc cho. Nu x2 + y2 + z2 = 0 th x= y = z = 0, bt ng thc tr
thnh ng thc. Nu x2 + y2 + z2 > 0, do bt ng thc cho l thun nht, ta c th
gi s x2 + y2 + z2 = 9. Ta cn chng minh 2(x+y+z) xyz + 10 vi iu kin x2 +
y2 + z2 = 9. chng minh iu ny, ta ch cn chng minh
[2(x+y+z) xyz]2 100
Khng mt tnh tng qut, c th gi s |x| |y| |z|. p dng bt ng thc
Bunhiacopsky, ta c
[2(x+y+z) xyz]2 = [(x+y)2 + z(2-xy)]2 [(x+y)2 + z2][22+(2-xy)2] =
(9+2xy)(8-4xy+x2 y2) = 72 20xy + x2 y2 + 2x3 y3 = 100 + (xy+2)2(2xy-7).
T |x| |y| |z| suy ra z2 3. Suy ra 2xy x2 + y2 6, tc l (xy+2)2(2xy-7) 0. T
y, kt hp vi nh gi trn y ta c iu cn chng minh. Du bng xy ra khi
v ch khi (x+y)/2 = z/(2-xy) v xy+2 = 0. T y gii ra c x = -1, y = 2, z = 2.

K thut chun ha cho php chng ta bin mt bt ng thc phc tp thnh mt bt

ng thc c dng n gin hn. iu ny gip ta c th p dng cc bin i i s
mt cch d dng hn, thay v phi lm vic vi cc biu thc cng knh ban u.
c bit, sau khi chun ha xong, ta vn c th p dng phng php dn bin
gii. Ta a ra li gii th hai cho bi ton trn:
t f(x, y, z) = 2(x+y+z) xyz. Ta cn chng minh f(x, y, z) 10 vi x2 + y2 + z2 = 9.
Xt f(x, (y2+z2)/2, (y2+z2)/2) - f(x, y, z) = 2(x + 2(y2+z2)/2) x(y2+z2)/2
2(x+y+z) + xyz = 2(2(y2+z2) y z) x(y-z)2 /2 = (y-z)2[2/(2(y2+z2) + y + z)
x/2].
+ Nu x, y, z > 0, ta xt hai trng hp:
- 1 x y z. Khi 2(x+y+z) xyz 23(x2+y2+z2) 1 = 63 1 < 10

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- 0 < x 1. Khi 2(x+y+z) xyz < 2(x+y+z) 2x + 22(y2+z2) = 2x +

22(9-x2) = g(x). Ta c g(x) = 2 - 22x/9-x2 > 0, suy ra g(x) g(1) = 10.
+ Nu trong 3 s x, y ,z c mt s m, khng mt tnh tng qut, c th gi s
x < 0. Khi f(x, (y2+z2)/2, (y2+z2)/2) - f(x, y, z) 0 v ta a bi ton vic chng
minh f(x, (y2+z2)/2, (y2+z2)/2) 10, hay
2x + 22(9-x2) x(9-x2)/2 10
h(x) = x3 5x + 42(9-x2) 20.
Ta c: h(x) = 3x2 5 4x2/(9-x2) . Gii phng trnh h(x) = 0 (vi x < 0), ta c
x = -1. y l im cc i ca h, do h(x) h(-1) = 20.

Bng cch chun ha, ta c th a mt bi ton bt ng thc v bi ton tm gi tr

ln nht hay nh nht ca mt hm s trn mt min (chng hn trn hnh cu x2 + y2
+ z2 = 9 nh v d 4). iu ny cho php chng ta vn dng c mt s k thut
tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht (v d nh bt ng thc Jensen, hm li ...)

V d 5: Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng

(b+c-a)2/[(b+c)2+a2] + (c+a-b)2/[(c+a)2+b2] + (a+b-c)2/[(a+b)2+c2] 3/5
Gii: Ta ch cn chng minh bt ng thc cho cc s dng a, b, c tho a+b+c=1.
Khi bt ng thc c th vit li thnh
(1-2a)2/(2a2-2a+1) + (1-2b)2/(2b2-2b+1) + (1-2c)2/(2c2-2c+1) 3/5
1/(2a2-2a+1) + 1/(2b2-2b+1) + 1/(2c2-2c+1) 27/5
f(a) + f(b) + f(c) 27/5 vi f(x) = 1/(2x2-2x+1) (5.1)
rng 27/5 = 3f(1/3), ta thy (5.1) c dng bt ng thc Jensen. Tuy nhin, tnh
o hm bc hai ca f(x), ta c
f(x) = -4(6x2 6x + 1)/(2x2-2x+1)3
hm ch li trn khong ((3 - 3)/6, (3 + 3)/6) nn khng th p dng bt ng thc
Jensen mt cch trc tip. Ta chng minh f(a) + f(b) + f(c) 27/5 bng cc nhn xt
b sung sau:
fmax = f(1/2) = 2
f(x) tng trn (0, 1/2) v gim trn (1/2, 1)
f((3 - 3)/6) = f((3 + 3)/6) = 12/7
Nu c t nht 2 trong 3 s a, b, c nm trong khong ((3 - 3)/6, (3 + 3)/6), chng
hn l a, b th p dng bt ng thc Jensen ta c
f(a) + f(b) 2f((a+b)/2) = 2f((1-c)/2) = 4/(c2+1)
Nh vy trong trng hp ny ta ch cn chng minh
1/(2c2-2c+1) + 4/(1+c2) 27/5
Quy ng mu s v rt gn ta c bt ng thc tng ng
27c4 27c3 + 18c2 7c + 1 0
<=> (3c-1)2(3c2 c +1) 0 (ng).
Nh vy ta ch cn cn xt trng hp c t nht hai s nm ngoi khong ((3 - 3)/6,
(3 + 3)/6). Nu chng hn a (3 + 3)/6) th r rng b, c (3 - 3)/6 v nh vy, do
nhn xt trn f(a) + f(b) + f(c) 36/7 < 27/5. Ta ch cn duy nht mt trng hp cn
xt l c hai s, chng hn a, b (3 - 3)/6. Lc ny, do a + b 1 - 3/3 nn c 3/3
> 1/2. Theo cc nhn xt trn ta c f(a) + f(b) + f(c) 2f((3 - 3)/6) + f(3/3) = 24/7
+ (15+63)/13 ~ 5.381 < 5.4 = 27/5.
Ghi ch: Bi ton trn c mt cch gii ngn gn v c o hn nh sau:
Bt ng thc c th vit li thnh
(b+c)a/[(b+c)2+a2] + (c+a)b/[(c+a)2+b2] + (a+b)c/[(a+b)2+c2] 6/5

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Khng mt tnh tng qut, c th gi s a + b + c = 1. Khi bt ng thc vit li

thnh
(1-a)a/(1-2a+2a2) + (1-b)b/(1-2b+2b2) + (1-c)c/(1-2c+2c2) 6/5
Ta c 2a(1-a) (a+1)2/4. Do 1 2a + 2a2 1 - (a+1)2/4 = (1-a)(3+a)/4.
T (1-a)a/(1-2a+2a2) (1-a)a/[(1-a)(3+a)/4] = 4a/(3+a).
Tng t (1-b)b/(1-2b+2b2) 4b/(3+b), (1-c)c/(1-2c+2c2) 4c/(3+c)
V chng minh bt ng thc u bi, ta ch cn chng minh
4a/(3+a) + 4b/(3+c) + 4c/(3+c) 6/5
Bt ng thc cui cng ny tng ng vi
1/(3+a) + 1/(3+b) + 1/(3+c) 9/10 l hin nhin (p dng BT Cauchy)

Chun ha l mt k thut c bn. Tuy nhin, k thut cng i hi nhng kinh

nghim v tinh t nht nh. Trong v d trn, ti sao ta li chun ha x2 + y2 + z2 =
9 m khng phi l x2 + y2 + z2 = 1 (t nhin hn)? V ta c t c nhng hiu qu
mong mun khng nu nh chun ha x+y+z = 1? l nhng vn m chng ta
phi suy ngh trc khi thc hin bc chun ha.

3.3. Phng php trng s

Bt ng thc Cauchy v bt ng thc Bunhiacopsky l nhng bt ng thc thun

nht. V th, chng rt hu hiu trong vic chng minh cc bt ng thc thun nht.
Tuy nhin, do iu kin xy ra du bng ca cc bt ng thc ny rt nghim ngt
nn vic p dng mt cch trc tip v my mc i khi kh em li kt qu. p
dng tt cc bt ng thc ny, chng ta phi nghin cu k iu kin xy ra du
bng v p dng phng php trng s.
V d 5: Chng minh rng nu x, y, z l cc s thc khng m th
6(-x + y + z)(x2+ y2 + z2) + 27xyz 10(x2+ y2 + z2)3/2
Gii: S dng nguyn l c bn du bng xy ra khi mt cp bin s no bng
nhau , ta c th tm ta c du bng ca bt ng thc trn xy ra khi y = z = 2x.
iu ny cho php chng ta mnh dn nh gi nh sau
10(x2+ y2 + z2)3/2 - 6(-x + y + z)(x2+ y2 + z2) =
(x +y +z2)[10(x2+ y2 + z2)1/2 6(-x + y + z)] = (x2+y2+z2)[(10/3)(x2+ y2 +
2 2

z2)1/2(1+22+22)1/2 - 6(-x + y + z)] (x2+y2+z2)[(10/3)(x+2y+2z) 6(-x + y + z)]

= (x2+y2+z2)(28x + 2y + 2z)/3. (5.1)
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy, ta c
x2+y2+z2 = x2 + y2/4 + y2/4 + y2/4 + y2/4 + z2/4 + z2/4 + z2/4 + z2/4 9(x2 y8z8/4 8)1/9
28x + 2y + 2z = 4x + 4x + 4x + 4x + 4x + 4x + 4x + 2y + 2z 9(4 8x7 yz)1/9
Nhn hai bt ng thc trn v theo v, ta c
(x2+y2+z2)(28x + 2y + 2z) 9(x2 y8z8/48)1/99(4 8x7 yz)1/9 = 81 (5.2)
T (5.1) v (5.2) ta suy ra bt ng thc cn chng minh.

Trong v d trn, chng ta s dng c bt ng thc Bunhiacopsky v bt ng

thc Cauchy c trng s. Li gii rt hiu qu v n tng. Tuy nhin, s thnh cng
ca li gii trn nm hai dng ngn ngi u. Khng c c d on , kh
c th thu c kt qu mong mun. Di y ta s xt mt v d v vic chn cc
trng s thch hp bng phng php h s bt nh cc iu kin xy ra du bng
c tho mn.

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V d 6: Chng minh rng nu 0 x y th ta c bt ng thc

13x(y2-x2)1/2 + 9x(y2+x2)1/2 16y2 (6.1)
Gii: Ta s p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho cc tch v tri. Tuy nhin, nu p
dng mt cch trc tip th ta c
VT 13(x2 + y2-x2)/2 + 9(x2+ y2+x2)/2 = 9x2 + 11y2 (6.2)
y khng phi l iu m ta cn (T y ch c th suy ra VT 20y2). S d ta
khng thu c nh gi cn thit l v du bng khng th ng thi xy ra hai ln
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy. iu chnh, ta a vo cc h s dng a, b nh
sau :
VT = (13/a)ax.(y2-x2)1/2 + (9/b)bx(y2+x2)1/2
(13/2a)(a2x2+y2-x2) + (9/2b)(b2x2+ y2+x2) (6.3)
nh gi trn ng vi mi a, b > 0 (chng hn vi a=b=1 ta c 6.2) v ta s phi
chn a, b sao cho
a) V phi khng ph thuc vo x
b) Du bng c th ng thi xy ra hai bt ng thc
Yu cu ny tng ng vi h
13(a2-1)/2a + 9(b2+1)/2b = 0
x,y : a2x2 = y2-x2, b 2x2 = y2+x2
Tc l c h 13(a2-1)/2a + 9(b2+1)/2b = 0, a2+1 = b2 1. Gii h ra, ta c a = 1/2,
b = 3/2. Thay hai gi tr ny vo (6.3) ta c
VT 13(x2/4 + y2 x2) + 3(9x2/4 + y2 + x2) = 16y2 .
Ghi ch: Trong v d trn, thc cht ta c nh y v tm gi tr ln nht ca v tri
khi x thay i trong on [0, y].

4. Bt ng thc thun nht i xng

Khi gp cc bt ng thc dng a thc thun nht i xng, ngoi cc phng php
trn, ta cn c th s dng phng php khai trin trc tip v dng nh l v nhm
cc s hng. Phng php ny cng knh, khng tht p nhng i lc t ra kh hiu
qu. Khi s dng bng phng php ny, chng ta thng dng cc k hiu quy c
sau n gin ha cch vit:
symQ(x1, x2, ..., xn) = Q(x(1), x(2), ..., x(n))
trong chy qua tt c cc hon v ca {1, 2, ..., n}. V d vi n = 3 v ba bin s
x, y, z th
sym x3 = 2x3 + 2y3 + 2z3, symx2 y = x2 y + y2 z + z2x + xy2 + yz2 + zx2, sym xyz = 6xyz.
i vi cc biu thc khng hon ton i xng, ta c th s dng k hiu hon v
vng quanh nh sau: cyclic x2 y = x2 y + y2z + z2x.
Phng php ny uc xy dng da trn tnh so snh c ca mt s tng i xng
cng bc - nh l v nhm cc s hng (h qu ca bt ng thc Karamata) m
chng ta s pht biu v chng minh di y. Trong trng hp 3 bin, ta cn c
ng thc Schur.

Nu s = (s1, s2, , sn) v t = (t1, t2, ..., tn) l hai dy s khng tng. Ta ni rng s l
tri ca t nu s1 + s2 + ... + s2 = t1 + t2 + ...+tn v s1 + ...+ si t1 + ...+ ti vi mi i=1,2,
..., n.

nh l: ( Nhm ) Nu s v t l cc dy s thc khng m sao cho s l tri ca t th

symx1 s1...xnsn symx1t1...xntn

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Chng minh: u tin ta chng minh rng nu s l tri ca t th tn ti cc hng s

khng m k, vi chy qua tp hp tt c cc hon v ca {1, 2, ..., n}, c tng bng
1 sao cho
k(s1,...,sn) = (t1, t2, ..., tn)
Sau , p dng bt ng thc Cauchy nh sau
x1s(1)...xns(n) = ,kx1s((1))...xns((n)) x1t(1)...xnt(n).
V d, vi s = (5, 2, 1) v t = (3, 3, 2), ta c
(3,3,2) = (3/8)*(5, 2, 1) + (3/8)*(2, 5, 1) + (1/8)*(2,1,5) + (1/8)*(1,2,5)
V ta c nh gi
(3x5 y2z + 3x2 y5z+x2 yz5+xy2z5)/8 x3 y3z2
Cng bt ng thc trn v cc bt ng thc tng t, ta thu c bt ng thc
symx5 y2 z symx3 y3z2.

V d 7: Chng minh rng vi mi s thc dng a, b, c ta c

1/(a3+b3+abc) + 1/(b3+c3+abc) + 1/(c3+a3+abc) 1/abc
Gii: Quy ng mu s v nhn hai v cho 2, ta c
sym(a3+b3+abc)(b3+c3+abc)abc 2(a3+b3+abc)(b3+c3+abc)(c3+a3+abc)
sym a7bc+3a4b4c+4a5b 2c2+a3b3c3 syma3b 3c3+2a6b3+3a4b4c +2a5b2c2 + a7bc
sym2a6b 3 - 2a5b 2c2 0,
Bt ng thc ny ng theo nh l nhm.

Trong v d trn, chng ta gp may v sau khi thc hin cc php bin i i s, ta
thu c mt bt ng thc tng i n gin, c th p dng trc tip nh l
nhm. Tuy nhin, khng phi trng hp no nh l ny cng gii quyt vn
. Trong trng hp 3 bin s, ta c mt kt qu rt p khc l nh l Schur.
nh l: (Schur). Cho x, y, z l cc s thc khng m. Khi vi mi r > 0,
xr(x-y)(x-z) + yr(y-z)(y-x) + zr(z-x)(z-y) 0.
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z hay khi hai trong ba s x, y, z bng nhau cn
s th ba bng 0.
Chng minh: V bt ng thc hon ton i xng i vi ba bin s, khng mt tnh
tng qut, ta c th gi s x y z. Khi bt ng thc c th vit li di dng
(x-y)[xr(x-z) yr(y-z)] + zr(x-z)(y-z) 0,
v mi mt tha s v tri u hin nhin khng m.

Trng hp hay c s dng nht ca bt ng thc Schur l khi r = 1. Bt ng

thc ny c th vit li di dng
symx3 2x2 y + xyz 0.
y chnh l bt ng thc v d 1.

V d 8: Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh rng

(ab + bc + ca)(1/(a+b)2 + 1/(b+c)2 + 1/(c+a)2) 9/4
Gii: Quy ng mu s, khai trin v rt gn, ta c
sym 4a5b a4b2 3a3b3 + a4bc 2a3b2c + a2b 2c2 0 (8.1)
Dng bt ng thc Schur: x(x-y)(x-z) + y(y-z)(y-x) + z(z-x)(z-y) 0. Nhn hai v
vi 2xyz ri cng li, ta c
sym a4bc 2a3b2c + a2b2c2 0 (8.2)
Ngoi ra p dng nh l nhm (hay ni cch khc - bt ng thc Cauchy c trng
s) ta c sym (a5b a4b 2) + 3(a5b 3a3b3) 0. (8.3)
T 8.2, 8.3 suy ra 8.1 v chnh l iu phi chng minh.

Trn Nam Dng 6/2003

 Tp hun i tuyn Vit Nam thi Ton quc t

Ni n bt ng thc thun nht i xng, khng th khng ni n cc hm s i

xng c bn. l cc biu thc S1 = x1 + x2 + ...+ xn, S2 = xixj, ..., Sn = x1x2...xn.
Vi cc bt ng thc lin quan n cc hm i xng ny, c mt th thut rt hu
hiu c gi l th thut gim bin s bng nh l Rolle . Chng ta trnh by
tng ca th thut ny thng qua v d sau:

V d 9: Cho a, b, c, d l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng

[(ab+ac+ad+bc+bd+cd)/6]1/2 [(abc+abd+acd+bcd)/4]1/3
Gii: t S2 = ab+ac+ad+bc+bd+cd, S3 = abc+abd+acd+bcd. Xt a thc P(x) =
(x-a)(x-b)(x-c)(x-d) = x4 (a+b+c+d)x3 + S2x2 S3x + abcd. P(x) c 4 nghim thc a,
b, c, d (nu c cc nghim trng nhau th l nghim bi). Theo nh l Rolle, P(x)
cng c 3 nghim (u dng) u, v, w. Do P(x) c h s cao nht bng 4 nn
P(x) = 4(x-u)(x-v)(x-w) = 4x3 4(u+v+w)x2 + 4(uv+vw+wu)x - 4uvw
Mt khc
P(x) = 4x3 3(a+b+c+d)x2 + 2S2x S3
suy ra S2 = 2(uv+vw+wu), S3 = 4uvw v bt ng thc cn chng minh u bi c
th vit li theo ngn ng u, v, w l
[(uv+vw+wu)/3]1/2 (uvw)1/3
Bt ng thc ny hin nhin ng theo bt ng thc Cauchy.

5. Thun nht ha bt ng thc khng thun nht

Trong cc phn trn, chng ta trnh by cc phng php c bn chng minh

mt bt ng thc thun nht. khng phi l tt c cc phng php (v d nhin
khng bao gi c th tm c tt c!), tuy vy c th gip chng ta nh hng tt
khi gp cc bt ng thc thun nht. Nhng nu gp bt ng thc khng thun nht
th sao nh? C th bng cch no a cc bt ng thc khng thun nht v
cc bt ng thc thun nht v p dng cc phng php ni trn c khng?

Cu tr li l c. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, cc bt ng thc khng thun nht

c th a v bt ng thc thun nht bng mt qu trnh m ta gi l thun nht
ha. Chng ta khng th chng minh mt nh l c pht biu kiu nh th,
nhng c hai l do tin vo n: th nht, thc ra ch c cc i lng cng bc mi
c th so snh c, cn cc i lng khc bc ch so snh c trong cc rng buc
no . Th hai, nhiu bt ng thc khng thun nht c to ra bng cch
chun ha hoc thay cc bin s bng cc hng s. Ch cn chng ta i ngc li qu
trnh trn l s tm c nguyn dng ban u.

Mt v d rt n gin cho l lun nu trn l t bt ng thc thun nht x3 + y3 + z3

x2 y + y2 z + z2x, bng cch cho z = 1, ta c bt ng thc khng thun nht
x3 + y3 + 1 x2 y + y2 + x.

V d 10: Cho p, q, r l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin p + q + r = 1. Chng

minh rng 7(pq+qr+rp) 2 + 9pqr.
(V ch Anh, 1999)

V d 11: Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin abc = 1. Chng minh

rng (a 1 + 1/b)(b 1 + 1/c)(c 1 + 1/a) 1.
(IMO, 2000)
Hng dn: t a = x/y, b = y/z, c = z/x!

Trn Nam Dng 6/2003

 Tp hun i tuyn Vit Nam thi Ton quc t

V d 12: Chng minh rng nu a, b, c l ba cnh ca mt tam gic th:

a2b(a-b) + b2c(b-c) + c2a(c-a) 0
(IMO, 1983)
Hng dn: t a = y+z, b = z+x, c = x+y!

Bi tp

1. Cho x, y, z > 0. Chng minh rng

x3/y3 + x3/z3 + y3/x3 + y3z3 + z3/x3 + z3/y3x2/yz + y2 /zx + z2/xy + yz/x2 + zx/y2+xy/z2

2. Chng minh bt ng thc sau vi mi s thc dng x, y, z :

x/(x+y)(x+z) + y/(y+z)(y+x) + z/(z+x)(z+y) 9/4(x+y+z).

3. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin

2x + 4y + 7z = 2xyz
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc x + y + z.

4. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin a2 + b 2 + c2 + abc = 4. Chng

minh rng a + b + c 3.

5. (IMO, 1984). Cho x, y, z l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin x + y + z = 1.

Chng minh rng
0 xy + yz + zx - 2xyz 7/27.

6. (Iran, 1996). Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh rng

1 1 1 9
(ab + bc + ca) + +
(a + b) (b + c ) (c + a ) 2
2 2
4

7. (Vit Nam, 1996) Cho a, b, c, d l cc s thc khng m tho mn iu kin

2(ab+ac+ad+bc+bd+ca) + abc + bcd + cda + dab = 16. Chng minh rng
3(a + b + c + d) 2(ab+ac+ad+bc+bd+ca)

8. (Ba Lan, 1996) Cho a, b, c l cc s thc tho mn iu kin a + b + c = 1. Chng

minh rng
a b c 9
+ 2 + 2
a + 1 b + 1 c + 1 10
2

9. (Ba Lan, 1991) Cho x, y, z l cc s thc tho mn iu kin x2 + y2 + z2 = 2.

Chng minh rng
x + y + z 2 + xyz.

10. (IMO, 2001). Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh rng

a b c
+ + 1
a 2 + 8bc b 2 + 8ca c 2 + 8ab

Trn Nam Dng 6/2003