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ASTM C272 Water Absorption of Core Materials For Sandwich PDF
ASTM C272 Water Absorption of Core Materials For Sandwich PDF
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C272/C272M 12
example, dielectric constant, loss tangent, and electrical resis- 7.5 The water used in this test method shall be distilled
tance) and mechanical properties (for example, strength and water (Specification D1193, Type IV reagent water) or deion-
modulus). The mass of absorbed water may also affect the ized water.
behavior of sandwich structures. It should be noted that in a
sandwich panel the presence of facings bonded on two sides of 8. Sampling and Test Specimens
the core may affect the amount of water absorbed by the core. 8.1 Test at least five specimens per test condition unless
5.2 This test method provides a standard method of obtain- valid results can be gained through the use of fewer specimens,
ing sandwich core moisture absorption data for design such as in the case of a designed experiment. For statistically
properties, material specifications, research and development significant data, consult the procedures outlined in Practice
applications, and quality assurance. E122. Report the method of sampling.
5.3 Factors that influence the water absorption and shall 8.2 GeometryTest specimens shall have a square or rect-
therefore be reported include the following: core material, angular cross-section. The recommended specimen size is 75
methods of material fabrication, core geometry (honeycomb mm [3.0 in.] in length by 75 mm [3.0 in.] in width by 13 mm
cell size, honeycomb cell wall thickness, foam pore size, etc.), [0.5 in.] in thickness.
specimen geometry, specimen preparation, methods of mass NOTE 1The specimens cross-sectional area (length times width) is
and dimensional measurement, specimen conditioning, and defined in the facing plane, in regard to the orientation that the core would
moisture content during mass and dimensional measurements. be placed in a structural sandwich construction. For example, for a
honeycomb core the cross-sectional area is defined in the plane of the
cells, which is perpendicular to the orientation of the cell walls.
6. Interferences
8.3 Specimen Preparation and MachiningMachine, saw,
6.1 Material and Specimen PreparationPoor material fab- or shear the test specimens from the core sample so as to have
rication practices and damage induced by improper specimen smooth surfaces that are free from cracks and facing plane
machining are known causes of high data scatter in composites surfaces that are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the
and sandwich structures in general. Important aspects of sides of the specimen. Record and report the specimen cutting
sandwich core specimen preparation that contribute to data preparation method.
scatter include the existence of joints, voids or other core
discontinuities, out-of-plane curvature, and surface roughness. 8.4 LabelingLabel the test specimens so that they will be
Cracks in the specimen and rough surfaces can increase the distinct from each other and traceable back to the sheet of
apparent water absorption. origin, and will neither influence the test nor be affected by it.
6.2 Surface WaterSome core materials tend to collect 9. Calibration
water on the surfaces or trap water in corners, and, if not
removed will give incorrect results. 9.1 The accuracy of all measuring equipment shall have
certified calibrations that are current at the time of use of the
6.3 EnvironmentResults are affected by the environmental equipment.
conditions under which specimens are conditioned.
10. Pre-Test Conditioning
7. Apparatus 10.1 Oven dry the specimens as follows:
7.1 Analytical Balance or Weighing ScaleAn analytical 10.1.1 For materials whose water absorption value would be
balance or weighing scale is required that is capable of affected by temperatures up to approximately 110C [230F],
measuring accurately to 0.001 g. dry the specimens in an oven for 24 h at 50 6 3C [120 6 5F],
7.2 Oven: cool in a desiccator to room temperature, remove, and imme-
diately weigh and record the mass. After weighing, immedi-
7.2.1 Circulating Air OvenFor Procedure A and C tests, an
ately place the specimens in the water or humidity chamber.
air-circulating oven is required that shall be capable of main-
10.1.2 For materials whose water absorption value has been
taining the required uniform temperatures to within 63C
shown not to be affected by temperatures up to 110C [230F],
[65F].
dry the specimens in an oven for 2 h at 105 6 3C [225 6 5F],
7.2.2 Circulating Air Vacuum OvenFor Procedure B tests,
cool in a desiccator to room temperature, remove, and imme-
an air-circulating oven is required that shall be capable of
diately weigh and record the mass. After weighing, immedi-
maintaining the required uniform temperatures to within 63C
ately place the specimens in the water or humidity chamber.
[65F], shall be capable of achieving full vacuum, and shall
10.1.3 For specimens to be conditioned using Procedure B
have a drying device on the air inlet line.
below, dry the specimens per 10.1.1 or 10.1.2 in a vacuum
7.3 DesiccatorA clean, dry desiccator is required; speci- drying oven without application of vacuum. After the time
mens being oven-dried shall be brought to laboratory tempera- periods specified above, apply full vacuum for 30 min to
ture following removal from the oven. remove remaining traces of moisture. When reducing the
7.4 Humidity ChamberA humidity chamber is required vacuum level, ambient venting air should be passed through a
that shall be capable of maintaining uniform relative humidity calcium sulfate desiccant or suitable alternate in-line trap.
with an accuracy of 65 % and a uniform temperature with an 10.2 In the case of a new material of which the water
accuracy of 63C [65F]. absorption properties are not known, conditioning separate
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C272/C272M 12
specimens in accordance with 10.1.1 and 10.1.2, followed by no visible water is present. For materials that tend to collect
the specified procedure below is recommended until sufficient water on the surfaces or trap water in corners, dip the specimen
experience on the effect of temperature is achieved to indicate in isopropyl alcohol, shake vigorously, allow the alcohol to
the selection of the most satisfactory method. evaporate, and immediately weigh and record the mass.
11.3.2.2 Re-measure the specimen length, width and thick-
11. Procedure ness as in 11.2.2.
11.1 Parameters to Be Specified Before Test: 11.3.2.3 Weigh and record the mass of each specimen in
11.1.1 The specimen sampling method and specimen geom- grams to a precision of 60.001 g.
etry. 11.3.3 Procedure C Maximum Percent Mass Gain
11.1.2 The properties and data reporting format desired. Immerse the specimens in a container as in Procedure A for 48
+ 1, 0 h.
NOTE 2Determine specific material property, accuracy, and data
reporting requirements prior to test for proper selection of apparatus. 11.3.3.1 Remove the specimens from conditioning, shake
vigorously and wipe off all surface water with a dry cloth until
11.1.3 The pre-test conditioning method and parameters.
no visible water is present. For materials that tend to collect
11.1.4 The balance or weighing scale measurement accu-
water on the surfaces or trap water in corners, dip the specimen
racy.
in isopropyl alcohol, shake vigorously, allow the alcohol to
11.1.5 The conditioning procedure (A, B or C) to be used.
evaporate, and immediately weigh and record the mass.
11.2 General Instructions: 11.3.3.2 Re-measure the specimen length, width and thick-
11.2.1 Report any deviations from this test method, whether ness as in 11.2.2.
intentional or inadvertent. 11.3.3.3 Weigh and record the mass of each specimen in
11.2.2 Following final specimen machining, but before grams to a precision of 60.001 g.
conditioning and testing, measure the specimen length, width
11.3.3.4 Place the specimens back into the water and repeat
and thickness. The accuracy of these measurements shall be
this process until the mass gain after the last 48-h interval is
within 0.5 % of the dimension. Measure the specimen length,
less than 2 % of the entire mass gain of all the previous
width and thickness with an accuracy of 60.025 mm [60.001
intervals.
in.]. Record the dimensions to three significant figures in units
of millimetres [inches]. 11.4 Surface Water CorrectionA typical indication that
11.3 Condition the specimens using one of the following surface water is present on the specimen is a significantly or
conditioning environments, as specified by the test requestor: randomly, or both, varying moisture content versus time. When
surface water on the specimens presents such problems,
11.3.1 Procedure A Twenty-Four-Hour Immersion
determine the amount of surface water left on the specimens
Immerse the specimens in a container horizontally under 25
using the following procedure:
mm [1.0 in.] minimum head of water for 24 + 1, 0 h,
maintained at a temperature of 23 6 3C [73 6 5F]. Core 11.4.1 Prepare five control samples identical to the test
materials that float should be held under water by a loose net specimens.
or other means which will not greatly affect the exposed 11.4.2 Perform the same pre-test conditioning per 10.1 as
surface area of the specimen. used for the test specimens.
11.3.1.1 Remove the specimens from conditioning, shake 11.4.3 Weigh and record the mass of each of the control
vigorously and wipe off all surface water with a dry cloth until samples in grams to a precision of 60.001 g.
no visible water is present. For materials that tend to collect 11.4.4 Dip each control sample quickly in water, shake
water on the surfaces or trap water in corners, dip the specimen vigorously and wipe off all surface water with a dry cloth until
in isopropyl alcohol, shake vigorously, allow the alcohol to no visible water is present. For materials that tend to collect
evaporate, and immediately weigh and record the mass. water on the surfaces or trap water in corners, dip the specimen
11.3.1.2 Re-measure the specimen length, width and thick- in isopropyl alcohol, shake vigorously, allow the alcohol to
ness as in 11.2.2. evaporate, and immediately weigh and record the mass.
11.3.1.3 Weigh and record the mass of each specimen in 11.4.5 Subtract the post-dip mass from the initial mass to
grams to a precision of 60.001 g. obtain the surface water mass gain for each specimen.
11.3.2 Procedure B Elevated Temperature HumidityThe 11.4.6 Repeat steps 11.4.2-11.4.5 two more times for each
standard conditioning environment shall be 70 6 3C [160 6 of the five control samples.
5F] and 85 6 5 % relative humidity for 30 days. Other 11.4.7 Calculate the average surface water mass gain from
temperatures, relative humidities, and lengths of time can be the results of the 15 control sample tests.
used if specified by the test requestor but must be reported. The
11.4.8 Subtract the average surface water mass gain from
specimens shall be placed in the conditioning chamber with the
each individual Procedure A - C test specimen result to
75 by 75 mm [3.0 by 3.0 in.] planes in the vertical position and
estimate the actual wet specimen mass gain.
the ends sitting on an open base (such as a screen or perforated
material). After conditioning, allow the specimens to cool to
12. Validation
room temperature.
11.3.2.1 Remove the specimens from conditioning, shake 12.1 Property values shall not be calculated for any speci-
vigorously and wipe off all surface water with a dry cloth until men that contains some obvious flaw described in 6.1, unless
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C272/C272M 12
such flaw constitutes a variable being studied. Retests shall be maximum extent applicable (reporting of items beyond the
performed for any specimen on which values are not calcu- control of a given testing laboratory, such as might occur with
lated. material details or panel fabrication parameters, shall be the
responsibility of the requestor).
13. Calculation
14.1.1 The revision level or date of issue of this test method.
13.1 Calculate the percentage increase in mass as follows: 14.1.2 The name(s) of the test operator(s).
W2D 14.1.3 Any variations to this test method, anomalies noticed
Increase in mass, % 5 3 100 (1) during testing, or equipment problems occurring during testing.
D
14.1.4 Identification of all the materials constituent to the
where: sandwich core specimen tested, including for each: material
W = specimen mass after immersion and blotting, g specification, material type, manufacturers material
D = pre-immersion mass of the specimen, g designation, manufacturers batch or lot number, source (if not
13.2 For continuous type cores (not honeycomb cell core from manufacturer), date of certification, and expiration of
materials), calculate the water absorption per unit volume as certification.
follows: 14.1.5 Description of the fabrication steps used to prepare
W2D
the sandwich core including: fabrication start date, fabrication
water absorption per unit volume 5
V
g/cm3 (2) end date, process specification, and a description of the
equipment used.
where: 14.1.6 Method of preparing the test specimen, including
h = specimen height, cm [in.] specimen labeling scheme and method, specimen geometry,
l = specimen length, cm [in.] sampling method, and specimen cutting method.
w = specimen width, cm [in.] 14.1.7 Results of any nondestructive evaluation tests.
V = specimen volume = l w h, cm3 [in.3] 14.1.8 Calibration dates and methods for all measurements
D = pre-immersion mass of the specimen, g and test equipment.
W = specimen mass after immersion and blotting, g 14.1.9 Type of balance or weighing scale and measurement
13.3 StatisticsFor each series of tests calculate the aver- accuracy.
age value, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation (in 14.1.10 Measured length, width and thickness for each
percent) for percent increase in mass: specimen (prior to and after conditioning, if appropriate).
14.1.11 Mass of specimen prior to and after conditioning.
x 5 S( Dn
i51
X i /n (3) 14.1.12 Conditioning parameters.
14.1.13 Number of specimens tested.
S n21 5 S ( n
i51
D
x i2 2 n x 2 / ~ n 2 1 ! (4)
14.1.14 Individual specimen water absorption percentage
by mass or volume (note if corrected for surface water), or
CV 5 100 3 S n21 /x (5)
both, and average value, standard deviation, and coefficient of
variation (in percent) for the population.
where:
x
= sample mean (average) 15. Precision and Bias
Sn1 = sample standard deviation 15.1 PrecisionThe data required for the development of a
CV = sample coefficient of variation, % precision statement is not available for this test method.
n = number of specimens
x1 = measured or derived property 15.2 BiasBias cannot be determined for this test method
as no accepted reference standard exists.
14. Report
14.1 Report the following information, or references point- 16. Keywords
ing to other documentation containing this information, to the 16.1 moisture content; water absorption; water saturation
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