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Differential Equations Zill - Solution
Differential Equations Zill - Solution
Differential Equations Zill - Solution
-
By inspection a singular solution is y = 1
By inspection a singular solution is y = 0.
The singular solution y = 1 satisfies the initial-value problem.
‘ ; , ay 1 gte-l *
ti bk btait = de. Then ——— = and y — ——____.. Setti
Separating variables we obtain uP ir, en, ya z+e y pie ‘ing
. . = 101
x= and y = 1.01 we obtain ¢ = —100. The solution is y = = 00
. . , dy -1
ede. 1 1o(y—1) =
Seporoting variables we obtain 7 app ggg = d% Then 10tan'10(y — 1) = x +6 ond
1 ate . ae t xz
yait pp tans. Setting x = 0 and y = 1 we obtain c = 0. The solution is y = 1+ 7p tan ag -
dy Wy -11
fi 4 in ———_ = da, Inj = . =
Separating variables we obtain Gaiy oot dz, Then 5in Toy 9 ate. Setting s=0
14Exercises 2.3
and y = 1 we obtain c= 5In1 = 0. The solution is omnf ea =
1
or nem = dz. Thus
tan tu =24coru=tan(t+c), and s+y41=tan(z +c) or y = tan(e+e) ~ 2-1.
BY. Let w= rt+y tl so that dufdx = 1+dy/x. Then a
2
du
58. Let u= 2+ y so that du/ds = 1+ dy/de. Then 7 — or udu = dr. Tims 5 =2+e
or? = 22 +e, and (ce +y)* = 224+.
d
59. Let u = x+y so that du/de = 14 dy/dr Then = — 1 = tan?u or cos@udu = dz. ‘Thus
ix
i 1
gut gsingu =a + ¢ or Qu + sin2u— 4a + cr, and Ae ty) +sn2(z+y) = 40 4c or
Qy + sin 2(z + y) = 2e +4
60. Let 4-y 60 that du/dx = 14 dy/de. Then @ — 1 = sinw or —4
. Leb u=z+y 80 = . Then 1 =
y uw & lysine
du = de or (seo?u—tanusecu) du = dz. Thus
dt = dz. Multiplying
sinu
by (1 —sinu)/( —sinu) we here ~—S™
tanu secu = x4 or tan(x +y)—sec(x ty) = rte.
di L
GL. Let u = y— 20 +380 that dufds = dy/de — 2. Then yt 2— 24 Valor du = de. Thus
Qu ateand 29> wF3—7H+e.
a
62. Let u = y—ac+5 0 that dufds = dy/de — 1. Then +1 = 146% or e-Ydu = de. Thus
=etcand eH arte,
Exercises 2.3,
1. Since f(ts, ty) = (t2)° + 2(tz)(ty)?
A
- fo 1 f(x,y), the function is homogeneous of degree 3.
ie
2. Since f(tz, ty) = Vie 1 ty (4tz + 3ty) = #°/? F(x, y), the function is homogeneous of degree 3/2.
_ G2) (ty) = (ea)? (ty)?
3. Since f(tz, ty) = = t?f(2,y), the function is homegeneous of degree 2.
(ta + 8ty)?
4. Since f(tz,ty) = + —____ = 1 /(2,y), the function is homogeneous of degree —1.
(ey)? + yitz}4 + (yt t
5. Since f(4x,1y) = cos £2 4 1" cos © for eny 1, the function is not homogeneous
ye ty) = vty ty ly 7, LOB z
zr
zt+y
6. Since f(tz,ty) = sin = f(z,y), the function is homogeneous of degree 0.Exercises 2.3
7. Since f(tz, ty) nd? + In? — 2(int + Iny) = f(x,y), the function is homogeneous of degree 0.
3inte
3inty
8. Since f(tz, ty) = # ane 7 any n, the function is net homogeneous.
1
9. Since f(tz, ty) = (ee Fr
1
i) “2p f(x,y), the function is homogeneous of degree —2.
10. Since f(tz,ty) = (ta + ty + 1)? 4 "(a +9 + 1)? for any 2, the function is not homogeneous.
11. Letting y = uz we have
{z—uz) de +2z(udz+adu) =
de +2du=0
Ft duno
£
In[z| +u=e
zln|z|+y = ca.
12. Letting y= uz we have
(a+ ue) de + xludr + rdu) =
(+ 2ujde+2du=0
Sy du
1+ 2u
=0
Info} +5 mt +2u| =e
2 (422) ec
a)
a? 4 dey = cy.
18. Letting x = vy we have
vy(udy + y dv) + (y — 2vy) dy = 0
vydu + (v® — 2v +1) dy =0
vdv dy
e-ty
inv 1|-—4 empl =e
1614. Letting x = vy we have
15. Letting y = ux we have
16. Letting y = ux we have
+iny=e
tly
(2—y)ln|z - 9] - y= oe — y).
uludy + ydv) — vy +y) dy =0
ydu—(v+2)dy=0
dy dy
e+2 oy
Inv +2| —Infyl =
0
z
In|= +2) —In|yl—e
y | lul
a+ 2y=ay.
(v2? + un?) de — 2? (ude + ou)
wd —2du=0
dc du
zw?
Injzl += =
Injl+ 2 =
¥
yln [al +2 = cy.
(Wx? + uz”) do + 2"(ude + zdu) =0
(u? + 2u) dz + cdu=0
az du
atwusy?
1 1
Info| + 5In[uf — 5 Inu +2] =e
Exercises 2.3Exercises 2.3
3
woe (£+2)
eG
sty = e(y + 22).
17. Letting y = uz we have
(uz — x) da - {ux + 2)(ude + edu) =0
{u? +1) de + olu+ Ydu=0
dx uti
5 wei
1 2 =1
to jal + 5 In (¥ +1) +tan"lu=e
e y
Ing? (+1) +2u0t£aa
z z
mn(e? +9?) +2tent 2 =o.
18. Letting y = uz we have
(2+ 3uc) de — (30 + uz)(ude + xdu) = 0
(u? = 1) dr +a(u+3)du=0
de ut3
Tuner?
Inf2|-+2ln|u— 1) Inju+t}=e
atu 1)?
util
“E-yea(te)
(y—2P = ey +2).
=e
18Exercises 2.3
19. Letting y = ur we have
—uedr+ (r+ fur)udr+rdu)=0
(e+ afu)du+ 0 de =0
(w9?+2) dus =o
w ©
—2u-¥/? + In ul + in|z] =e
ely te
y(In [y| — ¢)? = de.
lnly/z| + In ja]
20. Letting y = ur we have
(us +e wi?) dz — a(ude + du)
a¥l+wde—2?du=0
0
de dug
z View
In|z| — In let isnt | =e
utyVltv=azr
gt yy+e2 sor?
21. Letting 2 = vy we have
ay (udy +y dv) ~ avy" + y") dy = 0
Py de — (ot +1) dy =0
2? dy
wey
0
Fimo? 4a) -mniel =e
(+ ye =eExercises 2.3
22. Letting y — ux we have
(24 + ute?) de — 20%ur(u de +x du) = 0
(w?-17' de — 20udu=0
dz udu _4
2 way
(¢ - 2) inf] +27 = (y? ~ 27)
3. Letting y = uz we have
(2? 42") de — ux"(ude + rdu) =0
dz~ urdu =0
dz
= -udu=0
z
1
Inlel— jvm
2in|z| — (y/t}®=c.
4, Letting y = ux we have
(u3o4 + 23 + wad) de — ue (ude + edu) = 0
(14u*) dz—wrdu=0
a
zc w+]
du=d
Injz|-u+tan"tuse
=e
Infz| - z + tant
20Exercises 2.3
25. Letting x = vy we have
ulvdy + ydv) — (vy +4ye™*) dy = 0
ydv — 4e-*" dy = 0
Ady
dy - 2 =0
yu
1
ge" ~ Aina =e
el — Biniyl = a.
26. Letting y = uz we have
(2%e + u22) dz — ua*{(ude +2 du) =0
eo “dz—urdu=0
a
3 ~ ue" du =0
2
In|r|— ue" +e" =e
glalel — (y—a)eM/? = cx.
27. Letting y = uz we have
(ux + zcotu) de —2(udc+azdu) =0
cotuds —rdu=0
® _ sonudu <0
2
In|z| + Infcosa] =
zoos” =e,
z
28, Letting y — uz we have
uclnude — 2(ude-+2du)
twlnu—u)dr—azdu=0
dz du
= ulu-uExercises 2.3
In{z{ -la|Inv—1J=
z
inw-1 7
rae (nt—1)
=
Iny=ee+Ing+1
ys cel tae,
29. Letting y = uz we have
(2? + ua? — wx?) det ux"(ude+2du) =0
(44) de +rudu=0
dx | udu
=-0
ce «@tl
In[z] +u—Infut1|=e
utl
= eye"
Y oi = ere
z
yn ert? — x,
30. Letting y = us we have
(2? + un? + 3u?2") de — (2? + 2s?) (ude + du) = 0
(1+u?) dz —2(1 + 2u)du = 0
dz lt+u
ele en
in |x| — tan“! u — In (1+?) = 6
£ “1
7 eae
i+u
pa v +2) cyeten we,
22Exercises 2,3
31. Letting y = ux we have
(0? — ute?) de + wa%(ude + edu) =0
dz +wiodu =0
fa
SF ewdusd
z
1
ln |x| + =
na fe| + 50
327 In|z|+ 4° = 1
Using y(1) = 2 we find c; = 8. The solution of the initial-value problem is 327 in |2| + y3 = 823.
32, Letting y = ux we have
(2? + 2u22?) dz — ur"(ude + zdu) = 0
(+0?) dz—urdu=0
ta|z|—in(1 +n?) =e
2
=c
it
ate, (y? +27).
Using y(—1) = 1 we find ¢, = 1/2. The solution of the initial-value problem is 2x4 = y? + 2?.
33. Letting y = ut we have
(3uz? + wx?) dx — 20°(wdx + du) = 0
(u? +) de - 22 du =Exercises 2.3
Using y(1) = —2 we find c; = 1/4, ‘The solution of the initial-value problem is 4z(y + x)?
34, Letting z = vy we have
oy ludy + y dv) — (o2y? + ony vty? +8) dy 0
yde — fet +1dy=0
inf Ya? +2 |—Inlyl =
2 aay
2 tag
vo \
rtytty say? *
Using 4{0) = 1 we find c; = 1. The solution of the initial-value problem is z + yo +yay’.
35, Letting y = ur we have
(x + use") de — 2e*(udz + du) = 0
dx — xe“ du =0
ted 0
z
In|zj — et
€
tae
Using y(1) = 0 we find ¢= -1, The solution of the initial-value problem is In fz|
ele
36. Letting 2 = vy we have
yludy + ydv) + (ycosy — vy) dy =0
ydu + cosvdy = 0
secudy + @ =0
y
In|seov + tanv| + In |y| =e
(~F+s°5)
¥ [sec= + tan= } =o.
y uv
24Exercises 2.3
Using 4(0) = 2 we find ¢ = 2. The solution of the initial-value problem is y (se ; +tan
37, Letting y = ux we have
(u?x? + 3x”) de — (407 + ue?) (ude + der) = 0
—udz —x(4+ 4) du~0
dz Stu
+
z
du=0
nl +4injul+usc
“
cut = ce
4
yf = orden?
Using y(1) = 1 we find c) =e. The solution of the initial-value problem is y4 = 23e!~¥/*
38, Letting y = ux we have
(ux8 + 2uz’) dz — 2x (ude + edu) =0
wdr ~ edu =
de 2du _
ze wo
Using y(1) = V2 we find ¢, = e!/?, The sclution of the initial-value problem is 2 — e-@/#741/2,
39. Letting y = uz we have
(c~ uc -w?2) de + (2+ Vir} (ude + ede)
G
dc+a(1+ Vu) du=0
#4 (+ Va) au=o
2
2
Ing tat oh =c
82°/8In x + 8xh/2y + Dy? = e292,Exercises 2.3
Using y(1) = 1 we find c= 5. The solution of the initial-value problem is
309? ina + 3ally + 2y9* = 52,
(Note: Since the solution involves Y= , x 2 0 and we do not need an absolute value s
40. Letting x = vy we have
y(vdy + ydv) + oy(Invy ~ ny — 1) dy = 0
ydvtulnvdy =0
de dy _
vine!) y
In [la [vf + tn y| =
yin
zr
Using y(1) =e we find cy =—e, The solution of the initial-value problem is yin
41. Letting z = vy we have
alwdy + ydv) + (vy? + vy? +9") dy
ydv + (v +1)? dy =0
dv ay
wripty =
1
at niga
etl niul=e
¥
4s in|yj=e.
gig tPll=e
Using y(0) = 1 we find c= —1. The solution of the initial-value problem is
(c+y)lofuf=y-@+y) or (2+y)Inlyl=
26Exercises 2.3
12, Letting y = uz we have
(vez viz)’ de ~ x(udz +2du) = 0
(142Vu) de ~2du=0
a _
z l+2vu
du z
wi- {Sa fu = t, du = 2t dt]
-(a dem tm Fiat +2146
= fF Iinf2y2] +e
z (t+2/2) = cee oe
8 (Ye+2f) ~ eV,
Using y(1) = 0 we find ¢ = 1. The solution of the initial-value problem is
22 (fe+ ayy) - aver,
3. Letting « = vy we have
(out Ya? ov?) ay - yludty + yar) = 0
Vinwdy ~ ydv =0
Info| +2VT=0
In|y|+2Vi—z/y =.
Using y(1/2) = 1 we find c= V2 . The solution of the initial-value problem is
Infy| + 2y1 —2/y = V2. .Exercises 2.3
44, Letting y = uz we have
aude + xdu) — (un+ 2coshujdz =0
zdu—coshudz ~0
sechudu—“ =0
z
van‘ (sinh u) In |z| =e
tan“! (sinn a) —In|el =e.
z
Using y(1) = 0 we find c= 0. The solution of the initial-value problem is tan“? (sinh % ) = Ia.
45. From z = vy we obtain de = udy + ydv and the differential equation becomes
Moy, y}(v dy + yde) + N(vy,y) dy = 0.
Using M(vy,y) = y*M(w, 1) and N(vy,y) = yN(v, 1) and simplifying we have
7 M(v, l(vdy + ydv} + oy N(w, 1) dy =0
foM(v, 1) + N(v, 1)] dy + yMf(v, dv = 0
dy M(o,1) do
yt oMw)+Ned) ”
46. From x = rcos@ and y = rsin@ we obtain dx = cos@dr ~ rsin@d0 and dy = sin @dr + 7 cos 008.
Using
M(x,y) = M(rcos0,7sin8) = r"M(cos@, sind)
N(z,y) — N(r-cos4, 7 sin 6) = r".N(cos 8, sin 8)
the differential equation becomes
7M (cos 8, sin 8){oos Odr — r sin Bd8) +r” N(cos 8, sin 8)(sin dr + 7 cos 648) = 0.
Simplifying we have
[M(cos8, sin ®) cos @ + N(cos 6, sin 9) sin] dr ~ [rM (cos 6, sin 8) sin 8 — r:V(cos 6, sin 8) cos6}-d8 = 0
dr M{(cos®,sin@)sin0 — rN (0038, sin 8} cosd
Tr M(cos0, sin) cos0+ (eos 0,8ind)sind © ~°
28Exercises 2.4
47, Using M(z,y) =y"M (2x) and N(a,y) =y"M G . 1) we obtain
48.
1. Let M =2z-land N= Sy s0 that M,=
x 2
wim (Et) ae mv (Zaye =0
v y y yo
‘2 ‘ac .\ dy
M(—1)+N[~ 1] 5 =0
G )e G jz
«goa “(5):
If we let u = yf, then by homogeneity f(x,y) = 21°F (, x) ”f(1,u). Using the chain rule for
partial derivatives, we obtain
M169) yy MOI OH gp yyy) = 27 EL (
~S) ean
oe Gu
myer? 24) fu) + ne" f(1,u)
end
OfGy) _ nOf(Lu) Ou _ nOF(L¥) Q)
oy au By ou Ma)
Then
28h gy = yg AR + nape) yar 2D
=ne"f(1ju) = nef (a, 4) =nf(x,y).
Exercises 2.4
= Na, From f, = 22-1 we obtain f = 27-2 +h(y),
hi(y) = 3y + 7, and Aly) = 3 + 7y. The solution is x natay +Ty=
2. Let M=2x+y and N=