!

&
(...)
x At
maxt max A
... a amaxt max 2
( )

x2

x A (t )

... max (t ) max A

( )
a amax (t )
max 2

x 2

F Dx
...
D m x =
2
( )
F = Fa = F

m D
... T 2
,D m
...
1 2
U Dx
2
1
K m 2
2
1 1 2
E DA2 U max mmax Kmax
2 2
 !

1
U DA 2 2t U E 2t
2

1
( 0 ) K DA 2 2t K E 2t
2

1
K E Dx2
2

1
U E m 2


2

+ U = E = DA2 =

1 + U1 = K2 +U2 =

2 x 2

a m2 2

dK dWF F dx F
dt dt dt

dU dK
dt dt

, ddt ,
dx dp F


dt dt



 !

% 100%


Hook F =k
=
=
U = 1 k 2
2

W U U
F


W U U
W


U mgh

W U
U
Fa F

,
W F ,

W K K
F
(m=0)
.

,
,
, ,
(
) ,
(..
,
).
 !

q Qt
i It t = 0 q = +Q
i = 0
I Q
2 LC

1
f =
2 LC
= 2 = 1
LC

1 q2 1 Q 2

2t = E t
2
UE
2C 2C

U B Li2 LI 2 2t = E t
1 1 2
2 2
1 Q2 1 2
E LI
2 C 2

E =U = U = 1 Q 2 = 1 LI 2
Emax Bmax 2 C 2
U +U = E 1 q 2 + 1 Li 2 E
E B 2 C 2

i, q i = Q2 - q2 ( )
( )
C= q C= Q
Vc VCmax
V = q V = Qt V = V t
C C C C C Cmax
.. E - L i VL
t
L,C : VL = VC
 !

x q
i
m L
D 1/C
Q
i/t
U UE
UB
Q q=0 -Q
+ - - +
+ - t=0 T/4 - + T/2
+ - - +

i
i=0 i=-I i=0

q=0 +Q
3T/4 + -
T
+ -
+ -

i=+I i=0

t=0, q 0 i 0 0:

q = Q(t+0)

i = I(t+0)

dq
) : i
dt
) :
q q dVc 1 dq dVc i
C= Vc
Vc C dt C dt dt C
) :
dUE dUB dUE
Vc i Vc i VL i
dt dt dt
) :
di q di q
VL = VC L = -2q
dt C dt LC
 !

(). f
fo . f=f

A

f =f
0

=
fo f

F ' b



F ma F F ma b Dxma

A=A0e-t
t nT
:
Ao A1 A2 A A
....... n 1 n .... .
A1 A2 A3 An An 1

DA2 D A0et DA02 et E E e2t

1 1 2 1 2
E
2 2 2 0

A0 t 1 1 t 1 t 1
A A0et A0e 2 e 2 e 2 2 t 1 ln 2
2 2 2

t 1 n 2
2

A Q
 !

: x = x1+x2
... x1 A1t & x2 A2 (t )
,
A A1 A2 2 A1 A2
2 2

A 2
.
1 2
: x = A (t+)
...
x1 A1t & x2 A2 t
,
1 2 2
x 2A( t)( 1 t)
2 2
1 2 x A' t
f f1 f 2

()
1 2 1 2 2 f1 2 f 2 f1 f 2
2 f f
2 2 2
:
1 2
T T
f f1 f 2
 !

x

t f


y At
( 0)

t x
y A 2
T

t x
y A 2
T

t x
= 2 -
T
2 2
= - y

t x
= -2 2 - = -2 y
T

t x
= 2 -
T
t x
y = A 2 - +
T
( y A (t 0 ) )


t
t
x, = t = 2
T
t:
x
= 2

x
( t=t1) y= A2 -

y

t1 0 x1 = t1 x

( x1 = 12/4 = 3)
 !

: y = y1+y2
r1
0 t < t 1 = y = 0
1 2
r t r
r1 r2 t1 t < t 2 = 2 y = A2 - 1
T

r -r t r + r2
t t 2 y = 2A2 1 2 2 - 1
2 T 2
.


r -r r +r
y = 2A2 1 2 2 t - 1 2


, 2 T 2

r +r
y = 2 t - 1 2


T 2
... r -r
A' = 2A2 1 2 | A ' |
: 2
t r + r2
= 2 - 1 .
T 2

r1
0 t < t1 = =0 =0

r t r
t1 t < t 2 = 2 = 2 - 1
T
t r +r
t t2 = '2 - 1 2
T 2
t r +r
= -2 y = -2 ' 2 - 1 2
T 2

r1 r2 N N 0,1,2,....

r1 r2 (2 N 1) N 0,1,2,....
2
 !

-2 -1 0 1 2



1 2
r1 r2


-3 -2 -1 0 1 2
:

, - - - - -

12 ,
.

: y = y1+y2

x t
y 2 A 2 2
T
2t 2t
= ' = - 2 '
T T
2
A' = 2


xK
2 = 0,1,2,..

x (2 K 1) = 0,1,2,..
4


: = 0

: = rad
 !

& E
c
Emax
c
B Bmax
( )

t x
E Emax 2
T
t x
B Bmax 2
T
c .
E

c
.
B .

c = 0f = f

o
=
n
1 n2
=
1 2 2 n1
r

c
n
:
n n > 1 < c
, n = 1
()
n n ()

Snell naa n Snell

b b
n n
K crit = b = (na > nb )
n n
: > crit

(na > nb ).
 !

:
ds
1. : : = (1).
dt
2. :
d
: = (2).
dt
3. :
2
: = = 2r (3).
r

:
d
1. : : = (4).
dt
2. :
d
: = (5).
dt

2 d

R
2
1 d
t+dt
t
ds

d

dt
ds

dt
ds d ( R) R d R
dt dt dt
d

dt
 !

2 2
2
2 R
R
d

dt
a d d ( R) d R a R
dt dt dt
0 , ,

t
, t ,

1
t a t 2
2
cm R ,

acm a a R
Fl
Fd



Fx = 0

F = 0 :

Fy = 0




= 0
I m1r12 m2 r22 ....
Steiner I p I cm Md 2

Ia

L pr L mr

L I

L L1 L2 L3 ...
 !

dL

( ) dt

dL
=
dt

= 0 L =


L L I11 I 22
1
K I 2
2
1 1
K Mcm
2
I 2
2 2

dW d

W
P
1 2 1 2
.... W I I
2 2
 !

xcm S

dxcm ds d
cm
dt dt dt
dcm d d
acm a a
dt dt dt

cm = 0, cm = , = 0 , = = 0 , =
= 2/r = 2r
x cm = cm t s t = t

cm = = =
cm 0 cmt 0 t = 0 t
xcm = 0t 21 acmt 2 s = 0t 21 a t 2 = 0t 21 at 2
cm = S = R
cm = = R
cm = = R

F
m
F = 0 = 0 = = 0 = 0 =
()
F = mcm = ( )
P = m L = I
dp dL
F
dt dt

F = 0 p = = 0 L =
F = WF = Fx = WF =
dWF dW
= PF =F F = P =
dt dt F

K = 21 mcm
2 K = 21 2
1 m2 - 1 m2 = W 1 2 1 2
2
2 F 2 - 2 = W

1 m2 + 1 I2 ) - ( 1 m2 1 I2 ) = W + W
(2 2 2 2 F
 !

F 0 dp 0 p
dt
m m 2m2
1' 1 2 1
m1 m2 m1 m2 2

2m1 m m
2' 1 2 1 2
m1 m2 m1 m2
m1 m2
2 = 0 1'
m1 m2 1
2m1
2'
m1m2 1
= Q = () ()

%
%= 100%
()

 !

Doppler
,, = +


f f
A S
,, = -


f f
A S
= - ST

f f

A S S

= + ST

f f

A S S

A
f
f
A A S S
S
S