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The increasing demand for agile, customer-obsessed technology drives interest in open source among
large organizations and their technology partners. Its no longer acceptable to take the traditional,
cautious approach to technology adoption. Fast adoption often means high levels of vendor lock-in
and future limitations on change. As open source options evolve, enterprises see them as a more open
and flexible path forward. Many open source software projects have reached a scale and maturity that
make them worthy of evaluation alongside more traditional proprietary solutions. These are four clear
signs that youre already using open source and should take it seriously:
Technology giants collaborate on open source projects. The days in which open source
software projects start, grow, and reach widespread adoption driven by individual developers are
long-gone. Now, paid employees from tech giants make most of the code contributions, within the
rules and procedures laid down by the foundations the Apache Software Foundation, the Linux
Foundation, the OpenStack Foundation, and others that govern these projects. OpenStacks
latest release, Liberty, ranks its top individual contributors as employees of SUSE, Red Hat, HPE,
IBM, and Huawei.4 IBM recently announced a major initiative that included committing more than
3,500 researchers and developers to Apache Spark-related projects.5
Tech innovators stand on the shoulders of open source giants. Open source is the engine
behind new tech innovation. Rather than reinventing the wheel, developers leverage open source
tools like Chef, Nagios, or Puppet. Instead of unnecessarily recreating basic functionality, project
teams quickly get to devote time, money, and attention to differentiating on top of a robust open
source base. In a number of areas, new companies emerge to offer commercial solutions and
services layered upon freely available open source code. Cloudera and Hortonworks, for example,
pursue rather different business models on top of the same open source Apache Hadoop project.
Regardless, open source is heavily intertwined in todays top tech innovation.
Even risk-averse governments push open source-friendly policies. Keen to reduce their
dependence on expensive vendors and encourage faster and more open development of new
services, governments around the world have been surprisingly quick to craft policies that favor
open source solutions. The General Services Administration (GSA) of the US federal government,
for example, will give priority to using open source software as we design now [sic] solutions.6 In
March 2016, the White House announced further plans to promote innovation and collaboration
across Federal agencies on the back of an open source strategy.7 Other governments also seek
to promote open source, or at least to level the playing field between open source and proprietary
offerings.8
And Fortune 50s arent shying away from open source either. Enterprise developers report
extensive use of open source tooling in multiple tech arenas (see Figure 1). But organization-wide
open source adoption is also increasingly common. Youd be hard pressed to find any company
in the Fortune 50 that isnt making extensive use of Linux. Twelve Fortune 50s currently use
OpenStack with another five actively considering it for their private cloud.9 Eight Fortune 50s use a
distribution of Cloud Foundry.10 Open source big data and analytics company Hortonworks counts
over half of the Fortune 100 among its customers.11 Chef and Puppet are table stakes for todays
enterprise automation scripts. Whether you recognize it or not, open source is common today both
for use by individual developers and within a broader organizational strategy (see Figure 2).
2016 Forrester Research, Inc. Unauthorized copying or distributing is a violation of copyright law. 2
Citations@forrester.com or +1 866-367-7378
FOR CIOS April 25, 2016 | Updated: April 29, 2016
Open Source Powers Enterprise Digital Transformation
CIOs Need To Embrace Open Source Software To Drive Change
while
Other,
13%
CloudStack-based
Other,
24%
OpenStack-based
13%
of enterprises state their
Pivotal
Cloud Foundry
32%
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FOR CIOS April 25, 2016 | Updated: April 29, 2016
Open Source Powers Enterprise Digital Transformation
CIOs Need To Embrace Open Source Software To Drive Change
Which of the following classes of open source software tools/frameworks have you
used for development or deployment in the past 12 months?*
Which of the following classes of open source software tools/frameworks is your
primary development or deployment in the past 12 months?
36%
Web servers
10%
20%
Build and release mgmt tools
4%
Developers are using
Content mgmt systems
18% open source for a wide
5%
array of tasks and projects,
18% and their primary
SCM Tools
4% tools are varied
16%
Business intelligence tools
5%
15%
Management and monitoring
3%
15%
Release/deployment mgmt tools
3%
12%
Portals or mashup servers
2%
*Base: 1,943 global developers
Base: 1,594 global developers who use open source software
Source: Forresters Business Technographics Global Developer Survey, 2015
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FOR CIOS April 25, 2016 | Updated: April 29, 2016
Open Source Powers Enterprise Digital Transformation
CIOs Need To Embrace Open Source Software To Drive Change
Superficially, at least, the primary motivation for adopting open source is usually thought to be cost.
Open source solutions, after all, are free to download, install, modify, and use. But the truth is more
nuanced, as successful open source implementations may require expensive (and scarce) developer
talent, bespoke coding, or time-consuming engagements to persuade a diverse community of
interests to focus and move in useful directions.12 There is no guarantee that an application built on
open source foundations will cost less (or more) than its equivalent bought from a traditional vendor.
But organizations that adopt open source solutions see a range of benefits extending far beyond the
simplistic tallying of dollars and cents:
It kicks off a cultural transformation. Above all else, open source tools and approaches kick off
a new phase of tech adoption within the organization, with technology increasingly recognized as
an enabler of broader business transformation and not simply a necessary cost center. Adoption
of open source, and the embrace of more modular, nimble, and customer-obsessed development
methodologies forces the business to reconsider many of the legacy decisions that constrain both
the technology management function and the broader organization of which it is part. At General
Electric (GE), for example, the companys ambition to become a leader in the industrial internet
depends upon the success of recent efforts to restructure and refocus the technology management
organization.13
Its an unmatched peer-to-peer resource. Its entirely possible to download open source
development tools and some open source code, lock the virtual doors, and quietly deploy it inside
your own data center without ever telling anyone. But to do so misses out on the opportunity to
share ideas and best practices, to learn from the mistakes and successes of others, and to
advertise yourself as an attractive employer for those developing with the same tools and code
elsewhere. Netflix was an early customer of Amazon Web Services (AWS) and is widely regarded as
an exemplar of cloud-native application building. Key open source components of the companys
so-called Simian Army cement that reputation, demonstrating the prowess of Netflixs engineers
and acting as a powerful advert to prospective new hires.14
It draws top developers from top technology companies. Development of open source projects
doesnt come from college students in dorm rooms, but rather from entire groups inside large
tech entities like HPE, IBM, and Oracle that are completely dedicated to developing lines of code.
2016 Forrester Research, Inc. Unauthorized copying or distributing is a violation of copyright law. 5
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FOR CIOS April 25, 2016 | Updated: April 29, 2016
Open Source Powers Enterprise Digital Transformation
CIOs Need To Embrace Open Source Software To Drive Change
These teams not only help vendors mature the offering to support their distributions and build in
integrations to their existing products. They also compete against each other on metrics such as
code commits and bug fixes, all of which are tracked for all to see on sites like Stackalytics.16
It reduces lock-in. Selecting a proprietary tech solution in any category carries the risk of lock-in
to a single vendor, product road map, and price-list. Lock-in refers to the pain, cost, and upheaval
of vendor swapping and arguably places undue power in the hands of vendors. Open source
alters that power dynamic. Anyone can see the code, anyone can modify the code, and anyone
can add to the code. In some cases, distributions based off an open source project require a test
of compatibility allowing for easier movement between alternative vendor distributions.17 For a
few customers, direct open source adoption frees them entirely from vendor lock-in and cost as
they acquire and nurture internal expertise.18 But for most, open source is more about a reduction
of lock-in at key places in the application stack, rather than complete elimination of all vendor
dependencies. One early driver in BMWs move to OpenStack was to reduce their dependence
upon expensive VMware licenses, but the project was about far more than a short-term cost
saving.19
It avoids rework through upstream contributions. Enterprises still practice heavy software
customization of their packaged solutions, even knowing that upgrades will likely mean extensive
rewriting. In an increasingly agile world, this slows down your enterprises pace of innovation. Open
source projects give your enterprise the opportunity to upstream your customization, such that
these fixes appear in the next version to avoid time-consuming rewrites. Netflix takes this to the
next level by contributing entire projects like the companys Chaos Monkey. It created a standard in
the market and positioned Netflix as a top technology innovator among enterprise IT shops.
Despite a range of clear and increasingly compelling benefits, open source technologies still face
skepticism from business and technology leaders within the traditional enterprise. Nonbelievers still
view open source as exclusively for small and midsize businesses, mid-market players, and cloud-
native companies. Common critiques include knocks at a projects long term stability, foundation
business processes, bug transparency, and a lack of incentives to harden solutions rather than
constantly adding new cool features. This drastically underestimates the progress made by
projects and foundations over the past 10 years.
With Fortune 50s adopting open source very publicly for production workloads, it is clear that open
source is evolving. Although some contributors are still the wily developer types, the dominant
development force behind these projects are developers fully employed and paid for by the large
technology vendors with which enterprises already have long-standing relationships. These developers
push for organizational and software stability to win the enterprise audience. CIOs should be aware of
the following open source stability evolutions:
2016 Forrester Research, Inc. Unauthorized copying or distributing is a violation of copyright law. 6
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FOR CIOS April 25, 2016 | Updated: April 29, 2016
Open Source Powers Enterprise Digital Transformation
CIOs Need To Embrace Open Source Software To Drive Change
Passionate optimists are now guided by chaperones. In the past, open source leadership
has been portrayed as naive optimists driven by impractical idealism, swayed by petty internal
arguments, and lacking an achievable long-term vision. Those days are long gone. Behind the
scenes of major open source projects are the classic IT vendors that your company has worked
with for years Cisco, EMC, HPE, IBM, Microsoft, NetApp, Oracle, and the rest. These companies
steward the development of the organization and technology, having seen what works and what
can bring failure as bright ideas transition toward mainstream adoption. This guidance helps
foundations move more quickly from hype to a mature market footing.
Scary transparency is replacing hidden instability. Vendors and open source solutions alike
have powerful marketing machines that hope to mold your perception of their solutions. Beneath
the surface of most modern open source projects, however, is a level of transparency that you
dont see from individual vendors or the open source projects of the past. This community provides
specific real-life narratives, comprehensive lists of bugs, and explicit plans for future road maps.
Heated debate, conducted in public, can easily appear both divisive and disruptive, but the
eventual consensus usually serves to ensure that competing perspectives and valid alternative
solutions have been fully considered. One of the best examples of progress monitoring is
Stackalytics, which provides detailed contribution information for the OpenStack community and a
set of complementary projects. Your team can easily see whether the focus of development is on
endlessly chasing flashy new features or on hardening the core functionality that you need.
What It Means
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FOR CIOS April 25, 2016 | Updated: April 29, 2016
Open Source Powers Enterprise Digital Transformation
CIOs Need To Embrace Open Source Software To Drive Change
1. Open source will underpin the applications upon which your customers depend. Every
application will not be an open source application, and there is still plenty of life in proprietary
software and the purveyors of proprietary services. But the trends we see today will only
continue to accelerate, as the developers of applications tap existing knowledge, practices, and
software components to bootstrap the differentiating features and functions they wish to build.
More than ever, open source code and components will lie at the heart of the applications upon
which you and your customers depend. Failure to experiment with open source today, and failure
to learn how best to benefit from open source today, will put you and your organization at a
significant disadvantage in the coming years.
2. Open source communities will foster standards and peer-to-peer collaboration. Todays
SDOs need the people and willing adopters from open source projects to seal their proposals
into actual standards. This will continue with the power increasingly shifting toward the open
source communities. Similarly, open source groups have established peer-to-peer resources to
facilitate collaboration cross-industry through sites like GitHub and user committee meetups
led by the likes of the OpenStack and Cloud Foundry foundations. Providing this same sort of
platform specifically targeted at tech leaders has traditionally been reserved for vendor-organized
gatherings and SDO-led user groups. Looking forward, open source communities will extend
their peer-to-peer communities to target tech leaders. Communities like these will help generate
ideas from other industries, driving customer experience and organizational changes.
3. Technology is only part of the open source story. Again and again, we encounter evidence
that the code is only one small part of the value open source brings to its enterprise adopters.
CIOs continue to grapple with the challenge of transforming their technology management
organization to drive real growth across an increasingly customer-obsessed business. The
skills, ways of working, and ideas that open source deployments require of their developers
go a long way toward transforming that workforce to meet the new demands of the business.
Those demands show no sign of diminishing. As organizations continue their rush to embrace
the realities of the age of the customer, a technology management organization that has learned
the lessons open source can teach will be well placed to meet new business demands. More
importantly, it will also be well placed to start playing a far more proactive role in driving that age
of the customer agenda throughout the business.
2016 Forrester Research, Inc. Unauthorized copying or distributing is a violation of copyright law. 8
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FOR CIOS April 25, 2016 | Updated: April 29, 2016
Open Source Powers Enterprise Digital Transformation
CIOs Need To Embrace Open Source Software To Drive Change
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Supplemental Material
Survey Methodology
Forresters Global Business Technographics Software Survey, 2015, was fielded to 3,651 business
and technology decision-makers located in Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India,
New Zealand, the, UK and US from companies with two or more employees. This survey is part of
Forresters Business Technographics and was fielded from July 2015 to August 2015. ResearchNow
fielded this survey on behalf of Forrester. Survey respondent incentives include points redeemable for
gift certificates. We have provided exact sample sizes in this report on a question-by-question basis.
Forresters Business Technographics Global Developer Survey, 2015, was fielded to 1,943 developers
located in Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, New Zealand, the UK, and the US.
Forresters Global Business Technographics Infrastructure Survey, 2015, was fielded to 3,592 business
and technology decision-makers located in Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India,
New Zealand, the UK, and the US from companies with 2 or more employees. This survey is part of
Forresters Business Technographics and was fielded from May 2015 to June 2015. ResearchNow
fielded this survey on behalf of Forrester. Survey respondent incentives include points redeemable for
gift certificates. We have provided exact sample sizes in this report on a question-by-question basis.
2016 Forrester Research, Inc. Unauthorized copying or distributing is a violation of copyright law. 9
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FOR CIOS April 25, 2016 | Updated: April 29, 2016
Open Source Powers Enterprise Digital Transformation
CIOs Need To Embrace Open Source Software To Drive Change
Forresters Business Technographics provides demand-side insight into the priorities, investments, and
customer journeys of business and technology decision-makers and the workforce across the globe.
Forrester collects data insights from qualified respondents in 10 countries spanning the Americas,
Europe, and Asia. Business Technographics uses only superior data sources and advanced data-
cleaning techniques to ensure the highest data quality.
We have illustrated only a portion of the survey results in this document. To inquire about receiving
full data results for an additional fee, please contact data@forrester.com or your Forrester account
manager.
Endnotes
At Wal-Mart, for example, all of the hundreds of millions of web visitors to walmart.com properties during the
1
2014 holiday season were served from an OpenStack compute cloud. Source: Amandeep Juneja, Why we chose
OpenStack for Walmart Global eCommerce, WalmartLabs, February 18, 2015 (http://www.walmartlabs.com/2015/02/
why-we-chose-openstack-for-walmart-global-ecommerce/).
Enterprise software players from HPE and IBM to Microsoft and Oracle invest heavily in open source, often integrating
3
elements into their proprietary product lines. Microsoft, for example, had the not entirely justified reputation as anti-
open source. This months move to make the companys SQL Server database run on the open source Linux operating
system is just the latest in a long line of proof points to the contrary. Source: Barb Darrow, Microsoft Bringing SQL
Server to Linux, Fortune, March 7, 2016 (http://fortune.com/2016/03/07/microsoft-sql-server-for-linux/).
Every SDN player is involved in OpenStack. See the Quick Take: OpenStack Summit, Q4 2015 Forrester report.
Elsewhere, companies born in the world of open source also see strong enterprise adoption. Red Hat, which grew on
the back of the open source Linux project, remains the poster child here. Hortonworks aims to repeat that success
with an almost religious zeal for 100% open source solutions in the big data space.
The OpenStack communitys Stackalytics site gathers data from a number of public sources, making it easy to track
4
the various individual and corporate contributions to OpenStacks constituent projects. The data on contributions
by individual contributors, for example, shows that (ordered by contribution) employees of SUSE, Red Hat, HPE,
IBM, and Huawei topped the list of individual contributions to the current OpenStack code release. Considering
the teams of developers that companies pull together that ranking shifts, with HPE far ahead of the next company
(Red Hat) at the top of the list for lines of code contributed by companies. Source: Stackalytics (http://stackalytics.
com/?release=liberty).
Source: IBM Announces Major Commitment to Advance Apache Spark, Calling it Potentially the Most Significant
5
Open Source Project of the Next Decade, IBM press release, June 15, 2015 (https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/
pressrelease/47107.wss).
Source: Sonny Hashmi, Our Guiding Principles Open, Innovative and Intuitive solutions, GSA blog, August 1, 2014
6
(http://gsablogs.gsa.gov/innovation/2014/08/01/our-guiding-principles/).
Source: Tony Scott, Leveraging American Ingenuity through Reusable and Open Source Software, The White House,
7
2016 Forrester Research, Inc. Unauthorized copying or distributing is a violation of copyright law. 10
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FOR CIOS April 25, 2016 | Updated: April 29, 2016
Open Source Powers Enterprise Digital Transformation
CIOs Need To Embrace Open Source Software To Drive Change
The UK initially took a bullish approach to open source, which was toned down by the time draft recommendations
8
were implemented. Source: Bryan Glick, Government mandates preference for open source, ComputerWeekly.
com, March 15, 2013 (http://www.computerweekly.com/news/2240179643/Government-mandates-preference-for-
open-source) and Using open source software, Gov.uk (https://www.gov.uk/service-manual/making-software/open-
source.html).
The government of India and the European Commission are among the other public bodies with explicit open source
policy statements. Source: Policy on Adoption of Open Source Software for Government of India, Department
of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of India (http://deity.gov.in/sites/upload_files/dit/files/policy_
on_adoption_of_oss.pdf) and Open Source Strategy in the European Commission, European Commission (http://
ec.europa.eu/dgs/informatics/oss_tech/index_en.htm).
This figure is based upon Forresters combination of public market statements with various private briefings to our
9
analysts.
10
This figure is based upon Forresters combination of public market statements with various private briefings to our
analysts.
11
This figure is based upon statements made during Hortonworks earnings call for Q4 of 2015.
12
To read more about best practices for adopting open source, see the Best Practices: Adopt Open Source Software
To Improve Development Effectiveness Forrester report and see the Brief: The Worlds Largest Market Needs Open
Source Technology Forrester report.
13
GE has made bold bets to move out of on-premises data centers into the cloud and to shift from selling machines to
delivering a rich set of software and data services around those machines. A very different technology management
function the newly formed GE Digital lies at the heart of CEO Jeff Immelts vision for the future of this industrial
giant. See the Brief: GE Positions Itself As A Digital Industrial Leader Forrester report and see the Brief: The
Industrial Internet May Not Need Its Own Cloud Forrester report.
14
Applications hosted in the public cloud must embrace the notion of design for failure, recognizing that individual
elements of a complex multidata center cloud may fail from time to time. Applications should be architected in a way
that enables them to recover from these failures. Netflix has survived several high-profile outages affecting parts of
Amazons cloud, remaining online when other companies using the same AWS data centers suffered embarrassing
down-time. The company has released many of the tools that it uses, sharing them freely under open source licenses
and also explaining the rationale behind them in great detail. Source: Netflix Open Source Software Center, Netflix
(http://netflix.github.io).
15
Backed by leading technology infrastructure providers including Cisco, Dell, EMC, HP, IBM, Intel, and VMware,
OpenStack underpins significant workloads at an increasingly diverse set of organizations, including BMW, CERN,
Comcast, eBay, and Wal-Mart. To read more, see the Brief: OpenStack Is Now Ready For Business Forrester report.
16
Source: Stackalytics (http://stackalytics.com/).
17
The OpenStack Foundation, for one, has invested significant effort in ensuring that the distributions and code
implementations from different vendors can be certified as meeting certain interoperability requirements. Source:
OpenStack Interoperability, OpenStack (https://www.openstack.org/brand/interop/).
18
eBay, for example. Source: Archana Venkatraman, Case Study: How eBay uses its own OpenStack private cloud,
ComputerWeekly.com, June 18, 2014 (http://www.computerweekly.com/news/2240222899/Case-study-How-eBay-
uses-its-own-OpenStack-private-cloud).
19
To read more about BMW and their investment in OpenStack, see the Brief: OpenStack Is Now Ready For Business
Forrester report.
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