القوة الهادئة محمد بن عبد الله الفريح

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,zHcJa{ dH jdG dP ,```fe hCG fhdEG fcCG AGS ,SGh hCG
.TdG e N PEG hO ,LSGh jdG hCG ,dG hCG
AGgEG
eGd k K JM aO e EG
SCG g gCG
13 ......................................................WJ
15 ..............................................eco LdG
q
18 ................................................. L H
21 .......................................... NBG f e b
25 ........................................... jdG MT
27 .............................................dG Fb
28 .................................................dG IQhO
30 ................................................. L Y
32 ..............................................dG eJ
36 ...................................................39 aZ
39 .......................................... J CG b a
46 .........................................CdG Y a
48 ........................................... HGYCG Ma
50 ............................................dhDdG AY
53 ................................................. WH c
55 .............................................. hJ AGQBG
59 .........................................fP e bCG QY
7
FOdG IdG
60 ................................................... J
62 .......................................................dG
q
69 ...............................................GhdG fb
71 ........................................GRk J cCG CG jQCG
73 ..........................................dG e T
78 ...........................................IQOe T
83 ...............................................eL T
86 ...............................................HdG IS
88 ..............................................dG dG
90 .................................................jT cQ
93 ............................................... dG dG
99 ............................................ YCG OhH
100 .............................................dH GDS
102 .......................................... ?dG cQ e
104 .................................................b Gd
107 ................................. dCdG H dG
109 ..............................................e e
113 ................................................. Hk ODe c
115 ............................................... dG dG
116 ......................................................dG
117 ............................................VLEG jQCG
8
119 ............................................... OU AcP

122 ............................................. ?YOCG GPd
127 ........................................... IdGh ddG
130 ................................................... dG
131 .........................................?IFW J g
132 .........................................jdG dG
134 ............................................... IdG K
137 .....................................................gdG
139 .................................................Gv S hJ
141 .............................................IdG e
147 .......................................... ?jh
n o LDn fo
149 ..........................................fGa BG IT
153 ................................................QUdG
157 ............................................... a bO
164 ...............................................dG Q``H
166 .................................................cdG
169 ............................................ LdG ghCG
175 ......................................................Q`dG
176 .................................................. MJ
177 ..............................................YCG HG
179 ................................................ LQ dCH
9
FOdG IdG
183 ................................................. QdG

185 ............................................gdG AYdG
187 .................................................. XdG
189 ......................................... GL 900 dG
190 .............................................?H JCG
192 .............................................QLh e
193 ..................................................... a
197 ...........................................jfEG dG
199 ...............................................dG M
202 ................................................JG a
207 ............................................. JdG CdG
209 .............................................. d NBG
215 ............................................ dG MCG
216 ...............................................de Ib
219 ............................................. ?HG CG eCG
221 ........................................... OdGh dG
224 ........................................... k dZ oJ
228 ................................................M dSQ
229 ...............................................?bdG jCG
233 ................................................... dG
235 .............................................. T KK
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237 .............................................Yh hJ
241 ...........................................jdG dG
242 ............................................. IdG K
245 ........................................YGdGh QdG
250 ................................. dGh dG MU
257 .......................dG e NCG dG Hh H
264 ................................................... dG
266 ........................................... dGh dG
268 ..............................................?aCG e
270 ....................................... LhdG H dG
271 ................................................c g
273 ............................................. AHCG f
277 ......................................... HjEG jhGdG
280 ..........................................SEG LCG e
284 .....................................!!..effGL SQM
286 ............................................. cM SS
289 ........................................ dGYh dG
292 ........................................... VdG e
294 ................................................jdG f
296 ........................................... LLdG NCG
299 ........................................ JOY a W
11
FOdG IdG
302 ............................................ dG LhR

305 ..........................................dG e QGdG
306 ................................................adG a
307 .............................................. adG OCG
309 ...................................... jNBG e edG
313 ........................................... FdGh dG
315 ........................................... QG`dGh `dG
317 ................................................ J M
324 ..........................................eNh dG
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jhd dG G`` dG hj j M ,G`` e
ch ,e `` dG dG G`` dH `` bCG ,HdG G
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TCG MU AGdG I`` dG GP ,cQH GRhd zFOdG
`` eCG iMEG fc dG ,`` fEG jQdG `` c
IOdJh ,`` JLM 1955 Y `` jO `` T
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J c ,aG J bhh ,jdG Y K ,I`` jh
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,GfBG jeCG ak dCe Gk e m CG gJ (GRhQ) fc
LQ fe `` d ,`` Sc e O`` SCG LdG b `` gh
H Y e `` Md CG `` bh GQk `` e ch !`` HCG
NO ) Y Hk e G hCG jQdG G MCG
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eY ,z`` d dG IdG `` YCa ,G EG
,dj d G Ea ...bM e M H `` fEG `` j
a dG YCG d () :f CG `` e LCG g `` dh
d ,dGh `` NCGh jdG `` Vh ,`` fEG eGd QGgEG
dG G`` d k K GdG G`` g NG G `` dG `` g
jW J Y CGj e Y`` j CG G e LQCG dG
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g dh ,IG eg Y J f ICG`` G g
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k d GMba
Y dGh ,`` LY feh ,jv `` T `` Te
ah ,W H LKh ,cCG j`` Sh ,d I`` U T
d b dEG gP dG dG Xe d ,L e
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fCG Y H G`` JG PEG ,M EG G`` Uh jdG ah
,Ic de IFH Ra fCH gHCa ,JdG cT e
H aJCG :ICLe hCG Ma e J CG hO d `` da
GhTG :d Gdb ,dG Gd c SdH GYJ ?dG
MCG a ,dG He EG g`` SQCGh ,WH c H
.OdG e J hc g dh ,G e
Z dG `` d ,VdG Ic Y `` p dG d{ :``jM
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.(1051 bQ) eh (6446 bQ) QdG LNCG (1)
17
FOdG IdG
L H
,deh aShje c`` T `` SDe L H Qb

dG `` Y jeCG `` SQGG iMEG I`` Vfi A`` dEG
Rq J `` dG fCG `` ZCG C` `H `` Yb `` dPh ;`` JGdG
Z L q j Kq eh ,dG dH PdG SMEG
.bGdG e edG hCG ,QHG Y QOb
gq J d QaCGh GQe{ I`` VG GY c
:IYb IY iMEG dEG Ff Y dh ,zSQGG
CG Yh ,e
k dOY d IG :hCG I`` YdG
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S NO Y G J d :fdG IYdG
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dh ,fi `` fEG fCG O`` ,k aQ k ` è J `` dh
Y G q h , CG H EG IQS Y
.gQdG IQdGh beG XdG
,JGd eGMG ie j dG :ddG IYdG
J CG `` G e bj `` a ,`` f iJ c h
dH Q`` T `` Hj CG `` b GQk hO OD` `J CGh ,k `` T
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18
j`` T e CG `` J `` c GPEG :`` HGdG I`` YdG

`` J a ,bW J `` UGG JW CGh ,`` Yh
.je d j M fGh ,G
`` Ye `` dG CG `` J :`` eG I`` YdG
GRa ,i`` G hO `` Xh WCG `` Zh ,`` LdG
.c Y Ua j IdG hdG SdG
T GdGh j JOh b :SOdG IYdG
jQe `` H dc `` UCG d ,BG J c ,q
,dEG `` dGh ,G `` He K `` JQGh ,`` SGQO
,dG J `` J CG b dd ;j `` H ej
k J `` fCGh
,dG jMh ,QedG e FGSG HdG Jh ,Jh
HhO H hCk G CG`` HG ,dG `` dG e dGh
.aZ JJ YCGh ,UG
,JQGh ,`` Sh ,CNCG e GPEG :HdG IYdG
k ,jdGh hCG ,gCG fP dh ,fP fdG CG `` Ya
Hh
.FNCG e s J ,HJh ,M J CG e
e `` J `` SQe `` J `` b :`` edG I`` YdG
c jOLe G`` dGRe dh ,`` k e `` dGh bG
M ,`` SdG LQO doCG `` SQGG H `` a ,`` e
,`` dG HLEG AYE `` Ua e cCG dG o
19
FOdG IdG
,dG IG EG hG Y H G`` j d Ua gh
.a IMGh Ua EG o MCG H a
`` aCG `` gGf `` dG I`` G :`` SdG I`` YdG
`` j bGdG .M h `` bGh `` d F`` dG
gG SGh GR`` LEGh dG bh c `` SdG
.dG EG gdG Y H ,gQdG
`` dG e `` S `` d IG :ITdG IYdG
U a c J CG J dh ,HG SGQdG
Ze c e k YCG `` UCG j dh ,IRLEG
c J CGh ,`` f Y`` J CG `` Y ,JY`` a
.fCG bh M Y dYCG
,bG `` CG Y :I`` Y `` jOG I`` YdG
G H J Q fC ;QGWCG jZ G`` fc EG M
.JOb J CG EG dG
g GhKCG `` MCG f Lhh CGQ ae :``G
QeCG e c EG ff jW J Y Yj IG
.JM
20
NBG f e b
EG `` gPh ,Ab`` UCG `` MCG e `` YGJ `` jCG `` b

,IQS eeCG bh ICah ,JQS fCG ch ,de
fCch ,Gv L FGQ jH GkRY Mh ,HT e fh
S e S :bh ,dEG a ,Sc Y dfi
fc dG edG dP e `` e e fCch ,jg `` d
!dG bQ Y SGc
GQL Gg :a ,jCGQ e d Mh ,M`` U N
:j ,e b d MCSh ,
,`` dG I`` U e Za CG H ,`` jCG e `` j
bhh ,je e QGhR Qf ;Gk e G e LN
,e fCGh ,dG d `` UCGh ,KOMCG e H Y
d `` j h ,`` eeCG `` J H`` dG `` jg IQ`` H GPEGh
G EG `` Y LH `` TCG ,GfBG `` TCG `` H EG
Mh ,G AT e K ,JdH e fCGh ,iNCG
HH `` gMCH GPEa ,G EG NdH `` g
.JdGh e S dG dG Y Hjh ,NCG
CGHh ,`` f dG a CG EG `` NBG CG `` e c `` eh
L jH `` aGjh ,NBG `` j w ch ,GdG
.GQk a Nf GG e Hh k
21
FOdG IdG
,N c EG `` Y fY `` e Z `` dEG `` dG Gh
dG dG ,j gO fh ,dEG YSCG
k ,`` NCG HH `` `` gh ,`` dEG
CG OGQCG `` e :d Fb
.M a ,Nj
JG :d `` bh ,NBG Y gMCG `` fHCGh ,eJ
GPe !eh e iCGe Y JdGh eCG GLJ ,G
?G eh H M
k dG Oq a
EG NOCGh ,JdGh MCG CG OQCG :Fb
gjS e M e a ,Hh H JG M G
,MCG CG fCG M eh ,IQdG dfCGh ,`` G
.G NOCGh
,eJ fCGh ,`` TCG `` S : mY `` H dG a
q EG H JCJ CH Gk c YGJh ,IQhdG `` fCGh
dh ,
.e cCG eN fCG ,J
J OJ `` gdGh ,gGaCG a :j`` U j
`` S CG `` e e MGh ch ,`` Yh `` H
.eCG M
T H dhM dh ,YeO MCG CG `` SCG
.H k e c dG dh ,VG q f CG
22
CG hf `` fh ,Y`` S e cCG bh fCG G `` j

MCG Y EG `` f `` ch ,eCG G`` g H `` f
dG bGG Ic e edG bQZ JLh GG
gh ,d Yh ,d a `` NCG CG j MGh ch ,`` ghcP
.j h ,j
,`` G `` M `` e `` eM :`` dG `` b `` bh
CG c ,j gh ,dG Mh ,d GH KC`` SGh
fCGh ,JdGh `` eN `` dG Y dG h`` X
Ja e Vd ;G QN `` UN ,QeCG g hCG
.JdGh eN e
fCGh ,`` H k`` e bk JG `` g CG aY ,G`k ` NCG
e c v EG CG ,`` ek jh `` ek j JdGh `` eN Y `` ej
j M k FGO j NGh ,JdGh eN ej NCj
.d hCG Id hCG d eEG ,G e d hN g
k gMCG e bGh fh ,e `` fr Mp
,RJ
,jf c ;dG EG UhCGh ,fCG eCG MCG c M
.jfh
,dG dCGh ,dEG `` Uh bh ,`` G eEG Wb
g`` T fCGh ,JG H dCG :`` UCG CG k Wfl bh
23
FOdG IdG
aYh ,dM Y WG b G eEG CG aa ?Y

Y dG I`` d H e QN gh ,gLh fCG G`k ` NCG
.H Mh ,dG g
dG G G`` g EG e `` UJ G `` jf h
OJ hCG G e `` J M ,k e gj CG gh ,`` jCGQ
!dEG
!CG H LCG e GdG LCG e :G
24
jdG MT
IQ`` S M`` U e QG EG k Le `` c `` j GP
IQ`` S F`` S ch ,jdG `` f c Hh ,I`` LCG
be e IQS fG ,dG Q`` ee k ILCG
.eeCG Le H jdG fH GQS
,HG Y IH ILCG IQ`` S FS V Y`` Hh
F`` S CG bG jdG .IQ`` dG H `` j Och
GdH fGh ,ff SCGQ QGOCG zMCG{ iNCG IQdG
CG EG ILCG IQ`` S F`` S e c a ,g F`` dGh
.eHGh QGYH d q dh ,Z c
?G gh ,d QJ GP :dCSh ,a e HSG
!KQc OJ OM d j Oc LdG Gg
SCG UCG ,SQOk ILCG IQ`` S F`` S d g
SdG e c :`` b .zjdG M`` T IYb{ :H a
G`` cCH `` fi A`` fCG Qh`` J ,`` jdG M`` T `` e
Nh ,`` dGh ,MEG ,YGfCH `` G{ jdG
Lj ,NGO `` jdG g cGJ eYh z...`` eCG
v e `` f e a ,jb e CG `` ZGaEG EG
,`` HG a ,`` T `` H `` eCG `` NCJ .`` jd
25
FOdG IdG
,jj CG G o OGh ,jW fG K ,bG Rh`` h

n n cn ren { :] `` SdG b `` f g bh Hc jh
n So G o `` Yn On ,o n p r jo CG nYn Ql Op `` bn n go hn ,``
n Jn hn o fn k Zn
Qp o G nep o n qp njo qn Mn ,p ` èn p dG n jn pFp n G Sho p DhQo `` nYn
.(1)zAn nT en p p dG
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j i h g f ed c b a `
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bQ) edGh (4186 bQ) Le HGh (4777 bQ) OhGO HCG LNCG (1)
.(6522 bQ) eG U dCG Mh (2021
26
dG Fb
Y NO M ,dG OGYEG e CG fc
gYh ,bQH dEG gj eh ,GS dG GP HG
,G jj Lh ,CG Y`` SCG ,jMh Ak cP J
`` M IQJa :L H HG c `` e CGJ MGQ `` K
NCH jd ,GQjO :`` dG H eb ILCG :G
JLQO `` Y ICae ,ffO 3 :`` HZ A`` KCG `` dG
.ffO 5 :SQG IG
Y gWH a ,HG Y CG `` J
9 M d :f bQdG Y a ,Ve GMCG e
bh ,fk IOdGh G BG `` Sbh ,fk TCG
dG `` H `` VQh ,`` fk `` je `` H `` jd `` dG
Y JY`` Sh ,ShQdG q Yh ,`` fk `` S dG
HKh HdCGh `` aHh H `` YGh ,fk `` Vha
,H bQdG CG q ` è .fk `` YeO `` eh fk
c K ,Nk `` eCG Q`` U Y `` H eQ JCGb a
.Yae `` ```` `dG `` `` `F`` ` b :HM Fb SCG
CG H EG g Y e OGH Z dJ :G
.Y e OJ
27
FOdG IdG
dG IQhO
e gZ `` e ,e
k IQ`` e hJ I`` U I`` H
QZ Gh ,U jO`` bG hH q dG G
EG Z F`` S JCj ICa ,VGbG Y jh ,`` jdG
fhc Y QhO 100 `` jh ,dG `` Njh ,IdG `` J
e dG `` HdG `` dG `` d `` gjh ,`` SG
Xe `` j AKCG g h ,`` Se aZ QNG `` LCG
EG Ye
k gjh ,QhO G NCjh ,`` UdG `` SG
.njr On ad ;QGG
LJ EG `` H `` jh ,GQhdG `` H j QG`` G
QhH TG LJh ,Y `` e bH ad ;`` TG
,p jr On jd ;dG LJ EG H gjh ,QhO G NCj
dG M`` dG M`` U EG Y`
k ` e gj `` dG `` LJh
K ,INCe e e Y e j`` d ;dG d j
dG dG EG Yek gjh ,G MdG LJ NCj
ebEG b O`` jh ,jG `` g EG `` M GPEG a `` j
Xeh ,QhO `` G `` SG Xe jh ,`` M GPEG
hf b SG dhW Y QhO G `` j `` SG
dG FdG jh ,d jdG dL e F`` dG
28
h ,jG Y Mjh ,G NCjh ,dG i`` e j

!fjO OS G dh ,k T c jG S e MCG
a JQhO G jW EG dG OQCG GPEG :G
.gP IQdG g SJ CG
29
FOdG IdG
L Y
GPEGh ,bdG i`` MEG `` c k a CG jn

K ,`` SCGQ Y fc dG eY jh ,`` j q ``x H
j NCG CG EG `` dG e c `` a ,jd b`` S jo
,ogh ,pbn :`` b ,gjEG ogn hn :`` j gh ,dG `` N
.b
o :b
q oG `` LG CG `` cDG `` e fCH `` dG `` T `` d
LCG e jL `` Jj CG EG LdG `` dP aO dG `` g
qn a ,gGQO N hj Oj ,AT Y G
b n
jg fCG Y edH `` CG d CG jo CG MCGh ,d
.WG Ahgh dG MGH j M ;g hCG
qn LM dG f :I``Y
J jW EG `` Se
e Gk c EG M ,WGY fh b bqn Qp EGh ,dG dP
ddG QJ gh g J dG GRhdGh ANCG
UTCG e QJ fEG ,fGhY hCG jjT qp UTCG e
,Wd j Igbh ,LM hH h
h UTCG e Q`` Jh ,HGUh g`` TQ ha
,dG GhDhSCG UTCGh ,jb je eCG V H
edG aG Ea Ggh ,bGe ASh ,cS Aa
30
CGh ,`` dG A`` f CGh ,f CG `` dG `` e .ec `` U

`` dG aGhO f CG `` dG e d ,bfh ,`` Jf
,f CGh ,Qf CG dG eh ,AOdG bGh qp ` `dG
.GHEGh bq Qh aT EG QeCG g EG ,SGfh
dP hQ e `` f CG Y dG f CG ,`` LCG `` e
qp `` M ,JGP `` ch `` dG
dG `` e bYCG `` Sf
jq H f c CN f M fEG ,dGh edGh
jh ,QG`` YCG d `` j jdG dhCG Y I`` Heh
e Lf c e f CG Y Lj e ,FNCG `` YGJ
.dEG Gjh ,j CG SdG
31
FOdG IdG
(1)
dG eJ
d ,CG Y `` a IOG e `` dG OY Ic
Y jq `` SEGh ,fEG h f H OdG j CG CG
dG Ic d GPEG dh ,`` dG dG jQdG W
fh ,`` jdG CN G`` g Q`` U YLG A`` Y EG
,dGh HdG V e v fS Gv CG cCG dG
jOCJ `` gCG d ,`` k HG j`` Y MGdG `` Y `` a
dG d e `` T HO g`` S Q`` a ,Jh
k M
K k GhQ`` U H ,Y h fEG `` H `` dG cCGh
,Gh GQGh dGh `` dG dG Y
gMCG a ,H a ,W j LGG `` M
L `` V fCGh ,jG `` Y c `` j NBGh ,`` k W
`` j dGh ,Q`` j CG CG GO`` e `` d ,G`` dG
Y JY `` aj `` dG `` H GR`` e ,`` LGh `` da
K ,z`` jdG Wh L `` HG fCG{ :jh ,`` TdG
fdG `` Y h ,`` SdG jBG j `` dG `` Y
k Hb kcS HdG h ,TQ HGh ,hN HH `` j
e LQCG ,jh ,jh ,jh ,j e hCG ,`` e
cJ{ YdG HdG IQK PSCG b GhDhj CG HT
.H dG FY /QcdG H (1)
32
z?AY GUCG `` c{ c IOLe gh zGg`` ShCG

q ` `j a ,fCG `` SGQd gP Gk `` U k dW c PEG
Y Y`` S I`` Y N `` a `` a ,`` jb `` TQh EG
eCG NCGh ,G QG`` j c `` cG a ,IMGh Lh
QWGeEG Q`` G EG JOY `` Y `` SG dH `` fHdG
G jg QWGeEG `` Sh ,G QGOCG a ,HdG
HY dWh ,JM `` S Se `` MCG g :b
a ?dqn CG r en jd dG :P`` SCG dCS SG
M Y LCG OdGh ,YCG dSQh G :ddG
d ,`` e dG e A`` HBH QaGh ,I`` SCe `` dG
`` dGh ,de a ,fh ,f M ,MCG H j
dGh GadGh `` gBG e Gb dG EGh ,`` ge
c ,jdGh dGh MEG e qNR `` dGh ,Gh
jCGQ GPEG ,`` J hCG ,q ` `L hCG ,f p`` J K ,`` Lf
k
H EG `` Uh fCG Ya dG SGbCH fej `` SdG
W j`` Yh iMEG d J `` dG ae EGh ,G
.ehH AMG
a ,eCG `` j `` UCGh ,dG qe c g `` d
h ,Hk c CG`` j h ,jv `` T kH h `` k jM h k ` `jBG `` j
I`` T H `` q Y dh ,`` jGhQ h `` b `` dj
33
FOdG IdG
,G b e e BG ISCG e fCG d d ;fCG

`` jQdGh ,|U T S R Q} :O`` j `` MdGh
CGh ,hCG SEG PDe gh ,M e H k CG j
J eCG ,jReCG gRCG Hh `` e a dG gL
dG HKq dG `` dG dh ,`` S je `` LG
eCGh b q j e`` dG C ;JG Y Y J
Hv T Hf c d ,SdG a`` j CG j h ,`` Th
HGdG jd e dG `` NCG M ,LGh ,q L d ,G`k ` a
:FdG gh ,IQSCG jQdG QUh ,G ah ,`` Y
Gh ,G K ,`` G K ,G :KK EG `` G{
.zdG K ,dG K ,dG :KK EG j
dG n `p ` S M ,`` fCG fQhZ `` VQCG `` d
n cp Qn `` en `n ` nN odn nCG{ :`` jL `` ge Y `` jG `` H
,OQfdGh 16 EGh jdG `` H NBG cQ bh ?zjnG
Y `k ` a zZa da{ IQ`` S fCG `` e LG `` dh
e `` UCa ,`` J Y CGeG G `` MQh .zG`` SGc{
dj CG j M ;V jG J CG H h ,f
Lj HGfh IbY `` fY CH YCG CG Y ,`` f
;f`` eh eeh ,jYd `` SDeh H cGe EG
.Lf S
34
,dG e G EG `` HJh ,G HdG cJ `` d

Sq ch F`` d k jBG Q`` a ,fEGh dG EG `` LJh
,GG `` e hH m `` TGh ,`` dG hdG b G`` dG
.`p ` Sho p bo K ,`` dG qp Lh o ,`` G EG JOb fa
LKh JQ`` S EG `` q e `` MGdG `` f GPEG `` f `` S
`` f CG LQCGh .fi k Y`` U gLa ,Jgh RJh
J dG e jhGhO IY Ea ;jdG `` eCG
:b QGf j ,T e YU k
G``` ` ` bGh `` jQ`` ` `dG ``` c G`` ` `d`` Wh
?``` ` ` dG ``` ` ` J `` f`` c O`` ` `` `dG ``` e
dGh `` EH `` fCG eJ `` f CG `` Y :``G
d`` SQ gL G`` gh ,dGh `` dH `` dY `` jJh
,Gh Gh `` G dP jWh ,IdG fHdG
UdG G ge Y dè e hCG IGh
è c `` e A`` fEH SdG `` dCG `` j `` dfCG
dGh dG d e N Ggh ,Ice ej IAGbh
} :jdH edG bh dGh
.|
35
FOdG IdG
39 aZ
T e hCG dG ah ,dG jG Oa MCG

bQ adG g :dCSh ,dG MU EG HR AL SQe
?ZQa 39
g :C` à !ZQa fEG ,`` f :dG M`` U `` LCG
?IMGh d a gMCG CG
dh ,dEG `` Uh ,adG M dHh ,f :`` HLCG
Nh AGOS k S dG MU e W j CG b
.eGL
k 72 fRh IMGh dJHh ,S 39 dW HCG jM
d ,`` jdG `` dG `` e `` dG M`` U `` J
k G j h ,adG EG Uh ,d g`` MCG
hCG Hk GT hCG cC
!NBG AT CG
39 ad IQh dG MU aZ CG G Adh
Gv L jZ kJGUCG dG MU S dG `` e Hh
`` Sh ,`` Se fGM G`` UCG fCc adG NGO Gv L
e ec UCG adG Cc Th ,Vh J G`` UCG
?39 adG NGO j GPe j dG a ,OedG
CG dG MU W HdG QOj CG b dG h
d ,adG EG dG MU U dHh ,adG jj
36
dJdGh ,fe `` jG Nh ,g c A`` T c Lh

dG `` M HdG aOh ,`` fe `` dGh ,g `` c
k
.adG M e cCG H YCGh ,Ye LCH
`` VG `` f b dG M`` U ch ,Y `` eh
M`` U La G dG e SQe MGh j ah ,eq H
dG M e `` cJ BGQ eYh ,`` f LdH dG
AGOS `` S Wh 39 bQ adG HdG Wh ,`` VG
.eGL
k 72 fRh dJHh ,S 39 dW jM Nh
,j GPe `` d ;bGj CG dG M`` U Qa
dG e Hh ,bj Gk g`` S dG GW q X dHh
`` Sh ,FdG dG `` S `` dG JGP G`` UCG CG`` H
fc ,TCG GUCG fc IG g dh ,`` f `` dG
aOh ,HdG MQ dG ah ,ee Z e kJGUCG
g Y Aj dG M`` U Hh ,kY`` e `` G
,dJdG Rh Yh ,39 bQ adG QNG Yh ,G`` UCG
?dG Yh ,jG G W Yh
dHh ,SQe T e j hCG bj dG GW q Xh
HdG M ddG dG e SQe T jCG hCG U
MU Hh ,JGP adGh ,`` f ATCG Wh ,`` f
37
FOdG IdG
IG g fc d ,f GUCG Sh ,Gk gS dG
.VG dG e H ibCG
ad AL eYh ,HdG Mj CG bh ,dG ah
:b ,dG YCG CG jQCG :dG MU d b ,G
,WEG Y T CG J CG fJ `` dG d b GPEG
:b ,c e G`k ` MCG NCG CG YCG :dG M`` U b
,dP Y bCG :dG M`` U d b ,dP Y `` J
.BG M ,dH GMC k G j dG MU dHh
:G
``f``` ` ` H q ` ` ` ` S `` ` `` àCG A`` `` ` dG GPEG
o`` ` `` ` ` MCG `` ` ` ` à `` ` `` ` ` Z `` `` ` ` ` Y h
f q ``S ``Y Ap ``` dG Qo ``` U ```V GPEG
o``n ` ` VnCG ``` ` dG On ``` ` ` eo `` `dG Q``` ` a
38
J CG b a
`` dG `` j GP `` j c Ip `` dG `n ` MCG CG hQ
`` H bh dG AKCG h ,LJ R Gk ` è `` dG
c ,AG`` dH j `` A`` T a d m `` b mcO `` Y
j ,`` dG YW LQ a ch , m`` N `` T cdG
iS GdG f j h ,de b e Y AJQH
.QdG Y cGJ dG MdG H
LdG Oq `` a ,q Mh `` G `` LdG e G`` dG `` bG
dH Kh ,jZ Ahg j ch ,e MCH dG
:LdG GdG Ca ,Y
!?j Y GPa ,TC ;dG NO
k ` Sh gC
`` MCG fY ,` k G :Kh AhH LdG LCG
!KCGh dG FH
,jdG hCG d IQTEG CG e QJ CG hO dP b
a Oq L fCG g :b K ,`` HG CG EG GdG e c a
?J
,H QJ F`` a ,G c ,f :LdG `` LCG
!GJ GOk fi kK d Ea ,dG FH eCG
39
FOdG IdG
Uh ,dG g ijh ,dP `` j gh ,GdG n gp Oo

iQCG dh :b K ,cdG `` H j NCGh ,gH
e H bh ,G HCG fCG :LdG b ,d k T fcO
!Md iS e nj h ,ghTG jdG H fGh ,Gk c
,LdG b ?IQdG g e `` J gh :GdG b
:eHG W Lh Y JQG bh
dG dZ JMa ,G`k ` c HQCG fCa ,`` S j ,f
!Gv L
,QdG Y `` eh ,MdG iMEG EG G`` dG `` J
IQdG GdG eCJ ..zJ CG b u a{ :Y e GPEa
?MdG g J H :bh ,LdG EG dG K ,jW k
!a QjO BG IH :AhH LdG b
dG Hh ,Y bQhZG M ,jW k GdG V
,RGYH MdG EG `` j Xh ,k `` T j fCc ,kc`` S
?Oq L fCG g !QjO BG IY :GdG b
!dG Tf h :dG b
EG `` Yj `` e EG ,R`` dG QG`` UEG G`` dG `` j
.dGh dG
40
q a ,Y q ` `fl RdG G`` g CG `` f q Nh

aS fCG dEG MhCa ,dG Y ehj NCGh ,jj
dK K ,kdCG OGa ,aj LdGh ,QjO `` dCG MdG g
GRe RdGh ,Q`` jO BG `` J EG `` Uh M ,`` HGQh
.db dG c Y Gv e
RdG CG bj gh ,G`` fG Qbh ,GdG V
j R`` dG CG M `` dh ,`` fG GPEG jO`` S
,AhH Y a ,dG `` Sc EG OYh ,aG`` f
CG j c `` d ,q a `` dG j GdG c `` ah
CG b u a{ :`` G J ca ,IAhG HCJ k `` T `` j
MG`
k ` fG Lhh ,H dG `` j c `` Y LGa .z`` J
,q a K ,G H fG fCG QOCGh ,`` j NCGh .dd
b fCG d JM Y J b ,Ic A`` TCG g CG a
cO Y k MH hj f Lh g eh ,j CG hO H
`` TCG CG Qq b d :b Y bh h ,`` d R`` dG
!O
u dG dH MdG g
,Ahg H `` Sc Y e fh ,RdG `` j
dhf K ,`` MdG Y QdG `` H fh ,`` bn r Np `` eCGh
d b GdG j CG bh ,ec k G q ` `Jh ,GdG
!H MdG g H :dG
41
FOdG IdG
?dG eh :GdG b
e Yh ,H H Y G g J CG :`` b
Y dEG dG JGhOCG Y Mh ,`` dG ceCG
k GdG q a ,IQhdG
EG GdG gP .aGe :b K ,b
,dG Ic ceCG G g HH eCGh ,b
.JGhOCG e ch ,Ff Heh He H Y M
Qb CG j GP `` Mh ,Q`` T Jh ,jCG dGJh
M e JGh ,jdH Od ;GdG j CG G Fb
CG aGh `` M ,AGZEG e G`` dCH GZCGh ,UG G`` dG
!GdG b S
q FbO h ,qU j
PEG ,JQG cQOCG GdG `` b EG G LJ q h
,j bh ,INh `` U e fEG ,GdG `` S c
Y Hk e iCGQ `` dG `` H EG `` Uh h .`` SCGQ jh
.zJ CG b u a{ :HGdG
dh ,G NGOh ,`` L fGh ,ck JQG OGORGh
JGP IQ`` dG iCGQ ,`` jdG G h ,`` NOh ,`` f L
u a{ ,zJ CG `` b u a{ :`` gh g ,IY Ge Q`` J
.zJ CG b u a{ ,zJ CG b
42
EG EG `` j a ,`` SCGQ WCj CG Q`` b `` M `` Mh

,Y `` J `` f IQdG `` dG `` Y iCGQ ,`` VQCG
;JGN q SCa ,kaNh kbh Hk GVG G OGORa
HJ `` f IQdG iCGQ gh ,IdG IG `` Nd
,jL e `` L fa ,zJ CG b u a{ :Ld k Lh
.jT iU d IH fPCG J q IQdG CH Th
`` j dG dG CG ij CG dg GdG NO eYh
g fCH `` a ,z`` J CG b `` q a{ :Y `` e G`` dG
j Q GdG CH QT NGO H ,IQdG H OG
!d Ns e
,GdH UG `` bG h`` H OG JCG Mh
q a{ :`` f IQdG h`` dG Y CGj H GPEa ,YaCGh
,h`` dG a dj gh ,j H`` Va ,zJ CG `` b
GdG EG f `` Y Hh ,bk Y q ` `j L `` NCGh
HG`` VG OGR e dPh ,Fk Og k ` è BG`` a ,dG
.bh
`` TJQG GdG M H`` dG IZQ `` VH gs a
CG G OGQCGh ,`` LJh
t ,j`` T QH bGj NCa ,j
,FG EG `` f `` a ,dEG G`` dG Gf iO`` j
.zJ CG b u a{ :eeCG e MdG iCGa
43
FOdG IdG
gh ,GdG j H GQk e j f G La
KCG d cPh ,IeGDG `` UJ Gd `` Th ,k e j
j L e ,`` e c gGj c dG `` G `` g
.H S c
,fGYCGh SG Fb Y dH eCGh ,GdG fh
.G Y Yh
Y S e Y MdG J eCG GdG bh
EG `` Ta ,G`` fGh ah ,gH dEG jh ,QZ `` e
M d .`` e iNCG M AG`` Th ,RdG dP IC` àe
CH SdG `` NCGh ,`` k e cdG `` Lh `` dG EG `` gP
!e b RdG
CGH `` H ,H p J `` Y `` dh ,`` dG `` fG
fMCG CG d :`` f dCS ,iNCG IQ`` U h ,jL `` H
G ..dEG j G ..G`` j G{ :e k IQdG g `` c
.zY jh ,j ..e G ..e jb
R`` L `` TT `` Y ,`` dG I`` Y `` ceCG `` c
dG FG `` Yh ,G dhW `` Yh ,e k `` JdG
RdG ah ,SG TT Y e SCGQ aQ GPEG LGj
IU Md Yh ,TdG e Hj gh gGj ,I`` Te
44
h ,dG e IOe ceCG h ,JQ`` S LGh j

.Y e
dG OYCGh ,a s a e Id IQ`` dG g CG d ,H
,Y DHDH `` fGh ,WdG Y `` SG ,`` a
Y gG`` U OOq Jh ,Q`` T IQDH IQG`` dG MGh
.Gg fh ..LGJ gBGQ ,eb M M ,bh
G ..e jb G ..`` dEG j G ..G`` j G{
Gg e k T CG MCG .zY `` jh ,`` j ..e
eSGh ,JM kdH Gk KCG d `` S ,a fMCG d
.c M ck Qe hSh ,MQGL WfGhk ,cS
dh ,gdG jZ QeCG e c d hJ b :G
.e
k dP Y hJ a dG Y
45
FOdG IdG
CdG Y a
k MG ,`` dhH `` SG b `` T Y A`` Y M

AdE jdG FQ p rNGo ,eG e S 25 H YH
hb j G ch ,G CGH ,SG H c
CG dhH dG Q`` a ,j h , qNCJ d ,jdG `` FQ
:JCj c fch ,k c j
Y q ` `Jh ,g EG eb eY ,eYk 25 `` b{
dGh ,G S Y k `` S YfG
k jGdG NCG
,eeCG GYG Sc Y L `` T hCG CG dP
,WdG Y j CG SGh ,GkRJ S fCH YG
k `` S K ,H jh
k V ke NGh ,jHCG e e
bY bCG NBG Y EG fG eYh ,dG M`` U e
`` Sh ,HG jhOCG LJh ,jG `` e LhR `` e
aJ eY d ,jGdG e`` U .NCG Z`` e
LQ hCG CGh ,W g c aY G S Y cCG
.z j YG
YGh ,`` jdG FQ NO `` c dG fCG `` Mh
eY ,GHCk G fCG d{ :b K ,NCdG Y QYGh ,G
q
46
`` dG c d ,`` VGG JH EG dhH dG b

.zeeCG j T hCG cCG CG
`` SG `` j e hCG J CG Y UMG :``G
.dM Qhj S jM g c GPEG UN k ,edG
47
FOdG IdG
HGYCG Ma
,de GhNCGh ,jdG b EG VJ Gk LJ CG j

a ,k S pHH bCGh ,dEG d ;eCG G EG Ca
j `` M fCG gh ,dEG H `` Uh M EG Ca ,d nPDj
Ea ,bCG `` Y Gh`` TG ,OGH gCG j :iOn fh ,G
j e eh ,G Y d e Yh , d `` e
`` UCGh ,Qn CG `` TCGh ,G cCGh ,dG `` MCGh ,G
,eCG G EG M SdG `` S a ,A`` Vh H
?Y H e UCG :d a
.U :a
?Gg Y M a :b
PDj `` S HH h ,e NCGh ,Ys `` bo :b
.e Y qn Oq d HCGh GQC ;S e a ,
.b
n e n a n :b
qn EG dP d
,dn hn h LhR a , d e EG :b eCG ,f :b
a ,G `` Y d `` e Y :`` bh , `` dP `` dh
.dP e AH Gh ,jGh dG
48
gh ,BGdG MCG fCa ,G `` j e e :bh

;ddGh G `` MCG Ea ,dG `` MCG :bh .fl `` Z
cCG :bh .|p o n m} :`` J `` dd
,Qn nCG `` `` TCG :bh ,M gh ,G cCG `` fCa ,`` G
H UCG :bh .Qn CG h ,G SQ Gfi k CG TCG fCa
.AVh H dG Y UCG Ea ,AVh
.de Y Vqn Yh ,dP eCG Sa
q :I``Y
GPEG dM `` e GMCG e WJ `` jW Z
.jJ c QeCG J
49
FOdG IdG
dhDdG AY
,aG `` dJ `` N jdGY `` H `` Y `` J ``
AdG ebCa ,hCG dG gh ,AdG e b fG
JCa ,SdG eCG bhCGh ,Jjh ,j gh ,G Y
H :d b ,AdG e j CG `` SG a ,d
jf :Gdbh ,`` SdG a ,aN jQCG ,`` bYCH
cPh ,G Ad cPh ,G ca ,j afa ,`` fCG EG
.G e H M ,jHdG Qe
GQL EG fCG `` c d Gh :IM H A`` LQ j
,f K !?`` e J `` g ,f fh ,`` eCG H `` e
, :a ,`` H n jo c c ,cGh cGG d G`` Hs a
k Mp `` G cCG CG `` Z ,`` G e LQ fCG `` EG
ca ,`` a H GHu b ,G eCG dhD` èh `` k Yh

KKCH s ` `Jh ,`` b e a ,dG EG fGh ,H
.G AGa Y Yeh
;SdG eCG eO aZ jdGY H Y f
Y`` SG K ,eGQCGh AGdGh c`` G e k jb `` d
,G LhRh ,AG NCGh ,AG H Wa LhR
Y `` fi eCG eCG `` dh `` b EG ,Wa `` j :`` d `` a
50
j c dG jG CG Jh) `` dGh I`` dG

cJ eh ,Hk Z HdG EG bk T dG e ,Y
k ` T
G jjJ `` c Ea ,(Hk L jaEG `` L EG ,`
c EGh ,G H EG gPh q Mo u a ,INBG QGdGh
H EG gPGh ,kM Ye
k eCG a ,fdG jjJ
q Sh ,oJe Gh ,oJM IG ,Gh , :db ,HCG
.G e H EG naa ,gPh q Mh Ye
GY ddG HG JCa ,hCG dG ddG fh
eCG dh bh ,JCG ,HCG j :a ,jdGY H Y HG
c ,eQCGh `` Gh FGh dG `` a ,fi eCG
HG J bh ,SGh ,Y a ,edG j fdC` `j
.jdG j CG b Gg
dG N JCj c ,AGdG `` Y [ Y TY
jh ,HdG `` e H `` dG aCG Qh ,`` jdG
.L Qf e N Gg :dWC
q a ,W FGQ `q ` a ,Qhj G H EG gP bh
j G dC` `j CG `` NCG :b ?`` d e :G`` db ,`` fCG
?G H G W T n p :edG
a ,aZ GdG Cfa ,d k VCG Y NO
`` UCa , :b .LG ,eDG eCG j :G`` da ,`` j
51
FOdG IdG
,jdGY H Y fCGh ,b :bh ,fe OYh ,G`` dG

.jdGY H Y fCGh Lh
CG ,`` H dC` `f :J CG H `` Wa `` JCGe G`` db
HbG d Gh ,dG j c e Gh :db ?Y J p
qn H QdG j c ,jh ,j JLa ,d e
dJ ! `` e :b ?eDG `` eCG j d e :`` b ,`` dG r
,G dGh ,`` G `` dG ah ,fi eCG eCG
G dC` `j `` S ,HCG K ,eQCGh ,FG `` Gh
?LoCG a ,k L Y edG j
.HLEG dJ dhDe d YCG :IWN
52
WH c
Y dG `` gG `` djEG `` dG `` SG
HQM g :`` dG MCG dC` `S ,b GPe fa ,Q`` G
?djEG dhdG
.f :LCa
?HM Y SdG T
s gh
.f
?a e HY Qe fCG gh
.f
?J q J gh
.f
?djEG dG Q fCGh ,S c e
.S Y e
?a e Y Of fCG g
.
?o
n S fCG QJ g
53
FOdG IdG
.f
g J CG `` jM fCG :`` H `` VdG d `` a
.jf
H NCG `` jW `` aCG g ,H :Q`` G Y Oq `` a
.JM
,dG dH Y `` a ,jj CG `` VdG ha
,djEG OL Y Gbj CG jgd j CG He
dG H`` dG EG :IQ`` G c jh ,Y `` dEG a
,G SQ Gfik CGh G EG dEG CG IU c J
.WH c J CG
;aCG dh ,dG g Y YCG CG N d
J L `` e `` a ,J EG `` dG C
!f Y
54
(1)
hJ AGQBG
jdG A`` MEG IOe G`` S `` S b `` SQO

G`` SEH JJ ,GhdG J Ia e jeCG I`` G
eY gJ H LQ Lh Y e` k ` Se (fa)
:IQH h`` dEG gjH ,`` bJ ju Jh (x) `` cEG
;LhR
k jQCG :jQc Qe ,I`` dG fjdG FGhdG
c j c d ,f QhdG ODJ dCG fGM d C
N JCj q gh ,dGh dG GW Kj AHh ,`` U
.dG e INCe YS G EG
gG cCG MCG jOdG FeR e MGh ch
jf ;eeCG G dWCGh LhR QU Vj ,d
k Je :j dM dh ,a
!Z
k `` dEG H JL HG gq `` SG ch
v fhdEG HGQ
GQk NCG hCG ,Gh`` dG `` KEG He `` SC g`` e Y `` j
.jhP Y AHBG GAGYG J U
,OG dG Y SH j eH dG ch
fCc ,F`` SdGh `` HGhdG J `` e `` f `` J fc a
.d c e fh ,IdG f ,ce M M
.g c d fCG hdEG jdG Y JOQh (H b) (1)
55
FOdG IdG
Gh `` G IQ`` Y `` eR `` dEG `` SQCG `` Mh

EG ce IqH LhRh fCG `` TCG { :dCG Ohh jeCG
.zdG GQhCG VdG bq h eY
`` bd F`` V IQ`` U `` a `` aQCG `` EH `` Y Oq Q
e UCG Y{ :a c LhR dEG JgCG fehQ
,z!?JM J d aC` `S GPe QOCG ,`` TCGh cRCG
MCG hCG `` fG `` e I`` Ufi eEG k b cC` `S
.zdCG Ohh QdG G QfCG
k eR `` c `` eYh
hj ,`` eG I`` f e
Y Oq Q ,LdG `` SCG `` J GhRCG QhO dN
jed NS jH q SG jW G OdG
e G `` fK{ :a `` j ,`` Se cL ,`` jeCG
fj `` dGh ,jeCG `` fj LhG `` LdG
.zHhQhCG
J c{ :dG IOhdG eR dCS CG Qah
.z? uj T QGH J CG
p g{ :Ze GD` `H HLCG
Qa hJ CG HL
.zd QdG OGYEG LhRh fCG YG ?TGdG
56
dG L CG H ShdG G g L`` SG
.dGh OdG e GS H Gk NCG H
FhG ,I`` dG `` HdG `` eR CG `` fc IC` `LG
LhR e I`` S IM Jh ,`` CGh LhJ ,Gh`` d
IG Y aG eR CG M ,gJ M ,Wh
eYh .Uh ah zHe{ jSCG IM j LhdG
j v ej LCG cCG{ :MRe
k LCG `` dG Y dC` `S
.zeEG
aG AGQBG CG cDJ HdG eRh eR b
.bdG Qhe e Jh ,QJ H ,hJ
h ,YVeh e QN GhdG Y GfG a
.ae eCG jOQdH LhdG IG jJ
,AG`` S M Y ,LhGh LhG e c Ife
FGdG `` Sc GhdG CG hj Gfc fCG J
Y v `` S j e ,`` dGh dH `` e W`` T Y
M ,dG j`` H v a gMCG `` j eY ,`` JM
.fGQj fc c d GhdG CG j
`` M `` Y `` dG `` LhdG `` j CG `` a
`` fehdG Y`` G fi d k `` a k `` T dhD` `G
57
FOdG IdG
ej GPEG `` MEG `` jh ,G `` a ,`` LCG

.cG JOSh JLGh e RGH
,DhdG jo CG `` Y LhdG IG Y `` G
LhRh JM J WCGh LGdGh dhDG j h
.U dGh ,e
GPEa ,QOj CG a k `` T NBG e gMCG OGQCG GPEGh
CGj CG `` a g hCG `` LhR j`` J `` e hdG `` S
CG FdG Z a ,`` eh eGH a ,hCk G `` H
.KQ He Jj gh ,LhR Sd LdG j
k hCG Y
d ,H k c `` d LhdG IG :IWN
AGdGh ,`` Y hO j Qda ;KG e `` J
.H H j
58
fP e bCG QY
Vk n Yn dG cP ,aa e G jM AKCG
G ifG gh ,fk MCG fdG e bCG j `` b QdG CG
,fdG e bCG QdG j `` c ?L g :F` k ` U dEG
?fd kflh GQk e k FGO j QdG CG M
,bdG H YCG ,e :Fb k dG Y Oq a
e :GOk e G Y Oq a ,dG g `` U d KC` `Sh
,Xh a EGh ,j Z Gg J CG e
.SCGQ Q hCG
,c YGj k e `` G c M ,G dG `` ah
.JNDe Y Y cQ cQ K ,N e dG AL
k bh ,k ` `VZ G QGSa
:H dG FS
!?G jCG a GPe !jh
k YH dG Y Oq a
:Fb
!G X a ,ie j QY dCG
e HCG dH CGdG hCG bG `` J j fk MCG :IY
.dH
59
FOdG IdG
j ,fdG gG MCG dLk LQ g c

,Y`` S `` f e cCG eeCG dG `` SCdG `` jfi EG
dH Lh ,d fi M`` T FS NO ICah
IMGh aO H`` Th ,LdG eCG e `` SCdG NCG K ,`` e
gY ,AdG CGH dG G LdG e GSG hO
S ,e eCG fCG ,LQ j jh :MdG F`` S d b
.LQ AH MCG fCa ,LQCG ,Z d TCG
dG dh ,hG LCG e HCG fCG :LdG LCG
EG iOCG e ,dG `` NCJ a ;JM j JCG `` g
cd e jQ U a e Y Ye Y dG
,Oa ,dG `` FQ dP `` ZCa ,a YCG dG
JQS Lh GQ`` dG bGe EG G QOZ eYh
`` aO CG `` Hh .I`` LCG IQ`` S `` Sa ,b`` S `` b
fi f fCG `` cG G QOZh ,G
eY e fJ `` LhR La ,dG Na ,IQ`` dG
Va ,J q M Vh aCG g EG a ,jG
,fCG a ,Q`` fG `` aCG `` Lh ,SCdG `q ` dG
.QfG e M ea ,SCdG HTh
60
adGh GAGLEG eS e cCdG G e :IY

,LGe hO gJ `` Yh ,gJ b H J `` dG
.FdG a
61
FOdG IdG
dG
q
EG w c ,`` G V`` fGh G F`` T AfG H

,gOH EG `` jFdG H Q`` G cG `` S M
fhj jdG MCG EG s d ;JGFW h`` j
.dG QH
q ` à ,NBG M
q fHh ,`` SdG Y `` S L
,jG GWCG HPh `` aQJh ,`` H Y LdG
:NBG LdG b M
e G bRQ bh ,he k YCG fCG ,S CG j Gh -
CG Qb bh ,dG U gq YCG `` b ah ,a
Gk T aCG e hCG I`` TdG Id G `` ja AGOCG j
jOCG g EG JBG CG bh ,Y H fCG dG f Y
K ,G Y e k M u j c ;bJh ,GeCG IcR
:RGYGh a H OQCG
.ITdG Id LM
v UCG b GfCgh -
:bh ,SCGH S CehCG
AT EG GQk e k fPh ,GQk `` e k `` Sh ,GQk he M
v -
.G
62
:bh ,LdG HG
`` b
q g ,`` S CG j fCGh ,Q j LCG -
?UN
:OOq J H S LCG
`` SCGQ LhoCG CG jQCG h ,jW `` b ,NCG j Gh -
.H
:bh ,LdG V
f f i`` J a ,JNCG `q ` g ,Y `` H -
.g QfG iS k T
:bh ,S V
fG a ,`` b
q H CGJ e gh ,QfG ,`` f -
k e LJ CG e YCG fCa ,MC
q G M ,jW `` S
,FHCG Lhq Rh ,YdG Y HQbh ,S 30 b v Fja
`` dG JGNe e `` J Q`` b K ,H `` JQGh
e J e MCG `` j a ,dG Gg G `` ja AGOCG
.LGh ja gh ,Y
:LdG Oq Q
63
FOdG IdG
Y Va gh ,`` SEG cQCG e cQ G ,`` f -

k dEG SG e c
.S
:S cCG
gdG a YCG c dG f dG h ,b`` U
VdG Gd `` Sh ,GhdG AfG H `` G e EG
djo dG eCG iMEG aO`` U ,H`` M e OdG c
c bh ,a YCG dG UG G G HG
,`` S CG j G YO`` SCG : dbh ,dGh
q dG q `` Lh
,ec H`` SG ,`` G G`` d d IQ`` jR NBG `` a
EG f Jh ,HG Y Y VGQ Z fCG `` Mh
c fCG G `` j ,`` S CG j , : da ,NBG e
qc CG H ,Gk c LY Y`` S bh ,CG e MC q G H
.a eCG fa b
k S Wbh ,LdG SG
:Fb
,`` j HGh FGOCG Y `` VGQ fc GPEG ,jZ -
?dG cJ n p an
:S HLCG
,IQGOEG EG ga ,H `` Th ,a a e Gg -
Qb H c EGh ,M e S Y `` SG dCSh
64
dh ,`` VH bY CH `` SG HLCa ?e
Gv L `` U G `` UCGh ,Xh `` a b ICG`` G hR
,dG dG dJ aO `` J J h ,FdG Y
.ajEG Qa
:bh ,LdG M
e a ,ICGG g e ,H EG Ib h M -
ch ,INCG ObG eRCG H FXh Gha SdG
?S CG j aJ
:S LCG
dG Y j CG JLQh ,jG EG gP -
: bh ,k Wb `` aQ
k aQ dh ,`` G f `` Y
jN SDe dh ,HdG j UN `` e Gg EG
qM e a ,`` adG `` j eh ,c`` Gh AGd
.dG
ICGG Y WG Qe kjM jG Y e LN
dG jEGh ,j CGH b dG CG UN
k ,HGh
j Vh ICah ,`` dG f EG J `` SfG e
e q a ,G Of a dG L Y jv OGQEG
k HQ WNh ,AdG EG SCGQ aQ K ,
:Fb
65
FOdG IdG
EG MC
q G d CG Jh ,`` f J fCG ,dG
dd `` S bh ,f `` e IQjRh H M e `` b
dh ,GdGh `` FbdG dP LC OYh ,`` Y GW
fCG fEG `` Za ,`` e Oe `` NCG CG EG `` e
.MdG QdG
d ILCG d e e c aOh ,SG EG gPh
EG :ICGd j CG dEG SJh ,ee
k `` TCG S dG
.HG d UN fGe d G
:bh ,LdG Y eO
b c GPEG dh ,`` deCG e cCGh ,d G Q`` H -
?GPEk G M a ,c d YJ
:k MV S b
`` SG ?jM e e g ,jdG `` J GQCG -
Y kjM H EG `` ej LQ ,`` dG H ,`` S j
Hc Lq a C `` Mah ,`` G Y `` Ua `` V
`` f jCGa ,q N Y eOh d h ,HGh ICGG
,Y `` j SdGh `` dG M `` WCG `` fCGh ,`` G
M `` a ,`` S M j GQk he `` Mv : `` djh
,S M j d JGYO ,VQCG Y q CG b A`` dG
66
W Z IO`` H MCG fCGh ,`` dG e `` SG M

ej
k `` JCG d CG cCe `` T c CG e ZdG `` Y
.eCH VQh ,AT c Y G a ,M H
je ch ,JdG Q
q `` M dG e `` f CG `` eh
: b dG G
jj YCG `` LQ Qc MCa ,`` CG ,`` S j -
e hO `` gj gh ,`` dG Gg `` G EG `` gdG
eh ,`` JLM Jh `` jYQ Y j `` dG `` UG
q a ,`` cJ `` j h ,INCG `` M `` jCG `` LhR
k ` H `` gPh ,`` eN EG j`` SCG
aCG CG `` jQCG ?`` e `
.G f a ,e Z GPEG Xh
:H d b
?MC
q G CH S gh -
CG hO e gPC` `S EG :d a ,aGH `` HLCa
Y j e `` MCH M a ,iJ ch ,Oe He
Gh ,AT CG aOCG CG hO H M G bRQ bh ,G
;j ICae FYEG Y LdG q UCG a dP ah
eCa ,G ICGG b d Mh ,d eN Y Vd
j CGh ,UG f Y `` G HG dj CH
67
FOdG IdG
a ,dP ah ,AGdG d UN hU G
.JcT iMEG F Xh LhR Xh q
k ,L Y S q bh LdG f
:Fb
BG `` TCG e ,H `` JM `` TCG Gh -
`` MCG fCGh ,iNCG J IG `` MCG c a ,`` S CG `` j
JJ G Y fe CGh ,k Y k `` T CG b `` f
e Mq dCH `` M q CG d `` cQOCG dh ,M c `` H
EG G YO M ,G H EG fCG gP a ,`` eCG
. G Z , G Z :OOq j gh ,eh ,H
.(1)z...NCG Y dG GOe dG Y G{ :IWN
.(2699 bQ) e LNCG (1)
68
GhdG fb
,G e ,`` LdG q e `` Y e h`` dG O`` Y

h ,j h ,`` Y `` j a ,dG LhR d a
`` Vhh ,jhGR L ,j c JOc ,dG He `q ` j
a ,dG LhR `` d eb ,aCj GQh ,`` SCGQ Y j
:dCS ,k T cBG a ,fe EG dG YCG :bh ,cCj
?H e
..AT ..AT :fG b
,JY`` e `` SCG a ,NCG ,`` LQCG :db
,cCG e J ,CTh Ya ..A`` T :d p b :b
GPEG q g J
q a ,`` S M`` Uh LhR fCG :dbh
?Lhd q J
?JYe J GPh :bh ,J
g e Y `` gh ,OQCG d `` JH Y`` SCG :db
?YRCG dG e : b ,a ?e ZCG
.YRCG dG g ,QGUEG eG eJ fb :b
?eG fGH fCG NO eh :db
69
FOdG IdG
LQ c `` Y GYEH `` j :`` j fdG :`` b

!LhR Y hj
!?GT
k CG ,M j Yj gh :db
HdG `` M `` dh ,`` MCG c `` Ac`` dG :I``Y
.SdG e b EG bGG
70
GRk J cCG CG jQCG
j Y f Hc a eJ e SQq e W
.d j hCG ,Y Gfj CG
,H `` SQq G `` L `` SQG Gh`` dG `` jf
eh ,H dSQ gf Y`` SGh ,W c e LGJ
,CGb Gk KCJ edH bBe CeG M ,e fG CG
gKCJ gTh ,Y e GFY k ,LhR NO dG J h
,HLEG bQH d gj a ?M Y dC` à ,jdG
dG e WC` `S ,dEG j{ :CG`` a ,JAGb `` e Wh
v k `` T
NBG CGh ,R`` J EG d CG `` jQCG ,Gv L `` UN
j CGh ,H e YCG CGh ,`` dG fRL `` e
,jH eYCG CGh ,M FY CGh ,H UN e
eY ,WbCG CGh ,gG ce cCG CGh ,CG eY
eY ,RdG H j dG f jdG JCG CGh ,CSCG
Oj eY ,dGh aH CG CGh ,NB hCG `` d j
,eCG H J CGh ,k e j eY M ,Ak e dG EG
dG gG Y c e H k ,IQe hCG jM gh M
CG LCG e Q`` j CG NCG e ,dEG j `` jQCGh ,BG `` dCG
J iNCGh dG H FY CH `` TCG CGh ,e j
CG CG Gk NCGh ,e bdG H `` d a A`` T c
71
FOdG IdG
,W dH b cCG CG CGh ,AG`` S k L LCG

.zRdG Rc YCG CG g jQCG a
:Gk KCe b M ,dSdG IAGb e hdG fG CG eh
dh ,`` J jdGhh jM W e d j ,fi A`` T
Y Oq a !G Gg c `` j eCG LCG ,M j
.HG g dG g Jc :Fb
G I`` G `` g `` bd `` HJ `` M :``G
g `` e IAGb `` Y `` j Z`` G I`` ch `` dH
.FSdG
72
dG e T
U e IMGh CGj gh ,dG jQSCG q J

!M EG dG qp dBG jL LCG GNG Y SdG
,dY `` b EG d CG e`` HG `` J `` J
g `` NG v fCG `` k W CG `` G `` J `` cP CG `` H
G hO G `` Y HQ AGLEG `` e d ;`` dBG
CG CG `` dG `` cG a ,bG `` G e
L ,G`` d hCG `` fEd `` eEG ,Q`` J G `` e
!Vj hCG LC Qj MCG G GY e fGG
QG NO PEG ,k c dG U CG hjh
,ke j gh ,YG V KEG Y d hCG
e ,G A`` T EG Gk N :j `` gh ,eb q jo `` ThCG `` M
!dG Gg fe j dG
m ` U `` dG C` `
ej `` gh ,R`` e `` Je `
Gg CGbG :`` j gh ,cCG Q`` e `` j EG `` dH
!?jCGQ e : b K ,G G
idH qJh ,dG H dG QG eCG
!dH j e TCG Ga ,S d ab V MJ
73
FOdG IdG
jH dG `` K ,Y`` H H G Y q ` ` `` NCGh
f CG ,e j jCGQ e :j gh ,Y eZ
!? GNG Gg
ch :`` j gh ,`` cJ `` LM `` dG `` Y
!?dP
k Q`` G O`` SG
f CG ,`` S j q J :Fb
dG QhO NGe `` fh ,BG J e Fg k GOk Y
e `` T L q ` ` K `` eh ,`` jG G`` SCG `` G
!M EG c T j ,ICah ,dN
eh :AZ Cj gh ,`` dG LM OfG OGORG
!?dP c e JFa
H ak `` VQCG fCG `` eh ,Q`` G X `` Sq J
dCj GD` `S Gg :j gh ,YG K ,`` dG eb
!e j e M cM
h c hO `` j ,G e k `` T fCG `` q J
G`` S `` S ,IOGQEG h ,`` VGYG `` H `` T ,e
.cCG Qh ,S hCG S KK M
CG jQCG :`` j gh ,`` L `` dG Y `` bH
.dG IOLG BG c J
74
k BG H
!M
.j K ,e eCG :j QG
Y Jh ,BG AG`` T `` e `` MGh `` SCG `` Hh
cG Y`` SG ,edG ceCGh FGGh aGG L
IFG `` SCGQ `` a ,Y`` dG Lh Y Q`` e
.AfG q J fCG dP ;dG
dG e :j gh ,IH HJ e `` cG
!?aCG jCG AG dBG a
j a dG e :`` j gh ,AdH gj Q`` G
!NCG ?e
QCGjh ,eb H a ,IH Qe j cG
:Mh
?SdG U CGJ CG
dhdG g dhO ,`` e c `` V J GgG
.cG Y VGYH g CGH dG IMdG
G e J HGW ,V HW Ge
FGQBG `` Y hj h`` Gh ,`` G `` SS `` Y
b Y fCGh ,L j `` dGh dGh ,jH
75
FOdG IdG
Hd S K ,J fCH gJ fCGh ,dP c .IG

?j dG e :k VZ Uh ,Qe U a
`` SCGQ ajh ,`` dG `` eb H `` j Q`` G
,S j SBG :`` j Oj `m ` H j gh ,Q`` fH
.dBH aG ddG CGb d fCa
,bhY dG qL If Qe EG cG f
:j gh
?dP j dG e
e fdG I`` dG :j gh ,`` SCGQ Q`` G qN
f Y `` CG feEH fEG :J `` G `` dO
.OQCG d Y
e aCG fCG :j gh ,AZ cG LM fG
?db jJ dG e .dEG eJ
IdG :j gh ,Q`` G Y edG `` bbJ
dBG `` g KCJ EG ,`` S `` j :`` Vh `` J `` fdG
EG dG jH j fEG CG ,a dG Y `` j
qp CG feEH `` fEG H ,dBG N `` e Ghe GPEG `` M
.f dBG gQhe N e H EG G
76
fCG J g :j gh ,YQ cG Y `` JG
.H Y M
d ,e j ,f :j gh ,QG U ``
BG g gh ,eY
k KK GW G e k T c
?H EG
IAGb hO dh ,`` k bOh k dY J j `` b :IWN
LJ e Y FdG J b Ud e`` Th fCe
.e
k
77
FOdG IdG
IQOe T
IOQdG 1955 Y `` jO `` T `` eCG iMEG

J `` dG AG`` dG I`` dG GP (`` cQH GRhQ) `` L
e j `` H H EG IO`` d h ,`` JLM `` WN
M QdG GRhQ e ,G dG dG
.jdG AdG H e Ie
J bhh ,jdG `` Y K ,I`` jh dG
SG dG abh AKCG h ,Lh EG q J c ;aG
kadCe Gk ` è CG g`` J (GRhQ) fc FbO `` Y
d ;Sc e O`` SCG LdG b gh ,GfBG jeCG
.HCG LQ fe
hCG ,jNCG hQ e k Hf bh `` dG Gg j
vJH k e c GfBG jeCG fdG EG H ,jQ`` M
fc EG M ,bGh HCG `` Sh ,OSCG LdG SL
HCG Hv T bGdG ch ,GkRY AGO`` S ICGeG `` dG
.RdG ICGG Y oJ dfl a ,HT GY
MCG H Y q e `` Md CG bh GQk `` e ch
NO ) :`` Y Hk e `` YG hCG jQdG q`` G
.(OSCG LdGh dGh dG
78
(GRhQ) `` J fc j`` dG `` SQG `` J c

Y ej `` e Ea ,`` dGh CGh G e `` dH
!?fe bCGh hdG g fCG
`` NBG `` k FGO `` fjh ,hQO`` jo h ,h`` jo GP``
?fGG e AGH AGS jh ,dG
eHCG bh ,(GRhQ) q SG aG bh eYh
.Gk eCG gQU
k Lh CG a ,Ijh gH q b
,k dN Ge
Lh ,gQU EG M q ` `V bh ,Y QG M
AL CG EG ,Ahg aG `` cCJ dG jdG `` bGJ
,`` `` aH GPEGh ,c`` dG `` Uh ,`` G `` G
CG Gk e (GRhQ) M EG HCG LQ G AhHh
,de Z dEG `` f d jh d ,G d `` J
!iNCG Ie jdG dd OYh
dG c`` dG `` NCGh ,HCG `` LdG I`` FK Q`` K
h ,gQa `` e J EG `` fhYjh (GRhQ) `` j
.bGdG HCG LdG
F`` S e c a ,be Y `` UCGh ,HCG `` d
j CG EG `` fd `` VGdG `` G G`` g `` eCG `` aG
79
FOdG IdG
dG AGOdG ICGG J e c ;WdG EG I`` Te

!dG IOdG YRCG
,GQk hO Y N Jh e dG q dHh
.jNBG M Y jq J f
IFK Q`` K ,jeCG A`` S IQG`` dG fG `` gh
,UGG FSh We GhQq bh ,jdG L OdG
eGh IG M d ,Gk H UH bH dGh
.dG
,ej
k 381 EG eG ,jW Ie dG dM SG
.ee GH jeCG HUCGh
GRhQ) `` f dG H G LN jdG h
e ch FG dG dP AdEG q h ,fi (cQH
.jdG fGdGh GYCG
g Y `` S 46 Qhe H ,2001 Y HcCG 27 h
YCG M ,jeCG jQdG gGcP AMEG q ,`` KOG
je OQ`` a g e `` je ,eg `` S `` dG
FG dG aG AG`` T Y `` e QHjO
GRhQ) I`` dG KOM a bh dG HQCG jOe e
fG G cM aO dG OfdG Mb dG (`` cQH
80
.OdG Vh J
qn H ,Sd jeCG
.jeCG QhO `` dCG 492 aG AG`` T q `` bh
cJ ,dG `` e fdG (cQH GRhQ) `` H CG Hh
1994 Y z`` FOdG I`` dG{ GH `` k M d Q`` U c
dP { :`` a ,GfBG gY`` e `` YG `` H k
YCa ,G EG CdGh ,`` FHBGh OGLCG cJ `` dG
.zd dG IdG
`` G e BG `` MG 2005 Y HcCG 24 h
IFGQ (`` cQH GRhQ) IR`` L cQ`` d G `` jdG
92 gj `` Y Y aJ dG `` jeCG fG `` G
.eY
k
a q fh ,hO A`` SDhQ `` Mh ,BG a H `` j
e MCG `` fL bQ CH J q h ,`` jeCG `` Y
J AGLEG `` gh ,aO M Jah `` e `` SdG
.IRQdG LdGh ASDhdG iS H j
k 30 i`` S AG`` LEG G`` H `n ` j h
Y e `` T
.IMGh ICGeG e j h ,1852
M a ,ShCG YCG gQU Yh (GRhQ) Je
gdG SdGh ,1996 Y jd `` SFdG `` SdG Y
81
FOdG IdG
.OdG `` e J YCG gh ,1999 `` Y `` Sd

Y `` L H d JgCG dG jG `` Sh Gg `` ah
.jeCG jQJ () TCG () :c
c ,e c be ch ,L jQJ M c :HJ
UG e b Y JQH eDJ IQOe `` T AGQh
e AG j a ,(G)`H `` J Y SdG
dG dG fjCH f CG c ?IQOe T
?a f
82
eL T
RdG `` eCG d ,h`` j CG OGQCG `` N eL `` T

fC ;LGe NJh ,aJ Ia Y d J CH d J
`` dG Gg GNCG ,d `` J YR M Y H c d
G jBGh FGQ Ia gh ,dG eR d `` cP
Y j e Ic eh ,c `` H YLGh NCGh
CGa ,`` Y j CG `` JGNCG e Wh ,`` H b `` J
,FGdG `` bNCG ,NCG Y I`` dG d Kj `` dG
`` d QMGh ,I`` dG Y XMh ,`` G `` eOh
dG h ,MCGh ,H G a ,`` j jdG
,fl b e fCG `` G d ,H j `` dG
,GQh`` e Hh ,LhdG H R`` dG CG j `` a
dG `` JG ej `` H ,Mh A`` dG `` aJ `` ch
JCG CG EG `` g d :`` dbh ,`` dG GNCH `` G
dG f gh ,H J LCGh ,v ` `T JdGh Y
H J dG jdG j NCa ,H `` J
?eCG Y
,dG Gg j
q `` S eCGh gHCG CG dH Y CGW
G G EG JdGh gJ CG jCGQ e :`` da
?e gPCG CH gCG bCG fCGh ,gCG a gj dG
83
FOdG IdG
EG e gJ CG `` gCG e J gh ,M `` eh
c Y `` ja Gh ,fe g d :`` d Gdb .`q ` G
.Va jODJh ,gJ fCG fOq hh ,e
`` gCG EG :`` dG G`` NC `` dbh ,I`` dG `` Ma
JdGh bEG `` Y QhdGh ,`` e d fhNC`` S
.G EG gJ CH
jDhQ EG dG bJ ,eG e EG GUh eYh
c aGJ `` NCa ,a `` j `` dG `` dG CG
YOCG AGb `` Y gY`` J dG h ,I`` U c h ,bh
.fCGh
GgP h ,`` G d NCG aY j AL h
.JGN e IN c e fc LdG EG
GOd aj Gfch ,G jCG e j NBG AL Mh
MCG EG Gh :d Jh ,`` h ,Y q d gP
Y e Jh Y j Gk c d JQCG EGh ,JdGh `` e
h ,JH EG GLd ;QG EG GgPh ,SdG eO
dCj NCGh ,QG dGhh JdGh ddG SG G`` Uh
g ,JdGh j :b `` gHh ,J c`` Y ;M Y
?M QG
84
,`` dG g c M
q `` MCG fEG Gh ,H j :db
.d j G
p
QGh gh ,`` W `` U Gfc e g :`` b
?d
e Gh d ,W `` SfCG SCH Y e Gh :`` db
g ,H q J e fc H EG QU VCG
!LhS e Y G c ,MEG e jCGQ e
IL Ff `` J Hk G`` U J J c `` d :IY
.M c Y
85
FOdG IdG
HdG IS
`` j M ,HhQhCG hdG iMEG h edG b

eQCG g fc ,VdG `` Uf H A`` T c G
j CG dha ,`` dG HG e JJ Ia
.jW CH OdH
OJ e YS dh ,jdG `` V b fCG hj
HdG FS LdG ch ,G e hR gq j HY QY
.HGh eQCG cQCG ba ,GdG e
e J I`` dG GWCG CG`` H ,`` jdG A`` KCG h
.YdG J Oc M ,Gv L S dM fch ,IOhdG
,HdG LdG bhCG dG e H Y`` Hh
,Y`` S `` bCH fGh ,`` HdG Q`` N I`` dH `` dCGh
GdJ dh ,I`` dG e hCG gd hj `` J
.M GPe f
,HdG gMhh HG CG EG IdG q J eY
,HdG AGQh `` CG`` Hh eb ,QG`` SH Y `` jh
`` J CGHh ,`` j bY CGH CG EG cJ CGH `` K
.iNCG Ie U OSGh ,AdH
86
`` UhCGh ,e `` cQCGh ,`` HdG `` LdG bhCG `` g

.edH
hJ a`` J fDhMCG `` j e Gk c ,FGYCG
e eCG M dh ,I`` dG jZ ggX
q
.dGh dG
g ?d c `` HG Y G`` j M ,GdGdG `` g
?d c Gv e Ak GhO j M ,dG
k `` G Y f CG `` j :``M
`` f CGh ,ehO
ADg cCdH g YT cCG ,UTCG Y eMCG
LG`` S ,M`
k ` Vh cCG jDhdH j jdG
.fLGj dP eh ,G hCG G c AGS ,G
87
FOdG IdG
dG dG
,e eCG `` dG dDG L ,`` dG SCGQ d a

dGREG Y jLCG ,VG dG :ch ,b `` eCGh
e `` dG Hh ,IY GQk `` T TGdG `` eRh ,IQG`` G
dG idG `` dG QGO `` G Xh `` ca ,`` dG
HG `` SQh ,dGh Jh ,eY k KK a YCG X
,IY GQk `` T `` SGQdG Y d ;dG c `` SjQdH
:c dG jf ah ,IQ`` S KOM H`` UEG H
.z!S S e d j{
Hba ,Oh`` T Mh ,e aZ LhR NOh
,AhH adG `` ca ,c e CGb `` c a eh ,`` e
`` Vh iNCG bQh gH `` eCG bh ,OY FbO Hh
.LhR c CG S dG bQdG QGH AhH
`` dG { :e CG`` bh ,`` LhR `` bQh h`` dG h`` Jh
,jW GS HY dG IQGG BG e T ,`` VG
Hd `` Sh ,`` dG `` fCGh ,`` dG `` Hh
c e cCG `` f Y e bdG q CG `` H `` dCdGh
CG Z e fdGh `` eG H M dGh TYh ,e
h ,Cj CG hO Ahg `` Jh ,Ye CG MC `` j
88
hCG gY CG hO `` Th ,IQ`` S KOM G e `` HG

S e d j{ :Fb JQY LhdG Nh ,Y`` e
.z!dG M Y G M a J
a Gd ;XdCGh Ja`` Jh Y jj e fCG :``M
ce Ada ,HjEG dG `` d QJ CG FGdG
.H
89
FOdG IdG
jT cQ
k FGOh , `` d Oq j MCGh W jd `` fEG c

`` dH ,cCG fh YCG f k e dG Gg `` j
GQ`` TEG if `` ddh ,`` YLG `` fGh `` SG EG
j CG `` fEG OGQCG GPEGh ,YCG EG J dGh `` dG
.YCG EG H QTCG Y
`` SCG JQGh ,dGh dH YCG JQG G`` gh
dGh k dZ H I`` dG JQGh ,MEGh IQ`` H
GYU
k Jj CG jj `` fEG c ,G `` Vh dH
;e eCG EG `` fG j G`` g eh ,YLG `` fG
h ,SG HCG fEG H `` jh ,eCG J M
,J fCG d qj Qh , H Y Hh k `` J
k Sh
.Gd e
RE mY e EG `` Ud k S `` J eY
jh ,`` Se e `` S QNG Y `` U ,e `` Y
Vh e cCJ K ,e OG VdG e k ` `Se dW
.e LJ dG dG d ;dG G
e GM GOk G`` aCG JM i`` f CG k jZ d `` dd
Gg O fCG j Gfch ,d kag fhq j G`` fc
90
H dh ,`` dG MGQh IO`` dG Y `` S eCG

e Ghj h ,AJ GTY hjj d`` Uh
.dG MGQ h ,IOdG ,k T JZQ
EG GUh eY dh ,jdG M dG Gq J d
Gg H fLj Gfc dG IOdG CG GcG jdG
e YSGh dG e j s h ,g d dG
fCG jdG G`` cG d ,jL e AdGh IO`` dG e
gfh ,Y OdG gY G`` bh ,`` dH GgG
,FG EG Gj dH d ,YCG dG f e
eh ,H OD`` S jCG EG `` UG jdG EG G`` j h
gh ?`` UdG H `` S dG eh ?jdG Gg Ff
k jdG G`` g
idG `` H dGh Gd GN fCG CG a
?SGSdGh
EG J `` Ja EG H ,`` fEG d `` M `` dG EG
Mh Jh Y jh ,IOG`` SGh AJQGh dG
.MCG g d LJ
`` SSh GQk h I`` JcOh IJ`` SCG `` jCGQ `` JM
`` Y g`` j `` e `` JM G`` dH `` jjeh A`` SDhQh
dh ,ADg Y `` e H d j CG jh ,h`` NBG
AGQh dG JM Y J CG d Qb GPEG ,eCG M
91
FOdG IdG
j gS G gYe Y Jh ,QdG
c k dY c `` c `` dG CG EG G`` Uh `` d ,G`` Y
g JQG d ,UCG G QGJh ,NCG e dG
?jdG fc GPa ,dUh dhO d fch ,dG S
Y Y `` e `` aCG Y Y CH `` f CG `` Yh
f CG Yh ,Ggh ,Y e aCG Y KKh ,MGh
dh ,k Y d dGDSh jNBG GN e IOSG CH
Y dO `` a ,dG `` Y H ,dY Q`` b `` Y `k ` dO
,fk `` jNBG Y e `` J fC ;`` dGh Ac`` dG
bCG e W dh ,H AGS fjh ,dCJ M
e dCG ,He H YCG jOG e gJ A`` TCG
!?k T J h ,fk jNBG e J CG AcdG
,dC` `S ,h`` c `` e `` S `` J Mh
Y jh ,HdG H Sh ,YCGh ,H `` SGh
IOdG dh ,G IOdG g gh ,MdG KCG
,K aS ffCG a ,dG EG Mh fEG UH
,e dG `` jW EG ,`` ffCG eb `` e aj CG `` H h
.J c J jdG JCJ dG IOdGh ,jd dh
92
dG dG
FGdG e Y `` TEG e OY H G
Jh zk dM JdG bEG{ `` LH dh ,OY H `` e
fi SG ,1095 - 1040 / `g 488 - `g 431 ZCG
G SdG HCG ,dG Y`` SEG H fi H OY H
;OCG j ,Gk Gk Y`` T ,`` SQa
k ,Hv `` T c ,G Y
,HGfh dG HQCG e WS WH La
HGh ,fdG `` HGh ,hjR `` HGh ,QY H `` H HCG `` eCG
k Gk YT G c Y `k ` ah ,`` dG jM
,G
fch ,dc IY`` T edG O`` YEG LhR `` fc a
.YhdG jBG dhO IVM TEG
`` S `` TEG M dEG BG M ,OY H `` G c
Wb eG ,Y e `` KdG ,(1068 = ` ` g 461)
H CG EG f`` S `` JGh ,`` dfCG G `` e G`k ` ch
.Se je
GSJ e gh ,FGdG e jCG OY HG TY
GAk L `` e MGh c `` Mh ,`` dfCG `` jeCG `` dhdG
j`` Yh iMEG jhdG `` J H `` M ,`` jhO hCG
iCGQ h ,`` V Lh eh TY `` e dhO d ,`` dhO
93
FOdG IdG
g bJh V dbh d e SOdG fdCG

k ` SQ dEG `` SQCG K ,gOq `` SGh ,MLa ,W Y
`
CH `` fdCG e jJ d`` SQ j SQa e N e
d`` SdG `` Mh ,e `` M Y Rj CG G Y
`` Y G`` Ja ,A`` dG `` Lh ,`` G Q`` a ,`` jdH
dG TJ H `` Sj HGG YH O`` SG
`` SdG H G eCa ,G QGdG q h ,jaEG
h ,Lh `` Hh ,SdG `` Vh ,k L iQ`` dG
T H`` a zOG{ `H Ak Gf `` TJ HG Q`` UCG G
,OdG ALQCG e YG bCGh ,M`` dG EG `` G
`` fdCG bCGh ,`` G jgH OdG MORG M
TJ HG `` G eCG EG ch ,L dCG HQCG
`` S e g HGL{ :HN `` X Y d a ,O`` j
SH `` e `` jb e `` G `` dG `` K zi`` J
e `` SGh `` S JdG OhM Y `` k dM (Badajoz)
.bdG :d j VQCG
a ,ge j`` S TJ H Sj H`` SG fc
afGh ,L dCG jYh fh ,S e HGb bCG
d `` bh ,`` S b OY H G La ,`` bdG EG
Uh `` SG dG h ,GG `` Jh ,Lj ec
94
`` SEG OY eJh ,cG b EG gFbh ,HGG

fch ,LQ H `` fdCG FdG g .kdCG `` N
L b M ,eQ T e hCG G j bGdG
.e K iS e j a ,GdG G
eCG hCG `` TJ `` H `` Sj `` G `` eCG c
GTh Gk f dh ,`` V g :jh ,OY H G j
.dG EG G CH TJ HG EG
EG H BGh OY H G H HGG Fb `` eCG
f TEG e `` dG H Q`` Sh ,H ge
jOd SdG Nh ,G EG jW dG OGdG
HGPh ,YCG edG Ce bh ,dG V Y jfi
,fdG `` Y HOCG `` dG e Y `` kCGh I`` M Hb
G `` H jG IQ`` dG `` g Y J`` SCGh g `` a
fdG HG dG `` dfCG YdG S bh ,`` dGh
:a AL e IH jG G Gg
``NQ``` U `` c ```q `` ` a o GO`` ` ` ` dG `` `M
Op `` ` ` a `` ` ` eh IG`` ` `` ` ` eo `` ` e m Q`` ` ` ` ` ` Ùh
``````j o r ` ` ` ` ` ` dGh ``` o ` F``` ` S Q`` `` ` S
O`` ` ` ` `dG `` `` ` H h`` ` ` ` `j `l ` ` ` ` ` HEG `` `` ` fC` ` c
95
FOdG IdG
M ch eO m e AdG a S c
p ` ` `` `b `` è o ` `F`` ` `` `dG `` ` J
Op `` `` ` cCG `
JSCGh G bCG G EG dG Uh CG Hh
G`` bh ,`` Se EG dP H GhNoCG K ,`` W `` ejC
k G
gh ,ZCG EG ge EG G`` Mj CG b Gk `` TCG g
dhO `` UY cGe `` e He `` Y J I`` U je
H GY{ G Gg EG G S b ch ,HGG
.WfZ eCG zH
,dG `` c ,dG `` Sc G TY `` ZCG h
e fH `` d ,GdG qn e `` jh ,`` S ee `` e n jo
,CGJh ,f fCa ,jG MQjh ,JSCe Y j
Y d ;dj fCG a ,QbCG JH EG j
,T EG Cjh ,dH Qjh ,j c dh ,dG
JH Y NJ ,IKDe eo FH `` f Y a
QKBG Y hJ ,Kq Q K gBGQ a ,Y j dG
:jM T q H jb HfG ,bdGh dG
GQh```è O``` YC``H n``` c ```è ```à
GQ``` SC` e `` ` ` ZCG `` a o ` ` ` dG A``` ` a
``` F``L Qp `` ` `` ` ` WCG `` à `` J`` ` H i`` ` J
G``` ` ` bp n``r ` ` ` j ``S``` ` d `` dr `` ` j
96
k ` ` ` T``N `p `` ` ` ` ` ` d n ` ` ` ` f rR`` ` ` ` H
G``` ` S``` e G` m ` `` ` ` ` ` ` M `nq ` ` gQo `` ` ` ` `` ` `HCG
``à``M G`` ` ` bCGh ``` ` dG `à n Cr ` `` `j
GQ`` ` a`` ` ch `` k ` `` `` è rC` ` `` ` `J `` ` d `` `` ` fC` ` c
LhR `` edG O`` YEG `` Y p`` Sr nCG IC` `Wh `` TGh
b aoa ,`` G `` de Y `k ` jW n ` `J h ,`` G
.LhR `` S `` e He `` Y `` ZCH `` aOo h ,`` LhR
M ,GS HQCG f a ,Sh G `` Sr nCG Wh
11 HQ a ,dG qPh `` dG Gg e G fCG
bh ,LhR `` fL EG aOo h ,1095 = ` ` g488 G`` T e
:b Y j CH UhCG
O`` ``dG o ` Fp G`` dG ` n ```n `S ``j``n `dG n ` ` bn
Op `` ` ` q ` `Yn `` ` ` HG A`` ` ` ` `TnC` `Hp n`` ` ` ` `Xn `` v ` ` Mn
`nqJGp Pp pEG `tdpH `p ``p `d``H `p ```p `d``Hp
Odp ` q `d``H G``Hn ` LnCG pEG p ndpH
Gnn bGp GPpEG eGdG pQdG YdH p
O`` ``dG `è`p `Z````d``H n ` `n ` `MnCG ` p `n ` d``Hp
`m ` `n `fp `` à `` ``n `d``Hp `m `n ` fp `à ``gn ` d``H
O`` ``dG `à Qp ````n `d``Hp `m `` Xo `à Qp ``n ` d``Hp
97
FOdG IdG
Ql n ` ` ` `bn p ` ` ` `Hp `` ` ` f`` aGhn t`` ` `n ` dG n ` ` `go `` n ` `fn

Op `` ` ` ` `` ` dp `` ` ` f`` aG`` an Ap `` ` ` ` ``n ` ` `dG n`` ` ` ` ep
o ` ` o `n` YnCG `p `` ``s `dG GP n n ` ` bn `` `co nCG `` `dn hn
Op G`` ` ` ` YnCG n `` ` ` ` an iO`` ` ` ` `Jn `` ` ` p`` dG nq nCG
m n ` cn `èp n``YOp ````SGp pH `ào Q`à ` n ``cn
Op `` ` ` ` ` Yq Qn `` ` ` n ` ` dG `` ` ` ` `bn q ` ` ` `co G n hq Qn
o ` ` `n` Hp Gh n`` ` ` nq ` Zn `` ` ` ` dnq G o `` ` ` ` NnCG ``` ` jn
O`` ` Z `m ` ` ` ` Fp GQ `m ` èn ` ` Hp `p `` ` ``n ` dG n`` ` `Jn
kG`` ``p `n `èo q ` ` ``n `dG o ` ` eOn n On `` ` `jn ``q ` Mn
Op `` ```SEp `Hp `` ` n```Jn ``d p ` `gs ` `dG `` o ` `YnCG `` ep
k ` ` ` `n ` ` ` `Fp GO p ` ` ` `s ` `dG Io `` ` ` ``n U G`
o ` ` ` ` ` Jn hn
Op G`` ` ` ` Hp `` ` ` ` ` Jo `n ` ` ` ` `` àOn `` ` ` Yn
98
YCG OhH
LhN b ,Oc dG EG k gGP MU k H e f

GG Y `` Z c !GG eH eb e`` UG
JQ`` S cQ ,eCG e Y c fC ;adG `` Yh
Y`` S jdG `` Sa ,fG Gh `` MOG QG`` dG
CG `` j ,k eh Gk NCe Y EG gH `` Uh ,`` ec
dgEGh `` NCJ Y jG `` Hs h `` eY ,H`` YCG `` dj
HfGh ,k VZ fa ,c`` d IQG `` j dG
.zneo fCG{ :bG dG fch ,eQY g dM
k Hk c e `` T c NGH CG e s J
a ,ZQa
Gg ,A`` eG `` dG Gg CG`` j `` j A`` T `` M
dG NCG M ,dG Gg j M e `` dH
b dG VQCG Y `` S M , Hch ,NGO cGj
Lh J dG j`` U hCG ,LH cJ Ge k J
k VZ J dG j M c hCG ,JdG YS
.VJ IQN dGh ,Lh
.JQKEGh HYCG QGb e fCG :IWN
.dGh dG Y jQdG FGQ dG Ib c
99
FOdG IdG
dH GDS
Hb CG IRL `` J AKCG h ,JdGh Je `` H

a La ,Gv ` `L k `` Sh c ,Ie hC GJ Hv `` T `` dG
.eMCG SQa gJ fc dG UGG L
,Gj`
k ` T v M q MCGh ,`` dG dH IdG g YCG
bQ hCG fGY `` NCJ h ,Y J `` fCG `` G d
CG Y J `` dG CGH ,`` aJ `` SG Mh ,`` Jg
AH Jhfi `` L d ,Y `` dq J ee hCG A`` T
.dH
:GDdG ,NCG dG g b b jCG Hh
b Y J IdG L dG `` dG e OYG
?NCG
k u a
bk O`` U J CG hMh ,HLEG iJ CG b GL
W EG `` fi fCG g `` J CG LCG `` e ,`` f e
? CG f
k qs a g
?GL
.HLEG iJ M ;SCG EG fG ,kM
100
e LQCG ,v FG`` Y d GD` `dG G`` g EG !Ie `` NBG

,HLEG N
u ,Y jf a k fEG ,GDdG M dG
.Ak LQ gGJ CG b ,dH Vh
:HLEG dEGh
dP j CG eCG Y ,`` NCG b Y IdG `` ebCG
!NCG IRL iNCG Ie dG
(U) `` f H`` dG HLEG HLEG fc GPEG
jdG dG `` VG c J CG Y qj Ga
.d Yfh e jd
UTCG Y f AWCG b e u Wo QNG Gg
? CG eGLEG J gJ g ae OGG c
e Gfc jc e Y QNG Gg `` u Wh o
`` H Y GHLCG `` bh ,`` FGG e `` Y `` JQH
.U
GQk aCG jd CG j Ga ,U HLEG fc GPEG :eCJ
fCG j Ga ,`` WN HLEG fc GPEG `` eCG ,`` eGLEG
. e CG j h S
101
FOdG IdG
?dG cQ e
c ,k T SdG e edG GQe Y j je

U ,J e f jh ,f Y YCG cGj
JG :a `` U ,jj H bhh ,Na ,ej k J`` S
,SBG ,QhG G c :b ,Oq J h ,e JH
dhfh ,GQhCG g N `` SBG ,SBG Ie c :`` H b
JdG `` e ,Y`` H r Yho ,f`` dG `` b FQ EG
:bh ,f`` dG `` b `` e `` Y `` gdCGh ,Gk `` e
:bh ,JdG `` SCG e LdG j`` J ,Y gNDJ
.Se SCH r Vn
,Y`` H `` N G ,`` Se Z ,`` Se :`` b
EG J`` dG `` eh ,JG`` UCG JQG `` M ,`` J
fdG QdG XG MCG bCG YS Hh ,e
,OYCGh ,SQG e OhCG NC ;gPCS :bh ,FQ EG
.J j c fCGh :FdG U
VJ I`` e hCG ,G`` S `` Y e M g :`` b
.e EG LQG :b ,Y
q
QUh ,SCG Gg e Gk FM e EG G e
EG SQG e OhCG Uj Y j ,`` JG j
102
`` SQG MCG Jh ,`` dG abh W M ,dG

dEG bCa ,k ` `VZ H EG `` XG Gg O`` Y ,d`` jEG
;g YCG `` SQG ,HH :bh ,d `` e `` dG dh
e ,H aOh ,eCG EG gPG :CG a U ...fC
H `` J G b dEG bCa ,eCG EG k cH `` dG
:GD` `dG ,QGH H`` a ,eH dG ca ,IOdc
?dG cQ e
V fC ;jG U ,jG :Jh ,J qXCG
.dM e fa ,fG M ,f
Qf dG A`` TCGh ,QGhOCG jRJ a f GP :HJ
V GPEG fCG UN ,Qf :YT H f ?Y
,AjHCG Sf EG gQV iJ b JaJ Ea ,f
.d fP h ,UCk G G kaW Gfj
103
FOdG IdG
b Gd
H G AdG Gg dGhdG he QcdG ihQ

: jdGY H a Gh jO QT GG
Gh jO GG L M ,GjM M b
QL `` dG GfBG `` fa AGQRh `` FQ Q`` H `` a
:Le IM LdG H LG CGHh ,heH
hjJ ,G dL j fCG SdG j :jO b
Gk eCG UCG g FGSEGh ,dG EG FGSEH GaJ CG
.bGdG eCG Gg aQ dG MCG j h ,k bGh
`` SCG fCG ,FdG `` ea j :`` a G `` LCG
Gk eCG dMG `` UCGh ,jQH `` MG g EG ,G`` g ec
G e `` fG fCG EG `` SG `` fa ch ,k bGh
M ,bGdG `` eCG ehe `` Y J `` Hh ,`` EG
,VQ T h ,bGdG eCd VQ fCG a ,Y J
eCH `` VQCG CG `` e J CG BG `` e `` SCG `` fCa
,dG MG GPEG `` d ,FdG ea j jdGh ,bGdG
MG EG :jO Gd gdG IYdH dj GQh
.Yhe
k UCG a ,k bGh UCG GPEG
104
IcG `` UGh ,jdG Y`` S e jO `gOo

:bh ,d a s ,dG GH
Wh `` a EG :O`` dG `` j ,`` G `` dL `` j
.g dh FGSEG YCG gLh ,UCG
e `` fCG ,FdG `` ea `` j :`` a `` G `` LCG
dG CGJ `` T H fCGh ,jH eDe je fC ;`` H
IG`` `Z `` e `` e GhDh`` L O`` dG CG CG`` b `` eCG ,`` SG
,WCGh A`` dGh LdG Gbh ,G Gba ,`` à
,dG fd `` gh ,gH `` a EG :`` J a
dG Q`` SG J CG `` jJ fCGh ,h`` e O`` dGh
ehQ J GPa ?`` S BG HQCG e FG`` SEG M
?a `` S BG KK b c dG `` fd gQ`` SG
f h ,OdG dG jN `` fCG
,fa L S e `` eCG dG fh ?ehQ
Gf K ,S S iS `` a OdG M
.a dh gHCG EG :dj dh :jO b ,gH
e BG Y ,FdG `` ea j jZ :G LCG
WCG d j AG`` dG cCGh ,jQH IQS `` Nh
GhDhLh ,hO A`` SDhQ `` WCG AD` `g Q`` U a ,`` jQH
QOCG ,jQH `` a ,jQH IOdG H fdj
?`` S
105
FOdG IdG
ch ,heH k Ye SG Vh ,jO S
bh ,QG Ya O`` TQh `` S eCG e `` dL k
`` `dG GbhCG ,`` dG `` dG a BG :jO
SCH Q ej FG`` SEG fch ,FG`` SE Q`` G
.jeCG dh ,fa
GdG `` a G `` SGh :dGhdG `` j
fh ,G dG `` U h ,HG g e YLQ Y
jHdG c`` T FQ `` a G Y`` SG GdG
gJ hH f CG EG :d bh ,Gk VM ch ,jeCG
H Y h ,`` Y hdG bCG `` S FG`` SEG EG
,hdG Y b FGSE IYe SQCG jeCG CG dP
eCG `` e SdG bhh ,jeCG GgG ebh
jf h ,hdG jf :hgG gh ,ObdG `` fi
e jM f a G SG Ggh ,FGSEG
jRGG j CG `` dG b dG bh ,`` jO
.c
MCG J eG Jeeh jQd JAGb :M
.dhd FQ H Gh ch ,hdG
106
dCdG H dG
W IQ`` SG `` J dG `` SCG MCG Gg c

d JQ`` S O`` J `` c :`` FXdG i`` MEH `` dG
KK jCGQh ,ad b Qe jW h ,UY
:aG hj UTCG
. CG TJ RY ICGeG `1
.JM fCG CG S b jU `2
.Jhb gq J IQe T `3
jCa ,a MGh cGd JQS `` e jd c
?e q S
, CG `` TJ fC ;RdG I`` dG q J CG
jU NCJ CG `` J ,hCk G gPfEG `` aCG e Qh
g g J `` bh ,JM fCG CG `` S b `` fC ;`` dG
d fEa ,G`` MCG c h ,G Oq d `` SG `` UdG
Ie e dG QG `` dG OjEG Y GQk Ob J
d `` TJ q `` a MGh `` T `` g c ,i`` NCG
dG HLE dPh ,G`` eJ `` T 200 H e ,XdG
.Y QZ
107
FOdG IdG
?LdG GL c GPe ,OYG

,IQdG Je dG jU YCS :WH b
a ,`` G EG R`` dG I`` dG `` UJ e `` WCGh
.IhdG H aG fC ;fCG HCS
u :IY
.MCd JM J J jW Z
108
e e
ch ,`` jdG `` fEG b C ;`` fjH Gk `` T

Gh SEG GQS fjH VQCG `` j e
Sh YdG Uh dG YH QGdG WdGh
Y ka`` UG `` J GQ`` dG a ,G GMG
bdG J M ,G j QdGh ,UQCG
KOG GY Uhh ,ddG bdH HUCG j dG
,Q`` dGh G bQ EG EG PEG ,G`` dG i`` j
.d bdG JCGh
,`` fEG Q`` H CG CGH C ;`` fjH Gk `` T
a ,`` dG cG QR GPEG `` Lh i`` S e `` MCG
,c h ,d h ,ge h ,L h ,jO aj
.a fEGh ,fEG CG c Gg e gCG aj dh
3 Ie L `` jg `` MCG C ;`` fjH Gk `` T
h ,Qhe LQ H Uj h ,Y bj h ,GS
.hDe QT j
d ,`` J c `` SCG `` j c C ;`` fjH Gk `` T
?G e g ,SBG ,S
109
FOdG IdG
iCe e G`` TG d dh C ;fjH Gk `` T

,ed `` Se hLh `` d `` SG WCG `` H
dG q j gh ,dCG L EG b L e jGH
.Y e
`` cG GQh`` j `` HGh `` LhR C ;`` fjH Gk `` T
ed Gk T ,QHWh jh jgh GQhCG Z e `` dG
;W EG dh ,`` W EG LhR dG `` SG
,eCG GPEG W gGJ CG Jh ,`` e fCG J fC
.v FJ dP J gh
,NQ WCG e Q`` SCG C ;fjH Gk T
HbQ `` j e `` aCGh ,i`` NCG `` H `` fQe
WCG a ,S`` Mh W `` fC ;Jfe Ij`` T
c NBG `` f LJ dG j`` dG `` f a `` Lj
.U fCGh ,HTCG
SCG h ,eCGh ,NOCGh ,NCG C ;fjH Gk `` T
La ,GL`` eh Gk Mh eh G`` Xeh A`` VV
?IQdG Oj a ,aM gh ,MJ
q e CG `` H ,Y `` Y `` c C ;fjH Gk `` T
hCGh ,GfhH 10 i`` S JCG h ,AWCG 3 `` Y dG
110
?HdG IG JQf `` c jCG :dG dC` `S GDS

`` J a `` SG EG :a ,H e :d `` a
dG jCG G fi`` S :`` f a ,dG `` G
.a
NCj dG `` FGdG NCG P jdG Q`` Gk `` T
,v ej `` T H `` eCG `` d ;IQdG `` H e `` jdG
fCG `` JCG CG OQCG EG Y HG `` JCG CG Y Vj `` H
.j CG jj a ,QG LhRh
,dG fGh edG GP IQ`` ahd Gk `` T
,YLG Qhfi Jh ,YLG Y cJ a
CG EG bNCG q Jh ,jH Jh ,bQdG Jh
;dG ed Gk `` Th ,HG hb S GOk Qh `` SQCG
;G dhD Gk Th ,j c ,S J :j fC
Y `` SCJ H ,jQCG q Y e Jh ,gH e J `` fC
.gNCJ
LhR G`` ej `` fC ;`` jdG `` d Gk `` T
GMG fi g dG Y H ,c h ,bH h ,I`` H
dG jO `` J C ;Gk `` T ,Gk `` T ,Gk `` T IY`` eh
d ,JCG CG G `` ch ,`` T fCGh W fCGh ,`` Ja
dG G h Y`` dG GQhdG h dG H e
111
FOdG IdG
,Gh G Vj bGh H ,jdG RdG eGH h

eY eh `` aG F`` S EG `` VhdG SQe `` e `` jGH
.AGQRdG FQ EG QdG
.v T JT e Gg
jj H`` UCG CG YCG fCGh ,J hCG ,`` e J `` b
.Y CH jCGQ G g dh ,AGS d
C ;Y `` J ,fjH Gk `` T ..Gk `` T ..Gk `` T
dc cCSh ,] fi eCG eh ,cCG v HYh k e dRe
.G AT EG ,jHBG HCG
jMH g
fjH ,jH
dG LdG q ` `j gh ,d I`` Y Nj eY :I``WN
FQ Je `` H fjH `` SdG IdG `` M e
`` e CG hCG ,GQdG `` fi hCG `` G ,AGQR`` dG
,jOdG SdG e e ,Q`` HdG j ,i`` NCG
j Gg a ,d g SdG Mj `` e Ggh
!?HdG fOH
112
kHODe c
CGh ,`` N V H`` UEG Y W `` NCG `` eH

,A`` fG e fOCG hCG `` Sb b JMh bG b ej
Lh Y CG f bh ,gGdG FG e N
v g M b ,fk fi kfCG j ,`` S Jd ke ,IZ
;Ak e j CG OGQCG Lh Y k Fg j g Hh ,k Y
EG dO eYh ,KQdG G H HUCG jQ
k `` j M`` U j H GPEa ,ddG
Hk V Gk U W
QdG WEG OOq j a ,LdG a e `` Sa ,Me k
Hb bh ,ILCG IQS q SGh ,N K ,b k OGQCa ,Y
,Y UUQ WEG EG aO e ,QMGh AGQORH FdG
CG OGQCa ,je Qhj Y `` S `` f Lh gHh
e ASh ,cGdG AG`` T QHW fGh ,`` f Y hj
,cS Sa ,QG e YdG MCG Xa e gT
dG ,JH OhCG UUH ZHh ,N eY ,q a
,gQYCG Y j CG b k L dC` `j c LdG CG
c d Y V Y Q :Y Oj fj eHh
c d :a c bQh `` V c fH j ch !Hk ODe
!WCG Td kd
113
FOdG IdG
,jG LdG U GP OGG e `` S Hh

b YdG a qn ,j e IGhdG bJh ,N `` fGh
Gfj CG N ;AdGh HG Z UNh k ,SdG
,j GP `` LdG G`` g G`` dG `` a ,`` eOdG j`` V
Gfj CG EG `` aO e !dH N A`` S Y `` HODa
q ,`` jNBG e k jJh `k ` eJ QCGh kd `` cCG
dG a
!jG SdG H fGh
NG :`` bCG ?jedG `` dG `` J e :Q`` J GP`` e
e edG `` Mh OCGh `` da !`` dG hCG `` G `` eEG
FGG Yh dG cH M e jW mK l Y jNBG
e `` J OjEG Y G kLY fk MCG LCGh ,`` G
a ,G e dG eJh Jbh `` H d
,k e EG GJ a ,N A`` S e h e `` S b GMC k G
Z gP GPEGh ,`` dG QH eQ jCGQ dN `` e GPEGh
.G d e k ec e Yq L ge
`` dG Y dG j`` T c v Z CG Gg cj
QOZ CG Hh ,GQG `` MCG eCG eM MCG `` MG
edG d a ,edG `` SGj ja`` G MCG JCG LdG
eCGh ,`` SCG Sd jj `` g ,`` S J :k ` è
!Qjf EG gS
114
dG dG
dG a `` L `` ShQO
k dG BGdG d q b `` b
} :] dG Y dG Ve f`` S a ,hdG GQeh
.| P O N M L K
`` S gh !?Gg e Hk OCGh `` bk hPh kd `` jCGQ `` a
CG j `` dG `` M eCJ a !?`` J e `` MCG `` Je
Sj K ,jdH jh ,jdH G Zj ZCG
dH CGH a fS G eCG ,een Jb c dG
f`` S H `` UhCG e G j`` UdG eh !JG b
k Yd j CH `` dG Y hQgh `` Se
.kd b
e WCG `` S a .| K J I H} :`` FdG `` gh
?G Gg e YCGh dG Gg
.dG G j dG dG :M
115
FOdG IdG
dG
Y ILh Ie G jj Y SCG dH `` T
QKCG e ,SEH Y bh Y`` dG Y b e ZdG
,fCG `` G iMEG dG `` dG A`` dG MCG fG
e s ` `S `` H ,d `` SdG `` fi `` S Y dC` à
!k e UH aJ a :HLCa ?IYdG
AdG ba ,`` f e kd c A`` T c bh :HJ
Gd ;c dG e gUQ fCG e Ada ,j
,`` fCG gj jdG H AdG EG bCG g
.AT H QSGh NCd FGO S a
116
VLEG jQCG
fCG ,dG jCG :dbh ,W EG b ICGeG gP

j
q W ,JYe EG MCGh ,IN `` e YCG
k G jQCG ,iNCG Ie eM fCGh ,dG e IMGh `` S
WC
.He
?aCG CG e jjJ GPeh :dG b
YCG fCGh ,M J CGh ,VLEG e jQCG :db
.dP JYe Y
fCG YCG :Id b dG Hh ,gH dG q a
.jC
k G dEG dH IQN bCGh , aCG M d
.W S dG CG Ie ,HG
jYQ `` ZdG jd `` d fCG `` jJ fCG :`` HJ `` K
H dG dG `` b `` aCa Gd ;`` f bdG W
MGdG `` e `` b NCG ,jdG `` Hh ,`` YGQP
p GPEG ,dG dG `` dj CG `` b
,gMCG b `` jjJ c
Y N CG g j d Ggh ,c `` MGh CG j q a
.YGQP H dG dG NG GPEG L
117
FOdG IdG
EG ,dG jCG , :dbh ,YdH IdG MC

s G g
!W b L fEG ,gQ Gg
Y aGe c dh ,CG`` dG aGhCG :dG LCG
.G aCG fCG Xh ,H e b
,f `` Lh i`` HCG b `` fCG ck Q`` e ,`` dG `` HG
hCG AMCG WCG b NG Lj fCG CG ba
!f g a ,MdG GdGRe jdG
u :IWN
.dM g e GMCG J bEG HSCG Z
118
OU AcP
,dG W`` T Y `` gq j ,`` jRh e `` G `` N

`` T ej ,`` dG `` bq e GOk `` U `` jW G`` La
AH HY Z GQk he Ma k jh ,dG e dG
.fdG g e
H g ,Gv L `` cPh b O`` U Gg :jRd G `` b
,O`` dG e jRhh G bG ,`` b Y Y `` d
.Y Oq a ,dG Y dCGh
?dM c :Od G b
UCGh ,c`` T eQCG ,GJ c ,M :O`` dG b
jCG e e fCa ,H ke ,Y EG OYCGh ,bGRQCG
.G
fCa ,Z e j CG j :G b
.e YRj e h ,OdG e
e fCGh , `` TY Y e fCG :O`` dG b
.cT TY Y dGh dG
,dCSCG CG jQCG :d a ,O`` dG j CG G OGQCG
.ICae YCG U GH LCG Ea
119
FOdG IdG
e j CSG ,Y Nh a LQ fCG :O`` dG b

.e HLEH QLCG a ,jRh ,edG
c :d `` bh ,O`` dG GD` `S Y q ` ÙCGh ,G aQ
?BG HQ Y eh ?AdG OY
.eCG J M ,LCG :d OdG b
.eCGh dG e d :G b
dhdG Y Vh ,`` T MG :d O`` dG b
m ,IT J IT ,q H CGHG K ,eeCG g
OY J M
.AdG
Y jRh j M ,`` LCG a BG HQ Y `` eCGh
.He jh ,He c j K ,j dG fM
H eCG e jRdG `` a ,dP jRh j CG G `` eCG
.G
cQ K ,jRdG `` He dh ,`` He O`` dG N
:bh ,jRdG M Y
. mGK q jh ,j
u CG BG HQ Y EG
.j ShDhQ a e GZ q e ICah
120
.YCG :b ?dG j GPe :jRd G a

?GdG j GPe :Od G b
e S ,ga hCG zdG{ eq CG :O`` dG b
,ga fdG zdG{ `` eq CGh ,g EG G q ` `S j
ddG z`` dG{ `` eq CGh ,`` g EG dG `` j `` e `` S
.g EG QYCGh GRQCG e S ,ga
,J h ,OGG X Y fe :O`` d G b
.o J h ,dG WT Y fe ,jRdG jCG fCGh
ce AdG CG c ,RdG H ce G M :HJ
.G AH
121
FOdG IdG
?YOCG GPd
,e`` HG LCG `` JJ gh ,d`` dG `` NO

CGJ J CG b ,Fg IO`` Sh Uf `` SCG Y dG
gf eJ ,`` fCG M e LNCG `` dG dG
dhf K ,IQGH H MQ ,G`` fH g`` T `` e
a ,j`` dG `` g ,J`` S d NG :`` Fb ,IQ`` U
,Y Y IdG fHdG J .SJ fCG T
,e LCG j`` J d , :dGL d q gh ,`` dbh
I`` dG GG `` TT `` G eCJ .Jg `` fEG
.jjJ e d p :Fb HG K ,Cx H
f d ,fjdG `` fHdG J gfG b`` S
fEG ,gY H H ,jJ hCG e`` HG H d
,aj Ia jMh hH J d ,eY
k fdG RhJ
,SH jG jdGh VG N cJ dGRe
.jdG fCc ,IG Y J dGRe
,eY
k 73 de L QcdG ,`` SCG gQL
`` j ,1996 Y O`` bG Hf IFL Y `` FG
,IdG eMCGh `` dG JQH d ,NBG g IH
,eCG HH Ra fCc ,RdG Fd QH `` j c
122
H jG gh ,Gv L GSk c ,eY k 14 b dh

jG d Me T de id ,d J U
.dG `` Y BG `` e ZdG `` Y dGh `` dG `` e
CGj .cGdGh `` fCGh ddH MOe edG dhL
,MJh U dH M` k ` U SOdG Y`` dG ej
EG gj CG b ,`` c e `` J e IAGb j K
,`` dG dG d `` G EG gj Gk ` `Y ,`` eG
CG b ,hdEG jH Jh ,VjdG SQ A`` eh
ej c c :`` j ,Hk ch IR`` e hj dG EG `` j
j .Y`k ` JG eHGh Y`` f J`` H OGORG k e
GQG e G`k ` ch fCGh `` dG j CH `` de
,EG dG c Gk e ,YQG dG
.G dh ,hdG NdG :H fa
M ,IH `` j jdG gMh G`` d EG
j ,IQ`` dP j jQa`` da ,I`` b `` NBG
fCH eY
k 83 hH `` J LdG Qa`` dG YCG LQ
ej QgCG CG Oq hCG :j ,v ej YS HQCG i`` S j
j ,FHCG e hCG G ej q L `` J j ,TGdG
G CG Qa`` dG ij ,d `` j hCG `` dG Ic e
QU dG JGce j ,G` k ` S Lh c e j
123
FOdG IdG
,e ej
k `` S ,G `` e NCG fCG :`` VG `` dG
?fGhCG b YOCG GP d ,LB k G CG LY
k
,Lj ,`` jh ,`` cj `` dG `` G
jMh `` je HdG dhO fGbCG d ,s jh
.G b J ,eh
d j hCG ,`` eG `` SQj v `` S `` n p
Jh ,g`` T `` J `` dG Ic `` n p ?i`` NCG
?NBGh G H jJ
fQc j ?dG FHBG e SM J GP
e jNBGh fCG ej ,Gk e dGh IO`` dG Y
.FGhfGh bJ KEG JfeEG
`` J `` dG `` fEG `` j `` eY ,`` dG
e c `` e Q a ,`` JQGh gadG `` ee `` Y
hj ,`` HG .JO`` Sh `` JjGd `` Jh ,`` eGdG
,NBG J MGdG VGeCG `` J ,j eY ,f`` fEG
. CG j CG G j ,WMEGh SL KEG
,`` fEG `` jh ,dG `` j I`` G `` Y `` bEG
IdG Y G `` S j CG .Yh FGOCG Y jh
.zY Mh Y W e SdG N{ :dGh
124
e LGNEGh gO`` SEH `` FHBG QYCG `` f `n ` p an

gh jM J Y jQH ,Wbh dY
`` UCG j e EG ?I`` jL Q`` QZ `` VN `` Y
EG SGh IG fh ,a ,`` Vj d dG
.aGWCGh MGhQCG
`` SQ Y HQbCGh fAHBGh JeCG ù ` f CG Y
GQH `` f CG hO `` JM G`` fj CGh ,`` j `` e
gGe) hCG (He) :cT Y fYh Gv S `` Sb
.jh ,Hj (G
dG LQ IY TCG b dCS eY ,Gk c KCJ
.dGL e f dSQ Hc Y YSCG CG eG
CG `` j k b Jg d`` SQ Hc j `` e
k G `` Sj
bh eCG .`` v fhdEG k be `` j hCG ,E
e WdG Y H ,IAGdG Y `` J J `` VG
.jG dG FSh
,e `` Meh H `` Jj G`` HEGh R`` Ea
,`` JdDeh `` JGQHGh `` dG `` YGNG `` gCG G`` J
n p an ,geh IM aj `` e N CG h`` a
?dG c gQRGDfh ,Yfh , f
125
FOdG IdG
v ahCG `` f a ,Jc`` Sh JGOY ù ` f GPEG

M
`` S ,dG H`` SCGh ad f a ,FHBG `` e
no ` `Sh ,Gk e `` S ,cdG Y eh ,jNCe
.G b Sh ,Gk e
126
IdGh ddG
jZ `` J I`` T g c ,h `` H eR `` e
IdG g M j `` U W g c ,e`` dG
gHh ,gQK `` e cCjh ,f`` ZCG `` j ch ,`` v ej
.X bk j
q e ,e d IdG fch ,IdG j c
H IdG M j `` UCGh ,dG Gg ch ,edG
d da ,kjM ch dG LQ ,jCG e j ,dP
Gk `` U YCG :ddG HLCa ,e dGh , nJ :I`` dG
OdG H EG MCGh ,dG H jQCG fCG ,dM dC
dh ,Of CG `` e Lj :I`` dG `` HLCa ,FG`` d
`` K ,d ;d dG `` dG c NCJ CG ``
.gjJ dG OdG Y
L Lh ,IdG `` a ,jd G`
k ` S c ddG
ddG j ,G`
k ` S Y e fh ,Y dG dG QK
.gH
,JOY `` d ;gH `` G jZ I`` dG `` fc
H ,Gdh
k j dh ,I`` dG EG ddG Gg LQ j h
k UCG
.LQ
127
FOdG IdG
:d dbh ,JOd ;IO`` dG e I`` dG fch

.e dGh , nJ
dM dC `k ` W YCG :d `k ` Fbh ,HLCG `` dh
MCGh ,FY Y hDk ` è LQ
k `` UCG a ,iNCG Ie
?Gg Y JYe g ,ihCe d d ;H EG
NCJ CG dh ,H `` d Y d fCa !`` SBG
,aCG c LdG `` NCa ,kH d H d ;`` YaCG `` L
JOd IS IdG fch ,S gh ,I`` dG QOZh
.dEG j dh ,Gg jDhQh
,Gv L QM j h ,iNCG Ie jM IdG UCGh
,IOdG e I`` dG fch ,iNCG Ie LdG OY
CGH bh ,dG jZ `` fCG ,e dGh , nJ :d `` da
:LdG d a ,JQC ;e C HCG CG jQCGh ,dG
YL NCG `` :HLCa ,`` k ce FYEG `` g
Jh ,AJ jCG H J CG gHh ,ce Ad
.GS
k
a`` Sh ,ce `` Uh ,I`` dG L `` LdG `` a
.Gv L jW Ie j h ,Gk e
128
,Gv L jW GSh jW Z H LdG OY Gk NCG

dh ,G H j SBG :d dbh ,HLCG IdG dh
.J Lj :d dbh ,d YC AT CG Y j
.H bC ;SCG CG Y j Y :d b
d ha Y j h ,d L Y j
h ,`` dG GkRY `` UCG `` d :LdG `` HLCa ,`` Y
e d Lj ,a k fCG :JNCa ,A`` T CG Y `` SCG
gh ,HLCa ,`` e QhL g BG d e c ,`` d YCG
...J
;e g BG `` dEG MCG `` e c :d `` bh ,`` HLCa
.dG g c H e fCa ,a jSC
e fCG g RdG I`` dG QhL :Fb ,HLCa
`` SGh , g e LGh , n`` J , n`` J .MGd `` d
.e
edGh ,H IS I`` dG fch ,dEG LdG a
.eHG C
129
FOdG IdG
dG
`` dG dh iCGa ,dG e j HdG `` MCG

eh dG Odh ,qp Sp nd
p ;Y `` TCa ,QGH j
d a ,jW l ` `d eeCa ,H j bQG :d a ,`` dG
?b b fCG dH a :ddG
d :ddG a ,d bCG CG e n Wn b ,H j :a
( ' & % $ # "} :Hc G fCG a M
jdG ADg n a .|0 / . - , + * )
.HUCG fEG :CG a ?] dG e Geb
YW `` U `` T e e a :ddG a
,W fCG ,`` H j :`` gdG qn `` bh ,CG `` a ,G
,eCG iQCG EG ,`p ` HCG `` j :dG a ,`` H G `` J h
,gQc d ;G b Q`` H CGJ ,QdG bJ gh
gCG EG ,LdG b edG j H G CGj CG `` NCa
,H j b :`` bh ,G `` N e HCG fa ,`` YW
.HCG e H hCG fCa
130
?IFW J g
Nd ;GQG MCG NdG aZ LQ `` L

LH GPEG adG J e LhN Q`` ah ,IFdG bEG b
?dG NJ Ie c :j
!?GDdG Gg GP :NG
FdG J Y fCG dG G c L d :LdG
.e QG dP J dG IFdG fd
?NJ fCG gh :NG
. :LdG
?IFdG gh :NG
. :LdG
Jh ,NOCG `` fCG ,`` dG g Y Gk `` T :`` NG
!e IFdG
.La GW de fH OQjQ NG SG
131
FOdG IdG
jdG dG
dG Hf IFL Y FG ,OQjL H QcdG

FSQ H dG GQ`` fG e Gk c RMCG ,2000 Y
dG OQja .`` p j q oCGh F`` Sh IW EG `` c
gdG A`` Uh IO`` dH Rj ,`` Vh AKCG eCG Je
FSdG g .H Y dh ,T eHG `` j eY EG
,`` dG jeCG `` YCG Y ,j dG I`` dG
c KCG d c `` c fk MCGh `` L Y jJ `` dG
CG OQja j .YLGh dG Mh q
J a ,Gh FGG jW Y JCJ jHCG IOdG
`` dG F`` SQ QJ eY hJ `` dh ,jCG Qh`` e `` e
j .Zh b `` dG `` a ,ej eGh
,D ge Q`` T IO`` dG :jQ jGQ CG Y`` dG
CG `` fEG .jNBG b EG Qh`` dG NJ `` eY
AH jG J dG IOdG g M d `` UCG
eY EG ,`` fh I`` b e hCG fJ d`` SQ `` KEG
S NBG Hh ,S `` H .fCH H
.QGh QhdG e d M Aa
eG eh FSQ Y dG EG IOdG NOEG
,G MdG ,c d d ,FSdG iMEG Le
132
jd ,1995 Y AdG Hf Y FG ,de jQe

v Y`` SCG j c a ,jNBG O`` SEG Ie IQOe
j c dG G f`` dG d dG H
d`` fG e ZdG a .cH ,fQdc eL `` a
e{ d j c dG ADd dG OGYEG CG EG dG
IO`` dG CG ehO
k de QcdG cDjh .z`` e g`` J
IO`` dG AGQh gLh `` Y `` Sj c `` dG `` dG
.KHCGh HUCGh MhQ S dG IdG
LRW de LH eCG SQM GLJ CG GHq L :IQOe
`` S c ?a IOQ `` S c ,GOk Q`` H G`k ` Y hCG
d ,kY Gk KCG S IQOe fEG ?e`` HG M
,NGO M Cqn G Oq S ,Sf H ,a f
.eCd T Sh
f d ,ek fQGH ,fQGH J IO`` dG qEG :IYO
IO`` dG EG :eCG `` Sb j CG .e fJ M cf H ,H
eY gAGQh hfh ,e f eY ,eGbCH cf Ic
IO`` d Y GPEG JO`` d YCG :G`` S j ?Y J
,AdG H ,NCG d G IO`` dG EG .jNBG
.dGh JQH d ;G Gg jJ Y a
133
FOdG IdG
IdG K
Gj CG e Wh ,WH An Mo dG G L
ga ,`` e `` jh ,Y jq `` c ;j`` dG jQJ `` d
Gq o j `` gh ,G`` S H dEG GhOYh ,A`` G
`` H cCG gh`` j CG e W G d ,`` V
AG La ,ec JAGb d j c ;IdG Ze
bCG G `` eh ,G`` S H dEG GhO`` Yh ,fK I`` e
IOYEH geCGh ,gn cp e p`` Vn G d ,H`` S e
.QNG
jQJ ,`` S :d bh ,AG c e bG `` g
q CG CG T dh ,Qq J d H Qq eo dG
!Qh dP Ea ;IMGh IQY jdG jQJ d
.Y e g :ke G d a
j j`` dG `` jQJ ,e `` j :G `` a
.J K ,Cj K ,SdG dj :IMGh IQY
jQJ fGa `` JfCG `` fdG `` dG iCGQ G`` g
H d ,H`` dG `` jedG `` b N e j`` dG
fOLh Y jDhQ fCG i`` S ,HdGh eCdG e
.IG
134
dG a ,dG L H G `` SdG g Ca
dG gh ,fCG M e MCG e c gq jo
:AG MCG `` b k bh ,f`` fEG M EG gj
.s j b ,Cj b
gdG gh ,q dG f af dG jdG g CG
.dJh IG ShQO no J zdG f{q CG Y
SdGh AfCG d jdG d ASG K c dh
,gZ b ,d ;G Jh AYEG GH `` SdG hCG
;MCG pj c GfY ,G`k ` c GCJ ,ddG ec G`` aO
FG`` V aO q h H`` U q n n Yn d
CG IG K ,a dG jdG dG Kh ,IG
g d Vf dG zCG{ CG `` d GhcDd ;`` Th eGch
e `` f CG j fCGh ,AMCG fc Y MdG `` ddG
NdGh ,JGhP EG IOdGh ,SQdG q J CG `` dP
IG AVV Y GfGh ,dG `` Teh ,gdgO
.kJKh k Yh cCGh ,Ib q TCG gH Od ,bdG H
.ASG d fdG Gg CG j
q e gGh K ,gGhh
CG ,Ad N jCG :ej
k a`` dG eEG `` So
G d j CG) s o CG ,(jh G j CG) `` jo
135
FOdG IdG
k dG `` eEG Oq a ?(OGeh `` jZ
j gh :Fb
!?AHG H EG
Q`` fGh Co G ,f !`` ah eEG `` a hQCG `` e
?Cfh ,fo h ,fo h ,o e ,f CG
dG K ,k FGO ad f CG j dG dG fEG
.dG IGh dGh
136
gdG
,dG `` Sa ,`` f LQ IQ`` jR EG `` a `` SQoCG

T dG CGH Mh ,A`` G d q bh ,e EG YOh
Yj Mh ,dG IU aCG OLh M A`` G
.eH AG T EG VG ,dG
EG IOdG EG `` VG e ,jT CH `` T jCG Hh
iNCG Ie dG Y`` Sa ,AGhdG LCG `` e dG e
CGH CG eh ,c `` d es bh ,AGhdG d q Lh ,`` e EG
.Hc IU aCG iNCG Ie Lh M ,AGhdG hj
Ve EG : mY H Uh ,j CG IG g Qb
.dG aCG g H c HdG IG
M ,dG EG Q`` TCGh , mY `` H dG `` V
SfG Hc i`` J fEG :d `` bh ,c Sb `` u Yo
.aCG dh ,SdG Gg
Ie dG f a ,`` M aCG LJ `` bGdG
g H ,`` aCG C O`` Lh fCG `` cCJh ,`` Hc EG i`` NCG
,AGhdG `` j CG hO dG e QOZh ,`` H SfCG
.MdG dG aJh
137
FOdG IdG
,fCG Y IOfi GcCJh f Lh f eY

.aCG N f fEa ,G dG Yh
cCf eOe M `` dG aCG g `` Sh
e hCG Ia H `` WdG dG CGj CG e ,dG `` e
QaCG `` SH CGj `` M , CG k F`` U cCG AG`` S ,e
.G Gd YGdG
e bY ebEG CG ,`` Yh CG hO ,J fCG `` Vf
Gg j `` S ,QHh .` k ` S dh ,e eCG `` NBG
:f e QaCH gP G
OjEG j ,S dG dG GHCk G dCG d
.dEG...,L jT
gP CG`` j M , `` T Y `` J CG `` eh
,G Gd GLk d fCG hj c ,HdG QaCG YH
.AT CG j d fC ;jdG M ,hMCG d
ebEG `` dG e{ Ia a Q dG gP EGh
YGdG hdG `` Wc j `` S ze bY
.dG J dG G q j H ,jh ,cCdG Gd
k Fe d bGdG IQU j`` J Y QOb dG EG
.f Ld kHeh
138
Gv S hJ
dG T Hh ,Gv S JJS e YCG LQ hJ

q a
o ,`` eM fCH `` LdG d IJ`` dG A`` L I
:Lh j CGHh ,LdG L
Gg e GOk hCG `` jf `` fCG JG bh ,CGq ` ` `` c
Y ec
k h`` J CGHh ,A`` dH ICG`` G `` LCG ,Gh`` dG
HEG ZQh `` WCd M Yh IMdH gQ`` T
.bJG e ZdG Y ehe J dG HJh
k j d fEG :d bh ,gY LdG b qQ
,e f
EG LhR A`` L d GPe a `` dh ,ZQ `` d `` Sh
Z fCG J `` gh ,G IJ`` dG H CGQh ,G
S LhJ fEG :IJ`` dG d db EGh ,Lhe
?jdG jg Y CJ bh ,SdG EG JYO Y e
:b ,JBG G JJS Y bG dP d k
gYh ,`` J M g Jh ,`` djEG EG `` SQCS
dh ,`` k e Ofh ,`` dG GAG`` LEG `q ` d `` H C` `S
dC` `S gh ,H `` JG h CG IG g N jEG
?CG b fCG S c dh :IJdG
139
FOdG IdG
,jjH bH SJ J eY :LdG LCG

,NBG AT CG J CG jEGh ,a Lg Y Jh
,djEG EG IJdG aS ,JBGh ,dP YCS gYh
H `` JG eY ,dG `` LdG c I`` Y `` TCG Hh
jZ jjH `` bH `` Uh Y d G e `` LhR
.fGY EG
dSdG Ve S fCGh ,J CG LdG HLCG
G EG LdG OY eYh ,dG e Oj eY ,Ak e
.Y ZCG M gBGQ CG eh ,bdG LhR JQCG AG
,QdG Y `` SEH `` JGh ,Gk c LhdG aN
Hh ,`` G EG LdG d `` SEG IQ`` S `` Uh
LhdG gMCG C` `S dhCG a`` SEG H ej g
bdG Y JNCa ?`` dG g EG LhH iOCG `` Y
N :JBG iCGQ bdG EG LdG f eYh ,jjdG
.Lg
140
IdG e
LGhCG dG edG GMCH Hc `` KCJ CG LCG

a f j CG j AGd cCG a ,eJ hCG Y
,eT Hh LGeh HJh `` SG Y e `` e
,igh `` b AZ FGb IR`` H JdG `` j CG Rj `` a
cJh f`` M hj dG a IQ`` H gQLCG a
Gg e `` be M dh ,dGh `` dG O`` U
e J `` b j e `` aCG c ,Y f `` eh ,`` SCG
dG KCG AH `` VJh ,AdG j eh ,j
hCG q J `` SDe aK AH KhQG `` jdG `` dGh
eh ,AdG Q eG `` eG IOL e J
H k `` T hCG bG Gg CG g `` VG Gg d `` aO
dEG eQCG eh ,`` fl e h ,`` S 34 b LGh
j
q CG Q`` d eN j `` dG g G G`` g
e fc `` d c JeN EG jh ,`` eG `` YH
j eY ,AdG Y`` e `` jh ,`` Sfi
.fj dG YdG eG Y
G BG `` dG `` Fe i`` MEG I`` M `` NO
eYh ,jO`` dG dG Q`` c e MGh h`` a e `` H
,CoJh J cH GPEa ,BG `` dG bH NOCG
141
FOdG IdG
dP cCG hCG hDk ` è CG hjh ,dG NGO EG La

Y`` e Hb M ,cG `` Y jd c dG
j ,`` j gh z!bH cn CG{ : bh ,dG je
CG iJ dC` `G CG YCG c M ,H Gk e `` bG
hj :H EG YCG a ,bdG `` jh ,H JCj
gh ,fHN `` bH EGh :QO`` a ,`` fHN `` cG CG
eCG MG gh ,bEGh JG Y J q eHG `` j
CG LQCG M c Y :a ,fgEG bH MCGh ,`` SCGQ
GSG jj NBG `` T c gh ,YH L`` J
fG :d a ,fHG cG QGH dG iNCG cG
CG EG jG Y`` e e c `` a ,a `` bH `` gJ
ndh ,Gg `` J CG d j q :bh ,`` k e EG `` dG
fCG XCG c ,`` dG NGO EG gPh ,`` cJh ,`` dM
Qhe H EG j fCh ,bH jh ,G `` S
dC` `Sh ,Gk KCG d LCG `` a ,Y HCG `` NO ,IY `` FbO
a ,bH NCd GZ k JCJ CG j :a ,XG MCG
MCG CG j ?dP j c ,fG e f dCG
OhH Hh ,G H EG LM EG K ,hCk G bH Y
H`` M CG Wh ,dG G`` g :b ,X jj `` gh
JFK Q`` K ,k `` T d f CG `` f a fY `` d
Y`` e a XG eJ EG ,dhCG :IY `` SC
142
,Jfe jJ Y jq J CG e k dNh vaL c jG

.ce f`` U A`` S `` H `` bH G`` d `` f
fCa EGh ,ed `` fG Y CH Yb ,`` k fK
e UG `` dG A`` S ,k dK .`` bGh `` Z `` fEG
,f .eG jH `` Yd XG `` Uh O dG
,TCG AdG bY Xe eCG JU Yh ,R
,`` fG `` e CG `` Gh ,`` eH PEG `` aQCGh
dG h ,dGL e FW CH Yb fCG CG KBa
bdG `` je e Wh ,`` bH NB `` M G
,gMCG CG Hh ,bdG j M ,b k j`` SCG CG
ch ,`` j gh EG f ,`` SG j e Y bhh
dh ,AY `` e ef s ` `S Y Q`` S fCG YCG
eCG ,NCG `` j{ :QOH CG M dG `` H ,j `` dP
Te bH EG `` SCG CG C` `TCG zZ c jj G
RY fCGh ,jdG `` dG dP e LNh ,ca ,`` dG
.fK NOCG CG Y
L ,ca je `` SGQdG EG fG 1976 Y
H Jeh G`` S H id dG H`` M ch ,HdG
ca je j h ,cW je dG Oj c
`` He H c M ,dG dd MGh a i`` S
143
FOdG IdG
,`` S EG k jb e GMGh
k ch ,`` jG Gk ` è
`` U Fe `` J fHdG dG fc G dP
j h ,H `` UN `` T jd H ch ,b f e BG
H CG q EG ,NBG H id H M e dG eEH
H Fe e `` dG aS fCG YCG `` He
G`` S H ch ,fHdG dG `` e Ohfi OY A`` Y
jdG `` He H a EG `` gP Gd ;`` e G`k ` MGh
bH H`` M e ke `` SCG CG dhMh ,`` e e
M ,G `` dG Yh ,ihL hO `` dh ,G`` dG
,`` VdG QJh ,H Oj dG JGQ CG gP EG QOJ
H dG `` H b ddG `` dG h ,`` G O`` f `` a
dG EG ga ,jf de CG L j `` a ,ke
je Y NO CG q EG e c a ,G Qq Jh ,`` f
H h ,kbh k eh Hv T ch ,e fCGh TCG ,dG
dG c SdG dGh ,JU a ,GMC k G a YCG
CG e GOk f `` J dG cG EG :bCG `` fCGh ,EG
.GOk f G Y
M CG `` cQOCGh ,J`` U GY dG `` S `q ` Y
c a ,`` H JCG `` fCGh ,`
q ` a ,jQCG `` dG `` fG
Wh ,Ae `` SCc `` MCG CG CG XG i`` MEG `` e
144
H Ie IQh `` aZ j`` SCG CG dG je e

,NBG Xe eh ,a`` G MCG `` MCG K ,AdG Qc
SG ae Wh ,bh aO e e lq ch b Lh
,gMCG gP K ,H`` M a CG h Hh `` SCG jCGh
H eh q EG g e J d `` WG :j NBG Hh
d j M ;G `` jCG f CG j dh ,O`` dG
Je CG JG cW H e JG Hh ,fK Ie
dG e Gk S S SG CGh ,G Oj dG
Yj eCG CGh ,G JGhQ GjE d `` S dG
CG H ,`` G G `` j M ,`` dG EG Q`` fG
, fG LQCG : b G J `` G HCG
10^000 `` S dG `` dG je `` eh OY `` b `` Hh
,QeCG JJ M ,`` jCG `` H J CG LQCG :bh ,j
gOJ CG feEH `` cG e ke `` d JCJ eYh
,jd H`` M H `` f Qh :k M`` V OQCGh ,`` d
.jd HM f a ,ak M e Ggh
JQM e g`` cG dG fHdG NCG g g
a e `` v LCG k dW `` ej L `` e ?`` HJh
,f HJ dG bNCG g gh ,AdG Qc ee
Jj fheh OdG dG je Ye L e g
145
FOdG IdG
g W j e ,d GMG CG e c WGe QXE

.jd he Z
IQe `` eCG fh ,f CG `` fOQCG GPEG CG`` f jCG `` e
?JQMh JeNh bNCH
146
n
?jh o nLDfo
`` gGHEG `` G `` HdG ,`` aG `` eEG c

H `` S J ch
n ,`p ` dG Qn `` YCG J `q ` dG
HG Y ihQ `` bh z p`` dG `
n ` V{ p dG YCG Ge
p
bW iMEG GQ`` S fCG (G) p ` `Hc R`` G
nb jdG pG`` j g Hh ,eG pGjj p ` àdG
NBGh kjW `` NCJ CG d g ,`` S j :dG `` eEG
,QYCG :Gdj CG ,AdH jv S fQe EG NCG Ea ?NBG
.GKCa ,fHa !YCG Ojh
n LDf CG `` Y eh ,G`` Y HCG j :`` YCG `` a
!?KC
n jh
p G `
,o n ` `r fn H ! n ` S `` j :`` dG `` gGHEG `` a
.GKCjh ,n LDf CG e o n r jn h
l N
jJ dG p `` g f Sf CG ! p G `
n ` S j ,`` f
l `` fEG ?go Z o n ` `r jn h o n ` `nr J `` H ,`` H n n ` `nr J CG
Sf
.| } :p qr J n
:H j o dG
t gGHE
o G c
n d ,Gk c AJCo G c o
,jNB
n G o g p jo hn , nG`` G o jo h ,ec o u jo c
n o G`` Jo g
n Kn Cjh n LDn d ; m`` M H `` G jho ,p JGQY Qu `` jo h
147
FOdG IdG
!?`k ` VGh p JGQHh ,`k ` Uf j`

k ` U c n o GoJ CG !?o `` Z
c :ao ,`n ` LdG Co ` `j c
n PEG ,n ` `Y Y G `n ` Vp Qn hn
n OQC
.e o G dG Gg :o Y b ,G n M
n Ea ?fCG
Gdd ;pd bk `` S SdG
n b`
n ` j fEG ,e `` eCJ
n
,n LDa ,G n CG JOQCG ,e n OQC
o G dG G`` g :n LCG
S f a ,dPn o e ] o Y K
n PEG ,] p M H
q j o fEG
?] M
!?GKCjh LDn fo CG e n n r jn h ,o n r fn :d
l N n hn CG
148
fGa BG IT
YEGh ,Gc jfe Q`` J fGa BG I`` T

.hCG dG V
q dP M j HdG
gcP OQh jh Ac IT g ?IdG g e
gGe ej q ` `j dG zfGa BG ej{ c
N b O`` dG e HQCGh gCG `` e CNG jh``
n jo h ,geCG njo CG b ,HCG ``
e EG GS
H dG aJ M ,fCG `` T `` SH LH
.Y
e jQdG `` G cCG e c e ZdG `` Yh
IAGb cCG dG e GMGh
k X fEa ,dG G`` g jJ
.dG
,`` TdG H He IO`` a ,`` H `` gdG
Hc jQJ 1944 `` Y N k` è H j b `` gh
dG `` VdGh ddG dG CG Y `k ` a Gg ,G`` cG
.gGe W SCG Y J e HCG H p co
e M dG `` j eY ,`q ` j dP c CG `` Z
.VGhh IOfi GgCG d fih e S
149
FOdG IdG
Vj c fc dG A`` dG I`` T EG dh
dG I`` dG c ,GQk G`` e `` dG `` Uhh ,jG
Z ,VG ZCG jf Sh ,fjCG EG d
ddh ,k be c `` dP CG `` YCG `` jOdG QO`` G CG
je e `` cCG YQR IOYE ;e `` ZCG `` s bo
.d`` dG jeCG `` M k` `Z `` Y KG e ,`` dG
dG jM QS zSG{ `` ZCG g e MGh
d `` ej b `` jfe QR `` e `` g `` NBGh ,`` HCG
c J `` dG jQdG e `` Y ,v Y dH `` MG
.ScddGh fGa BG b
C `` UGe a G JdG QWEG dP jq
,IY GgC k `` ScddH cd XJq GMCG
dG EG Le g e eh ,dG EG Le
q `` g e e
dG Ea ,fCG OdG EG Le
q g e eh ,Gj
k
FGO QY J Y fdG dG jOdG dBG J
dG IQU Jh ,`` a JJ a FG`` SE
.L H e G Lh Y
`` fdG I`` Y hCk G `` jd `` J CG `` jJ ,`` dG EGh
S`` MEH ,jdG dhd YO c j `` dG
c ,dG `` M H e `` j d `` dG G `` jdG
150
QGb `` Y jOdG `` dG OhM hO `` e j ``

jNCG fjH if f gh ,O`` bGh `` SdG
CG H dG M eYR `` e Y `` aj jOj
gMCG :`` SFdG Y `` aJ `` Te `` fa jCGQ
Y c Sh`` S ehO{ O`` j `` f NBGh O`` j
CG hO ,z`` dG Y RcQ`` S fh cG`` TG G
YG d :hCG de Y VGYG Y fa CGj
.FGSEG NC ;SdG
a JdG Gg dEG j dG ddG d`` SdG eCG
M j `` G`` q J EG :`` fCG O`` dG EG `` Le
Scdg G c`` e `` a dhOh f`` dG
.jL
a ,gGdG MG S gVh e GPEG FSQ
QNG GP`` h ,`` d YG G`` g I`` dG QNG GP``
`` UN ,dG `` UGY YGQ`` SG efH f`` S
.ddG jeCG
EG ,dhdG jOj `` e M `` SG Y e
Y EG ,`` SG d`` e RC` `J Y `` dG `` Y
e ch ,I`` TG `` VhG dC` è `` jGG `` dG
q J CG Vj dG `` dG G KK e dhJ
151
FOdG IdG
VG e hdG bG J EG ,Y RJ HGK
,jL `` ScdH O`` dG `` j dG GjEG h`` dG
C zv jeCG `` UNh{ hO `` jCJ `` SG EG G`k ` NCGh
.G eOb FGSEG M he
dc J dG aa ,dG f CG G d
.J dG
,gDhjKCGh gDhY ,dG j C GhCG `` j CG
EG ddG G `` j jdG eYEGh `` gDhGNh
dGh `` WGbdG Rh`` j `` dG dG `` YdG `` fL
,dG CG`` j eYEG `` Ue A`` fEG `` SGh JGdH
?cG d H ,d d G jh
fGa BG `` e ch ,`` a HZh I`` T e `` c
c j e `` Y e c dh ,d hCG e `` SG
?Xj
152
QUdG
jGg SQ ,A`` p dG IU H aZ `r ` L
n
,a fdG Y J ,JY`` S eCG Jh ,`` G
,jd G G fEG ,CG YCH j q n nJ gh
OhMG CG GAGf `` Jh ,fPCG Y Y`` dG `` J
.dG K e gX
ej NGh ,`` dG e H `` SG ,H -
.AdG Gg H cH
.kM ..kM :(HLCG H) -
edG gQG`` e CGHh ,g`` e EG CG G
.GcG H eCG EG r n f ..dG b
`` L ,`` H gj`` S ,ZCG `` fG
HQ r q M ,JU Y J CG e NBa ,d d
,IadG EG dGh ,fPCG Y YdG HCGh ,gT
j QUdG CGQ bZE J CG b ,Me fEG
,dG f G Y bHh ,YG QUdG :gf
NCGh ,CG g e N`` U ,PCG W bH `` UCGh
.fPCG Gh ,SCGQ dGh ,fc QhJ
153
FOdG IdG
!?H e ,HG :Ya CG AL -

,PCG dG a ,`` SEG EG dG Y`` Hh
SG H J dG CG IZ h ,VG YSGh
.VG K ,dG dG
,CJCG fCGh ,J c ,Jh ,Jh
q ,J NCG
!fPCG NO Gk FW GQk UU CH dG gNCG
`` SCG d ,d`` H LGNEG `
q ` S ,`` J -
Y`` dG OY ,G dG LGe e H ,LGNEG
!MU
k HdG
h`` `` fPCG `` J I`` Gh ,O`` J `` c
dG gNCG ..iNCG H `` OGOj CGh !?hG
EG I`` G jJ `` gh ,MGh A`` H gY`` S `` fCH
,fPCG IQ`` G IOG M ..`` J M ;`` dG
.g QhO fGh
IT e `` S `` SCGQ ,fc dG EG OY
I`` U fG CG eh ,`` dd ;`` b fCc `` dG q ` èh ,CG
.G EG eCG e YQS M ,dG
a ,hG dG X N d ,dG `` a
k
MCGh ,HCG je k I`` G GNEG j
`` Vh .S
154
OhY !a IG jP NCG K ,PCG NOCGh ,G

!?fG g ,SCGdG K ,QdG K ,dG NCa ,Iq n dG
fCG d ,dG dG OYCG !CH `` J dGRe
fEG ,LGNEG `` j !PCG `` W Hf I`` G
IO Se b dG Y Va ,I`` H e
;jCG N H Q`` G Wh ,PCG NOCGh ,e
.Y IG fG H j HdG a
`` dG `` SM `` J CGH `` G jCG `` J
GPe QJ h ,J dG iJ `` UCG M ,v jQJ
YG OY ,H J Oc ,Qhj GPe h ,jo
a `` j `` SCd j dh ,dG h`` a ,O`` G
.e IO b :Iqn n dG OYCG ,AT
.jCG N H OY -
,j G iJ gh ,dGh dH Th ,H
dOJ hCG dM e J CG M ,J gh ,jh
.dG EG jCG N H OY ,jG
GNE ;MGL Y d `` S ,IFa `` jC
k G-
.HdG
155
FOdG IdG
N Ua dG e W ,v gh k YQ Oc
Y G qn en `` jCG `` N Hh ,Iqn n dG GhOYCG ,iNCG `` jCG
qNJ hO `` HdG `` j CG dG `` SGh ,`` dH
.jQdH dEG Oj dG CGHGh ,MGL
`` d c H`` UCG `` e c CG `` Y ,`` a `` gY
EG jFdG e `` fch ,dG e jCG dG `` dG
.G
156
a bO
bH TC ;cGdG T Y QhO bCG c

eeCG fch ,c 330 f J je EG aG S
jM Wh ,cGdG `` T EG Uh b S I`` S
,hj `` SdG :`` jdG `` d db `` dG XG `` e
d IMGh IN ICGG Ha ,k fL J p G
q LQC
?G Y XG dCS bH `` TCG CG bh ,G
e dh ,dG bH K e ICGG g EG : da
aG J CG `` jJh ,G `` NO bH `` b hQj
YCGh ,hQj Gg :d ò ` a , Ggh ,G Q`` N
k I`` dG YC
EG Od o Gh ,bk LGJh
o .bdG
.GOk XG JOf CG H gQhO
`` fCch ,`` k fL `` bhh ,`` bH I`` dG `` TG
,J dh ,`` J CG jJ fCG `` ba ,J
LJC` `Sh ,bH j`` TG fCG EG d fG r `` H
,g MG :eCG `` H da ,fG M`` S EG
.M EG QTCGh
`` SdG AD` `g EG `` dH Gv ` `L `` k jZ `` eCG c
d M J hO ,e `` d d bH ej `` jdG
157
FOdG IdG
j CG dG `` eh ,aG EG k e Gh ,`` M
.QhdG e
k b fc fC ;fH e
bJ SC ;IadG L LCG CG dhM
GdCG L `` CH `` bCGh ,Y`` S e CGH dG `` dG
,H d JBG dG fCG :Ij`` dG `` H ke dG
Lh
r ,e IdG d !BG IO`` dG d j q e fCGh
h ,eeCG fCG Mao ,H J CG hO IadG `` L
h ,Lh J EG dG r CG EG ,egG
k `` gYCG
fCG fCGh ,`` T H J CG hO `` JdG dWh ,`` a
,gGQCG dG JGf e j`` JCG CGH fEG M ,eeCG
.dEG da
q ,H TCG d
`` U ie `` NCG `` c :`` Fb ,`
r ` J `` gY
.h
?GPe Y U -
.J c
n a e o G .bhP b Y -
k YC
.J CG v e dh ,aJ XCG -
c `` e H d ,`` k M d bC` `S ,k` `M -
.jdG d Oq QCS
158
.dH J ,j eCG -
a ,hQdG d Oq QC` `Sh ,BG HC` `S LM Y -
?Z Y VYCG CG jJ
?g e YCG CG b jTCG CG jjJ g -
.G YC ;GMGh
k hQj YCG ,M fEG -
?G J EG hQdG jS gh -
K ,YLSG SCG `` J CG H da , -
.jOn H Oq QCG CG jQCG fC ;ej MGdG hQdG EG
fCG fCGh ,jj Vhh ,L e hQdG LNC
o G
jc J L gY dGRe .Lh jQJ EG
J Y e bdG fCGh ,dG e H`` T Y
d ,e IS fCG Y qj ge .K AcP Y
,f Y KS fCG j Y fCG ,AT Y dCSCG d
.jGH dGRe Ma
Ma dG jdG dG g Y H`` UCG ZCG
:dbh ,OdG H f eY ,WCG j c ,H
L ,`` dG IO `` SQq e YCG c ,IYe BG `` fCG
c fC
o G .QG EG Jj`` U iMEG aGQC `` je e
159
FOdG IdG
F`` S dh ,H EG OYC j e ò ` cJh ,e c `` e

:`` f a ,IOjR hQj e NCGh ,LMCG `` cdG
. fCG QOCG `` cCG h ,G QN aG fC` `S
,e`` T jCGQ eH ,iNCG jH `` TCG CG ò ` MCG
.jv Oe d `` VG ,e WCG CG hO `` Y aO M
H YQS fCG :d bC` `S ,H G EG : `` S
.J hO G
`` b `` S fCG bJCG :k ` è ICGG Wb
o
p ojTG dG YdG jCG d ,JM
?G jCG ?e
.zbO a{ -
.bO fCS -
.G g g ...zbO a{ .J , , -
.k T a e -
?MG d VJ
n fCG J d -
.Q -
c .dG g Jn ,zbO a{ :d TCS -
J eYh ,a J eY ,GQk Gb a J CG jJ eCG
p G QGdG PJG EG
S ,a`` VEG bO `` f YC
160
j CG ZeO j eG e c J g .fK
d `` S dG bdG g ?fK `` S N
.H dh ,Ic QeCG J b QGb QGUEG b
?dG eh -
h ,`` ZeO `` Jo h ,`` f `` Y O`` J CG -
,IMGh aO bNCG `` Gh f`` fEG dG L b
b c EG :a k , hOh ,YVe e Jh
g a ,X `` b NBG CGh ,M M`` U fCG Qb
dG CG J Q `` f Y OJ eYh ,bdG
QGb J b gYh ,e AL hCG ,`` jC k G M jd NBG
g N fEa e `` T k bJ CG jf c EG .g
hCG ,HdG Y a ,GQk Y d `` CG feEH bdG
feEH IMGh bO .`` v Ff fi`` Jh be Y
d ,JM je IN PJG Y J CG
J b `` fCG M ,`` dG IG g `` fCG `` YG
f`` fEH k ` ` cCG Q IMGh bO .`` KQc
JM i J b IMGh bO .G`` g Y GH k cCGh
i J q b fEa dhD` `G e c EGh ,Z I`` Mh
bdG Y d MT e c CG J g ,cCH b IM
?IMGh bO e cCG j IMGdG
161
FOdG IdG
Mh dG g QU HMH b
o fCGh ,U -
p
.hQdG Y
aO e d YCGh ,`` jdG d Oq QCG BG `` fCG ,`` J -
e Y dG c `` TCG BGh .cGdG `` T Y Y
.LC a
b`` SGh ,`` Lh ` o ` a ,hQ`` dG `` YCG
NCJ gh ,`` f EG fC ,`` bO e `` cCG e`` HG
CG eEH c `` fCG q J `` g :Fb Jh ,`` gH `` SCGQ
GhQd Gfj hNBa , q M hO Y`` S fCG
.MCG e hQj WCG CG SC c o e fCGh ,e e
?hQj e YCG d S GPeh ,kM -
.LhR
k bCSh ,Gk e YCS -
VdG jQCG fCG o èoCG fCGh ,aG oV Y
r
,J LG :`` Fb H `` gh ,e IQOeh
....zbO a{ ,zbO a{ :d bCG fCGh ,Lhe fCa
MdG g fc ,YH S edG CG bJCG
,G e H T fEG M ,IO`` S JMQ cCG e
e je EG Uh eY ,aG QOZ p M
.k jJ jdG
162
e `` J CG `r ` dhM d`` Uh `` e Y`` S HQ `` b

q EG dG
r K ,gNCd G EG JCj c ;HH dGL
GL YCa ,`` UQ Y d fCG hj e Y :Fb
Y`` S HH ad JQOe `` H fCG IC` `LG .`` d
g CG J hCG :GG Y d`` SQ SG o k jJ
fdGh ,`` ghQj 10 Y jj `` G` k ` UQ aO e
MG
o d ,Jg `` UQ Y c :a J `` e
EG .a `` M Y jLC n a ,Jg bQ YC `` Y
ev CG a d CG Ya je QR EGh ,bH MG T
f
o eY :a b dSH Y OOa o ,`` S
CGCG d ,K Y fCG H N Y EG
p ` TCG ,fK jCG CG `` CG ,d dP `` bCG CG
`
.H cCG HCS fCG YGh ,G Y
jj a ,d `` VYCG M ...zbO a{ :s
hO Y`` dG e G`k ` ch Gk c `` a Qf `` eR `` e
?IFa
163
FOdG IdG
dG Q``H
`` U c e dG QH cCj v e`` M iCGQ d

?cCJ GPe :d a ,H
.``J QH :d b
MCG g g ?J QH cCJCG ,e :`` d d b
?J QH cCj
gh ,`` FGdH A`` e dG Q`` H :e`` G d `` b
.AcdG ie ajh ,IcGd x eh e
?QhdG H dhf ,GPEk G :dG OQ
QhH Y d HCG jJ c EG , :e`` G d b
k 50`H
.jQ
50 N dP eh !?AdG Gg e ,d j :dG Oq Q
k
.QhH Y YCGh ,jQ
,fdG cCGh ,`` H `` j a ,IQH hCG `` dG cCG
c :e`` G Lh `` U dP Hh ,g `` Sh
Y TCG c ?`` J e G e Y ,dP q J
c j`` Y `` TCG CG c a ,jQ k 50`H GQH
.IQH dCG e NBGh ,jQk 50`H J
164
fdG IQ`` dG e fEa ,i`` J CG :e`` G d b

`` ``dG J CG H GPEk G `` dM j c ,v cP `` UCG
!?GQH
165
FOdG IdG
cdG
:jQdG fPCG S cfi YCG

.zd H Gg{ b j :dG iOf
.VdG eCG dG ch g Lh ,b Aa
?bS j GYO e :VdG b K
,`` SEG EG Yj
o h ,`` H b MLG :`` b
.feCG f M h
?b j Gg J eh :bh ,b EG VdG dG
GdG ch ,Y H Ggh ,YN G :b b
Gj h ,`` SEG GNj h ,`` ehj Gfc `` dM `` e
.jH
hCG ,`` SEG EG JYO `` g ,b j :`` VdG `` b
?G hCG ,jG
.d cP ;gZH EG , :b b
,Y YG bCG GPEGh ,Q`` bCG b GQCG :`` VdG b
jdH EG eCG g G `` f e ,b j .cG fG
.dG ebEGh QdG LGh
166
VQCG `` e `` G L G`` NEH `` b :`` b `` K

CGh ,A`` fh WCGh `` LQh `` TLh `` M e b`` S
Cr G Y ,MCG b`` S j CGh ,QhdGh ccdG J
!dP H G gQj
h ,OT a ,`` Sh hg`` T e dG q ` `j
EG Gh`` j h ,IOhe FbO EG `` cG J h ,`` dOCG
YS Hh ,eeCG a`` j bh dGh `` VdGh
GQk Zh ,JJ kJGUCGh ,J L b`` S gCG `` S b
:d a ,GdC` à ,QdG N J jGQh ,G j q
m ,fG b G Eqn Gh , nufo b G Eqn G
J e
.H GS hCG ,hgT jdG OL e
J dGh EG `` dG dP `` T Ho Z CG eh
m c `` jo AH
Y H m Uh ,dG b`` S W
dj h ,`` gH e MdG dOdG `` eCG J h`` N
GLN M ,cCG Y`` S fCG b`` S gCGh ,dG
,`` G `` e G eeCG dG ch ,`` LGaC
k G
.G SQ Gfi
k CGh ,G EG dEG CG IOT hOOj gh
U e `` fCG eh !`` b e YCG e a
k jCGQCG !`` G jQJ U e
K ,je j L
Y gDhb a ,I`` G dhd jG gCG `` j
167
FOdG IdG
bG Gd k `` T f Gh ?h`` H adG `` G
.CG e eC
G Y `` fc KOG g CG `` J CG `` H
b`` S gCG `` SQCG M ,jdGY `` H `` Y d`` dG
hO `` VGQCG e`` SEG G NO H dEG d`` SQ
,H MG CG `` Vd d`` SQ e a ,IYO hCG QGfEG
.WSCG e q oJ dG dG g fa
:G
gh IdG a Gfc VQCG P L
``n ` `qp `` dGh ``` ` dG ``` L ``` ` dG ``` H
168
LdG ghCG
S j LdG CG EG J jG `` SGQdG
dG dG CG e ZdG Y A`` dG H j ghCG
.NBG EG T e j fEG S CG cDj
,A`` dG e LdG ej WN YfG Y Ak H
MCG J hDhj K ,GLk CG SQjh k FGO a
cDj `` dG dG CG e ZdG Y ,HG Y WG
EG M ,`` NBG EG `` T e j `` fEG `` S CG
.IMGh dG fc
`` j ZH gdG dG EG OBG Nj CG bh
H IjG JM CGd ,`` dG LhG Q EG
L e G`` g .NBG G `` Y WG GOYG `` e
j `` LdG CG EG `` J jG `` SGQdG i`` MEG
Y a fi QcdG .AdG H j ghCG S
Ff Y j ,`` T Y eH `` dG dG P`` SCG
LdG CN ie Vjh ,dG MdG e SGQdG
.AdG H j eghC
k G bYG
169
FOdG IdG
.Gk HCG VdH j AdG :hCG gdG

Y `` Me `` VdG CG a `` fi QcdG i`` j
U fEGh ,dH `` fEG dEG `` j EG e Gv L
b gdG Gg CG GcDk e ,k e G Y J f`` fEG
`` VdG f Ie ICGeG LdG hJ GPEG M `` j
,LdG hM e gh ,Y H e A`` T CH J
e dG G`` g `` Vj CG `` j Y GOk L `` Hh
.LhdG
.FGO jYQh fG EG j :dG gdG
`` dh ,M g CG `` a fi Q`` cdG `` cDjh
EGh ,OYG j CGh ,ICGG LdG H j k gh
.OYG Gg LdG H j dG jdG
`` J fEa ,H LhR `` gH `` J EG ICG`` a
EG M e dEG `` LM g ddh ,Y C `` fCH
dhfi CG `` LdG ij `` H ,jd `` fe cCd `` NBG
j K A`` Y eMCG IeCG dGRe `` fCG Y `` cCdG
,H egG `` j `` eY `` dH `` jh ,gc `` Y
q J EG k LGh j fCG `` e fC ;dP ke h`` jh
.Y Z g Hk Y a e
170
.LdG Y IdG Oj :ddG gdG

e Gg ,`` LdG id `` c gh `` dP CG G`` L
H :Fb k O`` j d ,a fi QcdG `` cDj
LhR CG `` LdG `` gj
q `` ea ,`` M `` j `` MCG
bd `` k bh e `` Y QOb Z j I`` dG `` jJ
jh ,`` f jj K eh ,f LH j M ,e
j bh ,I`` e gh , fCG OYG e ,`` JZQ
,IG ce d JO`` Sh H x n eo fCG `` jC
k G
bCH LhR `` e J`` Tf J CG jj G `` dh
. MGh jM
.eh GQZ :HGdG OYG
M g `` H ,k gh d `` gh ,M O`` YG G`` g
Gk e ,a fi QcdG dEG `` j ,dG Y IH
dG `` SGQdGh ,IQZ Z ICGeG LJ fEG :dH dP
;J `` j A`` dG e IZ cCG LdG CG `` cDJ
M J dG Jh ,a dG H fl q fC
.jC
k G bdGh dGh dG
171
FOdG IdG
fi QcdG f Lh e ,La ICGG `` J eCG

Y gOYGh ,Ja`` J FGdG YafG EG ,a
,Gv L `` WY A`` dG CG `` dGh ,gY`` `` G
j K `` eh ,dG d EG `` SG IQ`` b `` h
f Lh `` J `` j h ,`` H `` jh ,Y`` H
,`` V f j LGdG CG `` j `` bG EGh ,h`` dG
.b cCG j K eh
.YGh GQGdG WY :eG gdG
A`` da ,M g CG `` cDj a `` fi Q`` cdG
eeCG WH j fCG dH ,WdGh bdH j
.FYh
d gDeh `` jb hj FdG :`` SOdG `` gdG
.H j LQ EG LM
Ggh ,dG `` dGh ,jGdG EG `` LM `` dh
H e jb h`` J dG ICGG C ;`` WG gdG `` e
Y hH q e fCG b Y e edG Y j
J c ;jb `` J CG h dd `` fh ,`` JM
EG LM `` fCG CG CG G`` L h ,`` jNBd `` k e
.jC
k G jGdGh gGh G
172
e edG Y `` LdG a fi QcdG `` jh

,eG `` fl `` SCG JH A`` dG e dG Gg
b Y d ;`` eCH ICG`` G WMEG Y a h`` j
.jL e W EG OJh ,IdG
.LdG jM bj :HdG gdG
nCjo hGdG b Lda ,WH H OGj M c fEG
H J G `` dh ,A`` j c `` jh ,jM Y
gh ,jL f `` Qj PEG ,gdG dG `` dNO
GhdG Y QOdG CGh .ee GhdG CG `` j CG Y
c a ,a jv Oe `` dh ,v ` `f Y GQk Ob j CG H
WCG AYCGh LhR dhD` è Y GQk Ob jv Oe Qe
jW Y LhR `` j CG gCG `` dG GhdG `` eGdGh
.Y M Gg C ;dG de cj CG hO
LhR c `` a fi Q`` cdG `` j `` jdG h
Qb KG CGh ,cQe GhdG CG q j CG IQh`` H
`` j CG Gv L e dh ,`` FdG e v e `` dh ,`` MGh
dh ,PJG `` b QGdG `` bj CGh ,`` H QdG
,GdG KEG LCG e QGH W c `` d GO m g
.edG G a
173
FOdG IdG
,jNBd fGPBG GhRCG `` j CG `` fdG `` fh

J dG dG ee C ;AbUCGh gCG `` UN
.NBG EG e eh ,ISCG EG ISCG e
174
Q`dG
g`` Th ,Y`` H a ,WGe H QdG dfG

Na ,NGdG `` FY CG `` cJ K ,Gq `` b `` SdG
Nh ,fK `` NO K ,HG `k ` eM Nh ,`` H Gk ` èe
k `` Nh ,dK `` NO K ,`` HG `k ` eM
`` Sh LhR eM
.AT e dh Nh ,HGQ NO K ,bGdG J
dh ,QdG e Nh ,eN OYh ,AGdG Jh
.dGhO Ggh ,AT e
e :G e H UCG fCG GT bh ,SdG dCa
?AT e eh ,dW NGO ,LQ j jM
q bC gPCGh ,NGdG JM :j gh ,HLCa
!QdG Y
175
FOdG IdG
MJ
d G`` ad SdG `` dEG `` JCj `` b `` g c

gj Gfc Mh ,`` d j M ;ANCG e `` a Gbh
;dG g MCG a ,Z fCGh ,fR fCG :d dj `` dEG
,dG e fR e H k MJ fCG :Gdb :d b `` dd
,`` G Gg J c YdG Q`` Uh ,`` jCG eh
j dh , mK `` b fe q ` `Jh ,`` dG eh
,aj `` dEG JCj `` SdG ch z`` MJ{ `` c `` e
.MJ fCG :Fb
,YS Ic eh ,dG g e `` dG SG
Ofh ,QGdG `` f CG H :bh ,MCG Y `` Sa
k ` e d PEG ,`` G `` g c
GPEG dG `` HQCG KK CG `
.Mj Ge
,jdG `` FQ `` V e cCGh ,gCG c `` V
j dG `` MdG fCG :d bh ,e `` dG `` a
Gg N G`` e 8 `` MJ `` LhR C ;`` j CG `` d
!!SCG
176
YCG HG
25 dG e j d HG e dL
k c GkRY LQ k EG
Lh Y `` dGh dG e c G`` Hh ,QdG `` S
.IadG fH j c dG dG
,AGdG Qh`` `` Th ,IadG e jj `` dG NCG
a
q ,zfAGQh J QTCG L EG fG ,HCG{ :`` Uh
.HG Ma e k Te RdG LdG
e EG j LhR HGh dG fH j ch
,GMEG e H G`` a ,HGh CG H jM e Qh`` j
!?dc S 25 Y T j c PEG
,cdG EG fG ,HCG{ :iNCG Ie dG U ICah
.zQdG e J dG Ea ,fG ,fGM e a eh
,iNCG Ie dG jM e LhdG J `` SGh
dG j Y bJ AG Gbh ,QeCG g CGH K
fEG ,HCG{ :iNCG Ie `` Uh ,IO`` dH Lh CeG dG
.zHCG j fG ,j AGh ,
C` `Sh ,`` dG LhdG `` j dG g h
:RdG LdG
177
FOdG IdG
.z?HG d dG EG gJ GP{
EG M ,`` G e eOb `` fEG :`` dG b g
.JM hCG Id Gk H UCG b HG
178
LQ dCH
dh JCG :L`` G MCG BG`` dG e MCG `` j

k T g :d a ,G `` dG jj `` U
?BGdG e
:a ,CGa ,zY{ AL e CGbG :d a ,f :`` a
M e `` a ,f :`` a ?QJ IQ`` S `` g
H GPEa ?dG IQS Y dCa ,S U e ZdG Y
,GdG Q`` dG e YCG CG OQCa ,Y OGa ,j
?IdG g :a
,H j :a ,j h ,CGj H GPEGh ,H `` HLCa
G A`` T e ,G `` S ,f :a ?BGdG `` `` g
fCGh ,eCG h `` jh ,GZ
k JCj CG e W ,G QJ
!?CG dP j CG c ,dG jZ
,jCGQ a ,CG `` M M ,idG ICLG fa
k QOa ,dH eGdG Y j e e dh
:Fb
EG ,JM bC` `S dh ,dGh fCG e e fCG YCG
dG d CH qHCGh ,LQ dCH ICGeG ddG Gg AGQh
e J IdG HG EGh ,BGd M c AHCG KK
.zY{ AL GS HQCG dG
179
FOdG IdG
!?dP c :bh ,a
GC J dG `` dG CGj eY ,eCG EG : `` a
hCk G j e EGh ,dP Y `` Jh ,BGdG H `` e
Qj hCk G LGj e EGh ,dG J A`` dG Lh Qj
jCG Qj hCk G `` j e EGh ,`` SCG Y gf jCG
adG H `` LJ dG g Yh ,IRLEG a`` f
.LGGh G
`` U `` U GPEG dG `` dG ICGG g g ,f
hO e LhR `` gQNH ] `` SdG `` UhCG dG gh ,H
.Gh Gh G GP Jh AdG
,d :HQC ICGG oJ{ :b PEG ,] G `` SQ `` a
HJ `` jdG G`` H `` Xa ,`` jdh ,`` dLh ,`` Mh
ICGG `` fdG `` e `` Nh `` e `` fdG{ :] `` bh ,(1)zG`` j
.(2)zdG
JCj CH dWCG e eq CG M ,ICGG d k a
BGdG Md j{ :] b ,edG j d k T BGdG
Ea ,fdG QGO JJ c c ,qJQh ,CG`` bG :edG `` j
.(3)zgDhJ c jBG NBG Y de
.(1466bQ) eh (5090) QdG LNCG (1)
.(1467 bQ) e LNCG (2)
.U M :bh (2914bQ) edGh (766bQ) M HG LNCG (3)
180
EG J ,`` G j bGh gh ,ICGG J G`` a

YCG EG GJQG b H GPEGh ,`` eeCG Jj gh `` FHCG
a JbdG ,SCGQ Y Vhh ,QbdG H AL K ,de
:d b GPEG FHCH S GPa ,a eh fdG e N
GPEG ?dG d `` VS gh ?`` S jCG EG ?GhDhbG
e ch ?ZCG `` e FHCG Ge c ,jRGG `` f
?Ja IAY e c H ?Va JH e ch ?N IQU
:] `` SdG b ,JeCGh FHBG Ge `` S G`` g c
SdG Y dG eCa ,`` YQ Y hDa ,m GQ `` c{
gh ,H `` gCG Y m GQ `` LdGh ,Y hD` è `` gh ,m GQ
gh ,dhh `` H H `` Y YGQ ICGGh ,`` Y hD` è
hDe `` gh ,S e `` Y m GQ dGh ,`` Y `` dhDe
.(1)zYQ Y hDe ch ,m GQ a CG ,Y
p `` a
dh ,`` j e f `` M ,jQdG `` j
!?e fDhHCG a ,hcGdG hcdG OGOd
Og efH G q YCG ,VdG NCG FHG :IYO
fGe jBGh MCG g dh ,JGNCGh FHCG e
j ,G j d IO`` Th GHCk G e eJ d `` U
AJQG j ,`` edG j gC k `` T BGdG Q`` H `` JDjo
.(1829 bQ) eh (2454 bQ) QdG LNCG (1)
181
FOdG IdG
dG Ggh ,de YCG EG H JQGh ,BGdG `` M

.AHBd jC
k G
GC j c `` fCG BG`` dG j HG `` L GPEG `` q Jh
d fCGh ,G `` a H ,jEG `` M e fCG `` J `` ak M
.BGdG e JM Dhj M c LCG
182
QdG
Ojh ,I`` T a `` j L Q`` Y `` g c

L e UTCG QdG Gg Y q a ,L H
?e c a GPa ,Iq Y
.JU q jh ,QdG e j :fdG
.QdG U fCG Y bj :SEG
.Ic Md Y QdG Gg Sj :jEG
.Sjh ,QdG Gg j :dG
QdG Gg K v fhdEG GQk Y j :HdG
G`` g `` f `` jOd GkR`` L `` jh ,`` Gh `` dG
.QdG
.QdG U fCG Y j :GOdG
.QdG Y QdG j :EG
.QdG Gg cCj :dG
Yh ,Q`` dG Gg IM Y k a `` j :jeCG
.H Ghq e jdG UTCG L
183
FOdG IdG
`` G G jh ,jeCG dG q j :`` G
.QdG Gg Y Ghq e jdG UTCG L QhO H
OGLCG `` bh QdG Y `k ` e j :Q`` dG
W`` SEG `` VH jh ,BG `` M (`` dG Q`` dG)
jQJh HdG QdG Gg IM Y `` SSh jQJ
.edG dfh
Gg dH `` j K ,AdH CG`` j :OdG
,dG Y `` S gg `` f e `` UH Q`` dG
K `` aH `` Y Ghq ` è `` jdG U`` TCG `` L `` djh
EGh `` dG `` djh ,Q`` dG G`` g Ig`` e
HQCG `` e `` H djh ,Q`` dG b `` Y `` jH
Y jQ`` S `` S djh ,`` Gh jeCG dG
jh gQEH jh ,OdG Q`` dG jQJ jJ
!QaQGO Wd ;GOdG f
184
gdG AYdG
ad JCG fC ;GYCG KdG GP `` HG LQ bY

SGh ,T
k G c a ,gdG dG Qh e
H dG iMEG `` jJ CG h dG iCGQ M ,k ` `Z
.jg T Y d ;adG
,HC n jdG o ` `dG `` MCG ,dP e ZdG Y
p G j d g :d dbh ,dG Ib j dL gh
.HC
`` SG dh ,H`` dG a IOq Q e G H`` UCG
,ZQa dG CG `` cGh ,dG a eY ,fK k ` `Z
M ,fCG J CG :`k ` Fb iNCG Ie Lh `` U K
?e AT NGH j CG Vj ,jg T k jJ
aOh ,G `` S dG eQ CG EG e c e K
,dEG I`` dG dG `` f gY ,`` M jH `` Lh
Vh d ,ZQa d fEG ,HCG j :dbh ,eJ gYh
.HCG j d dG c fch ,dG NGO n o dG e Gk c
YGQP `q ` j GQh ,dP `` S Y CG `` b `` q
q ` à ,fi`` J CG dEG `` SJh ,I`` dG Ja `` M
H e H `` dG NCG K ,`` dH Lh Zh q ,`` dEG
.gG dG Qh e J e j MGQh ,jdG
185
FOdG IdG
HGh ,dG e dG H NCH gj CG CGHh

H gc SG ,dG b gh ,Jh ,J
.dG dP dG e
G e Gje
k j CG `` f Y GY
k CG `` NCGh
.a bh ,HH IL bY Y d
K ,GYCG Qhe e H e Hk b HGh CG OGORG
,GS Y Qhe H dG IM jhSCe KOM N
J c gdG `` dG J `` M CG dP EG :`` b `` bh
,jS b dhW Y `` Vhh ,dG NCGh ,G`` dG
,dN b dG `` J e NCG MEH `` T c ch
J Vh dG HG e h`` G Z G dP cjh
.g dG
p oCG b e MGh c :I``WN
Z H p eo v gP Ak Yh `` Y
KCG AT e eh ,gCGh FbUCGh FHCG e he
.fEG CG CG dP e
186
XdG
IQS Y k H ;dG QN j dG Y c
,ILCG IQ`` S `` Uh eYh ,Q`` G EG `` UJ I`` LCG
fc Mh ,a dG `` FM H dG LM `` b
LM `` M ,dG `` Y Ie `` J I`` LCG IQ`` S
G CG QOCa ,j M `` f dG CG dG
dG `` j M j dd ;e G`` e Y
,iNCG ILCG IQS q SGh ,H eCG EGh ,fGa
Uh eY ,SCd jh ,dH d ;QG EG SCGh
dH IFdG q `` SG b dG c Q`` G EG LG
a e dG G`` Y Y LG J ,Q`` jf EG
Y M `` a OOj h ,`` G Y IO`` LG `` SG
QOCG I`` FdG h .Q`` jf EG `` SCGh ,G `` MdG
`` Uh eYh ,dG `` M `` f fCG Gk NCG `` dG
e jh ,dH j CG J`` dG e W e
,`` f dH c GPEG ,`` `` e `` SCH G IO`` YEG
dG Oh`` j CG j J`` dG c `` Hh ,`` J h
dG e EG `` dG H LM NO ,H `` JG
J`` dG gp Oo ,ec Y He Jj gh ,Q`` jf
`` SG aZ EG `` j CG `` FQ e `` Wh ,I`` H
187
FOdG IdG
K ,d G H dG LM b gY ,
dG jG J ,Iq Y jCG H ,dG EG IOdG MQ CGH
G T ,Qh`` G dG e `` T N d
OdG S e IO`` dG jZ fCG ch ,M e c
`` fl
k k `` S `` dG Gg CG ch ,g
Y
H Vq Yh LG J dG jG eG ,G
,UG L e gJ dG `` dG jQ`` G Y
d eq CG b LG CG j gh ,ICaG d `` LCGh
.YCG e VCG e Se
.FSG Ff Y Jj e IOY dG M :IY
188
GL 900 dG
dG HdG `` d ;cG EG jb `` e dG a`` S

J Ic Ic `` T Y b c fch ,LhR `` J
e e i`` TGh ,dG EG HdG `` dG H .`` eGLc
k
eCG ,jb EG O`` Y K ,`` Th jRh `` S e dEG `` j
j CG dH `` a ,LdG HdG `q` Uj CGa `` dG
Rhh ,`` a GL 900 `` J fCG `` j `` H GPEGh ,`` b
`` MCG dG HdG c `` dch ,`` e `` gLa ,`` fdG
d ;O`` c dG `` M ,G `` SCG .`` dG
Ie e eJCG d{ : mY `` H dG `` Sa ,HdG
H dG HdG b `` a ..T`` Z LQ fCa ..iNCG
.z!ec GLc Y SM fCGh ,a GL 900 J
SfCG a ,H dG J { :bh ,SCH SCGQ dG q g
e NBG `` eY fCa ,GLdG Rh `` h ,AG`` a
.z!iNCG qdG HdG RCGh ,qc Y VCG dG c
H dG fjdH `` fC ;GfGJ `` c ;G`` jJ :``J

.d jo J H dG dHh ,fGJ jJ
189
FOdG IdG
?H JCG
,`` e H Y KM ,`` T HCG H `` HHCG `` KM

Oe HG Y fCG Y HK KM ,S H OM KM
a ,LQ G Nj e NBG{ :b ] G SQ CG
dG gRhL e GPEa ,Ie QdG Jh ,Ie jh ,I`` e
G YCG `` d ,e `` dG QJ :`` a ,`` dEG
d an ao ,`` jNBGh `` dhCG `` e Gk MCG `` YCG `` e `` k T
nq SCa IdG g e fOCG ,Q qp CG :a ,I`` T
d ,OBG H j : G a ,Fe e `` TCGh ,`` H
CG gjh ,Qq j , :a ,gZ dCS YCG EG
,Y d U e ij fC ;Q`` j Hq Qh ,gZ `` dCj
aoJ K ,Fe e jh ,H q oq a ,e fa
e fOCG ,Qq CG :a ,hCG e MCG g IT d
,gZ dCSCG ,H q SCGh ,Fe e TC ;`` g
?`` gZ `` dCJ CG `` gJ CG ,OBG `` H `` j :`` a
CG ga ?gZ dCJ e fOCG EG d :a
,Y d U e ij fC ;Q`` j Hq Qh ,gZ `` dCj
aJ K ,Fe e jh ,q H q a ,e fa
:a ,dhCG e MCG g G H Y IT `` d
,Fe e TCGh ,q H nq SC ;g e fOCG ,Q q CG
190
CG `` gJ CG ,OBG `` H `` j :`` a ,`` gZ `` dCSCG

,gZ dCSCG `` g ,Q q j ,`` H :b ?`` gZ `` dCJ
,e fa ,Y d U `` e ij fC ;Qj `` Hq Qh
,Q
q CG :a ,G gCG GUCG a ,e fOCG GPEa
Vjo CG ?e p jpr jn `` e ,OBG H j :a ,`` NOCG
`` JCG ,Q
q `` j :`` b ?`` e `` eh `` fdG `` YCG CG
CG :`` a ,Oe `` HG a ?`` dG Q `` fCGh ,`` e
Gg :`` b ?`` J s p :G`` da ?`` VCG nq p `` dCJ
:b ?G SQ j J s p :Gda ,] G SQ V
Q fCGh ,e JCG :b M ,dG Q q V e
ATCG e Y dh ,e SCG EG :a ?dG
.(1)zQOb
e Y `` j Hh ,O`` dG eDG `` S Dh`` dG :`èCJ

.MQh G IQb q j AT a ,jj
.(187 bQ) e LNCG (1)
191
FOdG IdG
QLh e
,QL g hCG :jdG AGdG fG`` f q V

dGh dGh `` G e a ,`` e `` SG dGh
k ` e GLh Cah ,k Y `` k e
:Q `` e a ,G`
k G j M ;fi SG EG :bCS
.ejh ,Ak eh cC
e ,Q`` L `` SG EG :bC` `S , :a Q`` L eCG
.M
a ,`` SG Y dC` `Sh ,`` G `` T Hb
a ,QL SG :b QLh ,fi `` SG fCG :`` e
F`` U ,fi j fCGh ,Q`` dG Gh`` MCG :`` dG
!eQ T a
dH d fEGh ,IGe dGh Ie dG :HJ
.dG e e VCG
192
EG `` b `` eY ,`` dG `` e Hv `` T `` a c
a jdG OdG e c S 20 e cCG b GQeEG
k W ;dEG hd YGe Y HGHCG G GH d
.VGQCG Y Rd
bG ccO MCG bk M jGdG a Y
j c f e cCG ,Gv L gR T JGH IG J
,aG JCG jCG Qhe eh ,dG JSCG EG dSQEH
bk M j d gCG G Gg Ic IN `` cGh
fG dG Y T s e ,dH dEG Qj Gk ge
j a ,gdG eBG g a j H UN cO SC`Jh
fGb C ;j CH WGG FHR MCG bEG H`` U
CG hO `v ` fi LCG `` G j CH `` J dhdG
`` SGh ,hCG fd`` U aa ,WGe c `` jd j
.dH IdG JH e GOk g bM
eN `` H{ g `` a aj `` dG Q`` dG c
eJ `` dG `` eG `` J `` Y `` J `` FHd `` bGQ
dHh ,z`` ae Q`` SCHh i`` NCG fd`` dG
LdG jdGh `` bG e J `` H ,dP
193
FOdG IdG
O Y `` j c dG I`` G J `` Y Q`` G
j FG bG `` SGc H NGH `` VGe cO
EG G `` a
q ,A`` dG bG e `` Y `` Y
Ohe `` U jH I Hc c ,`` e `` Fc
e UG JY M d Hh ,Fa `` SG RH
Y c H J jq ,dEG ...SGeCGh eh ILCG
e `` J e IOY `` dG QfG `` Yb `` q Lh ,`` bM
RJ RLh IKh SGH gQhO hj jdG FHdH
kXe Y fh ,IOG dY Y`` H Ohs e Y
FHd N`` dG Hh`` G J Y IQ`` e `` e
.G af Y aGh
Y gORGh ,hQ`` dG Y`` H a fG G`` gh
Q`` T H NBG a `` aG Y `s ` T e `` e `` H
ce a eG eCG ,HGdG K ddG J ,b
GAk H ,dLdG dG eN L j ee k v dLQ
Jh J eNh aXCG Jh HG G e
dG QR eH Ak fGh ,fGdCGh YGfCG IdG
!dG e fj
e JCj `` FHR `` e Ic j`` T CG `` a `` Lh
aa ,dEG H JeN j CG Qa ,jG MGV
194
NG `` G h ,`` G K ,QhG e fk d`` U

Gk c ke j fCG cG Ie Hh ,Sj Hh edc
eGG fd`` dG `` LMG d ;`` G e
Feh `` SGeCG `` dP `` jh ,`` `` dG G`` WCG
gZh ,bQdG Q`` Gh e`` dGh dG Yh bG
e
k v j CG Qa ,cSG `` dG e
fi
dG dH `` d ;bGh jdG GhOCG Hh OG`` SG
h ,jOQG `` L e edG qjh ,`` fj c `` dG
Qa ,`` a jdGh `` bG `` Y `` MW `` j
v ` e IjL iNCG bG
gL dG `` dG `
dG fd`` dG jQ eY QNG dG `` SG
Ge jJ fi K ,j`` S e aa ,
Y J d ;JeJhCG `` e aH j CG b
jJ jOSEG K ,eGSG H GAGh TG Z
.JGQGcEGh df JGg fi Gk NCGh ,GZJa
jh ,`` Shg Gg a CG G`` aJ CG `` a `` H
ZCG ,`` k jJ `` k Xe 250 `` Y `` j `` e JeEG ``
eh ,jH Q`` a de SCGQ eCG ,G H Shg
jdG iMEG I`` U `` T `` j GRe a dP
Hf f Tj g gh ,I`` dG FY e
195
FOdG IdG
G eh ,X HCG Y`` dGh jQdG adG IQGOEG

,AGQRdG MCG e fi d G f `` Tj CG
IOS dP cP c ,dhdG `` SFd f `` Tj K eh
.HO WT Y Fb N MV jdG
Y eMCGh deBG `` J ,`` dG jCG :M
?a e GfJ CG hJCG eG dG dG
196
jfEG dG
jdG i`` d HdG `` dG `` jhj M `` b

AGQRdG FQ `` YoCG jCG `` H a ,jeCG I`` G
b ,`` jEG `` dH `` KOG O`` G `` H Qe
GQH jeCG `` FdG `` H ;IG `` jd `` JQjR
GQH a`` j eY ,j CG Y CH QNEG q h ,eHhCG
:JBG eHhCG
.z?G c{ how are you?
.z?fCGh ,H{ :eHhCG Y Od ,I am fine, and you?
K ,H `` jC
k G fCGh :AGQRdG FQ Y Oq a ,me too
.KOG H LG j gH
fc G `` dh ?dc `` dCG ,`` S e hJ
:JBc
,eHhCG GQH Qe AGQRdG FQ Hb eY
k ?`` fCG e who are you? :C` `H `` d `` b
:e H{
?dM c how are you?
:a ,G J hMh ,GDdG e eHhCG Uo
well, I am michelles husband, ha ha
197
FOdG IdG
.e hR fCG
gY ,zdc fCGh{ me too ha ha :Q`` e Y Oq `` a
.LG aZ Y jW U q N
.ge eCG b d J e :eCJ
198
dG M
,fjH SQj eR jch OS g c

a ,gCG EG Lj CG GQq ` `b `` SGQdG Ie AfG Hh
:Od jdG
,jdG EG `` e n`` J jO`` dG EG gJ CG `` b
fc Mh ,O`` dG aGa ,jO`` dG EG r Yo `` gHh
e jdG `` NCG `` JG jdG EG `` jW I`` FdG
jdG `` a ,aJ JL EG :`` d Fb k ,NCH `` jdG
ejC
k G `` d ;JYO jO`` dG e eR e fCG :`` NC
,LMCG h ,Q`` U `` j M ;k `` T d J a ,e
.YL e MGd fCch IRG Y f Sh
Ie O`` dG Hh ,IRG Y q ` Ù `` Uh
EG :ed `` a ,jdG G`` L H YCa ,`` jdG
CG `` e fCG :bh ,jdG a ,`` JQL h`` JCG CG Oq hCG
k ,`` d `` NCG
q h gCG O`` dG NCGh ,`` d N ah
IQ c Ie Hh ,`` jb EG O`` dG LQh ,GhdG
.Gk c Gk LJ UCGh ,OdG
GP :a ,`` JQh dGeCG c `` a jdG `` eCG
,YS fCG cDG a ,O`` dG j`` U EG gPCG
199
FOdG IdG
QH eR ij CG `` fG bh ,jO`` dG EG gP ahk
cS fCG Lh H EG `` Uhh Y CS a ,`` dG
b :Gd `` a ,Gk NCe bdG ch ,`` c LJh `` b
Y a H `` a jdG e eR EG :dG M`` d
jdG YCG GdG `` LQ eHh ,Gj CG jjh ,`` dG
GgCG :bh ,jdG QU a ,OdG AY e k `` T
?bGdG AGL
LQ e `` LQ d ,`` G jPCG q ` `j LGQ `` gh
e dEG `` JCj `` e hCG j C` `H `` gGj `` YCG
NCa ,hCk G gAL e g fCG `` jdG M e ch ,jQ
jdG EG Lj CG bh ,jO`` dG H LJh ,`` G
:d da ,H e GkRY d
,G EG gPCS C ;Y dG g LCG CG Ohq CG
IOY dW `` Mh ,Y `` p HCGh ,`` LhJ `` LQCG GPEGh
h ,jdH GhdG M bCGh ,Lhq J G Y RdG
BGQ eYh ,O`` dG eR jYG H c GhdG AKCG
Id FN a ;hOWG :Q`` d bh ,`` Z jdG
e JL fch ,jdG EG e AL fEa ,bGdGh
GG H d Nh ,Q`` U `` j M ;YCG e
200
g eCG ,f Y ah q ,N S`` SCG fc dG

!FY a YCa ,Lfi k L a
GMGh ,G`` SG :b !?O`` dG b GP`` e hQJCG
Y GQCG CG MCG `` e Lfi
k jdG AL a ,`` Y
Gk `` U GQCG a ,Gk c Gk LJ jCGQ eH ,`` dG dM
a YCG Gd ?Y e A`` H Y `` JC q G ,Lfi
k
,e Y gGJ jdG jLdG EG `` dHh ,FY
dG RdG eCG ,FV s d ;dEG SQCG GNCG Ga
`` MCG g jCGQ a ,NCG `` dGh eCG a dG `` e
!?NCG GhR
201
FOdG IdG
JG a
d IGOCG) NG q e kY fk hdG `` j
CG Jd ;GG k M`` S L j Nj K ,(NdG
K .AedG MGSG b k NCJC` `S fCG !GUh :dG
Gej M G GNj CG `` e OhCa ,Gk a de `` JCj
jHh ,jMCGh ,SQG FM ,jjCG A`` T c
eOG Lh I`` TdG hP dG `` j K ,`` a
AG c `` d ;Ya ca ,Ak e Jg :j`` SBG
j CG jj c e Qb Ak e jj gh ,aCG dG Gd
,eOGh JeCG eCG dCG WCG e dWCG !eGhCG
QOCG ,IQYG fGQCc `` j GedG eCG dh
!?Gg j c
CG jh`` e j e ,d`` Th F`` S A`` T `` MCG
G YQG`` T GQ`` dG IOb j `` eh ,`` dG
a ?bdG FdGh FdGh jQhG dH
j eh ,jQ M a ,SBG FdG dhD` `G
jG Jh dG `` Th HGh dG `` Z
?HG ch
202
iNCG jQ M `` g g ,HG c O KCG `` e BG

CG dh ,b`` dG YCG g c `` J j`` SBG eO
dGh FdG H dGh ,G `` d dG
gh !GSCG SdG H j`` OhCGh ,G`` SCG
`` dG ,jCG e j NCG J CG fCG Q`` j
?dG Gg e dGh OhCG L GPe ,dG e MCG
fC ;fW fQch fQU k FGO !dG iS A`` T
eh ,MGdG `` H j j a ,k `` T `` j
dfhceh gGH jh`` e c ,cCG H j `` j
H dG IU e EG nJ h ,fQU J J
.G e AT d H ddh ,k FGO H j dG dG
jO`` dG RG `` e F`` dG jQ`` dG G`` g
`` H `` `` dh ,BG `` `` G ,`` Gh
`` U Z kH f `` J dG e `` S j`` Y
WH fC ;GhdG AYCG d d`` U Z Gdhh k ,Ghd
j CG eY k j`` Y Ie dhD` `G Z
SS J `` H hCG GhdG QGb `` H HG dN e
fEa edG e n Jo GPEG GQ`` bh `` N g C ;G
ej SQ `` fG .JOSG H`` dG e
j d I`` NCe `` S `` J CG Q`` J CG ``
.IM J CG fG Hh .fG
203
FOdG IdG
e dCG 49 `` dG `` LQ ZCG L `` H
j ,O`` S jQ e dCG 180 Oj `` e CG ,QhO
c v N L H c d Gs J ,a `` T de
k
?de S eY
!c fhfEG gCG hCG ,dCG ...hCG HQCG hCG KK
FY `` e `` S fCG jeCG `` SGQO `` jCG `` cPCG
Ie EG `` dfhce cCj G`` fj h ,jK `` jeCG
gOhCG j h ,gOhCG e j`` T EG h ,`` dG
c`` T dG `` jW `` Y EG h`` e `` Y `` j
Y GeCG z`` j{ MCG a ,Y`` dH LCG Y `` gdGh
.G gCc OhCG
Ibh dG T fY G dG AHBG L
H G G Y dGh G GZEG Aa ,HdG
`` dG Y AjKCG M ,H`` S eM Y `` jJ
k OhM
.gOhCG Y dG dCe GQk M cCG eh
`` J d Ghd eOb G Ic `` LCG BG
H eON `` fc EG `` M ,eO `` dG AYCG ``
iG Y `` J d fEa ,kbDe QhdG GH `` J gCG
Lhd QG`` e hCG e aC`` S `` VdG HGh ,`` jdG
204
,QJ dG IdGh IdG GQdG CGJ K ,IjG

JQG j e Ggh ,dH Jh ,cG EG `` Jh
.INCG GdG Gh G dG e
a heh b Ic IGQe j c G f
dG `` dG e 49 bdG h ,`` d G`` gCG `` J
Ggh !Rj CG `` jj H ,`` a Oj CG `` jj IGQ`` d
Y G `` dH j e Gg ,`` G M
.hdG iG Y fk MCGh ,SCG iG
H a ,`` J CG OQCG GPEG dG Ic IGQc IG
,IG SQGh jQdH GL k GOk GYEG d f q oJ CG
,IGQG e hCG bdG e q H J CG dP e gCGh
!49 bdG dh
gj zHJ{ jW Y IG `` j G
K ,f `` b cGdG h`` j K ,`` jNCe `` dG EG
j cGdG `` g zNj d Hq O{ cGdG `` FH `` dOj
dhD` `G `` h ,OhCG `` HJ `` Y `` j `` e `` Y
QeCG HJ CG `` j G G ,JJh `` Gh
dG ,c `` Y J CG j IG Q`` eCG h ,Gk ` è
a`` S G QGL bCG `` fH M `` ej `` dG
205
FOdG IdG
J ATCG UCG eh ,j M ,IedG g K

.dGh FdG
`` eRh `` UdG `` eR `` k b `` J `` g z`` HJ{
Id J dh ,G QfG IGh AG`` dG
e HJh Jh eh fG EG dG fG
.IGQG e hCG bdG e JM hDT c f
CG ?dG f g ,IedG g Y f `` e :BG
.zHJ{ CG ?dG CG OhCG CG ,eCG CG AHBG
Gg JAGb `` H e G`k ` MGh c :g `` G GD` `dG :``HJ
?S
q G
206
JdG CdG
Ie IH `` Jh ,`` e 8 `` H ,LLR eCG `` J

k `` TN
,fL H k iJ ,Ie c h ,Kh KGh
.d c e TG Gg OGOj
d q i`` J fCn Gh ,`` H `` h ,Y `` J
JCJ dG gYCG CG Hh ,HG Jd Y g`` Uh
H CLa ,IMGh bW bJh ,H`` S H ,Gg
g gQ G`k ` HCG LLdG J ,`` q Jh ,`` eeCG ih`` J
M f fc d ,HdG H `` dG bdG
`` dG gL h `` fc dG `` bdG `` e `` d
!AT c e f M ,dGh dGh
Ie c `` d ,Ie e cCG `` ek j `` T
k J `` b
`` Y Q`` j hCG `` FNCG `` J `` jh ,Q`` NG Rh`` j
MGQ NCJh ,jQCG H e eJ CG h bh ,FNCG
dG hCG ,QfG f EG H J d zNBG Y{
.Break Down `H J e hCG LLd gMT dG
hCG IOY hCG b CG `` e e ,jf dh M `` d `` dG
dN `` dG Y `` Se ,`` fEG Y IOLe `` S
X W V} :`` G `` d `` a ,G`` e K `` G
207
FOdG IdG
e dfCG `` HQ `` dG `` Y OBG `` Y `` Mh .|Y

.VQCG EG G
hCG ,Iee hCG ,Jb hCG , `` J Q ANCG g
hCG CG g AHdG C` à ,AHdG c J M
.Id G G CG g ,NCGh
`` J ,dG M EG `` S Y f g :``M
,e H `` J Q d ,`` MCG `` j `` e EG
jf J Qh ,fEG h ,QdG EG La
.g J M ,AT c
208
d NBG
,dWCG `` MGh ,H Na ,Gk NCe dG e O`` Y

?ej Y dC` `d OY aZ eCG YOhCG CG Hh
,`` SCGQ j`` T CGh H MC
q G jM `` e h
,LG CG Gg qJ `` d ;`` e M hd ga
JLa ,dEG Yg ,adG `q ` V `` J LhH GPEGh
.Y v e VQCG Y e
,SCGQ e
k dG gAL G Y`` S H
g `` a ,zG fk W`` S `` j LhR{ :`` d `` bh
H q e e cJh ,SG eYh ,Y v e iNCG
eY dh , fc fCG X INCG Y`` dG N
,j gj`` S M `` e J`` SCG OGaCG z`` H{ CGQ
.M UCG SHdG CG jCG
e Y df dG e`` dG YJ CG `` J
`` jh ,dWCG `` YGj `` LhR c `` eCa ,Y`` dG
,dG Ad MS MQ JSC M jCG bh ,e
c e H j c IjL IQ`` S i`` TG `` SCG bh
jh ,VjdG SQ CH gYh jC
k G SCG bh ,W k
.d
209
FOdG IdG
TGdG jW
k `` eQh Ie b M H`` UCG a
`` S j W CG e ZdG Yh ,`` SCG e cCG
`` G e W a IOq Q fCG d cCG `` d ,`` G
.d Vj dG dG V
j CH LhR `` Yh H Z G MQ CG `` Hh
,dG Lh K cCj CGh ,a dG Y`` S N
Oj CH gYh ,j c VjdG `` SQ Y aj CGh
eh ,ffEG IG `` S CG a ,c e fk `` fEG
c j fCG EG fG ,J dG JjOe dP He
dG `` dG `` SG Y Ie `` So eYh ,FHCG MCG Y
eY cCG La H ,aj fCH `` La HG a SQJ
.j a ,HG SQe SG cj CG hM
,J LhR iCGQh ,`` G `` jCG `` H `` SG
g H Gv ` `L INCe `` VG dM C` `H hNCG `` eYh
dG LhR K e HGh ,j`` S q HG M H ,`` jCk G
. c e G Y J q CG J
,dG `` G MCG EG `` jQJ AWCG `` SQCG
gY ,`` NCj `` d Ja ,`` H n`` d :G`` G A`` a
k dG MQ`` U
EG :d bCGh ,YNCG CG `` SCG :Fb
,H NCG CG `` Y j LGh dh ,`k ` eCG g
210
;S K eh ,G HSCG N HZ Na
e IFa g J h ,L SG b VG C
,SBG fCG ,bdG j M ,`` H a ,jhOCG
,aj dG .edH `` J Yh ,LH `` TCGh
,IG `` bCG `` L e `` fO f`` fEG `` `` dh
.Qc WCG fCch ,e edG Y fh
H`` UEG q dG IFGO F`` MEG Qq ` `J G`` jRf
c H`` UEG 20000 H INh ee VGeCH `` XG
FdG Wc ,WdG VGeCH HUEG 1000 e ,Y
g e % 40 `` f e `` e j M ,gZh `` dGh
.dG V g FdG dGh ,IadG G
h hdG e gZh ,GjRf CG e ZdG Yh
dh ,FHCG Y `` dG `` V N e J CG IgL
IG `` a ,`` a HhR q ` `Jo O`` G `` J `` L
dG `` aG eh ,`` aG j`` dG ,I`` jG
OGaCG H `` H ,a c`` dGh hdG H d `` eG
SdG IM `` FQ
k k Y UH f `` Va ,jC k G
.dGh
LCG e f UCG a ,d k e J JM EG
dEG Uh EGh ,dEG f b dG dG dP ,G
211
FOdG IdG
j gh ,ef e jU j j c .Gf a
e j fCG cJ .JM `` UJ L cjh ,G
eEG `` SG cj CG hMh ,G`` S e fhdG G
.j dh ,a j c dG G
Y L c ,j c HCGh `` eCG ij j fCG `` cJ
dH d`` f ;`` TCG KK e eCG n jn fEG H ,IOdG
a ,gGj fCG d dG J ,XdG A`` YCHh
FGQ M ,fCG dG jCG e Z d ;eb Y
.VG fCHh VG QH dG JAY
jh ,`` dM e A`` TCG b j `` Y q ` ` `` j c
g gh ,e IQS Oj CG j c .`` jC
k G A`` TCG gJ
ATCG Mq j CG j CG `` f dh ,M j
cj `` Uh j CG OGQCG c .U`` TCG M Y b
EG :J `` dG G cjh ,dG `` e GRe `` fCG
SJ c dG eh ,J `` c dG e
`` c ,e FOg aZ dL `` g gh ,A`` G
.kcS M hCG Le k J CG hO ,AG J
:G b Ie cJ
p
fL n CG dG na Hw G e j GPEGh
212
fCG CG ,`` H e `` SdG c`` S g `` j `` dh

OQH SG O Sh ,I`` dG J c ,fk L `` S
!?zIadG{ dGh FdG aO MCG dH
CG dG SQM Y VY eY G`` S CG cJ
GdG hQGJ fEG :Gdb :H`` UC bh ,aQ Hq j
Q`` U dG gh ,QaCG `` Y q j a ,`` a `` L
c fCG d h ,J H d ;`` JM GW LCG e
c cP GS `` H dG ,bCG Y SQG dP
.jQdG
JYLG `` Lh JGREGh JYh`` e `` L cJ
`` MCG `` fCG `` jCGh ,`` JHNh `` Jc `` Lh J`` Uh
g M : `` SdG dj `` b `` e ch ,gc`` S
bh ,f `` Y dG `` X jdG `` H j `` b
.U hCG e Y aj c e Y gj
,G H jh ,IdG H j G CG `` U
c H gh ,a Ad M dh ,G J c
YdG fCG Y .jC k G G Yh ,dG Y dG
,k Y k T j CG `` j d Y e G dG
b zS`` Tfc{ b `` c j CG `` j d K `` eh
CG Yh ,zj c `` dG q Y d{ :Lh `` j CG
213
FOdG IdG
W OGR eh ,z`` T{ b c ,dYCG J d `` jf

c`` d je gh ,fdG g e M`` S fCG cJ fCG q H
.GQdG
,fL EG J CG eq CG e W JM NBG
eY ,HCG `` e Wh ,dh M `` fL EG fc `` e
a e ,VG Y bU j CG d hq CJ NBG j
J CG LhR e jC k G Wh ,d NU hCG S eY
.HG a SQJ dG dG SG Y
dG A`` dG dh ,Y Jh J CG L :HJ
.JM jdhCG j H dG bGSG g
214
dG MCG
e `` T Hh ,fCG `` SGQd G MCG `` gP

L H dH CH a j HC d`` SQ c `` SGQdG
`` j dh ,`` e Gv ` `L `` d G`` fc `` SdG CGh ,Gv ` `L
S`` SG JQ`` H eG EG gj `` eY ,`` H
.QdH JJSCG gj M ,gdG
T e kae HCG e dSQ q J Ib Ie H
h ,GQk b `` d `p ` TG{ :a Hk e ,QhO `` je I`` H
.z!fLCG e L
.GL e AGYCG SdG :eCJ
215
FOdG IdG
de Ib
,fMj `` dG e ch ,fd a Ia fc
G jf ,fd ka j h ,jv OY Hv T g ch
,dH `` La ,I`` b a EG `` gYOh ,`` dEG `` J
k I`` YdG b `` d
,Gv L Hk `` e c ,G N
,JQG `` H `` T gQhH g ,`` jG `` j h
k ,OdG EG QTCG ICah ,GSG Th Y fch
:Fb
dEG Ghf j`` VG c ,Jd `` G H jQCG Ak `` LQ
G `` Vh Gg eh ,`k ` N Lh `` Ma ,G`` SH
J{ ?IOdG g GP :H dC` à ,HTh ,Jb
.zIdG Y G
YCG `` c ,Gk `` U c `` eY :`k ` Fb Y Oq `` a
e e
k ,`` M `` TCGh MCG dG dG e `` dH
G IdG `` a `` TCG Ie a ,BG `` G I`` dG
GRe jdG `` HCG EG `` TCGh ,`` JHh ,dW `` cJCG
.BG M g
a ,Gk c KCJh ,Y edG Ce `` dP b M
:gq S da ,b U e G QT dP c
CG H gCGh `` H EG b`` H dG `` j dG LdG
216
k `` j
K ,J`` SCGh H dhD` `H `` j v fi LQ
.k k jM ch ,gCGh dW Y J CGH
J dG LdG fCG `` cGh ,bdG G`` SG
,dG `` Wh ,cP `` a ,`` gjJ `` dG `` UGG Y
`` dGh ,jDhQ EG `` J fch ,GL
k LQ k c ,Mh
.G Jd k W
,IeCG hJ eCG Ea ,iNCG M b Cc dG
a Vh Ib d U c fch ,FGQ IM `` TYh
.ze{ Gg j fC ;e k
,JjY :dSQ d Jh ,G aJ eY k HQCG Hh
HdG fc ,JM Hc Y fiS ,fiS LQCG
hCG jcJCG z`` G IdG{ `` Y Hc dG I`` MdG
,Jd S W OQCGh ,bh Hk `` e c ?H Ad
Y hdG e Nh ,e k W HGV f dh
Gg CG bJCG a ,H IdG `` TCG Q`` Sa ,ec
H `` NCG CG OQCG `` bh ,`` WJQG `` jGH `` S
cCG CG Qa ,`` Y WCG CG N dh ,`` dP H
dd eCG fCG BG ,`` JM e `` Y Ggh ,GHCk G Y
IdG MCG fCG :`` G Y YWEG e kFN `` d
G IdG H`` T d !jZ W `` e dj ,`` G
217
FOdG IdG
;d H`` T Y `` SCH `` TCG h ,e JM GW

iNCG I`` M CG `` d ,A`` T CG Y j `` e O`` Lh
IdG T EG Q`` VG d M ,e d `` YCG
.fdG IG g G
,e IdG J QUh ,dSdG bZCG YeO
?G IdG W e :gMCG dCa
.IM fEG :HLCa
218
?HG CG eCG
?QS c jCa ,f bG f V
,S T gYCG h ,YOe SCG c IQY
LhR Y Z ICGeG dG L bJ dG iMEG h
bh ,`` VdG W jj H `` gh ,dG J
,dG YdG eCGh ,JdG gW gQGH f
,A`` VVh `` U Y ICGG J `` J dG L h
LH GPEGh ,IQdG J `` SCG T
q jH GPEa ,`` HCG
,`` dG EG IQdG A`` NEG G `` e j A`` WEG
EG J`` dG `` a ,J`` U ICGG J jCa
d ,Y be CG J H K ,IQdG YCG
,ck GMp j dG `` VdG g`` U EG J H
GdGh ,cG Y ILdG `` dG YdG eCG EGh
CGJ CG Qb YHh ,IFM bh ,IQdG `` J
Uh ,eCG M ,gU Jh ,A`` T c b eCH
,IQdG J QO Q`` S CG eh ,IQdG `` S EG H
Jh ,g`` U Y NJh ,`` T gGJ GdH GPEa
Uh ,YeO dSh ,b a ,a eh dG J
HG dP Z Jh ,eCG d ;IQdG `` S EG
.U Y GdG gGO dG
219
FOdG IdG
CG J EG G a ,jG NCGh ,dG W

j PfEG `` LH GPEa ,dG h`` H e d ,`` eG
.G H VfCG M W Y
f jCG ,G OY `` a ,jQq `dG bY fEGh ,dG `` fEG
?eCGh AHBG q H e
?G GHCG e dG dP e f jCG :HJ
220
OdGh dG
G e e j c ,e e jCG e j
Y ;v `` G Gg j CG `` j ch ,``
Y VGQ
m Z c dh ,I`` c GN e G `` g
Y MU
k G Gg SG j h ,a g Yh `` f
Qe EG a ,IOSh efh AhH j L `` U
jd j `` eON
k La ,M`` U EG `` fh ,`` dG
YdGh dG `` Y j
q OG Gg Lh ch ,`` jG
:dCSh ,dEG G YSa ,IOdGh
EG h ,b NOh ,ON fCG e Gg S g n p
Y jh ,G id j fCH OG Y Oq a ?dG
FYh ej `` S jdh ,FY jh ,j `` e
,NBG AT CG q j a ,FY IO`` d S gh ,I`` S
.v ej dhW Y cCd Vj N g GOe
M EG `` j dG O`` G Gg `` eC `` G `` a
!a g S jC
k Gh ,fb dP eh ,JM dG
,LdG Gg `` jH NCGh ,`` jRh Y G iO`` a
H j CH NCG K ,jT fEH jRh dEG Sa
221
FOdG IdG
G a z99 Op `` f{ :d a ,dP Y G dC` à ,e

?dH j GPe jRh CSh ,Gg e
c gP `` Y 99 `` VH Y :jRdG d `` a
CG hO `` dG h ,dG `` edG Gg `` H eCG `` Vhh
?S GPe r n n dh ,NG MCG Gj
M fGh ,`` jRh H Yh ,q ` `J e G `` a
.j S e fGh ,CNGh ,dP a K ,dG M
,dG e Q`` a ,dG dG `` LdG Lh ,`` gH
.dG gNCGh ,H gCG iOfh
dhW EG L gCG f CG Hh ,H H bCG gH
Q :`` f NCa ,b 99 gLa ,gdG dG q ` `j
dh ,j q a ,e e `` bh b G dG `` J
.dG fCG M ,ihL hO
TCG CG SCGh ,YCG S ,SCH :`` d a
.gP b 100 Y a ,bdG G dG
,SG NCJ MdG dG dh ,d gPh
G YGj c dG JSCG jh ,j q NCa
,`` U c j c CG H ,FHCG `` Uh ,`` Gh
EG gP gHh ,LhR fh ,d MQ `` b Yjh
Y d ;dG e `` S a ,ek e gh `` dG
222
e a a ,`` dP Zh ,GL
k `` j h ,`` bdG dG
,Y EG `` Uh eYh ,dG `` U Z L J`` SCG
JH j c c j
u a ,Y Oq J dG IQdH j
cCG jjh ,IjT j`` H j c H ,OdG G
NCa ,bdG dG J AGT jj fC ;dG e Qb
!dG jZ ch ,H BGQ Y jRh G
,dG H j `` S LdG Gg CG G X a
,hjj J`` SCGh g `` j e AG`` H j `` Sh
.GHCk G j Gg dh ,jh
edG EG :JBH NCG K ,GL
k d jRdG Sa
,H `` j ch ,dP `` Y `q ` Th ,G g `` Y c
cCa ,JM Y j AT GS k ch ,jC k G FYh
Y ak Gg ,jhCj H d ch ,hOq J e FYh g
ICa Y UCG dh ,H J`` SCG IOSh JSCH JO`` S
`` fEG C ?GP J g .jG OGQCGh ,gP b 99
e c d `` M ,jd j `` a ,IC` à `` f RQ GPEG
!?je e g :a ,j jd
A`` T c Qj CG ej e Qq bh ,NCG G ba
.a g e Y G jh ,Gv L IdG ATCG M ,jd
223
FOdG IdG
k dZ Jo
d ,eY
k 50 f dG e j `` Y eR aHCG
,Aed AY HOCe bCG jL e p n ` `Sn `` S
Y ef CG G `` j ,u doCG `` dh ,I`` YdG `` q a
.HgP
,AedG `` ,ef GP`` `` d bC` `Sh ,`` HJ
e d ,`` dGh `q ` G `` H ,`` de `` dEG `` gPh
fk e GhNCG dWCG e KK ,`` H ca ,AedG
`q ` j aHCG c ,Peh fCGh `` fi :G `` W
dG SG dG JCa ,Ma k n M`` V `` TH
k IdG
YCG CG hO HCG a ,M EG Ma bh ,fc b
.G Gg j e
jh
q ,dG c ,Id a HCG U q j
;Y Ca ,fi Y OJCG da !d I`` dG
d b ,SG Y LCGh ,M d ,IdG UCG c
Yjh ,dG Hd JCj GPa ?a jCG :k
WoCG Gdh ,dG HG `` fCG EG a Y YCG cCG ?`` HCG
.zaHCG{ Y
224
QG`` SCG `` YCG h ,IQGOEG EG `` k jM `k ` e `` c

jOU EG `` dH Gfc ,H UN eCG CG h ,AedG
dCS eY ,AT CG UG JM Y YCG ,e
HCG ee `q ` Jh ,HCG IH Y G `` U a `` Y
CG a ,`` dCG `` oCGh ,e`` HG `` NGh ,`` a
.CNCG
Y dq dG
qn `` Vh CG H ,`` a HCG `` Lh `` G
.KdG dWCG Jh ,G e Nh ,dhdG
GPe :`` a ,QGH `` j dG `` eR EG `` dG
?M
e :b ?`` e :b .CNCG `` fCGh ,e `` a :b
j ,cj GR`` eh ,G`` S `` Y ,dEG j .G`` S `` Y
!a HCG j bd
jOH A`` dG QKBGh ,`` H e `` aCG CG H ,`` aHCG O`` Y
NBG MQ `` M ,HCG CG Q`` UCGh ,`` a ,Lh Y
AedG NBG MQ eY dHh ,QdG d bCGh ,dG
Ga ,e Ga k CG `` YCG ,`` SBG fCG :bh ,e HbG
M :bh ,EG dG ,G `` S jW gh ,Qb
`` Y ,a HCG j dh :b ,J Gca ,QJ ,N
eDe fCG :`` b ?QdH EG `` jCG ,J `` fCGh ,G`` S
225
FOdG IdG
iNCG W e `` a a ,Iad j `` M ,QdH

EG jW `` HCG e h`` FY fh ,d `` bh O`` M
,H c ,HCp G h ,dG GRLEG iMEG VjdG
CG H `` e ,`` ZCG CG H `` e ,j `` gh e `` a
d QdG j ,q d QdG j ,H`` V
.YeO QdG j ,WN
a ch ,FY `` H HCG e eOb k `` aHCG c
`` jh ,j G `` G G`` S `` Y Y dG
,dG `` fCGh ,eCG `` aHCG `` j ,`` dGd `` LYRE
k G
a ,`` dGh CJh ,`` a a ,`` Mek Hk `` V H`` Vh
!VjdG VQCS :f
Wh a `` e ,AdH `` j ah ,O`` G bh
Y VjdG EG G`` fh ,`` FdG `` H `` UCGh ,`` VQ
.W ANEG IFW
I`` Gh e ,Y`` S d Oj d :`` aHCG `` j
eDe `` fCG ,YeO `` eh q ` `V `` ZQCG `` a ,Q`` U
gh e ,b I`` G dGRe dh ,QdGh A`` dH
m `` gh e ,`` VZ
,Q`` U EG q ` `VCG CG hO e ,H
,f e `` Y `` f ,OJ dG `` d ,`` WN `` WCGh
j Q G CG f h ,F`` VQEH c jCG :OOq fh
226
Je ,Y VZ gh ,JdGh Je jb ,NBG CGQ d

,Z m b `` Je ,gWN WCG G`k ` Z :jh ,q ` `jo `` gh
Eq G IG cJ dh ,Je e QU I`` G Hh
fch ,LhR `` ZCG bh ,H `` e N hRh ,`` MH
eGc ,`` dG Gg L jJ CH `` c `` dG b
d ,Oj M d q NCG :`` dbh ,`` dG
q b Y HCG
H GQ`` L H LhR cJ `` LhR !j h `` N
Y gh ,gWN q j Cq G qRDj OYh N ,k Xh G`k ` c
,NO d ,q fl IOQh `` d q j c GFYk dG `` Y
H aj q`` Y HGh !`` G TGa `` Y I`q ` e `` gLa
LDq a ,I`` M j CG hCG J CG N eh ,IH dG
ZCG bh ,GQk GYGh Ak VQEG q j eb Y j CG
Eq G j ,`` VQCG OYCG M :`` f q j gh `` dG
!a LCG G YCG :Jj Jg U Y
:`` fEG b L H j `` fEG dh dh :IWN
EG A`` VQEG LDq J K ,Y k dZ `` oJ ,k FGO cJ
!Z
227
FOdG IdG
M dSQ
:LhdG bdG Q`` e G dN QcdG j

Q`` G e Wh ,CG dLdG GQh`` dG i`` MEG
EG g`` Sjh zMCG{ :c Gjh ,JGL GLj CG
GPEa ,bO e bCG Hh ,LdG `` H Ya ,JLhR
e OhOdG `` e `` S M ,GG fH `q ` J YdH
.LhdG
:gGMEG b OhOdG eh
MCG H MC` `S Gd ;dG g J Ie hC
.z?Y T dj`` U{ :Oq Q iNCGh ,Y e J e
?H J fCG ,AT a :iNCGh
e fc FSdG WCGh ,OhOdG e `` H fGh
HCG :Fb Ie SQCa ,eCG HG`` SG bh ,gGMEG
?dGL S g ,fi
228
?bdG jCG
L P`` SCG IL `` j LgGG `` T `` c

Va feEG SGQO Y a `` Ve
k k `` SQa
k FGQ e
Lda ,jO`` dG `` G `` dG Y e j`` V
AL `` G Ch ,`` j GPe `` jh ,fb `` Sfi
`` G VH g `` fCG fCa ,INEG H e jdH
.G gj dG edG
cG `` dG j`` Uh ,fCGh ,`` M Q`` cdG `` NCG
(c HQCG e N dG jdG OGS GbG MU)
eL `` SGQd jOG `` dG FGhCG fa`` S
g dGh ,d G j gf a ,IgdG
dG X Sh ccdG FH q M ,jZ geCG
.OGhdG e
d af M `` a ,Thb `` N LLdG `` S c
,dG dP Sh d ;`` dG X `` j G
dG z?bdG jCG{ :dG GW G GDdG a
d JQG `` ej eh .z?bdG `` jCG{ GD` `S Lj `` k FGO
.z?bdG jCG{ :GDH dG
229
FOdG IdG
IO`` S Oq Q CGb eY z?`` bdG jCG{ IQ`` Y cJ

cJ PSCG Y YRdG fi PSCG dG IQGRh ch
Va J IQGRdG EG{ :ke (2020 OY WdG) dG
hO e k ` `T G dG Y a`` G dG j`` V
GOGjEG dG jJ H jG jd ,G
.zIM IQ We EG fG f cG
H d I`` Y `` Me d `` bCG CG `` eEH
G VCG e IMGdG J dG jG ahe
ah`` e H `` e YO dh ,`` cG `` SdG `` e
OGjEG CG YCG c M ,JGOGjEG `` Y cdh ,jG
Mo AG`` S ,jG jd cm e cCG Mh hdG
Ie NCd dP KEh . CG cL SQ CG
k ej 365 :`` dh ,eh GQk Lah `` SM dBGh k bh
Hhe ,G eGdG OY Se Hh`` e dG
d Gg `` dG UM K ,edG `` S `` Se
BGh .....jG GOGjEc fGG QcG bdG `` e
.(?bdG jCG)
,G hCG IQ`` cG `` dG `` X cJ G`` d
HLEG M .z?bdG jCG{ GDdH d JQG b da
Yh`` e Y `` d j bdG Ea ,`` SG dBG
230
fh ,`` dG e h`` U u fh ,`` ddG ``

f CG b f bdG k hCG YO dh .dG jdG
.aU LhCG
``
k `` T `` eCG h CG `` eCG `` dG
e d `` jj IQhO c h `` dG LQ I`` N e iQ`` d
be e I`` Y CG eEH `` UCG M M`` dG
gF`` V EG b CH jM `` j h ,c `` Ve CG
e IY CG H j dP eh ,j`` dG HGKh
.z?bdG jCG{ ...GDS O
Y) `` dG hL `` V CG VGaG Y `` K
CG hCG (`` fb `` Sfi NJ Y `` M e ZdG
g g NBG GDS a ,e zbdG jCG{ GDS HLEG
?jdG J e jG q CG dGdG e
,dG jQ e dCG jY HJ gMh dG
jV NCfh ,jV CG MdG HQCG g Y NCf
?SQG T H iTG GPEG CG e
hdG e NCfh ,c`` dG Y NO j`` V NCf
?AGd G HQ MCG GPEG
231
FOdG IdG
k G j e gf n p
Y jG d VQC
Xd `` Ufh ,jQ CG `k ` UCG J fCG e `` ZdG
?IZ d iTG GPEG
e dCG Hd `` SCG `` S G dj dG
MCG `` TDG bGe G`` Mh eOh gBG `` Sh jQ
d WN ce TG GPEG eQCG a cfh ,f
dG j`` V jCG :d fh ,GD` `dG P e k H ,Y
?aG
Cj CG d j jdG J aj e EG :bCG Gk NCG
?zbdG jCG LQ j{
232
dG
ODj a ,j CG `` `` fEG N CG v Y K
,fEG e Oj CG H ,JM Gv L v e GQk hO
QdG e OY AGLEH gQH QcdG b dP ah
jdG `` H KE ;`` eG e O`` Y Y `` dG
Y KCdG Y G IQ`` b ie eh ,dGh `` dG
.eh fEG IM
e jZh I`` e `` Y H ,Q`` dG `` J `` e
f CG `` H ,GYEH `` Y fi a `` SG ,`` Yf
EG ajo `` e e Y `` Mh ,dG `` G `` aGe
EG a`` VEG ,dG dG jQJ `` SG j CGh ,gCG
.Y jo dG jG H
JG M ,`` MdG e c O`` Y g`` M HdG
Y S eGYEG Y CG Y G e gQH QcdG
LddG GdG `` SGQO LCG e eO `` J jW
.e dG f Y S dG d NGdG
GKDG G e OH MdG SG bh
,MEH G Y Y M ,MGG AWCGh dG
q h ,b EG `` j `` L Y aQ HfCG cQ `` K
233
FOdG IdG
aGdG AG e Gb J H ,a aGO Ae `` V
kJU Qj H ,VQCG Y Ve `` S h j Y
VG dG EG `` G e dG S `` U cj
p oCGh ,VQCG `` Y
,j jG`` T MCG p bo b fCH G gh
.AH uUo eO CH ghoCG K eh
`` VdG HG MdG ja M IY FbO Hh
fGh ,k M`` Th `` UCG `` UCG fCH ,`` d `` dG
`` j fCG e ,`` G Y `` b bJh ,`` eO `` V
.L e IMGh O Ib
G N CG g ,MdG dEG N dG dG
ZeO CGh ,dEG `` H AjEG q ec `` H `` SG b
bdH NGdG G AYC UN GQTEG `` SQCG b
.dG Y
234
T KK
d `` T KK CGa ,de e CGeG LN

aJ ,de A`` a `` dL Gfch ,jW A`` H
cLQCG ,FL fCG H dh ,aYCG XCG :dbh
?OLe dG Q q g :gdCa ,GcCd NdH GJ
.NdG ,GPEk G :GhOa ,QH fEG ,:HLCa
.M JNCG LhR OY eY ,AG h
,GNj CG `` e `` WGh ,`` dEG gPG :`` d `` a
f :GhO`` a .GNj CG `` e Wh ,ICG`` G `` La
. G Nf
?GPh :dCS
k ,gMCG `` d `` VhCa
gh zIh`` dG{ `` SG Gg :Fb
f ej `` gh zdG{ G`` gh ,Fb`` UCG MCG f `` ej
k cCGh ,zG{ `` fCGh ,NBG
`` bJh ,NOG BGh :Fb
?de Nj CG GjJ e e LhR e
IO`` dG a ,b LhR NCGh ,ICGG NO
Gg Y eCG c Wh ,M AT e dj :bh ,LhR
.AGdH de Ch ,Nj YO !zIhdG{ GYa ,dG
235
FOdG IdG
zdG{ o `` f n p ,`` jY :Fb ,`` LhR `` da

?Nj
iMEG gh ,HG LhR e e Y c dP c
CG QLCG e dCG :Fb MGbH YSCa ,G jGhR
:hdG a ,H S M da ?zG{ GYf
zG{ YOGh ,LNG !HG LhR `` H NCf fYO
!Y kV d
?zG{ jCG :KdG `` dG dC` `Sh ,ICGG LN
.V d NdH j CG LQCG
KG a ,`` G f `` CGHh zG{ f
v ICGG dCS ,Tge gh Jh ,GNBG
zIhdG{ e c
NJ GPa ,a zG{ `` YO d :Fb zdG{h
?e
zdG{ hCG zIh`` dG{ `` YO `` c d :`` dG Oq `` a
zG{ `` YO fc dh ,LQN k `` bdG KG q ` `d
AGdG Lj ,G LJ jCa ,`` e gf gj jCa
.dGh
236
Yh hJ
eSEG fjdG e
q Le AT M Iq Y jCG b
dG jQdG YEG IQGRh eQY Va hM J
HY `` VH eb H ,dP M jCG ae J
Z hCG Te H eh
q ,fjO CG EG Aj eQ`` U
.Te
Y MdGh A`` dG e G`k ` c QKCG bG G`` g
jdG c M ,dG bNCGh gG S
de OQ`` fH OQ`` jQ QcdG `` S H dG Ib `` e
dG GEG `` MCG M ,`` jQc `` YCG GP :Q`` G
?eO J
MCGh dCG Y ZCG e Y ddG M a
g dG zc Q`` S{ QG efdG e M H `` Y
e HgG L a j gGe efH Y IQY
cdG Y YRj a`` SG Hh ,dG AfCG L
.gGe d ;cdGh
GaSG fCG `` G ,efdG `` d `` G
ge fCG `` JG bh ,`` dG c g e k`` V
k Le ,`` He N ZCG qZ CG Hh ,`` dGh AdG
237
FOdG IdG
,SH bH h ,dGh dG FGJQH QG

k
dH h k Le `` efdG je EG Ik `` Te `` Lh
q
k
,dG `` dG eO v`` e ,dG hj k `` e LQ
.dGh G Y hek
Gj gh ,`` FfG M j
q `` efdG H `` g -
?jGH
?LdG GQ qUh ,G V g -
G Jc) OH `` S ATCG g cCdH
fCG Y `` NCG h ,IQhG G`` dG Hh (`` jH
LdG QX H M e dh ,`` G OH jCGQ
!YdG QbCG e cCH IdG H q b g efdG
e Sc Y dL fCG LQ X FbO `` S Hh
H Qj ,e HCG Te Y dhWh NdG G
j Sh ,fl fCGh ,M Y eQU SQ
Qj QdG YEG jRh fCG H a Ja ,CG Gg
aK Y `` dH dCGh ,C` `G Gg `` Y ac `` d
dG QGYG eCG ,e`` SEG fjdG Y dG `` dG
jR G`` S ;jO`` dG HdG G EG Lh `` a
.F Z H
238
,Fk QW YLG
k j CG jRdG SG FbO S h
G g eRdG HdG `` jh ,fGdG `q ` jh
:JBG eJG Lh
q a ,jCGQ IdG
.H J fEG -1
.G d JG -2
.dP bS G EG -3
.S be OdG dG GSG -4
,FY efdG EG M ,dG ge e e -5
.a eh ,HdG S
q e WCG gjh
,j`` T QH JG a ,LG `` HdG Y `` eCG
:gh
.UGe jT Ie dG e efdG jEG -1
.UGe jCG KK Ie IdG jEG -2
.YS 48 M H dG J -3
Ie) `` jCG KdG G`` W QGYG d`` SQ q H I`` dGh
fh hdEG be Y `` f Vhh (ajEG
.efdG be
Jc `` H ,jQdG I`` dG `` J d `` g `` jdG
fCG j a ,e Z `` G jH a ,G
239
FOdG IdG
dh ,dG e jY d O ATCG g c Ga
G e c g M ,efdG e IO`` e
Gh ,fCG G e J e`` SEGh HdG
GhfG EGh ,fCG e hjh ,fCG Y j
.k T Gj a dP
.d eGM ;QdG YEG jRh ,Gk T :eCJ
240
jdG dG
qj `` e H `` dG `` e :ej
k A`` G `` MCG `` S
,BG h`` J `` S :`` G `` b ?`` j `` eh ,`` H
CGHh ,H LCGh ,IFG EG Lh ,dh EG gYOh
H gdj h ,g`` T G `` c RhJ `` jdH
d MCGh ,d `` Sh ,A`` G `` MCG K ,Hb EG
`` j CG Y `` TGh ,e H e e `` MGh
,Gj `` d ,jgL GdhM ,`` dG G `` H
CG hO a EG A`` G `` Uj CG Qj e MGh a
:G b ,FL IFG e Gebh ,VQCG Y j
EG Hb NGO G `` j jdG YOh ,Gh`` fG BGh
q c NCa ,f jdG YG dEG bh ,f IFG
QL EG gq e `` K ,A`` H gCeh ,e e `` MGh
bh .G GhM K ,L G`` T dHh ,fH dG
:b Y gjY dG M dC` `S jd bh ,G
a ,a f pjo CG IG IFe Y j e
a ,k e KG a NCG jo CG j eh ,k FL
.NCj e ,ehO
k HGdG g j
.dM e Jh ,f d ;H b CeG :IWN
241
FOdG IdG
IdG K
aZ EG `` gY e `` SOdG GP `` dG `` LJq
`` dG fl `` e gOf d`` M `` dhJh ,`` ef
jH q J NCGh ,VQCG Y a e ZaCG K ,fGN
gq Y OYCG K ,FdG H`` SCG N Of e L e
h ,ac cCdH fEG{ :gS `` g K ,da ,fK
,d`` G EG OdG LQCG jY Hh ,zCN C
EG e ,`` G dG e `` Jh ,gAGOQ `` d K
`` dG c .gQGO `` Y Gk c `` J `` dG d`` dG
k ` e `` SG dh ,IH`` U Jfa ,jd `
` k ` e
e c a ,ihL hO `` dh ,f d dha ,`` Y
HQ H fe O`` f b LNCG CG EG `` j CG H
j dG dhdG `` LR a dCa ,d`` G e QhO
.dEG fG a FY ;dG gAGQh
jjJ GP`` e :F`` SG Y a `` Y `` H dC` à
,Z`` T e OdG `` T e JCG fEG ?dG `` jCG
gQhH Ie ,IH HLCa ,jW eR e QCG `` dG
h ,Gv L `` je `` dG `` T :c`` S e LYfG
Gg d `` TCG CG jQCGh ,(Ie) `` SG AGhO EG `` LM
GPe ,Gk `` Y :`` gdG e A`` H `` dG HLCG.AGhdG
242
dG T :jL H Fb ,ec fC`` Sa ?b p

g EG :dGh j ,A`` dG jZ e `` j ,hQfCG
?a `` g ,Ie i`` S e `` j ,`` SCGQ `` eQh k
`` dG HLCG !M k aCG LQCG ?(Ie) K a
HCG fCa ,`` SBG fCG :ef cCG `` SCG EG d Gk e
`` SG :e
u `` dG `` HLCG !d`` U (I`` e)
b a ,AGhdG AG`` d OdG e j e e fCa ,Gk L
!dG g c
dG e a ,jd j dG T c
?hQfCG T dEG j dG (Ie) f g e :FS k
aYCG e c dh ,QOCG :bQhe H IdG HLCG
EG LM fEG :eCG db ,Gv L je M `` T CG
J GOk f `` fEG ,HLCG HCG dh ,MGL `` Y
`` T dC` `S.!Of `` SCG CG Qb Gd ;dG g
?I`` U j OdG e jd c :egG k je `` dG
CG h ,k`` S `` Y MCGh MGh QhO :Ige HLCa
d j :k ` è HLCG !dP EG `` MG GPEG jG `` LCG
G dH g ,k`` S `` Y MCGh QhO ,aO`` e e
K ,`` dG `` T LCG e (Ie) ` ` d kK `` G
,IdG gH eCG iNCG dHh H G e hJ
243
FOdG IdG
:d bh ,jdGh `` Hd ;gQGO EG OJ CG `` e `` k dW
.jC
k G T jDhQ jQCG
,f`` eQCG dQc Q`` cdG g LdG `` dP c `` d
dQc Q`` cdG i`` LCG `` bh .h`` G `` YCG G`` L
aJ ,Lf `` Y fch ,k ` `f hQfCG d `` dG
Kj GdGdG L ,jCG `` H H e
k hQfCG gH
,dQc Q`` cdG Y `` dG e GMCG `` J `` Y
fc ,dG dM EG hQ`` fCG IOYh dG `` Mh
`` S IdGdG dbh ,IO`` dG JZ bh ,`` Kj
c c i`` J :dA`` J K !Ie fEG ,`` v M :`` jG
,jY eHG T Y dG `` SQ ?dG g
GMGh
k GQk hO `` dH c (Ie) CG gMh J a
.kS Y MCGh
,dG `` e k Hfh k bO`` U jNBG `` M j `` eY
.dG J dh ,IG S gY
244
YGdGh QdG
,k d dH GdG Q`` G c H ,fCG jo

:j k Fb S PEG
,VQCG OdGh dG QX dEG `` TCG EG ,dG
a ,QG a ,dG e gCGh G H j eh
,cQ `` a ,LdG EG `` SQCGh ,`` G `` e MH
a ,aH Y a ,SdG e bCGh ,cdG SGh
dGh OdG QX e cJ S dG e :QG
G a ?dG e gCGh G H j dG eh ?`` VQCG
.VeCG ee Ce d
e QeCH YCG ,eDG eCG `` j èq CG EG :a
,e - Y Y e M CG MG EGh ,d`` UCG
.ZT a a ,f Y bGh
.a ,f Y eBG fCa :b
Mh ,dG `` NO dG EG ,`` eDG eCG `` j :a
.fC dGh OdG e VQCG X e Hh H
AG`` dGh dG Nj ,jh ?dP a :`` a
?Y eGh ,Gh ,b AdGh
245
FOdG IdG
G EG !`` NO `` e dG `` e Gk MCG `` NO `` gh :`` b

gGh ,gQeCG ZCa ,dGeCGh OY eCG Y`` SG
G e k ` `HM Hh `` H Lh ,`` dGeCG `` H
K ,`` dG e k ` `SGMh ,`` jG e k ` `HGHCGh `` LBGh
GeCG jL dY Hh ,a Y f S
fk a EG LdG `` e MCG Y Nj CG eCGh ,`` Lh
G h ,G jEH eCJ h ,S Gk f ,fk ah
a ,M G Gg dh EG MCG h ,dEG QdG FG h
Y JKBGh ,d `` SG jdG dG ADg BGQ
,h ,GeCG `` fhO Gj CG eCGh ,`` YQ
`` j CG GhCa ,ff d a ,G N b Gg G`` db
d j h ,GhOGQCG e EG A`` T SdG QNCG Y e dEG
,Y de `` J M fh ,`` Y fN EG `` eY
gHgh ,`` SdG YCG,Yh `` Y dP `` fG a
;GeCGh jGdH dY fU e hCG a ,gfUh
IhdGh IQG hP dP a K ,YQ X Y H Ghd
dH G OH Cea ,fhO e X Gdd ;YQ e
fS AcT dG ADg QUh ,Gk Oah k Hh k X
aQ OGQCG Ea ,Hh H M e AL Ea ,aZ `` fCGh
bhCGh ,dP Y f b Lh QX Y dEG b
a ,G dP AL Ea ,e j k LQ `` Sd
246
,dEG e aj CG G MU GdCS ,N o fn H
`` jh ,`` jh ,H Pjh ,dEG j G Gj `` a
,jj H `` U X K ,MCGh LCG GPEa ,aj gh
J fCGh ,(d IY) f k j Me k Hk V a
?SEG AH a ,J a
ea ,dG EG a`` SCG ,eDG eCG j c bh
,Gk j`` T AH k ej a ,`` H e `` UCG bh ,I`` e
d HCG d EG eCG :a ,`` dG Y Dh`` L a
,JU SCG a ,dH j HCG dh ,dRdG
.gj `` H Ea `` S gP b c EG eCG :b K
cj c K ,e EG MCG k HK j CG SdG GhO`` f
eCG j Ga ,k ` èe ij g jh ,Q`` dG W `` dG
,G G`` g c`` H aCGQ H `` H `` e ,eDG
Y H aCGQ J H gCG e H eDe fCGh
G GQCG a dd G EG c Ea ,`` f T
,e VQCG Y d e eCG H e `` j dG Gk Y
j G Gj a ,j T j fhOh EG e e eh
,J dG dh ,d SdG ZQ J M dG dH
LCG EG :b Ea ,Aj e A`` j e j J G H
ZCG e eCG H G GQCG a ,`` dG j q ` `d G
247
FOdG IdG
`` dGh LdG e GhYCG eh ,gdG e L `` Y

M - Gh `` dGh G Y `` j `` SG - Go dGh
.OGQCG e H G OGQCG
e `` LCG g jZ d `` G LCG `` EG :`` b EGh
e de EG a fCG `` e a e Ga ,a fCG dG `` jdG
.Y fCG e H EG QJ
?dG e TCH Y e bj g ,eDG eCG j
. :QG a
gh ,fdG e dN dG H J a :a
,dCG GdG OH dh ,dH `` Y e bj
,H dEG fh ,MQGL Yh ,b Y e iCGQ b
e Y `` j g ,LQ `` dEG `` eh ,Gj `` MLGh
YOh ,j e YfG GPEG `` fdG e e Y `` T
?G EG
c ,jh ,`` NCG d :b `` K ,Q`` G a
?d MCG
dEG Yj eYC
k G Sd EG ,eDG eCG j :a
fH `` La ,`` gfO `` H `` Vjh ,`` jO
.hOj eCG gQhTh ,hTj
248
.e GHa ,dEG H b :QG b

aG `` dh ,jW `` Y `` CG `` aN :`` b
Nh ,dG bGh ,G `` fGh ,HM Sh ,HH
Y dGh H `` bGh ,M Y b`` dGh AdG
U Y hY`` jh JCj CG Y e`` V fCGh ,gCG
.eCG
OYh QG `` a ,I`` dH fPBa fPDG ALh
.hj a ,d ;LdG Wh , EG
249
FOdG IdG
dGh dG MU
(1)
(jdG FGL) EG Uh jdG dG e

EG OG`` H e ILe `` jOj I`` SCG ,`` Gh `` aGdG
H Y `` j c dG I`` dG g ,(jdG `` )
W HdG `` FG dG G`` Y ah ,f `` G
G `` dG dG `` Sh `` M H ,`` VYh O`` dG
dG AGh dG AG :dG G L M ,jdH
} :J b ,j CG hO ,MGh `` e

.(53 :bdG) |
Yh ,`` Gh `` G `` jZ I`` dG `` g `` fc
e cCH J fc a ,dGh adG e Y i`` e
Yh e`` SEGh HdG adG Y e fc c ,d
,dG `` SdH YWGh egG dh ,dG aK
.fdG jOdG dCH UNh
`` UY (jOGdG jOdG) I`` SCG g `` S
`` Lh `` Y (IQ`` G) `` e h ,(`` eG) `` jdG
.jdG
.UG hQa .O (1)
250
Lh Y gdG IQ`` h ,IQdG (CG) `` Y

CG) `` eCG.eh `` eR c O`` dG IO`` c ,U`` G
IQdG T e IOQG bCG H Y a (dGh
.GjEGh GEG eh jdG
G`` S a ,(CGh CG) `` bj e `` M dh
`` SGh ,IdG g `` SCG jdG EG IdG e b
gSCG a ,gOGLCGh FHBG jO cJh ,(hDhT IOe)
f`` fEG MhQh ,dG `` JjBGh (`` dG BGdG) `` S
T bh .JY AUh bNCG Sh ,JjJ Yh
fc c ,GdG HUCG ISh ] dG SdG IH v M
.eSEG S Y MCG dCj eY k FGO J
CG Y Y e`` U (IO`` e) SEG `` T d
FHBG jO J `` S HG CG bj fj a ,CGh
ef e (jOdG) H`` J dG gh ,OdG gOGLCGh
.gQXCG
,k eY Y `` S (hDh`` T IO`` e) Y c ej
.eSEG TCG M
YLQEGh ,`` jG jO Y K `` gdGh hM bh
,(SEG) Y UCGh ,`` aQ dh ,(jOdG) EG
251
FOdG IdG
dSCG Sa ,dOGh TdGh QGG e j h

GdH `` dGh `` dH `` V e ,jdGh `` gdG
HSCG dG `` pMh
o ,G`` dGh dG e eGh
.IHUh IeU gh ,jW
M ,Y `` dG e i`` NCG Me AL `` K
(jdG) `` jdG `` dG `` cH f`` SG
.SEG Y OGJQH YbE (jH dJ)
EG YLQ IQh`` V `` Y Gk `` c (`` jH) `` KMh
,FHBG jOh jO cJ c :d b ch ,`` jOdG
G p q en g ?dG G hdG ADg jO NJh
?HGU EG LJ Sh ,bDe dM fCG CG ?IOe j
Th ,BGdH bGh ,SEH eBG d :HLCG
Y LQCG dh ,d`` SQh `` Y Gk `` fi CGh G EG `` dEG CG
.AGLCGh ATCG EG J dh ,jG jO
:(d SdG dG g gh) Q`` G b M
.jdG G gS a ,e IFa
dh ,SEG EG MCG Yo r jn IOe CG jdGh
YCG CG a ,KCdG jZ H KCJh ,gMh BGdG CGb
.jdG dG Gg LYCG e HYCG dP c .eSEG
252
jdG (hDh`` T IO`` e) `` SEG `` N `` fG

gdGh dh ,`` H JQjR `` SdG H h`` Mh ,`` c
cM EG `` G `` Uhh .A`` dGh LdG e gQGhR e
dG ,(N BG `` Y H M `` dG) GfBG jdG
e W gh ,G b H ;gdGh Y`` SG
JH EG `` d ,(IO`` e) HG Y Rj CG cG
jf IO`` e dGh `` aGh bh ,ee IR`` e `` Mh
.G
(hDh`` T) gdGh H e (IO`` e) fG G`` gh
TY dG ,N BG ISCG e jdG cM `` b EG
(ddG Y) e LQ d j CG b ,IY G`` S a
LN dG ,IQG e EG jL e fh ,Lha
.eSEG H e
`` U W fCGh (IO`` e) `` LG `` jCGQ `` dh
fCG `` ch ,`` VG `` dG `` S `` e hCG `` dG
Y `` d ;H EG `` gf `` WCG `` e H`` UCGh
,gjEG `` J `` dG O`` dG `` Hh J`` dGh i`` G
dC` `J CG Y iG g `` J gh ,`` jM fch
GPEa ,dG BG`` dG M Yh `` G I`` dG Y
g FYEG Y eG I`` dG eCG Gk `` J e CGQ
253
FOdG IdG
EG G `` H `` f H ,OdG `` Jh i`` G
bGj (Gfi)
k LhR `` LCG `` S :a ,Y dG
.Id G EG cQM
e YL I`` dG jOCJ Y `` k FGO fc `` d
LhR J M G`` S EG g eh ,`` G `` G
,Ic Ih`` K `` d `` Jh ,(`` eCG `` Y `` fi) d`` dG
NBG AGh ,dG BGdG d e Gk AL N
.jCd
YEG j (IOe) Y k Y Gk N JL cP
(IO`` e) JQGR M ,1948 je 15 FG`` SEG `` b
?(IOe) j J GP :JL da ,dJh ,J gh
VQCG O`` d c `` d MJ CG `` a `` Vjo c
!a
S GPe J fCG ,NCG j :(IOe) da
?a gCHh H OdG
?S GPeh :JL db
.He fEG :IOe db
?KJ He CG Y :JL db
254
fEG ,Gk L aYCG fCG OdG ADg :(IO`` e) db

U ,NCG j jJ Sh `` a cHj CG hj
OdG b b HSCG a ,IOe bUh .d jM
ej EG `` HGG `` SGh ,gdG `` Sj jO H
.Gg
J S H gH :Fb ,aOQCG IO`` e dh
YCS g iJ ,G jCG Y Od idG HG
,`` a VQCG Y Od idG HG `` g iQCG `` M
!?dP LQCG
dG e dG SGhCG EG IO dG eGh
IAGbh bdGh dGh IdG e J fch ,VG
,LCG A`` fG H `` J fc fCch ,`` dG BGdG
HH ee fc fCG :(IO`` e) Ld `` TCG fCGh
,JM e j NBG EGh ,a SCG j hCG e Y`` dG
gQn CG h ,IO`` Y j h ,IOY Y`` dG `` Sd c a
fH c j dG ,YdG `` Sd hO dW e b
.eb NCG EGh SCGQ e e
G QGO INCG ejCG (IOe) LG b
`` UhCG Jah bh ,QGdG J LCG gaGhh ,I`` dGh
:jUh H
255
FOdG IdG
a ;BGdG Gg J Y aH ccPCG ,hCG

l
FHCh d T
.jdG Y gHq Q FHCG G ,G ,fdG
aJ CG LQCa ,jOj dh ,e fCG :ddG
.G Ie
.G MQ Y ,IG bQah ,JOdG T
256
(1)
dG e NCG dG Hh H
`` SEG f fCG :fdG g `` j e cCG

GgCH dG d ,jdG GgCH fh ,fQeCG c
jCGh ,a M d eCG ,c d LdG j jdG
J CG J a ,bh c eCG c dP j CG
h ,OQCG EG `` H `` J h ,k d Jh ,GQk f `` H
.c d ch c c jda ,ZQ EG Y
Y Gk `` NCG YCG `` a e`` U G`` g `` d `` Yj
dG SdG `` VGQCG Y `` SQ NCG Y dG `` U
,dP jdG CG H ,`` d fl `` d
GeC eG EG :bCa ,G GeCG eM `` UCG C
a ,YL UH G c GeC dch ,G
edG G`` eCG `` TCG LQH h ,O`` dG `` G G`` eCG
.WdH e e cCG e HY TCG da ,d
`` SdG NCG RG`` L `` d `` J Gh`` SG `` K
(2)
ze f H EG e `` eG e j { :jH
.SQa fi L (1)
S bQGdGh (11325 bQ) idG S dG LNCG (2)
AGhQEG dCG Uh (1570 bQ) e j HCGh (91 bQ)
.(180 / 6) dG
257
FOdG IdG
Vj CG `` eCG d d ,`` U M fEG ,`` f :`` bCGh

k HLh Yh ,eCd dG d`` G jYd A`` j e Y
.d AYdG H ,YdGh dG
`` Ue g A`` T CG M J CG `` CG `` c
jQ hCG YLG hCG jObG M fc d .SEG
a .j`` dG EG `` f h ,iNCG M CG hCG `` de hCG
NCG dh ,`` fi `` SdG YbEG `` Y `` SQ NCG
?R M eCG f SdG YbEG
Th ,idG ee Y X a g h ,BG
aO J JQS `` J M fCG J CG ?EG Qf
SdG g g ?cL eSQ k UH b e %5 a
Vhe `` SQ g CG ,OQ`` G f H YJ
SQG (T) cMCG iTG EG ?eCG `` Va k
EG eCG ,cL `` SQ K e `` dG `` f Ea ,H
dG IQGRh cQ`` T a (`` T OGH) `` T
à`` dH M EG eCG ,(`` dG) b e `` dG `` f
r n n p a .cL eSQ
k aO b j dG b e %20
eON J gP EG ?g EG IhGW Y `` J
dEG j a ,(SZh) g Y dG CG Y`` J
g aO a ,`` jQ dCG Qb `k ` L aJ CG `` H q EG `` MCG
258
BG IH g JOS e C ;`` f W b e
j GMGh k ejk `` NCJ EGh ?G`` dG ce NGO
,M g t cCG ,hJ dCH (TJ) a ebEG
GPe ?`` fCG H q EG `` NDJ CG j `` VGQCG `` SQh
`` M EG jQJ K ,gQMG Y q EG `` fCG J d
?dG dh ,LCG
m NCGh ,GM VGQCG `` SQ NCGCG
S hCG ,a OGh
`` dG eh `` e eCG g a dH L hCG ,jj
?Y fih S g GPa ,fk e c Ea ?G
a ,VQCGh Gh`` dG G N e J e L
SdG NCG EG :b e ?jNCG jdG EG J
e `` Mh ,a `` G g `` NCG `` j CG ?G`` M
?Y Y k eGMh d k M fcCG ?Y
c ,`` SdG YbEG g Y `k ` UCG C` `j CG
Y C` `fCGh ,gMCG EG ?`` e `` e `` Y `` M
,k e M hCG OhCh d k `` S hCG `` Ue hCG `` SQe
k G MCG e{ :] G SQ db e Ggh ,Y dG a
VQC
.(1)zd a
e{ :H a aG eCG ,[ Y Y ak be H QdG LNCG (1)

k G YCG
.(2335 bQ) zMCG a ,MC d VQC
259
FOdG IdG
(WM) hCG f (q ` `MG) fCa gQq ` `S CG eCG

k M fC `` WMCGh , ej
d k YQ `` L `` HEG C
Y dJ HG C QGSCG Oe hCG ,dEG (aae) fCG
WGG fGNE j CH Y`` VhCG `` UE gjj fCH
f GP ?jdG e dP c jCa ,MdG H e
GgCG nCG ?j`` dG G`` gCH `` d `` eCG `` g c
`` SdG NDJ CG GM ?Hd iNCG GgCGh ,d `` jW
?Y g NDJ CG Mh ,Y
Y `` SdG `` NGC G`` dCG `` fCG `` MCG Gh ,`` J
Ak MEG Ifi dh ,d IG Z `` SdG VGQCG
.v YT
,VGQCG g Y `` SdG NCG dG e d Ga
,YGfG
k `` Y `` f `` VGQCG g `` J CG `` dG `` H
.WH a WH Y H e CG edG IYda
e e VQj `` SdG NCG CG G fc EG
Y EG ,f e bk OU ch ,d`` SCG Ya ,jdG
e C g Y a ,jdG hO T e %65 CG
VQC
k G d aM fYEG e hCG Je e Nj CG eCG CG
H HCG aZ `` MGj CG Y CG ?hJ EG a `` j
?NCG fd JCj a ,a Ea ?FG`` dG dG
260
fk eh ,g e `` e e Gk MCG CG j dP H `` g K
.GPh dP H feh ,g
SQ NCG H ,jdG Ue e Tj Gg cCG
M CG G L eCG GanCG ?VQj VGQCG
eCG `` Vh ,J He je EG OH `` VQCG CG
?jdG OY j e g
j`` dG e YCG EG M :bk O`` U bCG ,eY k
K eh ,SQG dG Qe (v ` Ù) M e q EG
IG Z SdG `` VGQCG Y `` SdG Va g YCG
Y `` SCGh ,QYCG Gd ; CG `` FL eCG `` g G`` Sd
G ME `` MGbG
k bC` `Sh ,G hCG b `` e c
e `` j d gh ,Gk MCG `` j dh ,KG Y `` j
AdG gh ,G Y j `` e `` Sh ,G Y c
g AYdG{ :b SG a ,H G d ;AYd
.(1)zIOdG
jj aj CG cCG hCG ,e e e e c e WCa
,dG :jh ,k bO`` U Yjh ,dG g e hCG dG
,H JNCG `` b eCG dG `` VGQCG CG J `` c EG
QH ,da ,j`` dG GgCG e `` Sj d NCGh
.U M :bh (2969 bQ) edG LNCG (1)
261
FOdG IdG
YCGh ,g`` S aQGh ,MGh ,MGh ,gOeh ,`` a

J c EGh ,`` G Gg Jc `` gCGh ,G `` V
`` S e WCG M ;YLQE ga dP Z eCG CG
K ,(1)] G SQ b c ,a T H edG j VQCG
,dG J b Y VYh ,bGa Y b K
!G Gg Jc gCG dch
d fCG kj `` e `` T c YOCG H a G`` g `` d
,Y `` e VQCG `` b Y `` G `` eCG CG ``
:jh ,`` dG g e `` NCG dG `` Yj CG `` LGh
b `` VGQCG C ;VQCG `` eCG CG `` J fEG ,`` dG
dG Yj c `` e CG J c EG ,da ,`` NG
k e gNCG c EG SdG YbEG NCG bh ,hCG
,da ,`` Y `` SdG NCG Rj h ,j`` dG G`` gCH
Gg Jc gCGh ,G a`` VCG YC p Gh ,a d QH
d NCG CGh ,`` M H gNCG fCG J c EGh ,`` G
eCG CG `` e eM `` d `` NCG CGh ,j`` d `` dfl
VQCG e pQGhh `` d ZG,Q `` a ,VQCG CG `` Y `` G
.fdG VQCG e eM e G
e{ :] G SQ b :b fCG Y G VQ Y H GY a (1)
.zVQCG S EG edG j H N M H k T VQCG e NCG
VQCG e G
k T NCG e{ :H e Yh (2454 bQ) QdG LNCG -
.(1610 bQ) zVQCG S e edG j bj fEa ,k X
262
,MCG CG j A`` T CG a d eCG Gg CG YCG

jGg ah ,H `` VQC
k G e G Y`` e a
gh ,H AYO d `` jC
k Gh ,dP Z c d IOYh
MG ,Yh `` d W ch ,AYH A`` YO fC ;OY `` M
Gg Jc `` H `` MG `` a `` dP c `` ah ,`` MH
MG ba MG H ,MGh MG cd dh .G
.MG ba
,fCG eCG ,A`` YdG Gg e kFN `` d v ` `T fCG)
.(?aJ GPa
263
FOdG IdG
dG
Ic IU `` Vh `` dG a G MCG CG j
e bGd k SQM Vhh ,k e ZCa ,FQ jW Y
!SdG a IOH jh ,IT N
EG a ,I`` dG Gk c Gk LJ ch ,`` LQ hCG `` e
fCG j CG hO `` Vh e Gk e RG`` TH I`` dG
,J`` U k aGQ I`` dG M e LdG Gg QGa ,cG
e bf `` S ,eCG G`` g `` TC gPCG `` S{ :k Fb
.zVh
a a ,AdG j c ,NBG `` T e K
.OdG k fCT bCG fC ,Gk Y bCG c JU d ,LdG
GdGR e jdG `` dG e ,k e Ab`` UCG KK e K
,I`` dG fL EG Gbh ,IG jg Y `` j
gH `` Vh e GUhh ,gOH `` Vh e Gh`` Sh
.JH EG GafG K ,VdGh MCGh
,IdG dG `` e OY a AL M ,`` ej e
k hfi ,jY`` S Y Gk `` e dEG QOHh ,j a ,gBGQh
,hYSh hNBG a , IY`` G k dW aO
.jdG Y ghHCG M ,IdG Gaa
264
M`` e d M k bh`` U Lh I`` dG GRCG CG Hh

b a bQh g fc h`` dG Gg ,VQCG
jj e EG `` cG e{ :a `` e d`` SQh gP e
QOG HjEG `` fEd ICae g ,I`` dG g
.ze idG e k H ,G
fh ,ff e c Ghg`` Th ,dM GhfG
.H fCGHh idG Y bJ d ,dS H M
.dG Y HG H ,ANCG Y J :f
265
FOdG IdG
dGh dG
(G) SG NBGh (G) SG T g c

jH f `` jdG `` e h ,IQ`` S cGQ fc
b GbCG Y k e jW j CG ha ,JQS
.ihL hO dh ,ihCe Gj dh ,dG j CG
,`` dG j M ,fCG `` S :G `d G a
.jdG f gHh
.IT fH j CG G Qa
.QdG e j CG Qa G eCG
e ,d f VJ S ! :G d b
fCG d :G `` d a ,`` gJh ,IQ`` S JCJ CG G
,Ga ,IQS JCJ CG G a ,QdG e EG
!fJh
`` e Gh ,I`` dG G f `k ` ah
CGQ h ,Y`` e Ic IQ`` S AL YS H ,Q`` dG
,J dh ,bdG dhM QdG e T k
,G TYh ,G gOh ,IdG G afa
266
Y ,fk MCG SdG `` e QhO j a ,bGdG `` g Ggh

.gQb fC ;d dfl fCG e ZdG
`` Yh ,Gk N j `` S Y NCJ `` a :I``Y
j Xh Y OQ `` Yh ,cH c GhR e `` feM
.N W e feM Yh ,e
267
FOdG IdG
?aCG e
jj MGh ``c ,`` G dG H`` UCG H N M

:d HEG ba ,YCG j CG
`k ` e cCG OcCG Ea ,H EG j `` eCG EG
c eCG O`` fCGh ,c `` k L fCch ,`` Y
s EG GHJ CG hQ`` J Y fEG ,i`` NCG
,c`` S fCG ,
.YCGh HUCG VCG C
`` d H `` SFdG CG d :j H`` dG ifG
,H`` dG fCG EG ,e YCG `` Mho ,OBG H Y dG
,AT EG FdG `` j eY ,eCjh j dG `` UCG
.SFdH hCG fCa ,ej Gk eCG j hCG
MJ c :j gh ,`` SdG `` UCG `` V
QGH `` J ,dWCG `` fCGh ,J`` M `` SFdG `` Y
,eYd `` G e WCG CG LM fEa ,G`` bCc
.GL EG j Gg Ea
Ea ,GhfG ?INEG j e jCG :k Fb dG
.Re H gSh HUCG e EG ,q j G jH
268
GPe ,Tge dG U ,j G CGH Gk NCG

?G ,dG UCG Gg j
e k `` V `` d EG ,JNEG j `` SG :b `` d
,HdG e k f hCG Gk eCG YCG `` dh ,aQCG H ,HEG
fCG h ,c`` bCG H ,SdG `` UCG e k jW `` dh
e ,k L cUCG fCG ,`` dG e GhdG N `` T
.k L MCa ,Y s hJ af eN LG
jh ,jNBG Yj e CG G QOCG dP Yh
.GMG jh ,IOjdG j e cCG g e
269
FOdG IdG
LhdG H dG
e INCe YS H LhdG Uh dP Y e
,ef `` aZ H `` a jj`` T QMh Ah`` Hh ,`` dG
e J GbCG `` HQCG CGQ M ,G e `` La
Ge MCG J OCG hOh YHh ,jdG
hO G`` bCG `` J H`` Vh ,`` LhH `` UG `` dG
dP H ,jc NCG M ,Ib e e `` Hh ,Yh
h ,dG G Gg `` H Ae `` d G EG gP
! CGj dhdG Y j LhR CGQ G NO
JQjH `` fhDLa GdGh ,M `` j k gCG :d `` b
Lj M ,aJ c aZ ej cJh ,dG
p g .ed NBG e
bQZ cJ CG Y S
?dG
270
c g
s `` S s c qp o` `Sn (c g) HY
j`` dG o oCG
MCG WH `` sdGhn ,`` dG t hO IYh ``m VQCG a
.jv OeoR k bGh dp
gaCG Vm p `` UoCG gYo e fdG J CG `` b
,dG
s Gf ;dG Y Y K eh ;dGh dG u
`` dG FQ e Wh ,d e gdGh `` Vna
dG ,zdS BG{ EG gTQCan ,d qp eo EG gTj CG
!H a k q FLo dEG OYh ,gY hu CG gH a
dS CGH gY e `` SOdG s g H eY
,H`` UCHp qp c Y `` HH js HCG h`` G `` qp oJ
Iaf `` MCG Y `` JdG e k ` `b `` dc `` SGh
o Gh dG dqp DJo CGH v jQJh ,jpH J fc
AKCG `` a Y jj `` VpH dG `` s Yh ,`` pH
, sdGh `` qp dpH dG dCJ jpH
q dp ,jM
a MCG Y`` SpH `` jo CG b `` jW Ie `` fGh
!g gQoJ dG GUCG
dGhn ,k Js eo k L N
q na ,HdG JCG dhn
dp ;aGoJ qp eo fch ;`` d (Oec) p
271
FOdG IdG
!Y SjQdH Y UM Ls Jhn ,GVoG d

GVfio AdE dG s Y dfna JTo YGP
s dG cQ`` Th ,s Ghn `` dGt G Hch
.eEG Qb aG IYeo dhfih o o dG Hch
,Gk c CG`` Jh ,Rq oJh ,J `` ZGa bhCG `` fc
,f`` G GP cG IObh UdGh M`` dG qp s Jh
GQct dG IO`` T Y d`` po H Fg Ib `` b K
IQ
qp eo `` Hp eb bh ,`` dG GQct dGh `` dG
;bG `` FYO MQ dG ALQCG `` flo
.JYop eRdG GeCG Lh Y jd
ShCGh js dG LQs dG MGQh ,Hc g ds CG
.dG Gqp S Y gCG e op fGhn ,Y saJ
,dY `` p HCG dh ,J`` p `` SCGQ ) :``f
.(eeCG k eo dG iS Mh
272
(1)
AHCG f
`` j H `` eCGh AHBG `` j e G`k ` c

,fhj dG jHdG GgCG eJ dh ,Hk `` M d
,dH fAHCG `` Lf q fh ,`` HdG S`` SCG g da
,dH Mh ,dH fh ,dH Sfh
hCG `` dH eEG A`` HCG `` Ha ,`` dH `` Y `` fh
,d QG`` M `` da ,c `` g `` dG h ,`` aCH
,c c c PEG `` Va ,d Z QGM aCGh
.HdG g gh
cG ,jHdG `` G M HQ N eh
G`` SG A`` S g ,AHCG GfG `` j e `` cCG CG
,H e Qg T e L ej eh ,dGh dCG
e ch ,jdGh e jHdG e EG Sa
G TG Iah ,e `` j dG `` dG dG
CG OGQCG dh ,f Y VGQ Z gh ,aGfG e
G Gg L bh ,d `` jdGh c A`` S e J
`` f eJ c `` Y `` dG jHdG VGeCG
:JBc gh ,GfG Y Jh ,AHCG
.G SL QcdG (1)
273
FOdG IdG
e ,fGG `` UhCH dG `` UH `` dG :k hCG

dG dG J hCG ,(...,GM j ,J ,QK ,c ,QM)
.a dh
,S UhCH e UfG N e fgEG :k fK
(...eGM ,`` YCG ,`` S ,b ,Gc ,`` T) fCG e
.dG IG e ,fgEGh
c C ;`` dG `` T eJ gh ,`` fQG :`` k dK
fQGh ,`` NBG `` Y fl gGeh GQ`` b `` jd `` W
e j h ,dH dG Y Jh ,dH J
.H Qj
,e H d M J Cc ,hG G :k HGQ
d hCG ,Gc cCG d MCG ,Gc a fC MCG e fCG) e
Z fCH dG `` j h`` G a (cGPh ,
;ISCd AfG H j c GPEGh ,a Zeh fi
WCG Gdh ,Gk `` U c eY `` a ghe
k c `` fC
.he Z M C ;Gk c IGh G j
,`` SG ,j LdG) e ,WN ee :eN k
G ,Y Q`` bCG e fCG ,L `` ddG Gg ,Gk `` U dR `` a
.(QdH bjh bj
274
,T j `` SG ,J fCG) e MEG :SOS

k
.(a IFa
,eO TCG ,`` SCGQ `` cCG) WG jdG :k HS
.(HPCG
k FGOh , `` b e Qf e ,`` G Z `` G :`` k eK
.d H Z e JW af
, d ,`` NCj G) e ,Y A`` YdG :`` k SJ
.(e
.JUNh QGSCG H dPh ,dG :Gk TY
CG J `` SGQO Y `` WG bh ,ec I`` Y `` a
Y S jdGh e SG b j gGG S EG dG
EG d UJ SGQdG CG EG FdG e `` S c dCG
Ga ,gfcP `` dG f`` dG VGeCG e GMGh
k `` Yf
k
cCG Seb h ,GS K dG e j W k e
cCG `` S Y gKCG Ea ,Iee c BG `` N e
.fh JM ea ,edG QedG SCG e
HQCG c `` G Gg dG d`` SQ d `` bh
h ,dG h ,dH eDG d{ :] db gh ,c
275
FOdG IdG
YHdG g f CG `` UCa (1)zA`` dG h ,`` MdG

,FHCG e iNCG HjEG YHQ H `` f CGh ,`` dG
.GMGh Gh dGh G Y ca
:`` J `` b ,`` dG `` e `` gCG `` dG `` dG :I``WN
fh | }
,Jh `` aJh `` dCGh W ,A`` T c `` fOhCG `` f
G N G`` gh ,dH gefh ,`` bf dh
dG) CG h`` UG A`` dG `` cG `` bh ,BG`` dG
Ua .edG Y f KCG d (bdGh dG
BGda ,Y KCG a ,`` JH dG AfG Y
jh ,`` SEG `` Nj `` fEGh ,c `` UCG `` dG
e jh ,LhdG I`` d j YCGh ,H `` e
IKDG dG Y `` Udh ,dH `` f a ,H
`` f da ,Jh `` dWCG AH `` J `` dG
.dG fDhHCG jh ,FdGh dG
.jZ M :bh (1977bQ) edG LNCG (1)
276
HjEG jhGdG
dG `` j ,`` gh `` g `` cj `` LdG `` dP c
dG JG G`` FdG e `` J fc `` dG `` ZQdG
.jb J
g AGQh `` j c a ,g EG Gk QYe c `` dG
GMCG EG j c ,G jCG M ,j CG `` H
e `` J dG dG J `` j c ,HjEG `` jhGR `` e
.zjeCG FdG jGg{ AdG
GC j e (`` dhfi) `` dG `` j H j `` fEG
dG CGjh ,d `` J eY dG CGj ?`` dG
dG CGjh ,`` j a g jNBG CG J eY
c `` d .dhG Y `` bdG Mh `` fCG QJ `` eY
.!YCG EG aJ a ,eGbCG Ta dhfi
S HQCH fdG dG G b LdG dP dh
,jdG AS H FY e N e ,Ia FY e
,edG `` dG `` gh ,ca ,`` SGQdG `` a `` bh
fe `` Y bCGh ,I`` U `` TQh dP H Y `` K
M d ;G e `` k e Vba ,MCGh ,GQ`` dG
277
FOdG IdG
aGJ SCG e dh ,ic GQ`` S c`` d `` U

.cdG je
Qd `` SQG NO a ,c ?dhG Y bJ a
e bh dGh `` G e `` S Hh ,`` dG `` J
AH EG `` j dh ,`` H j c `` dG dG c`` dG
dG fc dh ,HG dH cdG jhd ;e
a .SCH jhH W eG aa ,M dM
!c ?dhG Y bJ
.d SCG fE Y GNH jah g b
,G AKCG G `` b M ,`` dG CGH CG eh
AGLCG AH OYCG ,c ?dhG Y bJ fCG bJ a
.iNCG Ie G b jCG H K ,G e IQG
OYCG a ,c K ,c ?k ` `fMCG f e e M `` f a
d HG `` dG q ` `j CGH Ggh .fK Ie `` G AH
,c GdR M ,dG I`` f j c eY d ,c`` dG
.cd dG Ia a ,Y H Gk KCG G UCa
k CG J a
?bj dGh dG GH LQ
JH M AKCG `` g h ,dG `` j LQ fEG
,jdG GOGeEG YfG
k HdG fY a ,iNCG eRCG
278
MU dh ,eRCG fEG :SdG cCG S OG g ch

FGg `` LGQO `` H bh ,`` Ua fEG :b `` H
,IdG `` h ,aGG `` SQdG `` Y j ``
AL h`` G `` g c Hh .k M`` S k ` `M `` Mh
LGQO e G`` fg c`` T YH 1968 a ,GR`` EG
.IG jd jQf
j M ,d `` fd jGdG `` g J fch
C ;eY `` dCG e e Q`` j e Gfg c`` T `` dG
.dhG Y bj CG Y Y a GMGh k LQ k
eCG OdG U j CG (Gfg hS) SG d
A`` H FY e `` N eh ,`` SGQdG `` dGh ,dG
,eG GddGh ,Je `` e h ,Gh ,jJ
`` SdG `` aG dP EG a`` VEG ,O`` bG OcdGh
v CGSCG jCa ,idG cdG e I`` Gh dGh
M
!?Gfg CG f
`` TCG d ;`` dG H f CG j Gfg EG :SQO
:jdG GQcdG `` SG eY b bh ,b e ibCGh
dG ,Y e G GMGh k dG CG d `` cDhCG{
.zdG e G Jh J Y j
279
FOdG IdG
SEG LCG e
fGd `` e cCG GP g g ,CG`` S e ZCG e

!SEG LCG e L je HQCG j
g `` SEG ,`` e `` Shb `` TCG g Ga ,`` f
:a ,jZ Y jM j ..e
,`` G e Gk c J `` SEG Y `` SCG fc
OG b `` b
k H j(IO`` T) `` HdG L `` e
`` dh ,J`` SEGh `` FGZE `` dPh ;`` eH O`` G
`` FQ
k H bh ,bJ a OG`` a ,dG Y `` bJCG
L ibCG gh ,jq G SdG UN q jv a
.ShCG dG jJ
a ,jOCG fQe Le dSQ e GW
dG X `` G BGQ dG (IdG `` N) Y d`` SQ
IO`` e `` SGM Vah ,e `` S HdG Qa ,] fi
.e Y
,zY{ AL `` H c Y `` G a Gk NCG ``
|$ # " !} :`` J db Y JCG `` M ,JCGbh
,`` dG EG gP ,`` fc g `` f MGH `` a
`` a (?HfP Hd j e) :`` ShdG MCG dC` `Sh
280
CG j ch ,`` `` fCGh ,`` fP d `` d `` HdG) :s

gH .(Je`` SEH SdG `` J M ;`` b
k `s ` Jo
e a bGPCG ,hdG OGH jO H QGb Q`` U
e c eh ,`` M j LdG c ,fk GdCG G`` dG
jO FH `` j e Gg{ :j gh ,H H`` j `` Y
.jRG YQCG CH heCGh ,zch
: b ,jOCd gdG c EG fhNCG `` jdG
`` MCG e LCG `` j G EG ,`` MGh `` UG ,H j
k
..Y
gP.SG `` dG e d dG G`` a ,J
aO ,j a ,dG bW ,JM ch ,fK `` dEG
gdG c c d ,ic ICL GPEa ,NOh ,`` dG
.G IU ODj
.zY j Hq Q Y
q `` SG ,H q j{ :s EG `` Sj NCG
`` TCG gH ,`` UCG fCGh ,`` LNh ,dG `` ZCa
e NCS `` SCG d :fhNCG ,G ga o e`` SEG
`` TQhh ,gP qfi KKh ,L je HQCG) JhK c
Y MCG e fq e IQYh ,OdG IQH gdG `` d
H f Y`` S h`` J fEa ,ghN :d b .(`` k HW
.HQ ij
281
FOdG IdG
hfi `` d `` Va ,`` eO `` dG Q`` gCGh

q Q`` q dG WEH G`` ea ,q Y OhCGh `` NCG e `` ZG
,Y
Y h ,d`` SG dq G i`` dG c H`` UCGh
.f bMCa ,QfG Y ebCG eSEH GHCG
QNH..IdG EG GhOY c e /QG
,H GQ`` L f H j `` Hj LQ `` dhfi
,G e e dG HdG dG CG hG eh
GQG MCG f ea ,Ga dG GQL H j M
Hfa ,`` LQCG i`` MEG e `` H dY `` S Lh
LQ GkRhe GQk e iCGQ eY ,Y `` dG `` YQ
QGa .Ie hC H CfCG eY ,N GS Y EG Oj
Y Ie dG J c ?M dG e GDS Y
HWdGh `` dG j GQ`` G H e I`` a G`` S
?GM hOh
?cCJ c .`` dG bGj `` NCGh ,dG Y `` bJ
gO ,a dG `` eM iNCG `` S X ICah
gQKCG dG `` G bQ Y`` e `` f YGh ,LdG
J iNCGh ,QGH Ie LQ S ,G Gg
!dG G S ,GS Y Ie IHU
282
GMCGh ,fi Qbh ,e bRa ,HG :IYO

:HG ,dG G j H fC ;dG J fdG
:`` HG ,FY j e a ,FY e `` eY
,Xh Y j GR e da ,Y EG `` gJ eY
j e VG e a ,aYh `` H fC :HG
GeCa ,RJ M fC :HG ,KCG ZCH jj CG
.IG j
283
FOdG IdG
!!..effGL SQM
,YG effGL S SGM MCG chHdg c

e eCH ,`` jdG G`` fCG `` TCG G `` a h`` j i`` dG
.jG H jeCG GOb
A`` dG jj CG JOb e eGhCG `` chHdg `` J
CG SGG `` SCG Y hOOj GXh ,GdG GfCG `` TCG
a ,VQCG `` Lh Y `` e CG`` SCG g effGL `` e
hCG fj `` Sh ,O H e`` SCG IeEG j
.za fj Ua
,ee j chHdg c dP e ZdG Y
G d M ,`` jdG e fbj e Y `` jh
ch ,fH FeR H JG H ,zdG SQG{ `H
dG ,e`` HG g L`` G ADg a Hj e cCG e
.( G) :ehO k hOOj gh ,gLh Y JQG
ch ,G `` MCG `` SGj gP `` dG i`` MEG h
,TGdG MCG SGh ,e He gh ,590bQ G
d ,aK eH chHdg `` UCG e CG H
SEG d ,G `` SEG a j Ie hCG fc
k ` H ,d c O`` a ,JQ`` U jeCG g`` T dG
CG e `
284
,TGdG EG gj c dG FbUCG e dG `` j
..e jh
JCG M ,CGjh CGj CGHh ,SEG Y k c i`` TG
N e H aOh ,IU bQhh k b MCGh ,jCG MCG
CG e `` Wh ,`` TGdG fGfR NGO EG `` jjM `` bW
hH dh ,HdH J c ,JO`` dG d j
YCH JO`` dG f effGL `` gh ,`` jEG
e JM dh (GY e) f Sh ,JU
cPh IdG EG efi bYh `` Thh `` Seh bQ
.BGdG Mh G
Y jeCG `` G `` eG chHdg `` J
d .eSEG c j`` Y Q`` e jh ,2005
Q`` U Oj CG gP `` j effG cJ H M
OQj SHc
k Q`` a ,G d VJ dG jdG
.BG M
.|h g f e d c b a ` _} :jBG
285
FOdG IdG
cM SS
k T j c `` SdG hdG e MCG CG jo

WHh W e ZdG Y dG Gg ch ,k c Gv M
hCG G j h ,G`k ` HCG WH Y `` j dG JbYh
gMCG Xo GPEa ,e G`k ` MCG j FGQRh e `` jRh CG
.NCG Y dG Ojo M ,MGh LQ bh Gbh
d ch ,G `` Y AGQRh C` `j JM G NCG
,gGO LQ FGQRh e a ,jj c dG Gg j CG
,hG dG SS j SS JH Y Q`` TCa
?SdG J a
N I`` SCG Q c e jj G CH SdG iO`` f
H gdGh dG H `` SdG a ,f CG e `` H
c gj CG O`` G iOf ej Hh ,`` cG `` b EG
gPh ,SdG `` Sa ,YCG `` dG dG NC `` LQ
Gh `` jRdG `` bh `` gh ,(1)`` YCG `` e `` NC `` e c
iJ ,dG NCG AKCG `` SdG Hj gh ,`` TMh
?hLh dG e
.(1015 bQ) e LNCG (1)
286
dG IdG `` dG NCd j `` MGh c GhLh

a BG fCG d d jRdG bh g ,H Cp j `` Q
LM e c `` NCG a ,OGQCG e `` H j CG `` j
a ,NBG `` j `` e c `` fh ,`` eGM
k cCGh `` NCG
.GHCk G gH Gj
c p ] dG `` SdG Q`` TCG a ,dP Y
qfCa G Yjh ,GM Heh GM `` eh GM cCe
.d j
`` SdG fG EG eG H C` ` g `` e
dh ,GG G EG AdH Ged SdG j ,`` f
H Gh G Ca ,W Lh ,QU `` HCG
eYh ,H`` T M `` j j e gh ,SdG
,`` H G a e `` J ,YGh a ebh ,edG e
,dG I`` G `` dG H djh ,hQ`` j Gh`` NCG
,dG hL `` SH Y Q`` TCG dG jRd G Ca
?SdG g a
,`` G :H`` G `` dG `` G `` j CG
dG dG g e eJ ,`` dGh ,`` dGh ,dGh
H CG`` j hCk G ?`` c `` WdG `` Mh `` bH `` dJ
,UG Ghj CH dM e SG e a ,G
287
FOdG IdG
j CG H `` dG G`` a ,`` ShCGh GeCG GhNCjh

.Y H fY G
g IQh`` dHh ,`` be `` Y `` J dG `` dG `` eCG
j`` dG H `` VQC
k G Ma ,d G Ca ,`` b
hQGj dHh ,e MGh c dG f GSGh
CG `` T ,`` dG gZ N hCG N k eEG ,QfCG Y
j CG ,`` G e aN `` Y IH j`` dG c `` J
.kfh k fi HdG
,j G`` LN GPE` à ,dG `` b gh `` J e `` eCG
edG `` e ddG `` ed C` `j CG CG`` da ,hO`` jh
H o dGh o `` Sh Ho a ,dG gh ,H`` G
.gQGJ e bdG j S ,bdG
?dG M Y S dG e iJ :G AJ g
k ,jRdG a
dOe d sj ,`` S j :Fb
?J GPeh :G b ,dG g IMGh eY iS
CG i`` S eeCG j d `` fCG YCG :`` jRdG `` LCa
Y HQ !Gg b :dH gY Gjh ,Gj
.edG d LDe eCG Ggh !dL Y j !dG
288
dGYh dG
j dG jhdG dhdG - dG WCG 2007 `` Y

- bGh `` dG RQCd Q`` e fCG EG dG `` Y
F`` dG cG CG adGh ,A`` dG f Jce hCG
`` dG `` Yh `` MdGh A`` dG `` M `` H ;hQ`` dGh
CG %100 O`` g c (jOGH GQ`` fEG) IYb I`` dGh
,fGG e (IO`` S) Rh Y (IOg) Y `` fEG
EG (`` SH) gf eY dG `` f f c `` dh
fjZ) I`` Yb EG hCG ,`` NGRc (QfjH) I`` Yb
WEG Y LdH SGh WG hd ,(fdG
gOCGh ,SG EG HhdG e d d dG YdG fb
Gbh adG (dG) e jG EG d j fCG
.NdG TOQdGh dG
j M ,fCT e dH H Pj dG dG
fH CGH dGh ,dG Ich (IbdG) G H
HCd `` dG `` `` SCG M 1963 `` Y F`` dG
A`` dG Jce `` S .(INSCOSPAR) F`` dG
SQJ ,be Z Kk HCGh Q dN ,eY
bW QO`` e Y gDhY `` Sh ,`` G W `` a
HCG BG EG a`` VEG ,HdG h`` d jH F`` a
.ASG hO jdG c S dG
289
FOdG IdG
dG N e jOdG f S M h
ICGG IO`` b) eG fj`` b QG`` LH `` eOdG G`` S
j`` J ..hG O`` dG `` dG G`` dG..IQd
(2020 `` dG SCd `` G `` gCJ Y ..`` dG `` e
Ohfi `` T fCH dG gQ`` j jdG OdG Ea
12 WEH `` f dG G`` dG `` S - dG
`` Sh ,MQ120 Y e CG ,Y c F`` a MQ
QbCG `` WEG{ `` e k J h`` dG `` cCG e `` gOH
QbCG z10{ WEG 2008 Y CG H ,zYdG
e - e g c- S c .MGh hQH YU
.2016 H AdG EG dgCe MQ hCG WEG
`` j AdGh `` dH dG `` gG j `` e
dGY HHCG Qcda ,gG dG Gg c
dhd `` Y OG FdG `` UCG dG AY RHCG MCG
efdG dG Qhd Gk jJ 2007 M 2002 Y e
Gk c v HY k Y aO e dPh ,dG NhQdGh hdG
M aYh ,`` c M{ :j CG EG R`` dG hQa `` g
Gk c (dGY) L bh .zjv g cCG CG `` dG
k
fl a Vh dG z2020 dG{ Hc JGQJ e
290
aG Y `` J Y Ib EG jh ,`` dG `` jd
.2020 Y H
G b O`` dG `` SdGh (`` dGY) c GPEG
k eMORGh Gk a VQCG H cCG e IMGh e gOH j
Y IQGdG Y aJ jM dhO EG aGNh k Lh
,OQGG T e ZdG Y YdG QbCG Jh AdG
Gj YdG QbCGh AdG d HdG G Ea
cCG J dG FdGh OdG Gb AfEG H hGj
HdGh adG EG `` J dG (`` dG) Gbh .
OJ ch .NdG `` Gh ZCGh eGdG e
jdGh NEGh dGh G QH bk Z EG dG
.dG
291
FOdG IdG
VdG e
c `` VG dG Y e HGdG `` dG
ga ,G I`` U cQOCa ,fGhdH `` e IG
H J dG I`` dG jhGdG ddG QhdG I`` d
.fGhdG jSh SCd GG IOY
H J BGdG IAGb fc ,ddG dG c
d H j dG CG e ZdG Y ,`` S AGOCHh L
GPEGh ,I`` dG fG ,f`` d Y IgX dGh ,`` v HY
,edG Se ,G f IdG hM T eEH
Nj AhH I`` dG H L ,N N Z
SCG W QGH j c ,dH fdG AY e
,AWCG `` e Lh `` G GY QcdG Q`` SG
Hba ,IQdG LQ `` Hh fGhdG j`` d jeh
:a ?Xh e :dCSh ,Y Sh H U dG e
jJj dG dG dG e Gk gX dP GH bh ,HR
:a ?BG`` dG Ih`` J J jCG :`` d b ,H`` UCGh `` g
e `` SSGh ,dH `` c je Mh ,`` J
,YVhCGh ,cTh ,`` Sh `` Te Y jG
J :d a ,j `` G GY Q`` cdG c
LCG e eCG BG `` Lg jZh a `` fEG ,QcO j
292
dGh ,j h d RdG eCJ LCG e ,IOhe ffO

SCG dh ,IdG Y J IOY JSGeh ADg e
YCG `` a HR ,YLG `` feh I`` dG `` e
f d ,dhD` èh AWCGh IJcOh WGe Ojh D` `j
.bNCGh YLG JK Qfh ,IdG
CGGh VGdG b RYC ;`` G Gg O`` SCG :bh
O`` jORG `` X |U T S R Q } :BG`` dG
G`` SGh OGh d AdG QfGh ,`` dG `` e
,GAfG fCG O ,GAfG M YCG dH dP
e UNEGh `` dG e dG HdG Gg jCGQ d
H a ,`` VYh OdG W e WGG BG `` j
da ,z`` Sh{ e hCG H`` UCG OhCG hCG H AHCG
eh ,`` fEG Y HJ EGh ,A`` SCH d `` bY
LdH dh ,dH Ida .Vh N Y SG
.GQdH
293
FOdG IdG
jdG f
j ;G`` YEH `` T `` Y `` G `` MCG `` M

jQJ e `` T H G `` J Ye O`` Mh ,`` gJQG
dG b ,Fj
k k fN k e gMCG c bh ,QGUEG
.GYEG j Gk e k cH dG jGhR iMEH
e jW `` j W ,`` M k v cP `` a NBG `` eCG
L ,WCG I`` e v M J `` bCG Y hCG ,J `` d
,j GPeh ,LGe h ,dG eC k e dG iMEG
c M ,`` Y `` `` Y ie ca ,j GPeh
d Nh ,`` G G`` d k M`` e JbhCG `` L ``
G He `` k dW `` dG jk Oe `` a ,IN Ia
eCG Gg Y dC` `Sh ,He Y G aGh ,N `` eC
fM j CG Y`` SH fEG :`` dG d b ?G
,G aGa ,S eGYEG LCJ H S N GdG
MdG `` FdG `` G Y k cGQ `` f J `` M
,`` gdG b gh ,H NBG `` dG `` S ,dG
W Y CGJ a ,j G CG J fCG :d Fb k
!?fG IdG J e
294
f e dh ,dP YCG :cdG dG d b

:jG d fi Ua HQCG
.dG g N G CG ,dhCG
e YCG TGdG `` e Jh ,eCG fCG `` d ,fKh
.GYEG
. b G CG ,ddGh
!GdG G YCG CG SCG b ,HGdGh
VJh ,J h ,SCJ LGJ `` e c
,G GY LhCGh ,gP `` TGh Y YCG ,Mh
.k T J a L ,dGh dG j gMCG a
295
FOdG IdG
LLdG NCG
i`` MEG :`k ` Fb ,`` HdG `` dG `` e `` MCG h`` j

e KG `` eCG dG `` Y SQdG `` dCG c G`` dG
ch ,d G`` M jdG ..IQGRdG id LdG `` LQ
!b HSCH FdG GQNG b SQdG Gg
j :k Fb ,`` dGMCG Wb SQdG A`` dEG A`` KCG h
!Gv L U (HdG dG) ,PSCG
c J `` M ,`` jM `q ` j CG `` ddG G`` g Oc `` eh
!VQe M fCc GUCGh ,f dH dG
Y`` VEG hj Ggh ,`` j Ggh ,g j Ga
.Ggh ,bdG
,dG `` SQO k `` M :`` b `` K ,`k ` b `` G `` S
!d SQdH SCSh
G G`` g `` Sa ,`` LG `` h ,`` dG `` a
NGH `` SQh ,`` V `` Y GP `` LLR IQ`` dG `` Y
e LLdG `` g j CG `` j e :b K ,`` LLO
!?LLdG jh ,`` LLdG `` j CG `` H ,LLdG
dch ,L `` dH AH dG dG hfi CGa
296
c AH dh ,M hMh ,dG e fG a ,LG

.dH hG
,PSCG j :k ` `Fj dG NBG e dG MCG `` a
,LLdG b hCG LLdG `` H EG LLdG g J
:k e ddG a ,hdG N J :G a
CG LLdG `` J NGH `` Vh b ,P`` SCG j Gk PEG
V J dh ,dG V ,NOCG c Lj
,U ,U :j gh ,G U b a ,k jW
!HLEG g g
`` j e Mh g LLdG LLdG `` Vh e
dG) CG ,dY k ee Vh ,fCG dc ,LGNEG
a J dhMh d M`` T a ,`` U (HdG
,IY`` e hO `` fCH G Gg LNCG GPEG EG `` aCG
!IYe hO fCH Vh c
LG H `` YCG bh ,`` G fG :G `` j
.Gk c
dG `` G `` d `` e `` H C` `LJh
!!Gk j k S k b gJh H ..gH
297
FOdG IdG
,k hCG G Y cJ GPEG ,U fdG g AT :IY

k `` U L e EG `` U fCG Y k ee `` Hh
hO a ,k `` S CG k ` `jCG JOGQEHh ,JOGQEH
:dd ,e hCG FGY CG
H ,LLdG `` e LLdG `` f CG `` f `` c
.dG YdG H K :k hCG G Y cdG
298
JOY a W
M
o ,KdG HG `` H `` dG RY
d `` jh ,gj `` a M ,Y `` FGdG `` UM
`` G Y GD` `S H ,AGh cCG `` d `` h ,`` JAY
;dG `` dM Y dC` `S ,`` UdG `` Wh `` dG
,`` SCG Y gOhOQ h ,`` fhRe `` J Ja`` J C
,`` dG .IO`` dG e v Y `` e fEG :`` a
e dh ,HG f :`` b ,fCG :b ?gYj a ,dC` à
,G `` NOCG fCG :`` b ?fHh `` He aH `` j
He UC q G ,J CG EG gfCGh ,`` He MCGh
bdG d TCGh ,dG `` G VCGh ,hdG
eCG C :b ?`` eON d `` h :b :HG e
,ddG jPDJ CG NCGh ,`` J dG e ,`` e
?he `` fCG gh :`` bh ,H QG`` eh ec e `` gO
YJ LhR PEG :b.WCG dh , G ,f :`` b
bh ,dEG eJh ,dG Jh ,J g :b ?eCG
CG UMCG fCG dh .J M ;eON Lhd `` MCG
!dG LCG e Y WCG M ;e cBG
EG I`` f `` NGh ,`` eO `` eCGh `` HYEG OGR
:b ?gQXCG :`` b .fh I`` b jCGa ,`` gQXCG
299
FOdG IdG
,dEG CG f ,fCG k W ,`` e g :IQcO j d b

gPCG BG `` HCG :b ?WH `` J e :`` dbh
,BG :OOJ NCGh ,dG `` e CG QW ,ddG EG `` H
cCG `` Md `` aCG EG Gh :`` bh ,`` HG `` dG .BG
;G `` cCG CH gJ ,Q`` dG `` Y Ma `` e
:b ?Z `` gY e :dC` `Sh ,IKCe CGj `` M
HQ ,LCG :`` b .`` T H W dGdG C ;gMh `` fCG
,aJh ,`` gYJh ,`` YJ fc `` JL , :b ,`` HCG
eCG YQ `` g :b .G`` S `` Y Yh ,Mj G
hCG Md Ma hCG ?`` a gG fCG cJ hCG `` Ve
,Y GW `` e eCG ,IQcO j :b ?f fM
NCGh ,geCG `` JCG fCGh ,`` S `` Y Y c CG e
.gYQCGh ,Y
:db .ddG EG ga ,g :bh ,eCG j `` eCG
gdG jjJ GP :d b ,HSG ?e EG gf CG
M :d `` b ,IFdG cQCG CG `` jQCG :`` db ?`` e EG
?f Y `` Jh ,H gJ GPa ,J d ,Y
.fhO e gP GPEG a dG Q b
:`` Vd bh ,`` HH bCGh ,IO`` dG `` e `` LN
,Gg :f bh ,b c e H ,MGdG EG MCG
300
`` J ,HJ ,dhh ,M a..ev CG d J gh

p ,C CJ ,SQJ ,V ,`` dG
,Fd J
c eh ....h ...h ......`` Y kaN `` dG `` aj
!dG Gg c dP
g ,FHCG a ,dH M fQbh ,eCG cJ
h ,JOY cCGh ,YeO e ?dG Gg HQ LC` `S
.Z dG
p on m l k j i h g} :``jBG
z yxwv utsrq
{|}~
.|
301
FOdG IdG
dG LhR
eh e ZdG Y g `` SG ICGeG G hJ
IBGG eCG `` g `` L `` S Qhe Hh ,Ie GPh ,HCG
:J gh ,M J
`` ` ` H`` `Y I`` ` ` ` ` ` è EG `` ` ` ` `g `` ` ` ` ` eh
``` H `` ` `` `` `` `J `` ` ` ` `SG`` ` ` ` àCG `` ` `` `` `` `S
`` ` ` gQO `` `` ` ` ` a `` ` ` ` è `` ` ` `g`` ` ` `JCG E` ` ` ` ` ` a
``` ` dG `` ` `dP `` ` à `` ` `H `` ` g`` ` JCG EGh
:db fEG :bh
l ` ` ` `` ` ` `H`` ` ` Y Il `` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` è QO
o ` `` `H `` `g`` `` ` ` ` Jn PEG `` ` `` `H `` ` ` ` p ` ` Yo
`` ` `gQO `` ` ` ` ` a kG`` ` `` ` ` e `` ` ` ` ` dh E` ` ` ` ` à
````dG `` H O`` `L ``` a `k `` H `` ` dh EGh
:d bh ,eON EG ga ,a ,G `` a
dK OR d ,a c W CG Hh ,dEG gPG
p Gh ,f`` d b
ga ,QjO `` dCG j`` dG g YC
p ,c
.a p :a ,OG dEG
302
p ` UCG j ,a
,W ` p ,`` LhR c j ,`p ` c
,Ma a `` c :da ,O`` G e `` aCG fc dh
.fM a a
dG i`` dH d QjO dCG j`` dG g N :dbh
Dhj `` G `` e bW `` H fEG :`` bh ,`` H `` L
,G e `` bCG g J `` gh ,N `` Y `` MCG
dL GMeGh ,gMea ,H AG`` dG H ZCa
,e GhdG `` Wh ,H YCa ,Gh`` e H GY `` Y
,d `` Uj CG ,d g nd ;RG Y eY EG `` SQCGh
,jdG Y fCG `` Z a Y fEG :j d `` SQCa
,`` dG aJ !?jdG Y Y eh :GY `` a
:J dSH dEG Hh ,aGh N a ,VdG Jh
dEG Gg e e G hCG dG `` j CG `` H ,aGhCG
,dH G eCa ,G aGa ,f G OGH
Gk QjO gj e `` bJ H GPEG MGdG `` j G `` a
gQO e bh `` d Z j :d `` da ,dP I`` e
.k gQO dh ,QjO fEG :d a ,G NCa ,YCa
gQdG H dHCG dG G :dbh dEG a
LhJ fEG CG ,f gSCGh ,G a ,GQk jO
.e Gk N
303
FOdG IdG
SdGh ,`` SEG `` G NCJ d`` Uh `` Yh

Oq a ,Q`` M j G dEG `` SQCa ,dd hj
eCG HQ :b fCG hCG H a cCf b f :Y
.LdG a cBG CG Y
h ,QdG MCH LhR NJ CG eCGh ,G a
a ,dG IU H j c gQhj c fCG EG Hj
QGG eCGh ,dd dMa ,Y dNO Y `` H
dEG LM fCG dEG SQCG fC ;ehH ghj CG
HK aQh ,dNO Y D` `dDdG Y b a ,e `` eCG
Mh YhQ JQKCG GY gBGQ a ,dBdG a d
,da ,G db d H dNO d Jh ,dL
.G S :DdDdG M J gh
?G J :k e ,GY a
.G jd G N DdDdG Gg EG :da
.f :b
.dG EG K j CG M AT dh :db
k `` a
p ` U Gh ,f :e
e e G `` b ,b`
.G c gc a ,Gg ej e H NOh ,a
304
dG e QGdG
b M , mH HCG H fi CG `` dG c d hJ
,H Gk `` NBG Q`` M AKCG [ `` Y H Y `` H `` Y
bh `` eCGh ,`` S e Gg `` HCG iCGQ `` d{ :Y `` d `` a
H d `` JOeh ,HCG IQ`` U AG`` J dG `` g
e c a ,L `` e Y bCG e Y ca ,[ `` Y
Y dGh ,`` Y H e QG`` dGh ,j`` dG `` HdG EG
e Gk c if fh ,dG cf bG Gg .gCGh dG
fCJ hCG ,jO `` e OGQ hO ,Xh Z iOj `` SdG
.V e
fi JG dG `` f bG J CG e eCf :`ès CJ
QOGdG `` HCG dhCG `` bGe Jh ,`` H HCG `` HG
.FHEGh NT
305
FOdG IdG
adG a
,gdG `` e H b gG eCG Y LQ `` NO
Y Aa ,VQCG Y S f `` Vhh ,d LM a
o dG eOCG bh ,LM j Lh ,eCG pLQ `` UEG
ALh ,HUCG e j eCGh ,j LdGh ,`` UEG
,LM `` e LdG `` a a ,`` d `` g `` j `` eCG
UEG e dG a ,j e H b YO fGh
eCG hCG ,G `` UCG `` LQ f s CG :`` d `` a ,`` Zh
.LM Y bCG CG N :a ?Y S aH LdG
S f OHEH eCj CG eCG IQb c a :J
CG bCG Y hCG ,`` Y ee e g dh ,eb `` Y
;adG OCG `` dh ,`` S `` f Y eb eCG j
O`` S NCG g a ,jM LdG Y j M
.LdG dhCG
I``` ` ` Y O``` ` j CG `` L`` j `` ` c `` e
`` f`` ` `dG `` ` ` ` `dh i`` `` ` ` ` d`` `H `` ` `` `` à
A``` SCG `è IA`` ` `SEG ``Y `à``W ``` ` jh
`` `M`` `` ` ` ` dG `` ` ` ` `L `` ` ` ` `Y `` ` ` ` `` ` `jh
306
adG OCG
jL HG cP e ,adG OCG G bGG `` e

,jH Kd LdG EG :b ,HQ HCG `` H AY Y
.dj CG b S bh ,b SCG Cc ,d fCa
ch :HjCG jdG U Y Kk e ,KCG HG bh
j ,HUCG fP Y adG c ,j e Y GQk U
Hh .Y j h ,dH j h ,j e gMCG `` e
H
k dG H ea ,YL Yh ,`` dLk c fCG
,jdG U EG Uhh ,JCNCa -H :j -ReH
iNCG G EG `` da ,e dH bhh ,`` JCNCa
.Y ad ;L j
jCGQ GPEG `` J c :jQGd \ `` Y b bh
,`` f :Gdb ?Y HK `` jdG `` c bh ,k Ff `` cNCG
e G `` S :Gdb ,`` JQY `` J H :b ,`` fh
ja ,`` NCG dH `` j cMCG :`` a ?Gg `` j
.e YCH jh ,Y
dR Y adG IAh`` G :`` G Y H h`` Y bh
e :jRd ic b :b TY H H HCG Yh .GNEG
.ddG Y adG :b ?dG
307
FOdG IdG
a (1)z`` c `` eCG `` adG `` j G EG{ :] `` b :G``bCG

GPEG G S Y dG gCG aJ SG dP
.Ie Y Jj
.aG dG g bdG dG :adG bh
cQGbCG G`` Y :O`` dG `` fi `` H `` L `` bh
.adH
Y d`` SG b :Ld HGYCG b :`` LG bh
QH e dW C ;`` SdG d cP IH `` HY
.e a e
G M QYCG `` J :M H MCG eEG bh
.adG
.GdG a e adG GR e :j dG Gh
.GdG T e adG GR e :S bh
`` `JG`` è `` ` c G`` ` ` ` ` ` ` NCG `` ` e `` ` ` ` MCG
G``` g `` Y `` ` ` dG ``` ` ` ` Z `` ` ch
.(2165 bQ) eh (6927 bQ) QdG LNCG (1)
308
jNBG e edG
,fCG jdG dH Gv ge G zL{ bh

GMGh
k QdG e hQj `` gh ,SdG Lh bGj GQh
.NBG H
,b aj dG ICGG Lh Y j G c
.b Lh n jn d
d ;AGM IOQh gQU Y `` S fEG :d db
.jaG e H e g CG e
dP c ,Gk `` T `` Y KK e H ae CGH `` d
.JU j GQh ,Hk c QNG eY ,GjQa edG G
MG J`` T e QH dG AL `` e `` j
.U c eg Y UUdG H c dG
G ge fEG Jc CG JAGb N e QOCG
Y Hk e SG CGb eY ,dH Th ,NCG eO
.dH d YJ dG IdG UH dG
Y Y M ,SG Y j GQh ,dG EG gP
H CGH G dP eh ,d a ,JGdG `` c
.gOJ dG IdG FSdG Y WJh ,aGO bY
309
FOdG IdG
jeCG QO`` Zh ,`` ed Y`` SGo ,I`` G `` J N

QJ fc dG j`` dG YGdG iMEG EG k Le
.fdG dG G
bY fCSGh ,GjQa EG OY ,eY k GO Z H
,dG e `` fCG H a `` cG dG I`` dG `` H
.G jZ J CG bJh
GQ YG dP Y AHh ,Qh`` d Ye Y `` JG
.ebEG IQhG QdG fi EG OG bdG
GQh ,ejC
k G `` fc e dG GdG CH `` T
.IM Y Lh c
`` TCG g`` Th ,dG eH `` gH eOb ``
!LCG e ,dEG j ,JCG c c g :f bh ,G
d ,`` Ue `` Y `` J IOQ`` H Ij`` H `` T
k ` è gG GN `` H bGh ,Gb `` SG
.H Meh
k
,JRhh ,`` fL e q ` è eY ,`` Y `` jo Oc
`` dG eG ,gY e HQCG I`` S N `` Mh
,gQU Y AGM IOQh Vh bh ,SCGQ e d
.J CG M JYh c e k
310
!dG CNCG `` d ,dEG j{ :I`` c eCG H `` T

g JRh `` dG G H`` dG IdG J CG `` bJ
Y ICGeH CLaC ,Y e cCG JfG dG `` G
.zY
q Hc d ,eCG
fC ;`` k d j CG mG`` K Q`` bh ,Y`` e NCG
H IFGO G `` MQ fc Hh ,Y e cCG G`` W
.v M j CG Y b eCG
k G :ae
,gC k j q eh ,OCH gMh ,Gb `` SG
!e IdG fCG bJCGh zL{ HdG fCG
d ,`` G LCG `` e j EG :`` f `` j `` b
jGhR iMEG `` Y j dG `` G EG Q`` TCG K ,!bG`` U
.k e AGdG W hf d ;J :G
k T YCG h ,e I`` dG `` d fCG ,Hj :Oa
EG QdG `` j CG `` b :`` J HJ `` K .H `` Y
JJ fc dG G H`` dG J e HbG `` G
IOQh YCGh , `` e HH eh ,`` NCG ke
fCG `` Sh ,G `` T H`` S :dbh AGM
fEG :d b AG`` dG EG YOh ,e `` k d c EG .`` fCG
d ,fC` `Th cJG p Yo r jn EGh ,`` G dP `` fCG
.d ieh ffEG J CG h fEG : db
311
FOdG IdG
!G G cQh ,Gk cT fY
hJ dG ICGG J CG `` bYCG `` dG dP X
Y eMCG H dG IdG J h ,`` Z b JdGh Y
k
WHH fi X H ,HOCG Y j dP eh ,Fd
k
Feh v M j CG Y T dG Jc cJ .TCL
a ,`` Z `` Sj CG h`` Mh ,G `` N
.AGdG hJ EG gYOh kd
dG g JM `` LG dG EG ,`` v M :`` eCJ
e H ef dG jdG .bNCG Wh fe `` J
jg O dG `` g ,JGP q M G `` dh ,G
.bNCG dH eGdG ieh ffEG
312
FdGh dG
e Y `` d Ic eN `` bh ,fC`` e dG
,`` J `` Sjh ,`` FYh M`` U `` Sj ,Q`` dG
e d `` M ,Y `` j h ,`` Sjh ,`` TG O`` j
,`` T ,OhG HCG EG `` eo h meh `` fl ,k ` `YL
,MUh WCG j ,MU Y k YaO d `` eh
adG `` VhdGh (`` dG) `` dG `` VhdH `` j
,`` dGh `` adG H`` G `` Nj ,`` VGSG
.G Yjh ,jdG ae Y YCG Yj
,LG d hCG d AGS ,d dG SG bh
,d dG e`` SGh ,`` dG `` TG e`` SG
,GGh GQG Y d eCG ILCG eJh
.G HQfih dG V Y IYd Qq Oo
n Hu Qo hn ,`` M EGh ,Gk `` HCG fC`` j a ,`` F`` ` `dG `` eCG
,GfG ,fCG ,edG W e ,QZ `` eDj a zGk QOf{
,a RdG V GPEG EG LGe Nj ,L RfG
k
e hCG kV hCG YCG c GPEG k ` ÙN ,`` fEG j
c H ,I`` MGh cCd `` edH `` TG b j ,`` Mh
?aK dGh jH M bJ e ,Gg
313
FOdG IdG
,SH FGYh fOhCG q a ,FdG ,f !FdG fEG

Uh H M ,jG b q jo FdH fE Uhh
.dG EG j h ,fgEG b q jo dH
,jGhdG AHOCG d Sh ,HG FdH q `J bh
`` Uh F`` dG hQCG d G`` a ,AG`` dG H `` Jh
.eTh JYh JH
314
QG`dGh `dG
H GPEa ,fi Iaf f j c GQk GL CG `` j

Ie dG OY Ie Hh .OW EG Q`` a ,Nj `` U
bQh iCGQ M `` La dh ,I`` H QGG a ,iNCG
e G ka jQCG `` eJ d :Y c dG `` a I`` U
a j `` dG ch !`` fdG `` e b 12h `` dG
`` SG d ,Gj QGG gO !`` G G `` jC
k G
dG `` Vhh ,gdG eY Lh Yh ,e W
.dG a aW Y c
CG QGG Q`` b a ,pRCG `` b G `` ZEG `` bh Ch
`` e dG `` UGhh .dG dG Gg jh ,fi j
f EG dG Uh ch ,N QGG j bdG
QR Y H d bh ,`` VQC k G dG Vh I`` e QY
IQTEG IAVEG H j K ,Ahg H jh ,QdG IQTEG
ad fi EG dG `` Uh eYh .`` NCG dH
QGG H ,aG `` Uh YGe Md f j CGH
EG dG `` b eY dgP OGORG `` H ,G`` SH bGj
Lh - OOJ hO e - QGG .`` abh Qa aG
cGdG L Y hDG XG bG h ,e He Y
315
FOdG IdG
,bQ Y SH IcJ EG NCG QTCG dG e

.S UGd Y jS If AdEH XG cGh
GbG Yh .hj e cdG bHh QGG j
,dG gj c dG Ld jdG G e aG
CG jH dEG QTCGh ,aG Fd QhG G EG LJ
fa ,aG cQ j c ,H dG f .bj
a ,ek Lh d ,dG a hM ,jb e f
.SCGH IY Ge bj Lh ,IadG f
k QG`` G iCGQ ,`` dP A`` KCG h
H j k `` V LQ
p h ,`` G dG Lh k `` Th kNQ`` U ,G
j
QGG dj .jOCJ OGQCG `` Cc ,I`` H cQ H ,GH
:bh ,d ;LdG EG a ,G Ib IT e f
CG dh ,Gv L cP c a ,G Gg ,LQ j G pJG
.jQNEG JGf L Q`` d H Y YEG F`` Sh
g H ,v cP d dG Gg :jT VeH LdG LCa
j dG SCG Gg fdG IG g a ,AdG Y
!!G Je a
gh ,feCHh O`` LGh H `` j e g :i`` G
Y hCG ,GHCk G `` jdG j `` SCG e d ,Z O`` SEG
.T c bCG
316
J M
e KK `` g c dfCG `` jeCG dhdG `` Hs EG

e Sd F`` dG j PEG ,`` jQq M `` j `` dG
Hh ,dG e d h ,G Y dG EG G`` SCG
KdG Lh ,A`` dG W GdhJ ,`` dG dG e j
CG `` VaG :`` fi{ `` SGh `` gMCG `` a ,he`` j
?J GPa ,N
. Z Gg EG ,fi j :a
.N CG k L VaG :a
fCG ,fi j :NBG `` bh ,fi Gg :gMCG `` a
.Gk c Y a G eCG ,GQk q M J
.N CG k L VaG :d b :fi b
TY Y `` f Jh ,dG MCG fi gh
?LdG jCG J GPe :gMC bh ,aG
.AqZ FGM jQCG :a
?H GPeh
.G e k SEG :LdG b
317
FOdG IdG
?H GPeh
.jQL e jQCG :LdG b
?LdG jCG H GPeh
.gP QjO dCG e :b
?H GPe K
.eDG eCG j dP j
,dG dN j eY HCG H fih ,dP c
j gh ,`` f `` jh ,aG TY Y `` f ijh
H j gh ,IOdG Y jh ,IdG GAdG
CG H eCj gh ,j c CG H j gh ,`` NCj c CG
:bh ,NBG M`` U EG dG dc g Hh ,j c
?LdG jCG jJ GPe
CG `` j QGh ,Qq M fCG EG ,fi j :`` a
!N j
GPe ,G fCG k L VaG :NCG j :fi `` a
?J
e `` jCG VQCG `` Y A`` dG J CG :`` LdG `` a
GPe ,c Gg e YO :fi a ,aG EG dUh
?LdG jCG J
318
,N `` UCG GPEG ,`` fi `` j `` SG :LdG `` a

jk Oe eCGh ,AGQ`` dG EG Lh Lhh
u ,Q`` M Y `` La
,SdG jCG ,SdG jCG :Ojh ,jG bRCG e
.dG YOhCG Kj hCG e e fi LO Gg
`` SG dG hH eh ,G fh ,QGG fGh
j dG U .j Lh ,dG IU Uh fi
IG e Gk c fi `` a ,aG EG `` j d GQk s M
FGQ Yb EG Ua ,OG dG EG Ud hCG
H j fCG Q`` b M ,hCG I`` G j gh ,Gv ` `L
j ,Lh QG`` UEG H fGh ,QG H k ah ,QG
W`` dG j CG Qbh ,dG EG `` UG jdG Y
.fh L H
GQk q M c M `` dj c dG G fi `` H
bJh ,SdGh AedGh ASDhdG H YCa ,jG Y
jeCG dhdG WdG d k FQ UCG M ,Y
.dfCG
HG H `` aG jh ,`` eCG G `` `` K
g ,GS `` Y bdG dP Yh ,H jDG `` g
GLCa ,dhdG hD` `T jj CG `` dG dG Gd
v Uh Y Gj CG GaN dh ,v Uh Y Gj CG Y
319
FOdG IdG
Y j CG GhQ`` a ,e G NCa ,`` eCG H `` e

HCG H fi dd Na ,eCG H Z e AUhCG e
.Gh ,dZ HCG HGh ,eY
,G CG `` U EG Hk e eY HCG H fi ch
jRCa ,gY H `` Thh ,K CG SGh
,dZ HCG HG HH HG fi hRh ,jUdG e G
e Y Ja ,MdG UdG g dP H `` UCG K
fG Qbh ,fPEH EG j `` G CG Qa ;GQGdG
,QeCG ah TG q Lh ,`` b EG G hD` `T
GQ`` fG e Mh ,`` Y eCG `` H dhO `` JGh
H EG `` M ,dfCG `` eCG H A`` N j `` e
,jeCG dhdG fG M G g Ghq ` `Y NQDG
QG LG SG Gg .jedG dhdH `` Sh
edG GQdG d`` SGh ,G Y cH eY HCG `` H
.aGgCG j CG gjEG G e dG
KK Hh ,`` jCG e j a ,`` H p J `` dG
TY `` j Q`` G `` LGh ,Q`` G `` H `` e `` S
M`` U cJ ,AdGh AGeCGh AdG dMh ,`` aG
e EG gPG :`` d bh ,G `` MCG `` SQCa ,jQq G
.H JCa ,Gch Gc U LQ Lh GPEa ,Gc
320
h ,`` f `` dH LdG Lhh ,G `` Uhh

dH ,IMGh `` JGQeh ,MGh geh ,`` f G
.f
.j eDG eCG EG :G b
e ,k `` T f .ff fEG !`` eDG eCG :`` a
?eL
EG NO K ,Uhh .H JBG CG eCG :G b
.G
.fi MU fEG :GSH b
?aYCG :QG LG b
.aJ fCG f dh ,eDG eCG j ,f :b
fCG c :bh ,`` TG EG f K ,aY H :b
,jQq M f ch ,S KK b jv `` S LdG Ggh
c GPEG :`` d a ,e`` f `` L dG e `` d h
:bh ,gMCG EG dG K ,a ?J GPa ,N
.AqZ FGM :LdG b ?a j GPe
.Gch Gc jM d :G a
?H GPeh
k G :LdG b
.G e SE
321
FOdG IdG
?H GPeh ,dP d :G b
jQL e :b
?GPe K ,QGG e e d :G b
.gdG e QjO dCG e :LdG b
?H GPeh ,d g :b
.eDG eCG j c :LdG b
e j - `` e JGQ dh :Q`` G LG `` b
.M H Y q NJh - Y hO
? GPe :d bh ,NBG EG dG K
.eDG eCG j YG :LdG b
.gJ M Gh , :b
.eDG eCG j dG :LdG b
.gJ M :b
Y La ,`` N `` UCG EG :b :LdG `` a
Oj `` jk Oe `` eCGh ,AGQ`` dG EG `` Lh `` LGh ,Q`` M
hCG e `` e fi `` LO Gg ,SdG `` jCG :`` SdG
.dG YOhCG Kj
e H GaG :eY HCG H fi QG LG b
.(jb AT c Y G CG) j M ;
322
?k L `` f CG j `` dG QG `` e J g :I``WN
,`` SCG :e ,dG j `` dG YdG J `` g
fCG :db H `` f CGh ,A`` T fCG fCG ,`` UCG
:G PEH SCG
```fCG ```N ``à `è G``d``b ``` dG GPEG
``` ` ` ` ` ``JCG `` `dh `` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` cCG ``` a ```` ` ` ` `Y
?aGgCG EG `` J CGh ,eMCG CG `` g
:k FGO cJh ,G AT EG ,f :K Hh b
HQ Y ] G `` bh .(jb A`` T c `` Y G CG)
e H a H Y X Y fCG{ :`` SdG jG
.(1)zAT
.(2675) eh (7405 bQ) QdG LNCG (1)
323
FOdG IdG
eNh dG
,j `` b YCG EG k ej W G H CG `` M
fL EG QGO `` S Y ICG`` eG iCGa ,JdG `` e `` Ma
,jQGL H EG da ,e LCG hDhGdG n j ,`` b
?g :d a
.Rha eZ LhR g ,e j :da
Y`` Sa ,H `` Th ,M eN bh ,G `` a
.Rha j :d bh ,Rha eZ
.e j d :b
,fdG `` dG EG `` H eGh
p ,`` dG Gg `` N :`` b
.GH FGh
dG `` Va ,de EG LJh ,`` dG Rha NCa
gCG Oq h `` UCG a ,`` d Hh ,`` eGC Lh ,`` SCGQ
G eCGh ,G HO b j h ,G eCG d ;QSh
,Rha QGO EG k e LJh ,k Ye b Rha LJ fEa
.k N k Yb dG a
?dH e :Rha ICGeG da
324
.LhR S G fCG :b
.Lh Na ,d a
!fY dG fe iQCG :d da
.FGR :a
.Gk N a XCG eh ,IQjdG g e H PYCG :da
.aY XCG eh ,LhR S G fEG !jh :d a
,G fCG `` Y dh ,`` e j aY ,H :`` da
:db FGhCG S dh
Om Qh p ` ` ` `` `Z r`` ` è `` ` cAn `` ` e ` o ` ` JC` ` `` ` `S
p ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` `` a Op GQq o ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` dG Ip `` ` ` ` ` ` d GPh
n
o ` ` `H t`` ` `dG `n ` ` `` `S GPEG
m `` ` ` ` ` ` W `` n` `Y `
p ` `` `p ` `` ``r` ` `Jn `` ``p ` ` ` ` fh `p ` ` ` ` j o`` ` ` ` ` aQ
Am `` ` ` ` ` e On hQh Oo `` ` ` `` ` ` ` SCG ò ` `p ` ` ` ` ` ` Jh
p ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` a n`` ` ` r ` ` ` dh ` o ` ` ` ` ` ` dG n `` ` ` ` c GPEG
m`` ` `Hn `n `` ` ` N o ` ` j`` ` ` dG o ` ` ` ` J`` jh
p ` `` `` ``s ` ` `dG n ` ` n ` ` g`` ` ` ` ` e `` ```n `V`` `j h
:YdG b ,e j MCG eh
325
FOdG IdG
``` H o G`` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` `dG `` `s ` ` ` ` T `p ` ` ` ` ` ` `d `r ` ` ` ` b

p`` ò ` ` ` e o ` ` ` ` Z Qp r ` ` ` r ` ` ` dG ò ` `M`` `` ` Uh
kG`` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` `HCG `l ` ` ` `Fp `` ` ` `b n `` ` ` ` ` `b
p Gh
p`` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` `j``dG n ` ` ` ` a o`` ` `` `dG n ` ` ` ` cCG r ` ` `b
.e J c T Ve EG JCJ ,G jCG :db K
`` a ,cJh Nh ,ec e G `` Sa :b
.G e c e Ggh ,QGdG f
a ,dG sJ QSh ,N fEa ,Rha e c e eCG
dUh aGa ,QGO EG La ,TGa f fCG ca ,j
,Y Ta ,QGdG G f La ,QGO e G hN Y
h ,a ,j eC EG IdG g Sj G CG Yh
OY K ,ga ,G LM EG QSh ,dG NCGh ,k ec j p
iTGh ,`` dG EG Rha `` a ,QjO Y fCa ,dEG
,Y q a ,LhR EG JCGh ,M jg Cgh ,AdH j e
.HCG H IQjR EG eb :d bh
?GP eh :db
.dP gC poJ CG jQCGh ,Y fCG G EG :b
.eGch k M :db
GMa ,HCG H EG `` LJh ,Y`` S e eb K
gcj a ,Gk T gCG Y ebCa ,e H AL h ,H
326
CG eEG ,Rha j :d bh ,gNCG dEG JCa ,H s CG h ,LhR

?G EG c CG eEGh ,Z H fJ
,k M Y d cJ a ,Gaa ,G T EG :a
Y GP PEG `` VdG ch ,e JCa ,G EG `` Wa
.fL EG k dL G
EG ,IdG `` Vb fe G js CG :`` dG NCG a
e A`` e H `` G `` S k f`` H dG G`` g `` LCs G
NCGh ,fM `` gh ,K cCa ,Ie Q`` TCGh ,IeY
.Rha EG VdG da ,H
?Z j J e :d bh
,`` dG Gg `` J b ,`` VdG jCG :Rha `` a
.c MCG dEG Sh
?c c dG dEG s S g :VdG a
.Od dG e jQCG dh ,f :b
?db e :VdG b
,a `` gGc `` dG OOQ `` e ,`` e `` j Gh :`` b
CG a ,`` SCG KCG a La ,jCG e k ej L EGh
.SCd eGc ;dG NO es a ,dj
LQG ,Rha j :bh ,k dL iSa ,k e G ch
h ,dG NO SCG EG Ga ,k e k eBG f`` H EG
327
FOdG IdG
j h ,k T h Gk K h ,k bQh e dG h ,Gk KCG a KDj

jCGQ e Ghh ,`` SCH Z e Nh ,I`` j Z `` a
.T Y fM e Gk RGMG TCG h ,fH e
h ,VdG j h ,LhR Oq Qh ,QGO EG Rha La
.dP e AH Z
:G
k ` ` ` ` S`` e m ` ` ` L`` ` `M `` ` ` àp n`` ` ` ` `c GPEG
`` ` `` `p U`` ` Jo h n k` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` M `r ` ` ` ` ` ` `SQC` ` ` à
in ` ` `` ` `dG `n ` `` ` ` ` Y m`` ` ` ` ` eCG ò ` ` ` ` H rEGh
`` ``` p`` ` ` ` Jn h k` ` `` ` `` ` `` ` `d Qr h`` ` ` `` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` a
`` ` `fn O k` ` ` e`` ` `j `n ` ` ` ` è `l ` ` ` ` Ù`` ` f rEGh
`` ` `` p` ` ` `` ` `Jo h `` ` ` `r ` ` ` ` Y nC` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` J `` ` ` ` a
328

القوة الهادئة محمد بن عبد الله الفريح

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القوة الهادئة محمد بن عبد الله الفريح

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FOdG IdG

T CG f hCG dG Gg QGUEG IOYEH j h .Td X G L

119 ............................................... OU AcP

183 ................................................. QdG

302 ............................................ dG LhR

IY JZh dG Gg GY QNG Gk c OO`` J

,`` dG NBG FGO fjh ,hQO`` jo h hjo GP``

Q`` M J zdG `` H{ `H RY I`` S `` JG

G j `` edG `` f dG R`` dG ICGG `` g

.(1051 bQ) eh (6446 bQ) QdG LNCG (1)

,deh aShje c`` T `` SDe L H Qb

j`` T e CG `` J `` c GPEG :`` HGdG I`` YdG

EG `` gPh ,Ab`` UCG `` MCG e `` YGJ `` jCG `` b

CG hf `` fh ,Y`` S e cCG bh fCG G `` j

aYh ,dM Y WG b G eEG CG aa ?Y

,jj CG G o OGh ,jW fG K ,bG Rh`` h

h ,jG Y Mjh ,G NCjh ,dG i`` e j

GPEGh ,bdG i`` MEG `` c k a CG jn

CGh ,`` dG A`` f CGh ,f CG `` dG `` e .ec `` U

z?AY GUCG `` c{ c IOLe gh zGg`` ShCG

,G b e e BG ISCG e fCG d d ;fCG

,dG e G EG `` HJh ,G HdG cJ `` d

T e hCG dG ah ,dG jG Oa MCG

dJdGh ,fe `` jG Nh ,g c A`` T c Lh

Uh ,dG g ijh ,dP `` j gh ,GdG n gp Oo

q a ,Y q ` `fl RdG G`` g CG `` f q Nh

EG EG `` j a ,`` SCGQ WCj CG Q`` b `` M `` Mh

h ,dG e IOe ceCG h ,JQ`` S LGh j

k MG ,`` dhH `` SG b `` T Y A`` Y M

`` dG c d ,`` VGG JH EG dhH dG b

,de GhNCGh ,jdG b EG VJ Gk LJ CG j

gh ,BGdG MCG fCa ,G `` j e e :bh

ca ,`` a H GHu b ,G eCG dhD` `eh `` k Yh

j c dG jG CG Jh) `` dGh I`` dG

,jdGY H Y fCGh ,b :bh ,fe OYh ,G`` dG

jdG A`` MEG IOe G`` S `` S b `` SQO

Gh `` G IQ`` Y `` eR `` dEG `` SQCG `` Mh

ej GPEG `` MEG `` jh ,G `` a ,`` LCG

j ,fdG gG MCG dLk LQ g c

adGh GAGLEG eS e cCdG G e :IY

EG w c ,`` G V`` fGh G F`` T AfG H

Y Va gh ,`` SEG cQCG e cQ G ,`` f -

W Z IO`` H MCG fCGh ,`` dG e `` SG M

.(2699 bQ) e LNCG (1)

,G e ,`` LdG q e `` Y e h`` dG O`` Y

LQ c `` Y GYEH `` j :`` j fdG :`` b

GRk J cCG CG jQCG

,W dH b cCG CG CGh ,AG`` S k L LCG

U e IMGh CGj gh ,dG jQSCG q J

Hd S K ,J fCH gJ fCGh ,dP c .IG

IOQdG 1955 Y `` jO `` T `` eCG iMEG

(GRhQ) `` J fc j`` dG `` SQG `` J c

dG AGOdG ICGG J e c ;WdG EG I`` Te

.OdG `` e J YCG gh ,1999 `` Y `` Sd

RdG `` eCG d ,h`` j CG OGQCG `` N eL `` T

`` j M ,HhQhCG hdG iMEG h edG b

`` UhCGh ,e `` cQCGh ,`` HdG `` LdG bhCG `` g

,e eCG `` dG dDG L ,`` dG SCGQ d a

hCG gY CG hO `` Th ,IQ`` S KOM G e `` HG

k FGOh , `` d Oq j MCGh W jd `` fEG c

H dh ,`` dG MGQh IO`` dG Y `` S eCG

g bJh V dbh d e SOdG fdCG

`` SEG OY eJh ,cG b EG gFbh ,HGG