ELECTRIC CURRENT IN CONDUCTORS

CHAPTER - 32
2
1. Q(t) = At + Bt + c
a) At2 = Q
Q A 'T'
A= A1T 1
t2 T 2
b) Bt = Q
Q A 'T'
B= A
t T
c) C = [Q]
C = AT

d) Current t =
dQ d
dt

dt

At 2 Bt C
= 2At + B = 2 5 5 + 3 = 53 A.

in
16
2. No. of electrons per second = 2 10 electrons / sec.
coulomb

g.
Charge passing per second = 2 1016 1.6 109
sec
9
= 3.2 10 Coulomb/sec

3.
Current = 3.2 103 A.
i = 2 A, t = 5 min = 5 60 sec.
6
q = i t = 2 10 5 60
Ba
ge
= 10 60 106 c = 6 104 c
4. i = i0 + t, t = 10 sec, i0 = 10 A, = 4 A/sec.
t t t t
le

q=
0

0

idt (i0 t)dt i0 dt tdt
0

0
ol

2
t 10 10
= i0t + 10 10 4
2 2
yC

= 100 + 200 = 300 C.

2 6 2
5. i = 1 A, A = 1 mm = 1 10 m
3
f cu = 9000 kg/m
M

Molecular mass has N0 atoms

N AI9000
= m Kg has (N0/M m) atoms = 0
63.5 10 3
No.of atoms = No.of electrons
No.of electrons N0 Af N0 f
n=
Unit volume mAI M
6 1023 9000
=
63.5 10 3
i = Vd n A e.
i 1
Vd =
nAe 6 1023 9000
10 6 1.6 10 19
63.5 10 3
63.5 10 3 63.5 10 3
= 6 19
=
6 10 23
9000 10 1.6 10 6 9 1.6 1026 10 19 10 6

32.1
 Electric Current in Conductors

63.5 10 3 63.5 10 3
=
6 9 1.6 10 6 9 16
3
= 0.074 10 m/s = 0.074 mm/s.
6. = 1 m, r = 0.1 mm = 0.1 103 m
R = 100 , f = ?
R = f/ a
Ra 100 3.14 0.1 0.1 10 6
f=
1
6 6
= 3.14 10 = 10 -m.
7. = 2
volume of the wire remains constant.
A = A
A = A 2
A = A/2
f = Specific resistance

in
f f '
R= ; R =
A A'

g.
f 2 4f
100 = = 4R
A/2 A

8.
4 100 = 400
2
= 4 m, A = 1 mm = 1 10 m
29
I = 2 A, n/V = 10 , t = ?
6 2 Ba
i = n A Vd e
ge
29 6 19
e = 10 1 10 Vd 1.6 10
2
Vd 6
1.6 10 19
le

29
10 10
1 1
=
ol

4
0.8 10 8000
4
t= 4 8000
yC

Vd 1/ 8000
4
= 32000 = 3.2 10 sec.
8
9. fcu = 1.7 10 -m
M

2 6 2
A = 0.01 mm = 0.01 10 m
3
R = 1 K = 10
f
R=
a
3 1.7 10 8
10 =
10 6
103 3
= 0.58 10 m = 0.6 km.
1.7
fdx
10. dR, due to the small strip dx at a distanc x d = R = (1)
y 2
dx
ya ba ba
tan =
y
Ya
x L a b
ya ba x

x L
L(y a) = x(b a)
32.2
 Electric Current in Conductors
Ly La = xb xa
dy
L 0 b a (diff. w.r.t. x)
dx
dy
L ba
dx
Ldy
dx = (2)
ba
Putting the value of dx in equation (1)
fLdy
dR = 2
y (b a)
fI dy
dR =
(b a) y 2
R b
fI dy
0

dR
(b a) y 2
a

in
fI (b a) fl
R= .
(b a) ab ab

g.
4
11. r = 0.1 mm = 10 m
R = 1 K = 103 , V = 20 V
a) No.of electrons transferred

i=
V

R 103
20 3 2
= 20 10 = 2 10 A
Ba
ge
2 2
q = i t = 2 10 1 = 2 10 C.
2 102 2 10 17 17
No. of electrons transferred = = 1.25 10 .
1.6 10 19 1.6
le

b) Current density of wire

i 2 10 2 2
ol

= 8
10 6
A 10 3.14
+6 5 2
= 0.6369 10 = 6.37 10 A/m .
yC

6 2
12. A = 2 10 m , I = 1 A
8
f = 1.7 10 -m
E=?
M

f 1.7 10 8
R=
A 2 10 6
1 1.7 10 8
V = IR =
2 10 6
dV V 1.7 108 1.7
E= 10 2 V / m
dL I 2 10 6 2
= 8.5 mV/m.
13. I = 2 m, R = 5 , i = 10 A, E = ?
V = iR = 10 5 = 50 V
V 50
E= = 25 V/m.
I 2
14. RFe = RFe (1 + Fe ), RCu = RCu (1 + Cu)
RFe = RCu
RFe (1 + Fe ), = RCu (1 + Cu)

32.3
 Electric Current in Conductors
3 3
3.9 [ 1 + 5 10 (20 )] = 4.1 [1 + 4 x 10 (20 )]
3.9 + 3.9 5 103 (20 ) = 4.1 + 4.1 4 103 (20 )
3 3
4.1 4 10 (20 ) 3.9 5 10 (20 ) = 3.9 4.1
3
16.4(20 ) 19.5(20 ) = 0.2 10
3
(20 ) (3.1) = 0.2 10
20 = 200
= 220C.
15. Let the voltmeter reading when, the voltage is 0 be X.
I1R V1

I2R V2
1.75 14.4 V 0.35 14.4 V

2.75 22.4 V 0.55 22.4 V
0.07 14.4 V 7 14.4 V

0.11 22.4 V 11 22.4 V
7(22.4 V) = 11(14.4 V) 156.8 7V = 158.4 11V

in
(7 11)V = 156.8 158.4 4V = 1.6
V = 0.4 V.

g.
16. a) When switch is open, no current passes through the ammeter. In the upper part of
V
the circuit the Voltmenter has resistance. Thus current in it is 0.
r
Voltmeter read the emf. (There is not Pot. Drop across the resistor).

The voltmeter reads

Ba
b) When switch is closed current passes through the circuit and if its value of i.
A

ir = 1.45
ge
1.52 ir = 1.45
ir = 0.07
1 r = 0.07 r = 0.07 .
le

17. E = 6 V, r = 1 , V = 5.8 V, R = ?
E 6
ol

I= , V = E Ir
R r R 1
6 6
yC

5.8 = 6 1 = 0.2
R 1 R 1
R + 1 = 30 R = 29 .
18. V = + ir
r
M

7.2 = 6 + 2 r
6 2
1.2 = 2r r = 0.6 .
19. a) net emf while charging
9 6 = 3V
Current = 3/10 = 0.3 A
b) When completely charged.
Internal resistance r = 1
Current = 3/1 = 3 A
20. a) 0.1i1 + 1 i1 6 + 1i1 6 = 0
1 1
0.1 i1 + 1i1 + 1i1 = 12
6 6
12
i1 =
2.1 0.1 i1

ABCDA
0.1i2 + 1i 6 = 0
0.1i2 + 1i

32.4
 Electric Current in Conductors
ADEFA, 1
6
i 6 + 6 (i2 i)1 = 0 F E
i2i
i i2 + i = 0 6 1
A D
2i i2 = 0 2i 0.2i = 0 i
i2 = 0.
B C
i2 0.1

b) 1i1 + 1 i1 6 + 1i1 = 0
3i1 = 12 i1 = 4 1 1

DCFED 6 6

i2 + i 6 = 0 i2 + i = 6 i1
1
ABCDA,
6 1
i2 + (i2 i) 6 = 0 A B
i2 + i2 i = 6 2i2 i = 6 i2i
6 1
2i2 2i = 6 i = 2 E F
i
i2 + i = 6
i2 2 = 6 i2 = 8 D C
i2

in
1
i1 4 1
.
i2 8 2

g.
1 1

6 6
c) 10i1 + 1i1 6 + 1i1 6 = 0
12i1 = 12 i1 = 1
10i2 i1 6 = 0
Ba 6
1

1
i1

10i2 i1 = 6 A B
ge
10i2 + (i2 i)1 6 = 0 i2i
6 1
E F
11i2 = 6 i
i2 = 0
le

D C
i2 10

21. a) Total emf = n1E

ol

in 1 row n1
r r r
Total emf in all news = n1E
yC

r r r
Total resistance in one row = n1r
nr
Total resistance in all rows = 1
n2
M

n1r R
Net resistance = +R
n2
n1E n1n2E
Current =
n1 / n2r R n1r n2R
n1n2E
b) I =
n1r n2R
for I = max,
n1r + n2R = min

2
n1r n2R 2 n1rn2R = min
it is min, when
n1r n2R
n1r = n2R
I is max when n1r = n2R.

32.5
 Electric Current in Conductors
22. E = 100 V, R = 100 k = 100000
R = 1 100
When no other resister is added or R = 0.
E 100
i= 0.001Amp

R 100000
When R = 1
100 100
i= 0.0009A
100000 1 100001
When R = 100
100 100
i= 0.000999 A .
100000 100 100100
Upto R = 100 the current does not upto 2 significant digits. Thus it proved.
23. A1 = 2.4 A
Since A1 and A2 are in parallel,
20
20 2.4 = 30 X A

in
20 2.4 10 B C
X= = 1.6 A. A
30
30

g.
Reading in Ammeter A2 is 1.6 A. A
A3 = A1 + A2 = 2.4 + 1.6 = 4.0 A.
24. 5.5V

A
Ba
10
ge
20
i 30

5.5V 5.5V
le
ol

10

20
i 30 20/3 30
yC

5.5 3
imin = = 0.15
110
M

5.5V 5.5V

10

20
i 20/3

5.5 3 16.5
imax = 0.825.
20 20
180
25. a) Reff = = 60
3 180
i = 60 / 60 = 1 A
180
180 180
b) Reff = = 90
2 60
i = 60 / 90 = 0.67 A
c) Reff = 180 i = 60 / 180 = 0.33 A

32.6
 Electric Current in Conductors
26. Max. R = (20 + 50 + 100) = 170
1 100
Min R = = = 12.5 .
1 1 1 8

20 50 100

V2
27. The various resistances of the bulbs =
P
(15)2 (15)2 (15)2
Resistances are , , = 45, 22.5, 15.
10 10 15
Since two resistances when used in parallel have resistances less than both.
The resistances are 45 and 22.5.
28. i1 20 = i2 10
i 10 1
1 20 i1
i2 20 2
i1 = 4 mA, i2 = 8 mA A i=12mA
5K i=12mA B
Current in 20 K resistor = 4 mA

in
100K
i2 10
Current in 10 K resistor = 8 mA
Current in 100 K resistor = 12 mA

g.
V = V1 + V2 + V3
= 5 K 12 mA + 10 K 8 mA + 100 K 12 mA
= 60 + 80 + 1200 = 1340 volts.
29. R1 = R, i1 = 5 A
10R
Ba
R2 = , i2 = 6A
ge
10 R
Since potential constant,
i1R1 = i2R2
le

6 10R
5R=
10 R
ol

(10 + R)5 = 60
5R = 10 R = 2 .
yC

30.
r r r

a b a b
M

Eq. Resistance = r/3.

15 5 15 15 5 15
E D
31. a) Reff = 6 6 66
15 5 15 75 15
F C
6 6 6
15/6
15 5 15 25 A
= = 2.08 . B
6 90 12
b) Across AC,
15 4 15 2 15 4 15 2

Reff = 6 6 66
15 4 15 2 60 30

6 6 6
15 4 15 2 10
= = 3.33 .
6 90 3

32.7
 Electric Current in Conductors
c) Across AD,
15 3 15 3 15 3 15 3

Reff = 6 6 6 6
15 3 15 3 60 30

6 6 6
15 3 15 3 15
= = 3.75 .
6 90 4 20
32. a) When S is open 10
Req = (10 + 20) = 30 .
S
i = When S is closed,
Req = 10 3V
i = (3/10) = 0.3 .
33. a) Current through (1) 4 resistor = 0
b) Current through (2) and (3) 4

net E = 4V 2V = 2V
(2) and (3) are in series,

in
4 6
Reff = 4 + 6 = 10
4V 2V
i = 2/10 = 0.2 A

g.
Current through (2) and (3) are 0.2 A.
34. Let potential at the point be xV.
(30 x) = 10 i1
(x 12) = 20 i2
(x 2) = 30 i3
Ba i2 20 12
b
x
ge
i1 = i2 + i3 a 10 i1 O

30 x x 12 x 2 30
i3 30 2
10 20 30 i
le

x 12 x 2
30 x
2 3
ol

3x 36 2x 4
30 x =
6
yC

180 6x = 5x 40
11x = 220 x = 220 / 11 = 20 V.
30 20
i1 = =1A
M

10
20 12
i2 = = 0.4 A
20
20 2 6
i3 = = 0.6 A.
30 10
10V 10V
35. a) Potential difference between terminals of a is 10 V.
i through a = 10 / 10 = 1A a
Potential different between terminals of b is 10 10 = 0 V 10
i through b = 0/10 = 0 A 10

b
b) Potential difference across a is 10 V b

i through a = 10 / 10 = 1A 10
Potential different between terminals of b is 10 10 = 0 V 10V 10 10
10V
a c
i through b = 0/10 = 0 A

32.8
 Electric Current in Conductors
36. a) In circuit, AB ba A
E2 + iR2 + i1R3 = 0 E1 R1
D C
In circuit, i1R3 + E1 (i i1)R1 = 0
i1R3 + E1 iR1 + i1R1 = 0 R3
a b
[iR2 + i1R3 = E2]R1 i1
E2
[iR2 i1 (R1 + R3) = E1] R2 B
A i
R2

iR2R1 + i1R3R1 = E2R1

iR2R1 i1R2 (R1 + R3) = E1 R2

iR3R1 + i1R2R1 + i1R2R3 = E1R2 E2R1
i1(R3R1 + R2R1 + R2R3) = E1R2 E2R1
E1R 2 E2R1
i1 =
R3R1 R2R1 R2R3
E1 E2
E1R2R3 E2R1R3 R R
1 2

in
R3R1 R 2R1 R 2R3 1 1 1
R
2 R1 R3

g.
b) Same as a
b
E1 R1
D
E1

R 3
R2

a
R3

i1
C

b
Ba
E2
ge
R1 B
E2 A i
R2
a

37. In circuit ABDCA, i E1=3

C D
le

i1 + 2 3 + i = 0 r1

i + i1 1 = 0 (1) E1=2
ol

In circuit CFEDC, A i1 r2 B
(i i1) + 1 3 + i = 0 E1=1
F E
yC

2i i1 2 = 0 (2) i i1 r3
From (1) and (2)
3i = 3 i = 1 A
i1 = 1 i = 0 A
M

i i1 = 1- 0 = 1 A
Potential difference between A and B
= E ir = 3 1.1 = 2 V.
38. In the circuit ADCBA, 3V
10
3i + 6i1 4.5 = 0 E F

In the circuit GEFCG, i i1

3i + 6i1 = 4.5 = 10i 10i1 6i1 = 3 D C
i 3 G 4 6
[10i 16i1 = 3]3 (1)
[3i + 6i1 = 4.5] 10 (2) A B
4.5V
From (1) and (2)
108 i1 = 54
54 1
i1 = = 0.5
108 2
3i + 6 4.5 = 0
3i 1.5 = 0 i = 0.5.
Current through 10 resistor = 0 A.

32.9
 Electric Current in Conductors
39. In AHGBA,
2 + (i i1) 2 = 0 2 G i1 2 F i2
2
E
H
i i1 = 0
ii1 i1i2
In circuit CFEDC, i2
i 1 1 1
(i1 i2) + 2 + i2 2 = 0
i2 i1 + i2 = 0 2i2 i1 = 0.
A D
In circuit BGFCB, i 2 B 2 i1 C 2

(i1 i2) + 2 + (i1 i2) 2 = 0

i1 i + i1 i2 = 0 2i1 i i2 = 0 (1)
i1 (i i1) i2 = 0 i1 i2 = 0 (2)
i1 i2 = 0
From (1) and (2)
Current in the three resistors is 0.
40.
10 5
R

in
10 5

g.
For an value of R, the current in the branch is 0.

41. a) Reff =
(2r / 2) r
(2r / 2) r
Ba r

r2 r
ge
r
2r 2 a b

B C
b) At 0 current coming to the junction is current going from BO = Current
le

going along OE. O

a b
Current on CO = Current on OD
ol

Thus it can be assumed that current coming in OC goes in OB. D E

Thus the figure becomes 8r/3
yC

2r.r 2r 8r
r 3r r 2r 3 3 2r 2r

8r/3
(8r / 6) 2r 8r 2 / 3 8r 2 6 8r
M

Reff = = = 4r.
(8r / 6) 2r 20r / 6 3 20 10
=r

42. 10 10 10 10 10 10

50 10 50 10 20 20
10 50

10 10 10
6 6
A A

20 10
30
15
20 10
30
6
6
6 A A
A

6 2
I 0.4 A .
15 5

32.10
 Electric Current in Conductors
43. a) Applying Kirchoffs law,
10i 6 + 5i 12 = 0 12V
5
6V
10
10i + 5i = 18
i
15i = 18
18 6
i= = 1.2 A.
15 5
b) Potential drop across 5 resistor,
i 5 = 1.2 5 V = 6 V
c) Potential drop across 10 resistor
i 10 = 1.2 10 V = 12 V
d) 10i 6 + 5i 12 = 0
10 12V 6V 5
10i + 5i = 18
15i = 18 i

18 6
i= = 1.2 A.
15 5
Potential drop across 5 resistor = 6 V

in
Potential drop across 10 resistor = 12 V
44. Taking circuit ABHGA,

g.
i i i
V B i/6
C
3r 6r 3r i/3
i/6
2i i
r V
3 6
5i
Ba A i/3 D

i/6
i/6

i/3

V r i/3
H
ge
6 i/3 G
i/6 i/3
V 5
Reff = E i/6 F
i 6r
le

2r/3
r r r
ol

r
2r
3 r r r
45. Reff 5r r r
yC

r
2r 8
3 r r r

r
M

b
a
r 4r a
Reff r b
3 3

r r
r r

2r
Reff r a b a b
2 r r
r r

r a
Reff a b
4

32.11
 Electric Current in Conductors

Reff r r r r a b

a r b

46. a) Let the equation resistance of the combination be R. 1 1 1 1

2R
R 2 1 R 6V 2 2 2

2R R 2 2
R 3R + 2 = R + 2R 1
R2
2
R R2=0 2 R

1 1 4.1.2 1 9 1 3
R= = 2 .
2.1 2 2
6 6 3 1
b) Total current sent by battery = 3 A
Reff 2 i 3-i

in
Potential between A and B 2 2

3.1 + 2.i = 6 B

g.
3 + 2i = 6 2i = 3
i = 1.5 a
47. a)

In circuit ABFGA,
i1 50 + 2i + i 4.3 = 0
50i1 + 3i = 4.3 (1)
Ba A
4.3 1
G
ge
In circuit BEDCB, 2
i1 50 E A
50i1 (i i1)200 = 0 B F

50i1 200i + 200i1 = 0

le

i i2
250 i1 200i = 0 C V D
200
50i1 40i = 0 (2)
ol

From (1) and (2)

43i = 4.3 i = 0.1
yC

4 0.1
5i1 = 4 i = 4 0.1 i1 = = 0.08 A.
5
Ammeter reads a current = i = 0.1 A.
Voltmeter reads a potential difference equal to i1 50 = 0.08 50 = 4 V.
M

b) In circuit ABEFA,
50i1 + 2i1 + 1i 4.3 = 0
52i1 + i = 4.3 4.3 1
A F
200 52i1 + 200 i = 4.3 200 (1)
2
In circuit BCDEB, i1 50
B A E
(i i1)200 i12 i150 = 0
200i 200i1 2i1 50i1 = 0 i i2
C V D
200i 252i1 = 0 (2) 200

From (1) and (2)

i1(10652) = 4.3 2 100
4.3 2 100
i1 = = 0.08
10652
i = 4.3 52 0.08 = 0.14
Reading of the ammeter = 0.08 a
Reading of the voltmeter = (i i1)200 = (0.14 0.08) 200 = 12 V.
32.12
 Electric Current in Conductors
100 400
48. a) Reff = 200 280
500 84V

84
i= 0.3 0.3
i1 100 200
280
100i = (0.3 i) 400 0.3i
V
i = 1.2 4i
400
5i = 1.2 i = 0.24.
0.24 100
Voltage measured by the voltmeter =
24V
b) If voltmeter is not connected
Reff = (200 + 100) = 300
84
i= = 0.28 A
300
Voltage across 100 = (0.28 100) = 28 V.
49. Let resistance of the voltmeter be R .

in
50R
R1 = , R2 = 24 30
50 R

g.
Both are in series.
50 V R
30 = V1 + V2 24
30 = iR1 + iR2
30 iR2 = iR1

iR1 = 30
30
R2
Ba
R1 R2
ge
R2
V1 = 30 1
R1 R2
le

R1
V1 = 30
R1 R2
ol

yC

50R
18 = 30
50R
50 R 50 R 24

M

50R (50 R) 30(50R)

18 = 30
(50 R) (50R 24)(50 R) 50R 1200 24R
30 50 R
18 = = 18(74R + 1200) = 1500 R
74R 1200
1332R + 21600 = 1500 R 21600 = 1.68 R
R = 21600 / 168 = 128.57.
3 10mA 575 25
50. Full deflection current = 10 mA = (10 10 )A
Reff = (575 + 25) = 600
3
V = Reff i = 600 10 10 = 6 V. V

51. G = 25 , Ig = 1 ma, I = 2A, S = ?

Potential across A B is same 2

103
25

25 103 = (2 103)S A B
3 3
25 10 25 10
S= 3
210 3 S
2 10 1.999
3 2
= 12.5 10 = 1.25 10 .
32.13
 Electric Current in Conductors
52. Reff = (1150 + 50) = 1200 50 1.15K
i = (12 / 1200)A = 0.01 A.
(The resistor of 50 can tolerate) 12

Let R be the resistance of sheet used.

The potential across both the resistors is same. 0.01 50

0.01 50 = 1.99 R
R
0.01 50 50
R= = 0.251 . 20.01=1.99
1.99 199
R AD 8
53. If the wire is connected to the potentiometer wire so that , then according to wheat stones
RDB 12
bridge no current will flow through galvanometer.
R AB L AB 8 2
(Acc. To principle of potentiometer). 8 12
RDB LB 12 3
IAB + IDB = 40 cm G
IDB 2/3 + IDB = 40 cm A B

in
D
(2/3 + 1)IDB = 40 cm
40 3
5/3 IDB = 40 LDB = = 24 cm.

g.
5
IAB = (40 24) cm = 16 cm.

wheatstone bridge.
Let Resistance / unit length = r.
Ba
54. The deflections does not occur in galvanometer if the condition is a balanced 6

S
R

Resistance of 30 m length = 30 r.
ge
Resistance of 20 m length = 20 r.
6 30r 30 20
For balanced wheatstones bridge =
R 20r
le

20 6
30 R = 20 6 R = = 4 .
30
ol

55. a) Potential difference between A and B is 6 V.

6V
B is at 0 potential.
yC

Thus potential of A point is 6 V. R1 R2

A
D B
The potential difference between Ac is 4 V. C
VA VC = 0.4 4V
M

VC = VA 4 = 6 4 = 2 V. 1
b) The potential at D = 2V, VAD = 4 V ; VBD = OV
Current through the resisters R1 and R2 are equal.
4 2
Thus,
R1 R2
R1
=2
R2
I1
= 2 (Acc. to the law of potentiometer)
I2
I1 + I2 = 100 cm
I 3I
I1 + 1 = 100 cm 1 = 100 cm
2 2
200
I1 = cm = 66.67 cm.
3
AD = 66.67 cm

32.14
 Electric Current in Conductors
c) When the points C and D are connected by a wire current flowing
6V
through it is 0 since the points are equipotential.
d) Potential at A = 6 v
A B
Potential at C = 6 7.5 = 1.5 V C
7.5
The potential at B = 0 and towards A potential increases.
Thus ve potential point does not come within the wire.
15r r
56. Resistance per unit length = P
E Q
6
i1 i1
15r Vr i2 R=15r M
For length x, Rx = x A S
6 i2 i2
E/2
15 15 W
G T
a) For the loop PASQ (i1 + i2) rx + (6 x)i1 + i1R = E (1) r
6 6
15
For the loop AWTM, i2.R rx (i1 + i2) = E/2
6
15

in
i2R + r (i1 + i2) = E/2 (2)
6

g.
15 E
For zero deflection galvanometer i2 = 0 rx . i1 = E/2 = i1 =
6 5x r
E
Putting i1 =
5x r Ba
and i2 = 0 in equation (1), we get x = 320 cm.

b) Putting x = 5.6 and solving equation (1) and (2) we get i2 =

3E
.
22r
ge
57. In steady stage condition no current flows through the capacitor.
Reff = 10 + 20 = 30 6F
le

2 1
i= A 10 20
30 15
ol

Voltage drop across 10 resistor = i R

2V
1 10 2
= 10 V
yC

15 15 3
Charge stored on the capacitor (Q) = CV
6 6
= 6 10 2/3 = 4 10 C = 4 C.
M

58. Taking circuit, ABCDA, 10 10

A E
D
10i + 20(i i1) 5 = 0 i i
10i + 20i 20i1 5 = 0 20
5V 5V
30i 20i1 5 = 0 (1) ii1
C F
Taking circuit ABFEA, B

20(i i1) 5 10i1 = 0

10i 20i1 10i1 5 = 0
20i 30i1 5 = 0 (2)
From (1) and (2)
(90 40)i1 = 0
i1 = 0
30i 5 = 0
i = 5/30 = 0.16 A
Current through 20 is 0.16 A.

32.15
 Electric Current in Conductors
59. At steady state no current flows through the capacitor.
1F
36 2F
Req = = 2 .
36
1 2
B C
6 A
i=
2 2 6V
Since current is divided in the inverse ratio of the resistance in each
branch, thus 2 will pass through 1, 2 branch and 1 through 3, 3 1
4 3
F D
branch E
3F
VAB = 2 1 = 2V. 4F

Q on 1 F capacitor = 2 1 c = 2 C
VBC = 2 2 = 4V.
Q on 2 F capacitor = 4 2 c = 8 C
VDE = 1 3 = 2V.
Q on 4 F capacitor = 3 4 c = 12 C
VFE = 3 1 = V.
Q across 3 F capacitor = 3 3 c = 9 C.

in
60. Ceq = [(3 f p 3 f) s (1 f p 1 f)] p (1 f)
= [(3 + 3)f s (2f)] p 1 f

g.
3f B 3f
= 3/2 + 1 = 5/2 f
V = 100 V A C
Q = CV = 5/2 100 = 250 c
Charge stored across 1 f capacitor = 100 c
Ceq between A and B is 6 f = C
Ba 3f 1f 1f

20 100V 10
ge
Potential drop across AB = V = Q/C = 25 V
Potential drop across BC = 75 V.
61. a) Potential difference = E across resistor
C R
le

b) Current in the circuit = E/R E

c) Pd. Across capacitor = E/R

ol

1
d) Energy stored in capacitor = CE2
2
yC

E E2
e) Power delivered by battery = E I = E
R R
E2
f) Power converted to heat =
M

R
2 4 2
62. A = 20 cm = 20 10 m
3
d = 1 mm = 1 10 m ; R = 10 K
E0 A 8.85 10 12 20 10 4
C=
d 1 10 3
8.85 10 12 2 10 3 2
= 3
= 17.7 10
Farad.
10
2 3
Time constant = CR = 17.7 10 10 10
8 6
= 17.7 10 = 0.177 10 s = 0.18 s.
5
63. C = 10 F = 10 F, emf = 2 V
2 t/RC
t = 50 ms = 5 10 s, q = Q(1 e )
5
Q = CV = 10 2
q = 12.6 106 F
2
/ R105
(1 e 510
6 5
12.6 10 = 2 10 )

32.16
 Electric Current in Conductors

12.6 10 6 2
/ R105
1 e 510
2 10 5
1 0.63 = e 510
3
/R

5000
ln0.37
R
5000
= 5028 = 5.028 10 = 5 K.
3
R=
0.9942
6
64. C = 20 10 F, E = 6 V, R = 100
3
t = 2 10 sec
t/RC
q = EC (1 e )

= 6 20 10 6 1 e 210 3
100 2010 6
5 1 5 5
= 12 x 10 (1 e ) = 7.12 0.63 10 = 7.56 10
6
= 75.6 10 = 76 c.
65. C = 10 F, Q = 60 C, R = 10

in
a) at t = 0, q = 60 c
b) at t = 30 s, q = Qet/RC

g.
6 0.3
= 60 10 e = 44 c
6 1.2
c) at t = 120 s, q = 60 10 e = 18 c
6 10
d) at t = 1.0 ms, q = 60 10 e = 0.00272 = 0.003 c.
66. C = 8 F, E = 6V, R = 24
V 6
Ba
a) I = 0.25A
ge
R 24
t/RC
b) q = Q(1 e )
6 1 6 5
= (8 10 6) [1 c ] = 48 10 0.63 = 3.024 10
le

Q 3.024 10 5
V= 3.78
C 8 10 6
ol

E = V + iR
6 = 3.78 + i24
yC

i = 0.09
2 4
67. A = 40 m = 40 10
4
d = 0.1 mm = 1 10 m
M

R = 16 ; emf = 2 V
E0 A 8.85 1012 40 10 4 11
C= = 35.4 10 F
d 1 10 4
Q CV
Now, E = (1 e t / RC ) (1 e t / RC )
AE0 AE0
35.4 10 11 2
= (1 e 1.76 )
40 10 4 8.85 10 12
4 4
= 1.655 10 = 1.7 10 V/m.
2
68. A = 20 cm , d = 1 mm, K = 5, e = 6 V
R = 100 103 , t = 8.9 105 s
KE0 A 5 8.85 10 12 20 10 4
C=
d 1 10 3
10 8.85 10 3 10 12 12
= = 88.5 10
10 3

32.17
 Electric Current in Conductors
t/RC
q = EC(1 e )

= 6 88.5 1012 1 e 88.510 8910 6

12
104 = 530.97
1 500.97 530
Energy =
2 88.5 10 12
530.97 530.97
= 1012
88.5 2
6 6 Y
69. Time constant RC = 1 10 100 10 = 100 sec V/R

I(in Amp )
t/CR
a) q = VC(1 e )
t/RC 5.9xx108amp
I = Current = dq/dt = VC.(-) e , (1)/RC
V t / RC V 24 1 X
= e t / RC
6 t / 100 O
t (in sec ) 10 min
R Re 10 e
6 t/100 Y
= 24 10 1/e

Q(in C )
t = 10 min, 600 sec.
23.9410 C
4

Q = 24 10+4 (1 e6) = 23.99 104

in
24 1
I= 6
6
5.9 108 Amp. . O
t (in sec ) 10 min
X
10 e

g.
b) q = VC(1 et/CR)
70. Q/2 = Q(1 et/CR)

e
2
1
(1 e
t/CR
=
t/CR
)
Ba
t
ge
log2 n = 0.69.
RC
t/RC
71. q = Qe
q = 0.1 % Q RC Time constant
le

3
= 1 10 Q
So, 1 103 Q = Q et/RC
ol

t/RC 3
e = ln 10
t/RC = (6.9) = 6.9
yC

72. q = Q(1 en)

1 Q2 1 q2
Initial value ; Final value
2 C 2 c
M

1 q2 1 Q2
2=
2 c 2 C
Q2 Q
q2 q
2 2
Q
Q(1 e n )
2
1 1
1 e n e = 1
n

2 2
2
n = log = 1.22
2 1
2
73. Power = CV = Q V
QV
Now, QV et/RC
2

32.18
 Electric Current in Conductors
t/RC
=e
t
ln 0.5
RC
(0.69) = 0.69
74. Let at any time t, q = EC (1 et/CR)
q2 E2C2 E2 C
E = Energy stored = (1 e t / CR )2 (1 e t / CR )2
2c 2c 2
2
dE E2C 1 E2 t / RC
R = rate of energy stored = (1 e
t / RC
)e t / RC e 1 e t / CR
dt 2 RC CR
dR E2 1 t / CR
e (1 e t / CR ) ( ) e t / CR(1 / RC) e t / CR
dt 2R RC
E2 e t / CR e2t / CR 1 E2 2 e t / CR
e 2t / CR e 2t / CR (1)
2R RC RC RC 2R RC RC
t/RC t/CR
For Rmax dR/dt = 0 2.e 1 = 0 e = 1/2

in
2
t/RC = ln t = RC ln 2
dR E2
Putting t = RC ln 2 in equation (1) We get .

g.
dt 4R
6
75. C = 12.0 F = 12 10
emf = 6.00 V, R = 1
t = 12 c, i = i0 e
CV
t/RC

12 10 6 6
Ba
= e t / RC e1
ge
T 12 106
= 2.207 = 2.1 A
b) Power delivered by battery
le

t/RC
We known, V = V0 e (where V and V0 are potential VI)
t/RC
VI = V0I e
ol

1 1
VI = V0I e = 6 6 e = 13.24 W
CV 2 t / RC 2 CV 2
c) U = (e ) [ = energy drawing per unit time]
yC

T T
12 106 36
e 1 = 4.872.
2
= 6
12 10
M

1
76. Energy stored at a part time in discharging = CV 2 (e t / RC )2
2
Heat dissipated at any time
= (Energy stored at t = 0) (Energy stored at time t)
1 1 1
= CV 2 CV 2 ( e 1 )2 CV 2 (1 e 2 )
2 2 2

i Rdt i
2t / RC
77. 2 2
0 Re dt i02R e2t / RC dt

1 2 2 2t / RC 1
= i02R(RC / 2)e2t / RC
Ci0R e CV 2 (Proved).
2 2
78. Equation of discharging capacitor
1
t / RC K 0 AV (dK0 A ) / Ad K 0 AV t / K0
= q0 e e e
d d
= K 0
Time constant is K 0 is independent of plate area or separation between the plate.
32.19
 Electric Current in Conductors
t/RC
79. q = q0(1 e ) 25

= 25(2 + 2) 106 1 0.2103

e 25410
6
2F 2F
6 2
= 24 10 (1 e ) = 20.75
6V
Charge on each capacitor = 20.75/2 = 10.3
80. In steady state condition, no current passes through the 25 F capacitor,
10 25F
Net resistance = 5 .
2
12 10
Net current =
5
Potential difference across the capacitor = 5
Potential difference across the 10 resistor 12
10
= 12/5 10 = 24 V
) = 24 25 10 e 110 / 102510
3 4
t/RC t/RC 6
q = Q(e ) = V C(e
6 4 6 6
= 24 25 10 e = 24 25 10 0.0183 = 10.9 10 C
Charge given by the capacitor after time t.

in
10.9 10 6 C
Current in the 10 resistor = 11mA .
1 10 3 sec

g.
81. C = 100 F, emf = 6 V, R = 20 K, t = 4 S.
t/RC t 4
RC
Charging : Q = CV(1 e
4 2

Discharging : q = Q(e
)
4
= 6 10 (1 e ) = 5.187 10 C = Q
t/RC

4
) = 5.184 10 e
2
4 4
2 10 10 Ba
ge
4
= 0.7 10 C = 70 c.
C1C2 C1 C2
82. Ceff
C1 C2
le

t/RC C1C2 t/RC

Q = Ceff E(1 e )= E(1 e ) E r
C1 C2
ol

83. Let after time t charge on plate B is +Q.

Hence charge on plate A is Q q.
yC

Qq q
VA = , VB = A VA
C C
Q q q Q 2q
VA VB = R
M

C C C
VB
V VB Q 2q B
Current = A
R CR
dq Q 2q
Current =
dt CR
q t
dq 1 dq 1

Q 2q RC
dt
0

Q 2q RC
dt
0

1 1 Q 2q 2
[ln(Q 2q) lnQ] t ln t
2 RC Q RC
2t/RC 2t/RC
Q 2q = Q e 2q = Q(1 e )
Q
q = (1 e2t / RC )
2
84. The capacitor is given a charge Q. It will discharge and the capacitor will be charged up when
connected with battery.
Net charge at time t = Qe t / RC Q(1 e t / RC ) .
32.20