1 In a metallic conductor, conduction electrons do not travel in a straight line through

the conductor.

Fig. 5.1 shows some of the conduction electrons in a copper wire. The arrows
represent the velocities of these electrons.

copper wire

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Fig. 5.1

(a) Explain, by reference to the motion of the electrons, why there is no current in

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the wire.

.
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. [2]
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(b) An electric field is established inside the copper wire directed as shown in
Fig. 5.2. The dots represent electrons. The velocities of the electrons are not
shown.
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The average velocity that an electron travels along the conductor is called the
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drift velocity.

Draw on Fig. 5.2 an arrow to indicate the direction of the drift velocity of the
electrons. [1]
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electric field

copper wire

Fig. 5.2
(c) Electric current is related to drift velocity by the equation I = nevA

where

I : current
v : drift velocity
A : cross-sectional area of the conductor
n : charge density (the number of mobile electrons per unit volume)
e : electronic charge

In the circuit in Fig. 5.3, the length of the copper wire joining the negative
terminal of the battery to the lamp is 0.50 m and has a radius of 0.40 mm. There
are
8.5 x 1028 mobile electrons per cubic metre in copper.

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S

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0.50m
A
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Fig. 5.3
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(i) When the switch S is closed, the ammeter reads 2.0 A. Calculate the
average time it would take for an electron to move from the negative
terminal of the battery to the lamp.
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average time = .. s [2]

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(ii) The lamp lights up in a time much less than that calculated in (c)(i).
Explain this observation.

[2]
(iii) The circuit is now connected with two copper wires of different thickness
as shown in Fig. 5.4.

Fig. 5.4

Suggest and explain whether the drift velocity of electrons in the thicker
wire is smaller than, equal to, or larger than that in the thinner wire.

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[3]
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AD
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1. The number of neutrons in a nucleus of 197
Au is
79
A 79

B 118

C 197

D 276
(Total 1 mark)
2
p
2. The derivation of the formula E k = could include the expression
2m
1 2
A mv = p2
2

1 2 2
B m v = p2
2

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p2
C m2 v2 =
m

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p2
D m v2 =
m
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3. Which of the following is not a valid conclusion from Rutherfords alpha particle scattering
experiments?
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A The atom is mainly empty space.

B The nucleus contains protons and neutrons.

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C The nucleus must be charged.

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D The nucleus must be very small compared to the atom.

(Total 1 mark)
GeV
4. A top quark has a mass of 171 . Its mass in kilograms is about
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c2
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A 3 1031
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B 3 1028

C 3 1025

D 3 1019
(Total 1 mark)

5. A + pion is composed of which combination of quarks?

A ud

B ud

C ud

D ud
(Total 1 mark)
Q1. (a) The K meson has strangeness 1.

(i) State the quark composition of a meson.

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) State the baryon number of the K meson.

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(iii) What is the quark composition of the K meson?

...............................................................................................................

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...............................................................................................................
(1)

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(b) The figure below shows a Feynman diagram for a possible decay of the strange quark.

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(i) Which interaction is responsible for this decay?

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...............................................................................................................
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(1)
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(ii) Energy and momentum are conserved when the W particle is produced. State two
other quantities that are also conserved and one that is not.

conserved .............................................................................................

conserved .............................................................................................

not conserved .......................................................................................

(3)
(ii) In the space below draw a Feynman diagram representing electron capture.

Page 2 of 22
 (ii) State the quark structure of an antibaryon.

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(iii) Give one property of an antiparticle that is the same for its corresponding particle and
one property that is different.

Same ....................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

Different ................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

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Q2. (a) (i) Name two baryons.

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.............................................................................................................
(2)
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(ii) State the quark structure of the pion .

.............................................................................................................
(1)
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(b) (i) The K+ kaon is a strange particle. Give one characteristic of a strange particle that
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makes it different from a particle that is not strange.

.............................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................
(1)
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Q3. Sub-atomic particles can either be hadrons or leptons.

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(a) (i) State one difference between these two groups of particles.

.............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Give an example of a non-strange hadron and an example of a lepton.

hadron ................................................................................................

lepton ..................................................................................................
(2)

Page 6 of 22
 (iii) Hadrons can be further divided into two groups. Name these two groups and state a
difference between them.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(3)

(b) The Feynman Diagram in the figure below represents an interaction known as electron
capture.

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State a conservation law obeyed in this interaction. Show how the property mentioned in
the law is conserved.
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......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
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......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
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......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
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Q4. (a) Hadrons are a group of particles composed of quarks. Hadrons can either be baryons
or mesons.

(i) What property defines a hadron?

.............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) What is the quark structure of a baryon?

.............................................................................................................
(1)

(iii) What is the quark structure of a meson?

.............................................................................................................
(1)

Page 9 of 22
(b) State one similarity and one difference between a particle and its antiparticle.

similarity .......................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

difference ......................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) Complete the table below which lists properties of the antiproton.

quark
charge / C baryon number
structure

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antiproton
(2)

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(d) The K is an example of a meson with strangeness 1. The K decays in the following way:

K +

(i)
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State, with a reason, what interaction is responsible for this decay.

.............................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................
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(2)

(ii) State two properties, other than energy and momentum, that are conserved in this
decay.
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.............................................................................................................
U

.............................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

Page 10 of 22
5. In 1961 Murray Gell-Mann predicted the existence of a new particle called an omega ()
minus. It was subsequently discovered in 1964.

At this time the quark model consisted of three particles, the properties of which are given in the
table.

Predicted mass in
Quark Charge
MeV/c2
2
Up (u) + 4
3
1
Down (d) 4
3

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1
Strange (s) 80
3

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2
Explain what a charge of +
(a) means.
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3

......................................................................................................................................
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......................................................................................................................................
(1)
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(b) State the predicted mass of, and the charge on a s .

......................................................................................................................................
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......................................................................................................................................
(2)
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(c) Convert 4 MeV/c2 to kg.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

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Mass = ...................................... kg
(3)

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(d) The event which led to the discovery of the omega minus particle can be summarised as
follows. A negative kaon collided with a stationary proton and produced a positive kaon,
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a neutral kaon and the omega minus.

(i) Kaons K consist of combinations of either an up or down quark plus a strange

quark. The omega minus consists of three strange quarks.
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Complete the following table by ticking the appropriate boxes.

Meson Baryon Nucleon Lepton

M

Negative kaon
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Omega minus
(2)
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(ii) Write an equation using standard particle symbols to summarise this event.
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...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) The negative kaon consists of u s . Deduce the quark structure of the other two
kaons involved in this event.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

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(iv) The total mass of the three particles created after this event is larger than the total
mass of the two particles before. Discuss the quantities that must be conserved in
interactions between particles and use an appropriate conservation law to explain
this increase in mass.

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...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
H

...........................................................................................................................
U

...........................................................................................................................
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(5)
(Total 17 marks)
6. Rutherford designed an experiment to see what happened when alpha particles were directed at
a piece of gold foil. Summarise the observations and state the conclusions Rutherford reached
about the structure of gold atoms.

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

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................................................................................................................................................

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................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................
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................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................
(Total 5 marks)
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AM
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7. (a) State what is meant by the term baryon.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) In decay a neutron decays into a proton.

Explain how the quark structure of the baryon changes in this process.

.....................................................................................................................................

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.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

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.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 3 marks)
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8. (a) The lines A and B show part of the paths of two alpha particles as they travel through an
atom.
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A
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B
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Atom
Nucleus

Add to the diagram the subsequent paths of each alpha particle as they travel through and
out of the atom.
(2)
 (b) Rutherford investigated the scattering of alpha particles by gold foil in an evacuated
container. The evidence from his investigations led to the nuclear model of the atom.

Why was it important for this investigation that

(i) the alpha source was inside the container,

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

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(ii) the alpha particles had the same initial kinetic energy,

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...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................
(1)
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(iii) the container was evacuated?

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...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
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(Total 5 marks)
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9. Classify each of the following particles by ticking all the appropriate boxes in the table.

Particle Lepton Baryon Hadron Meson

Neutron, n
Neutrino,
Muon,
(Total 3 marks)
10. In 2002 the Jefferson Laboratory released the results of an experiment involving collisions of
high speed electrons with protons. The results suggested that protons are not spherical, but have
a bulging shape. In a subsequent paper some of these results were explained by modelling a
nucleon as a relativistic system of three bound quarks surrounded by a cloud of pions.

Protons and neutrons are the two types of nucleon and both consist of up and down quarks.

Nucleon Quark composition

proton uud
neutron udd

Quark Charge

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up quark +2/3 e
down quark 1/3 e

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(a)
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Use the information in the tables to show how the charge of the proton and the charge of
the neutron are arrived at.

proton ..........................................................................................................................
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neutron ........................................................................................................................
(2)
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AM

(b) Protons, neutrons and pions are all hadrons. There are two types of hadron, with different
quark combinations.

(i) Complete the table below to name the two types of hadron.
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Particles Hadron type

proton, neutron
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pion

(ii) State the differences in quark composition between these two types of hadron.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(4)
1. This question is about the Doppler effect.

A stationary loudspeaker emits sound of frequency of 1000 Hz. Nadine attaches the loudspeaker
to a string. She moves the loudspeaker in a horizontal circle above her head at a speed of
30 m s1. The speed of sound in air is 330 m s1.

An observer is standing well away from Nadine.

(a) Explain why the sound heard by the observer changes regularly.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

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......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

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(3)

(b) Determine the maximum frequency of the sound heard by the observer. TA
......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................
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......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................
(3)
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(Total 6 marks)
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H

2. A man standing by the shore observes sea waves approaching at a frequency of 0.20 Hz. A man on
a boat observes that waves are approaching the boat at a frequency of 0.50 Hz. The speed of the
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waves is 2.0 m s1. Which of the following gives a possible value for the speed of the boat and its
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direction?

Speed / m s1 Direction
A. 3.0 away from the shore
B. 3.0 towards the shore
C. 1.2 away from the shore
D. 1.2 towards the shore
(Total 1 mark)
3. This question is about the Doppler effect.

The wavelength diagram shown represents three lines in the emission spectrum sample of calcium
in a laboratory.

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A distant star is known to be moving directly away from the Earth at a speed of 0.1c. The light

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emitted from the star contains the emission spectra of calcium. On the diagram sketch the
emission spectrum of the star as observed in the laboratory. Label the lines that correspond to A,
B, and C with the letters A*, B*, and C*. Numerical values of the wavelengths are not required.
TA
(Total 3 marks)
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4. A source of sound approaches a stationary observer. The speed of the emitted sound and its
wavelength, measured at the source, are v and respectively. Which of the following is the wave
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speed and the wavelength, as measured by the stationary observer?

Wave speed Wavelength

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A. larger than v larger than

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B. equal to v larger than

less than
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C. equal to v
D. larger than v less than
(Total 1 mark)
5. This question is about the Doppler effect.

The sound emitted by a cars horn has frequency f, as measured by the driver. An observer moves
towards the stationary car at constant speed and measures the frequency of the sound to be f .

(a) Explain, using a diagram, any difference between f and f.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

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......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

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(3)
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(b) The frequency f is 3.00 102 Hz. An observer moves towards the stationary car at a
constant speed of 15.0 m s1. Calculate the observed frequency f of the sound.
The speed of sound in air is 3.30 102 m s1.
AD

......................................................................................................................................
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......................................................................................................................................
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......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................
(2)
H

(Total 5 marks)
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6. Which of the following wave phenomena is associated with blood flow measurements?

A. Polarization

B. Diffraction

C. Refraction

D. Doppler effect
(Total 1 mark)
7. During a journey an observer travels at constant speed towards, and then goes beyond, a
stationary emitter of sound.

The frequency of the sound as measured at the emitter is f. The frequency according to the
observer

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A. is always greater than f.

B. is always equal to f.

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C. is always less than f.

D. varies during the journey.

TA
(Total 1 mark)
AD

8. A siren at rest emits a sound of frequency f0. The speed of sound in air is v. The siren moves away
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from an observer at rest relative to the siren in a straight line with constant speed vs.
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The observer measures a frequency lower than f0 because the

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A. speed at which the sound moves relative to the observer is v vs.

B. speed at which the sound moves relative to the observer is vs v.

vs
C. wavelength measured by the observer is smaller by a factor .
v

vs
D. wavelength measured by the observer is greater by a factor .
v
(Total 1 mark)
9. A radar speed gun is used to measure the speed of a car. The car is moving with speed v away
from the gun.

The radar emits microwaves of frequency f and speed c. Which of the following is the frequency
of the microwaves measured at the gun after reflection by the car?

2v v 2v v
A. f+ f B. f+ f C. f f D. f f
c c c c

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(Total 1 mark)

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10.
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A source S, moving at constant speed, emits a sound of constant frequency. The source passes by
a stationary observer O, as shown below.
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AM

Which of the following shows the variation with time t of the frequency f observed at O as the
source S approaches and passes by the observer?
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(Total 1 mark)
 2-D Momentum

1) A 2300 kg cannon mounted on a railway car fires a 45 kg shell at a velocity of 650 m/s at an
angle of 34o above the horizontal.
45 kg
v = 650 m/s

2300 kg

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What is the re-coil velocity of the gun?

TA
2) A 2.0 kg puck travelling at 5.0 m/s collides obliquely with a 3.0 kg puck initially at rest. After the
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collision the 2.0 kg puck travels at 2.5 m/s at an angle of 34o above the horizontal. What is the
velocity (speed & direction) of the 3.0 kg puck after collision?
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3) Examine the diagram below: 4.0 kg

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4.0 kg

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16o
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v = 5.0 m/s
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v=0

6.0 kg
v = 1.3 m/s

What was the velocity of the 4.0 kg puck after the collision?