History of Hyderabad

CMYK
~ sejTe X_ |<es| V<su<T #]. H\T>Te+<\

d+es\ | \T V<su<T #] TuV\b\q, nq+s+
d|tCV\ b\q, s s]+bsTT |CkeTb\q @s&sTT.
s]+ qT+& |Cke #dq |jDyT >+<+ |<q
e+.
ju @ V<su<T q>s deT>#] >+<+. V<su<T
sjT ke Jeq+ |<qb bw+, +<|<X @s&q
s |CkeT |uT + eT+> |#dq eT+<TeTT\ qsd+ >se
>] \+ qT+& y\Te&q s#q. | k> jTq <q+.

sqT+ _jT+ se&+<T. = \ eT |]dT\T
jTs&+ e\q, sheTT |+\T <q$. +&+\ T
jTs&q~. <s\T sE sE |sT>T#T+&qT. <s\|q |uT
+{\T $<q+ neT\T e#d+~. < edTe\T ejT+
e+ s+uyTq$. <=+> #sTCsT, \Te|&+, neT
u\T d+b~+#&eTH |]uw yTT<{ |sjT+ sheTT
y&T e#dq~. |]uw n> |{es *bsTTq~.
ISBN 978-93-82203-53-7
s.150/-
CMYK
KS
50 d+es\ V<su<T
O
BO
eT+<TeTT\ qsd+ >se
O
C
ES
EM
myTk
50 Years of Hyderabad
Mandumula Narasingarao
50 d+es\ V <su<T
eT+<TeTT\ qsd+>se
d+b<\T
& &.#+<XKs s&
dV d+b<\T
\ Dse |+>
KS
eTT<D
pH, 2012
O
BO
y\ : s.150/`
ISBN : 978-93-82203-53-7
O
C
eTTK+
ES
.|sTcY esY
|+sY
EM
ksTT* |+sY
V<su<

|#TsD
myTk T
1`2`7, uq\, |+|D<sT\T
>>HeTV s&, <eT\>&, kV |#TsD\T
V<su< ` 500 029. 29`13`53, Xsse s&T,
bH b : 040`23264028. dsse|, $jTy& ` 2.
e-mail : emescobooks@yahoo.com, bH : 0866`2436643
www.emescobooks.com e-mail: sahithi.vja@gmail.com
KS
O
BO
O
C
ES
EM
eT+<TeTT\ qsd+ >se

1897 ` 1976

EM
ES
iv
C
O
BO
O
KS
b<eTT
l eT+<TeTT\ qsd+>se>] s#q b<eTT yjT&+ H
kVdeTTq $T+q seTT. ysT |<\ T. y] nqTue + |<~ . HqT qyD.
KS
nsTTH y]qT, V <su<T |Ck+ #]qT dV d++<e TT
>\y& q>T# $TT\ ]| yjT kVd+.
O
V <su<T sh sjT k+ #] yjT eqqT <X e TT
BO
s#q bs+ue TsTTqqT, >+<e TT eTq<X k+<eTeTT eTTK |T eTT\T
#es yjT&q$. <> $<], #] |]X< , eTq
O
k+|T, >MTD |]d eT*+> \TdT=qT de#seTT s#q

\u eT>T#Tq~. #] <w sTe<e X_jT +<T ||+ # <X\ ]q
C
k+|T , sjT $|y \qT, s +&T ||+ # eTV jTT<e TT\ |]De\ d+K
ES
de#seTT\TL& +<T #|&q$.

EM
l qsd+ >se>] \T>T uw |MD < nqT=qTyseTT. y]

s uw yd | +&qT. >+<e TT L] ydq, = d+<s e TT\T
>eT+q|&T, \T>T uwqT yjTT y] >\ |CbeeTT\T

q|&T #Tq$. <VsD +~ K q #&q>TqT.

s+&T ||+ # jTT<e TT\T s>& + , , sc, s+{ nH <X\
#esT\ sC~s+ q+#&+ , VsT , eTTk* { bddT jT+\T
s\q+ e&+, ||+#+ jTu>+L& dsT&T nd$T+#&
>]+|&T eq _{wt keyT<T, dj | K+&\
k>T#T+&q bH, V+&T, bsT> yTT<\>T bX <X\ ke $<q+
n+yT T+<+, sc eT+ nH qMq k+|T , ] $<q+,
v
< sjT |ue+, eTV>+B HjT+ dV+d d<+\
qqTd]+ ]q us k+<eTeTT, * +> _{wyt sT us< X
n~seTTqT usrjTT\ X+jTT+> n|C| &+, <ojTd+kH\jT
d+ us+ q+ e&+, sTT+{ mH $|y\T e s+ysT
#&>* HsT. H C| eTTq+es 20e X| s +&e <X+
s+u+ qT+ sE sE es <X, #d n<w+ H =+
\_++~. HqT #dq$ esT\T e n$ $|y \T.
H{ >e\ |]d , n|{ |\ J$ $<qeTT, $yVeTT\T, deTw
T+u\ eed, n|{ V+< eTTd+ keTsd eTT, $$< d+<s\ m|{
KS
es<Z s eT>Tq{ se C+ eTVu n b<Tc s|eTT\ $esDjTT
>+<e TT >\e. $ ds <s deq, V+< eTTd+ eT <]
rd$.
O
BO
H{ k+|T d \T|&q~.
\+ |{ \eT u< \T e. V+<Te\T eTeT #s\T
O
b{+#ysT. uVDT\T, nuVDT\ \d, V+<Te\ s esZ\T,

C
es+sT \ *d uH\T #dysTsT. V+<Te\T eTTd+ \ *d

ES
dV uq+ #dysT <T. n+<] |eT, yT , dK+ +&~. |&T

V+<, eTTd+ , uVD, nuVD nH u< + +& n+ dV uq+
EM
#ksT . |eT, dK+ e+ XSq+.

V <su<T sh |\ yqT&q d # { #] <VsD

m b* #|&q< +< #&q>TqT.

_{w +&j sc\ 1885 d+ sT ]|H >essT qs
\eTT, #sD |&q \ usT\T, usT\ e+{ k
d|]b\q |< V<su<T sheTT |yX|T 1935 d+
+<e TVdu y~ qT+& |uT eTT y] y&T Hs+f, sjT +> &
|\T d+ 50 d+\T |]ds sc\ ed+# eT k<sT \ +f yqT&
jTTHsqe!
vi
k+ deTTbsq >+BeTVT |T<\ qT, |\qT |&+ # _{wt
ke y<T\T, <ojT sE\T, eTTK+> C+>sT <X k+eTTq
m n&T >T\TT+&s |+> keqT\ >VeT>TqT >+<eTT
dw]+#&q~.
<] <w |s |+#T >+< s eTVsC wH |s< eTsDq+s
XXq e+eTTqT | eTT> ydqT bs \T >V +#>\ TZsT. n|s
sT nde TjT+ nqT o] +< K q >\<T. u>+ yjTT
>+< s <X eTT d+|Pse TT> bse]y T q ~. n~s+ q <q<s eTT\
$w q T q|sT d jT<q |X e , beH eTwD' nqT ^d y|
KS
#<T esT\ <w ]+HsT >+< s .
eTq <X+ <ojT sE\ nHe T+~ us\T, +|&T\ Tq
O
<\qT <wjT+<T+#T= _{wty] dYd+|<j >Z&d, eTq
BO
sjT ndu d+|<j K+&+#T m |jT+#&q< +~
yeTT\ #&e#TqT.
O
<e C] #e] eTsDq+se TT n|{ |H |t y\T nqT jTTesE,

C
jT$T<e m&sT nqT |sT +>+&T <Xe TT sE>, us< X #e]>

ES
d+VH~| T H sT. jTq +>+&T sT+ #seTTq $sT<e TT>

d+|H nqT keqyTq d $yVeTT #dT =q\+q+<Tq d+
EM
|\H _{wt bsyT+T &H, s|]>+ #dH&T. ~ n&

bsy T + |uT eTTq d++~+q d<#seTT.
eTTd+ ~CrjT d<+eTT, V<su<T sh $<+k mT\

eT\yTq <, bkH $se+ |H<T\T m |&q y k+ C, usrjT

+ u eTT nqT q |d e TTjTT $eseTT\T 212, 213 |\
#&q>TqT. us<XeTTqT N\pq u$TqT, < d++~+q
de#seTT, qT\ n~qT q|&> \ <T.
l qsd+ >se>sT XsT&T, <s eTT, , o\eTT, d<#seTT\ MT<
qeTeTT >\ysT qTH n <DeTT\ $q T q|]# sjT #]qT
yjT>*].
vii
V<su<T sheTT us<XeTTjTT $_q ucd+d T\
d+>eTkqeTT. # \T>Tys n~ d+K >\sT. y]$ =$T~ \T.
V <su<T q>s+ \T>Ty]<. eTVsw\ , sT\ kq+ sT y~. sh
Hu eTTd+ d+K |X |~VqT eyT. #{ b\&T eTTd+.
n+<Te\ |C+eTT @ eeTT #{es<qT XjTeTT C+>sT
eTTd+ \T T~ es bs&]. y] &T> _{wt b\\T, n\ us
eTTd+ > ysT +&]. d+<s >eT+ >+B>sT V<su<T
sj <e <X k+<eTeTT $&s d++<e TT >\<, #{
| #s us<XeT+{ V+<èTTd+\ \VeTT\ <]rjTTq,
V<su<T | sjT bseTT sT| bV+#bjT~.
KS
n+<Te\ _{wt |uT eTT <X+ qT+ y< =\>T XsTT+q sT yH,
C+>] es+> | bs+ |\# >dT 1947 qT+&
O
bs+ueTsTTq~. >+BJ 1948 qe] 30e Bq V >$+#&
BO
|s > T ] . ysT }V+ *|qT |< ;u eTT, V+k+&, T<
us |uT bdt #s # d+kq |\ 17e d|+ sY 1948 q k+eTT
O
\u eTjTqT. <X k+ V <su<T |\~ T~ bseT>T# #]

C
ne>Vq >+<e TT eX, |j >eTT dTee TT.

ES
V <su<T 1900 d+ qT+ 70 d+\ #] yjTeq d+*+

70 d+eseTT\ V <su<T n >+< HeTsD + #d] . 1946 d+
EM
es #] yjTTH 12e yT 1976 q dsdZ T ] . n|{ y] ejTdT

79 d+\T. sDeTTq e\q 50 d+\ V <su<T nqT |sT >+<e TT
y\Te&T#Tq~.

#] 1947 d+ qT+ 1956 es ]q <e\T, *q

sjT d+#\qeTT, esT\T neTTKyTq $. >dT 1947 qT+ d|+ sY
1948 d+ es C+ es bseTT, 17e d|+ sYq C+ >sT |<M
uw\T e&eTT, eTsTd{ ~qeTTqT+ $T* |uTeTT @s&&eTT,
sT y \+>DeTT eTdT\ kjTT< bseTT, yTT<{k ] 1952
d+ ]q ks m\T, sheTT |<eTeTT> |C |uTeTT
@sT, <q +se TT ucsc\ sD+ V <su<T sh $u q ]q
viii
w, 1e qe+sY 1956q +< |<X nesD yTT<\>T #] |T eTT\qT
CrjT, n+srjT <wqT, ny<, $Ty< X\qT yT$+#T=
#]+#< q eTTU+XeTT\qT $XB]+# eTT+< >+< s |s >T &>T
$T* <Ts<wseTT. y] <w m +&< |&T meseT #|eTT.
n+<Te\q sT \ ysTT+ >+<e TTqT |P]#j T T eT|+#, ks
d$TysT | n+XeTT\ d++~+q = eTTK |T eTT\qT esZ+se TT
|eTT> >+< |]de|`dMT jTqT |sDeTT +< (383 |
qT+&) <V ]+ >+<e TTqT +#q bjTeTT> |P]#d ] .
>+< s >T]+
KS
>+< s sh Crj<eT k| \ sT . y] |C J$eTT 1918
O
d+ qT+ bs+ueTsTTq~. sjTY nqT s | <s ysT
Crj<e |Ck+ #dq de ny|T eTT, n|VyT q ~.
BO
C+ esbs\+ sh|uT eTT sjT Y |qT | >+< s q T
V <su<T qT+ ys <qT w<qT q~. < \+|T +q+<T,
O
1947 d+eTT qe+sT 24e Bq qsd+ >se>] s+~+ eTTwsu<T

C
C\ T +]. n|&T y]y+ y] eTTesT&T l seTyVqse

ES
L& +&qT. H\sE\ sTy C+>sT, eT+ |<$ |+#<eT

>+< s q T C\ TqT+ $&|+ ]. ysT eT+ |<$ n+^]+#< T .
EM
>+<s V+< eTTd+ dK+ MT< sh sj\qT d+d]+

u< jTT |uT eTTqT C+>]# |+#T eT |sT eqT, bDeTTqT
& |jT +]. eT&T |sjTeTT\T d+|~+|\T ]|]. eTTd+ \ n~

b< $T|+#T L& n+^]+]. eTTd+\T, C+>s

|+< n+^]+#< T . >+< s |jT eTT eTTd+ eT |X eTTjTT,
V+k ;u eTTqT, <> <X =+es +Z q< #| e#TqT.
< M] d+|~+|\ |j qeTT.
qsd+>se>], >+BJ sD se\MT< $XdeTT yT+&T.
V]H<s D , V+<èTTd+ \ yT d< |jT +#T#T+&ysT. V <su<T
dMTbq >\ j<] |* qsd+ Vk$T <ekqeTT usT n< \T> qT+&
ix
<y\jTeTT n_e~ # w#d ] . us de de| +< |<X
XK n< \T>qT, 1954 u d+dsD\ +< jTsT#jT &q +&T
MTwH #s H> qT+& |X+ ksyT q de #d] .
l d+Jes&, <y<s+ d+JejT>s eT+esZeTT 1956 qT+
1962 es k d|]b\q, s&T, _*+>T\T + XK\ eT+T\T>
| # d ] . s e s V DqT, , CsTTr\qT, > + < s > {
|T<\ >\ysT. dV keT due\T. u>eeTT, sejTDeTT e+{ u
>+<e TT\T, s, b\ >\ eTTd+ u \ #]\T d< #<T e#T+&ysT.
ys eTT deTT y~ u<| & T #T+&~. +&T s jTDeTT eTsDeTT
KS
d+b|+ q~. |D|sTw\T.
>+< s *> sT leT seTujTeT, +& y+ qsd+ Vse>sT.
O
M]~ yw y #seTT. qsd+ Vse>] |< esT&T >+< s qsd+ >se
BO
s +&e esT&T seT#+<se n\T&T sT\Z seTws e. eTT>TsZ T
k+ bseTT u>keTT\T, sjT y\ T, HjTy<T\T. qT
O
M] q *< + &T\T <q T\T.

C
H~ q\>=+& ` |\\ eT] >eT+. +< eTVdu <e\

ES
d++<e TT >\y. C+ es bseTT (1947) jT$T~ H\\

|> C\ T qT+{. n< > eTdT\ T re+> ]|q kjTT,

+>dT n<&T>, dT+>dT HjT\ qT+&, X+=s
|jT +# neXeTT H \_+q~. n+<Te\, lqsd+ >se>sT, >+<

|#T sD H eTT#{+ jTT+&]. s>H y] esT\T lqsd+ Vse,

>b\wH s e, s<ws e>sT y| n+~+]. >+< |#T sD HqT
T&H.
V <su<T yT\ Xese
27`11`1977 y<&T
x
FOREWORD
It is a matter of satisfaction for me that my esteemed friend

the later Mr. M. Narsing Rao has compiled a record of important
events of Hyderabad since 1900-1946. I have had the occasion to
discuss with him about recording the previous Hyderabad history
covering the period within the direct knowledge and experience
KS
of ourselves as we were born about the end of the last century
and were educated and brought up in the same social
environments. We have lived through our personal experience
O
and were aware of the weak as well as the strong points of that
society. It is agreed that Hyderabad was a feudal State and it had
BO
the good and bad points of a feudal State. If the monarch or the
Prime Minister was a capable and enlightened person of liberal
views the regime was, for all practical purposes, satisfactory.
O
Otherwise the people did not feel happy. During this period the
C
Prime Ministers, who were really the de facto rulers were persons
of high calibre and belonged to the aristocracy, though not
ES
progressive according to modern views. For instance, the regime

of Maharaja Kishan Pershad and that of Nawab Salar Jung were
considered satisfactory by all sections of the people as they
EM
followed the traditions of Sir Salar Jung and Raja Nirender Bahadur
whose period is considered as significant and notable for the
reforms they introduced and the progress they achieved for the
State. Later on when the feudal gentry was substituted by the
middle class people who were in touch with modern currents, the
political and social conditions changed considerably. For instance
when persons like Sir Ali Imam, Sir Faridoon Jung and Sir Akbar
Hydari took charge as Prime Ministers and when Ministers from
the middle class like Raja Muralidhar and Akhil Jung were included
in the Cabinet the people expected drastic changes in the old
system. There is no doubt that Sir Ali Imam and others were able
to carry out certain projects and programmes for the economic
development of the State. Major Irrigation projects were taken up
xi
and the States economy was improved by eminent engineers like
Ali Nawaz Jung who was a close associate and friend of
Sir M. Vishweshwariah, the great engineer and administrator. But
the political structure of the Governmental machinery did not
respond to the public urge for participation in the administration.
In 1927, some of us including Sri Srikishan, Barrister Ali
Yawar Jung, B. Ramakrishna Rao, Baquer Ali Mirza, Fazlur
Rahaman, Kasinath Rao Vaidya, Ramachari etc. as referred to in
Mr. Narsing Raos memoirs, have met and discussed the political
and economic situation of the State on several occasions. It was
then that Mr. Narsing Rao took up Journalism with a view to
representing our progressive views and gave up his legal
profession. This was welcomed by the Intelligent and progressive
KS
sections of the society. I must put on record our gratitude to
Mr. Narsing Rao for the great service he has rendered through his
news paper Rayath in shaping and projecting the public opinion
O
as well as in making an effort to maintain the good old traditions
of amity and friendship between the various communities of the
BO
State keeping in view at the same time the demands of the changing
times so that the society may gradually develop on modern and
democratic lines. Had this effort not been opposed and thwarted
O
by the British Government as well as the vested interests in the

C
State, the Political History of Hyderabad would have been entirely

different. As in the sister State of Mysore in Hyderabad also the
ES
political situation would have shaped itself to suit the modern

times. But as healthy and normal political activities were not allowed
to function in the usual course the urges and aspirations of the
EM
people which wanted expression were diverted into religious and

communal channels, which enabled organisations like Aryasamaj
and Ittehadul muslimin to indulge in harmful activities. It was the
earnest desire of persons like Sri Kishan Barrister and M. Narsing
Rao to maintain communal harmony respect and courtesy for all

religions which was the hall-mark of the good old traditions of
Hyderabad. The forces of vested interests defeated this well
intentioned move and ultimately brought about a serious political
crisis where persons having balance and progressive views were
thrown aside. I very well remember the meeting that took place at
my own residence between Nawab Bahadur Yar Jung and
Mr. M. Narsing Rao who, inspite of their different political views,
were trying to bring about some realistic and objective settlement
xii
between the two major communities of the State viz. Hindus &
Muslims and who had very deep, affection for the noble traditions
of Hyderabad. But the sudden death of Bahadur Yar Jung who
was able to shape, control and represent the Muslim opinion gave
a rude shock to the persons who were determined to bring about
a healthy compromise between the two communities: I am witness
to the sincere and keen interest evinced by Bahadur Yar Jung for
the Hindu Community by Mr. Narsing Rao for the Muslim
Community. When the talks failed I saw with my own eyes the
tears in the eyes of these two great leaders. The political history
of Hyderabad after the break-down of the talks was something
which makes Hyderabadis feel deeply distressed as the two
communities were inexorably separated by political theories and
KS
dogmas which brought ruin to the whole state and particularly to
the Muslim community.
I would like our young generation to study the facts
O
mentioned in Mr. Narsing Raos memoirs and consider the basic
principles for the good Government of any State, mutual love and
BO
respect by all communities for each other which alone would create
confidence so necessary for running any Government in a
satisfactory manner. Let us consider the economic and political
O
trends in our country and in the world and create an atmosphere

C
conducive to the economic development and social progress

where the poorest of the poor is looked after irrespective of caste
ES
or creed. The message of our great Saints and Avtars and the
message of the Father of the Nation is to endeavour in all humility
with a view to finding out the Truth and doing Justice and serving
EM
not only our people but through our country the peoples of the
world who are under distress and suffering socially, economically
and politically.
Mr. Narsing Rao bas tried throughout his life to maintain a

high standard of morality and rectitude in Public Life inspite of
the difficult circumstances and had always maintained the feelings
of affection and regard for the people of all the communities and
of all ranks. He devoutly worked for a healthy society which would
respond to the changing conditions in the country.
I am grateful to my friends Shri P. Hanumantha Rao,
U. Kesava Rao and to my young friends like Jalaluddin and
B. Ranganatha Rao who have co-ordinated the work of Mr. Narsing
xiii
Rao furnished me a draft translation and enabled me to write this
Foreword. I appreciate their sustained and sincere efforts to
prepare the Press-copy of the Manuscript.
Let me put on record the keen interest that Sri J. Vengal Rao,
the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh took in this matter and
helped us financially which has greatly helped us to bring about
the publication of these memoirs.
In conclusion, I offer my homage to the memory of my dear
and respected friend Mr. M. Narsing Rao.
Hyderabad
Dt. 7-9-1977 MIR AKBARALI KHAN
KS
O
BO
O
C
ES
EM
xiv
$wjTd
yTT<{ |sDeTT
d$wjTeTT 1 q>s+ |\T 31
qqeTT, $<udeTT : yTT<{ ||+# jTT<+`
M~& eT<sd 2 C+>] <Ts+\T 32
u\ $yVeTT 5 _{w |uT CeTT 34
deTw T+ eed 6 Xus+u+ <sT |eTTKT\T 35
>eT J$eTT 7 leT ds HjTT&T 36
C+ s eed 8 V+< eT d+dsD <e\T 37
KS
n|{ >eT eed 10 mEwq qsH 37
<ds |+&T> 10 jT+> yTH jTjTH 38
yeTqHjT, Xese>s
O
|s< 11
$yV\T 11 HjTeTT 38
BO
sD\T`|f+&T 11 sC V<sT y+ ses& 39
d<| d 12 =+& y+ s+>s& 39
O
\T 13 >+<\j<eTeTT 40
<sT 13 e&b{ VqTeT+se 40
C
k+|T Jeqd 14 kw H
|

s H
40
ES
H{ HDeTT 16 y<, Xs 41
X+u<\ d 17 $|ey~ l wH 41
EM
VHH bdT n~] 18 eT&e |sDeTT

e$T& |+& +>TuT 10
V<su<T sj\T
s+&e |sDeTT 1911`1920 43

|D J$eTT 22 +s <eTeTT 43
, uqX\\T e 23 >+BjTT>s+ueTT 44
@&e C+ ~| + 25
y
T D u<
j TT |
u

T
eTT 44
se C+ ds<s deqeTT 25 dVjT ssD<eTeTT 46
|< eTVsC V<sY ` V<su<T |T <eTeTT 46
wH |s< 26 C+ yK]| us eTTd+\
V<su<T q>s d 28 sdq 46
kj $X$<\jT bs+ueTT 30 Hj~s\qT ysT#jTT 48
xv
sjT d+dsD\ yTT<{ jT+ 49 = n_e~ se\T 70
es X\T 50 | s#sTT> HqT 71
dsY n sTTe+ sJHe 51 |\T, |~|T\ u<\T 73
H | m+C y~ 51 kj $X$<\jT+
|C <e\T 1921`1930 52 u<quw 73
sD seTeTT 53 eTT uy\qT \|s#T 73
UB <eTeTT` V<su<T ]<eTeTT 74
eTVT >eTqeTT 53 sqT =q&eTT ` sjTY |qT
V]H<eTeTT` |yjT&eTT 74
~ V+< >T de 54 deTH MTwH >eTqeTT 75
V]qT\ <sD +>dT yTT<{k] <ojT
KS
ueTT+<>] de 55 sC\>T]+ rsqeTT 76
+<<eTeTT bs+ueTT 56 <ojT s |\ esT 76
O
+<<eT+ yTT<{<X 57 n+eTH sF V<su<T 76
y{#] 57 =HjT+ 78
BO
+<q+< d+|T deyX\T 58 Xs<#eTT ` u\ $yV s<
bs k+eTT|q w<eTT 59 <eTeTT 79
O
H\Ze |sDeTT nsTT<e |sDeTT

C
<X+ +>dT, | d>VeTT ` eTVT&

<+&j 81
ES
XdH\+|TH<eTeTT 60
+>dT u<_bj\T 61 V<su<T s|q VMT 81
>+B`]H d+~ ` s +&e
EM
V+<èTTd+ \VeTT\T 61 >T+&T\ deyXeTT 82

Kb |<$ s<T#jT&eTT 62 <ojT sE\ >+BeTVT
sj\ eTTdeTT\ ys 63 Ve 82
H& +>dT eTVdu 63

V<su<T d<o <eTeTT 84

<ojT sC\ |\ +<<eT| s+&e <X 84
yTT<{ eTVdu 64 yTT<{ +< eTVdu 85
ssT C+ +<q 65 s+&e +< eTVdu 86
_{w |se~seTT jTT bs k+eTT`w<\T 88
$y#q 66
_{w y] CeTT` <ojT sE\ s+#T _{wt |uT
bsk+eTT| u< 88
|P] s+<eTT 68 V<su<T sjT eTVdu
ssT 89
xvi
] |X+d 89 @&e |sDeTT
$yVeTT\ sjT beTTK+ 90 1935 d+ H{ us
sjTY | ] nqTeT 91 sC+> #eTT 114
ybs e+<eTT`sT\ u<\T 91 +>dT eT+T\ q&e& 115
C^sY sTT sT\ |Tw 92 _{wysT |{q 116
+<eTVdu sT|=qT ssT |+<+ 116
s+&Ty\ sbjT\ eqT 93 HC+ sh ksTT 117
|uT <w >+<\jTeTT\T C+>] eq |< 118
$|e d+|\T 94
nsTT<e +< eTVdu 119
eT&e +< eTVdu |uT
wsT\T 94 yeTq HjT>] dsZd 120
KS
eTT deTd 96 $< eTVdu 121
HC+ |\ d+|T+ 97 1937 jTT beTTK+ 122
O
HC+ |\ d+|T+ n+yTT+<T 98 eTss& yTT<{ eTVdu 123
C+>] d+VdHsVD
BO
\, eT, |b d+d\T `
s deeTT 99 se+ 124
+>dT, <ojT sC\T 100 yTTVB qyE +> |X+d 124
O
+s+ eeVs\ C+ ` _{w sd&+T CeTT 125

C
+>dT 101 +< eTVdu se deyXeTT 127

|C dyTqeTT 130
ES
+<eTVdu H\T>e deyXeTT

102 $T{ duT\T 130
jTTe\ nd+| 103 ] 132
EM
$X+< k|+#T <XeTT? 105 =+<sT _{w sjTy\

se |s D eTT n_bj\T 134
V]|s +>dT `

s+>d\eTT |q k$T seTq+<rs <ojT sC\T 136

106 eTTd+ ksue~seTqT
se\T 107 $+ y<eTT 137
e] |<CHjTT&T V<su<T eT \eTT\T 139
$#sD $T{ 108 dT +>dt $seeTT 140
V<sT jsY +> 112 XdH\+|TqeTTq b|~ 142
|j+ s | CrjT 113 dT+>dT| w<eTT 143
d+|<jTeTTqT b&qysT 113
xvii
m$T<e |sDeTT |uT {\ è>
<ojT sC\ <e\T ` d>VeTT 174
d>V\T 145 d|eT +< eTVdu 176
eT |bd+d s#qeTT 145 eTdT\ nesD`yT&
sjT V\=s d>VeTT nkdjTwH ` $Ty<T\ <s<w
146 178
eTd#=s d>V+ 147 =$T<e |sDeTT
qsd+>se ` V<sT us |uT jTT<|q ` |\
jsY+> d+uwD\T 148 |sDeTT 181
dT +>dT d>VeTT |<\ n~yX ||`>+B>] ndeT
153 182
KS
sde d>VeTT 153 k+eTT >T]+ >+BJ |T<\
e+<es+ <eTeTT 154 182
O
sh eeVs\ eTTd+> C+ <ojT sE\T, y] d\V<sqT
n\& 183
BO
156
<ojT sC\ |\ eTTd+>T 157 1940 qT+# C+>] k+
w nT $eTs 157 |bd 184
O
HC+ |uTeTT`V< y]
sjT \ (eT+eTT) 158 uy+ 185
C
sh $<+deTTq eT\eTT 159 V< y] <+u\T 185

H{ XdqduT\ s|eTT\T
ES
161 s+&e ||+# eTVjTT<

|]De\T 188
d+|Td+dsDeTT\T`sj~seTT >+B HjT ssD 190
EM
163 H>] ~C d<+eTT 192

V+<èTTd+\ eT< nUeTTq _{wy] d+ |b<q\T 192
sD\T 164
V<y] eT|X <sD 194

|C+ $sT< sjT

d+dsD\T 166 V<su<T eTTk*! 197
H>] <eTT`V<T jTT |jT 197
VMT\T 170 MTsY nsY nUH>sT 198
s+&e ||+#jTT<eTT ` V+< eTTd+ @ |jT\T 199
| sjTuseTT 171 kMTJ s+<eTT 199
sh|uT eT $<qeTT` ]<e\ |> 200
sde <eT de| 172 ] eTVdu 201
dT +>dT |sT esT 173 ss+>eTTq = d+dsD\T 203
xviii
jTT<\| <s\T 206 |>sT q _{w |<eTT 232
n|s sT ndeTjTeTT 207 ~y u+ # ` { +&j
|~jTe |sDeTT <eTeTT 235
<ojT sE\ >+BJ nusq 236
jTT< |CjTT< ds|eTT! 209
u<jTT |uTeTTq b+rjT |<TH=+&e |sDeTT
eTVdu\ +<q 210 { +&j <e eTdT\
8e +< eTVdu ` l s$ es 238
HsjTDs& 211 =$T<e +< eTVdu 239
+< eTVdu >|\T 212 +q>s\ d>VeTT 240
C+>] >VyXeTT ` V<sT jTT< |ueeTT 241
KS
jsY +> e |D 213 n~u\| |qT ` sjTY |
C+>] * eTsDeTT ` $Ty< deTsq 242
HjT\ |seTs 214 ]eT+ uwD ` <wD 242
s#sTT C+ |uT|
O
M $<qeTT ` sT\ +<T\T
BO
d+|~+|\T 214 243
sJd+uwD\ y|\+ 218 +{\T $<qeTT `
sjTY ~q|> esT 219 \+#>=+&qeTT 244
O
l ~>+sse _+<T 220 >+BeTVT |ydeTT 245

C
sjTY |sVD =+<sT |~jTe +< eTVdu 245

ES
H $TT\T 220 eTTd+\ eTdT\ deTsq 246

CrjT $deTT =s sjTY 221 V<sT jsY+> y>+<qeTT
dsY nsY sjT $|\ 223 247
EM
|<qeT+> # qyT 226 eTdT\ <=]q neXeTT 249

eTTd+ eTTKT\ C+>] eTdT\ C+ |uT
VQeH\T 227 bVeTT 249

us sjT |]dT\ $weT<X eTdT ss\ VwsD 250

228 |<TH=+&e +< eTVdu`
sh |\ C+>] nusq 229 eTdT\ edeT>T 251
eTHq \V+ Hd! 230 CrjT|+ <dq 251
wyTq Vs |]d 230 q\>=+& eTdT\
#] $+ uwD ` eTVT d+|Tq ` sDs+>+ 252
X|<eTT 231 V<sTUH eTsDeTT
sEy\T, #+ w <s<w 232 sVdeTT! 254
xix
C+>]# $<w | q\T 254 <ojT sC\ d+K, yX\eTT 276
ksY+> eT+H\T ` C+ V<su<T sh |\T 277
$eTTK 256 <ojT sE\ | n~s\T 278
sJ u> s\T C+>sT 257 <ojT sC\ |]b\\
CrjT +< eTVdu |qsT<sD seDes\T! 278
259 <ojT sC\ u>[ $uq 280
s#sTT |r$j>eTT ` T+ <ojTsE\ |r ` $XdeTT 281
u< ` n<|<$ 261 +< qb\TsT! 281
12 e (CrjT) +< eTVdu 263 bkH e\ <ojT sE\
eTs= +< eTVdu ` \\T 263 $u< \T 282
BsT&T, <sT&T, wsTTUH 264 # qyT sJHe 283
KS
|eTs+>+ jTT<$jTeTT ` * |<q eT+> dsY
_{wy] $<qeTT esT 265 nF+> 283
O
us<X dVs nyT] #dq sjT d+dsD\ VwsD 283
y=& 266 dsY $Ts sTTksTT |<qeT+ 284
BO
bH MT< yTT<{ +u+T T~ (13e) +< eTVdu 286
|j>+ 267 eTdT\ |C y\Te 287
O
_{wt m\ #] |sjTeTT eTdT b| w<+ 287

268
C
us m\ +>dTy] >+< |]de| ` dMT

ES
$jTeTT 268 C+>] k+ |q 288

jTT<| k sh |uT d{ +>dt #+C 289
EM
\j|q 269 sCs <sqeTT 289

c', eT+ <Tsq 270 +< |uT bdT #s 291
sCs n#s\ $T* |uTeTT 293
bs+ueeTT 271

eTdT\ kjTT< bseTT 294

|H+&e |sDeTT #s $Hu >eTqeTT 295
<jT|PsT <ojT sC\ |\ eTdT kjTT< bs $seTD
eTVdu 273 296
n~seTT <sTT+|q _{w us sC+>eTT ` yTT<{
|<qeT+ yTT<{ |q 274 ks m\T 297
_{w <esZeTT`& >eTqeTT V<su<T sh $ 297
274 nqT+<eTT
298
xx
yTT<{ |s D eTT
d$wjT eTT
KS
m+<s H$TT\T V <su<T sh sj <e\ >T]+ ,
HJ$#] >T]+ yjTT qqT # \+qT+ bVdTH sT.
H < yjT& H eTqdT n+^]+#T<T. sDeTT HqT
O
B nsT&q T bef. e e+Xe[ >T]+ =+ yjT& eT<
BO
|PqT+{. eTT+<TseTT y =+es eTe+XeTT >T]+ *d
+&eqH <X+ |sDeTT yd. d+<s+ V<su<T
O
d+kqeTTq+<T > 60`70 d+es *q k+|T, ], sjT,

C
H yT q esT\ >T]+ yjT&+ m+ nedse TTq< >V +. +>

ES
$#]d H{ #] yjT& ]X w q e&b{ VqTeT+se |+T\T,

sT\Z seTcse |+T\T, oH<s e y< >sT n $<\ deTsT\ T>
EM
+&]. eqe J$ ds + <T . ysT { #] @B yjTeTT+<

<{].
=+es |<\ dV #sT \, deT*\ HqT L& +& u>+

H \_++~. s+ y HqT $T* jTTHqT. eq #] yjT&

kVddTHqT. ys+ ~ yjT& |PqT+THqT. n+<T
nHs>+. u>e+T&T <X+ HsysT H dVjT|&e\jTTq
b]dTHqT.
X+ d+|Ps+ e& dTesT b d+es\T $T*jTTq$.
b d+es sujT k+|T, ], sjT, H $|eeTT\T
eTT+<T e# s+ ysT #ksT . e s+ ysT L& @$T e #&< T !
s +&T ||+ # jTT<e TT\T s>& + , , sc, s+{ nH <X\
>=| #esT\ sC~s+ q+#&+ , VsT , eTTk* { bddT jT+\T
s\+ e&+, ||+#+ jTu>+ L& dsT&T nd$T+#&
>]+|&T eq _{w keyT <T, dj, | K+&\
k>T#T+&q bH, V\+&, bsT> yTT<\>T bX <X\ ke$<q+
n+yT T+<+, sc eT+ nH qMq k+|T ] $<q+, <
sjT |u e+, eTV >+B HjT + dV+d d<+\ qqTd]+
]q us k+<eTeTT, * +> _{w ysT us< X n~seTTqT
u s r j T T\ X+j T T + > n| C | & + , < o j T d + k H \j T
d+us+ q+ e&+, sTT+{ mH $|y\T e s+ ysT
KS
#&>* HZ sT.
O
H C|eTTq+ es 20e X| s+&e <X+ s+u+
BO
qT+ sE sE es <X, #d n<w+ H =+ \_++~.
HqT #dq$ esT\T e n$ >=| $|y \T.
O
X| $<]>, jTTe&T>, ys, ~q|\

d+b<&T>, k+|T, sjT ss>, k+<eTeTT
C
u>k$T>, Xdqdu\ duT &T>, +< |<X sheT+>, sTT+ $T+

ES
usrjT bsT&T>, H J$j d+<s+ mH #dHqT`=+

nqTue + d+b~+HqT. qT >< yjT& kVddT H qT.
EM
HqT >=| $<+dT& qT`qT ucb\T+&e#TqT. HqT #]

sT& qTèq #]yT q n+XeTT\qT #]+#T d+<s + bsbT

+&e#TqT. eTTKyTq |eTT +={ +&e#TqT. \| sj \

H =+es dVyT q d++<+ +&&+ e\q H y\T =+<]
|b sV yT q $> q&b e#TqT eq #<T esT\T $ T+# e\jTTqT.
| \T ~<e \jTTqT. < H bsq .
qqeTT, $<udeTT : M~& eT<sd
HqT >eT+ +HqT`dTesT 15 d+es\ ejTdT e#es
>eT+H |]>qT. e >eT+ \=+&|* . Hu \eTT 1000`1200
2 eT+<TeTT\ qsd+>se
+&~. |&T 2500 |q +T+~. \=+&|* eTVT q>sT
\Te] \ #]q~.
X| yTT<{ <X+ e >eT+ |uT bsX \ @~<T . e
HjTq>sT H, eeTT&T seT#+<se $<ud+ d+,
&|+ T\TqT jT$T+HsT. s+u+ \sE e &|+ T\T. y] s
eTV<T VQdH jT$T+|&HsT.
\T>T yjT&q >=\TdTy CT\T, +<e TVu>e+ u>T>
#<Te+, |< jTsTdT\T #jT&+, u> b++> yjT+ ed, \T>T
e< $T $< |P] #dq T> u$+|&~. e \T>T #<T e L& +
KS
es k+~. >eT+ =+<sT |\\ T, { $<sT\ T>, e y+& #~yysT.
yTeTT <jT + dTesT 4`30 >+\ es &y ~ . n~es >eT+
O
m+<s $<sT\ T & e#dysT. u b\T yTT<\>T bsq \ s+uy T
BO
>TD++ <jT + bs\T eTT+#T= dTesT 8 >+\es yTeTT
e<\& yseTT. \+ mesT >e\ ysT { |
O
|#T=HysTsT. n+{ n\yT, #s+ +&~<T. s|P

C
$T*q nq+, + }s>jT, eT> \T|= HyseTT. eT dTesT

ES
9`30 qT+& 10`00 >+ |\ &y [ eT<V+ es q jTsTdT\T,

|< jTsTdT\T e>s #d e<\& yseTT. uHq+s+ kjT++ 8 >+\
EM
es bs\T ]>$. | nw$ TH&T kjT++ 5 >+\qT+, | bs$ T,

neyd |P]X\ e \T+&$.
|{e<T, \+ |+T+f $<sT\ + >> eDysT.

d> #<T ebsTTH, eTD $sT<+ > q&H $<sT\ qT LsT+&

u& + eeT\T. |+T\Te< e n b&e =s& {~ +&~. @
$<]H e u> = <\T |&$. n"{ $T+q
<+&+. bsX\ | &T & +&~. |#dq $<]
<+&+ e&~. n{ $<] &T |T y&.
b<jTT&T @ $~+H *< + &T\T s~+# ysT<T. $<sT\ T
b<jTT\qT >s$+#ysT. b<jTT\T $<sT\ qT |$T+#ysT.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 3
e \T>T $<, n+f |q #| &q s> es d+|P] nsTTq <T |]
e HjTq>sT s, bsd $<ud+ d+ @sT #dH sT. s s
(ds]) uw. eq >e ed+# sD\T, |f+&T, <XeTTKT,
<Xb +&\{ s> #+~qy |\\ +<sT s uw Hs &+ nedse T
\+#ysT. e HjTq>sT e s H]+#{ V<su<T
ed+jTT+& sC n, s w| BH kVT jT$T+HsT. dTesT
1908 qT+& 1912 es w| BH kVT e< #<T eHeTT. |U>+q
bsd $ wk~ s+q >T*kH nH >+< |sq >eT+ s,
bsd uw\ e $<ud+ de|y T + ~.
KS
yTeTT eT<sd (&) <jT + 8 >+\ yy seTT. eT<V+
uH e<\&yseTT. uHq+s+ eT eT<sd y~ . kjT++ 5
O
>+\ e<\& yseTT. >TsTyseT+f e & uj T +. m+<Tq>
BO
ys+ nsTT<T sE\T H]q bs\ >TsTys+ H&T $|+#. d>
$|+#jT&\ e&~. XyseT+f m+ d+w+> +&~. |
Xys+ e X\e +&~.
O
\eTT f| s sT eq~. qT <d ] (Hand-writing) beTTK+

C
bZ sTTq~. \eTT #y # beTTK+ sTTe&~. es

ES
| ujT esT ysTT+ #dysT. \eTT $<sT\ T |e +fH

|H yksT . yTeTT f \eTT ydyseTT. f \eTTqT s\
EM
eT nHysT. #]HsT e< neT&$. d]> yjTjT&\ e \T>T

|+T\T>, e eTekVT, e u> sTT#ysT. |&T e
>eTeTT q bsX\ |]wY Vd\T \<T. 300`400

$<sT\ T+{sT. 10`12 eT+~ b<jTT\T $<u< #jT { HsT.

yTTe TT|q n bs\T \T>TH u~+|&TsTT. $<sT\ T | u>H
bdt neT+{sT. jTes ]<s T $<sT\ T | jT $<]L & d]>
|<+ #<Te&T. yd+ deT+> yjT&T. V+B HeTs+
HsT +{sT. +^w d]> yjTs<T, #<T eqs<T. @ $<]jT q d]>
#<T ebsTTq, eTD $sT<+ > q&q, b<jTT&T eT+<*+#& T .
KseTT #\ jT b<jTT&q kVd+ jT $<]Hq eT+<*+, n{
4 eT+<TeTT\ qsd+>se
$<] *< + &T\T }sTsT. ysT b<jTT& eT+<*ksT . n+es
>sT . $<sT\ T eT sdq \T| dyT #ksT . n+{ #*+# ysT
|Tsy |PqT+{sT L&. | $<d+d $<sT\, b<jTT\
d+| \Tq$. #eTT sT d+| \T dyT d+| . sH\ |#d
b]X$T L\ d+| \T Trade Unions eH, d+| \T q&T|&T$.
=H $<sT\ dyT jT< deTd|q k, eT]=H b<jTT\
dyT y] J+ >T]+# <>eTT >T]+# <> d++~+q
jTe\ (conditions) >T]+# k>TT+T+~. >TsTw d++<+ jTe,
L +f @MT me +&<T ! n+<s sjT y !
KS
|D \ $X$<\j\, J\ |dT yesD+ (climate), |\
\D +, d+| \T, >|\T, u<q $<q+, dyT \T, |T se\T yTT<\>T $wj \
O
>T]+ ys #]keTT.
BO
u\ $yVeTT
\+ u\ $yVeTT\T s>+ #s+. e HjTq>sT
O
#s nqTd]+ H $yV+ L& # q ejTdTH ]|HsT.

C
n|&T H ejTdT 11`12 d+s\ $T+ jTT+&<T . H usejTdT 8

ES
d+s\ $T+ +&<qT+{qT. H<q+ n <H\+f >=|<

u$+#ysT. nwe s uy H n Xg+. eq m$T~ d+es\ ejTdT
EM
<eTT+< &|\ \ $yV+ s|& + #s+.

H |<# * $yV+ L& #s+ |syT e HjTq>sT ]bsT.
eT< s> T+u\ n +#H \T \T|= yTT+ + sE

s.500/` +f $T+#~<T. \+ |[|\ #<T eq< < nH deTdH

<T . e\+ T+u beTTK+ #ysT. T++ mTe+{< , nq>
M |P]Te+{ ys, ne eT\T, ue\T, eTsT<T\T e>s \ \>+\
T+yTH n $#]+#ysT.
\+ $yV\T 5 sE\T ]>$. dMTbq +& <s<X q +&,
m& H r] #dT = +<T e\+ |[ e 5 sE\T+&ysT. 5 sE\
$yV\ d<dT # beTTK+ +&~. sE 50`100 eT+~
50 d+es\ V<su<T 5
bsV\T sV+# uVDT, Xk\T #<T eq j , |PCsT
se+ dV eTT. eT+ r| |+& e+\ d+s D #d uVDT\ mese]
j> (V djT Y) qqTd]+ uj T b\T <D * y] >s$+#ysT.
sE e< esT\T ] H=sT #d yT#Ty*, nH deTdjT +&qT.
ujT n+ *<+&T\ u<H. *<+&T\ q#\T, $yV\T
]bjT$.
u\ $yV\ #seTTq $sT<+ > <eTeTT q&|q y] HqTL&
& . d+ us+ V <su<T sh+ qyTq s u\$yV |<
w~+#&+~. nsTTq|{ >e yqT&q esZ, V]qT u\
KS
$yV\T + sT>TH q$. u\ $yV\e\q =+es u+ +&~.
#\ q ejTdT & n> ] y[, ne eT\ Ve +&, s
O
{& dV Jeq+ >&| { n\yT |&y sT.
BO
deTw T+ eed
eTq k+|T eed deTw T++ eTTKyTq d+d> u$+#&~.
O
u\ $yV\T deTw T+u\T |{w + >+&&+ dV ]+q$. u\

C
$yV\ e\ T+ duT \T dV q+, deTqjT+, dV s+, dV JeqeTTq

ES
n\yT |&y sT. eq deTw T+u\T u>q&#$ . T+u\

e beTTK+ <T . e e<T . ds~s+ s< , , s du
EM
e<T\T= q X keTs eTT\qT T+u <sbdy&T. nq> T+

d+ e TyT q <<+ > +#T= s q ds d+ >+ #dy&T.

{ deTw T+u\T sE mH HqT #dHqT. V <su<T

|D + ed+# |< C^sT<s H H $ T, >e\ ed+# eT< s>
#+~q sD \T, |f+ &T kVQs H H $ T, { deTw T+u\HH
#dHqT. eeT\T s T L& { deTw T+u\T +&$.
\+ deTw T+u\T nsT<T. B mH sD\T. { qMq
$<$<q+, s+&e~ u\ $yV\ kH jTeq+ $yV\T e&+,
eT&e~ us |uT + |qT\ $<q+ (Taxation system).
6 eT+<TeTT\ qsd+>se
|u <Tq <T |s &s T >H +jTsT>H eT\
qe\+_+ eT qq #<T eq nesTT |[ #dT = H{ jTTe\T
d+ J$+ >&| { |PqT+THsT. mesT d+b~+q~ y] >
>{ T+eTTq d++<+ <T . sE T+eT+f 5>TsT duT \
L&q~ us, us , <s T eTT>TsZ T |\\ T. #<T e\T |P] #dT = $yV\T
njTes deTw T++. <T |] ds keq+> ew T++. |uT +
|qT\ $<q+ L& ew T+eTTH bVdT+~. |qT\ us+
|+#T=q{ dbdT\T T+ duT $u+ K+& |\T
yd T +{s T , $ = sE\ s y T q ew T+u\T>
sb+<TsTT.
KS
u d+dsD\ #{ nqTd]+ d*+>TqT | +#T =q& yTsT,
O
yTqsT nH u<+ +& mH T+u\T yTT<\T yTT<, \|q
BO
ysT |&sTT. sqTsqT \jTT yTq K+& |\ s|+ <*
ew T+u\T> u$+#&T#Tq$.
O
deTw T++ u> #<T e=qy], d]> #<e y], deTsT ,

ndeTsT , e<T q *< + &T\, $+Te\, #T \T d]> y],
C
<w y] n+f $+>T\, yTT+ |q n+<] kq+ +&~. n+<]

ES
bwD ]>~. |dT ]$ <q+ nqTd]+ ysT &T#Tq T+u\e\q

\VqTq duT \T <+THsT.
EM
>eT J$eTT
HqT e eeTVQ\ >eT+ #y 1897 d+seTT e] H\

+HqT. #y V <su<TqT+& $su<T y s&T |q , e >eT+

\=+&|* qT+& dTesT 50 yT <sq, q~. sE #y
C^sT >eT+. |&T V <su<T \ +<+.
HqT e d>eT+ \=+&|* |]Hq sTT~es nHqT ><!
yTeTT sE e ed+# yseTT. H+f <s T |<y +&ysT.
e nq qsV ]se H eT&T d+es\ ejTdT q|&T eTsD+ H&T.
e n s<e T, n+ eTT+< #bsTT+~. sDq e HjTq>sT
50 d+es\ V<su<T 7
s s \qT+ e |P]\T edd eq qT e<*|{ dMT|eTTqH
= sTT\T {H sT. dTesT 72 d+eseTT\ +< e\+ eT{ >&\
{q sTT\T sTT+es u>H q~. +{ e eTT&T seT#+<se
+TH&T. HqT 1960 ys q \T T HqT.
eT< {q =+<] yX \ +&T, eT] ]<] s & sTT+&T | ,
q +& eT{>&\ {qy. s <\T, s yT \T #
| yd |q #e&T bksT . #e&T e+ eT< eT< q bdT+ &. yTT+
|q \+ T, dTq+, dyT +T, qTeTT {q +& + f
b\+ {q eT{> &\ +& >{> qe #| e#TqT.
KS
C+ s eed
O
C+ e+ojTT\ s |]b\q \+ C^sT sTT\, U
sTT\ V <su<T sh+ s +&T u>\T> +&~. yTT+ sh+ yX \+
BO
C^sT sTT yX \+ eT&e u>+ es +&qT. C^sT<s, d+kHBX\,
eTU<s kBq+ q sTT C^sT sTT n nq&~. C^sT<s
O
|< C^sT<sT nMTsT (Nobles) d+kHBX \T +&ysT. M] eT eT

C
sTT\ d s ~ s e TT\T+& $ . u e<j T s y q XK

ES
d++~+q+es s T , bdT XK d++~+q+es bdT

d|]+f+&+T (S.P.), HjTXK d++~+q+es dwH &
EM
n~s\T+&$. C^sT sTT bdT n~], shbdT HdsT

qs (I.G.P.) , &, dwH &, sh V sT & jTT+&ysT.
q C^sT<s, eTU<s eT sTT >e\ u$TdT

ed\T#d n~s+ +&~. C^sT >e\ sD\qT, |f+&qT

(eTTqdT\qT) Ms jT$T+# ysT. = = d+<s sD \T, |f+ &
MT<, qsV C^sT<s jT$T+|& HjTT\ +&ysT. yTT+ |q
u $TdT ed\T #dT H ds~s+ +&~. =+<sT C^sT<sT |uT
eq (sjT*) V n eTU< sT, eTU|q T n fy sT.
C^sT<s n~ d+U\T eTTd+ \T. d+kHBX , eTU<s <<|
n+<sT V+<Te. d+kHBX \T |uT |wtw t nqT |qT #*+ #ysT.
8 eT+<TeTT\ qsd+>se
HsT > |uT Bq+ q b++ U sTT nq&~. e >eT+
\=+&|* U sTT ~. \ V o\T<sT, eTT++
bdT nq& du`Hds Y +&ysT. sh+ yTT+ =+ue T+~ V osT ,
<<| qsTeT+~ du`Hds T +&ysT. V os (13) 175 (20)
150 (57) 125 sbjT\ H\J+ +&~. < e~]> bdT
du`Hds T \ (18) 100 (20) 80 (57) 60 sbjT\ H\J+
<=]~.
\ n& & 4`5 eTTKd bdT H \T+&$. n&
yT<sT (Head Constable) sH<sT nqT |sT +&y&T, n +<
KS
4`5 >TsT yqT\T (Hd T) +&ysT. sH<sT H\J+ =+<]
35 sbjT\T, =+<] 25. n~ d+U\ 15 +&~. yq J\T
O
8 qT+ 10 es <=]$. M]|q H sh X+u <\ T <s|& +&$.
BO
V o\T<s bC< ($Tq), ~y (d$) n~s\T+&$. $Tq
dT\ Hsd T & H\es s>s $~+# n~seTT, d$ y|
O
100 sbjT\ es y\ >\ dT\ rsT #| n~s+ +&~.

C
V o\T<sT n+f \ V<T es jTq jT+. jTq

ES
|s q n+f |< nV d+, V&$& L& +&~. ys+sE\ eTT+<

&s\T (Tents) e |&$. @<H e$T& #d n& &s\T
EM
ydysT. jTq m|&T eks jTy n }] sD+, |f+&T =+<sT

|<s T \T &| =eTT\T, uC u +r (H<d s+) jTT+ > }] ysTe<
VsT +& V o\T<sTqT m<Tsy. jTq }s+| e q

+| d# dysT. jTq y+ jTq us, |\ ys +<T e\T,

dVT\T L& e#ysT. +| q sE\T Ms+<] uquH\
>T]+ d]jT>T @sT #d u< sD +, |f+ &~ . +| dMTbq }]
es\T <TD\T |{ nedseTTq edTe\ ds|s #j. B
dsT sV nHysT. dsT sV @e+ |+ ]H sD +, |f+ &T
nqTu$ +# e\d+<. es \T ds| s #dq edTe \ _\T u|T &T
sD+, |f+&T #*+#~. dsTsV =+es }] es\T qw+
u] +#ysT.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 9
n|{ >eT eed
sE >eT |+#jTr \T, usT\ T @M e.
n|{ +B ] 30 d+es\T $T+#< T . = = #{\T neT\T
|&T +&qT. u e<jTXK d++~+q+es = = ]ds T ,
]sT\ T qy<T #jT &T#T+&qT. sjT Ty] u $T +<dT |< #sD
|f sE\T. s T \ eekjT<s , me] #<T e +&qT. X+
s+ue TsTT e, bdT |f+ & #<T e=q = s e TT ysT jT\T<s es ,
b s+ ysT mesT n+> #<T eqysT sT. eq >e\ ds~s+
sD \<. s T \+ sD \ #| # +&ysT.
KS
<XeTTKT, <Xb+&\ |<e\T bsTTqqT eT cH (&+s+)
eTsTe<T. n~s\T H ysT >&q Xu\ nqTu$d eq
O
sTdTeTT\T (y] >+T) y] <=s H +&$. H+X, eTUu eTT\T
BO
|uT eX+ <T . H+ MTwH $#sD >$+ eTT+KT\T (d]| T)
HsT. >eT |\T ys\qT <=s\HysT. |{ e >eTydT\T
O
eTeTT\qT <=s\H n+{sT. yTeTT e yd+ #jT bsTTq|{

yTeTT m&H, yTeTT +& d nq&+, eTeTT\qT >eT |\T
C
<=s\q&+ n|{ sD \ q#~ <T.

ES
<ds |+&T>
EM
<ds |+&T>, >~ >eT |\T e H b>sTT s|e \dq

+#H \ s|& + #s+. <ds |+&T> deTjq >eT |\+ L&
jTT<|P ]|ysT. \+ jTT<\ d++~+q #{\T @M

e. qsT ju Tb\T eT]= T \ T e>s # |{ |sVT&T

|P #dy&T. <T |] yT >=sqT jTT<\ * #ysT.
n+ \d dy \+|T q yy sT. $T<s q+ #dT = n+ <e<s H
yy sT. nT |eT eT n+ b>jT ~. e HjTq>sT ns T ,
eT\b\T, b\T e>s sTT |\+<] dH+#~. <$<+ > >~
|+&T> deTjqL& ]>~. |+#+> XeD+ ]q <T |] e HjTq>]
}]ys+<] dH+ |+|ysT.
10 eT+<TeTT\ qsd+>se
|s<
<Xe TTKT, <Xb +&\ sTT+& &ysT >c (|s< ) b{+#ysT. ~
s &, y\eT<=s\ #s+. <Xe TTKT\ q{ 95 X+ >TsT s &< =s. =
\ y\eT <=s\T+&ysT. uVD<=s\ d+K e. MsTL& |s<
d++~+q+es s& y\eT<=s\ #syT ne\+_+HsT.
<Xb +&\ q{ 95 X+ uVDT.
$yV\T
uVD <Xe TTKT, <Xb +&\T eT +& &|& T #T\qT eTH
KS
]+{ ] #T= $yV\T ]|ysT. sD \ m+ db dT\ TH,
y] +& eT &|& T #T\qT sTTe+ eT <s q~ <, <Xe TTKT,
O
<X b+&\T u$+#ysT. nf s &< =s\T eT +& &|& T #T\qT |f+ &
BO
+& $yV\T $+#+, d++seeT
u$+#ysT.
O
sD \T`|f+ &T
C
X| s+u+ sD \T # \e+T\T. u $T +<dT, ds

ES
|<, |qT yd $<q+ | d+eseTT ]> e+B (e|\,

yjTe+B n, $T @ n) \e\ sD \qT eT+ neX+
EM
\_+q~. s T \+<sT sD \|q <s|& j T T+&e\d+<. sD + $s~ nsTT

sT\ n+ qwyT. eq sT\T sD d+||s +#{
|jT+#ysT. sT\ |s @ Ls>jT\TH sD+>] +>

#ysT. s T e<q Tq eT+ &H m<TH sD +>] eekjT+ s>{

VQeT> #ysT.
yT D sD \ n~s $sT<+ > #<T eq jTTes+ |f+ &T #+C
e+ s+_+HsT. ~ >e~seTT jTT |+|D >T]+q d+|T sD.
d+|T sD |* +> sD \ n~s+ =+es qZ ~. sD \T, |f+ &T
deTqjT+ #dT HsT. , <=s\ n~s+ <T\T |f+ &, sD \ n~s+
k>+ s+uy T q ~.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 11
uj
T T\T *d ds] dT |q q{ 10 sbjT\ #=|q s T \qT+
e+B eeT ed\T #dysT. eeT |f+ & , sD ,
Vo\T<sT, Vo\T e+~ d+~, &|P{ sTL, jTq
e+B d+~`n+<] u>+ +&~. sqT sqT >eT+ |f\ +f
jTq, k+ d<+ #d s >e~]L&.
\+ e }] | e HjTq>sT, sD +, e
|f\ T` eTT>TsZ +&ysT. d<+ q u $T eT&T u>\T eTT>TsZ T
|+ >eT+ s u keTT\
kBq+ +&~.
KS
d<| d
O
\+ d< q u $T # e u $T d<+ +&~.
BO
qu $T k>T& |&e> +&~. n&e\T u> +&$. Hu
e. 1901 d+es| Hu \ |s+ V <su<T sh| Hu
O
yTT+ { |< =+&T \\ q\u ysTT +&~. e eTVuq>sY

Hu @&T \\ nsTT<Ty\T eyT . |qT\ $<q+ L& bVs+ >
C
+&~ <T. y\T* ue\+< d<+ njT u eTT\|q L& ms

ES
10 qT+ 12 sbjT\ es e>D< s (dT) ydysT. \| <q|

<s\qT { L& e>D dT #*+#&+ sT\ # w+> +&~.
EM
eq u eTT\ |{\T k~+ d<+ y\H <s + CdysTsT.

|]d T \| |uT + ysT 1907 d]jT>T 1318 |d

d+es+ u eTT\ qMq d<| #+ <s s T \ = V\

|{\|q u eTT\T rd=q{ bV+HsT. ue\T $+#T= e>D
d<+ #dq# yT d rd=q&Tq, d< e& n{ ueTT
qT+& \| q] u+ b+<e#Tq sTe\T #dHsT. $<+>
bV+q+<Te\q #eTT u $T d<+ e#d+~. = s\T
qqTd]+ sD \T, e*|f+ &T u eTT\T qMq+> d<+|q rdTHsT.
e HjTq>sT L& = s\T+< =+ u $T rdT=].
\T
\ qqTd]+ e >eT+ eT& sTT+&T uVDT\$ +&$ e~,
sD +>]~, >eT |sVT~. yX \ sTT+&T eT&T H\T>T +f me
+&$ e. |\ +&T 15`20 es +&jTT+$. eekjT+ #d
eTTKyTq > |\< n|+#TH~. >eT Hu n~d + K \>\T,
V]qT\~. H>*\T k++ <T eekjT+ #d |\ nqT&ysT.
Ms e bdT |f\T |<$|q +f s&T n nq&ysT.
d+kHBX\T> q ysT eT |sT y+& s& esT> se n
|T HysT. s &T , y\eT\T , j uVDT\T, Ms+ eT
KS
|sT y+& se n |Te&+, eTss\T sC~s+|q eq <T |]
y] #d s+uy T +T+< H }V. s _{w |uT +ysT se
O
nH |<+ y+& kVT V<sT nH |<+ *+ _sT<T\T #ysT.
BO
q s& nH |< se nH |< > \+ > @+{
d++<+ <T .
O
\>\T V+< sE\ \+, >\=+& KTTTcV s+ dq +

#sysT. y]~ d e. +{T\ |*|+#THysT. \> d\T
C
sDs+>+ eT XSs|<sq #d XTdH\qT u> m<Ts=Hys

ES
#]sT\T ydHsT. 1870 es <Xe TTKT\ <>sZ +& d+~ n~+ >
\> +&ysT. { neX\T @M +& bsTTq s +|\T,
EM
e$T& \T, s |\e\T, Ls>jT\ \qT >T |q rd=

|\ | <T\T, Ls>jT\T neTT=q+ M] e> *bsTT+~. M] n\
d+K eekjT+ #dy L& HsT. V]qT\T eekjT J>>

L\T> J$+ >&|ysT. qMq esT\ |*+>, M] =+<sT

eekjT e ne\+_+HsT.
<sT
\+ | >eT+ us<sT n +&ysT. MsT >eT
de\T. Cw bsVT&T, eTT, e&+, eT], ned*, eT],
#*, eT+>*, e~>, e\ $<+ > Ms+ >eT|\ de #jT {
50 d+es\ V<su<T 13
+&ysT. sD +, |f\ T L& >eTde. Ms+<] H+ u eTT\T+&$.
u eTT\ qqTu$ d }sT |T= +&. mese] e qqTd]+ ysT
>eT|\ de #j . u keTT\T y] y] u eTT\ |+&q |+ qqTd]+
<s +<] |sT <q+ |{. e&, eT], e~> yTT<\>T
=+<sT |< <s nqT&ysT. M] qy+ f me <q+
|{.
|&T sTTH+\T e. \| H+ueTT\T
|{u eTT\T> <s kBq+H q$. ds] dT #*d s
u keTT\e MsT L& u eTT\ d<+ #dT + nqTu$ dTH sT.
KS
nsTTqq u keTT\T eT |+ qqTd]+ eekjT| |eTTT #dq +<T
e&+, eT], \T q+<T #*, s+ #dq +<T eT+>*,
O
<$<+ > eekjT sb dV jT|&q +<T, V]qT e~>y ,
BO
s T \T |TT HsT. V]qT\T # qeT<q C n nqT+{sT.
#\+ es }]qT+ ds] &T rdTy[ V o\T KCH, <K\T
#dysT V]qT. bdT |f\ T, es (Village watchman) jTT+ >
O
>eT+ eT< s s+&T >dT y[q deTjq sTTHeTT\T nqTu$ dTq

C
e~>y y+ +&. mesH <=+> nqTeq |esq qysT |T&

ES
n{y sT bdT n|+#&es e~>y Vy\T (custody) H

+&ysT. \+ bdT |f\ T < s+ esT, e~>\T \|
EM
bdTy (Police force) > |#dysT.

| >eT+ @<H ysT >< @s& <s n |T<\
+&~. eT >eT ysT d]> q< y~+#yT m+ V+

eT >eT ysT V<T\ qT b&T bs&ysT.

k+|T Jeqd
\+ J$eds\T # e. _jT+ \T e. >qT>\T+&$.
>qT> rdqqH y&ysT. L* |\+ Cq\T, d\ T y&ysT. {
, | mesT |#THysT <T. s +&T|P &T |+& uq+
#dysT. |+&T>\ deTjqH y< T &T |< + #| H Xs s y&ysT.
\+ <sZ Xss n # |]XeT +&~. XssH yTeT+
y&yeTT. $<TY X |sT L& mes $q<T . sdH >e\ s<T .
>eTydT\T >qT> rdq eTT< Bb\ y&ysT.
yd+ \+ | q sE\ Ls>jT\T u> <=]$. >eTdT\ T
eT eT |s ;s, b, &T, ksb<T\T |T=HysT. + u+&,
e+> { jT\T <=]$. sE\ { Ls>jT\qT #Tf
nyT #s+ <T . mesT =HysT <T. e{\T+&$ e. e{ +f
\TT #dT + < y{ y&ysT sT.
>eT+ |< s T \e< qsT jus TT e\, s\ eT+<\T+&$.
KS
yTjT& jT<#> ;&T ueTT\T+&$. eq >e\ b& =s
m+e+ +&qT. b\T neTTH #s+ L& +&qT. |< s T \T
O
eT> es me] s]+#ysT <T. n+<] eT> +> <=]~.
BO
sT\T HsTT nyTysT. eT+ XuyTq HsTT <=]~. |H+&D\
&~ nsTT<T |d \ XsT <<| eT+ C HsTT <=]~.
O
@ edTe q nH e me] *jT<T (|&T n edTe .

n+ ybsyT n nqT&TTq~).
C
ES
e qq+ dV s d+| \T e>s @MTe. >eTdT\ + }]

kVQs (eTT y<T\T) |q <s|& +&ysT. \+ e
EM
>eT+ kVQsT+&y&T. q\T>TsT nq<eTT\ L&q |< T++

jTq~. u> &T \Te q |< kVQsT &T. jTq V<jT +
# eT+~. >eT+ |< q s T \T, L* H* #dT = J$+# L\T

<<| n+<sT kVQsT keTT. neds+ *q|&T jTq n+<]

<THy&T. se \T, \T L& \+ ed +&$. |P
L& +& +& |yk\T >&|qysT kVQ] keTT\ HqT
#&< T . keTT\+ |+\T eq s +, n+ kVQ]
<q+ eT TTD+ rsTHysT.
\+ s&T\T, s\T, syD edT\T, ks\T` @M
+&qT. s +&T m& +& syDks +. e }] dMTbq m& d+
50 d+es\ V<su<T 15
n+>& k> }sT <T . |{ c<Tq>sT <{q s 5`6 yT <sq
dssT q>s+ nH >eT+ d+ k>~. e }]qT+ d+ k> >eT+
dTesT 30`35 yT <sq +T+~. e kVQsT qe< \TejTTq
<q+ +&< s dssT q>sT d+ syD #d n&qT+ >eT|\
neds| edTe \T = e >eT+ # ysT. $<+ > |\ J$eds\T
e >eT+H \u eTjT$.
\+ b|; +&~. n~, nu> <]+#ysT. e
qq+ qdeT qT+& #<T eq uVDT\T |T HbjT T\T d+#s+
e#ysT. y] uq+ @sT ]>~. >eT |sVT +{ ksTT+
KS
(provisions) |+|&~. uHq+s+ <D \T y] k>q+| #s+
+&~. eT+ &T $\Te>\ kVQsT eT sTT+{ &|&T#T\ $yV
O
dTeTTVAs d+<s+ L& $yV+ #sTT+q |sVT eeT\T
BO
d+ueq <D q, me @$T ee\dq neds+ < u$+#ysT
( \+ @yTq &T beTTK+. n+ &T <dT\T).
O
H{ HDeTT
C
X| s+u+ V <su<T sh+ dT>sT d n, #*d

ES
n, V d n # j sT#jT &q sbjT\T y&+ +&$.

eTT< |d \ s |d \ T+&$. V sbjT e]d 96 |d \ T <=]$.
EM
yT D dT>sT, #* sbjT\ y&+ bsTT, V d (HD+) f

y&T qT+&~. < C+ |uT | d . d+ us+ C+ s+
qeTjTes L& sbjT y&T qT+&q~.

_{w b+| us< X + +| sbjT sT sbjT nqT

|sT _{w dssT d (B.G. Currency) y&T +&~. C+ d _{w
b++ |sbjT~, +| sT sbjT C+ sh
d]V<T b+\H y&&&+ V <su<T, d+ <u<T +q>s\
ed+# _{w dssT <>T\+<] J\T sT sbjT\H e&$.
V<su<T sh+ qT+ _{w b+eTTq #jT& m>TeT e.
n&qT+ & me ~>TeT ]>~. sD\{e\q V*d y&+
bZ e&+ ]+<, * +> V* d , sT d es+ s T ds + >
+&b jT< n+{sT. e+< sT sbjT\T neds+ +f 125
es V* sbjT\T #Te\d e#<. =+\+ ]q <T |]
es+ s T 116 sbjT\| =+ \s ss TT+|&q~. e+< |<V sT
sbjT\T, |q 30 |d \ T u\T (V\T) sTTd e+< sbjT\T sT
<=]$.
\+ <H` e&T, Cq\T yTT<\>T Vs <H H $ T
eTT<\T, q\T, | yTT<\>T q>B (cash) <H\sTTH$ T` <s e
+&~. sbjT y\ me. sbsTT 24 XsT V 4 |d \ 1 XsT
KS
#=|q Cq\T, sbsTT |H +&T Xs es 8 |d \ XsT #=|q
_jT+ <=]e. $ uCsT keq <s \ T. 1898 1899 d+es+
O
eT+ e\ |+\T <HjT. sD+e\ Vs< H\ <s \ T #
BO
|]H. n|{ |uT + V <su<T |D + # <TD\T |{ sbsTT
_jT+ @&Tqs Xs #=|q, Cq\T |H +&T Xs #=|q n$T+# @sT
#d+ < \| ]sT\ e\ \TdTq ~.
O
C
X+u <\ d
ES
n~ X+, u < \+. sj T +> &\T (+~bT <=+>H \T)

]>$. >eT+ qT+ += | >eT+ L& mes sj T +> y s T .
EM
Hu e. eekjT+ q u $T # e. m& y[H n&e\T,

>T\T, =+&\ eT< qTq jT qT+ |j D+ #j *e#~ jTqT
>+& n+{sT. <VsD eTVd >+&. { @ >+&qT+ |j D+

#jT e\deH uj T yT. uksq T <#TH, u\T =f <=+>\T m&

< Hs, m|&T e MT<|& <#T+{s n ni#T\ bD+
|T= |j D+ #dysT. @ s @ >eT+ &L\T (Dacoits) e,
me] +{|& #+|, *, <#Tbs nH~ m|{ uj T yT. $<+ >
uj
T + L&q J$+ >& |ysT >eT |\T.
\+ | =+<sT |sT>\ &L\T+&ysT. q\>=+&
sHqjT nH y&T+&y&. M~ dTesT 150 eT+~ L&q |<
50 d+es\ V<su<T 17
>+>. eTVTq>sT |+<=$T< X| n++ $Tjk,
y{ b|& , |+&T> ksTT>&, |< &L\T+&ys. |+&T> ksTT>&T
e+ X| s+u+ |T|& |uT+ $~+q eTsD
nqTu$ +H&T. +{ +~bT <=+>\T &L\T, yTT+ C+ sh+
y|+ +&ys.
eTkH nH |< &L HjT + u*>, |+u nH duT \
L&q |< >+>T +&< . 1304 |d >+>T <& (expedition)
]|q d+<s + sT>TsT d\ equ+ >+ #d 32 u\T ={, s +&T
& ydH s.
KS
n|&T V <su<TqT+ s \Ty s&T | e + @ s&
<T . 1919 d+eseTTq |Ps+ V <su<T, s \T, <D#\+ s \ T
O
<T . yTeTT m& y[H s +&TjT& +&H |j D+ #d yseTT. e
BO
}]qT+ V<su<T seqq n~ s+&T sE\ |jD+. e }]
ysT|q H u\T =f <=+>\ uj T + s+ue TjT~. <T |] 10 yT <sq
O
q H<TqsT, s V<su<T |D dMT|eTTqqTq eT+U\,

eTVXs+ ysT <{HeT+f #eTT >& mqf n nqTHye TT.
C
n|{ + uj T +sy T q >+& <e\d +&~. n~ uu ws=BH

ES
|V & (>T) dMT|eTTq s +&T >T\ eT< qT+& |j D+ #jT e\dq

esZ+. & m|&T eTVXs+ |\H (Battalin) d++~+q nsT
EM
d \ <|& uj T + +&~.
uksq T s+ #& uj T +sy T q >+&\ qqTd]+ bdT H\T

(out-posts) +&$. bdT >Ti| dysT \T+&ysT. ysT |jD\qT

eT d]V<T <{+#ysT.
VHH bdT n~]
{ nsjT yTq |]d T \ u&< q T n+yT Tq]+, X+u <\ T
k|+ q |D+ V+H (Mr. Hankin) T HsT. MsT 1880 d+es+
<T|] C+ sh d<sY HyT * (bdT HdsY qs) >
jT$T+#&sT . jTq dTesT b d+es\T |<$ | qT+&HsT.
jTq +> bdT eedqT |qsT<]+ X+u<\T k|+q
eTVqTue&T.
s&T, syD ks\T, y{sTsT sE V+H>sT
d+es+ m$T~ edeTT\T |s q ]| es\+ H\T>T H\\T eyT
q |d T +<kqyTq V <su<T qed+#ysT. jTq s +&T m& {+>,
>Ti+|q |s q #dy&. +<yT <T, \ +<+, \
eTTKyTq >e\ eT&T, H\T>T sE\T +|#d n+ |]o*+#ys.
n~s, nq~s u< + +& n+<] d+>T \T *d=Hy&. y+
yqTL& +& >Ti+|q & y[, b\T<TH s T \H,
KS
|Xe\T# |\y dV k eeVs\T, bdT n~s >T]+
\TdTHy&.
O
|sjT+ V+H >sT +<sT (Ceu<T) y[ k n~s+ <]
BO
MT{+>T ]|, sTH\\ >&T e H&. >&T e|\ b++
&L\+<s |T&, uksq T <# <=+>\ }sT |sT +& y.
>&e |\ | s> jT&\ bdT n~sT, yTd T n+ nqedse T
O
|uT+ sjT+ rdTe\d +T+< V#]+H&. B |*+>

C
Ceu<T X+u <\ T @s&jT \+ n& sT Hds T >

ES
|#dq sCV<s Y y+ ses& #| > $HqT.

sCV<s Y y+ses& es+> yTTVMTyT (S.P.) > +&
EM
sE, jTq @&$T~ H\\T yTT+ |s q#d +<+ #sT q

s q |s q ]bsT |+|H&. @sTH>s+ |s q #jT & ys
yTTVMTyT (S.P.) qT jT$T+#eH? n ]esT #d V+H >sT ]bsT

y|dT |+|Hs, sT y qT y+H @sTH>s+ |s q #d ]bsT

|+| <|q V+H q d+w+ *|H& L& sCV<s Y y+
ses& nHsT.
yTT+ |q V+H C+ seTT X+u <\ T k|+ neTsTH sT.
jTqqT |\T eTsTesT . ..|. |d T |<$ |q eTVeT<T qyE+>T
q+_jsY eesY eTsesTq|{, |d T qT e+ eeT\T
|\T V+H ku <|s Y nH n+{sT.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 19
e$T& |+& +>TuT
m+ eT+ysT L& = deTj e$T&b rjT sk
&bsT. |{ c<Tq>sT dMT|eTTq s&T |eT ~q q | sTU
q>sY Cq+ | \+ + nUH n |s H +&y&T.
n J$++ es e n< n~s+ k+~. + nUH
s |>\ +f n+ |>\ T nqe\d+<. < |>\ TqT s n+f me]
s nq+& +& M\T<T .
| sTU q>sY eTVsC wH |sY c< C^sT. jTq >=| C^sT<s
se C+ eTV b<Tc |seT $TT&T. n|&T eT+>qT,
KS
<T |] eTV b<Tc eT+eT+&* 1910 es |< q eT+>q
H&T. + nUH eTVsE>] k+u eTT\T = $T+#TH&T.
O
eTVs n eT+<*+#C\<T . + nUH sT\Z seTcse
BO
| P ] \T nqTu $ d eq V s + | * nH C^s T >eT+,
$T+#TH&T. + nUH <q +s+ n esT&T ~ V<s Y
O
UH seTcse>] d+~ #d = >e e<*ydH &T.

C
| sTUq>sY + nUH {q |< $X\yTq sue q++{ ue qeT,

ES
H\T>< T yT yX \+ y|+, sV sV e$T&# T >\ \T+&$.

nsTT e$T& |+<qTL& +| kVd+ mTe+{y bjT~.
EM
n&T #| +< Xdq+. n&T $~++< .

n <>sZ m|{ e+<, jus TTeT+~ L&q sV\ d+~
+&~. MsT> eTq<X eTTd+ \T, k \>y L& n +{T\T>

|#dysT.
|&s s +&T b\T m&HH +& n+<TqT+ b
+ nUH d V j T + ] # \T, n d q + y ~ , Xd + # ~ .
bdT\T`sT\ T n+<s dVjTT. + nUH XdqyT #~ !
+ nUHqT <T. n d+~qT+& me]HH nsdT #jT &
sTy]q ys+T rdTy[ bdTy eT+> eT +<+ ]
#sT HysT <T. H= deTjTeT+<T e bdT d|]+f+&+T
(S.P.) <s +#d sT ys+TjTT+ q d+~ dV y[ <& ]|, +
nUH eT |d T VsTH& n $sT<+ > @yTH Hs\T+f eT
]bsT #jT e\d+< | sTU q>sY qT+ D + +| |, ..|. |d T
e ]bsT #jT e\jTTq, V+H >sT S.P. ss T |+bs. n+<T
T< UH V<sY eTTus n UH nq& S.P. q |<$
e< \ T H& n+{s T . < T | ] =H @& e C+\+
dT|]+f+&+T (S.P.) V<su<T |D bdT MTwqsT (=\T) >
jT$T+|&sT.
+ nUH q eT+ eT+ e$T&|+ &T deT]+#T=
KS
_{wt s d& d+w|fy &. _{w y]~ + nUH m|&
dV jT+ \_+#< #| HysT. s d& n~sT #| qT C+ |uT +,
O
V+H { jTq _{w n~sT\T $q&+ dV+. yTTs|q ~
BO
e$T&|+ & |u e+!

O
C
ES
EM

50 d+es\ V<su<T 21
s +&e |s D eTT
|D J$eTT
KS
e s, b uw\T u~+# e eTkVT VQX 1011
V<su<T y[bsTTHsT. yTeTT + es HsTq \T>T, s
O
>eTJ$ d]bsTTq+ es #\Tq, eTeTT\qT V <su<T |D +
BO
|+| + me q $<ud+ =s @sT #jT T nqedse T e
HjTq u$+#ysT. ~ +&> H s>+ #& HqT |& ydH qT.
O
k y< T <o |#s+e\ d \THqT. Bsy T q |#s+ ]q|{

C
s> ysD <T .

ES
sD+ e\q V <su<T ed+# |\ , <>]Z +<T e\ d\V|q

e HjTq>sT V <su<T y< T \ |#seTT #sTT+#& n+^]+HsT.
EM
V <su<T e#dHeTT. sH +& b|jT nqT eT+ |sT>\ jTTs<

y< T |#seTTe\ 3`4 H\ HqT |P]> <TsTHqT. s>+ u>T|&~ .
}sT yeH? V<su<TH +&eTT+<T $<ud+

k+#eH nH deTd eT eTT+<T e#d+~. e <>]Z +<T eq sT\Z ,

<<|* y] nusTT\T sTT& +& #<T e+THsT. yTeTT jT+<T
$<+ >H #<T eL&<H ~ e |X . sT\Z seTcse, y+fX sse
k<sT \T sTT& |D + ydeTT #d #<T e+THsT. <<|* s+>se
e | sT e @u$ +HsT. T<
e HjTq>sT e ]qT eT+ eT n_bjT+ esTHsT.
V <su<T e yd+, e $<ud+ >T]+q @sT #dH sT.
$<+ > 1912 qT+ e |D J$+ s+ue TsTTq~. wH >+C
#eTH dMT|eTTq n<|q \T rd= +&yeTT. sTZ\
seTcse, <<|* s+>se <s e+Y V d\T #~yysT. ysT +^w
#~y~. C+ s shuw s. #{\ sH +&$. sT\
eeVs\ s H ]>$. e s y~+#ysT. n~sT s
rsT\T #|ysT. eq +^w uw Hs &+ nqedse T e HjTq>sT
u$+#ysT. HqT e eTT&T L& n< $<+ > nqTHye TT. eq e
$<ud+ s H k+~. yTeTT <sT \yT V d #]HeTT. d
#sT$THsT dMT|eTTq qTq eH e< +&~. \| $T&
\| @&e s> deqeT>T sTw]j nH bsd s> #]HeTT.
KS
n& ]<] b<jTT\ q& e q#<T . d\T dd# |
T{]jT dT #]HeTT. & u~+# b<jTT e |]#jT +
O
*+~. jTq bsd eT+$. V nH |sT jTq q $
BO
ydysT. yTeTT V >] w+ eV+ b eTTw nqT |
e{ #<e&+ s+_+HeTT. |{ |<=+&e s> deqeT>T
O
|\ T |+CT $X$<\jT+ ysT sV+#~. \+ V <su<T

eTTw |\ T ]>$ e. |+CT $X$<\jT+ y] s| q ]>
C
| +<\T & , |+CTH +&$. yTeTT uj T k<sT \eTT 1915

ES
d+es+ sT y[ eTTw | HeTT. HqT eTTw |

rsT&HHqT.
EM
, uqX\\T e
\+ UJ|, s es+Z > s \ T <T . yTeTT eTH& es+Z >

|jD+ #d m$T~ sE\ sT (bkH |+CT s<)

#sT HeTT. e HjTq>sT eTeTT\qT rdTy[ H sT. sT\T |j D+
#d~. |>{ y m&q e+ #d = uHq+s+ eT |j D+
k+#ye TT. sDyTeT+f e HjTq>sT s \ T \T m&
uq+ #dysT sT. ysT # |sq #s+ b{+#ysT.
yTeTT }sTqT+& V <su<T #sT q X| s +&e <X+
HqT m& uVD , {, |, e&, <d+{ {|H |<se TT\T
50 d+es\ V<su<T 23
\u eTjT s ks +T #&< T . #jYT UH\ (tea shops) y[ #
| |#T=q+L& m&H kssTT <TDy[ kssTT |#T=qT>
w\ T u$+#ysT. >>& s+ eT+~seTT q dMT|eTTq dTH CsT
y s&T |q dTuse n T+&~. n~e+ HqT #HqT.
+<T {, |, b, e&, <d +{ |<se TT\T <=]$.
>e\qT+ eeVs+ d+ |+ e#ys+<sT , sE eTeT
+<T e\ +& d# dysT. sE =+<sT eTVqTue\T eTbT
qsT, jus TTeT+~ |+u q+ +& uq+ #dysTsT. n+{y]
sT >>& ed+q ydT<eHjT>sT. HjT >] T++
KS
V <su<T |U >+q~. yeTH HjT>sT sh| |C J$
eT\|sTw&H #b*. >$+< HjT \| V <su<T d$ ddt
O
d++<+ +& s T |<M u< \T deTs+ > Hsy ] q eTVqTue\T. MsT
BO
>=| u \ TL&. # +s |T= u q #jT > HqT #HqT.
seT#+< HjT V<su<T VsT |<q HjTeT]> +& sy
d+es\ +< ]fs H sT. ysT T+eTT ys.
O
ss+ |+ eqysT ydT<eHjT >]+{ d# dysT. uq+

C
#dy] d+K s +&T, eT&T e+<\ +f e +&~< #| +{sT.

ES
<$<+ > nsTsa CsT ed+q e\T qsd+ >se sT . uq

deTjTeTTq e+<, e+<j us TTeT+~ e#dysT. > =+<sT eTTd+
EM
eTVqTue\T L& +&ysT. y] <ds T UH |q VsT+&y] d+K

L& u>H +&< #| +{sT.

\+ |{ \eT u< \T e. V+<Te\T eT eT #s\T

b{+#ysT. uVDT\T, nuVDT\ \d y V+<Te\ s esZ\T,
es+sT \ *d uH\T #dysTsT. V+<Te\T, eTTd+ \ *d
dV uq+ #dysT <T n+<] |eT, yT , dK+ +&~. |&T
V+<, eTTd+ , uVD, nuVD nH u< + +& n+ dV uq+
#ksT . |eT, dK+ e+ XSq+. CrjT @ |sT n+s ZjT
(Inter Communal) eeVs\T q&T|eTT! ndjT, ndU\|q <s|& q
sj \ |yT jT+ \+ <T .
@&e C+ ~| +
>dT 1911 d+es+ d|t CVe+XeTTq #+~q C+
eTV b<Tc eTsD+#&T. @&e C+ MTsY kH n UH
d+VdH~| T H sT. MsT d|t CV e+X| sE\ KsT sE.
se C+ ds <s deqeTT
se C+ eTV u<Tc eTV <s T\ V+<, eTTd+ { @
u<+ +& #dy& & |\+ qyTysT. n|{ |<qeT+
eTVs wH |s<. |uT e, |< uj
T T\T eTV <s dueeTT >\ysT.
KS
<q<s \ k{ ysT. V+<eTTd+ nH u< uy\T ysT. <q<s
$wjT + V+< eTTd+ nH u< e TT MsTuj T T\T @ e+ b{+#ysTsT.
O
k V+<Te\T n~d+K, eD eTV|uTe eTV b<Tc
BO
s|+ s +&eq mH& qyTysT. qeT+ m+es jT<sy ,
<, eTq @MT *jT<T. ~ eT&q eTeT nqT+f nqTe#TqT.
H dVT&T, s |<X >essT nsTTq MTsY nsY n UH>sT H
O
#| q d+> ykqT.
C
H= deTjTeTTq dHq <s |sjTDT&q uVDT&T eTV

ES
u<Tc e< +, q eTqTks+ = |P\T sT|e\jTTq

XsTT+#TqT, < |uT e n+^seT, dV seT nedse T eTq$#d
EM
H&. |q |uT e < V]+ |s Vy s$#T+<

uVDT&T #| q |s+ LsTH&. uVDT&T |uT e>] nu +>q
kq+ #sTT+ eTTKeTTq +eT|{, d+d X\T #<T e, +eT

|dT | Xs+ |q u> #*H &. <T |] C+ #\ d+w+ uVDT

\ sbjT\T <q+ #d uVDT X\eb+~ eT ue q+ y[H s.
$<+ > q m<TsT> ]qT qT djT+> #qT |uT e>] |w
eT+ dsY nMTH+> HdVT&T nsY nUH>] nHs.
+= |sjT+ |sVy ue q+ yqTy| =+<sT ;<d\ T TeT
b\T b&T#THs. n~ <ds |+&T> { s+&T sE\T eTT+<T
yH \\+. se C+ eT ue q+ qT+# b\T $ y+H d\ T
50 d+es\ V<su<T 25
TeT\ jTT+ se\jTT q <X+ H&. n+<T\ TeT\
jTT+ > d\ T e s +{>+ es b\T b&Hs. sE>sT
d+w+ nws|\ T (Gold coins; but not legal tender) TeT\ |q |{
X\$ |+|Hs. d+> HqT eT&e ksY +> <s $HqT.
1908 d+eseTT eTd q~ es<\ e\ V <su<T |D eTTq
nbsyT q qw+ *+~. nH \T eTsD+ HsT. y\ +&T H\eTyT H sTT.
m& #dH XeeTT. e+<\=\~ Xy\T # y&&q$. e |<
ue>sq <<|* s+>se>sT, jTq |+&, ujTT\T >>&
dMT|eTTqqTq y] +&T L*bsTTq s es< =TbsTT]. e
KS
ue>sT e+ >>& d >TsT<seTTq dMT|eTTq qTq
#T|q |~ |H+&T >+\T+& |uT+y] dVjT+ #T MT~qT+
O
~>dHsT. jTq |+ & eTsD+ HsT.
BO
C+ |uT e |yV+ =T bTq H #d u<| & H sT. b|w
m<T |\T + u< |&TTHs n u>e+T bsq#d q
O
dVjT d \#T= |T s+> s~+H&. es< u~T \T +&&

sueqeTT <sC (\T|) \ ]|+H&. ys+<] uq ed,
C
T=q&, | =qT \T # @sT #sTT+H&. @s+{

ES
q k+ &T KsT #dH &.

EM
d+|Tq s, V+< |+&T\ d\V|q >+>e |P

#dH &. C+ q djT+> |T <e T=, +>sT jTC|M +
<] + |P\T #d uVD d+s D $+H&. {$ mH <\ T

><\ T $HeTT.
|< eTVsC V<s Y wH |s<
|< eTVsC wH |s< |uT e n&T>TC& q&#y sT. eTVs,
yTT>\T #e] nsT <ssT q s $q eT+ &sT eT e+o&q
|+C_ Kr > d++~+q V+<Te. Kr eTVdu n<&T L&
=+\+ es . qT dse+XeTT y&q >]+#y&T. @+{ \
eT u< \T b{+#y&T <T. jTq n+ deqT. n eTTd+ us
L& +&~. yT <s T esT\T *HsT. V+<use\ *q es
d+q+ ysT, n+f jTq <VT\T |&T jTq ysdT \T.
eTVs wH |s< V+< rsj \T, eTTd+ <sZ\ +{ |$
kH\qT d$+#ysT. V+< |+&T \qT k<T , dHdT\qT, eTTd+ |+&T \qT
d|, | s + <] deq+> >s$+#ysT. <ds , s+CH, < +{
V+<, eTTd+ |+&T>\ deTjTeTTq V+<Te\qT, eTTd+\qT V+
$+<T\T ]|ysT.
|sjT+ V]<sY rsj d+<seTTq >+>kq+ #d,
>+>e! e n&+ eq #q T, eTT] |yV+ bs<* @ $<+ >
KS
s\yT jTT+{y, n< $<+ > H Xs+ qTq ndjT, s , <+ ,
<w+, eTeTs nV+s s|+> q #q T, eTT], |yV+ bs<*
O
s\yTq sT qqT |]XuT> H=qsTeTT n eTVsC>sT
BO
b]+Hs.
eTs= ], eT<T s j d+<s e TTq w u> y H \jTeTT d$+
O
$<+ > b]+Hs:`

C
V |$yT q eT<T s u MT! H Xs+ eT{ ueT` e L&

ES
eT{y . H |DeTeTT\T deT]+#T+THqT. yTTqT.

eT{ H dTsTe> |j >|s T kqT. qT >s$kqT. eT |q
EM
q&TkqT. qT H \|q <] kqT. m+<Tq> XsT&T w ds|+

& + u u>+ q \ \jTT |<] +H&T. @yTq
n|$ H n~ n+jT T |$ s|+ esdH&T. HqT <s Hs+

eHqT. <s q+ #d = |DeTeTT\T deT]+#T+{qT. eT{ rd=

$u > H XseTTq |q #dT +{qT. Hu{ b| Xs+| qTq
n|$q T, eT#qT T& bsyj T TeTT. $<+ > H q ]+|Cj T eq
H bsq .
jT< sC < |C n n+{sT. |uT eqT nqTd]+#ysT &
C^sT<sT, nMTsT (Nobles). deTjq eTTd+ nMTs, C^sT<s
\qT s+>T\T &ys. H>T\ |+#$T deTjq bjT> nMTsT,
50 d+es\ V<su<T 27
\TT| < <$& yT ]><. +{$ mH <\ T, ><\ Tq$.
y{ yjTeq+f eTs= >+<e TT nedse TT+~.
yTT+|q eT\V\T, <wuy\T +&qT. n+ dK+, yT
J$+ >& |ysT. |\ |{ C> \+ +&qT. |X+yT q
J$+ >& |ysT.
V <su<T q>s d
us< X | s |D \T & , \, o\ > V <su<T L&
|< |< ue H\T, <$&\T+&$. n< $<+ > qq s&T +&$. >
KS
<s+, #<T &T ue\|q +&~. sD\e\ m\| &T >s (\s), o
seTT\T y|+ jTT+&$. 1911 d+es+ \s y~ dTesT <Ty\
O
eT+~ |D + eTsD+ HsT. < d+es+ |> T y~ L& y|+#&+
s+uyT V<su<T |D+, |]ds >e\T \T|= yTT+ |~VqT
BO
y\eT+~ eTsD+ HsT.
O
\+ |s |Y T {, V <su<T es +<+. n+ |< qyTq

s&T. yTTseTT |s q s& | |sE <jT + kjT++ _w\ T sT #y sT.
C
nsTT \+ y{sT sT, \T, dT\T +&$. s +&T m&T {q

ES
w+ +&T >Ti+ {q sa{, {+> +&T, >Ti+ s +&T

>Ti\T { ^Z\T +&$. eT< s> #+~q eTTd+ , V+<d\ T L&
EM
|s< |< ne\+_+#ysT. eq weTT\T, sa{\T me y&T

+&$. |< |< C^ssT , |uT |< <>T\T, leT+T\T ^Z\T y&ysT.
ujT\T yd yTH\T L& HqT #dHqT.

V <su<T |D + y{sT sT y&+ @ d+es+ s+uy T q ~

#| &+ w+ . ||<e T+ bj> qyT, qyT m\TT, ej sY
+>T, ssjT sjH, \ HsC = sV y{sT =Hs. bjT>
qyT |s T +>T, q k+ y&e TTq =q y{sT sTqT se
C+ eTV u<Tc >] qT> deT]+#TH&. s
eTV u<Tc, jTq qqTd]+ s C^sY<sT |uT |< <>T\T
y{sTsT y&+ s+_+HsT. HqT, \| bdT eT+ wV T
+>T y{sT sT V <su<T |D + sT>T#T+&> #dHqT. jTq
y{sT yqT eTT+<T, <] <s T >Ti| dysT+ &ysT. 1911 d+es+
V <su<T q y{sTs d+K (118) e+< |<T H$T~ n
\| |uT ]sT\ yd |{H sT.
1908 d+es+ d+u$ +q eTdq~ es<\ e\ *qZ nbs qw+
V <su<T |D n_e~ eTTK sDeT #| e#TqT. u$ wTq T <w
qT+#T= eTdq~ |yV+ e\ qw+ \> +& +&& eTVsC wH
|sYc<T |<> +&\+H us <X| |eTTK +jTs>T dsY
KS
$XXsjTqT V+, jTq deTT\jTT jsT #sTT+#&q$.
V <su<T sh |eTTK +jTs>T nqyE +>T dsY $XXsjT
O
dV jT&T> jT$T+#&sT . yTT+ |q M] w |* eTT> eTqeTT kH
BO
k>sY (>+&|), VejTY k>sY nqT s+&T |< |< {eTT\qT
#dTH eTT. V <su<T qd+K \eTT dTesT H\TZ \\ T+T+~.
m$T~ \\ es Hu |s>e #Tq m$T~\\ |\ d]bjT
O
sT \Te +&TqT> kHk>sY deTT j sT #jT &q~. n+ $T+

C
Hu |~V&T, |<TH$T~ \\ es |]> es |&T {=s

ES
#dTHeTT.
u>s \Te\T (&HJ\T) eTT] |\jTT L\>={ |]XuyTq
EM
>V sD seT+, $X\yTq s&T\ T yd deTT\T j sT #jT &q$.

deTT\T #sD |T |D n_e~ d+|T + (City Improvement
Board) k|+ #Hq ~.

\+ C+ J | eTs J <T . C+ J eT<dT

$X$<\jT+ nqT+~+ +&~. eT<skY *j, #<sT | T V d\T
{ =~b{ |uT q bsX \\T, jTH $Twq q bsX \
\T+&$. b, ns; uw\ q $< d++~+q+es <sT \yT
@s&jT T+&qT. s $q usT dMT|eTTq |dT + d|sT
CsT >\ ue q+ +&~. +<T b eTTw, <;sT ns; uw
eT*, eT\+, eTb nH s>T\T+&$. s>T\
50 d+es\ V<su<T 29
d++~+q |\ T &H ]> @sT #jT &jT T+&qT. s> T \
rsT \ sTTq y] &^\T <=]$. b <;sT ns; eTb +^w
_.@. (B.A.) deqeT nqTHysT.
H q T | + CT $X $<\j T + y] eTTw | nsTTq+< T q
<sT`\yT J <;sT s> #]HqT. e eTT&T seT#+<se
sTZ\ y+fXsse (seTcse eTT&T) M]<sT eTTw s>
#]HsT.
< d+es+ (1915) sT\Z seTcse, <<|* s+>se,
<s e+Y V d\TqT+& $T& | rs H=+~HsT. seTcse dsY
KS
>] T{]jT dT #] u+usTT yT{ | e{ #<e&+
s+_+HsT. n~ yTT<{ ||+# jTT<\+. jTT<+ +^wysT
O
z&bs, sHysT > \Tks nT|eT us< X + sH uw kq+
BO
+T+<, +^w uw kq+ +& bT+< qyTysT # eT+~
+&ysT. n+<T e |< ue>sT <<|* s+>se sT . jTq $T&
O
| bdsTTq <T |] q $<d+ #<e &+, J #s& + nqedse T

u$+ eTT+<T $<ud+ e<\THsT. ysT |y T> +^w uw
C
u> w#d |MDTH sT. & dT #] V sT e\T |

ES
rsTHsT.
EM
kj $X$<\jT bs+ue TT
1918 kj $X$<\jT+ C+ |uT e >] #ss Y <s
k|+ #Hq ~. +<T #s{ <sT`\yT JqT+& eTTw eT,

| s> T \ qT+ @ <HH rsT q y] ns *+, y]d+

|yX s> (Entrance Class) { <sT`\yT J |{H sT.
s> #] s +&T d+eseTT\ yT{ q d]bjT +^w uw eyT
Hs e. n+<T | yT q @sT #jT & jTT+&qT. HqT, e eTT&T,
sT\Z y+fX sse s> #] s +&T d+eseTT\T +^w #~$HeTT.
\+ \ jTe]{ MTwH (k&s T MTwH nHysT) @s&jT T+&qT.
k&sT, Xw eTTK, j BH, eTT>TZsT`1919 d+es+
nqT+{qT`V <su<T eq deTjq <sT`\TyT d+<]+
s +& $<sT\ T +^w @e+ #<e C\TsT, +&jT { s>
#s& @b{ deTs k~+#C\Ts |yX (Entrance) s>
$<sT\ qT |+ HsT. y] $wjT + =+es HeT~ *+~.
ds... nsTT HqT, e eTT&T |yXs> |sTT nsTTHeTT.
y+fX sse rsT H sT. jTq, >+~>] <eT eTq k|+ |&q
eTTd+ Hwq jTe]{ #] n& $< qu d+, \ #s
||\ #+<s >] +<+ dqT f+> (]jTY) b+~HsT. e,
J $<ud+ #d $X $<\jT| |u <T\eTjT n<w+ b sTT+~.
V <su<T (Law) s> #]HeTT. s +&T d+eseTT\T n& sT$ ,
KS
VsTysT ]| e\T | bdT nsTTHeTT. nsTT e eTT&T
seT#+<se yTT<{ s> (ne <s) y& + e\q jTq V sT
O
bd T #d neX+ \_++~. H s +&e s> (<Te+ <s) y& +
BO
e\q dwH sT es bd T #d ns *+~. $<+ > yTeTT k<sT \eTT
1921 qT+ e\T (|& s T ) e s+_+HeTT.
O
sT\Z seTcse u+usTT yT{ | rsT ] . <T |] C+

C
J +sY MT&jT { #]HsT. +&jT { bdT e&+ jTq

ES
C+ e<* |PH y[ |sT>dH qT+ _.@.qsT &^

d+b~+HsT. <T|] u+usTT y[ m.m._. &^ b+~ 1921
EM
V <su<T e#d jTq bd T s+_+HsT.

q>s+ |\T

\+ |\ @+{ # q + <T . #<T e=q y] d+K #

e. #<TeqysT L& ||+#+ eT @MT d++<+ <
\#ysT. \+ s +&T s |\T eTTwsY < H, dV | nqTq$
+&$. d+ <u<TqT+& T{H nqT +^w | y\Te&~. \T>T
, eTs, q&+ |\T e. q |\T L& #~yysT
# e. #~yysT k (Local) ys\ es #dTH ysT. n+<Tq
y] X< |uT <>T\ jeT+, <, |y wH es |]$T nsTTe+&~.
||+ # |]Cq+ nedse T \#ysTsT!
50 d+es\ V<su<T 31
yTT<{ ||+ # jTT<+ `C+>] <Ts+\T
1914 qT+& 1918 es yTT<{ ||+ # jTT< \+. ||+ #+ sTesT
neTq~. & V <su<T sh+ >dT 1911 @&e C+ MTsY
kH nUH d+VdH~|T\T >H n+es |<qeT+>qTq
eTVs wH |s<TqT, s eT+T\ =+<] y] |<e\qT+
=\+ydH &T. eT&e ksT+>TqT |< qeT+> jT$T+, jTq
nqTue+ jTTe& jTq`dsY |<H+>TqT d\V<sT>
jT$T+H&T. eT&T d+es\ \+ L& d]> <eTT+<
ksT+>TqT |< qeT+ |<$ qT+ =\+ eTse] jT$T+#< T .
KS
C+ djT+ |uT e, djT+ |< > q |]b\q k+H&T.
jTq &T|q m& X. &T b>T#jT &yT |se T < jT+.
O
B HjHjT $#D <T ` seC+ eTV u<Tc \| nqTue +
BO
>\ nMTsT, >=|>=| C^sT<sT, >{ eT+T\T n+ dVjTTH sT.
me] |uT e>] >T d\V # <s + +&bsTT+~. _{w n~sT
eT jTT< sb\ eT>Tj T THsT. y] y] u<\ qT+& r]< T !
O
C
$<+ > d| CV e+X| T~sE @&e C+MTsY kH nUqT

eT+ neX+ \_++~. sh |]dT\T \TdTH $Tw yTT+ sh
ES
|s q >$+H&T. | jTq y[q | d\ + k n~sT

|uTe>] deT]+#T=qT qEsH\T ed\T#d <eT+
EM
eBdHsT. w+ eqT &T ed\T #dH sT. @ n~] |jT + e\q

me qEsH ed\jT< n~] |uT e>] | nqT>V eTTq
nsT& |+#THy&T. +{ n~sT +~qT+& | dT\u+ > e#dysT.

eTD , +~qT+ | < y +<q \T (Rules), jeT+ >T]+q

ns\ T @M #sD j>+ +& bsTTq$. | q~sT\ n~seTT\T
k>{ M\T +& bsTT+~.
|uT <>T\ jeT+, |ywH\ >T]+ =\<
$T*jTT+&~. n~ |uTe>] me me qEsH\T deT]+#T=
d+w|&+ . ~ f yT]{ (Merit) n|+#T=q~! deTs , ns\ jTT
q+q$.
eT< s> , | s > |<e \|q |uT e>] |s H (Royal Order) <s
jeT+ ]>~ |<e \ <s, beTTK+ nqTd]+ |s H y\ ss TT+#&~.
$<+ > |s H <s jT$T+|& n~sT @ | n~s eTD
& +&ysT <T. ysT dV deTsT\eT, eTT |uTe>]
u<T \eT u$+#ysT. +{ ys+<sT eTT |uT e>] #*+ q &u ,
eT k+ nqTue + =s &T k~+#&+ eT $~ n \+#ysT. M]
qqTd]+# M] +~ d+~ q&#~ .
s< V <su<T |D + L& C+ qEsH\T nqT |sT
&T # ed\T #dH &T. = |+&T>\, |uT e>] q~He d+<s e TTq
KS
VT\T qEsH\T deT]+#T=q&+ ss\ qT+ edTq #s+.
~ |uT e\ >T]+ u , $Xd+ |<] +# |< . se C+ eTV
O
u<Tc L& qEsH rd=HysT. qEsH s|+ ed\T &q
BO
&T eT k+eTTq |j +#T=HysT<T. &T sh <jT+
+~ e#~. 1907 & T |s+ qEsH|<T +< sTTsy H\T>T y\
sbjT\ n+#H yjT &~ . n+ eTT+<T 1905 qEsH |<T +<
O
edq &T (18,300) |<T H$T~ y\ eT&Te+<\ sbjT\.

C
nsTT @&e C+ \+ edq qEsH &T \T <=se .

ES
&T sE>] ue q+ +>]H \Te +&~. yTT+ MT< @&e C+

ne\+_+q |< y s T . q w+ eq|&T @ nMTs C^sT<sT <$&
EM
y&+ qEsH |sT &T Vd>+ #dTe&+ ~ |uTe>sT

ne\+_+q |< . |< qqTd]+ me]+{ y[ , +{ jTeH
T++ d\ T, |sTw\T n+ qEsH #*+ #e\d+<. n+{

> +& nMTsT, C^sT<sT <>sZ q us D \T + @yH

y\>\ edTe \T+f n$L& CjT &+ e+{ qMq qEsH |< C+
ne\+_+H&T. $<+ > mH T+u\T u<\ >Ts q $. bdT MTwqsT
(=\T) > sEH jT$T+|& sCV<s T y+ses&, C+
y< \ q nMTsT, C^sT<sT C>> +&T yTTyT T<f TsT
|+|, m+<]H $+ qEsH\ qT+& s+ |D+ THsT.
s s \qT+ V <su<T du d++~+q #s\ n\yT|& nMTsT,
50 d+es\ V<su<T 33
eTTkVT\ kq+ +& bsTT+~. y]kH eq @ d<#seTT\T
b{+#y] |u e+ <ssT |q |& +, V+<, eTTd+ yT , dVeTTq
esT> eTTd+ du , eTTd+ d+d |X+ d s+uy T q ~. sD\{
e\q |\ <ssT |\T& qZ ~. sjT # q + <T .
eTTd+ \ es \T, u\H jTT<e TT\ e\ _{w |uT eTTq
$sT<e TT> =+ n\& jT\T<]+~. n\&e\ us, eTTd+ |\
=+es C+ |\T& *+~. us eTTd+ \T @&e C+ kHn
u<Tc >] yTTVBH n $T\Y (BH nq> eTeTT, $T\Y n+f C.
#, eTeTT, C b&y& ns+ ) nH _sT<T |k~+HsT.
KS
_{w |uT + CeTT
O
1914 qT+& 1918 es , nsTT<T d+es\T # u<s+ >
>& q$. nMTsT, C^sT<sT, d+kHBX \T, MTH<sT, d eT+ q&
BO
>\ n~sT, yTT+ |q |\+ $dT>T#+~ bsTTHsT. n+<]q,
nd+| *+~, me] L& C+ es+> sdq *| kVdeTT,
O
<s eT <T . n+<s sh |]b\q _{w |uT eTT CeTT *+#T

C
e\jTTq sys. ||+ #jT T<+ _{w |uT eTT > \Tb+~q~. _{w
ES
n~s deTjT+ q+<Tq ysT V<su<T sh |]b\q C+

*+#THsT. C V <su<T |\T k>+ |*HsT. _{w
EM
|uT+ q cqTkseTT V<su<T |uTeTT esT\T e&

C+|q y=& #d+ ~. T< C+ n+^]+H&T. eT+eT+&*
k|+ , s |~ (Viceroy) d+q dsY n e+qT |< qeT+>

jT$T+H&T.
dsY n e+ b{ ydT\T. |eTTK HjTy~. _{w+&j
sj \ $Ty~. jTq =+\+ es _{w >essY qs
HjTXK eT+> qT+& s|]b\q nqTue + k~+q e.
n~ _{w +&j >=| d+#\q \eTT. V <su<T sheTT
eeT\T #\qeTT L& <T . B sD\T b <T . & #<T eq
ysT # e. n+<T +^w #<Teq y]d+K yMT<
+#T=HT +&~. +^w, s #<Teq V+<Te\ #\es,
s #<Teq eTTd+\+<] <>\T <=]$. V+< <>T\
\T>Ty] d+K e. =+<sT HjTy<e qe\+_+#ysT. e
L& \T>Ty] d+K #\ d\+> +&~. #<T eq V+<Te\T @
$T+<, @ ew<, < @ sD \T |f+ & T+u\H d++~+qys
nsTT +&]. Ms+ $<+ > |uT + d++<+ qys. eT< s> ,
| s> #+~qysT Ms+. me] +& =s +&qT. |qT\u<
<T . u $TdT | @+{ |qT me] #ysT <T. |]d sh+
d =+ sDeT H n_bjT+. _{w us b++ @ \, q\
s+>Tu< e TT sjT # q eTTq eTTK sDeT|+#Tq< sD+
KS
& +&qT. V+<, eTTd+ u< e TT L& 1911 |Ps+ +&qT.
Xus+ u+ <s T |eTTKT\T
O
BO
d+<s e TTq <s T |eTTKe\ qT <V ]+# +& HqT eTT+<T
k>C\q u$kqT. n+<T sT &sT n|TsYH< #{b<jT
O
s +&eysT eTT nT KjT+. MsTuj T T\T Xus+ ue TT eTeT

d] (Circle) m+<]H |u $T\qT #dH sT.
C
ES
&s Y n|T sYH< #{b<jT > XeTT +>+&T $<qu d+

$CqXgeTT (Science) &s T &^ b+~qysT. MsT C+ J yTT<{
EM
|< Hb<jTT\T (principal) > eT J$\eTT V <su<T >&| H sT.

MsT V deeTTq #+~qysT. eTV TTw <y+ <H< s>sT, Xe#+<
+{ HjT\e\ d+kseTT b+~, u+> $u q |* +> jT\T<]q

d<o <eT+ |sD b+~q eTVqTue\T. MsT |eTTK +>dT

HjTsq leT ds<$ +&>sT.
eTTnT KjT+ bsd, ns; uw\ >=| |+&T &T. jTq
V<su<T |uT <>+ #] dVjT H+ MTwqsT> qT+&HsT.
jTq q yk\T, s#q \ <s us< X eTTd+ \T CrjT <e\ qT+&
ysT > +&L &< , +>dT #] V+<Te\ \d CrjT <e\
bZqeq, <X k+eTTq bseTT sT|eq u~+q eTVe.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 35
ueeTT\H jTq esT&T eTT nT udY>sT |uT <>eTT
qT+& L& q yk\<s |{ + H&T. bdT #s =~\eTT eTT+<T
eTT nT udY sCsT <eTeTTqT sj T +> K+&+H&T.
leT ds HjTT&T
leT ds<$ &s T n|T sYH< #{b<jT LTsT. 1879 e
d+eseTT V <su<T |D eT+<T +q~. yT +>+&T y[ n&
$< qu d+ +^w uw eT+ |MD d+b~+q~. ds <$ +^w
$eTT, e eTT |U >+q~. yT $|y uy\T >\
esZ<]> |sTH=+~q~. >c, |s, u\ $yVeTT +{ ke
KS
<Ts#s\qT >]+#~. yT u+> uVD T+eTT +
+< uVDs T $yV+ #dT q~. yT us &s T eTT\ >$+<sE\T
O
HjTT&T, (Physician) y<T&T> V<su<T sheTT #\ |U
BO
>+H&T. &T V <su<T dq yTsT> de#d <>eTTqT $s$T+#T=
jTT+&qT.
O
V < s u< T sh s j \ d s < $ m| & T d + +< +

C
*+#T<T . <ojT sC\ +q eTV>+B, eTTH CE

ES
yTT<\>T |eTTK HjT\e, leT ds<$ L& n\ us

sj \ u>+ rdT= +>dT HjT + eV+#qT. yT >eTT,
EM
yT o\eTT, us k+ bseTT yT b yTT<\>Tq$ us

k+bs #] = u>\T. yT >=| sjT y. n+<T.
eTD &q dbsTT L&.

| V<su<T bsT&T ds <$ >T]+ >]k&T. V<su<T

|D + ds <$>sT ed+#T >VeTT, (Golden Thresh-old) V <su<T
V+<èTTd+ yT \jT+> +&~. yT V+<èTTd+ @
dTV<e+ bT|&~ . ds <$>sT eT J$\+ dj K+&eTT
n>XD #+~q eTV> u$+#&ysT.
e] |<CHjTT&T ds <$ es, &sT jTds yT
esT&T. MsT ujTT\T V<su<T |C J$+ eTTKyTq u>+
rdTHsT. &s T jTds s y< Xg $<ud+ #d jT+.&. (M.D.)
&^ b+~ sj\ eTdT uy\T >\ys, VsT HjT
es+ue TH us< X e TT e#d]. MsT V <su<T, <T |] +< |<X
sj\ u>+ rdT+ dTesT @&$T~ d+es\ +<
eTsD+ ].
e] |< CHjTT&T sh |q]sDeTT bZ, sT y dTesT
|~ d+es\bT |eT u+> sh>essT> qT+&, sTy &
ke se\ u>+ rdT+ +&]. {e\ yT L&
>+HsT.
KS
V+< eT d+dsD <e\T
O
\+ @ sjT d+d L& |T=qT M\T<T . sdeeTT,
BO
VdeeTT, ~j k| kd{ nqT eT&T d+d\ T eyT @s& jTT+&qT.
Xese>] HjT eTT sdeeTT, #s HsjTDY>T DJ y*+sY
n< seTTq VdeeTT, n_d+eT H eTT ~j k| kd{
O
sh+ = qMq uy\qT dw+ #&+ &&$ . n< \+ dT J

C
yT|TTJ HjT+ k|+|& Jes Cq |#s eT+&* w e\

ES
V]H<eTeTT |H<T\T yjT &qe #| e#TqT. ~ V+< > ndX

ysD d++~+q seTeTT yTT<\T |{+ ~. u>s &e s <eTeTTqT
EM
dw+HsT. sjYT u eTT+< (VsT &> qT+&qysT) B

bV+HsT.

mEwq qs H
$<s+>+ V <su<T mEwq qs H (Hyderabad Educational
Conference) eT eTVeT<T eTTsC w|* eTT> k|+ #&q~. MsT
eTVdu s<]> eT J$\+ |#dH sT. MsT |uT <>T\T. @eT+
>=| < sT. n|{ + d |d T VQX' dq T |d s T >
|#dysT. ysT <seTT eTT+<T e eTVduqT k|+,
$<s+>+ m+ de #d] .
50 d+es\ V<su<T 37
s +&e <XeTT mEwq H|s H jTT nsTT<sT eTVdu\ T
]q$. dsY nsT V <, qyT jTe<T eTT, qyT eTVeT<T jsY
+>T, qyT d<sY jsY +>T, Ms+ n< |<$ q\+]+HsT.
eTVdu |uT $<$<qeTT >T]+ u> d#> $eTs\T ]>$.
\+ HqT + $<]H. nsTTH H L& u>+ rdTH neX+
\_+q~.
jT+> yTH jTjTH
VQX' 1916 d+es+ =+<sT jTTe\T V <su<T jTTe\
d+|T eTT (Hyderabad Young Mens Union) nqT |sT d+|T eTTqT n|{
KS
s d& CsT yeTq HjT >] n< q k|+ HsT. b< \T>
O
eT eTVeT<T eTTsC +&]. sT\Z seTcse |PH ye s s<]>
BO
|#dH sT. y] s s<]> |#d n<w+ H L& \_++~.
|s s+>se, e eTT&T seT#+<se, sT\Z y+fX sse yTT<\>T
yTeTT d#+ < de\T> |#d $T. #+<\T b>T#d |\T, |d \T
O
= >+<\jTeTT k|+ #THeTT. |\T, |d \ |sq , >| MT{+>T\

C
<s jTTe\ =+ #q+ *+#&+ d+|TeTTjTT <XeTT.

ES
n_d+T>] q +&j , V]yTH>] u+usTT , +eTD

>] &sT (n\Vu<T), s+>k$T njT+>sY>] V+< yTT<\>T +^w
EM
|\T s VyT<yT , +VAsY nqT |\T #~yyseTT.

yeTqHjT, Xese>s HjT eTT

yeTq HjT>] <seTTq <\+ $y es Vd\T

k|+ #&q~. = s e TTq d++~+q $<sT CrjTuy\T *+#&+
B eTTK <X e TT. yeTq HjT, Xese, MsT uj T T\T, & |C
J$eTTq |H<T\T ydq ysT. Xese d+|T d+dsDeTTq b<q+
sTT#ysT. M]sTesT eTVsw\ T. nsTT yeTq HjT |P]\T =+<sT
eTV Tq> s Y eq| ] d + k q eTT +& y s T . M]
|q+&T\qT+{qT, ydT<e HjT, eq|] d+kqeTT s| q HjTy~>
V <su<T |D + yd+ #jT &+ s+_+HsT. yeTqHjT>]~
C^ssT T++. nsTT jTq +{ e L& ne\+_+H&T.
Xese eTss& sTT |s yde \T. M]~ ;<
T+eTT. $T&d\T es #~$ e\T | rsT\sTT >T\sZ
HjTy~> e s+_+HsT. s V <su<T |D + yd+ #d
|eTTK HjTy~> |sT >&+ HsT.
yeTq HjT, Xese uj T T\T |PH qT+ n+'|sD (Inspiration)
b+<ysT. eq u\ >+><s \, >b\w >K H + |PH
|D eTT us< X sjT +<+> |]>D+ |&~. \ ny~, >K
KS
$Ty~. yeTq HjT \ nqTjjTT\T. Xese >K nqTjjTT\T.
sC V<s T y+ ses&
O
BO
\+ |uT <> qT+& |C J$ k|q eTTKyTq b
eV+qysT sC V<s T y+ ses&. MsT |D \T (City
O
Police Commissioner) |<$ |q qT+& s& Vd k| \T> & #]

C
*bsTTHsT. s & Vd \T>T jTTe$<sT eTTK+> s & $<sT ,

ES
qMq uy\T, sjT # q + *+#&+ |eTTK b eV+q~. |{

+>dT, eTdT HjT\T m+<s | &T s & Vd\ T ed+#T#T+&
EM
$<sT .
=+& y+ s+>s&

V<su<T |CJ$+ eTTKb eV+qy] =+& y+

s+>s&> sT sT . HqT $<] <X qTq sE\ ||<e T+> M] kqT
>+E (Law) s> q&T|#T+&> #. MsT V <su<T
eT+>s+ >eTdT\ T. M] +&>sT n& |f\ T. MsT $T& | rsT \ sTT
1909 e\T (Law) | n+<T rsT n|{qT+& e\T (Pleader)
e qe\+_+HsT. M] |CJ$+ 1918 d+es+ qT+ s& Vd
s<]> s+uy T q ~.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 39
>+<\j<eTeTT
d+<s e TTq X| yTT<{ <X+ qT+& \+>D b+eTTq
k|+#&q >+<\jTeTT\ de |X+d+|<q~. yTTyTT<{ +<
>+<\jTeTT lw<esjT\ +< uc \jTeTT. ~ V<su<T
|D+ n|{ sd& CsT (|dT dTH CsT) k|+#&
jTT+&qT. >+<\jTeTTqT k|+ qysT eTTq>\ sCHjT y+
s+>se, s$#T s+>se, =eTiE \ Dse >s\T. s +&e >+<\jTeTT
VqTeT=+& s sqs+< +< uc \jTeTT. eT&e~
d+ <su<T +< d+es >+<\jTeTT nqT |sT k|+ |&+~.
KS
M eT\eTTq qMq +< >+<e TT\, ||sq s|eTTq \+>D b+eTTq
=+ # q + *+Z < #| e#TqT.
e&b{ VqTeT+se
O
BO
e&b{ VqTeT+se |+T\T>] lw<e sjT +<
uc\jTeTT dV d++<e TT+&~. MsT KeT+ eT~s \
O
msTb+ yddT \ T. MsT yT{ | rsT q <T |] =+\eTT

C
|uT <> |#d T< dy\jTeTT nqTy< \T>qT+& |uT

ES
<>eTT #*+#THsT. nT|eT HjTy< e ne\+_+HsT.

\+>D nd\T |CJ$+ M] s+uyTq~ eqH C+ sh
EM
+<<eTeTTq |eTVQ\ |sT >+HsT. MsT sj\

$Ty<T\T. yeTq HjT >] *d |#dysT.
kw H|s H

HsT> sjT <e\T q&T|C\ n|{ |]dT k+|T

deyXe TT (Social Conference) e\ sjT # q + *+Z #&+ m+ <V<+
#L]+~. d+|T d+dsD\ >T]+q $wj\| u> #s\T ]>$.
deyXe TT (Conference) jTT H\T>T eTVdu\ T ]q$. u+usTT
|U >+q $Ty< sjT HjT&T u]ds T C s T , |+CT |U
eV+q eTV #<, |PH eTV $X$<\jT k| &T s |+&T &T
eTVdu\ n>dH~| eTT eV+HsT.
y<, Xs
yTT+ |q { w |* +> V+ >\ jTTe\T =+<sT s+>eTT
~HsT. M] s|T y+<se Xs , oH<s e y< eTTKT\T. s|T y+<se
Xs s\T` HjTy~. >T\sZ =+\eTT es bd T #d
V <su<T |D eTT #sT HsT. y< Ws+>u<T yde \T. u+usTT
$X$<\jT| |u <T\T.
$|e y~ l wH
d+<s+ sjYT l wH |sT rdT+& +&C\qT. MsT
KS
V<su<T yddT\T. VjTT\T, VsT &> qT+&q sjYT
ueTT+< esT\T. Xus+ueTT l wH, u]dsT e&
O
+>+&T y[H sT. n~ u+> $u q nq+s+ q&TdTq +<q \+.
BO
n|& +>+&T #<T eTq usrjT $<sT\ T n~ d+K $|e sT\T>
e]bsTTHsT. M] leT ds<$ k<sT &q Ms+<H< #{b<jT,
eT<H ~+>Ts, Ms kessY, eT]=+<sT eTTKT\T. eT<H ~+>Ts,
O
sH y* nqT q& +&j |d T * #+|yd H &T. +>+&TH

C
dT q&T|&q~. <T |] jTq eTsD $~+#&q~. n&H >dT

ES
1909 qT ]d+ u+ mH&T. Ms kessT us k+ d+>eT+

nqT |d+ ydH&T. Ms+<H< #{b<jT sT nqT ys|
EM
q&|y&T. { $|e sT\~ n_qe usY nqT d+|T eTT +&~.

eTq l wH d+|T duT \T. Ms kessY yTT<\>T $|e sT\ dV #sT \T.
$<+> l wH 1908 qT+& 1910 es s+&T d+eseTT\T

+>+&T qT+&, u]ds T +&H jTq +&>] y=& |q V <su<T

e#dHsT. & V sT ysT ]|q (Law) | rsT \ sTT HjTy<
e ne\+_+HsT. jTq d+ n_bj\T \ysT. me] nqT#sT \
sT. sj T +> V <su<T deTd\| #]+ q dV <jT + L&q
<X \qT, q <X u L&q uy\qT y\& + q j<T \T. jTq \+
V <su<T jTTe <s kVk\T *+#&+ |eTTKb eV+HsT.
jTq eT s +&ek] 1920 d+eseTT +>+&Ty[ u]ds T &^ b+~
50 d+es\ V<su<T 41
V <su<T e#d HjTy~> e k+HsT. jTq J$+ k++
+<qsT&T>H >&| H sT. jTq mq& X+ <T .
yTT<{ ||+ #jT T< eT+yT T+~ * +> sc, s, +{
>=| >=| keC\T n+]+, sc 1917 H eTVXjTT
HjT eTTq eTdT $|e eTT jT\T<], >+B eTVT&T _{w +&j
|+CT sheTTq _{w dssTysT >$+q |Ts nHj\
es+> |+ eH us k+, | T <e\T q&T|Tq
\+ V<su<T sh+qTq ds, keT +es $e]+q
$<+ > qT+&qT.
KS

O
BO
O
C
ES
EM

eT&e |s D eTT
V <su<T sj \T 1911`1920
d| CV e+X| T~sE @&e C+ MTsY kH nUH 1885
+HsT. < d+es+ +&jT H Hwq +>dT <$ +#T >eTHseTT.
KS
+>dT 1912 b+rjT n~s\T (Provincial Autonomy) s+ q
k+<eTeTT s+_+, 1947 d+|Ps k+eTT k~+q~. @&e
O
C+ |uT e 1911 e d+es+ qT d+VdH~| + eV+q|{qT+
BO
deTjT+ q|&\ q sC~s\ >T]+ _{w |uT eTT bs+
k+HsT. T< 1947 _{w bsy T +T us k+ #e TT
O
bdT e&+ C+ sC~s+ n+]+q< #| e#TqT. yTT+ |q

C
eTT|~ sT d+es\ \eTT &<=&T\ L&q~.

ES
+s <eTeTT
n\ us +>dTysT 1915 sT dH (Lord S.P. Sinha) n< q
EM
]q eTVdu d|]b\q (Self Government) k~+# <X + <&y T q

d+dsD\T |yX|e\jTTq rs+ <eTeTT s+_+HsT. n<
deTjq ~j k| kd{ jTT HjT + eV+q leT n_d+T

k|+ q +s >T (Home Rule League) < sq d|]b\q (Home

Rule) k<q >=| +<q s+uy T q ~. eq u\>+><s \
<eTeTT |P]> dV ]+HsT. yTT+ |q <eTeTT u> k+~. n~
jTT<\+. n_d+TqT |uTeTTysT us d+sD #++<
s+~+HsT. m+<s C y[H sT.
1918 d+es+ jTT<+ n+]dT+ <q> us |uT eTTysT us
d+sD #eTT kqeTTq n+{< =#eTT |yX|&
50 d+es\ V<su<T 43
d+d<T H sT. #e TT s\{ #e TT (Rowlat Act) n |sZ+q~. s+X
|]b\H~s\T, # k~+#&y T #e TTjTT eTTK <X e TT. n|{
us Xdqdu |uT s duT \+<sT #{ es e| s HsT.
|uT + ysT s +> eeV]+HsT.
<XeTT n_d+eT k+q +s <eTeTT e\ *Zq
yesD+ >=| jTTq |C +<q s+_+#& nqTL\+>
qT+&qT. n_d+eT u+usTT s\{ #{ $sT<+> <eTeTT
s+_+q~. >+B eTVT&T d>V + bs+_kqHsT.
>+BjT T>s+ue TT
KS
@| 1919e d+es+ qT+ yTTeTT _{w us+ +<q
jT\T<]+~. eTVT&T s+~+|&&T . n+{ |\T s bsTTHsT.
O
& , u+usTT, >TsT, |+CT nH |D |\T sT>TuT #dH sT.
BO
sT>TuTqT nD#& |uT + q \eTTqT |P]> |j >|s +~.
neTds Y |+ *jTHyu> sT>TTq sjTT< Vs+>du |
O
_{w d ~] qs &jT sY, \T\T ]|+H&T. \T\ e\

C
500 eT+~ eTsD+ HsT. 1500 eT+~ >jT|&sT . eTT|~ d+& ]q

ES
Tb\ \T\e\ ]q sb+, |T d++~+q _{w

yK ]e\ V+<Te\T, eTTd+ \T nH u< + +& n+<] nd+|,
>=| n\&T\T jT\T<]HsTT.
EM
jTT<q+s+ X+ eTVdu | T >T]+ _{w ysT ne\+_+q

yK ]e\ <Xd T \ d#> , d++>, >se+> +&{ eseZ TT

@B +&u<, +es _{w |uT eTTysT >$+q | q \jTT

X< n<e TT\, ds + >+ #d deTjT+ dqyTq < us eTTd+ \T
$+_+HsT.
yT D u< jTT |uT eTT
jTT< \+ usrjTT\T eT nqTL\+> +& jTT< sb
n$<\ n+&<+&> qT+&eqH <X+ _{w ke+
u>+> us< X + yT D u< jTT |uT k<q <c, |]b\q
d++~+q |XK usrjTT\ n~+ > kV#s + \_+|Cj T &+,
d|]b\q d+d\T e_e~ b+<T #&&+ eTV |Tq eV+q
_{w |uT eTTK <X eT, +<T us |uT + L& @u$ +q<
_{w |uT eTT ysT 1917 d+es+ _{w bsy T +T |{ + ].
(On August 20, 1917, the Secretary of State for India made the following
announcement in the House of Commons.
The policy of His Majestys Government, with which the Govt, of India
are in complete accord, is that of the increasing association of Indians in every
branch of the adminstration and the gradual development of Self-Government
institutions, with a view to the progressive realization of responsible Government
in India, as an integral part of the British Empire).
KS
usrjTT\T, jTT<+ eTTjT>H us< X e TT |]d T \T e]
<ojTT\T jTT<+ >$+q deqT _{w |uT + >T]dT + < >+|&X
O
|T HsT. X \jTT eT{ \dbsTTq$. |> s\{ XdH\T,
BO
\T\T, s+<e TT\T, es\T yTT<\>Tq$ \_+q$. 1919 d+eseTT
_{w |uT +ysT |{ + q sjT d+dsD\T me] || s # C \<T .
O
>+BeTVT&T dV+d\ d<+\|q <s|&q dVjT ssD+

C
s+_+H&T. us< X |eTTK HjT&T eq u\ >+><s \

&T jTq dV #sT \T |+Cu d] \|sjYT, _|H #+T |eTTK HjT\T >+B eTVT @u$+HsT. $<sT\T

J\qT, HjTy<T\T HjTkH\qT Vw]+HsT. |eTTK HjTy<T\T
EM
|+& yr HVA, s + H <dt, eT HjTy<e e<\T= s+>+

<HsT.

1920 &d+sT ]q H>|PsT +>dT eTVdu |+&{

eT<HyVH e\e, eTVeT< H |, q HjT\+<sT >+B
>] @u$+HsT. H>|PsT eTVdu sTy H>sT +>dT
> + |\T #dT HsT. &s T nH], V+ nEeT UH, eTH nT
+ nC<, n k<sT\T (eTVeT<, c) +>dT eTTKkq+
eV+HsT. eTVT&T n<Ty T q $jT+ k~+H&T. +>dT yTT+
<XeTTq @ HjT&T> |]>D+|&H&T. $<+> >+B jTT>+
s+uyTq~.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 45
dV jT ssD <eTeTT
H>|PsT eTVdu dV+d\ d<+\qT n+^]d dVjT
ssD eTTq d++~+q rsqeTT y~+|&q~. +>dT y~ qT+
yTT<{k ] eTTd+ \ eT d++<y T q | T >T]+ us eTTd+ \ s\qT
\|sTd eTVT&T rsqeTT |yX|{H&T. |+& y HVA,
s + H <dt yTT<\>T HjT\T \|]HsT.
us <Xe TT, k++, | T >T]+ #dq eTVT X+UseeTTq
k>+ #| +~. |\+ s+>+ <HsT.
KS
V <su<T | T <eTeTT
V <su<T seTT us< X e TT qT+ ysT <T. & |uT e\T @$<+ >
O
u$+qqT & |\ uy\T us< X s b+\ |\ uy\
BO
_qyTq $ e. |]d T \T f. <]<eTT, n$<, nHs>eTT, ud eTTqT
$u +# d]V<T M e. k+eTT d+b~+#eqqT ] L& f.
O
nsTT & q~. _{w +&j |\T +^wy] ud

C
nsTT, <ojT sC\ |\T ud\ ud\T. yTT+ |q _{w +&j

ES
k+<eTeTTbT | T <eTeTT L& CsT> k>TTq sE

V<su<T ysT> +&C\+&qT. &L& |T <eTeTT u>
EM
k>&+ s+uy T q ~. V+<Te\T, eTTd+ \T n+ <eT+ bZHsT.

eTVeT<T ndsZ T , nd] VdH, yeTq HjT, Xese >sT HjT +
eV+HsT. <eTeTT u> >{| & T q~. jTTe n\& jT\T<]+~.

n{ deTjq |uT + <e $sT<+ > #s rdT=q&es+_++~.

yTTyTT< du\|q = +<q\T |&q$. T< <eTeTT
w~+#&~. =+<sT |eTTK HjT\ y>+<q #jTHq~. =+<sT
jTTess\qT eTTqqsT s+<eTT |fdHsT. eTTq qsT
V <su<T qT+ lX\ + y s&T |q neTsu< =+&\|q q~. \+
|uTeTTq eseTT> sT>TuT #dqy] C+ |sH |s+
eTTqqsT s+~+#ysT.
(eTVeT<T ndsZ T qyu ndsZ Y jsY +> n, nd]
VdH ndsY jsY +> n C+ |uT e\T _sT<T\T sTT
M] V sT &\ T> jT$T+HsT. eTVeT<T ndsZ T s |<X
>J|PsY jTd| |PsT yddT \ T. ysT n& C^ssT \T,
|eTTK HjTy<T\T. oH<se y<, sTZ\ seTcse
ndsZ Y >] pjTsY\T. ndsZ >Y sT, +>dT |eTTK HjT&T &s Y
nH, MsT ujTT\ \T\T djT+ n#+&T. 1928
d+es+ ndsZ Y V sT &> jT$T+|&sT .
ndsY VdH L& s |<X yde . MsT eT+ |sT>+q
KS
u]dsT, HjTy~. M] +& >T+ usY VsT &>
+&ysT).
C+ yK ]| us eTTd+ \ sdq
O
BO
yTT+ |q C+ | Y d+<s + > ne\+_+q yK ]| us
eTTd+ \ n\& jT\T<]+~. C+ ne\+_+q |< eTTd+ es
O
#s n us< X eTTd+ \T eT sdq \T|, >& us eTTd+ \T

C
@&e CeTT eTTd+ eT, C d+s &T n sTTq _sT<T qy&T

ES
& | q\T >$+HsT. B |sd ]+#T= C+ MTsY kH nUH

>sT eT |s H <s MTsT Hq _sT<TqT HqT s< T . q jTeeTT
\ |qT. HqT MT _sT<TqT +HeTT L& |qT. H _sT<T
EM
e&+ MTsT MT >se+> u$+HsT. |&T eTTd+ C eTs$<+ >

u$d, MT _sT<T MT eTTus n+, nd| CV`CeTT èTT\T nqT

_sT<T\T e s s \ qT+ q$. _sT<T\q >se+ esH r+.

HqT H |P]\qT _{w ksueTT&T |k~+q _{w |uT eTTq
u $ XdeTT\T >\ dVT&T (Faithful Ally of British Government) _sT<T
k{ ~. < HqT >]kqT. eq { \sy _sT<T\ ~ L&
#&qT n |{ + H&T.
@&e C+ MTsY kqUH jTT<e TT $jTe++> k>{, &T,
dq dV jT+ _{w |uT eTT u> dV ]+H&T. dV j
> HH jTT<q+s+ , _{w |uT kBqeTTqTq q _ssY sTT
50 d+es\ V<su<T 47
q sTT rsTsH qeT+ |T H&T. 1918 d+es+ |< qeT+>
jT$T+|& dsY n sTTe+ _{w |uT eTT q #=se, |\T&
|j >|s _ssY sTT q ] sTT#d $wjT eTT @<H d]jT>T
|]cs eseZ TT |>\ & C+ +H&T. _ssY |\T L&
=+es C+ |uTe\b*T\T> +&& n+^]+#& eTedseT
dsY n sTTe+ >V + +{&T. C+ |]b\q +& sTT @+{
|uT eTTq<, |\ sjT V\T @yTH qy nH $wjT + _ssY
|\T | >eTks dsY n sTTe+ >V+, C+ s+ =
d+dsD\T |yX |& eTedse T \H&T.
KS
Hj~s\qT ysT #jT T
_{w +&j +>dT eTVdu q y~qT+ mH d+es\
O
qT+ HjTXK d++~+q n~s\T, b\H~sT\ qT+ ysT
BO
#jTe\jTTq (Separation of Judicial powers from executive authorities)
+<q sT| e+~. n+es n& neT\T |
O
d+dsD\T C+ sheTT #sD |{H sT. V <su<T V sT

#ss T |+#C*HsT. d+dsD\T # eTTKyTq $. eq C+ sh
C
|\T eT Vs+ |{ d k>+ #| HsT.

ES
sCV<s T y+ses&, jTe<+> \T> qTq+\+,

eT<<T>sY (Assistant Commissioner) > qT+&qT. jTe< +>
EM
eTsDq+s+ y+ ses& |D \T (City Police Commissioner) >

jT$T+|&T# & |\T |uT s @< >=| esT eqT>

u$+HsT. |D \T> n|{es mq&, V+<Te jT$T+|&

<T . m|&T |<$ |q eTTd+ +&ysT. \+ |D \T
|<$ # \yT q ~. bdT Hds Y qs (I.G.P.) |D \T |<$
y+ ses& >sT eq|] d+kq+ sTTysT. y] +& Xes&>sT }]

|f\ T. M] yTqeeT y+q>sT bdT d<s T yTTVMTyT (|{ D.I.G.) > |#dysT.
eq|] sE, yTT<{ syTXsse, y+q>] esT|sT $\+ eVT n |{H s.
eq M] n+<sT $\+ eVT nHys. y+ ses& u\+ s +&e sC
syTXsse, yeTqHjT >s\T n+ eq|] dV b\.
# \yT q ~. bdT Hds Y qs (I.G.P.) & +&y&T <T
\T. C+ \T HsT> d++<+ +&~. |sE <jT+,
kjT++ \T C+>] ue H y[ jTq |D + ]q d+>T \
>T]+ ]bsT #j . y+ ses&> sT { <s, beTTK+ >\ K]
=\T.
sjT d+dsD\ yTT<{ jT+
1918 dsY n sTTe+ |< qeT+> jT$T+|& s jTq
d#q |s+ C+ |uT e 1919 sjT d+dsD\T |yX |&
C|+ HsT. >{ qT+& L& (1899 qT+&) & Xdqdu +&~.
KS
du yTTe TT sy eT+~ duT \ L&q~. n+<T |~VqT eT+~
n~s duT \T, sT>TsT n~ss duT \T +&ysT. sT>T] <s T
O
C^sT<s , <s T V sT HjTy<T\ mqT&ysT. |< qeT+ <s T
BO
duT \qT s |\ s| q jT$T+#ysT. du T# { \ >T]+,
duT \T |yX |<\ q rsH\|q +# |]$TyT q neXeTT+&~.
O
|X \T n&> V L& +&qT. sh <jTeTT, TTDeTT yTT<\>T

] deTd\ >T]+, & T|q #]+# neXeTT @~ +&qT.
C
HqT L& |< qeT+# jT$T+|& duT > 1938 qT+ 1941 es
ES
Xdqdu qT+{.
C+ |uT e Xdqdu d++~+q d+dsD\ deTT j sT#jT &
EM
q |< qeT+ <d m\ |< , zTV $<q+, | esZ\y]

b<+, n\d+U\ V\qT b&eTT, n~s duT\ d+K,
Xdqdu n~s\T u<\ >T]+ nedseTTq keT (Material)

b>T#jT&, d+dsD\ ]bsT y~+#& ]. sjYT u

eTT+<>sT dw |d s T > jT$T+|&]. MsT =~\eTTH keT
n+ b>T#d eT ]bsT |uT eTTy] deT]+#T=].
+{ sjT d+dsD\ >T]+ sh+ =+ w ]q~.
V <su<T sh d+dsD\ d+|T eTT (Hyderabad State Reforms Association)
nqT d+d @sT #jT Hq ~. sheTT ~ yTT<{ sjT d+d n
#b. B s<]> s|T y+<seXs >sT+&]. d+d < sq
50 d+es\ V<su<T 49
eTVdu sT| m+ |jT + #jT Hq ~. |uT eTTy] n+^seTT
<=sq+<Tq eTVdu sT><T. nsTTqqT <X \eTTq\ qqTd]+
Xdqdu $ds + s|& | d+d deTT j sT#d y~+#T=q&+
]q~. =+<sT |eTTKT\ L&q |~esZ+ |<qeT+ dsY
nsTTe+ e< y[ y~ deT]+#Tq~.
d+dsD\T #sD e +f _ssY sTT |\T m+es
|| & y s, n~ d+<V d<eTT. V <su<T s |\T =+es
d+| |&y sy. d+dsD\T #sD e# $wjT + nT+, ueTT+<,
>] ]bsT HH #dTH n<we TT & |\ +& bsTT+~.
KS
es X \ T
dsY nsTTe+ eT+ sjT y. u> ||+ # Cq+ qy&T. _{w
O
+&j sT>T#Tq sjT <e\T, +<q\T u> \TdTqT.
BO
yTT+|q eT+ <s<w \y&T. s u$wTqT <w |T=
sjT d+dsD\ neds+ >V + +{&T. jTq yd | n&T>T
O
n&+ > +&qX \ T L& # \es y T q y. _{w ysT _ssY sTT

C
C+ y|dT ks, < { sjT d+dsD\e\ kBq+

ES
q sTT eT s+X~s+ <q&+ e+ <eT >V+

jTT+{sT. X \ T sjT d+dsDe\ n~d + K q V+<Te\
b\H~s+ =+es C+ *> neX+ +&yT , n\d+K
EM
qTq eTTd+ \T nqTu$ d eq | n~s+ (Privilege) bZ T+<,

+ $T+ C+ |uT e>] $Xc~s < >T \TT+< X \ T

eT \+ |j >|s +{sT.
dsY n sTTe+ V <su<T sh+ eTTd+ Hu me #jT e\jTT
qH <X+, s b+\ qTq eTTd+\T e\de & ds+>
+&e\jTTqH deTT (Colonization Scheme) s+_+H&T. deTT
qqTd]+ eT\usT n+f |{ s sheTTqT+, eb\T & e\de
n~u<T, +q>s,Y es+>\T \ ds + > +&. | <eTeTT
deTjq eb\T sT>TuT #dq C. _{w dssTysT eb\ n$<,
Cq $Vq\ u+ b+~, C \, eT u< \T *+ n\sT
s>& s H sT. n\s m+<s V+<Te\T #+|&sT . eb\T
_{wy] <XTe\T L&qT. k V+<Te\T deTTqT nqTeq
<w #HsT. _{w dssTysT $s~+HsT.
dsY n sTTe+ sJHe
C+ q |<qeT+ e~*+#TH neX+ \_++~. q
|< qeT+ es+> +&+ @&eC+ MTsY kH nUH >] | !
T< dsY nsTTe+ $dT>T#+~, 1921 d|+ sT sJHe #dH &T.
C+ B d+w+> n+^]+H&T. nyT+T |s+ n sTTe+
+ s +&T d+es\ eTT+< y[b sTTH&T. C+ jTq H\ @&Ty\
KS
#=|q s +&T d+es\ J+ n+<Cd X\e |+|yd H &T. +<T
$jT+ dsY nsY V <>]~. dsY nsTTe+, dsY nsY V <\ bT
<s < T . MsT uj
O
T T\T k\T sT. dsY n sTTe+ b{ yddT \ T.
BO
dsY nsY V < u+usTT yddT \ T. #\+ qT+ dsY nsY V <,
V <su<T +&eTTe\ ysT u> >{| & b sTTHsT. sDq M]
O
ef k+~. n$ <ssT sj \T. |CseTT b >| \|q

sj \T <s|& +f, eTVsC\, qyT\ \+ <ssT\|q
C
sj\T <s|& +&$. <ssT sj\ dsY`n sTTe+

ES
z&bsTTH&T. dsY nsY > *H&T.

<ojT sC\ |]b\q n& |\ @eeTT L& C+ \>+,
EM
_{w key<T\T dV +#ysT <T. <ojT sC\ |\ # q +

\>+ y] w+ +&~<T, y]~ n{+ f \es y T q X. X#

<ojT sC\ sjT d+dsD\ d++~+q |C<e\qT, <ojT

|uT \ <s ||T {+#ysT. _{w key<T\T, _{w us< X e TT
(British-India) n <ojT us< X e TT (Indian India) n eT $u>+,
d]V<T\ T dw+ HsT.
H | m+C y~
dw s dw+ q dw @+{ $u>\T, eT d]V<T\ T e. yTTe TT
us< X e TT f. <Xe TT @ eT\HH @<H y~ y|d n~
50 d+es\ V<su<T 51
<Xe T+ y|dT + ~. eT d]V<T\ T y~ |e . eTqeTT ||+ #
jTT<q+seTT 1919 d+es+ yTTeTT ||+#eTT y|+q
H|m+C (Influenza) y~ @$<+ > dT Ve#\ |s ++ y|+
qqw+ #d+ < s #dHeTT. V <su<T |D eTT sE d+ (800)
m$T~ e+<\eT+~ y~e\ eTsD+ #+ HqT #dHqT. n$ d]jT>T
y<dVjT+ \_+# sE\T e. y<X\\T #\ e. &s d+K
nd\+> +&~. ## y b> | sTT+{ H | m+C e\ |& y d q
y]d+K n|]$T+> +&~. M]+<] eT+<T\T n+<&+ >=| deTd.
sE V <su<T qTq y< XU~] (Director of medical Service)
&s T ` \+ds ,Y yeTqHjT, Xese, eTVeT<T ndsZ T u]ds T e+{
KS
|eTTKT\ HjT eTT, d#+ < dy<e TT jTsT#d, d#+ <
de\ <s |s eT+<T\ |+|D ]> jTsT #dH sT. n|{ <XeTT
O
H + u> C| e TTq~. HqT L& d#+ < de> de #d
BO
>seeTT k~+HqT. H L& d+<seTT |uTeTT ysT
y+&| e TT VA]+HsT.
O
ks+X yTeTq>, H | m+C |>T @<q , < <ojT

C
useT _{w useT eT d]V<T\T e. d#+< de\T,

ES
m&ysq qT y] dyd<eq, & +&<T . &\jTT b\\ dw y.

|C <e\T 1921`1930
EM
dsY n sTTeyT y[b e&eTT s| |]b\q eT nee \T

s+uy T q $. dsY | H< +>T |< qeT+> jT$T+|&&T . jTq

# <Ts\T&T. sjT d+dsD\ |X jT +&bsTTq~. V <su<T

sh sjT d+dsD\ d+|T eTTjTT sb\T njTT bsTTq$.
||<e TeTT> k|+ q sjT d+d }sT |sT +& bsTTq~. sh+
m#Hq sjT du\ T, sjT |]De\ <]rjTTqqT nqTeqeTT
*+#T du\ T |uT e>] n+^seTT eTT+<T> b+<~ sT>s<
C+>sT 9 d|+ sT 1921 KTH{ eT |s H <s C|+ ]. B
eT\+> sjT du\ H <T Vs+> du\ qT L& w~+HsT.
u s < X e TT n~ qMq j T T> e TT s + u e Tj T \eTT.
>+BeTVT&T jTT>|sTw&T> qyTH&T. jTq |ueeTT dT
Ve#\ |s ++ |&T Tq~. V <su<T sjT d+d jTB <T .
+&jTH Hwq +>dT s\jTyTT{ V<su<T |DeTT
k|+ #&q~. s\jTeTTq n< &T l yeTq HjTèT]jTT l n+T
seT#+<sY se s<]> jTqT&HsT.
sD seTeTT
&d+sT 1920 d+eseTT H>|P sY |D eTT l $jT s|T y#]
KS
n< q +>dT, eTH nT + C< >] n< q | ,Y &s Y
nHk] n< q eTTd+ > eTVdu\ T ]q$. V <su<T +>dT
O
$T{ s|q jTqT&q m+<s +>dT |<T\T yeTq HjT
BO
HjT eTTq H>|P sY y[, +>dT eTVdu bZHsT. n+<T jTTe\
d+K me +&qT. $<+ > H>|P sY y[q |<T \ HqT L& & .
|<T \T n+ +>dT HjT\ >+;s |HdeTT\T $, eTVT
O
d+<Xe TT |sD b+~HsT. & sjT sb\T @M q|{

C
V <su<T +>dTy<T\T, >+B>] sD seTeTTqT u>T> eTT+<T

ES
k+HsT.
1921 e]H\, $jTy& +>dT $T{ MT{+>T ]q~. $jTy&
EM
V<su<T # dMT|eTTq qT+&Te\ V<su<TqT+ eTTK+>

es+>\T, KeT+ \qT+ nH+ > |\T y[H sT. Vs+>du ]q

>+B>] |HdeTTe\ \+>D b+| jTTe $<yTq qq

VeTT |T eq~.
UB <eTeTT` V <su<T eTVT >eTqeTT
\ ds |+ &T |sT { sbjT\T b>T#d seTeTT
eTVT&T |sq >$+H&T. V<su<T |DeTT & |\T
>+BeTVT u> dH+HsT. VeTT eTT+<Te #+<\T
50 d+es\ V<su<T 53
HsT. B |* eTT> & UB seTeTT s+uy T q ~. yeTq HjT,
l wH , <sT VdH >s\T <eTeTTjTT eTTK HjT\T. ;<
CsT dMT|eTTq qTq eTTsu> UB +<eTT k|+ , UB
seTeTT u> k+HsT. K<s T ek\T <] +# jTTe\ se TT eTT+<T
se&eTT s+uyTq~. u>s&>sT 1906e d+eseTT s+_+q
ndX ysD<eTeTT, 1921 +>dT sD seTeTT
eTTKyTq n+XeTT> | e#d+~. u>s &> sT, d' V]qT&T. MsT 1906
>H $TeT+&* d+d |{, <<s m+ de #dH sT. Vs+>du \ T,
V]<\ T, u q\<s V]qT =+ C> *+Z #&q~. <T |] 1911
KS
n~ V+< kw ddt>> | eT+&* q seTeTT k+q~. d+d
du+ V]qT\ es |]$TyT +&qT. desT\T L& duT\T
O
C\TT+&]. u>s & ndXqT =+es d+d]+, desT\ V<jT eTTqT
BO
esT #jT C\TeT qyTysT. >TuT qeTT, |X e\qT V+d+#T
e+{ <Ts#s\T eyjT { jTq m+ w ]|HsT. u>s & <D
eqe d+eT d+d (Deccan Humanitarian League) s<]> L&
O
|#dHsT.
C
ES
V]H<eTeTT`~ V+< >T de

$<+ > 15 d+es\T ]q w |* +> yesDeTT V]q
EM
<e nqTL\+> e]+~. 1921 qT+ 1924 es esTd> eTVdu\ T

]q$. uZ+ ydjT q, V]q HjT&T b|q n< q yTT<{
eTVdu ], $T*q eT&T eTVdu\ n>dH~|eTT HjTeT]

Xese, yeTq HjT, sC <H sC ^sY eV+HsT. des V+<Te\T

<eTeTT dV ]+#eTT yTT<\T|{H sT. s s \qT+ n\yT |&q
ndX <weTT =+es +Z ~. HjTeT]> qTq sjYT u eTT+<,
eTTq>\ sC, HjT y+ s+>se, e&b{ VqTeT+se, sV<s Y
|<se, l wH, #s y*+sY (HsjTDY >TD y*+sY), Ms+
V]qT\ eT kqTu y\& + #T#, ~ V+< >TqT bV+HsT.
<X<s oH<T H>Xsse>sT, <q dV jTeTT >TqT \|s HsT.
~ V+< >ysT V]qT\T +& d\ b<$ T bsX \\T k|+ ,
V]q u\u*\, $<_e~ >$+q w n<Ty T q ~. ejqT\
=s s bsX\\T |{HsT. 34 b<$T bsX\\T q&T|&$.
s+ue TT Jes Cq|#s eT+&*ysT, sjYT u eTT+<, yeTq HjT,
seT#+< HjT >s\T u> $s\T sTT dV jT|&y sT.
dTesT 60 d+es\ eTT u>s&>sT |\ de, HsT
|X e\qT eqe\ sj T , seTTqT+& s+ #T, d#+ < dy<e TTqT
d+|T {| s HsT. |> T , \s, H|P m+C e+{ n+Ty<T \T y|+q
deTjq dy<+ >$+q eqede esH reTT. 1925 |> T y~
KS
y|+q deTjq, V <su<T |D eTT nH \T eTsD+ HsT. <+
ysT jT Tq s>T\ #dq dV jTeTT, ~y] Xy\T rdTy[,
O
#dq n+jT\T |X+djTyTq$. $<+> q dy|seTT,
BO
s$<qeTT <s ~ V+<>T desT\ kqTu , |eTqT, <sD qT
k~+q~.
O
V]qT\ <s D ueTT+<>] de

C
sjYT ueTT+<T>sT ~ V+<Te\ >T]+ eT+ kqTu >\ysT.

ES
MsT d+d n< \TL&. MsT 1926 eTsD+ #e TT+<T M\THe

yd|{HsT. H J$ \eTT HqT ~ V+<q deTT<jTeTTqT
EM
jT|& >s$+#T, kqTu \T|#T+&y&. desT\ T ~ V+<Te\

eeV]+# $<qeTT H q#<T . u> e +T dw n+ deqyT.
sDq HqT y] d+d n< |<$ d+w+> n+^]+. y]

d+eTeTT, n_e~ dV<jTeTT |jT+HqT. |&T H ]

jTeTq>, H eTsDq+se TT L& y] H d++<e TT UjT+ (ds + )
>qT e+&. des V+<Te\q MsT jT$<+ >L&, eysT s, H
$XdeTTqT sTEe #jT T, H XeeTTqT ~ V+<Te\ n|+#e.
ys <V q d+kseTT, y~ <s |s+ j s sT|sT. eTsDq+s
s \ H T+ duT \ jT+{ d++<e TT +&u<T. ysT H XeeTTqT
~ V+<Te\ n|d KsT\ H d qT+ Rs.1000/`\T `
50 d+es\ V<su<T 55
ysTTsbjT\T ` y] eeqT. MTs+ y|Ps+> $wjT+
n+^]ks H qeTeTT n esT\ ydHsT.
sjYT u\T+< >] esT\T s<wH , l wH >s\T n+^]d,
d+\T |{, M\THe |seTT q&#T HsT. l wH > sT V]qT\
bsX \k|q , ~ ed\T #jT T eT X keTs eTT\T |j > |s# y sT.
+<<eTeTT bs+ue TT
V <su<T sheTT sjT <e\T q&|{ M\T sE
d+|T d+dsD eTVdu\ T sT|&$. sheTT eTTK+> V <su<T
KS
|D eTT \T>T y] d+K n~e TT> qTq|{, |CJ$eTT y]
q kqeTT b jT~. 1921 e d+eseTT, qe+sT 12 e Bq |PH
O
eTV $X$<\jT k| &>T s |+&T n< q V <su<T |D eTT
BO
d+|T d+dsD eTVdu deyXeTjTqT. eTVdu ]q #s\T
n~+ > eTVsh uw s>& + e\q, eTVdu \T>T duT \T =+
O
$dT>T #+~HsT. n{ deTjq dT|d< +< HjTy~ \+|* y+

sese>sT, rsqeTT |q \T>T |qd+#T#T+&>, n~d + K
C
qTq eTVsh duT \T $qH=\, #| T #s , |Hd n |d+ >eTTH|

ES
LsT+&TqT #jT Te\q, n& |\TesT +<T \T eT sdq \T|,

du qT+ y&* be&eTT d+ q~. d+|T q V <su<T sheTT
EM
+<<eTeTTq n+ssDeTT> u$+#e#TqT.

sC n+f, 12e qe+sT 1921 e KTq, 11 >TsT +<T\T

deyXy T , +< qd+|T eTT qT k|+ #T=]. qsTeT+~ duT \T

#]q s =+& y+ s+>s&>] n<q du ]|, jTee[
n+^]+|&, s sV esZeTT jTqT&qT. sY. s>b\s&
u]dsT n<\T>, e&b{ VqTeT+se s<]>, eT+<TeTT\
q]+>se (HqT) dV jT s<]>, jTqT&]. =+& y+ s+>s&,
~sE Msu < se, f e s+>se, b|s &, &s T seTk$T HjTT&T,
sC s+>se>s\ L&q b\es+Z jTqT&qT.
~ +< < eTeTT j T T y T T< { < X . s +& e < X +<
q+<d+ |T eTT k|+ #&qT. d+d yTT<{ deyXe TT es+>\TqT,
s deyXe TT\T q\>=+&, eT~s, ds|, C|, <es=+&, KeT+,
d]d\\ ]q$. deyXe TT\T seV<s Y y+s & n< q ]>$.
MsT n|{ C+ d T s (N.G.S.R.) q |<$ |q +&ysT.
+<<eT+ yTT<{< X
+<<eT+ yTT<{< X , \+>D b+eTT $]$> >+<\j\T
k|+ , <s euw y|, | |sq eTTq jTsT#d | C>
KS
*+#&e TT eTTK seTeTT> ss TT+#Tq~. seTeTT qqTd]+,
>+<\jT eTVdu\ T ]>$. C+ sh +<T \jT+<T, k_eqeTT, +<
O
ueeTTqT |]=\ eqqT XjT eTT k< eT>T seTeTT #| H q ~.
$<sT\ dVjTeTT, $<+dT\qT >s$+#T, | >+<eTT\qT,
BO
XdqeTT\ |T\qT d+b~+ |]X~+#T, \|TT|deTT\ <sqT,
|HdeTT\ <sqT $CqeTTqT y|+|#j T T yTT<\>T n+XeTT\T, #{q
O
seTeTT #]jTT+&qT.
C
y{# ]
ES
||+ #eTT jT sTesT\eTq|{ V <su<T sh |uT e\

EM
eTqdeTT @+{ esT <T. MTH<] C^s eTqd+>\

b\H~sT, eT n\yT esT<T ><! y{# ] $<qeTT (Forced
labour) esT<T . #sTT+#Tq | L* e be&eTT M] n\yT.

eTTK+> |s q #d n~sT\T e\, e~> nqT V]qT\, #*,

eT] nqT y] +> | #sTT+#THysT. s&T, dtd dT\T, J|\T
sE\ |s q #d n~sT eTTK+> bdT, s $q, u] (Excise)
XK\ #+~qysT, jT >eTeTTqq y[ , n& = sE\ +| ydysT.
n{ deTjq eT]y&T y*. e+ dV jT|&. e+ e+&q
b\T #* &>j. \T rdTsy. +| e]q|&T
V]qT\T n~s eTT, eT\qT (\>E) sTT+= >eTeTTq
50 d+es\ V<su<T 57
rdTy. deTjq >eTes\ <>Zs qT+& s+&T jT& +&qT
|j >|s # y sT. \>E jTe> qTqjT&\ +&|q ydT y y sT.
#sTT+#Tq |qT\ L, +& sjT mes sTT#ysT
sT.
< $<+ > >eTeTT es \T >e~s N{\|q uq |<s\T
d|s TT #j . +| ydq < |<y &e es \ u<\ T eT |]>$.
|< n~] +| ydq jT&\, +| dMT|eTTq <TDeTT |{, uq
|<se TT\jTT d|s TT #jT e. _\Tu|T &T nd #*+ #b e&y
#*+ # e #*+ #&y ]>~. >e~] N{\T yjT&+ e\
KS
yT< >e~]~. ~ $<y T q \{ $<qeTT. $<qeTT e\
>eT | # nd+| +&~. eq $<qeTTq $sT<eTT>
O
+<q +<d+|TeTT <eTeTT eBdq~. \|TT |deTT\<s,
BO
|Hk\ <s |#s es+_+q~. >e\ es \T d+| \T |T=
+<q yTT<\T|{H sT. $<+ > \+>DeTT n& & =+ d+#\q+
O
*+~. |uT ~sT\T, +< q +<d+ |T seTeTTe\ jT< |<

eTT| y{\TTq<, +<q|&eTT, +<T\T *+#&eTT yTT<\T
C
|{H sT. l qe y+seTjT, +< q +< d+|T eTT s| q |s q

ES
#d, |#seTT #dT + &ysT. y] sjT |#seTT #dT H s eT+<*d

sTT<$<e TT> eTT+<TL& ] eTTqqsT U< T |TeT |uT eTTysT
EM
\T |k~+HsT.
+< q+< d+|T deyX\T

ds| 1926 +<q +< d+|T+ n<seTTq, +<q

+< d+|T #T s deyXe TT l =+& y+ s+>s& n< q , l yeTq
HjT n< q +< >+<\jT eTVdu, l dTseseTT ||s & n< q
k >+<\jT y]eeTT, l >&|* ds|Xse n< q +<
d+|Td+ks eTVdu sT>T jTsjTT #jT&q$. T<
bdTysT |uT n+^seTT ~, du\ T jTM sT>{ M\T<
w~+HsT. n+<T| =+<sT ss\ T bdT y] #s $sT<+ > sT
#+E #dH sT. T< V sTy ] rsT ks+XyT eTq>` sjT du
q{~, $<qT y|+|CjTT eyT <XeTT> >\ duqT |\T
deyX|sq |eTTq, n{ du, |uTe>] |sH $sT<eTT> du
]|qjT&\ n{ esqeTT Xdq$sT< eT|+#T=qTqT. B s n{
eeVseTT yTd{ m<T eq |e TTq, n&T Xdq |seTT Hse TT
sTEyq # $~+#>\ &T. eTT+<T>H CeTT |#T=qT n~seTT
n <T .
rsT |\ nqTL\+> qTq|{ , bdT ysT eeTT
rsT eT e]+#< eT yK] esT=q<T. $<+> 1926
KS
s T > e \d q d u \ T 1928 | u T n+^s e TT s T | H q $.
+<<eTeTTq d++~+q jTduj T T >+<\jT y]y\T dV +,
O
uu`VQLeTY n+f |uT e>] eT+eT+&* (Nizams Executive Council)
BO
n+^seTT b+<~ sT>T M\T< |uT eTTy] yK ] b*d
jT *bsTTq~.
O
bs k+eTT|q w<e TT
C
<X V <su<T |\T ]+~, sjT V\T e. |C+

ES
|uT eTTq bs&eTT <T . |\T ]+< du >\ <X H>s \T>
bsd VeyT. <jeTjTTq |uTeTT y]# 1926
EM
d+eseTT C #jT &q >w s e TT (Circular letter) cH (q+sT) 53

<s |\ y k+eTT, deyX k+eTT |P]> nD><=&q$.
|uT eTT nqTeT ~ >+<\j\T > |y T bsX \\T> |\T

k|+ #TsT . |uT ~sT\ <w eTTK+> sE u+> qT+

V <su<T sh bdT I.G.P. >, & <jT #dq sYk+> (Armstrong)
>+<\j\T, bsX \\jTT \T ]> +<\ u$+#ysT.

50 d+es\ V<su<T 59
H\Ze |s D eTT
<X+ +>dT, XdH\+|T H<eTeTT
& sj\T sTT{ +&> _{w +&j 1920, 1921
KS
d+eseTT\ >+B>] dV jT ssD <eTeTT u> k+~. $<sT\ T,
bsX\\T X\\T HjTy<T\T, HjTkH\T, Vw]+HsT.
O
n>&TqT, nVeT<u<TqT, CrjT $X$<\j\T k|+|&q$.
BO
jTTe\T $<o edTe \ <TD\T, \T, kssTT <TD\ jT<T | {+>T
k+HsT. $<oegeTT\T n <e deT]+|&q$. y\=\~ ss\ T
O
|T&HsT. qe] 1922 $Tq nyT+&TyT+T #eTTq

C
$sT<e TT>, eTVT&T XdH\+|T qeTT s+_+H&T. +>dT HjT\+<sT

|T&sT . |]d T \T $<+ > qT+&> y\T jTTesE us< X e TT y+
ES
#dH sT. |\T jTqqT Vw]+HsT. n& & n\sT ]q$.

>TsT us \ |qT\ ssD <eTeTT (No tax campaign)
EM
s+ueTT#d |jTeTT\T sT>T#T+&>, >sKT|PsY (s|<XeTT)

#s`#] nqT#, bdT, |\ eT< |< d+|T sD ]q sDq, u>

n\sT ]q$. |\T ]|q V+k #s | >+B>sT y+H us

|qT\ ssD <eTeTT, XdH\+|T qeTT s +&+{ |dHsT. eTVT&T
|T&, jTsy& C\ T +#&H&T.
|\T jT{ n\sT \ ~>L &< , |X++> sD seTeTT
sbq >+B>sT eTT |T& eTT+<T <X |\ <X$ THsT.
| # sTVeTT e#d+~. |\T +>dT seTeTT ,
XdH\+|T qeTT jT{ |T<\ #|eTT<T . |+&Y yr HVA,
$s u jYT |f (dssY |f\ T k<sT &T) >s\ d#q|q +&j +>dT
$T{ysT XdH\+|T qeTT >T]+ $#sD]|, <Xe TT XdH\+|T qeTTq
sTT+ jT<H <eTeTTq , d<+ > qTq< nqT $wjT eTTqT
* ]bsT #jT &, V+ nUH>] n< q $T{ jT$T+HsT.
$T{ysT u> $#sD ]|, $eT]+, <Xe TT XdH\+|T qeTTq
d<e TT> < ]bsT #d] .
+>dT u< _bj\T
B +>dT u< _bj\T * s +&T >|\T jTs&q$. {
H #+sT >| nqT&~ nq> y T q +>dT b>+ esT
KS
neds+ < u$+#y]~ {. esT nedse T u$+# y]~ s +&e~.
|+&Y yr HVA, $s u jYT |f , V+ nUH s +&e >|
O
HjT eTT eV+HsT. MsT Xdqdu\ VcseTT eqT=, jT\
BO
\&q nHysT. $<+ > Xdqdu\ |y + |uT | eeVs\T
eTT+<T k>jT+& #j q >| <X e TT. l s>b#],
O
&sT nH] yTT<\>TysT =+<sT Xdqdu\ VcseTT jT<$<+>

s>, n+<T esT nedse TT <H y sT.
C
ES
V+< eTTd+ \VeTT\T

+>dT sj \T sTT{ +&>, <Xe TT V+< eTTd+ \eT
EM
u< \T q $. neTds Y n* d \ +<q sT>T#T+&>, eTTH

(|+CT) V+< eTTd+ \V\e\ n\sT \T jT\T<]q$. k n~sT\
b\d, =+es e> y T q u< \T, V+<, eTTd+ eTu< \T, n \d

n\sT \ sDyTq $. k V+<, eTTd+ HjT\T eT\ VeTT\H

s|eTT sTT#dHsT.
eTTH eT\ VeTT\ |u eeTT |+CT |D \ |q H>, MTsT,
>, H>|P sY e+{ |D \ |\|q L& |&q ~. n\sT \e\ jT+<s
eTsD+HsT. nH\T >jT|&sT. < deTjq eT\usT eb
sT>TuT ]+~. eb\T, |Y >T]+ _{w |uTeTT
ne\+_+q yK ] # $dT>T#+~, |uT eTTq $sT<e TT> sT>TuT
50 d+es\ V<su<T 61
#dH sT. MsT V+<Te\qT eT XTe\T> u$+#&e TT yTT<\T|{H sT.
MsT s+_+q sT>TuT V+<Te\ $sT<+ > e]q~. m+<s V+<Te\T
#+|&sT . m+<s V+<Te\T \es e TT> eTTd+ \ #sT &sT . B
|* +> <X+ V+<Te\T n~d + K s bsTTHsT. V+<Te\T, eTTd+ \T
us k+eTTq >T]+q deTd\qT, ++<yTq rsH\q,
T<K #dH sT. X~ d+|T H, ;> , HJ + nqT e\ eTb <e\T
<Xy |y T q $.
V <su<T sheTT L& V+<, eTTd+ , \VeTT\T s+uy T q $.
1923 d+ >TsZ |D + (|&T ~ s sheTT #] jTTq~)
KS
yTTVi+ 9e KTq XsD d| <y\jTeTTqT+ |\ de y # T +&>,
k eTTd+ \T, eTd<T dMT|eTT qT+& eseZ TT> y L &< n&T *HsT.
<| V+<, eTTd+ n\sT ]q$. uj
O
T eTdT \ bsH \j\ >=|
BO
qwe TT d+u$ +q~. B s+ V+<, eTTd+ \ \V\T s+uy T ,
>+C{, D, Ceu<T, |s yTT<\>T d n\sT \T ]q$. B
O
sheTT L& X~, d+|T H, ;> , HJ + <e\T s+uy T q $.

C
Kb |<$ s<T # j
T &eTT
ES
| Y <eTeTTe\, us< X eTTde TT\T, +>dT k+<eTeTT

#], +>dTqT u> \|s HsT. <X CrjT HjT&T eTTdb
EM
e sDs+>eTT ^dT y] z&+ deTs, qd+{H| yTT<\>T

\ |D\T kBq|s#T=q sTy useTTdeTT\ yK] esT

e#dq~ #e] + > |\ ksueTT&T>q, <+>

||+ # eTTd+ \ eTs &T>q u$+|&y&T. Kb |<$ <
d++<eTT L&q~. yTT<{ jTT<q+seTT |\T $<qeTT
esjT{ d+d<THsT. HjT\T s]eTT eTT+#d,
|Cds+ (Republic) k|+#T, <eTT> eeTT KbqT
+#{ nqTL\ #|+HsT. dTH nT eTJ<qT suw >
#d, ||+ # eTTd+ CT\ Kb> jTq yTT<{ JeTT, >sy\ dV
mBE nqT |D eTT sue qeTT qT+HsT. =~sEH
bsy T +Ty] rsT |seTT Kb |<$ s<T # d , KbqT <X uw >,
<X d]V<T qT+ ]$TydH sT. $<+ > Kb |<$ s<T e&+,
us eTTd+\ |<eTeTT n+]+q~. eTTdbe ne\+_+q
$<qeTTe\ | T d++~+q us eTTd+ \ dT z&bsTTq~.
$<+ > y| | T dT n+]+#+, sTT+= y| V+<
eTTd+ \VeTT\T <Xy|yTq n\sT> #\s>+e\, dsC<eTeTT
bZq+ nqedse T <Xe TTd+ \T u$+#&e TT yTT<\T|{H sT. us eTTd+ \
eTqd + _{wt |uT eTTysT u> u+ b+~HsT. dsC<eTeTT
KS
eTTde TT\qT ysT #jT _{w |uT + > \Tb+~q~.
O
sj \ eTTde TT\ ys
BO
V <su<T sheTT es sTT& ]q eT&T, H\T>T, | Y du\ T
$TqV & eTTd+ \T |CJ$eTTqT, sj \qT, ys H +&k].
=+<sT |eTTK e\ T | eeT\T> sTT& eTTde TT\T, V <su<T
O
d+ seT, us< X e TT, n& sj \ V <su<T jT{

C
d++<e TT<q T <<e TTqe\+_+]. | s> , eT< s> T \ #+~q

ES
eTTd+ \ n~ d+U\T C^sT<sT, eTqT<sT |uT <>T\T>H

J$eTT >& |ysT. eq { ysT n+<sT sh sj \ <s+>
EM
qT+&T eTqTHsT. _{wt us b+eTT y|+q eT

\VeTT\T, sTT& y|+#{ sh+ d]V<T\ T n&T| & < T . &
= V+< eTTd+ \VeTT\T, n\sT\T sT>>H 1926 V<T

eTTdM TH nqT d+d |H<T\T yjT &$ . sh eTXK d++~+q

|< n~], d<s Y jsY +>T nqTysT n< |<$ d]+HsT.
yTTe TT|q sTT& qT+ V <su<T sh eTTd+ sj \T s+ue Te$.
H& +>dT eTVdu
_{w +&j, |uTeTT dVjT ssDeTTq esT>
V+<Te\T, eTTdeTT\T ] H=sT dVjT ssDeTTq eT X
50 d+es\ V<su<T 63
keTseTT\T |j>|sTdTHsT. X~d+|TqeTT, ;>, HJ+ nqT
<e\T CsT> k>TTHsTT. |]d T \ &d+sT 1923 d+ (sT
><e] ) H& |D eTT eTq eTVeT< n>] n< q
+>dT eTVdu deyXy T q ~. deyXe TT V+< eTTd+ \VeTT\T
n+]+ X+jTT J$+ >&| { jT<H eseZ TT |e#Tq <Xe TT,
CrjTy<T\T jT+ X|T=jTT+&]. jT+{ |]cs eseZ TT
q&< T . +>dT jTs&q >|\ es ]H=sT $s~+# jTe]
| ysT #jT + e TeTH |]cseTT #dT =].
<ojT sC\ |\ yTT<{ eTVdu
KS
H& ]q eTVdu V <su<T +>dT $T{ s| q
jT+<s duT \T yeTq HjT>] n< seTTq y[H sT. n& d eT]>]
O
n< q <ojT sh |\ |<T \ du { ]q~. du leT
BO
ds<$, yeTqHjT, s|T y+<seXs >sT V <su<Ty] eTTKT\T.
sT\Z seTws e, HqT L& bZHeTT.
O
<ojT sh sj\>T]+ T rsqeTT| sq, usq\T

C

sT>T#T+&>, | q LsTq seTws e, #s \qT [+| #dT =,
ES
y{ <w |T=, rsqeTT yd ds<$>] #|+#>, yT

#\ |X+ d+ rsqeTTqT d eT]>] jT<TqT+]. d eT] n#
EM
sT>T#Tq sq , us q \ rsqyT |]cseT u$+, du deT]+#>

n~ @ê+> y~+#&q~.
du V <su<TsheTT |C <e\>T]+, y+eTT,

Vs+> du\|q y|&q +<qeTT\ >T]+q $wj\T u>

#]+|&q$. s|T y+<se Xs d | T> d+uw+HsT. < |* +>
Xs>sT H& qT+& V<su<T #s>H sh |uT+ leTTK+
sTZ\ seTcse>sT 1921 u+usTT $X$<\jTeTT L.L.B. |u<T

V<su<T e HjTy~> eTe s+_+HsT. ysT |d< u]dsT eTVeT<T
ndZsY e< pjTsY> |#dysT. HqT, e eTT&T seT#+<se 1921 H
HjTy<T\T> e yTT<\T|{HeTT.
y]# n+~+q~. y] e\T dq<T>THsT. bd T #jT L&<
w~+HsT. <T|] = sE\ Xs>sT s+ e~d, |PH
y[b sTTHsT. 1946 d+ es |PHH +& jTHu<\ T dV d V <su<T
k+<eTeTTqT k+HsT.
ssT C+ +<q
us< X e TT d>V eTT, | T , XdH\+|T q <e\T #\ &,
_{w dssTy] d $X+ <=sT>H, C+ |uT e 1923 ssY
sTT eT y|dT sTT#jq, s|~ (Viceroy) s |T s \T
KS
s+_+HsT. e] 1925 s|~ sT ` s&+>T BsyTq
|T s e TT ssY deTd sTT+ |PsyT |]csyT q (Res-judicate) <,
O
n+XeTT ] $#sDj T eTT <, s +&T |e TT\T B <T jTT+&e\d
BO
jTT+T+< yT sTTHsT. C+ bJwqT n+^]+# sT s &+>T
|s, eT dTBsy T q CT yd, n+<T eTTK+>, s +&T $T sC\
O
@s&q ><\ >T]+ jT b T~ |]cseTT#d n~seTT m+

es HjTdeTyT q ~? n |+HsT. deTd |]cseTT #jT T
C
us <X+>eT+ (Secretary of State for India) # jT$T+|& _{w bsT

ES
n< q , us |uT eTT, V <su< |uT eTT# esTd> jT$T+|&q

<s T duT \T, ssY |\ <s T | <T \ L&q MTwH jTsT
EM
eq L& C+ d+HsT. sT s &+>T q s|~, >essT

qs |<e\qT $s$T+#T+, +>+&T y deTjq 1926 d+

e]H\ C+ d#q yT |+|+H&T. CT <s V <su<T

seTT|q _{w y] |se ~s+ (Paramountcy) qT nqTe]+# $wjT +
_{w <<eTTqT dw|sH&T. MTwH @sT>T]+ C+ d#q
s]d, MT CT $wj\ |]o*+|&q$. n+<T HqT, H
|uT eTT, us< X +> eT+ >$+q |]cs\>T]+ |qs#q #jT <q
$wj \T =$ jTMTe n *|H&T. + jTq $<+ > ydH&T:
50 d+es\ V<su<T 65
_{w |se ~s $y#q
_{w +&j +s+ eeVs\ >T]+ _{w |uT eTTq
>\ kqeTT, V <su<T sh +s+ eeVs\, V <su<T sh |uT e>
MT n<kqeTT >\<H y<qe\q, _{w ksueTeTT, MT eT< q jTs&q
d++<\ >T]+ MTsT | <<+ ne\+_dTHs \TT+~.
ksueTT |~> MTsT ne\+_+q | <w <seTT #jT &eTT
H$~. deTjq $wjT eTT >T]+ HqT eTqeTT eVd, s MTsT
|b~+q MT VqT n+^]+qT nse TT rjT{ M\T\T>e#T.
us< X e TT _{w ksueTT sd dse TyTq ~. eq jT
KS
<ojTsE L& deq || |q us |uT eTT d+<qeTT#jT T V
\< y~+#C\&T. ksueTT sd |+<eTT\T, d+~ |\|q H
O
<s|& < T . sd d++>qTq~. $<X\ d++<\T, b\d\
BO
d++~+q $wj\ >T]+ $c~s <ojT sC\ >\
|+<eTT\T, d+~ |\qT >s$d, yTTe TT us< X e TT X+, u <\ T
b&eTT, _{w |uT | V, u< . B |]DeTeTT >T]+ #s
O
nqedse TT. ~ sTTs d+kHBX \e MTL& deqeTT> nqTe]dT + ~.

C
$wjT eTT >T]+ me $XB]+#eTT nqedse TT. 1862 sTTs

ES
<ojT sE\bT, V<su<T sEL& dq<T b+~q $wjTeTT

C| + #sTTd #\Tq nqT+{qT. dq<T _{w |uT eTT V <u<T
EM
d+kHBX e+XeTT sksTT> qT+&eq q] y\&+q~.

d+kHBX &T, _{w ksueTT $XdbT&T> qT+&Tf ksueTT
n+^seTT ~, jTesT L& ysdT > V <su<T sh d+VdH~| eTT

eV+#C\sT. $sdT (Succession) >T]+ >< jTs& _{w

|uT eTTq |]cseTT #jT TV >\<T.
<ojTsC\ +s+ eeVs\ _{w |uT eTTq CeTT
*Z+#TH V, _{w ksueTT |se~seTT $T&jTTq<qT
s+&e <VsD> |s=qe#T. nedsyTq sD\T+f |, _{w
|uTeTTq eT VqT y&eqqT] jTeeTT <T.
<ojTsE\T, jT +s+ X+, $<X u< u+ b+<TTHs,
T< n~ _{w |uTeTTq >\ sD#d n~seTT|qH <s|&
jTTq~. _{w keeTTq d++~+q $wj\T < <ojT
s |uT #s\e\ <ojT s |\ d+eTeTT |q #&T |ueeTT
|&TT+f , nedseTT |&q|&T >T #s rdTH u< _{w
ksueTT |se ~seTT |q H <s|& jTTq~. <ojT sE\T nqTu$ dTq
_q _q s> T \ #+~q sd T< _{w |uT eTT Hsy s u<
& jTTq~. $wjT eTT me #]+# +& $wjT eTT >T]+ eeTT
#| <\#THqT. MT $XdbT&q dVT&T nqT _sT<T <=s e\
_{w |uT |se ~seTTq d++~+q sj \, MT |uT eTTq
KS
sTTs sC\+f @< _qyTq >=| <s \_+q< MTsT u$+#L &<T .
MT y<q |q us <X+>eT+ \T, |]cs\|+#T L&<H
O
MT n_bjTeTT HqT jTu$ +#C\q sY` s &+>T s|~ C+
BO
yT yd <ojT sC\eT< , <ojT seTT, _{w |uT eTT
eT<, jT\T<]q ><\T |]w]+# V, $Xc~seTT, _{w
|se ~seTTq >\<T. = d+<s\ eT< e] |]cseTTq >\<T.
O
= d+<s\ eT<e] |]cseTT#jTT sTqT (Court of Arbitration)

C
jT$T+#e#T. < se +, us |uT eTTq d+yT q d\V

ES
sTTeeTT es +&TqT. |q |]cseTT us |uTyT #jTe\d

jTT+T+~ n L& dw+ #dH &T. ssT eeVseTTqT >T]+ $#sD
EM
]| ]bsT #jT T eT< e] |]cseTT #jT T sT L & jT$T+#&

M\T<T . _{w |uT eTT ysT ~es eeVseTT >T]+ |]cseTT
#dH sT. |dT eeVseTT >T]+ ~es |+<eTT <s #\eTT

qT+ q&TdTq $y<+ n+yT T+~+#&q~. |+<eTT u> +q

|<| jT{ d+~> +<q L&Tq~. { eeVseTT
eT< e] |]cseTT #jT T sT |+# q< HqT u$+#C\qT n
sT s&+>, C+ y<qqT s<T #dH&T. <ojT sC\ +s+
eeVs\ C+ *+Z #TH V, n~seTT _{w |uT eTTq \<,

<ojT sC\T deq|| , eT eeV]+#C\e, eT eTT<yd H &T.
#. nqT+<eTT |.298
50 d+es\ V<su<T 67
#s j+X yT$Tq> + >\jTT <? me] u>>T\?
<ojT sE\T _{w y] C+ dV +#sT <! y] _{w y] |se ~s+,
$Xc~s++{ |]uw jT~ q#<T <! ~ jTe] u>T#jT {?
<ojTsC\ |\T 20 e XeTT 16 17e Xu\H{ |]b\q
UjT+ +#{, s&eTT <T<! |\T esT sTTHsT. 20e
XeTTq qT>TDyTq |]b\H $<qeTTqT eq+THsT. |C+
s d<+\|q <s|&q u<jTT |uT+ =s, +<q
s+_+HsT. _{w |uT e\T |\ HjTdeTyT q s\ $sT<+ >
<ojTsE\ s+X~s \|sHsT. n~ +> $#]d _{w
key<T\T <ojTsE\ <s eT s+X~s \|s#&yT.
KS
_{wysT us<X+ <ojT d+kH\qT, eT \esyTq <TsZ\T>
|T HsT. |eTTK nyT]<X |s#s TT \sTT |w s T (Louis Fischer)
O
ydqT, <ojT sC\T 17e X| eT< jTT>eTT H{ \T (\T).
BO
eT< jTT>eTTH{ |]d T UjTeTT> qT+, \ ds | & jTT+&
qH< y] jTT<X e TT. 20e X| <& eT< jTT>+H{ <TsZ\qT+&
O
n]& _{w key<T\T <ojT d+kH\qT |j >|s HsT.

C
_{w y] CeTT`bsk+eTT| |P] s+<e TT

ES
dsY`n sTTe+ q |<$ e<\T= V<su<T qT+& y[bsTTq

sT y, sh |]d T \T eT #&b sTT, |]b\q | <e |{q ~. s +&T
EM
eT&T d+es\ qT+ , *q e |<qeT+> &T. n~s

jeT+ qEsq q |PskqeTT n\+]+q~. +<T |b eTT
>T]+ #| e\dq<< T . { |]d T \ _{w |se ~seTT (Paramount

power) C+ *+ Z #Tq~. T< _{w ysT, C+>sT, |< qeT+>,

eTVs V<Ts T dsY ` wH |s< jeTeTTMT< sJ|&sT . s $q
bdTXK eT+>, s $qXK s<], bdT &s s T qs (I.G.P.) >
_{w dssT d+q +^w n~sq T jT$T+#{ C+ |=q
| <T . s $q bdTXK\ eT+ s f+#Y s $qXK s<], &s s Y
qs {dsY, bdT ..|. (I.G.P.) > s+ k+> nqTys\T jT$T+|&sT .
s+k+>, u+> bdT ddT d++<e TT *jTT+&qT.
eTVs V<TsT, se C+ eTV u<Tc \eTT
~yqT>qT+& u> nqTue eTT, |sT|w\ T k~+q eTVqTue&T. jTq
s +&ek] 7e C+ MTsY kH nUH \+ eT+eT+&* n< &T
(President of the Executive Council) > eT u< \T Hsy
s { d+d<T & H &T.
+^w yT+sT ssY f+#Y, ]eT+> dsY nsY V< (V<sY
qyE+> _sT<T), $<XKeT+> eTVB jsY +>, |]XeT\ eT+>
nF +>, sjTXK eT+> dsY CeTY +> e>s eT+eT+&*

duT \T> qT+&ysT. djT < yTV~ eT+eT+&* s<]> jT$T+#&sT .
s +&ek] _{w |uT eTT C+ *+#T=q+ e\q =+ u+
KS
*+~. CjTr, keTs + n~sT =\+#&sT . n~s jeT+
<ssT |u eeTT bZ sTTq~. X, keTs yT |y wH (<>eTT n_e~)
O
q ns\ T> H+#&q$. _{w n~sT V <su<T sheTT jT{
BO
sj <eTeTTHq ||T {+#ysT. MsT eq sT yH 1927 d+eseTT
y k++, Vs+>du\T |TH V|q |Ps+qT+N q
O
+<q\qT >{|sTd, eT+eT+&* nqTeT ~, sjT du\T

sT>C\e, w<\T |{HsT. _{w b+eTTqT+ e# |\e\
C
jT& sjT uy\T sTT& k | \T>Ty nH uj T eTTe\H

ES
u\T eT<dTqT+ e# V+<, ds, & m|dT, |PH qT+ e#

eTss, ds+{ |t +&j, \qT+ e# neTCsT |,
EM
sTqT+ e# {H, MT+<sY, $T|t, & qT+ e# ]jdY nqT

|\T w~+#&q$. eTTwsY < H, dV b nqT s +&T s ~q|\T

V<su<T qT+&, T{H nqT +^w | d+<u<T qT+&
Ms eTq eTVB qyE +>. MsT V<su<T d$ ddT #] &|P{ sT,

dVsXK ]ksT> eT u<\T Hsy]q nq+s+ eT+eT+&* s<]>
jT$T+|&sT. MsT sE jTeeTT V+<, eTTd+ nH \eT u<eTT
+& eT |<$ Hsy]HsT. k+q+s+ yTT< sTZ\ seTwse>]
eT+eT+&*, sTy +<|<X sheTT jTs&q |<| \+ d+Jes&>]
eT+eT+&* qT+& u<\T Hsy]HsT. >TsT sheTT jTs&q sTy n&
>essY> 5 d+es\T u< Hsy]HsT.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 69
y$ n sTT~es \T|&qT. < <XeTT V <su<T |D eTTqT+&
sVs< H nqT s ~q| s+_+#Hq ~. q\>=+&qT+ \],
es+>\T eqTqT+& qT>T | nqT qT>T ys|\T
=+\eTTes q& bsTTq$. <T|] >\=+& | jTqT
nsy s| qT>T 1926, 1927 C+ $jT nqT eTs ys| \T
s+uy T q $. q ms (New Era) nqT +^w ys| , sjT Y nqT
s ys|, s+&T L& V<su<T |DeTTqT+# 1927
s+_+#Hq$.
= n_e~ se\T
KS
sjT +> sheTT jT{ esT\T e. ]s + >eTT
O
n_e~ se\T =+es |P] #jT&q$. Ceu<T
BO
C+k>s,Y KeT+ ys , bsT bC \ +< = \\ jTs\
u $T , (e>D) k>TuT &q~. UJ|, V sYc s \ TeseZ TT
jTs&q~. V <su<T |D eTT $X\yTq s&T, &H y\T (eTTsT>T
O
\\T), eTT] |\T U #sTT+, y{kH |]XuyTq +&T f

C
se\T #|{ , |D n_e~ d+|T eTT (City Improvement Board) u>H

ES
qu< Hsy ] q< #| e#T. >+&| kHk>sY qT+ |D |\

> d | jTsT #jT Hq ~. kj $X$<\jTeTT qT+ |u <T\T
EM
jT\T<] se&+ s+uy T q ~. M] d+K | d+eseTT |sT>T#T+&T#

s j T # q es + u y T q ~. V eTT> \ j T Te \T, s s \ T
|CJ$s+>eTT eTT+<T sk]. dTseseTT ||s&>sT eT<dT

$X$<\jTeTTqT+ |u <T V <su<T e#dHsT. MsT \+|s+ \

yde\T. eT+ CrjTy~, <Xu&T. jTq HjTy~> e
ne\+_+HsT. e n+ $jT+ b+<< T . >\=+& ns
ys| d+b<eTT eV+ | s#sTT> d|\T&HsT. jTq
V <su<T \T>T |\ CrjTuy\T s +HsT. qejTTe eTT
*Z+HsT. <$<+> \DYse bs>sT C+ $jT nqT eTs
ys| d+b< eTT eV+, sheTT eTss & b+| |\ m+
VeTT *+Z HsT. H $TT\T djT < nd<T , q ms (New Era) nqT
+^w ys| <s |\ u> C> *+Z HsT.

| s#s TT> HqT
= J$ H jT+ ns jTTq< +#<T. |
s#q >T]+ HqT jT& ]jTY (f +>) b+<< T . d+ u> q&TdTq
| #] | HsT = jTT+&< T . nqTue eTT k~+jTT+&< T . +>
$#]d jT $X$<\jTeTTHH #] | s#q qT>TDyTq sjT ,
] $wj\>T]+ $<udeTT #jTT u>eTT H \_+#<T. HqT
m+es deTsT&H jTqT $wjT e+#+& s+>eTT \T
KS
|{H qT. e&b{ VqTeT+se|+T\T>sT bV+HsT. HqT <s eTT
#dH qT. \eTT |uT de#sXK nqTq~ jTB <T . | eTT<D
O
>T]+q jTe\qqTd]+ ds~s\T |D bdT MTwqsT ()
BO
+&$. | eTT<D d++~+q <sUdT kVT e<
|Te\de#~. <sUdT eT+psT#d n~seTT \T<. |\qT
O
+{\T |TH ds~s\T kVT +&$ \eTT

C
s V<s Y y+ ses&> sT |<$ | qT+&]. HqT sjT Y

ES
ys| eTT~+#T M]e<H <sU dT |T= nqTeT b+~.

| sVDeTTq e\dq jTsT jTMT e. ]+ > L&
EM
jTjTsT e. H ] |]d jTMT u><T . |T& |T u>dT & T

jTe &T . HH jTe, HH <, HH |T&<sT&qT.
HH ]&qT, HH e]+>T s*dTq T!

< \eTT HqT HjTy<e ne\+_+HqT. H eTT&T eT+<TeTT\ seT#+<se

n<jTeTT ydT+&> eT&TsE\ +< 11e &X+sT 1973 H&T <jTeTT
8`15 >+\ dsZdT&H&T. seT#+<se H+f eT&T d+es\T q. jTq
ejTdT 74 d+eseTT\T. Hq e eTT&T ujTT\eTT q #<TeHeTT.
deTw T+ duT\T> 1939 es J$eTT >&|HeTT. HqT 6 d+es\T bdT
#dq |<| e qy& >q >V +HqT. e HqT d+|Pse TT>
$|\T&q|+#THqT. eq HjTy< e dd #|, 1927 qT+ sjTY nqT
s ys| d+b<> = J$eTT s+_+.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 71
qsTsbjT\ eT\<q eTT | s+_+HqT. yTT<{d + leT
ds<$ HjTT&T>] XuodT\ jT\T<]q~. |<qeT+> qTq
dsY eTVs wH |scY < eT s $<s bVd ydq ^\
s +&e d+ jT\T<]q~. qsT sbjT\T $seTT H=d+ eTVs
V<sY <qdVjTeTT >$+HsT. +$T+q ] jTsT jTB
+&qT.
Xese>sT +es VsT &> qT+&, n|&|& eT |<$
$s$T+#T=jTT+&]. MsT <H ]bsT nqT ed|
|#T ]+#ysT. n+<T V sT rsT\T eTT~+|&$. M]~ n< |sT < H
KS
]bsT |dt nqT eTT<DX\L& +&~. Xese>sT eT
eTT<DX\ HqT |#T ]+#T sjT Y |qT n#Tyd jTsT#d, H
O
|q ys+ys+ |&T Tq ] e& d&* +]. |&T sde |eTTK
BO
HjT&q |+&{ qs+<sY J \eTT eT+ VeTT>\ jTTe&T.
(MsT sTT{e\H ~e+>T ] ). jTq = edeTT\ es q deTjTeTT
O
yTHsT> dVjT|&{ d<|&H&T. $<+> = edeTT\T

C
]q sT y 1928e d+eTT s+ue TT qT+ += jTTe&T, H

ES
dV jT|&{ d+d<T & H &T. jTq kj $X$<\jT| |u <T&T

wsY nV< VsY>sT. eT+ CrjTy~, <Xu&T. VsY dVjT
EM
d+b< &T> H &&y&T. 1929 d+ sjT Y | |uT eTT#

|yj T & es H |#dH &T. <q +se TT, wsY nV< VsY |uT
<> #], VosT> jT$T+|&sT. =~\eTT +<H

sT>, +<|<X |uT ddTqT+ |HwH|q eT |<$

$s$T+#TH&T. |\ eTTK <seTT | q\T (Advertisements).
sjTY nTe+{ <seTT \_+#<T. #<TesT*#T y] #+<
<seTT eq jT|&T T &f! m|& H ] u<. {
u<| & T #Tq | deTjq l wH ` u]ds ,Y qqT <THysT. ysT $s\
s|eTT m&qT+#H &T rdTe#ysT. qyT ksY +>, sC
<H s C^sYJ, sC || ^sYJ |eTTK<\T.
|\T, |~| T \ u< \T
y++, Vs+> du\ T |T H d# sheTT =+es H
|\ <s # q eTT *+#e#Tq HqT qyTy&. qeTeTT |
s#q s+_+HqT. Xdqdu\T , |uTeTTqT $eT]+# es|+
|]b\q, |\ beTTK+ # +T+< >V +HqT. sjT
b\T seTT |C_bjTeTT *+Z #&e TT |CdeTd\qT jT<Ts=q&eTT,
|\ wd T U\T |uT <w e&eTT, |\ u< . ~dTq jTe
e*d (watch-dog) jT$<+ > yT\T|T+<, n< $<+ > ~dTq
|\qT yT*|, eT |CkeT V\T k~+#T=qT d<|s#&yT
KS
sjTY u< n \, deTd\T #]+#y&. n+es |uT
n~sT\qT b>&T eq #s _q+>, ysT ne\+_+# ne e
O
#s \qT u> $eT]+#y&. |uT eT+f | qTq uj T eTT b>=eqqT
BO
<w = = |sjTeTT\T, | T> $eT]+#y&.
kj $X$<\jT+ u<q uw
O
kj $X$<\jTeTT $<u<q uw> <Xu wjT >T s

C
q kqeTTqT HqT \|]#y&. s, bsd uw\ H $<udeTT

ES
s> eTTe\ u\T HqT m|& sq T |$T+#y&. =+<sT $TT\T

H n+^]+#ysT sT. s n~d + U\ euw be#TqT.
EM
$<Xu w nsTTq +^w b*d, <X uwjT >T s beTTK+ >\<

HqT qyTy&.

eTT uy\qT \|s# T

n$, #<T eq jTTe\ d+K |sT>T#Tq sE\T, <bT sT<>
deTdL& s+uyTq~. |< <>eTT\|q eeT\T> s<XeTT
ed+#T eTTde TT\T jeTeTT e&eTTe\q, q <>eTT\MT<> &
s <Xd T dT\ue TT> e#ysT. n+<T# eTT uy\T jT\T<]q$.
$<XU~| D.P.I., I.G.P. |d T \ q |<e \|q |+CT ed+#T
UHkVT\T jT$T+|&ysT. $<XK |#jTT k djTsY
50 d+es\ V<su<T 73
n~sT\>, djTsY b|ds> |ywH\T b+< neXeTT
b jT~. <<| n XK\ |]d {> +&~. eq eTTuy\qT
sjTY \|s#~.
]<eTeTT
H C| e TTq+es , 1928 d+ qqT+{qT, ]\ n\&
jT\T<]q~. C+ s <>T\T, ]\T dyT s+_+HsT. V <su<T
sh #] ~ ||<e T+> ]q dyT . | e UH, s|T y+<se >s\T
dyT HjT\T. s|T y+<se s <. | e UH s <
KS
&T. dyT V<su<T sheTT ]<eTeTT bs+uyTq<
#| e#TqT. n|&T d+| \>T]+q #{\T jTM e.
sqT =q&eTT ` sjTY |qT |yjT&eTT
O
BO
sE s\T, sheTT~ (State Railway) <T. ~ +|y]
jeqeTTq q&#~. CeTT >s+{&T d{ s (N.G.S.R.) nq&,
O
+| +<+ \+&H qT+&~. _{w |T&<s L&Tq~

C
+|. MsT eT +| eXeTTqTq dT\ jTT n$T eT eeVseTT

ES
eTT+#T=qT jsHsT. n|&T V<su<T |uTeTT sqT

=qT d+d<yTq~. n~ 1929 e d+eseTT, ||+# y|yTq es
EM
ybs e+<eTT s+uy T q sE\T. n edTe \ <s \ T |&b e#T+&q$.

edTe \Tq$ &T =s s+uy T q ~. deTjq Hs sE +&
jTe <s\ s dT\T =q&eTT eTT< |uT $<qeTTqT

sjT Y | | T> K+&+q~. _{w |T&<sT, key<T\

XjT dT eeVseTT q&T|&T#Tq< HqT $eT]+. +{ dsY
nsY V< ], sXK eT+ ` >VyX, sjTY, qjTs
(New Era) nqT |\qT |yj T T d+d<T ] . s $q, bdTXK eT+
s f+#Y #s qT \|s HsT. |uT eTT 1929e d+es| yTH\
s +&T |\qT |yd q ~. +{ sjT Y J$eTT dTesT s +&T
d+es\qs \eTTH de|y T q ~.
de TH MTwH >eTqeTT
1927 d+es++qT+ _{w +&j eT sjT d+#\qeTT
bs+uy T q ~. dsY CH de TH (Sir John Simon) n< seTTq _{w bsy T +T
duT \ L&q bsy T + MTwH us< X e TTq |+| _{w
|uT eTT |{ + q~. | q eT >seeTTq u+ >s e TT> qTq<,
us |\T ~ ] . 1919 _{w +&j |yX |&q sjT
d+dsD\T jT+es #sD eq$, us< X e TT, q |uT eTT qT
q&T|=qT jT+es d<e TT>qTq<qT $wjT eTTqT, nq> usrjTT\T
m+es eT| eTT syT\T qys, |]o*+#T jTs&q
KS
MTwHqT b u<eTT+&, Vw]+#T n+<sT rs+#T=].
$Ty<T\T, ny<T\T, |uT eTT dV ]+#T#TqysT, dV jTssD
O
y<T\T, H#+sT (No changers), ds bysT, +>dTy<T\T, su \ T
BO
n+ jTê+> y~qT+ _{w |uT y ] K+&+]. MTwH
usrjTT\qT #sbe&eTT, yTTeTT usC neeq|sqT>
O
u$+#&qT.
C
&d+sT 1927 eT<dT +>dT eTVdu &s T nH] n< q

ES
]q~. de TH MTwHq T Vw]+#eq jT ê+> rs+#&q~.

+es <Xe TT #\s q V+< eTTd+ \VeTT\T, +>dT >|
EM
u<uy\T n *+> n+]+q$. |uTeTTqT jT~]+#eqqT

<&d+\eTT <X|\T d<yT]. deTH MTwH us uu>eTTMT<
\T|T#T +&> dyT \ us |\T MTwH k>e TT #| ]. sY

\|sjYT HjTeTT y[q }s+|MT< bdTysT ]|q

<Ts+\ |\T >T] nsTT]. J bdT y] <\ *jT,
dsdZ T ] . bdTy] E\T+qT jT eeTT |, <X |\T <Xy |+ >
MTwHq T Vw]+]. =j T T>yT s+uy T q < #| e#TqT. eT<dT
]q +>dT eTVdu V <su<TqT+ jT+<s y[] . y] HqT L&
#]jTT+{. n& yTT<{k ] H luKsY n MTsqT \TdTH neXeTT
\_+q~.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 75
+>dT yTT<{k ] <ojT sC\>T]+ rsqeTT
+>dT #] yTT<{k] & <ojT d+kqeTT\ sjT
d+dsD\>T]+ rsqeTT $<+ > #jT &q~.
<ojT d+kHBX \, y] |\ uj T T\ XjT dT=s d+kHBX \T,
|C b< d+d\ T, u< jTT |uT eTT, y] seTT\ k|+ #e\dq
nedse TTq< +>dT n_bjT|&T #Tq~.
l deT] rsqeTT| |qdd <ojT sE\ jT
deTT\|\ >seeTTqqT, jT .d._. (G.C.B) .d... (G.C.I.E.),
.d.jTdt. (G.C.S.) _sT<T\TqqT HqT djT+> <ojT sE\ eTq$
KS
#jT <\#Tq~ @eTq> <d+ es yTeTT ysT deqeTT> _{w |uT
O
>T+\ eT|+#T=qT jTeeTT d+<V eTT<T . u< e TT eeTT
\<T. e b<eTT\ qT| X+K\T |&j T Tq$. y] X+K\T +>sT
BO
#jT &q$. @yq qT X+K!
O
<ojT s |\ esT
C
< d+eseTT u+usTT <ojT d+kH\ |\ eTVdu y#s

ES
seT#+<se>] n< q eTs= eTVdu lyd njT+>] n< q

]q~. <ojT sE\ # #jT +< |Cb< d+d\ <s d+|Ps
EM
u< jTT |uT k|q sT rsqeTT\T >$+|&q$.

_{w +&j jTH esT\T \T>T#T+&qqT V<su<T
jTeeTT <* < T . V <su<T sheTT dV <ojT d+kH\ >T]+,

_{w +&j |C_bjTeTT esT#Tq~. V <su<T |uT eTT

jTeeTT \ eTT #jT T<T . |jT (Reaction) += $<+ > qT+&~.
nsTTH n]& + jTe] k< eTT? nqTd]+ esT#Tq
uy\qT n]& + nk< +.
n+eTH sF V <su<T
V <su<T sh jTTe\T m+<s jTs| e>s sTTs K+&\T, |]ds
sc\T y[ #<Te=, = uy\T, = VeTT V<su<T
]edTH sT. { y] eTTK+> |s=q<q eTTd+ \ l njsYUH.
(M] sT y njesY+> nqT _sT<T\_+q~. MsT |&T eTVsh
>essY> qTHsT) l uKsY n $Ts. (sT y MsT |_ ddT MTwH
duT &T, du d u T &T> qT+&]). l |E s V eH ($<XU~| ` D.P.I,
`, n>&T $X$<\jTeTT bydT#q\sY) yTT<\>TysT >\sT. Ms+
ny< uy\T>\ dey<T\T. #<T e\T eTT+#T= jTs| qT+ eq

s njsY UH, uKsY n$Ts>s w |* +> n+EeTH sF
(Anjumane Taraqui ` n_e~ d+|TeTT) V<su<T nqT d+|TeTT

jTs&q~. e] |< CHjTT&T, |E s V eH, &s Y \r|dt j T <, sT\Z
KS
seTws e, lwH , MTsY nsUH yTT<\>TysT d+|T duT \T. HqT
L& duT &qT. njsY UH d+| < &T>, |E s V eH s<]>
O
|#dysT. | duT&T q <jTeTT qqTd]+ q{ 5 sbjT\
#=|q d+|TeTTq #+< sTTee\de#~. njsYUH H\ 50
BO
sbjT\ < #+< sTT#ysT. sE njsY UH kj
$X$<\jTeTT #] u~+#T ssY> |#dysT. |EsVeH
O
d{ J nsX geTT u~+#T ss>Y qT+&~.

C
ES
uKsY n$Ts V<su<T |uT k\sTw| s qT+& (B.Sc.) _.jTdt.d.

&^ b+~HsT. jTe\ qqTd]+ jTq |uT <>eTT #se\d jTT+&qT.
EM
uKsY n$Ts keTy< uy\T |uTeTTq q#$e. eq |uTeTT uKsY

n$Ts q uy\T esT= q $<X$TT\ y|Ps+> jT{ d++<eTT
|TL&< |TfqT. uKsY n$Ts q uy\T esT<T. |uT
e& +><T. { \+ |uTeTT jTq <>+ #|+#<T.

$<+> uKsY nMTs |uT <>eTT |+#THsT. 1927 |e] d\T

(Brussels) ]q key< es n+srjT eTVdu eVsY HVA
|+&T &T us |~> y[H sT. eTVdu uKsY n$Ts eVsY HVA
|]#jTeTT *q~. n|{qT+ MsTujTT\ dV uy\T+f$).
&sT \r|t dsT<T jT | sjT |eTT d++<eTT +&qT. jTq

eT+ CrjTy~, s+&T CT\ d<+eTTqT, V<su<T q eT* H<eTTqT
K+&+#ysT. <Xe TT, <Xd T \ u< jTeT>T |sjT , sTTs <e\ &s T >sT
u>eTT rdTHysT. =+\eTT es ysT dT
cont...
50 d+es\ V<su<T 77
V<su<T #<Teq jTTe dey< uy\T *Z+#&eTT
n+EeTH sF V <su<T jTT eTTK <X e TT. <X e TT dTesT
eT&T d+es\ \eTT =+| ]q~. s d+|TeTT
eyTq ~. V <su<T sh ]e T+ dsY nsY V < |<e T s+& fT
H|q T \+&H y deTjq, njsYUH d+$<q eeVs\ d\V<sT
(Constitutional Affairs Adviser) > jT$T+|&eTT, +>dT |< q s<]>
|+&{ eVsY HVA +&T deTjq ysT jTsT#dq +>dT
]XK s<]> uKsY n$Ts jT$T+|&eTT n+eTH sF
V <su<T D + , eyT T< nd$ T+q~.
KS
= HjT +
n$, X| eT&e <XeTT n+yT T+<T#Tq sE\T. =
O
<X+ s+ueT>T#Tq~. = jTTe HjT+ jT\T<sT#Tq~.
V#] (T< dHd) V <su<T sh |C J$+ |y +].
BO
ys k$T seq+< rs. sheTT y] |C J$+ 1929 qT+
s+ueTjTqT.
O
|{ eTVsh #]jTTq kHu<T , sc\ |qsed s D

C
sT>Tes V <su<T sheTT qT+&qT. V|sZ nqT q

ES
>eTeTT >\<T. n& <s T k<sT \ w, >eTTe\ >TsT\+ |< |q

+>dT duT\T> qT+&. sTy dT +>dT $<qeTT y] q#q+<Tq dT
EM
+>dTqT e<\T=]. >+B eTVTH , leT ds HjTT&T, &sY

nH], &s Y CsVY Q dH, n k<sT \T yTT<\>T HjT\ y] dV d++<\T+&$.

\r|t dsT<>sT #\ K+&+> s=Ke+> e{&ysT. ws> $eT]+#

e. =+\eTT ysT |uTy<XK d$ dsH> L& |#dHsT. ysT
dVjT y< XU~|> qTq \+ y<XU~|> eT|<$ $s$T+#T+
y deTjq MT{+>T d+uwd |uT, y<XK |]b\q >T]+ >{>
$eT]+]. < |*+> &sY\r| dsT<T q <>eTTq dd #|e\d
eq~. <T |] ysT |uT CqTkseTT, |D eTTqT+ ]$TyjT &] (Externed).
ysT V <su<T e<*|{ =+\eTT n>& $X$<\jTeTT y< Xg |+&T \T>,
b<jTT\T> |#jTT#T+&ysT. $<+> =+\eTT ]q sTy ]
V<su<T e &sT> |yT bdT #jTT#T+&].
q bsX \ k|+ #&q~. bsX \ b<Hb<jTT\T> k$T
seq+<rs H\ 50 sbjT\ n\yH |q J$eTT s+_+HsT
bsX \ eTTK+> eTss& b++, CrjTuy\T dw+ #&e TT #dq
de |* +> jT+<s ss\ T jT\T<]].
Xs<#e TT ` u\ $yV s< <eTeTT
_{w +&j Xs< #e TT nqT |sT, u\ $yV\T n]f
XdqeTT #sD eq~. _{w +&j jT sheTTL& sTT
u\ $yVeTT\T sT>T M\T<T . V <su<T sheTT d#>
]>$. +< b+| dssT \ ysT, \+>D KeT+
KS
|y+ jTsTb+H, eT~sH, m& M\T+f n& d#> u\
$yVeTT\T sT|= yy sT. yTTe TT|q Xs< #e TT{ #e TT
O
V<su<T sheTT L& nedseT <eTeTTqT eBdHeTT,
BO
<eTeTTq nqTL\+> Vs+> du\ T ]|HeTT. <, esyT q
<eTeTTL& jT\T<]q~. es X \ T u\ $yV\ d++~+q
O
#seTT |uT eTT C+ *+Z #TL&< y~+#ysT.

C
yTeTT du s & Vd , kj $X$<\jT| s b|d s T

ES
nT VU>] n< q ]|HeTT. HqT, njsYUH, sT\Z seTws e

yTT<\>T $TT\+<seTT |qd+HeTT. duqTq d+|T$<VX\T
EM
=+<sT, n\] s+_+HsT. n+{ du eTTdq~. <T|] eTTd+

HjT&>T V<s Y jsY +> n< q e <eTeTTq $sT<e TT>
Vs+>du ]q~. n+<T HqT, &sT \r| dsT<, <seTT e

n_bj\qT y\&d |qd+# |jT+HeTT. d+|T$<VQ\T

e |HdeTTqT k>e<T . eTT eeTT ]q~. HqT |qdd
+&> eTTd+ dVT&T >dTqT n+~+H&T. HqT
>dHqT. ~ du qTq e <>]Z +<T e\ <w |&~ . eTTd+
n_bjT+ y\&+#TT+< nqT& s ~q| sVs <H
$wjTeTT>T]+ #]d, eTTd+ e ## n+~+#&q q
q]+>se m+es V+< n_bjTeTT y\&+#& nsT& u>
50 d+es\ V<su<T 79
$eT]+q~. B V+< deeTT =+ n\& jT\T<]q~ e
+<T e\T =+<sT qqT Vw]+].
|uT eTTq $sT<+ > sT>TuT #jT &eTT $<+ > dT\ue TT.
d+| $sT<+> sT>TuT #jT&eTT \eTT wk<yTq
$wjT eTT. eTTd+ dVT\T+, uVDs V+< dVT\L& *d
{ |#Te&+ eTVw+> qT+&~. |sjTeTT eTH c
V <su<T eq deTjq, jTq \TdT=qT e sTT+{ {
b jTsT#d, eTHqT V+HeTT. jTq \d { |#THeTT.
~ e HjTq>] <w |&q ~. +{ ysT >VQ eTeTT\qT (qqT,
KS
e e TT& ) < s + > qT+# eTT s + _ + Hs T . { $ j T H
|TeTT\Tq$.
1929e d+eseTT sjT Y |qT |yj
O T T deTjq, |uT eTT
BO
H H{dT , y]+> (V#]) jTB e+& |qT
|yj T T #s rdTq~. <T |] \T, |d T qT k< #d] . |uT eTTq
$sT<+ > qT+&T, Hse TT y|>\ keT jTB <=s < T . yTTe TT|q
O
HqT, |uT eTT eT #s >T]+ |qs+#eq <sU dT |T>,

C
eT+eT+&* s<] djT< eTV~ (eTV~ qyE +>T) >sT m+

ES
kqTu #|+HsT. dV jT|&sT . y] d\V |seTT sjT XK

eT+ èTV~ jsY +>T>] \TdT= <sU dT HqT. ysT sjT Y
EM
| eseZ TT | < eT n_bjTeTT \T| V <su<T |uT +,

n |s eTT |q Ls= q<, |s + jT|&T |* n C\
n~ ud yTb T+< jTyq eT uj T eTTqT e| s ]. yTTe TT|q ysT

sjT Y dTqT |qs+# q< eT+eT+&* db sdT #dH sT.

d+<s e TT H #jT q~, $T*q~ jTB <T . s>+
L& #&q ~. &s T d\V |seTT =+ \eTT e >eTeTT, =+\eTT
V<su<T, =+ \eTT s>eseTT (eT<q|*) , =+\eTT
$XK|D eTT deTT<rseT+<T >&| , dTesT s +&T d+eseTT\T, $X+
rdT+, \j|q #d . +{ n<jTeTT eTTkqT.

nsTT<e |s D eTT
| d>V eTT ` eTVT& <+&j
>+BeTVT <+& esT (<+&j ) <X es+ue TeT+~.
KS
1930 eT XdH\+|T qeTT yTT<\T |{H sT. | n+<sT y& |<se TT.
| j sT#jT T >T |uT eTTq<. | |qT ;< |\+<] #\
O
useTT> q|&~. eq eTVT&T | d>VeTT s+_+H&T.
b<j \T #d deTT<rsyT q <+& #] | j sT#d XdH\+|T qeTT
BO
>$+H&T. | d>VQ \T +&|+ &eTT\T> <Xe TT C y[H sT.
O
y| <XeTT q\TeT\\ d>VeTT k>TT+&>, s+&ey|q

\+&H |D eTT us< X e TTqT dseTTjTT eseZ TT|q rdTy > \
C
sjT d+dsD\T sb+~+#T <X e TT >T+&T\ eTVdu (Round Table

ES
Conference) sT>T#T+&qT. +>dT duq T Vw]+q~. us< X

s |e TT\ys+<sT bZ]. ||<e T+> <ojT d+kH\ |<T \T,
EM
_{w +&j d++~+q sj\ bZqeTT s+_+HsT.

1919e d+es| d+dsD\ qqTd]+ k|+ #&q qs+<eT+&* (Chamber
of Princes) |<T \T |{\, s&, osT, nsT sC\ eTVsE\T,

eT+&*# k|+ #&q ksTTd+|T duT q , V <su<T sh ]e T+ dsY

nsY V<, yTdsT sh ByqT dsY $Ts sTTksTT, V<su<T,
yTdsT+{ |< <ojTsC\ |<T\T> >T+&T\ eTVdu
bZHsT.
V <su<T s| q VMT
d+<s e TTq dsY nsY V < V <su<T sheTTq b< eTT
eVd, us |\ ]\qT, y+#\ qT || s # T qTe+{, us< X e TT
50 d+es\ V<su<T 81
|dT e TT y|+ jTTq w | ] d T $jTe+eTT> #sD j
T yTq |uT
$<qeTTqT d<| s # T dV jT|& eTT yTeTT jT$<+ > L& yqT&
jTT+&eT VMT ].
>+B`]H d+~ ` s +&e >T+&T\ deyXe TT
ljTTT\T V<Ts T d|P, C s T , lyd Xd e+{ $Ty<T\T,
eTVeT< H e+{ eTTd+ HjT\T, n+u< sTe+{ V]q HjT\T,
qs+<eT+&* |<T \T, jTesT jT+<sT H, jT e\T #| H, jT
VMT\TsTTH, +>dT eTVdu #sTes, >+B eTVT&T
bZqTes , jTMT ue TT+&u<, _{w b\\T >V +HsT. n|&T
KS
s|~>, >essY qs> qTq sT ]H >+B d+~ ~]+#T
H&T. d+~ qqTd]+ | {+>T (w ydT = n& +#T) V n+^]+#
O
&q~. _{w edTe\, $<o edTe\jTT Vw]+#T
BO
|{+>T s+uyTq~. d<o <eTeTT sjT <eTeTT <,
]<eTeT n+^]+#Hq ~ |]d T MT es< T . n\d+U\ deTd
O
\<T. d+~ wsT\qT b{+#< |uTeTT, +>dT ]H=sT

+~+#THsT. T< s|~, >+B\ deyXe TT ]q~. uj T T\T
C
de<q|&sT . +>dTysT >T+&T\ eTVdu s +&e deyXe TT #s{

ES
d<| & ] . >+BeTVT&T +>dT |~> >T+&T\ eTVdu seTeTT

bZq& n+^]+].
EM
<ojT sE\ >+BeTVT Ve

d|+ sT 1931 ]q s +&e >T+&T\ eTVdu #+~q deK

sD$T{ |qdd <ojTsC\ >T]+ >+BeTVT&T $<+ >

|*qT:`
H n_bjTeTT <ojT sC\T jT$T#jT eH, jT$T #jT L&<,
$wj \ >T]+ #| V e <T . <ojT sE\T $X\ V<jT +
eTq dV jT|&T sTT& eHsT. eTq \d deK <TsT+{
eT nHsT. eq ysT VQX' eT jTT = | eTT, djT eTTq
V\T L& +|>\ s y.
<ojT sE\T kqTu +#&, HqT { s +&T d#q\T
eeTT #jTT kVddTHqT. |qT+ HqT & e&+#,
|\eTw e&+#, eTeT eseZ TT\ b< + eV+# |jT eTT
#jTTy& q>T#, HqT y] s<eT+f, du $T{ n+^seTTq
ysT d<e TT#jT T @ deTTHH eT kq+ \_+#TqT |jT +#e.
ysT V<jT |Ps+> eT |\ u>>T\T sTs H \TdTqT. ysT
eT |\ uqc\T C>> b&s L& H \TdTqT. n+
deT+> ], ysT, _{w +&j nq&T q |jT HeTeTT k~+q
us<XeTT ~q~q+ jTe d+|s+ se&+ <+. ysT MsT
*dbe{ |jT ks HqT qeTTqT... y] e jT{ u< e TT
KS
<T. u<yTyTH q<+f n~ yTeTT keq |\eTT. y] <eeTT
nMTsT\T> (Noblemen), sE\T> #dqT. HqT y e TeTT sTqT ` ysT
O
ku>e+T\T> qT+<TsT> ` ysT eT ku>eTT,, d+ e TeTT eT |jT yTq
BO
|\ n_e~ |j > |s# q b]kqT. + $T+ HqT #|<MT
<T . HqT y] y<q eyT #jT C\TqT. eTq+<] *dqT ysT
O
w| & deK #se #TqT b #s b e#TqT. ysT deK #s{

C
eseZ TT dT\u+ > qT+&T #&+ eTq se +. n< $<+ > yTeTT y]
ES
d+w+> V+#{ eeVs+ dT\u+ > qT+&TqT #jT &+ y] se +.

|#TH d]{ ~, eTqeTT deK d++~+q jT dwyTq
EM
deTT #sC \eT H \TdT. y #]yT, T< b{& ysT |& eTT.
>T+&T\ eTVdu deyX+ d+uwd >+BJ $<+ > dw+
#dHsT.

>T+&T\ eTVdu >T]+ <T <ojTsE\ >T]+, HqT H +

(Claim) <y y\& + # jT&\, y], +>dT nHjTeTT #dq y&
q>T<TqT. @jT ws T \|q <ojT sE\T deK #sC \Ts ysT
wsT\qT #|+#e#TqT. us<X s+&e u>eTT (_{wt +&j)
ed+#Ty] eseZ TT dT\u+ #jT T HqT y] n|\T #dH qT. eq
ysT nqTL\+>qT, X ~q, +#T e+ HqT d#q\qT
y] jT<T qT+#>\ qT. yTT+ us< X deTw d> = b<$ T V\qT
50 d+es\ V<su<T 83
(n$ jT{eH~ eTTKyTq $wjTeTT <T) ysT n+^]d #\T. ysT
dw+ q sT\ , V\ >T]+ |]o*+# nqTeTd #\T ` y]
|\ s|q b<eTTq d++~+q b|~ d\T ` e\+
b|~ d\T ` #sD |{ #\T, y] |\qT m+ d+w+|
CjT>\sT.
$<+ > >+B eTVT&T, <ojTsE\T deK #sT ws T \qT
#|{HsT <ojT sC\ |\ b<$T V\T e{, <ojT
sC\ deTT y] |\ b<eTTq d++~+q b|~
d\qT #sD |T n+^]+#q dw+ > #| ydH sT.
KS
V <su<T d<o <eTeTT
O
~ sTT{ +&>, sTT eTqeTT eTq V <su<T sh |]d #<eTT.
BO
V <su<T d<o <eTeTT jT\T<]q~. e] |< CHjTT&T n< q
d<o > k|+ #&q~. l |E s V eH s<]> mH&H&T. $<o
edTe \qT Vw]+#eq |#seTT >$+HsT. sTT~ <ojTseT>T
O
V <su<T |uT eTTq q#<T . s<]> |#jT T#Tq |E

s V eHqT
C
d{ b<jT |<$ qT+ =\+HsT. ~ jTq d#> |#jT T

ES
neXeTT \_+|Cdq~. jTq +<eTVdu deyX\ bZq

bs+_+H&T.
EM
+<<eT| s +&e <X

1930 +<<eTeTT s +&e<X |y +q~. +<<eT yTT<{< X

]q se\e\ \+>D |\ +<<eTeTT | n_eqeTT

Vq~. \ k HjTeTT eTT+<T edTq~. jTTe
VeTT \T>TTq~. eTV\T L& eTT+<T edTH sT. es+>\T
ds l e~sE fX sse, |s s+>se KeT+ l J&+ { sese
yT< l #T y+fX s >T| eTVu q>se TT ds l #V ] qsds E,
jT+.HsjTDse, |* seT#+<se q\>=+& l |*C\ s+>se
yTT<\>T |u T\T k HjT # eTTKT\T. ds l ~sE Msu <se,
e& =+& qsd+ Vse, =eTes| dTuse, |uT <>T\T> qTq|{
+<<eT #] | kqeTT eV+qysT. MsT eTT>TsZ T +<| eTVQ\T
l e&b{ VqTeT+se |+T\T>] n $<\ n+&, <+&> qT+&
\+>D +<<eT | <X <e_e~ &&HsT. < $<+ >
l u+ qsd+ VQ\T +<<eTeTTq #dq de >=|~. MsT +<<eT|
|<X n+ u< jTeT>T de #d] . sT y \eTTq d T +>dT
<eTeTTq+<T bZ = edeTT\T C\ T qT+&].
yTT<{ +< eTVdu
KS
yT< C| yTT<{ +< eTVdu ]q~. l dTses+
||s& n< eV+HsT. \+>D ydT\>T +<T\+<] deTw
y+#\qT |{+#TqT, y] yssT |jTeTT\qT +B]+#TqT
#jT &q yTT<{ w jTT |*eTT eTVdu.
O
BO
eTVdu deyXe TT sT|=qT |uT qTeT b+<T s +&T
eT&T edeTT\T |s M #jT e\d eq~. T< n< &T |s< o jTT&T
O
(>s T eTT*) L&<T . s eTdT \ eTqk|e TT >, nqTeqeTT >

C
\T>T |]d *+#L &<T . sjT $wjT |]d qT+& |P]> y< =\>T
ES
$<jTeTT. nqT eT&T ws T \|q |uT eTT jTT nqTeT \_+q~.

eTVdu n+^]+#&q rsqeTT\ eTTKyTq$, $<,
EM
d+|T d+dsD\ d++~+q$. n u\ $yVeTT\qT w~+#T, $+T

$yVeTT\qT n+^]+#Tq{ XdqeTT\ nedseTT >T]+ #]+#&eTT
]q~. V]qT\ $<ks\qT |+b+~+#&, n+s qeTTqT

=\+#T |\qT, |uTeTTqT, sT dT|d< V]q HjT&T

l u>s & rsqeTTqT |yX |{] . ysT y~ qT+& |qddT + &> du
|Ps#s |sjTDT\T du qT+ y[b e s+_+]. yeTq HjT
>] <<eTT, |Ps#s |sjTDT\qT #\sq~. T< rsqeTT
jTê+> n+^]+|&q~.
+< eTVdu\ bT +< eTV eTVdu\ T L& deyX| s # & + ,
C| |<e +< eTVdu H s+uy T q ~. eTV\ C> *+#T,
50 d+es\ V<su<T 85
|C J$+ eTV\T |y+#T >T yesD+ dw+#T<w
bs+_+|&q eTV<eTeTTq eTTKyTq | >\< #| e#TqT.
d $<, $yVdeTd, $+Te\d, e+T\T eTTq>T $wj\T
#]+#&q$.
s +&e +< eTVdu
s +&e +< eTVdu <es=+& l sT\Z seTws e n< q
deyXyTq~. du sT| |uT nqTeT b+<& # ned\T
|&e\d eq~. n<&T jT{y&T (>sY eTT) >&<T. eTVdu
#s\jTT sjTseTT\T> qT+&eqT. <eTeTT |uTeTTy]
KS
<X e TT\ nqTL\eTT> qT+&Tq |uT eTT +#T#Tq<H ws T |q ,
du sT| nqTeT \T| eTVdu jT<H d+> |uT
O
$<qeTTq $sT<+ > qTq |e TTq eTT+<T du\ deyXe TT\ <sU dT\ T
BO
n+^]+|&e |uT eTTysT V#]+HsT.
dsY nsY V <, nT nJE, |s sc\ysT, s f+#Y, {dsT
O
e+{ |s< o jTT\T (>s Y eTT\T) seTT b*+#e#TqT. > s Y eTT

C
sh+ eTVdu n< eV+#C\&T! |uT <w ysT <Xu \ T,

ES
su\T. nq~s eTVdu<&T qeT<qy&T <T!!

n< &Tk&T> qT+f |uT e\ n~s |]~ (Jurisdiction) qT+{&T
EM
n eT sTTcqTkseTT eeV]+#e#Tq |uT eTTy] <X e TT.

|uTeTT y|q n wsT\ & <es=+& l sTZ\
seTws e n< q +<e TVdu, leT {. es\eT n< q eTV

eTVdu deyX\T ]q$. es\eT>sT y~ uVD T+eTTq

+ $+<VeTT #dT =q d+|T d+k]jT |sT>+q de
dy |sjTDTs\T. es\eT>sT eTVdu y~ qT+& d $<, s>T\
|#seTT #jT T d\ =+ y< $<, eT+kqeTT HsT e\dq
nedse TTqT #]d, s> yseTT\T, X yseTT\T sT|eq <~+].
>w (|s) |< K+&+]. e+T\ $yV|< |yX|eq
d+].
deyXe TT\T sT>TdeTjq, <es=+& V]qT\ d eT+
|u<e TT #jT &qT. dT|d< V]q HjT&T l u>s &, y] dV #sT \T
nd X ysD >T]+ |#s+ #d] . y{# (Forced Labour) =\+
V]qT\ dseqe k+eTT H=d>e\jTTq MsT +< eTVdu
y~ qT+& b]+]. V]qT\ <y\jT |yXeTTqT,#<T&T ue\
(qT\) sT &T=qT neXeTT, s k+eTT\T V]qT\
sTTee\jTTq, s k+eTT\T V]qT\ sTTee\jTTq L&
$q$+]. eTCT<s D rsqeTTqT +< eTVdu ysT jTêeTT>
n+^]+].
KS
n$, \+>DeTT qejTTe = VeTT \T>TTq
sE\T. V <su<T |D eTT s & Vd >$+q de n|]$TyT q ~.
O
<es=+& sT>T +<e TVdu jT+<s s & Vd $<sT\ T q>se TT
BO
qT+& \Tq&q jT\T<], esTd> H\T>TsE\ |jDeTT#d,
eseZ T< eTT, nH >e\ |#seTT >$+ <es=+& #]]. $<+ >
O
jT\T<]q jTTe\ |{ |eTTK eTdT HjT\T l s$ HsjTD

C
s & # eTTKT\T.
ES
<es=+& deyXeTT, re+> #]+|&q rsH\ Vs+>

du\ s+<e TT\qT *+#T 53 H+sT >\ >w , U bsX \\T (Private
EM
Schools) H\=\T n+sjTeTT\T *+#Tq{ s+<e TT\T, C^sY sTT

|\c\T, sTT+<T\T, y{#], u$T ]$H +<dT |*+>
V+|&q u $T|qT\T, ||+ #y|y T q ybs e+<eTTe\q <q|

<s\T |&be# sT\T u$TdT #*+#T |&TTq u<\T, c\

d++~+q$ # eTTKyTq $. |uT <w rsH\jTT sj !
+< eTVdu ysT |uTeTT $~+q wsT\ es+> eTVdu
seTeTT k+HsqT Hss|D#d, eT&T d+es\ es +<
eTVdu eT&e deyXe TT sT|=qT |uT eTT ysT nqTeT e&
s]+].
50 d+es\ V<su<T 87
bs k+eTT`w<\T
jTT<\eTTH, neds w |]dT\T (State of Emergency)
jTs&H bsk+eTT (Civil Liberties) |q s+<e TT\T |T n~seTT
| |uT eTTq >\<T. +<T jTe] jTeeTT u< _bjTeTT+&u<T.
$wjT yT$Tq> n|{ V <su<T |uT eTTysT V <su<T seTT
jT|{ jTT<| ] d T , nedsy T q Hp w |]d y|+
jTTqf eeV]+#ysT. m\| { bsk+eTT|q s+<e TT\T y|
jTT+#ysT!
\+&H sT>T#Tq >T+&T\ eTVdu\ deyX\ us< X e TTq
KS
deK d+$<qeTT (Federal Constitution) >T]+, #s \T k>T#Tq|&T <ojT
sE\T, y] eT+T\T #s bZ+THsT. qs+< eT+&* b<
O
$Te&T# sT eT+&*<s <ojT sE\T d+|T {| & e #TqT. <ojT
BO
sC\ |\ e+ jT V <T ! ysT d+|T { |&C \sT. deK
d+$<qeTT >T]+ #| =q{ y] jT& kqeTT <T !!
O
<ojT sE\qT s+ #T _{wt |uT u<

C
nd\T $wjT yTeTq> _{wt b\\T, eTT 17e 18e Xu\

ES
#dT q &+&\ T (Engagements) <ojT sE\ ]qe, <ojTsC\

|\ sT>< , eT d++<\T <ojT sE\H He, eq ysT
EM
<ojT sC\ |C <e\T, |C d+d\ T n{ |+ #e\dq<

n u$+#ysT. sY.@.sY n< q jTsT >$+q <ojT sC\
$T{ (Indian States Committee) ysT 1929 d+ eTT~+q eT ]bsY

|se ~seTT (Paramount Power), <ojT sE\ eT< jTs&q d++<\T,

<ojT sE\T n+^]+ | us Xdqdu\ u< eV+#>\ _{w
+&j jTs&T = |uT eTTq esL&<T n dd <ojT
sE\ $X c ~ s\qT (Privileges), V \qT, >s e +# H \qT
\Vq|s# +& b& $wjT +, #e] #dq y>qeTTq+ ~$T&jT Tq
nsyTeTq> <ojT sE\qT rdyjTT jTeTT\qT+&, ys $<qeTT >\
|uTeTT k|+#T |jTeTT\qT+&, <ojT sE\qT d+s+#T u<
#e]| >\<T. y ` <Tw]b\q sD+> |uT eTTq esT
|` |uT $<qeTTqT e]yjTT{ $d +> y|+q |C
<eTeTT<s { jTeTT\T sT|&, d+<s e TT <ojT sE\
V\qT, $Xc~s\qT, >sy\qT b& u< |se~seTT|q
+T+~ n $XB]+HsT.
V <su<T sjT eTVdu ssT
_{wt b\\ s sTT{ +&> <ojT sC\ |\ bsd |
V\ e jT&! \+&H #]+, jsT #jT&T us deK
d+$<qeTT qqTd]+, us Xdqdu <ojT sC\ b< eTT, <ojT
sC\ +s+ sjT d+dsD\ deTd\T beTTK+ eV+q$.
KS
$wjT+ |C_bjTeTT y\&+#& V<su<T sh |\ eTVdu
sT| <X e TT nqTeT d++~+q |jT eTT\jTT w\ eTTq $.
O
C+ |uT eTT eT kBqeTT qTq 16 \ jT& Hq qT sjT
BO
eTVdu sT|=qT nqT jTq+<Tq, C+ |uT e q sd>\ <jT
u$+#T#T+&q, eT~ eT ] sTT#jq +<q|&T #T+&q, ssY
O
sTT n |D eTT eTVdu >dT 1931 d+ deyX| s #

C
&q~. d+ s +&Te+<\eT+~ |<T \T, V <su<T sh \qT+&

ES

du eHsT. seT#+< HjT u]ds >Y sT n>dH~| eTT eV+HsT.
] |X+ d
EM
l dsE VdH ] eTVdu b< \T> jTqT&HsT.

]>sT |TH CrjTy~jT #|e#TqT. m+<s eTTd+\T

Crj<eTeTT |y +HsT. =~sE\ CrjTy<eTTqT +

\ eT d++<y T q <e\ #]bsTTHsT. eTq ] n{
X ~ J$++ CrjT y<T\T>H +&, Crj<eTeTT u>eTT
rdTq eTVXjT T\T.
ss MsT V<su<T VsT &> jT$T+|&HsT. <X k+eTT

\_+q s V<su<T VsT eTTK HjBX\T> qT+& eT |<$
$s$T+#THsT.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 89
< $<eTT> l |EsVeH. MsT eTVdu eTTKs<]>
jTqT&HsT. d+jTT s<]> l lydseXs u]ds Y |#dH sT.
Xs>sT V<su<T sh |C J$eTT |eTTKb eV+HsT. MsT
l s|T y+<se Xs k<sT \T, V sY &> qT+& |eTTK $Ty< HjT&T>
|sT>+q Xese >] n\T&T, Xs>sT, \+>DeTT |#jTT#Tq
+<eTVdue eTss& b+eTT |#jTT#Tq eTVsh |]wT
n< \T> qT+&HsT.
eTVdu # $jTe++> kq~. sue d+$<qeTT qqTd]+
<ojT sC\ |\ us Xdq du b<eTT +&e\jTTq,
KS
V<su<T sh |<T\T |\# jTqT&qysT> qT+&e\jTTq,
V<su<T sheTT C+ |uTesDT\ ##jT +< u<jTT
O
|uTeTT H=d+>e\jTTq, rsqeTT\T y~+|&q$. V<su<T
BO
|uT eTTq eeVseT+jT T #+> qT+&qT.
$yVeTT\ sjT beTTKeTT
O
1931`32 d+es| eT< \eTT V <su<T sh jTTesE +C

C
V<TsY, y] k<sT&T sesT&T eT+C V<TsY $yVeTT\T

ES
b+dT<Xe TT ]q$. $yVeTT\ sjT +> # beTTK+ qT

\eTT sjT y\ T \+#ysT. n|{ us< X +>eT+ (Secre-
EM
tary of State for India) dsY keTTm sY, us |<eT |eTTK HjT&T,
|U>+q k+ j<T&T eTH cY n, V<su<T sh
]e T+ dsY nsY V < dV jTeTT, <X| eJ #e], eJ

Kb LTsT, jTq yTq&* d++<\T ~]+Hs #|ysT. us

eTTd+ \ Kb |q Tq u $Xk\T, | <eTeTeTT e\ y\& q $ ><!
eTTd+ \ u $XdeTT\qT d+ eJ Kb dV d++<e TT>\
y]y| eTs*+#qqT <XeTT, us<XeTT eTTd+
sT+eTT $yV d++<\T ~]+ jTT+{s \| sjT
y\T u$+#ysT. { sjT $yV\T eTq #] =$,
Xssy T q $ jTMTe. $yV |* +> C+ bT&T, eJ K|
<VT> us eTTd+ \ u $XdeTT\T d+b~+, Kb >\ >seeTT,
qkqeTT b+<e\jTTqqT <XeTT _{w b\\T |<+ yd
jTT+{sT. ($yVeTT\T ]q$. T<+ u> e <# n+<T eqe
d+\eTTq $T CeTT+&<T). =+\eTT ]q sTy eTH
c >], C+ |uT eTTysT |qH e& n+^]+].
sjT Y | ] nqTeT
1929e d+eseTT |&q sjT Y ys| eT |#T ]+#{
|uT +ysT 1932e d+es| @| nqTeT+HsT. jTdHVeTT\T
e. &T =s jT|{eH jTT+&qT. |&T H dVjT|&{,
KS
bV+#{ Xese>sT sT . ysT +{ |s wH #sTT+#T=q&
1931 u+usTT y[, n&H dsdZ T ] . l wH > sTHsT. y] s>+
O
#& ysT |& yd jTT+&]. n+> ysT < +q |&b sTTHsT.
BO
ysT w]&u, kL]u e<H me \+ >&T|T+&+ e\q y]
dV jTeTTL& H \_+#C\bsTTq~. nkT> sE dsE VdH
O
]>sT e |+>[ y+ ses&> ] \TdTeq H y] d+<Xe TT

n+<CdHsT. y+ ses&>sT #dq 500 sbjT\ <qdVjTeTT
C
p 1932 qT+ sjT Y ys| ] |#T ]+| Hs+_+HqT.

ES
ybs e+<eTT ` s T \ u<\ T

EM
n~ 1929e d+eseTT s+uyTq ||+# y|yTq ybs

e+<\+. ~q~q+ <s\T |&bTH$. eTTK+> eekj
d++~+q <q+, qH +\T, || \T, |, qTeTT yTT<\>T n edTe \

<s \ T sEsE ~bTq$. b]X$T edTe \ <s \ T L& |&T TH$.

eekjT <qeTT\ b*#d, b]X$T <s \ T =~=~>
|&T TH$. s T \T =qT\T, |eTT nedse T>T sTTqTeTT, eT+<T\T+{
edTe\ <s\T n+ |&be&+<T. L\ L, ds] dT,
kVQ]sTT#T n| e& sT |&be&eTT<T. sT\T jT+ <qeTT
$sTT+H, y eT ] u<\qT HsysC\+&] |s|
+&bsTTq~. TTD+ |T<T . u eTT\ (T) |T+& jT
kVQsT L& kMT\ TTD$T#y&T &T. eTTK+> eTss&
50 d+es\ V<su<T 91
b+eTT $jT ws T T (Mortgage by conditional sale) |\T ]d
#sTT+#T=, n& kVQsT TTD*#ysT. e&s T q{ 24 qT+ 36
es +&~. |sH kVQsT q{ 50 +f e e& rdTHysT
<T. \eTT e& dV nd\T TTDeTT rs|+ T |{q
u eTT\T $sTT+#&q$> u$+# ws T \T+&T e\q =~sEH eTss &
sTT s T \ u eTT\T #eTT kVQs kBqeTT e#dq$.
me e>D d<eTT q \+>D b+eTT, _jT| <s sbjT 10
XsT \es |&b sTTqqT, e>D u eTT\| yjT &q n~ dT, eTTK+>
y\T * ue\ sT bsu{ d<eTT #jT &T u eTT\qT L& e>D
u eTT\T >H u$+ n{ u eTT\|q y|&q e>D dT\ qT, s T \T
KS
u] +#C\+&]. e&< s + 4 sbjT\es , q><T |+ (Cash
crop) nq&T eTT<\ <s + 10 sbjT\es ~>C]be&eTT
O
\+>D b+| s T \ |s| |&b sTT+~. TTD\T \u + q+<Tq s T
BO
nd+|, n\& y|+#& es+uy T q ~.
C^sY sTT s T \ |T w
O
C^sY sTT s T \ |T w sTT+ n+ <T. eeT\T>H C^sY

C
sTT s T \ |]ds U sTT s T \+f jTe dT #*+ #Te\d

ES
e#~. U sTT +<dT (Land Revenue Settlement) ysT, u $T

dueeTT |{ dTs T ss TT+#ysT. C^sY sTT jTsT
EM
jTB+&qT. C^sY <sT k++, y] <>T\T u$TdT sT

ss TT+#ysT. u $T dueeTT jT$T d++<e TT+&~<T. UsTT
s T \T +<dT ysT ss TT+q ds]dT #*+ #Tq+\eTT s T \T y]

kBqeTT qTq u eTT\qT+ =*+|&ysT sT. C^sY sTT

s T \ sTT+{ sD jTB +&~<T. =+<sT q C^ssT neT|qT\T
L& ed\T #dysT. C^ssT |qT\T ed\T #dT HysT, |qT\#
eT sTT |\ u>>T\d+ |k L& KsT|fy sT <T. $<,
s>eTTq d++~+q jT{ks eTT\T+&$e.
n+<]+f |<C ^ssY djT+C+ |uT esDT. V <su<T sh yTT+
$ds e TT 10e u>eTT 8,100 #<s | yT $ds e TT>\ yTTe TT
|uT e>] k+ d (ds Udt)> u$+|&~. <jTeTT s +&T
sbjT\ $T+ jTT+T+< n+#H. sTT jT{ n_e~
se\T ]>$ e. & <>T\ J\T L& H\ H\ d]> deTjq
sTT# #s eTT+&~<T ~ |]d .
yTT+ us< X e TT s T \ ] |]d # |T s+> #&b sTT+~.
s |<X , >TsY s T \ <e\T s+uy T q $. = b+\ s T \T
sT>TuT #dH sT. m{> H $ T |+CT, sTT|{ s |<X , eT< |<X ,
u+usTT, yTT<\>T sc\ s T \ TTD$y#q, TTD$T#Ty >T]+q
#{\T, #sD |&eTT s+uy T q ~. eekjT u eTT\ nH++|
KS
+<q \T |T , |+CT #e TT neT\T &q~. V <su<T
sheTT s T \T yTTs|T=qT L& M\T |]d qT+&].
O
+<e TVdu sT|=qT s +&Ty\ sbjT\ eqT
BO
<es=+& | e] 1931 deyXy T q +<e TVdu s dTesT
H\T>T d+es\ es eT&e deyXe TT sT>C\ bsTTq~. eT&e
O
deyXeTT eTVu q>seTT =|seTT sT|=qT

C
|uTeTTysT nqTeT e s]+]. |qs+#T |Tq

ES
<sU dT |q n|{ s $q, bdTeT+ s f+#Y, +< eTVdu s<]>

e&b{ VqTeT+se |+T\T>] V+ $<e TT> d\$].
EM
HqT +<e TVduq T deyX| s T #T +~ ws T \|q eyT

VqTeT+se >] nqTeT sTTee\dq<, |uTeTT y] dbsdT

#jT T d+d<T & T > qTHqT.

(1) $< $wjT eTTqT, sjT $wjT eTT\qT, ~s $wjT eTT\qT
|e , d+|T eTTqqT, q >\e u$+#T | D \qT |uT eTT
y] \T|=qT neXeTT, seTTq Vs+> du\qT
deyX| s # j
T , *jTTq~. qT eTVdu | $wjT eTT\qT >T]+
|uT eTTy] yK ] (b\d) >, qT>, #]+#T > $eT]+#T
> L&<T .
50 d+es\ V<su<T 93
(2) | wsTqT n$T+#+&T >qT VMT> VqTeT+se>sTqT
eTVdu deyX\TqT, s+&Ty\ sbjT\ eqT (Security)
ee\jTTqT.
{ ws T \qT y| |C J$eTTqT neeqeTT |s# T d+\eTT
|uT eTTq +&e#TqT >seeTT >\ jT |CV ss L&
Te+{ \ +b&H $wjT eTT dw+ .
|uT <w >+<\jTeTT\T $|e d+| \T
eTs\ eT&e |jTeTT |*eTT> s f+#Y, e&b{
VqTeT+se, sT\Z seTws e >s <s q$T, s +&e eTVdu
KS
#]+|&q = rsH\| |D\T *|]. e <eTeTT e\eTT
sjTseTT` $XweTT> >+<\jTeTT\ eT\eTTq $CqeTT
O
y|+|#jTTq~ n seTwse>sT #|q de<qeTTq,
BO
>+<\j<eT eTq> Hy HqT u+> qT+ eT+ nqTueeTT
d+b~+. >+<\jTeTT\q> $|e (Revolutionary) d+|T eTT\T. n+.
O
eTsMTe n f+#Y >] bT dqT jTT+&q bdT sTTHds Y qs

s+k+> eTVXjTT\T d\$]. eqT <K\T #jTT |D
C
jT+<TqT bdT XKeT+ |X , eT #*+ eTVdu sT|,

ES
e >seeTTq u+ >s e TT qT yTeTT |=qeTT n seTws e

y_]. eT+~, du nqT #<eTT. eTT+<q T~>\ |\\ e e]+|&T
EM
n eT+>sT C|+ #eTT deyXe TT eTTdq~.

eT&e +< eTVdu |uT + ws T \T

T< +~ wsT\|q +<eTVdu eT&e deyXeTT KeT+

sT|=qT |uT eTTysT eT nqTeT *|].
(1) |uTeTTy sssq ueTT\ <s (dT)\qT Z+#e\dq<
rs+#L&<T.
(2) |uT ~sT\=s |qT\T #jT e< |\ u~+#L &<T .
(3) |uT eTT y] ss\ |T sD\T*+#T q{j
T sTTs du #s \qT
sT|L&<T.
nq> ybs e+<eTTe\q s T \ ] d jT+ VHVq+>
qTq|{, sT\T, dssT>, C^ss>, #*+#e\dq dTuseTT
jT+ yjTC\<H , ysT eT u<\ >T]+ yTTs |TL&<T ! y{#
>T]+ jTeTqL&<T ! XeT jT{ L* sTTe+& sd > V]qT\T
yTT<\>T ;<\ |#sTT+#TH d# |uT<>T\ +&eqT!!
wsT\ |#+<, |uT+ eTVdu deyXeTT >T]+q \
$eseTT\qT es+>\T ne \<sT ( s T ) *|<eT+,
ys +eTT\T deyX deTjq *+| qT< +].
KeT+ +< eTVdudeyXeTT sT>TqH d+> jT|&>H,
KS
=+<sT k\T BjT& eT ndeT \T|, KeT+ deyXe TT
sT>L &< s T <sU dT\ T |T=]. eTVdu d+|T d+ks
O
$wj \T #s e#TqT. n{ #s \e\q dHq <s e\+T\ nbseT>T
BO
<T'KeTT \T>TqT. BeT\eTTq X+ >=| u+ >eTT y{\TqT. sb eTT
\T>e#TqT. qT KeT+ du sT> +& w~+ V+< <s eTTqT
s+ #e\dq<qT $C|q \T, =+<] d+\ | n~sT\ |+|&qT.
O
$<+ > eTVdu deyXe TT +& #jT &q~. ~ n~ss |jT +.

C
n~sT\T, n_e~ s~+#T nq~s |eTT jTyT n&+\T

ES
*Z+#T#T+&]. ~ |uTeTT y] = s! $s~|eTTq #]qy]

Hs TTq de<q|s# q, e~sE seT fX sse, sT\Z seTws e,
EM
eT+<TeTT\ seT#+<se>sT |jT +].

l |*C\ y+s+>se n<q eT&e eTVdu ]q~.
deyXe TT sT>T deTjq =+<sT KeT+ |sydT\T = rsqeTT\T

e<\T=qe\jTTq |T{] . s T C+ *+Z #T=qeTT e\q es

(1) <y\jTeTT\ bDV+k |PseT>T s<q d++~+q rsqeTT.
(2) n u\ $yVeTT\T | $yV ejTdTqT V+, HX\,
es X \eTT\qT s *+, $yV ej T eTT\qT Z + # e\j T TqqT
rsqeTT. (3) eTCT<sD d++~+q eTVduy] bsq jTqT
eT&T rsqeTT\qT +< eTVdu HjT\T e<\T=qT sJ |&e \d
e+~.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 95
leT jT|>& de] n< q ]q eTV eTVdu u+ >eTT
*Z+#T <XeTT $s<|eTVXjTT\T T~ |jTeTT\T ]|].
e&b{ VqTeT+se |+T\T>sT deTjq ne\+_+q | T yK ]e\
y] |jT eTT\jTT $|\ yTq $. eTVdu jT|<e TT> ]q~.
\+>D |eTTK jTTe HjT\T> |sT>+q eT|s+ Xese>]
jTTjTT e&b{ seT#+<se>] jTTjTT |CJ$eTT KeT+
deyXy T q rjT +< eTVdu s+uy T q < #| e#TqT. MsTuj
T T\T
KeT+ ysT. eT~s \ jTsTb+ >eTyddT \ T.
eTT deTd
KS
sheTT y| |C <e\ >T]+ |uT yK ] { +&>,
O
+=y| jTTe nd+|, nd+Tw sE sE n~eTT>
y|+#T#T+&qT. eTTK+> $X$<\jT+ qT+ | d+eseTT e+<\T>
BO
edTq |u <T\ <> deTd beTTK+ eV+q~. eTT <eTeTTq
\eTT #L ]q~. 1933 e d+eseTT C+ |uT e, sh <>\
O
$<e+Tq, deTsTq swjTT\ (eTT\) b<q+ ee\jTTq

C
|s H |k~+]. sheTT |\T q\Ty| \ qT+ eT e+<qeTT\T

ES
|uT e>] \T|=]. V <su<T |D eTT ]q Vs+> du ,

e] |< CHjTT&T, &s T \r| dsT<T, sT\Z seTw se, MTsY
EM
VdH=BH (eTeT Y s ys| d+b< &T), eT+<TeTT\ q]+>se

(sjTY | d+b<&T), sC <+&sE, leT VQejTH $Ts,
nsUH, nT VdH djT<, qyT w+wsY +>, kVs_>s\T

|uT e>] eT \ T \T|+ |qd+].

eTT deTd sheTTq =< M T <T. 1857e sT>TuT s
s u s <Xe TT eTTK+> & , \U yTT<\>T s<qT\T> qTq |D \
d+u$ +q esT\ |* +> n& eTTd+ k<sT \ V <su<T sheTT
f XsD eTT> +~. & <>\ |y +#&e s+_+HsT. |<
|<e \T, q |<e \T nqTu< e TT +& bsTTq~. mesq sT |< |<$ |q
jT$T+|&, ysT eTbT eT +<Te\qT, $TT\qT, T\qT
jT+<]H sTT& <>\ +|dysT. sqT sqT k\ neXeTT
<=sT wk < yTq ~. |]d >V + s +&e ksY +> |< qeT+>
qTq sE (1881 d+) nq> sTT|{ 92 d+es\ eTT+<T, eTT\
<>\ b<q$Te e\jTTq, |< qeT+ nqTeT +& jT |<$ |q
jT |s< o jTT (>s Y eTT) jT$T+#L &< \T |k~+|&q$.
{ s T M #sD |&+ < |uT +|q k\ s|D. |&T
L& n< s|D.
HC + |\ d+|T +
|]dT\ eTT\ V\T b&T, bsd| V\T
KS
d+b~+#T |uTeTT |\# mqT&q Xdqdu yT<
eV+#TqTe+{ sjT d+dsD\T k~+#T |Cd+d nedse T
O
|<\ T >V +]. 1934 d+ HC + |\ d+|T + (Nizams Subjects League)
BO
nqT d+d k|+ #&qT. BH s MTjTY ]j jjT C+
nHysT. qyu dsY CeTY +> d+d n< \T> mqT&]. dsY
O
CeTY +> C+ eT+eT+&* sjTXKeT+> qT+& 1930

C
eT |<$ $s$T+#THsT. MsT k\T, >=| $<e+T\T. +^w

ES
eT+ $+ ydysT. &sT \r|t dsT<T, seT#+<HjT >s\T

b< \T>, djT < _<V dH, sT\Z seTws e, lydse Xs
EM
>s\T s<sT \T>, u]ds T HwsY NHjYT X< \T> mqT&].

(1) eJ sV<Ts Y y+ ses&, (2) qyu w+wsY +>,
(3) yeTH HjT, (4) nsUH, (5) oH<sey<, (6) e&b{

VqTeT+se, (7) nT VdH djT <, (8) >b\se e\T, (9) |.$.Cw,
(10) X+ss e usZ+s,Y (11) Hsq se <XsTT, (12) nVeT< yTVBH
(sVs< H d+b< &T), (13) eT+<TeTT\ qsd+ >se (sjT Y |
d+b< &T), (14) K\Te (eJ V sT &) , (15) MTsY VdH=BH (eTeT Y
d+b< &T), (16) l|se |sY (eJ V sT &) , (17) qyu yTTsTTH
jsY +>, (18) qyu V<Ts Y jsY +> >s\ L&q ssV
d+|T yTs&qT.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 97
d+d <X e TT\T, b\d $<e TT> qT+&qT.
(1) C+ |uT esDT\ _q, _q\, esZ\ L&q | dVuy\qT
e~|s ] H=sT dV ]+#T |jT +#T.
(2) |q <V ]+|&q d<+eTTq & sh| _q, _q esZ\ |]d
u>T|s# T +#T, d]jT>T bjTeTT\ qe\+_+#T.
(3) <ojTT\ V\ b&T, V\ e\q qeTjT u< \>T]+
|u~+#T.
(4) d|CV sT+ bwD+<, |uTeTT Xdqdu u<
KS
eV+#TqTe+{ sC+>k|q |jT +#T.
(5) V <su<T sh| s] V\T b&T |jT +#T.
O
us< X | sC+>de Td |]cseseZ TT, deK d+$<qeTT, fq
BO
d+d $Xd+#T#Tq~. deTjTyT+q|&T sjT jTT>
V <su<T sheTT = nedse TT\>T sD \ deK #], us< X | ,
O
|uT| u<\T, HsysT bZqe\jTTqT. Te+{ |]d

C
V<su<T seTTq q s]| V\ qweTT *+#e\dq

ES
nesyT MT <T . deK d+$<qeTT #s& e TTe\q = >eTT\T

#jT T | d]> qjT&\, nK+& us< X e TT jTT d+ e TeTTq
EM
| eTs$T{ L& >eTT #jT { sJ |& L &< d+dy sT eT

$<qeTTqT $XB]++~.
HC + |\ d+|T + n+yT T+<T

d+d me \eTT |#jT C\<T . |\ mH e #jT &q$.

eTTK+> u< jTT |uT eTTq d++~+q <X e TT e<\T=qT
|uT eTT ne\+_+q |< T \T | D j T eTT> qT+&q$. m{>s TTH$ T
=+<sT |eTTK eTTd+ k<sT \T d+|T eTT e<\T= sTTV <T eTTdM TH
d+d HjTeTT eV+]. yTTeTT|q sjT d+d sheTT
k|+#T #jT&q | |jTeT $|\yTq~. |q |s=q d+d
k|+ #T b<$ T #s \jTT rdTqysT =+<sT , dV <jT Tq eTTd+
k<sT . |uT n_e~ s< $<qeTT\ eTT+<s y]<$T k>< T .
d+d V+<Te\T, eTTd+ \T, bsd\ T nq> V <su<T sheTT ed+#T
n \, eT\ ysT duT \T> qT+&]. eq d+d |q |
eT b d+d nqT Hss|D #jT T M\Tb sTTq~. |uT eTT
ysT $<y T q +\T | CrjT d+d k|+ #T |jT eTTqT $|\ eTT
>$+q~.
\, eT, |b d+d\T ` s deeTT
$<eTT> V<su<T sheTT CrjT d+d nqTq~
k|+ #T=qT M\T <j T qT. \+>D b+eTT 1921 d+eseTTq
KS
s+uy T q +<<eTeTT q yTT<{< X eTT+#T=, s +&e<X |y +q
<T|] sTT+es eT&T eTVdu\T ]q$. eTss&, s
O
b+\ 1937 es L& jT{ b+rjT d+d\ T jTs&< T .
BO
@ kq+ d\ + L& jTesE\T U>qT+&C\<T<! eTss &,
s b+eTT\ s deeTT, V+< eTVdu d++~+q
O
<e\T, U>qTq yT< qeTTqT $T+q$. V+< uy\qT #

C
dT\u+ > <+ # |]d T \T+&$. _{wt +&j X~ d+|T H,

ES
;H , + > <e\T CsT> q&TdTq sE\ sh+ L& sTTTe+{

<e\T j T T+&q > \T|&jT T+&qT. V <T eTTdM TH ysT
EM
eT |<eT <X V]qT\qT sTTk+ eTeTT \T|H <eTeTT

q&|ysT. y] yT> sdeeTTysT, X~ d+|TH <e\qT
eT]+ |{w + #dH sT. kHu<T (|dT + eTVsh #]jTTq~)

sY |D eTT s deeTT, sTTV <T eTTdM TH, uj T d+d\

sb\ eTTK +<eTT> jTs&q~. |uT <>\ >T]+ V <su<T
V+<Te\ jT\| &T wjTY (+|+ T), nd+| +&~. <>\T
n\d+K qTq eTTde TT\ jTe> \_ke, eT m ns\ Tq|{
<>\T <=se yTTs|T HysT. <X e TT V+< k+ > $T{
nqT $T{ jTs& jTT+&qT. $T{ jTT eTTK ss \+<sT
V <su<T |D eTT ed+#T eTVsh dVT. _{w +&j
50 d+es\ V<su<T 99
V+< eTVdu HjT\T, me> u+usTT sh|, \| eT< |<X
b+| eTVsw nsTT +&Te\q u\T V <su<T sh eTss &
b+eTT eeVs\ eTVsw \ T jTe C+ *+#THysT.
$<+ > eTss & b+eTT s deeTT, V+< eTVdu kqeTT
*q~.
\+>D b+eTT |]d T \T =+#eTT _q+> qT+&$. e> + >
sde eTeTT ne\+_+q ysT jT+<s +&e#TqT.
Ceu<T |D eTT | \+>D eTs& sde <e\T k>< T .
V+< eTVdu kq+ \_+#< T . B sDeTT =+ es 1921 qT+#
KS
+<<eTeTT y|+#T e#TqT. =+es #] n+XeTT\T L&
sDeTT e#TqT. # | y, Ws+>C T yTT> #e] eT< q, |c\,
O
CeTT\ eT< q ]q jTT<e TT\ #] # b\eTTH{~ <T. eq
BO
eTss& b+eTT s deeTT n& | # |\T&
d+b~+#>\ TZ XseTT<T . yTTe TT|q <ojT sC\ eeVs\
O
jT{ CeTT *+Z #Tq{ +>dT b\de\, eT b b\ V <su<T

eeVs qsTTH$ T osT sh eeVs\ qsTTH$ T, u> neXeTT
C
q~.
ES
+>dT, <ojT sC\T

EM
dssY e\ujTY |f @| 1935 ]q +>dT e]+>T $T{

rsq+<s, <ojT sC\ eeVs jT{ C+ *+Z #T+& +&TjT
+>dT b\d jT |{ + HsT. +>dT n< &T u sC+<|k<

1935 d+es| yT H\ u+>TSsT ]q Vs+>du |qdd ,

<ojT sC\T, _{w +&j sc\eT< u< e TT <T . _{w
+&j , <ojT sC\ sjT |]d T \T _q+> qTq$. _{wt +&j
ne\+_+q | < $j T e+ + >, e TeTT> < o j T sC\
ne\+_+#C\eTT. +>dT d+> >T]dT + ~. eq <ojT sC\T, eT
n<we TTjTT |]cseTT yT #dT eqT. nq> ssVD, ysT
eT|q eTT <s|&e\djTTq~. jT{ysT jTes y] jTe

dV jT|& s T . eq k |]d T \qT <w |T= jT&ysT n&,
eT seTT\T eTT sV+#Teq |{ + HsT.
+s+ eeVs\ C+ ` +>dT
>+BeTVT&T, 1934 qsd+ V+eTD \sY >] CT ydq
yT <ojT sC\ L&q us<XeTT d+<V+>, u>[
us<XeTT jTT n_qu>yT. sTT+eq eTqeTT |&Tq
kH+f eTT+<T jTeeTT beTT. bsT^dt, |+#Y us<XeTT
(>y`b+&# yTT<\>Tq$) L& u>[ us< X e TTjTT n_qu>eTT
n& |]d T \T dsT u T #jT eTT XV qT\yT<! eTqeTT <ojT
KS
sC\ ed+#Ty] L& +>dT duT \T> #sT +THeTT. y]
eTq m+ dV jTeTT \_dT q ~. <ojTsC\ eeVs\ C+
O
*Z+#T+& +&{ sD+ # be+ <T ` < eTq
BO
dVjTjT sDeTT. C+ *+#T=qT +>dT jT eeTT
|jT+q, <e\q <ojT sC\ |\ <XeTTq >=| V
O
\T>e#Tq, H <&q eTeTT n >+BeTVT&T +>dT b\d dw+

C
#dHsT.
ES
1937 e d+es+ _{w +&j sc\ +>dT |uT \T

jTs&q s +&j +>dT $T{ MT{+>T |qdd , >+B
EM
eTVT&T $<+ > eT yK ] y\& + ]. yTd sT d++~+q rsqeTT

H n_bjTeTT #\ neTyTq ~. d yT< #| jTesT deTjq
rsqeTTqT n+^]+#&e TT $#ss y T q ~. HqT yTd sT s| q e\$T

|#T<T . mH $wj \T sE>sT d+d]+#e\jTTq HqT sTqT.

XTe\ L& neX$Te&+ +>dT . H n_bjT+ yTd sT
d + +~ + q rsqeTT + e s n+^ ] +# T # eq C +
*+#TL&<T (Non-Interference) nH rsH _qeTT> qTq~. H
*dq+es rsqeTT +es s<T #jT&<T. $<+>
<ojTsC\ eeVs\ >T]+ +>dTysT +es ne\+_+q C+
*+Z #T+& +&qH >+B>sT \|s ].
50 d+es\ V<su<T 101

<ojTsC\ eeVs\ >T]+ +>dT X Vq+>, dVjT+>
qT+&q, <ojTsC\ |\T n++ f XV qT\T, \VqT\T, dVjTT\T.
1935 sC+># eT+^]+#&q~. _{wt +&j sc\ #
es k+eTT \_+q~. +<eTT deK d+$<qeTT n+^]+#
&q~. <ojTsC\T deK #se . #]H d+$<qeTT #sD
sC\TT+~.
nsTT, <ojTsE\T, y] |<T \T deK #se H, < nH
$wjT + yqTeTT+<&TTHsT. y] s+ue TT qTq V $T|&T
<T . bZ sTTq~. { $wj \ >T]+ <ojTsC\ |\T Hs < T .
KS
e{&T |uT e\T nqTeT e<T .
+<e TVdu H\T>e deyXe TT
O
1935 d+es| &d+sT H\ +< eTVdu deyXy T q ~.
BO
sTT< deTjq n+^]+|&q us sC+> #e TT >T]+ #]+#T
V <su<T sh |\ M\T <T ! #]+#T, n_bjTeTT \T|
O
sTT& |uTe\T n+^]+#<T. m|{eH, sjT $wj\T du

C
#]+#L &<H +<q +q>s+ d]d |D eTT +<e TVdu

ES
d e y X e T> T nqTeT \_ + q~. +< | eTV Q \T e& b {

VqTeT+se |+T\T>] n< q deyXe TT ]q~. y] dreTD
EM
leT eD eT>] n< q eTV eTVdu ]q~. sjT $wjT eTT\

>T]+ #]+#L&<T. jT{ysesT |qd+#L&<T. du #s\
du<&T, sT |seTT q&T#T=qe\jTTqT. @< d+<seTTq

|HdeTT nj>eTT> \+|&q jT&\, s T |q y+H <

|yjTeqT nqT mH +<q\T y|&q$. KeT+ *Z+q
+eTT\T d]d *Z+#+& eTVdu se k>HsT.
eTVdu meeT+~ ` +#T$T+#T |<e T&T y\eT+~ ` \+>DeTT
$$< b+eTT\ qT+& e].
eTVdu y~ qT+& n+^]+|&q rsqeTT\T. (1) $<
|q]sDeTT, (2) s+< bs+u $<, (3) u\u*\ euw eT\eTTq

q $< >s| , (4) C^sY |\ V\T, (5) u\$yV sdq eTT,
(6) \+>D sT\ kseTT\T, (7) k d|]b\qeTT, (8) eT
CT<s D eTT, (9) eTVdu d++~+q jTee[ yTT<\>Tq$.
_{w +&j sc\ 1885 e d+eseTT, sT ]|H >essT
qs \eTT #sD |&q, \ usT\ T, usT\ e+{ k
d|]b\H |< V <su<T sheTT |yX |T 1935 d+eseTT
+<e TVdu y~ qT+& |uT eTT y] y&T +THs+f, sjT +>
sTT& |\T d+ 50 d+es\T |]ds sc\ ed+# eT
k<sT \+f yqT& jTTHsqe!
KS
jTTe\ nd+|
O
+es d+d yTT+ |q |CJ$eTT , $Ty<,
BO
ny< b\H$ jTM +&qT. #<Teq jTTe nd+|
jT\T<]q~. <X \ beTT\ qqTd]+ |uT yK] jTeeTT
O
esT qs<T qT +es +<eTVdu HjT\T ne\+_+q

C
$<qeTTqT ||T {+#T = s e TTysT jT\T<]]. d]d deyXy T q

eTVdu ~ dw+ > qT|&q ~. \+>D b+ |\ ds eTTU_e~
ES
jTqT k<sD Xu\ s+q +<e TVdu <X e TT jTTese TTysT

||&<T. { <XeTT\ L&q eTVdu T jTee[,
EM
n+^seTTq l sT\Z seTws e |yX |>, .X.ds l b\+|*

y+ sese, _.@, mm._. e&b{ seT#+<se, _.@. mm._.,

l q+<] y+se, _.@. mm._. yTT<\>T jTTe\T reeTT>

||T{+].
d+<s e TTq n+ C> seTeTT Hsy ] , eT |e TTq
jTeTT#L ]q, eT+<TeTT\ seT#+<se>] (+<d+ |T |< qs<])
s<, sVD ##eTT, <>H|DeTT, ||\ de<qeTT
#d =qT #TseTT eTTq>T j>\qT jT+ b>&q qT ejT n,
+< |eTVQ\T e&b{ VqTeT+se |+T\T>sT eTT s+q
50 d+es\ V<su<T 103

\+>D +<<eTeTT nqT |deTT ydHsT. s+ueTTqT+
VqTeT+se |+T\T>sT +<d+ |T |< q s<]> , +<<eT
k| \T>, ssV\T>, d\V<sT>, HjT\T> qT+& d]d ]q
+< eTVdu deyXe TTq n< \T> mqT&q sT y, +< d+|T
|< q s<sT \T>, dTseseTT ||s &, eT+<TeTT\ seT#+<se>s\T
mqT&].
|{ \+>D |eTTK eTdT HjT&>T <+ jTs&>]
|CJ$eTT d]d ]q +< eTVdu s+ue TeT+< #| e#TqT.
MsT jTTe\L&q d#+< de\ <eTT ds|s, +< eTVdu
KS
deyX| deTjq m+ de#d] .
O
C^sT >e\ |\ deTd ` \+>D b+eTT ue\+< e>D
d<eTT #jT &T u eTT\|q yjT &q e>D dT s<T #j \H deTd `
BO
s +&TqT #\ beTTK+ >+q$. C^sT >e\ |\ U sTT
|\ deqeTT\>T ks eTT\qT *+Z #T |uT eTT <s deTyTq
O
+<dT (Land Revenue Settlement) #sTT+#eq, ue\ +< e>D

C
d<eTT #jT&T ueTT\|q y|&q e>DdT s<T #jTeq

ES
rsqeTT\T n+^]+|&q$.
yTT+ |q +<<eTeTT eT\eTTq \+>D b+eTT ed+#T
EM
|\+<T >=| |u<e TT *q~. deTw $wjT eTT\ jT+<T \+>DeTT

|\ n_bjTeTTqT dMT]+#T#T, y] @eTTKeTTq #T #q\T

#jTT deyXeTT> +<eTVdu ds|&q~. #]+#T$wj\

\+>DeTT |\+<s deTeTT> nedsy T q y jTT+&Te\q, sjT
|]CqeTTq <]#|, bV+#TqT deTd\T #]+|& kq$.
$<+> +< eTVdu \+>D ydT\ CrjT eTVdu> n+<]
$XdeTT \TZ >=| $jTeT +<<eT k| \T e&b{ VqTeT+se
|+T\T>sT eT \+>D +<<eTeTqT >+<e TT |{ + HsT.

$X+< k|+ #T <X e TT?
+es sj \ jT{ d++<e TT |T+&, #$T+>,
C>> q&T|Tq +<<eTeTT >T]+, MT +<<eTeTT jTT <X e TT
seTT qTq +< \qT, eT<dT b+eTT +<\
*|yj T e\jTTq jTTqT, |uT eTTy] *jTeq< |uT |#T sD
XU< &T eesTdq H\T>e du n< &T> qTq e&b{ VqTeT+se
>] qq>, ysT ~ e +<<eTeTT jTT XjT eTT Hs< , eTT
$wjTeTTq jT<seTTqT |]o*+| | n_bjTeTT |&TTHs
K+&+Hs.
KS
V <su<T sheTT eTTdy T sT \T sT| | <eTeTTqT |uT eTT
ysT nqTeq<w #dysT. = s |\T <w \|s# $ .
O
d #qeTT *+#T jT <eTyTq ds <|q V+<eT |b
BO
<eTeT eTT<y dysT. $<e TT> , +<<eTeTT >T]+ ~
eT b<eTeTT <, CrjT <eTyT jT, s |\T
O
|X+d+q$.
C

ES
EM

50 d+es\ V<su<T 105

se |s D eTT
s+>d\ eTT |q k$T seTq+<rs
eTss& b+eTT \+>DeTT y|+q +<<eTeTT e+{
KS
<eTeTT sTT+es <T. n& jTTe n\& jT\T<]q~.
d]V<T b+\ ed+#T jTTe+<s _{w +&j b+eTT y[
O
d><eT+ bZqT#T+&]. n< $<+ > \+>D jTTe\T L&.
BO
eTTK+> Ve+Tq eTss & jTTe\T eT d]jT>T es<Z s +
eV+# HjT\T s nd+| #+~HsT. |]d T kMT seq+<rs
O
s+>d\ eTT| e#dHsT.

C
kMTJ V#sXeTeTT qT+ HsT> #TsXeTeTT d]+HsT.

ES
>VkXeT +saq |&<T. y] jT{ T+ u<\T e.

due TT |#d dueeTT \ysT sT.
EM
+es kHu<T V|sZ nqT >eTeTT |]$TyT q

sb\T k+#T#Tq kMTJ eT |< q skqeTT> ;&
\ +<eT>T y$THu<T nqT q |D eTTq esTHsT.

y] y+& V|sZ nqT#sT \TL& =+<sT y[H sT. M]~ yTTe TT 12 >T]
+<eTT. y$THu<T $TT\T =+<sT H\ b>T#jT T e+< sbjT\
+<eTTysT eT KsT\ d]|#THys. +<+ ysT
y$THu<T q bsX \ q&T| d+d<T ] .
bsX \ k|+ #eq+f < |uT eTTy] nqTeT b+<. kMTJ
q&T|<\ #Tq bsX \ k|+ #& |uT eTTy] nqTeT \_dT + < nqT
|X L& nqTeHd<yT . T< y$THu<T ~es |uT nqTeT

q&TdTq lj^X] qq $<\jTeTqT $<d+dq T eT nBq+
rdT= q&T|eqH sj kMTJ e]. 18 >TsT duT \L&q
ssV $T{ jTs&q~. n+<T y$THu<T |eTTK HjTy<T\T,
es\T #]HsT. Ms+ neds deTjq n $<\ >+ #jT&
n+^]+].
d+es~ |+&T>H{ Xu| T &jT bsX \ bs+ueeTT
]q~. ~ d+ bseTTy| y eseZ TT |< n&T>T yjT &eT,
kMTJ eT J$#] ydHsT. |uT~seTTqT ~]+#T
<s kVk\T *+#&+ , eT $~jT kMTJ $Xd+#ysT. { s +&T
KS
H\\H bsX \ $<sT\ d+K 500 es |]q~. nsTT $<sT\ ,
y] *<+&T\ bsX \ #sT e\q d+u$ +# nbjTeTT\>T]+
O
u> \TdT. $<+> k+j<T\qT dw+# d de
kMTJ y$THu<T bsX \qT q&|& e TT bs+_+HsT. =~\eTTH
BO
y$THu<T, V <su<T sh k+ bseTT d++~+q e\ +<sT
\TdTH +<eTT> jTs&q~.
O
se \T
C
sjT |]d T \T $<+ > qT+&>, |\ ] |]d L& jT$T

ES
u> +&qT. ||+ #y|y T q ybse+<eTTe\q eekjT| |+\

<s \ T |&b e+ >< T . 1935e d+eseTT ><T eT\ <s sbsTT
EM
9 XsT _jT+ 8 XsT , Cq\T 16 XsT +&qT.

y| eekjT| |+\ <s \ T $<+ >qT+f, +=y| nHewe \

nd |+\T <q$. |uT eTT ]bsT\ |seTT 1935 +q>s+

yTTeTT, sjT#sT 5 \\T, >T\sZ eT&T
\\ nHewe\ <Tsu (Scarcity) |]dT\T jTs&q$. H&T
sjT#sT T+>u < bC ks eTT<T . sjT#sT, >T\sZ, ;&,
kHu< \ n~ u>\T mq& V <su<T |uT eTT |{ + q
eT, sT e b+\T. b+\T ;C|PsY, sjT\deT e
eT eT+&\eTT\ #]q$. eT eT+&\ b+\ | jTeTq> |
5 eekjT d+es\ { eT d+eseTT, s +&T <T] d+es\T,
50 d+es\ V<su<T 107

{ dT_e TT, eT]jTT{ d> T d+eseT e+< d+es\ \y\
|]o\qe\ *q $wjT +.
e] |< CHjTT&T $#sD $T{
sjT#sT |\T 1935 d+es+ eT+ >T]+ yTTs|TqqT
|uT eTT eT |]d n+^]+#< T . |uT eTTy] XC \+ eT+
nH~ +&~<T. ysT e nHewe \q *q |]d T \q jT|&
<Tsu (Scarcity conditions) n e]+#ysT. |&T L& n+. 1972`73
eekjT| d+eseTT <Xe TT nHew *q |]d T \ >T]+ jT
sh |uT eTT L& eT (Famine) | q #dq T< T . nHew |]d T \T
KS
(Drought conditions) nH MsT nHsT. |&~ #s j+XeTT<T. yTq
|]d T \T *d=qT V <su<T sh dV jT d+|T + (Hyderabad Relief
O
Association) $T{ jT$T+q~. < |eTu+> eJ >essT>
BO
qT+&q e] |< CHjTT&T >sT n< s\T>, Hsq se <XsTT, HqT
duT \T> qT+{$T. $T{ysT sjT#sT eT+ <q n
O
\\T |s q#d eT ]bsTq T |uT eTTq deT]+#T=]. |uT eTT

C
$T{ ]bsTq T re+> K+&+q~. |s q |uT ~sT\+ dV ]+].

n+<]B b! eT+ <T q~ <Tsu ! \ k~sT\T,
ES
n~s eT |]d T \T e, <Tsu H q< nHsT. e

ysT eT<V+ uq deTjq, nq~s n#+> eT |]d T
EM
He, |\T >e\T e~*|{ y[b e#THs $e]+]. \+

eTH nqT +^w |d s Y b+eTT qT+&y&T. >e\ > sT

ed *+#T, ue\T $+# XU~]> |#dy&T. n~]

= >e\ |sq #d jT$<+> eT+ +&e e&T#T+&H, e
#|+H&T. eTT~>\T nqT |< >eT+. >eT+ Hu n~u >eTT
eTTd+ \~. eTH >sT, e] |< CHjTT&T>] $T{ |s q eTT~>\T
#], >eT+ |]d T \T m+ |T s+> qTqy #|{] . >eTeTT |\T
>=&T e+deTT J$+#T #T+&]. eekjT| jT&T n|{ V sbjT\T
3`4 { #=|q neT&$. >=&Te +deTT eT&T |d \ 1 XsT #=|q
neT&~.

Cq\T <=]$e eq bDeTT qT+&T >=&T e+deTT f
$T*bsTTq~. sjT#sT qTq eT |]d T ] qT+&q$.
\+ ] eT<dT sh+ qT+&~. eT<dT sh |uT + ]
eT |]d T \TqT |{ + +~. n> V <su<T sh |uT eTT
sjT#sT >T]+ eT |]d T \TqT |{ + #eq |\ +<q
|uT + q yK ] esT<T .
eT |]dT\T+fH$T? <Tsu |]dT\T+fH$T? @ |]dT\TH
ysD se\T s+_+#&+ eTTKeTH~ y<q q~. ~
d]jTq y<q<T. eT |q #jT+&, #sTe\T, s&T yTT<\>T
KS
|qTs+_+#e#TqT. sjT#sT V <su<T |uT + { |qT\T
|\ dV js es+_+q~. eeT\T> +{s <s |qT\T kq$.
O
sjT#sT k |\ esT>, eTVuq>sY L\
|qT\T #sTTdT+ &> |< $T{ysT #d]. eT | q #jT q|&T eT
BO
|]d T \TqqT k |\ |#sTT+#eqqT +<q +{s |q <T .
+= y<q L& #jT TysT >\sT. \| sT e\T 19e X|
O
H{ sTe\T e, <XeTT s\T, s&T syD kseTT\T $d +>

C
y|+q+<Tq \+ _jT+, ><TeT\T, Cq\e+{ Vs<H\T

ES
dT\u+ > b+eTTqT+ sTT+= b+eTTq m>TeT #jT T M\Tq<

n+<T# eT|]d T \Tq b+\ #e <s Vs< H\T dT\u+ >
EM
\u + C\T#TqeH y<q. y<q \eTT< nqT M\T<T .

|\ =qT>\T X eeTT+&e. n< nd\T deTd. ybs e+<eTT
y|+q \eTT , <s\T eT+&bTq \eTT , jT

\eTTHH =qT>\TX b ejT |\ u<\ sDeTT. sbsTT

<s u> jTe> qTq sEqT =qT>\T X <T . sbsTT <s e
e|&bsTTq sEqT =qT>\T X<T. m|{ eeT\T |\
eT|]dT.
=| nqTq~ ksY+> C^sT sTT #]q \<sT |d T
+<eTT. sTT sjT#sT n~s |]~ (Jurisdiction) #]q<.
=| sTT eT|]d T \T L& sjT#sT , eT<dT sheTT #]q
50 d+es\ V<su<T 109

] y|+jTT+&q eT |]dT\+f _q+> +&qT.
eTys D s e \T, sj T # s T sTT s \\
k>T#TqT> L& +&qT. |<CHjTT&T $T{ysT b++y[
|]dT\T n<jTqeTT #jT+ ksY +>T>sT, y] dT n~sT
dV +#< T . ysT |< CHjTT&T, y] dV #sT \qT jT{ ys \].
n+f MsT, y] C^sT sTT ed+#ysT s! eq jT{ys>T
(out-siders) M] eT C^sT sTT |]d T \>T]+ e{& V < !!
~ n|{ C^sT<s eTqd eTT.
5`6 d+es\qT+& y|+jTT+&q ybs e+<+ |*+>
KS
eekjT| |+\ <s \ T |&b e&eTT >< T . s T \ ] |]d #\ Vq<X
e#dq~. s T \ sTD\ deTd beTTK+ eq~. T< V <su<T sh
O
|uTeTT L& deTdqT >T]+q~. C+ |uTe eT |sH<s
BO
eekjT <s dV jT #e T, eekjT sTD$y#q <X e TT #s
rdTHsT. eekjT<s sTD\>T]+ sJ<TsT $T{\ jeTeTT,
n|#T sTD<\| = +<q \T, e&s T +Z #&e TT, eekjT<s dV jT
O
#eTTjTT <XeTT jTT+&qT. ys |sH<s eekjTueTT\

C
nH+eTTq d++~+q #eTTqT = \ #sD |{].

ES
#{\jTT { s +&T d+es\ sT y n|{ V <su<T Xdqdu

|yX |{ XdqeTT\T L& #d] .
EM
k+eTTq |PseTT jT$<+ > us< X e TT, _{w +&j jT,

<ojT sC\ s +&T u>\T> $u +|&jT T+&H, n<$<+ > V <su<T
s+ u>eTT U By jT, += u>eTT C^sT Us

ns+&T u>\ $u +|& jTT+&q sTT~es #| &q~ <. U,

Us nqT jT u< e TT +& V <su<T s+ ed+#ys+<sT HC +
|\H nqT&ysT. #]\eT+<T = T+u\T \|
|uT e\ de#dq +<TqH n{y ] >seeTs<\T b&T =
T+u\ bwD <w H = >e\T =+<] C^sT> e&jT T+&qT.
C^sT> sTTe&q KTqT+ n& s T \T eTT |uT eTTq #*+ #T
dT &T C^sT<s #*+ #e\djT T+&qT. s T \ kBqeTT, y] d<eTT

qT+& u eTT\T y{ d++~+q s T \ V\T C^sT<s nqTL\eTT>
es&<T. C^sT<s ue<jTeed d++~+q =
|]b\H~s*e&q$. sD \T, |f+ &T e+{ >e~sq T jT$T+#,
=\+# n~s\T C^sT<s +&$. |<|< C^sT sTT\
d+kH\ n& C^sT<sT d+kHBX \# jT$T+|&q V dsT ,
s e+{ s $q n~sT+ &ysT. U >e\ u eTT\ds d{yT +T
] u $TdT s T jT$T+|& jTH <Xu\T >& H C^sT sTT
u eTT\ ds d{yT +{ sT> +&H Us >e\ s T \qT+& u $TdT
ed\T #jT &~. |]ds U >e\ s T \T jTs +{ sbsTT
#=|q dT #*d T + f, C^sT >eT s T \T n+{ u $T dT jTs +{
KS
eT&T H\T>T sbjT\ es #*+ #ysT. = C^s nsTT<T, |~
d+es\ \T|q u eTT\ b+<TuT ]>~. s T qT d<+ #d
O
u $T q kBqeTT qT+&TqH qeT+ b jT~. $<+ > s T \T eT
BO
u eTT\qT n_e~|s , jTe|+ rjT{ |jT + #jT kVd+#ysT
sT. U s T \ b*#d, C^sT s T \T ]+ > yqT& jTT+&ysT.
O
u$TdT jT |&jTT+f, jT s+ ed\T #d n~s\T

C
|uT~sT\ >\e. n+{ n~s\T C^sT<s>, y]#

ES
jT$T+|&q s $q n~sT\ > e |uT eTTysT dw+ #dH sT.

|uTeTT <s u$T ds d{yT+T ] u$TdT sT ssD
EM
nsTTqsTT, ssD yTq dT C^sT s T \T #*+ # jT&\ C^sT<sT

|uT eTTq <sU dT |Ty. n|&T |uT ~sT dT jT ed\T
#jT >\s |uT +ysT $XB]+HsT. |uT eTT<s ds d{yT +{

] u $T dT ssD jT&\, n{ C^sT s T \T u $TdTq T neT

|qT\T> u$+ sTTe& s]+#e#Tq |uT+ysT |{+].
bdT yTdT n~s\T >\ |< C^sT sTT\ sT\T
|qT*e{ s]+#T jT$<+ > jT+es kVd+#C\TsT? n~
nk<yTq |X.
C^sT sTT |]b\q d++~+q { <c\T jTH
+&e#TqT. jT{ \ eTu< + +& C^sT<sT J$+ >& |ysT.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 111

qyT ksY +>T e+&, < eTVs wH | s Y c<T, qyT e
jsY +> , s c+ sE e+&, jTe] L& \eT |b
eTH~ +&qT. n+<] dVq+, deTqjT+, dVseTH jTH
dT>TD\T+&$. |< C^sT<s nMTs |u eeTT eT< sV , qsV
C^sT<s |q +&~. n+<] k<su e eTT+&~. eT X + f jTe
KsT |+ < e<KsT |eTH <TsTDZ \T M] qT+&e#TqT.
M] es<Z w+ \eT |b eTH <TsTDZ \T e+ +&qT.
V<s T jsY +>
dT>TD\T >\ esZ+ qT+& $&bsTTqysT qyT V<sT
KS
jsY+> eyT . M] |P]\T \+qTq jTeTsV dq eed
(Irregular Forces) d++<+ >\ysT. | eed y]~ e<sT <.
O
< d++~+q u< \T Hsy s nedse TT qqT n+<]e V<s T
BO
jsY +>L & C^sT<sT n|+#TH~ C^sT <jTeTT nqTu$ +#~
<>\ <s qqTd]+, qyT ksY+>T eTVs wH
|s<T {jT nMTsYe< y[H , qyT V<s T jsY +>T d>se+>
O
deTT\T |e\d+<! MsT V <T eTTdM TH d+d n< |<$ q\+]+

C
<ssT C+ |uTesDT\ eTqq\T b+~ V<su<T sh eTTd+\

ES
HjT + eV+].
V<s T jsY+>T, k+ eTeTT >T]+, | +> KTsH jTT
EM
uweTT, k+ #] yTT<\>T $wj \ >T]+ u> n< jTqeTT #dH sT.

sT n&T>T\+f mT> \ CqTuVQ&T, jTq >sq < , du\ duT \qT
]+#~. jTq su w u> |qd+#y&T. eT+ e nqT&ysT.

k+ eT|e VsY eTVeT<T q~qeTT ($T<T\_)q

d++~+q du\ V <T eTTdM TH y~ qT+& >$+q |Hk\
V<s T jsY +> |C J$ es+uy T q ~. 1935e d+eseTT us
sC+> # eT+^]+#&qH{, jTq V<su<Ts eTTd+|\
sjT HjT&T> n_e~ #+~H&T.
H eTTd+ dVT\ d+b< + |#T ]+|&q n s ~q|\T,
V <T eTTdM TH d+d $<qeTTqT, qyT V<s T jsY+> HjT eTTqT

\|s# $ . V <su<T sheTT eTTd+ \ | kqeTT, eTTd+ sC~seTT
>T]+ |\T V <T eTTdM TH d\ b< eTT eV+#$.
|j + s | CrjT
1935 UJ nT >b sY>] d+b< eTT |j + nqT s,
~q| y& e s+uy T q ~. q s |\e |j + |
| +&~.
UJ kVT s <Xd T & T . CrjTy~. +>dT |U HjT\T
V+ nUH, &sT nH]>s\ nqTjjTT&T. \eT \qT
K+&+#y&T. CrjTuy\qT |sd]+#T= V<su<T sh sjT
KS
deTd\ |]cseTT #jT T n_bjTeTT\T y\& + #y&T.
O
s sjT Y ys | jTT |CkeT d<+\ qqTd]+ sjT
esT\T eqT, u< jTT |uT eTT seTT k|+ #eqqT CrjT
BO
uy\qT jTq \|s# ~ . \eT |b <e\qT K+&+#~.
d+|<jTeTTqT b&qysT
O
C
V<T eTTdMTH d+d, s deeTT jTT jT, |jT\

|* +> V <su<T s+ n& & V+< eTTd+ d+|T sD\T ]q$.
ES
bD, nsq w+ *q~. V+< eTTd+ dVuy\T <q$. V <su<T

|D + sTT+es (nq> 1936 es ) jT{ n\sT sT>< T . V+<Te\T
EM
eTTd + \T X+j T T J$ + > & T | # T +& ] . s s \qT+ ed T q

d+|<jTeTT\qT |< qeT+>qTq eTVs wH | s cY <, |D =>
q sCV<s Y y+ses& e eTT\T b&q$. uj T eTdT

|< q eT+, = |\T& u> +&~. eT] y]<] e jTesT

<Hy sT <T. sCV<s Y y+ ses&> sT 14 d+eseTT\T |D
= |<$ qT+& 1934 |qH rdT |<$ #*+#THsT.

50 d+es\ V<su<T 113

@&e |s D eTT
1935 d+ H{ us sC+> #e TT
_{wt bsy T +TysT n+^]+q 1935e d+es| us sC+>
KS
#e TT 1936e d+es es+ue TeT+~. 1936 qT+& 1945 es
<XeTT us #] H <T, yTT+ ||+ # #] eTTUeTTKyTq
O
\eTT. s +&e ||+ # jTT< es+uy T yTT+ ||+ #+ sTesq \eTT
BO
<. \eTTH >+BeTVT&T +^wysT us<XeTTqT e<*
y[byqH <e bs+_+]. \eTTH s, , bH
O
<X\ jT+\T VyT H sT. #H <X| HjT&T #+>T w $TeT+&*

y]bT jTT<eTT $jTeTT b+~ T< eTdT jT+
C
eed+> bseTT z&bjTqT. #H eTdT d<++ ds | & + ~.

ES
+>+ &T jT\T ]q$. jTT<e TT > \Tb+~q HjT&T #]

jT\ z&bjTqT. n{ HjTeTT ] |uT yTs&qT.
EM
us< X n d\\eTTH k+eTT \_+#T Xu VeTT\T ~eTT

(Horizon)| q&q{, <ojT sC\ |CkeT V\ >T]+q
|CbseTT\T ]q{ \eTTL& sTT<.

1935e d+es| us sC+> #eTTjTT eTTK n+XeTT\T

(1) _{w +&j sc\ = sD\ &, d|]b\qeTT
(2) +<eTT _{w +&j sc\T, <ojT sC\ L&q deK
` +<eTTjTT kBq+qT+&T XK\ ssVDeTT deK Xdqdu\ T,
+<|uT sDeTT, (3) u+usTTqT+ d+<T qT, _VsT qT+& ]kqT
ysT #d ys sc\T> jTsT#jT T, (4) <+< |uT d<+eTT sc\
eTT+ +<eTT |yX |T.

<ojT sC\T deK #]H +<eTT deK d++~+q
Xdqdu\ T, |uT yTs&C\TT+~. d+ ]wy T q d+K es H <ojT
sC\T deK #s. n|& deK d++~+q us sC+>
#e TT u>eTT #sD sC\TT+~. yTT<{ >T+&T\ eTVdu
deTjq <ojT sE\, y] |<T\ qT+&q VeTT yTD
bZ sTTq~. $<+ > yTT+ |q sC+> #e TT deK d++~+q
u>+ neT\T, <ojT sC\T deK #sq +<Tq, bsTTq~. _{w
+&j , sc\ d++~+q u>+, jT\es , 1936e d+es|
p H\ #sD |&q~ m\T ]q$. m\ +>dT u>+
rdTq~. eT<dT, u+usTT, s|<X, _VsY, eT<|<X, ]k\
KS
+>dT nu sT\ T n~ d+K > \Tb+~HsT. sc\ +>dT |uT \T
1937 jTs&q$.
O
BO
+>dT eT+T\ q&e&
>+BeTVT&T, q ys| V]H +>dT |uT \ >T]+
O
#]d +>dT eT+T\T k+ |e VsY eTV<T, y]s nsT ,

VsY eTsY +{ eTTd+ Kb\ n&T>TC&\ q& k<sDyTq J$+
C
>&b @+{ &+s+ +&. 1920 qT+ y] ysd eTT eq

ES
k<sD J$eTT >&T |#T, b<T| #jT T#T+&q jT&\ ;< |\ =+

XjT H y\TTsT q&TT+~. $<+ > ysT, |uT ~s <sD L&
EM
=+ es esC\TsT n +>dTeT+T\ <X$ THsT.

eT<bq w<+ , K<s T >T& beTTK+, <y\j\ V]qT\ |yX +

nqT $wj\T beTTK+ >+ +>dT |uT\ eT\d\T>L&

u$+#&q$.
= sjT #e TT _{w +&j sc\ |yX |Te\q
sc\, <ojT sC\ #sD qTq |uT $<qeTT & uV+>
q& es+uy T q ~. _{w +&j sc\ bsy T + |uT
$<qeTT #sD |&T deTjq, <ojT sC\ n& s+X |uT
$<qeTT esT e{ #jTT jT{ |jTeTTqT <ojT sE\T
dV +#< T .
50 d+es\ V<su<T 115
||+ # #] =+<sT s+X |uT e\T jTyT deK $<qeTT>\
+< |uTeTT k|+#Tq <VsDeTT <=se#TqT. |CkeT
d<+\|q k|+ |&q bsy T + |uT \ L&q = sc\ deK\
<VsD\T dT\u+ > #] <=sT>\ e. y| bsy T + |uT \T
>\ sc\T, sTT+=y| s+X |uT e\ |]b\q k>TT+& <ojT sC\
deK k|+# |jT+ #] yTT<{k] us s+> #eTT
#jT &q< #| e#TqT.
_{w ysT |{q
1935e d+es us |uT #e TT qqTd]+ <ojT sE\ ]
KS
|seTT deK du\ qT+&T <ojT sC\ |<T \T, <ojT sE\#
jT$T+|&qys +&e\djT T+&qT. B <c s +&T $wj \T *bsTTq$.
O
(1) d+jTT us< X e TT nsH k< + C\TT+<H~ $wjT +.
BO
(2) <ojT sC\ |<T \T <ojT sE\# jT$T+|&q ysTq+es
O
us +<|uT eTT +>dT y] nBqeTT sbeeTH~ s +&e

$wjT +.
C
ES
+>dT nBqeTT n\d+U\T, <ojT sE\ |<T \T jTyT

|j +# yT\+, +>dT y] yT\+ q $T+ +&+ < eT
_{w b\\T u$+, jsT#d|{q sC+>#eTT deK
EM
$<q$T~. <ojT sE\T eTT+<T \T>ujT \qV+, eT

du< w us deK #s +& \j|q #dT + bsTTHsT.

ssT |+<+
V <su<T seTTq d++~+q+es 1935e d+es| us
|uT #e TT qqTd]+ ssT>T]+ |+<+ _{wt |uT +, C+
|uT + eT< 1936 ]q~. |+<eTT qqTd]+ ssT b++
sTT+es +&qT eT< sc\ (Central Provinces) |]b\qH +&TqT.
ssT|q C+ sd~ seTT (Sovereignty) +&TqT. d| CV
e+X| s_sT<T V <su<T y+& ssT nqTq~ #s &TqT,

+es V <su<T C+ nqTq~ sTTeTT+<T V <su<T, ssT
C+ nqT, jTTesE ssT jTTesE nqT _sT<T sTT#T
_{wt |uT eTT ys+^]+HsT. +es #*d q 25 \\ sbsTT\T
eTT+<TL& sTTe&, ssT C+ s| q jT+{ +&& L&
n+^]+HsT. eT<dT V sT &> qT+&q dsY m+.dTuse>sT C+
|<e T jT+T> jTeT+|&HsT.
HC + sh ksTT
<ojT sC\, n{+ f V <su<T # |< s+. B yX \+
82,698 #<s | yT . yX \eTTqT{ s+ k{+&T \djT Tq
KS
+>+&T q |<~ . \| u+>\T, u+usTT sc\ yX \+ b*#&>,
sTT+<T |<+f V<su<T |<~>qT+&qT. us<XeTTjTT
O
H_ k q eTT qT+& T e\q s j T +> V < s u< T sheTT #\
BO
beTTK+>+q~.
1941 e d+es| Hu \ |s+ 16,38,8000 V <su<T
O
sh Hu. 1936`37 d+es| &T |s+. sh <jTeTT

C
V <su<T V sbjT\ 9,43,00,000, ejTeTT 8,98,00,000 +&qT.

ES
m|& $T>T\T & T sb+~+#&+ dsY nsY V <>] ] $<qeTTjTT

| . u e<jT dT, jT>TeT ~>TeT|q q{ 6 sbjT\ #=|q
EM
dT++ (s&T ]), \T kssTT yTT<\>T c edTe \|q (u]) <jTeTT.

eT& <jT| eTTKyTq |<T \ T. <jT| |qT (Income Tax) +{
|qT\T +&qT.

C+ d+eseTTq 50 \\ sbjT\T su (Privy Purse) >,

sesT\ KsT 24 \\ T sTTe&$. $b> k+ C^sT>
C+ kBq+ qT+&~. KsT\T $TqVsTT+q s $T <jT+
C+ k+KsT |j +#T=qT#T+&qT.
1936`37e d+es| KsT & T |seTT $< 1 { 4 \\ T,
sV<s 75 \\T, y< dVjTeTTq 35 \\T, bdT 66 \\T,
HjTXK 25 \\ T, dH 80 \\ T, k<sD |]b\q 42 \\ T,
50 d+es\ V<su<T 117

{ bsT<\ 26 \\ T, eT ysD | ~ 30 \\ T eTTKyTq KsT
|<T\T.
m nee \TqqT eTyTq |]b\H |< +&~. HjTkH\
H s$qsT\, sTH+ MTwH, |uT+ b>qTq
eeVs\L&, e\ HjT+ \T>TT+<H $XdeTT+&~. n~
ukBq (Acquisition of Land) +{ eeVs\ HjBX\T
|uT eTTq $sT<+ > & *#ysT. V+< eTTd+ +{ jT u< e TT
b\eT< *q ><\T # |]w]+|&$. X+ u <\ T b&&$
nqTd]+q n_e~ se\T sT|&$.
KS
C+>] eq |<
O
C+ |uT esD\T deK nqT eTq'\q nqTL\+> qT+&ysT<T.
BO
B sD+ deKe\q sh+ |d]> =+esq |CkeT
d<+\ e <=sTT+<H $wjT + jTq *djT T+&TjT. C+
O
q | q{ 85 #=|q V+<Te\T n~ d+K qT+&T |<

C
jT&> >&T d e Td> j s q ~.

ES
V <su<T seTT |\+<], n b+\y] d++~+q

sjT d+d sTT+es <T. nd\T { d+d k|+#T=qT
EM
M\T<T . 1927e d+eseTT k|+ #&q V <T eTTdM TH nqT

sjTsd+d, deK d++~+q us sC+> #eTT
n+^]+|&>H sjT d+d> e]bsTTq~. d+d +< $e]+q

nsTT<T <X e TT\qT |{ + q~:`

1. V<su<T |uTeTT dsk+eTT>\ s]+> qT+&eqT.
d| CV e+o&q eTTd+ duT &T sE> qT+&eqT.
2. us deK d+$<qeTT V <su<T | d]> #se \ded,
< sj ~seTT jT{ |+\T>L &<T . ]_e~ q
neXeTT\T <qL&<T .

3. <X_e~ |dT sC+> #e TT esT\T | d]> #jT e\ded
eTTd+\ sjT q < { esTqT <qT eTTdeTT\T
<| n+^]+#sT .
n. Xdqdu, k d|]b\q d+d\ eTTdeTT\T #
n~d + K qT+&eqT.
. | jeseZ TT\<s eTTde TT\ kH\T +|yj T eqT.
4. s us< X |\+<] uw>, V <su<T sh uw> |]>D+ |&q~.
eq V <su<T |uT uw>, b<$ T bsX \, $X$<\jTeTT
KS
u<q uw> jT\| { UjTeTT+&eqT.
5. <>\T, eTTdeTT\ #], sjT >se deTdH ]
O
deTdL&. eq $wjT + eT d++<y T q <ew nqT |X
BO
qeTT C\<T. eTTdeTT\T <>\T e<T\T=qT jT\|{
d<+ sT.
O
nsTT<e +< eTVdu

C
+< eTVdu <e deyXe TT 1936e d+es| &d+sT H\

ES
n|&T V<su<T sh |<qeT+> qTq eTVs V<TsY wH

|scY <>] C^sT sTT \ +<yT q c<Tq>se TT ]q~.
EM
V <su<T sh |eTTK +<H jT\>T =+& y+ s+>s&> sT n<

eV+HsT. yTT<{ |sjT+ C^sT sTT +< eTVdu sT|=qT
neXeTT \_+q~. eTVsV<Ts >Y ] |C_eqeTT, y] s<]jT>T

>T+&se>] <X dydj T qT <s>T DeTT c<Tq>se TT +<e TVdu

sT>T neXeTTq eTTK sDeTT\ #| e#TqT. eTVdu , >{e ,
we TT +& |uT +y] nqTeT \_+q~.
|~y\ \+>D+<T \qT ]+#>* q deyXe TT \+>DydT\
nuT<jTeTTq &&T jTH rsqeTT \+^]+|&q$. eTVdu
d+<seTTq jT|{e eTV eTVdu deyXeTT leT sTZ\
nq+\<$ n< ]q~.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 119

<e C] #e] eTsDq+se TT n|{ |qT |t y\T jTqT jTTesE
jT$T<e jT&sT nqT |sT, +>+&T <Xe TTq sE>, us< X #e]>
d+VdH~| T H sT jTq +>+&T sT+ #seTTq $sT<e TT>
d+|H nqT keqyTq d $yVeTT #dT=q\+q+<Tq
d+eseTT |\H _{wt bsy T +T & H, s|]>+ #dH &T.
~ n& bsy T + |uT eTTq d++~+q d<#seTT.
eTq us< X e TT <ojT sE\ eTVY (Harem) >T]+ jTH
<\T #|HysT. & eTq <ojT sE\ T+u\ >T]+q
d<#seTT\T (Traditions) q+<Tq, |\ &L& q+<Tq, =+<sT
KS
<ojT sE\ e+<\=\~ us\T, KydT\T n+f ` +|&T\ T `
qT $yT q <\ T $q&$.
yeTq HjT>] dsdZ
O
BO
d+eseTTH yeTq HjT>sT dsdZ T H sT. MsT V <su<T
|CJ$eTTq n>>$T (Pioneer) > U b+~HsT. >=| <Xu\T,
O
desq >\ysT. M] uq|+ 50 eT+~ e +& n<T \T,

nu>T\T+&ysT. <sdue\T ss\qT bV+#ysT. |&T
C
$ye s jTqT |sT>\ $<d+dq T, \eTT $ye s q

ES
bsX \qT k|+ #] ds k sTT> qT+&bsTTHsT.

|CJ$eTTq n>>eTTq Xese. yeTq HjT >s\
EM
eTsDq+s+ e&b{ VqTeT+se, o H<s e y< , .se#], =+&

y+ s+> s &> s\T s +&e se TTq d++~+q HjT\ #| e#TqT.

c<Tq>sT deyXeTT $<|q]sDeTT, s+< bs+u$<,

eT<bq sdqeTT, u\$yVeTT\T s<T#jTT #eTTjTT eX,
V]H<sDeTT yTT<\>T $<, d+|Td+dsDeTTq d++~+q
rsqeTT\T, \+>D sT\ sTT+<T\ d++~+q rsqeTT\T
n+^]+|&q$. ue\+< k>T&#j T T e>D u eTT\|q yT u eTT\
<s (dT) ss TT+#e\jTTq, C^s $~> |uT eTT y]<s, +<dT
(Land Revenue Settlement) #sTT+#eqqTq$ L& y~+|&q
rsqeTT\ eTTKyTq $.

H e\] desE (l $. _. sE) >] c<Tq>sT eTVdu H
|]#jT + *q~. MsT >T+sT u| yddT \ T. MsT V <su<T
e sTT+jTsT> eT e k+HsT. <Xu q>seTT nqT |sT
c<Tq>sT eTVdu eT+~seTTjTT bqT d<|s, sD seTeTT
|P]>$+ eTVdu T~sEq eT+&|eTT $| yjTTq|&T + sT
|T=q> desE>] #dHqT. M] |CJ$+ c<Tq>sT du eT+~s|
bqT d<| s # T s+ue TsTTq< #| e#TqT.
|eTTK HjTy<T\T =+& y+s+>s&, nT bc>s\T V sT
HjTy<T\ jes+Z qT+ V <su<T sh Xdqdu duT \T> 1936e
KS
d+eseTT mqT&]. y+ s+>s&>sT Xdqdu duT&T>qTq
s +&Td+es\ \eTT jTH T XdqeTT\T |yX |{] . d\ ysd |
O
V, es+s $yVeTT\e\q *> d+qeTTq V\T, u\$yV
BO
s<e TT, nd X ysD, C^sT |\ V\T, ue\ +< d<eTT
#dq # dT rdTL&<q T, |_ ddT MTwH k|q eTTq>T $wj \
>T]+q T XdqeTT\T eTTKyTq $.
O
u\$yV s<eTTq d++~+q T XdqeTT >T]+ |\

C
n_bjTeTT rdTe\jTTq, ue\ +< d<eTT #dq# dT

ES
rdT=qs<H TX dqeTT >T]+ $T{ |{ ]bsT | +#e\jTTq,

n+es 2/3 e>D dT e| #jTe\dq<jTT, C+ |uTe>sT
EM
C|d , q T XdqeTT\{ dyd ] .

$< eTVdu

1936e d+es++H V <su<T |\ $< eTVdu oH<s e

y<>] n<q V<su<T |DeTT deyXyTq~. y<>sT eT
n< |HdeTT s+< bs+u$ <, u<q uw> euwjT T beTTK+,
n~ss bsX\\|q +<q\T, ]qyTq bsd, ns; XeTT\T
su wqT+, ]q yTq d+d Xe TT\qT V+Buw qT+ =\+,
ds keqTq |\+<] u<| & T V+<k uwqT n_e~>$+#T
nedse TT >T]+ #]+HsT. <Xe TT |yX |{q > us< X e TT
50 d+es\ V<su<T 121

L& <eH>] *|, bsd *| esT> seTH *| |yX |{ V+<k
uw $|e eTT e\dq nedsy T + q< eT n_bjT+ y\& + ].
V <su<T sh |\+<] d++~+q y~ |eTT n+<sT
>V +#T#T+&q deTjq $< eTVdu rsT> +#Ty] =+<]
y~> |j>|&q~. eTVdu<&q y<>] VqeTT|q kMT
seq+< rs, y] dV #sT \T, $TT\T =+<sT deyXe TT bZ].
kMTJ ydq |s+ eTss & b+eTT qT+ eq |<T \ kMTJ
eTT+<T sT>qTq k+<eTeTT >T]+ #]+]. kMTJ
@u$+qys+<sT c|PsT deyXyT V<su<T sh |\
KS
k+eTT k~+#T | #jT e\jTTq XsTT+#THs. nqTq
|seTT l ~>+sse _+<T, l sY. . |s+|, l HsjTDse Cw,
O
V|sT> bsX \ d++<e TT>\ sTT<s T k<sT \T, kMTJ` yTTe TT sT>TsT
BO
c|PsY dVT d b> |eD dseTT #dH s.
1937 jTT beTTKeTT
O
1937e d+eseTT # eTTKyTq ~. d+es| | e], pH

C
H\ esTd> s, eTVsh b+rjT du\ T yTT<{k ] s> +, C+

ES
|uTe>sT d+VdH~|+ eV+q H{qT+ 25 d+es\\eTT

L&q seeTT, eTVs wH |sYc<>sT |<q eT+|<$
EM
$s$T+#Te+, dsY nsY V < |< qeT+ e+, sjT d+dsD\

$T{ jeT+, se +< eTVdu sjT d+d> es+, T+>u <
{ |+|e TT >T]+ 80 d+es\ qT+ eT<dT, V <su<T sc\

|+<+ <s eeVseTT d+esyT <s eTT # eTTKyTq e

#| e#TqT.
s eTVdu V<su<T |DeTTH sjT#sT |eTTK
HjTy~ |. wH s e>] n< q ]q~. sh |eTTK s HjT\T
. se#] >sT Vq d+|<\T> qT+& eTVdu seTeTTqT
$jTe+eTT> k+]. #]+ > q&u wjT T beTTK+ \T|
C+ sTT s\ e uw, y| \T>Ty \T>Tuw, sTT+=y|

eTVsw\ eTVsh uw e& T+& bTq< se#]>sT
eT $#seTTqT *|]. q&u wqT b&& >T #s \T > =qe\dq
nedseTTq<].
n<\T |.wHse>sT eTTK+> sjT#sT sT\ ]
<T'd >T]+ d+uwd , sT e \e\ ;<s T \T, L eT< s>
#+~q s T \T, keq |\T nqTu$ dTq u<\ >T]+ #]+]. T+>u <
q~ qT+ sjT#sT u eTT\ {bsT<\ jTsT e\dq nedse TT
jT+ q<].
eTss& yTT<{ eTVdu
KS
eTVsh eTVdu yTT<{ deyXe TT eTVs wH |scY <T C^sT
O
sTT |&T sT ]q~. |eTTK HjTy~, sh +>dT |<e T
d>V + <H jT&T >$+<se Hq>sT n>dH~| + eV+HsT.
BO
eTss& y+{ XSsT\T, CHXsT+{ u\T, seT<dT+{
k<T d+T\ qu yT yTT+ ||+ #eTT |Ub+~q ms, n+
O
\ TL& eTss & kj

T n< \ysT eTss & >T]+q #] beTTK+
C
*|HsT.
ES
Hq>sT eT n< |HdeTT $<jTT |q]sDeTT, eTTK+>

d$ <, ke nqs\ >T]+ #]+HsT. s T \ ] d $XB]d
EM
eekjT\ ds HXH, kVQsT, u $TdT $<qeTT eTTKsD\HsT.

s T \ TTD\ ysD d++~+q |jT eTT\ >T]+, s T , kVQs
esZ <wu eeTT\T \T> +& #&q, >e\ n_e~< c # q\T

rd |]XeTqT n_e~|s#e\jTTq, d<o edTe y& <X_e~

bT|&e \jTTq n].
k$T seq+< rs> sT |&T sY eTVdu #] eTss & $$<
b+\qT+ eq ss\ eTTK+> nes+>u<T qT+ eq jTTe
ss\ \TdTH neXeTTqT |sd]+#T= sjT |]dT\|
#]+]. eTT+<T sujT bseTTjTT ePVeTT\ |< \T d<| s # e \jTT
qH n_bjTeTTq e].
50 d+es\ V<su<T 123

C+>] d+VdHsVD se+
< d+es| | e] H C+ |uT e>] d+VdH~| + jTT
seeTT eTVyu e +> ]q~. C+>sT d+<s e TTq sh V+<Te\T,
eTTde TT\T uj T T\T eT s +&T qT\]. s T \ u $TdT sTT u|T 40
\\ sbjT\T e|#d] . H $T*jTTq J$+ HqT |$T+#T s T \
d+ e T+d+ <sbkq, u> e +T&T dw+ q eqe\ de&T> qT+&yT
H y w yTq _sT<T> u$kq du d_ \<s sh |\ $Xd+
*+#Tq C+ |uT esDT\T |{ + ].
dTesT 10`11 d+eseTT\T V<su<T sh |<q eT+>,
KS
eT+eT+&* n< &T>qTq eTVs V<s T dsY wH | s cY <V<Ts Y
1937e d+es| e] H\ eT |<$ $s$T+#T=]. y] kqeTTq dsY
O
nsY V <>sT jT$T+|&]. V <>sT u+usTT yde \T. es eseZ TTq
BO
#+~q ue s \dT\ T. u+usTT V sT &> , +>dT n< &T> qTq
<TsBH jT TJ >] dV +<T e. MsT +&jT H &T, ne+f
ddT #] u> n_e~ #+~HsT. n& qT+ C+ |uT + d<s Y
O
eTVdu (Accountant General) > jT$T+|&, ]XK s<], ]

C
eT+, T< |< qeT+> | e#dHsT. _{w b\\T V <>] u ,

ES
$XdeTT\qT yT#T= M] |M \sT> >s$+HsT.

yTVB qyE +> |X+ d
EM
eTVs V<sT |<qeT+>qTq \eTT eT+ eT+&*

s<]> eTVB>sT (eTVB qyE +>) +&ysT. ysT jT{ \eT

u< e TT\T +& d+|Ps+ > |b sV yT q J$+ >&| eTT sheTT

n \, eT\y] |\T& d+b~+qysT. m+<s ;< V+<
$<sT\ qT bw+ y] n_e~ HsT. eTVs V<s T |< qeT+
|<$ qT+ <\ TTH yTVB>sT L& X\e|{, $<Xj \ y[b sTTHsT.
y] kqeTTq UC yTTsTTH=BH nH]>sT s<]> jT$T+||& sT . =
d+eseTT\ s MsT yTTsTTH qyE +> nqT _sT<T b+~ sCsT
|uT eTTKeT+> qTq jT>] eT+eT+&* eT+> qT+& T<
bkH y[b sTTHsT. jT, yTTsTTH qyE +>, uj T T\T, ueeTs<T \T.

dsY nsY V <>] eT+eT+&* d eT+> nF\T +>, sjT ,
$<eT+> eTVB jsY+>, ue<jT, bdT eT+>
ds.Y {.C.{dsY,s&Ts y D, ue qeTT\, {bsT<\ eT+> sc+sC, ]
eT+> |K sY jsY +>, HjTXK eT+> $Ts jsY +> |u T\T+&].
d+<s e TTq _{w |uT sjT XU~s d\V nqT |sT
y] C+ jT+es |#jTT#T+&H d <V]+#& eTedseT
u$kqT. |< qeT+ dV eT+T\+<] jeT+ C+ |uT e>]#
]qT |\+<] #T dV +. +> $#]d ~ d eTT<T.
@ <ojT seTTH jT <ojT sEL& q |< q sTTs
KS
eT+T\qT _{w y] sjT XU~s nqTeT ~ jT$T+# n~seTT
+&qT.
_{w s d&+ T CeTT O
BO
1935`39 d+es\ \eTT V <su<T _{w s d&+ T yT+J
us |uT sjT XK (Political Department) y] sdq CT
O
C
= sjT d+dsD\T #sD |&TH eTTKyTq |<e\|q

jeT+ >T]+ us |uT eTTq d+|Psy T q +{\T +&e\jTTq
ES
d+#qT. C+ jTq#T q eTT+&r >qT+, V < |jT eTT\

| +#T=qeq se#TqT. V < djT+> q &TTH&T. q
EM
neX+ <=sT>H q eT+eT+&* duT\qT H jTqT=qT

|jT +#e#Tq L& s d&+ T sdqT. \r|< eT+> qTq sE

jTq s>+ #& jTs| y d e Tjq, * jTsT s>e \dq

neds+ *q|&T C+, EK<sY +>TqT eT+> jT$T+#<\ H&T.
T< sjTXU~s d\V |s+ |KsYjsY +>T eT+>
jT$T+|&&T.
$ = eT#T <VsD\T> |s=q&q$. yTT+|q eT+T\
* jeT+>, <T eyTq jTsT> _{wt sjT XU~s
d\V nqT|s nqTeT ~ nd+ue eTT> qT+&q #| e#TqT.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 125

dsY nsY V < <<| 5 d+es\T |< q eT+> qT+& >dT
1941e d+eseTT >essT qs, s|~>] eT+eT+&* duT &T>
jT$T+|& & y[HsT V<>] |uT \+ # &<=&T\
L&jT T+&q< #| e#TqT. jTq qT |< > jT$T+|&q =~sE\
sjT d+dsD\ >T]+q #s rdTH&T. < V+<Te\T, eTTde TT\T
n+ ndeT *|HsT. s< |DeTT V<su<T yTT<{k]
V+<eTTd+ n\sT \T ] =+<sT eTsD+ HsT. d{ +>dT d>V
<eTeTTbT sde, V+< eTVduy sT L& <e\T k+HsT.
@$<+ > _{w +&j | jesZ\ bs+uy T q \eT
KS
u<\T, | sh k|q eTTd+>T +<qes |]D$T+qy
V <su<T sh+ C+ |uT esDT\ sC~s+ jT{ esT s+&
O
XX+> qT+&qH ] s+_+q V <T eTTdM TH jTT <eTeTT
eTTde TT\ sC~s d (Muslim Sovereignty) d+ +<q sT|q{
BO
k~+q~.
O
oH<s e y< >sT V <su<T Xdqdu duT \T> Xdqdu desDqT

>T]+ T Xdq+ Xdqdu |yX |{] . $TT\T MTsY s UH
C
>sT \+&H |s{+ eq s p 1937 | |q

ES
V <su<T sh sjT , ] deTd\>T]+ #]+#T |\ |<T \

L&q >T+&T\ eTVdu sT|e\jTTq eT n_bjT+ y\& + ].
EM
V <su<T ksq <X e TT (Common Ideal) L&q d+|T

eTedse TTq< d+d |eseZ TT, ||e TT, | \eTeTTq #+~q
V<suBjTT\T #], ksq <XeTT k~+#& w

sT|e\jTTq <{+ ]. =+<sT |<\ T n_bjTeTT jTu$ +].

yTT+|q ns UH>] <XeTT<c e&b{ VqTeT+se
|+T\T>sT, oH<s e y< >sT, V<s T jsY +>>sT, nsUH>sT
d+uwD\T s+_+]. d+uwD\T T<eTTeTT+< V<>sT
ByH V<s T seeTT<T njT+>] n< q sjT d+dsD\ $T{
jT$T+]. oH<se y<, nsUH >s\T $T{ duT\T>
#s &q+<Tq d+uwD\T bsTTq$.

|< qeT+ dsY nsY V <>sT 1937e d+es| d|+ sT H\
22e Bq XdqduqT d+u~d, sjT d+dsD\ $T{ jeT+
>T]+ |{ + ]. sE ` |\T, MsTuj T T\ |j qeTT\T f jT,
|\T, |uT + eT< q sk< dV s eTedse T |u~+]. $T{
n< &T> ByH V<s T seeTT<T njT+>]bT 5 >TsT duT \
L&q $T{ jT$T+ sh |\ neds\T, |]d T \T <w |T=,
sheTT _q _q |jH\T (Interests), |uTeTT eT< jTe
sk< dVseTT \_+#T |ejT |<T\ >T]+ $#]+
yTq, #sDjTyTq dbsdT\T #jTe\jTTqH $wjTeTT $T{
|+#Hq < *|].
KS
|q jTXq u<jTT |uTeTT jTT #jTL&
O
|&+<T. |\ bsd| V\ >T]+ eL& <T. |q
BO
sXq+> qTq< sh |eTTKT\+ eT n_bjT+ y\& + ].
+< eTVdu se deyXe TT
O
| q ]q s dTesT s +&T H\\ +< eTVdu se

C
deyXe TT Ceu<T &d+sT yTT<{ yseTT ]q~. |uT nqTeT

ES
b+<T k s T ne\+_+q $<q+ jT|{eH jTT+&qT. eTVdu

|<q s<] eT+<TeTT\ seT#+<se>sT jT wsT\qT n+^]+#
EM
M\T< >{> |T{]. sjTuseTT y[qysT d+> d+<seTT\qT

bdTeT+ ]+]. |*yT$T qsq+<Tq s<sT\TqT, eTTKT\>T
=+<sT duT \TqT eT |<e \ >| eTT\ ]. T< | n~sT\T,

eT $<qeTTqT esT=qT nedse T >V +]. eT+eT+&* ysT MT

<sUdT n+^]+|&q< $wjTsjT du n+^]+|&q
TrsqeTT\ |jTT{ eeTT sT>] |+|q# |uT
nedse TT\~ d]beq *|]. +{ >& eTVdu deyXe TT \|
y|&q s+<e TT\jTT =\bsTTq$.
Ceu<T eTss& b++ H+<&T *djTTq
d]V<T . n& |\ \T>T, eTVsheTT s +&T uw\T \TdTqT.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 127

jT uwL & d> sjT T+&TjTT qe#TqT. H\sT y nse+,
nq+|s+ y] q&eTT l+y] ]j uw\T eqT>H
Ceu<Ty] eTVsh uw \TdTqT. $<~e seZ TT uVDT\
d++ | qTq H+<&T ed+#T uVDT\
qT+&Te\q Ceu<T uVDT\T eTVsh uwH e{&T <TsT. {
ys+<s +< eTVduj T T Vqd+|T duT \T>, |<T \T> qT+&].
oH<s e eTTb\sT, || wH s e, >T+ nVeT<T>s\T Vqd+|T
duT \T Ceu<T +< d+|T eTT# mqT&q |<T \TL&. M]
e] \T>T d]> s<T. eqqT eT n_bjTeTT\qT # > eTVdu
y\&+#sT. eTVdu #s\ M]L& u>+ rdTH, |qd+#
KS
V >\<T. sD\ eTq Ceu<T deyXe TT | |]d
qyTq~, Ceu<T deyXeTT s+&T$<\ beTTK+ eV+q~.
+<<eTeTTjTT s|eTT, s+>T e]q~.
O
BO
1. +es +<<eTeTT sjT sy T q ~> qT+&qT. Ceu<T
+< eTVdu sT>TH{ |]d e]bsTTq~. +< eTVdu sjT
O
d+d> |]>D+ |&q~.

C
2. +< eTVdu eed sTT+es jTe u< _bjTeTT\T +&qT.

ES
$Ty<, ny< uy\T yTT<{ qT+& +&jTT+&e#TqT.

Vs+>eTT> y~| qT+ jTesT dw|s#<T. Ceu<T
EM
deyXeTT uy\T |s|eTT <*q$. ||eTT

jTs&q~.
sC+> d+dsD\ d+<s e TTq +~ eT\deTT\qT <wj T +<T+#T

=qe\jTTq |uT eTTy] sHq ~.

1. sC+> d+dsD\ eT\eTTq @s&T d+d\ T yTq |C b< eTT
eV+q$> qT+&eqT. |uT eTT d+d\ u< eV+#e\jTTqT.
2. bsd | V\T sheTT | e >\e |{ + |e\jTTqT.
3. Xdqdu |yX|&+& @ XdqeTT, @ | jTee[jTT
neT\T sL&<T . nk<sD |]d T \jT+<T | +> C#jT &q
\T sT edeTT\ |<| n+]+ be\jTTqT.

=+& y+ s+>s&> ]# |b~+|&q rsqeTT #s s>
$wjT sj T du oH<s e eTTb\sT, >T+ nVeT<T>s\ y] ]|
su w|qd+#T | nqTeT sTTeeTT ]q~. d+<s e TTq
=+<sT duT \T, jT duT &T L& \T>T| , eTs uw q n_bjTeTT
y*T#C\& | D #d] . =+ sq us q ]qs | D eBdq
duT \T eT | D e<T\T=]. Vs+> du\ qT >T]+q >| cH
(53) s<T # j T e\jTTqH rsqeTT |b<q s>, >T+ nVeT<T>sT
s eT n_bjT+ \T| deTjq eT n< | D #jT &qT.
| D #dq duT &T, sTT+ |PseTT qT #dq | D e<\T=q+e\q,
KS
s +&ek] n< | D #jT T V <q T n< s*+>T qqTd]+, q
| D e<\T=HqT. sTT~ sTT+{ >< T . Vs+> deyXe TT
O
85>TsT |<T\ d+\ T rsq MT$<+> |yX|&qT
+<e TVdu jTee[ 1e deTTq e]e T>T #s \T nse
BO
+< eTVdu sT>T#Tq$. eq n{ $sT<# s \T sT> +& \T|#d
deTyTq |< eTVdu seTeTTqT q&|+ #T n< &
O
eTVduy sT sT#THsT.
C
q+<] y+se>sT rsqeTTqT |yX |{] . e\] desE>sT,

ES
qsds &> sT \|s ]. rsqeTTqT ||T {+qy] =+& y+

s+>s&, s$ HsjTDs&, sTZ\ seTwse>s\T eTTKT\T. ~
EM
\+>D +< |\ eTVdu +< uc eTVdu < \+>D

b+eTT ed+#Tys+<sT eTVdu jTee[qqTd]+, +<T jT ,
n{ | +<T +<e TVdu duT &T> #s{ V \<, n{

| duT q eq uw n_bjT+ \T| V >\<H $wjT +

$XB]+#&qT. yTT+|q H\T><T >+\ re y<|y<eTT\ s
n~ d+U |<T\ jT_bjTeTT qqTd]+ q+<] y+se>]
rsqeTT MbsTTq~. uc_eqT\ =+ eTqk|e TT *q~. B
|*eTT> n_e~ |eTT nqT |sT +< eTVdu ||eTT
k|+|&q~. dTseseTT ||s&>sT B n<\T>qT, e\]
desE>sT |< q s<]>qT+&].
50 d+es\ V<su<T 129

n~ n{ +&> eT+<TeTT\ seT#+<se, s$ HsjTDs&> s\T
|<q s<sT\T>, =+& y+s+>s&, e&b{ VqTeT+se,
dTseseTT ||s &, sT\Z seTws e, |*C\ y+ s+>se (Ms+
eJ n< \T), _.jTdt.y+se (V]q &sT ), <+ jTs &, b\T+|*
y+ sese>s\T eTVdu ksTTd+|T duT \T> mqT&].
|C dyT qeTT
mH d+es\ qT+ sh |\qT +<q |s#T#Tq sjT
d+dsD\ deTd 1937e d+es| d|+ sT H\ 22e KTq |< qeT+
dsY nsY V <>sT >$+q | qe\ #\ beTTK+ eV+q~. =+&
KS
y+s+>s&, . se#] >s\ Vq+|q 12e qe+sT 1937 q
nT VdH djT <>] n< q |C dyT qeTT (Peoples Convention)
O
sT|&qT. +<T V <su<T sh |\ |<T \T bZ]. |s#q
BO
s +< <V ]+|&q rsqeTT n+^]+|&qT.
|uT eTTq deT]+#T=qT <X e TT sjT d+dsD\ dyT {
O
d<| s # T dyT qeTTjTT duT \ qT+ +< |s=q duT \ L&q

C
$T{ jT$T+#qeT+~. $T{ ys duT\qT #sTH n~s

$TeqeT+~.
ES
$T{ duT \T
EM
e&b{ VqTeT+se (n< &T), >$+<se Hq, u>s &, l|se

|*sT, m+. qsd+>se, . y+ s+>s&, &. &. sTT{\, nT
bc, >D| , nT VdH djT <, _. seTws e, l<s Y yeTH

HjT, lydse Xs , dsE VdH ], wX s , yTTBH nH],

b+&Ts+> $s Cw, se#], sC |H |, eTVeT<T nVdH,
leT \dT, leT sTdT+ , Hsq se <XsTT >s\T. $T{, sjT
d+dsD\, k d|]b\q, yT sTT#T V >T]+q eT&T du $T{\
$u +|&e\jTTqT, 1937 e d+es| &d+sT H\ 25e KTes
Td eTT dyT qeTT |yX |e\jTTqT.
<T |] $T{ysT +< |s=q duT \qT #sT =].

e] |< C HjTT&T, leT q+~, leT VQejTH $Ts, &s T
\| dsT<, |. sY. y+k$T, qyT <dT eTVeT<T UH, sY. \jT,
>D|se <Xb +&, . esT, lydse eT<sYs ,Y \Dse >qT,
VdH=BH>s\T.
$T{ #]+, ]bsT #jT e\dq $wjT eTT\T (Terms of reference) :`
dyT qeTTysT #]+q |<| +< <V ]+|&q $wjT eTT\T #]+,
]bsT# j T T u< $T{ n|+].
1. <X\ |]dT\T, nedseTT\T, |\ |e <w |T=
eTV|T qeV+q C+, d| CV e+X # #jT +< u< jTT
KS
|uT + yT D \u eT>T neXeTT *+Z #T <X e TT Xdqdu
|q]sDeTT >$+#T, sTTs sjT d+d\qT k|+#T
d+|Psy T deTT d<| s # T .
O
BO
2. >eT |+#jTr\T, usT\ T, |sb\ d+| \T yTT<\>T
k d|]b\q d+d\ T k|+ #T d+|Psy T q deTT d<| s # T .
O
3. yT V \T>T $wjT eTT\T, yT #Tys\ keTs eTT, y] d+K,

C
jesZ\ >T]+ d#q\T #jT T.

ES
4. y+eTT, Vs+>du \ T |T=qT, sTTs bsd | V\

>T]+ d#q\T >$+#T.
EM
dyT q+ysT |C_bjT+ qT=qT |Xe[ { d<| s |

n#TysTT+#TjT sheTT _q _q esZ\ d++<e TT>\ |eTTKT\

|+|]. n~ V+<>T, us d e d+|T eTT, d\ d+|T eTT, +<d + | \T,

kVQs $T{, es& eT+&*, eTVsh d+|TeTT,. n+u&TsY
nqTjjTTq jTTe\ d+|T eTT, n~ V+<eTVdu yTT<\>T d+d\ ysT
eT eT n_bjTeTT\T *|]. d+d eekjT\, MT+<s,
&s, HjTy<T\, ybsdT\ d+|\T L& |Xe[ yT\T |+|
dV]+q$.
$<+ > dyT qeTT jTT eVseTT #eTT eTT+<T kq~.
du $T{\, $T{ MT{+>T\T ]q$. <X #sT q sT y
50 d+es\ V<su<T 131
eTTd+ \ Xdq du , d|]b\q d++~+q k d+d\ , kH\
{sTT+| >T]+ dyT q duT \ _H_bjTeTT\T *qZ $. nT VdH
djT<, nT bc, yTTBH nH], eTVeT<T nVdH >s\T,
eTTdeTT\ ju XeTT (50%) kqeTT\T {sTT+| #jTe\jTTq
|T{] . V+< duT \T sTTsy XeTT (20%) es eTTde TT\ kqeTT\T
{sTT+| #jTT, sTTs kH\ b{#jTT V b+~jTT+&T
n+^]+]. $wjT eTT jT{ sJ <s b e+e\q, |q |s=q
eTTd+ duT\T dyTqeTT eT d++<+ #*+#T=]. qyT<dT
eTVeT<TUH, VdH=BH >sT yTT<{q T+# $T{ du eT+^]+#< T .
&sT \r|t dsT<>sT eT nHs>sDeTTq $T{ jTe |
KS
#jT C\bsTT]. leT \dT, leT sTdT+ n X< $T{\ |
MT{+>T u>eTT rdT= jT+ $\Te>\ |#d] . T< MsTuj T T\T
O
eT d+d\ jTT <XqTks+ dyT qeTT eT d++<+ e<T\T=].
BO
|uT &, d|j H\ |#jT T X \ jTT & jT$<+ > |#dT + &H
|q |s=q d+>T \e\ \e TeT+~.
O
]
C
ES
m+{ e& +>ysT dsE VdH ]J> s=s. M]~

nkeqyTq e +. MsT |T H CrjTy<T\, <s X\Ts #| e#TqT.
< $<+ > &s T \r| dsT< >T]+ L& #| e#TqT. y] s>eTT
EM
u>T+&jT T+&q sj T +> dyT qeTT |#dysT.

nT VdH djT<>sT V<T eTTdMTH d+d s<]>,

yTTBH nH], eTVeT<T nVdH >s\T | d+d ssV d+|T

duT \T>, qyT V<s T jsY +>T <eTeTTqT \|s# T jT+
dVjT|&].
nT bc>sT V <T eTTdM TH d+d mq& #s < T . \eT
<wuy\T >\ysTsT. MsT sTZ\ seTwse>] <>Z] dVT\T.
eT| b sT. MsT C+ |uT e>] |w eT+>qTq dsY nMTH +>T>]
n\T&T. bc>sT |uT~s & & dyTqeTTqT e<T\T=

jTT+{s H}V. T< dyT qeTTysT _{w +&j sc\
1919e #e TT qqTd]+ |yX |{q sjT d+dsD\ +{ deTT
d<| s ]. deTT qqTd]+ <+<|uT $<qeTTqT d+]. |]b\qeTT
sV+#Tq{ n~seTT eTV |T qeV+q C+ |uT e >\< y\& d ,
y]e\q jT$T+|&q eT+T\ d>+ eT+~ C+ |uT e XdqduT \
qT+ jT$T+#e\jTTq, eT+eT+&* eTT sT| sb\ >T]+,
eTT C+ #T d\V\ >T]+, C+ |uT e u< eV+jTT+<Ts,
n<$<+ > n $wj \ >T]+ eT+T\T deTw> Xdqdu u<T \T>
qT+<Ts d+]. eT+eT+&* duT\qT jT$T+#T, y] =\+#T
n~seTT C+ |uT e +&TqT. Xdqdu duT \T n~ d+K
KS
$XdsV rsqeTT bdT#jT TH&\ eT+eT+&* duT \T |uT e>]
<sU dT |Te#TqT. |uT e>sT |]o*+q <T |] ]H, =+<]H
O
n+<]H |<$ qT+ =\+#e#Tq L& d+]. Xdqdu XdH\T
BO
#jTT, |X\T yjTT, rsH\T, &T|q #s, yT |T
d++~+q = n~s\T, = +<q \ & |qT\T yjT T n~seTT
O
L& qT+&e\jTTq d#q\T #d] .

C
Xdqdu, keq jesZ\qT+ jTqT&q 130 duT\T

ES
|uTeTTy]# jT$T+|&q 30 duT\T, | jesZ\#

jTqT&q 37 duT \ L&q~> qT+&e\jTTq].
EM
dyT qeTTy] deTT qqTd]+ d d, bd, #<T eqys yT

|j >|s # T =H V *jTT+<TsT. d+ 10 sbjT\T u $TdT
|sb\ d+|\ d+ |qT #*+#TysT> qT+&e\jTTqT. <

|uT eTT# d+eseTTq d+ 50 sbsTT\ sTdT+ <dT +<

jT$TjT b+<TysT> qT+&e\jTTqT. < d+eseTTq d+ 200
sbsTT\ <jTeTT e#T C^sT eTqT |qH b+~qysT>Hq
qT+&e\jTTq d+HsT.
dyT qeTTysT nC>> , nkeqyTq deTT d<| s |uT eTT#
jT$T+|&q njT+>sY $T{y], |uTeTTqqT deT]+#T=].
|uT +ysT deTT #sD j T yTq ~ < \+].
50 d+es\ V<su<T 133

<ojT sE\T, _{w |uT eTT eT< q ]q |+<eTT\ qqTd]+
jT <ojT sEL& q n$u n~seTT q |\ |<T \,
sTT+e] <sTT+| #jTC\& <ojT sE\T, y]eT+T\T
y~+#ysT. < y<q V <su<T |uT eTT ysT L& #dysT. &
y<qjT eTTd+ |uTeT, eTTd+\T nqTu$dTq $Xc~s\T
<+{e ys y<q L& +&~.
V <su<T sheTT sjT d+dsD\>T]+ #s \T sT>T#Tq
\eTTH =H sh eTVsE eT seTT $<yTq <+<
|uTeTTqT |yX|{]. =H |<qeT+ dsY wqTK+#{ du
KS
|qdd, eTVsE jT$T+#T eT+ eTVsE sTTweTTq+\eTT
q |<$ |q qT+&TqT. eT+ q |]b\q >T]+ HsT > Xdqdu
O
u< eV+#e\djT T+&TqT. Xdqdu $Xd+ \Tb eT+ y+H
BO
sJHe #jT T eTVsE>sT C|+ TsT.
| e] 1938 _{w bsy T +T H= duT &T, $wjT eTT>T]+
O
|+|>, $+sY H nqT us< X +> |eT+ <ojT sC\ +s+

eeVs _{w |se ~seTT (Paramount Power) C+ *+#T
C
\#< |T s $T#qT. jT <ojTsCq sC+> $<qeTT n_e~

ES
<w esT\T #jT\+, _{w |se~seTT n&Ts<H $Xd+

*+#Tq |{ + H&T.
EM
us <X+>eT+ sT {+&T |qdd , b \eTTH{ e>

|uTeTTq esT>, qMq\| |<T\ qqTd]+ jTe jTe

d#$<qeTT|q <s|& q |uT eTT k|+ #T n~s+ <ojT sE\<

jT dw| s H&T.
=+<sT _{w sjT y\ n_bj\T
sT k+y nqT +^w sjT y 1938 us< X e TT |s q
#d, d<Xe TT y[q s \+&H |qdd , |\T ;<\T>, ss dT\T>,
nD><= &jTT+f < u<Tes |+, _{w +&j,
<ojTsC\H u< + +&, yTT+ usrjTT\ L&q us +<|uT

k|q nedse TTq<, <ojT sE\ eT< jTT>+H{ s+X~s| sE\T
<{bsTTHe >V +#TqT d]jT q d\V sTTee\jTTq].
sY < H nqT _{w sjT y us deK d+ >T]+
$eT]d, |CkeT |uT \T >\ sc\, s+XsE\T b*+# <ojT
sC\eT< $yV+ #sTT+#T |jT+ eTT+<T|&~<, <+|+
jTTesE\T k>~ < |*].
sC+> XgE&T , n+srjT XdH\ |DT&T, d+d u c |+&T &T
b|d s T @._.Y (A. B. Keith) us sC+> #e TT >T]+ $<+ >
yU+#qT:
KS
deK deTT jTT |* yTeTq> us< X e TT n_e~ s~+#
b\eTTH{ +< |uT eTT+&TqT. B sD+ s+X |uT eTTq
O
n\yT|&q <ojT sE\T, _{w +&j |\ n_bjTeTTqT es+
BO
+< |uT eTTqT eeTT #jT Tf. deK #s< \ q <ojT sE\ <X e TT,
], deK d++~+q $wj\ eT e #*+#Ty, eT
O
sC\ eT s+X~s+ k+#qH< nsTT +T+~. eq jT

C
<ojT sE>&, q s+ u< jTT |uT eTT, |CkeT d<+\T

ES
#sD |T d<| & q +es deK #sT nqTeT eL&<

q n_bjT+ y*TH&T.
EM
m+<sT m #|H, jTesT jT d\V*H, <ojT sE\T, y]

eT+T\T ~ysTsT. +<T C+, y] eT+T\T jTe+ _q+>
+&]. <ojT sC\ ed+#T |\T, yqT&qys, M] <T

|uT\ |]#jT+ <, MsT k+|<jT+> e>yTq |uTe\

jT~seTTq & J$+ >&| { n\yT |&q ysH y<q\TL&
+&$.
yqT&e+& eTq& =\<$T{? ;<qeTT yTTeTT
usrjTT kT. ssd, nHs> jT{ yweTT +& d
sTT+#T$T+#T kseTH #| e\djT T+T+~. $<H| DeTT qsTTH$ T,
d+d , du qsTTH$T, jT+<s <ojT sC\ + |U
50 d+es\ V<su<T 135

>+qysTHsT. |eTTK +jTsT dsY $XXsjT , qyu n qyE+>T
yTd sT, V <su<T{ <ojT sC\H +, |U >+HsT. +
$T+ sh| >+B eTVT&T, leT ds<$+{ n+srjT |d~
>+q HjT\T, bsT+<sT , V <su<T{ <ojT sC\ +,
yTT+ us< X k+eTT k~+|{q eTVyT<e\T. eTTHH
CE, d eT], eTV< c k<sT \+{ CrjT HjT\T <ojT
sC\ + |] us k+ bseTTqT k+q j<T \T. eq
<ojT sC\ |\T yqT&jT THs, |CkeT |uT eTTq nqsT\H
y<q ss y T q ~. nsTT +>dT HjT\T <s< w , qqTd]+
yTT<\T |se~seTT #sTT+# _{wy] |]b\q $eTT #+<T
KS
nedseT, |Ps dsk<q bs+ k+HsT. >+BeTVT&T
us< X e TT n$uyTq <, d+|Ps ds+ yTT+ usrjTT\ V n
O
dw| s H&T. b\d> eeTT +>dT <ojT sC\ eeVs\ C+
BO
*+#T<, <ojT sC\ |\T eT bseTT yT k+#q, ysT
jT{y] dV jTeTT|q <s|& L&< , eT dX |q eTT <s|&
O
eT <e\T k+#Tyq +>dT rs+q~. 1938e d+es|

C
yT H\ u+usTT deyXy T q +>dT ssV $T{ysT, sC\

k+eTT=s bT& d+d\ T +>dT nqT |sT |T+& +&+
ES
eT, <ojTsC\ +s+ bseTT +>dT |sT k+#L &<

rs+]. <ojT sE\T djT+> <X \, D eTT\T, |\ <sD <w
EM
|T= u< jTT |uT \T k|+ #e\jTTq ]].

V]|s +>dT ` <ojT sC\T

V]|s deyXy T q 1938 e d+es| +>dT eTVdu, _{w

+&j nqT&T us b+eTTq jT{ sjT k+|T, ]
k+eTTqT y++#T#Tq< { k+yT <ojT sC\d+ L&
y++#T#Tq<, +>dT <X y T q |Ps dseTT d+|Ps k+eTT
<ojT sC\ L&q yTT+ us< X e TTq nqTe]dT + <, us< X e TT
jTT n_q, jT$<+> <d+ b&&q<, n< $<+>
k++L& d+s+ #q rsd _{w +&j b++eH,

|CkeT d# nqTu$ dTq k+ jTT> <ojT sC\T deK
#]H, n~ +>dT n+^seTT> qT+&Tq, +>dT rsqeTT dw+
#jT&qT.
+>dT, <ojT sC\ d+|Ps u< jTT |uT +, bsk+eTT
>T]+ nuj T + sTT+< rs++~, <X k<q eTTq <ojT sC\
| k+#T +>dT q V u$dT+ ~. |dT |]d T \, <ojT
sC\ |uee+eTT> seT+ k+#T bJwH +>dT <
n_bjT|&T k+bseTT sT| useTT <ojT sC\ |
yjTe\d jTT+T+<qT rsqeTT n+^]+|&q~.
KS
+es <ojT sC\ |\T, +>dTy] n~s\eTT, <ojT
sC\ |]dT\T, +s+ eeVs\T #&Te jT+
O
X|T=jTT+&]. V]|s +>dT n+^]+|&q rsqeTT s,
BO
X <TsX jTH *+~. <ojT sC\ ed+# |\T eT
XkeTseTT\|qH <s|& eT <e\T yT k+#e\jTTq,
k+| bseTT sT| useTT yT eV+#e\d jTT+T+< nqs
O
sC\ |\T $|HsT.

C
V <su<T sheTTqT+ dTesT 500 eT+~ es V]|s +>dT

ES
y[ deyX\ HjT\ |HdeTT\T, <Xe TT\T $ = |sD

rdT= ] e]. eTTK+> jTTes+ ysT, sTTs sC\ k|+ |&q
EM
$<+ >H sTT&L & sjT d+d k|+ <eTeTT k+#eq &
bs+_+]. |]d T V <su<T d T +>dT nqT |sT sjT
d+d k|+#+& +&{ M\TbsTT+~. sE sE es

|]d T \qT, eTTK+> jTTe y|dT q nd+|, n\& d]jT>T e

|b sEsE n_e~ #+<TTq \, eT |b <e\T y]
eT y| ]+# d#q\T q\T~\ qT|&T #T+&qT.
eTTd+ ksue~seTqT $+ y<eTT
us deK >T]+q sC+># e TT n+^]+|&eTT, V <su<T
|< qeT+ V <>sT (d|+ sT 1937) Xdq du sjT d+dsD\
50 d+es\ V<su<T 137

>T]+ |uT $<q | q #jT &eTT, eT<dT, u+usTT, yTT<\>T bsT>T
sc\ +>dT |uT\T jTs&eTT, eTTd+>T $+_+#&eTT
V<su<T eTTd+\ ueq\T L& e]bsTTq$. V<sT jsY+>
HjT eTTq V <T eTTdM TH d+d +<q s+_+q~. V <su<T
sh+ eTTd+\ d+K 15 XyT q|{ ysT |uTe>] eTdT
e&+e\ yT sh+ @\TTHsH | &TueeTT *+]. +>
$#]d n~ d+K ;<ysT eTTd+ . m+<s | &T V+<Te\T> qT+&,
sT y k+ eTeTT ne\+_+#Te\q eTTd+ \qT&TsT. ;<q +
eTTde TH, V+< nH esuZ < + <T . V+<Te\ +f (n~s esZ ) n~
KS
d+K, yTT+ eTTd+ Hu n n\d+K, C^sT<sT>H,
eTqT<sT> H q<>T\T>H qT+&Tq+ eq yTT+ eTTd+
O
\dT\ T |]b*+#T C jTqT | ueq eTTd+ HjT + *+q~.
BO
V <T eTTdM TH eT jTee[ +< <V ]+q |s+> desD
>$+q~.<ojT |uTe>] eeTT, d+VdqeTT, y] eTeTTjTT
O
sjT, k+d <sVeTT> d| sh eTTd+\ d UjT+>

qT+&eqT. |H<T\ <seTT |q H sC+> $<qeTT >$+#T |
C
desD |uT e >] ksue~seTT sksTT> qT+&TqT #&eqT.

ES
nT V <>sT 1937 d|+ sTH\ 22e KTq Xdq du sjT

EM
d+dsD\T >T]+ |q #jTT#T+&>, n<sEq V<T eTTdMTH

HjT\T eT d+d |q |s=q&q desD >$+, eTTd+
ksue~seTT nqT = sjT d<+eTTqT dw+ ]. sjT

d<+eTTqqTd]+ V <su<T sheTT ed+#T eTTd+ \+<sT b\\,

eTTdyTsT\+<s b*T\ = sjT |]d *+].
d<+eTTqT sb+~+q V<s T jsY+>, nT VdH djT <>s\T
esTd>, V <T eTTdM TH n< &T, s<]> eT d+dj
T T <eTeTT
k+]. <eTeTTjTT eTTK n+XeTT\T : (1) _{w |se ~seTTqT
||T {+#T (2) sh k+eTTq bs&T (3) u< jTT |uT eTTqT
s~+#T, (4) eTTd+ \ sjT WqeTTqT >{| s # T .

V <su<T eT \eTT\T
sjT |]dT\T sTT{ +&>, s< |DeTT V<su<T
yTT<{k ] 1938e d+eseTT @| H\ V+< eTTd+ n\sT \T =
sE\es ]>qT. n\sT \ uj T u>H bD, ns qwe TT *> qT.
eTsD+ qy] V <T eTTdM TH d+d HjT&T V<s T jsY +>T>]
sTT<s T yTq\T+&TL& +&]. s +&T eTTd+ Xy\T kjTT<T q dTesT
25000 eTTdeTT\ }s+| rdTy> sE (7`4`1938) |D|
V+<Te\T eT bD\ eTT| y{*q < n uj T + ~qeT+ >&| ] .
keqyTq eTTde TT\|q qTq V<s T jsY+> |u e+e\ n+
KS
|X++>H ]bsTT+~.
V <T eTTdM TH d+d eTTK duT &T, <swY T bkH y[q sT y
O
qT s+q s >+<e TT V <su< sE ey (V <su<T
BO
jTT n_e~, |q eTT) |q |s=q&q }s+| >T]+ yd V<s T
jsY +>>] q d#q| V <su<T |D M<T ed+# V+<Te\
seTT &CT +&qT. jTq n zsT, dVqeTT
O
eTTd+ \qT n<T| qT+#qT n q n_bjTeTT y\& + #qT.

C
d+<s+ HqT $C|q|eTT (Memorandum) C+

ES
|uTeTTy] |+|. n+<T |DeTT ed+#T V+<Te\,

|uT eTTy] qyT q |]b\H $<qeTT, # X+u <\ T b&T
EM
bdT +<dT |q <s|& , eTT eT J$eTT HeT~> |X+eTT>

>&T |eTH $XdeTT +&bsTTq~. ysT, @| 7e KTq kjTT<T q

25y\ eTTd+ \qT eT +{ qT+q eTTd+ HjT\ <jT , <D eTT|q

eT bDeTT\T <s|& jTTqe u$+#TTHs, yd jTT+{.
$C|q |eTT sheTT dw+ #&q V+< eTTd+ deTdqT |]o*d,
HqT $<+ > L& yd d X, nd X, s T , MT+<sT, \T<sT,
u k$T, L*, jTe, |, sE, { deTd\ >T]+ jT\T<sT Tq
| ><qT, \eT |b <eTeT, < eqd+ > sdeJjT
|sT|&e TT #syT q ~. _{w sTT+&j n\, n~ d+U\ deTd
V+< eTTd+ >< sDeT u$+#T#T+&>, sheTT | V+<
50 d+es\ V<su<T 139

eTTd+ ><, b\ b*T\ ><s|eTT <\TdTq ~. de+ jT{
kqeTT keqyTq eTTd+ L& qT b\eseZ TTy&, V+<Te\+
b*T\ u$dTH&T. { ys+ sTT& |uT+ kMT jT,
eTTd+ \+<s |uT eTwHj T T u>\T, d+ d\ u$dTH sT.
eq V+< Hu C> d++~+q | VeTTqT nqTeq<w
#&&e TT dV yTq ~ ` Xu\qT+& V+<Te\T #]+q eT d++<e T>T
#s\TL& sE eTTd+\ # ujT+seTT> q&TTq$.
keqyTq V+<Te\T eT u<\ eTTKsD+ |uT yTjT, |uT eTT
eT~ < n~ $<ojTT\< u$dTHsT. |uTeTTq d++~+q
XK\ jT+ beTTK+ >\y&q |{ jT+ leT+T&q |{, sheTT,
KS
deeTT q kqeTT< qeTTTH&T n n|{ |]d T \ >T]+
yU+jTT+{.
O
|&T yTT+ us<XeTT V+< eTTd+ yT, du
BO
|sT>+q V <su<T 1938e H{ $<+ > e]bsTTq~.
$w e + #<] b+&qT. V+< eTTd+ \qTq e> dVeTT
O
jT{u<+ s+&qT. |sds dV+, neds deTjq ] =sT

C
dV jT|&T nH dT>TDeTT+&qT.
ES
d T +>dt $seeTT
EM
+dsT |<eeTTe deTw bseed (Body Politic) y|+#T#Tq

\eT |b <e\ bsT\qT | +, y] <w, X< HV+#T
eseZ TT f q&T#T+&qT. @+{ \, eT, uw, b+rjT u< + q{,

|P] sheTTq d++<e TT>\ CrjT d+d k|+ bsT\qT, eTTK+>

jTTes+ y] d+d , y] d]jT>T eseZ TT #|+#&e TT.
|<\ T nedse TT >V +, eT <X e TT Hsy s T jTH deyXe TT\T
]|]. u> D+> + 1938e d+es| p H\ V <s<T
d T +>dT nqT|sT * d+d jTsT#d] . *
sh +>dT <X e TT\T \T| |\ dV seTT y+d jTe jTe
d+K duT \T #s& >dT H \ n|\T #d] . n|\T V+<Te\T,

eTTd+ \T ]| H=] q nqTeqeTT bs<* d| CV e+X sE\
b\q +< u< jTT |uT k<q jT+ e\jTTq b]+].
+{ ||& =+<sT * $T{ duT\T, =+<sT eTTd+
HjT\ \TdT= d+uwD\T ]|]. eTTd+ HjT\T jTe+
kqTu #|+#bsTT]. n+<T =+<sT sh+ { d+dH
nqedse T, u< jTT |uT eTTq <eT es+_+#T sh XjT dT
|< < n y~+]. V <su<T u< jTT |uT eTT k< eTT <].
* $T{ deyX &T (Convener) sT\Z seTws e>sT =+<sT
eTTd+ dVT\ \TdT> ysT VeTT dV jT|&T qT\ y>q+
KS
#d] . d+d |q |uT +y] w< |jT \ n&T qT.
O
|uTeTTysT Vs+> du\|q qT+&q +<q\qT =+es
q&*+]. Vs+> du\ qT n, nqT s +&T u>\T> $u + (n) +~
BO
e#Tq{ k+|T , k+d , kV d++<y T q Vs+> du jTsTes
nqTeT b+<qeds+<T. de#seTT e+ |uT~sT\
O
\T|e\jTTq () +~ e#T $T*q n du\ >T]+ nqTeT b+<T

C
nedseT ssTT+]. $<+> sjT du\es \ jT{

ES
esT <T .
+<q \ qqTd]+ |uT nqTeT b+~ s +&e eTVsh eTVdu
EM
kHu<T sT |D eTT 1938 pH H\ ]>qT. sT,

sCsTHjT&q Ud+ sJ>] ydd\ + sde+ y] s\b\

eTTK +<eT L& n|+#T=jTT+&qT. du |uT eTTysT sjT

$wjT eTT$jTT #]+#L &< C|+ ]. V <su<T |D eTT ]q
V+< eTTd+ n\sT\ >T]+, n<|HdeTT, rsqeTT
s|eTT jT$<y T q #s sT>L &< w~+]. eTss & b+|
q\T~\qT+ eq | <T\T n\sT\>T]+ Vs+> $#sD
sT|e\jTTqH rsqeTTqT e<T\T=qT d<| & b sTT]. s T rsqeTT
|yX |& nqTeT q$ s]+#qT. |<T \T |uT $<qeTTq
50 d+es\ V<su<T 141

$sT<e TT> eT sdq qT |{ d bsd V\T nD><=&T>T]+
rsqeTT q+^]+]. +{ deyX eT+yT T+<qT.
XdH\+|T qeTTq b|~
bsd | V\ >T]+q rsHqTkseTT XdH\+|T qeTTq >T
u $T d<| s # T <X e TT eTT>T]Z duT \ $T{ jTsT#jT &qT. kMT
seq+< rs> sT $T{ deyX \T> HqT&]. +{ kMTJ
y$THu<T q bsX \ qTq eT d++<e TT e<T\T= sjT
s+>+ |y +]. & qT+ kMTJ eT sb\ +<+ V <su<T
KS
|D eTTq esT=].
>dT 1938 |< qeT+ V <>sT sh Xdq du qT|qdd ,
O
C+ |uT eTT sjT d+dsD\ $sT<+ > <T . n~d + U\
BO
eT|b (Majority Community) d<+\|q sjT d+dsD\qT
esdT + ~. | yT q \eTT, eseZ TTy] n~seTT |C| eqqT
O
]qT eTqdT |T= n_e~ s y] |uT eTT bV+#<T n

C
<{+ ]. \eT |b eTTq $T+, deeTT sheTTq $sT<y T q

ES
Hse TT, s<VeTT eTs={ < ]. yTeTT eTTd+ k+eTT V+<

k+eTT eTTd+ \ sj _e~ jTqT |<C \eTT +#C\eT
EM
|{+]. n+ sj_e~, k+eTTqT +> \|]#y]

|<e Tse yTeTq> y] nqTjjTTqT+ nqTeq>dT \ qT rdyj .
] H=sT qeTTq{, $Xd+#Tq{, CjTT yTq |<T \eT

sTEe#dT yq u~+]. $<+ > ks (common) y~

|H<T\T yjT eqT. n{ ]H y] ]\|q d+|Ps+ > +#T
es+Z q&TT+~. +> { |]d H y] ]\ eTsesT
n&T sC\s L& |{ + ].
|<qeT+ yX|P]yTq |HdeTT yse], jT >
#+~qy], jT <eTeTT qT<+ d+Hs $wjTeTT n+<sT
>V +]. |uT eTTysT eTT+<T rdT<\q >{ #s qT >T]+ L& n+<sT

}V+]. u< jTT |uT d+\eTT L& eT |b eT, <X e TT
@s&T | d+d eT |b d+dj
T |uT + ss TT+#TqT *bsTTq~.
|< qeT+ |Hkq+se TT * +>dT $T{ysT b> y]
|HdeTTqT <w |T= \eT| b eTTqT K+&d CrjT uy\T>\
n\y] V <su<T d{ +>dT #sT b]+]. d{ +>dt
jTee[ n+^]+]. @+{ u< e TT +& n+<sT #s{ d{
+>dT <seTT\T ] jTTqeH $wjT eTT dw| s ]. \, eT |b
d+d\ <HH d++<e TT>\ jT e L & +>dT d+d jTT n~s
< +>dT eed d++<e TT>\ jT $T{ duT &T>
KS
mqT&C\& ss TT+].
O
+>dT * $T{y] |\T qqTd]+ dTesT 1200 eT+~
duT \T #]]. Bs jT\T sT| 1938e d|+ sT H\ 9e ~,
BO
duT \ MT{+>T ss TT+|&qT.
O
* $T{ deyX\T sTZ\ seTwse>sT eT |

| q V <su<T d{ +>dT +&jT H Hwq +>dT jT{
C
d++<+ < , d+d q <X e TT\qT, seTeTT\ qqTd]+ sh

ES
|\es d++~+ jTT+&>\ <, sjT +>>, eT> jT

|#jT T#Tq jT d+d eeV]+#< dw| s ]. d| e+X| sE\
EM
>T]+, ss\qT+ |\ qTq su, $XdeTT|qH d+d

<s|& j
T Tq<, d| e+X| sE\ # eTT +<H u< jTT |uT

k<q eTT d+d <X e T $Xd+ *+#T |jT +].

d T+>dT| w<e TT
|uT eTTysT d|+ sTH\ yTT<{y s+ C+>] |s H<s <d s T
neT V |E neTH neT (|C d+sD #e TT) neT\T |{] . ~,
sTT+es _{w +&j neT\TqTq $Tq nyT+&TyT+T
{< #| e#TqT.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 143

* +>dT eTTKduT &qT&T se#] >] V+ sh
|< qeT+>sT >se eTs<\ y] \TdT=]. CrjT <<e TT
ks y~ sDeTT >T]+ se#]>sT #jT T |jT eTT, w
eT$<\ dV ]+TeT $Xd+ *+]. sE sH, nq>
7e d|+ sTH&T, V <su<T d T +>dT #$ sT<y T q d+dj
T |{ d
n~ w~+|&qT! sE kjT+yT =>sT (City Police Commissioner)
se#]>] eT |d T |*|+#T= 9e d|+ sTH&T se#]>]+{
sT>e\djT Tq d T +>dT MT{+>T, y] sTT+{ esD sT>L &< ,
]qjT&\ y] >VeTTqT |uTeTT eX|s#T=qTq |uT sjT+
KS
$|+]. 9e d|+sT ~H&T sT|e\dq +>dT MT{+>T ysTT<
yjT&qT.
O
|uTeTTysT eT w< dT +>dT \eT |b
BO
d+dj T , |\qT yd+#T, us CrjT +>dT |sT |T&q<,
usC rjT +>dT <ojT sC sT>T +s+ <e\ d+<s e TTq
O
eT |sT |j >|s # L &< ss TT+q|{ sTT& |sTH <eTeTT

C
k+#eq \+Hs Hss|D #d |sTe\q nqeds+ >, B

ES
d++<+ _{w +&j qTq d+d qTqT | n_bjT+

\T>TT+<jTT _{w +&j qTq | |]d T \T sTT& q+<Tq
EM
d+d nedse TT< jTT |{ + ].

B|q * +>dT $T{ysT |uT eTT =+ d+<qeTT ]|].
n |jT eTT\T $|\ eTjTqT.


m$T<e |s D eTT
<ojT sC\ <e\T ` d>V \T
seTT, <DeTT, |eTeTT, sT nH u<eTT +& dT
KS
Ve#\|s ++ <<| n <ojT sC\ |C<eTeTT y|+q~.
s, jT|PsT, {e+LsT, w sT, yTd sT, V <su<T yTT<\>T n
O
sC\ k+ bs es+uy T q ~. |\ XdH\+|T qeTT, |uT |
BO
nDy j T T # s \T, ~q s e T+ # ] bsTTq$. {e+ L s T ,
V+<TeTTqT, V+<seTTqT, d e \ qT+& V <su<T k+qT,
O
eTTd+ seTTqT V+<Te\qT+& w sT V+<TeTTqT, V+< seTTqT

C
eTTd+\qT+& (j sc\ n~ d+K \y] $<+d #s\

qT+&) d+s+ #e\jTTqH |sT, |\ k+#, VeTTqT nD><=
ES
#s \T, jT{ $y#q eTT +& rdT&qT.

EM
eT |b d+ d s#qeTT
>+BeTVT&T d T +>dT|q V <su<T |uT w< >T]+

eT n_bj sTTT y\& + ]. eTeTT qqTd]+ n~ d+K

\eTTysT ed+#T sheTT \eT |beTqT< nsyT$T
C\TT+~? n~ d+K eT $XdeTT>\ Hu ed+#T w sT
d]V<T sc\ \eT |beTTq nsyT$T C\TT+~?
n\d+K |&y<eTT \T>TieTT|q =+<seTTes dy]
#jTTqT\, |se#TqT. n\d+K d+, d+UeTT>
yT q { ksTT >\~>HH +&e\jTTqT. e> \ n\d+KL& d+|Ps
HjTeTTqT +#e#TqT. { n\d+K sjT s+>+ jTMT
50 d+es\ V<su<T 145

kqeTT+& C\<T. n\d+K d++~+q jT ej T q n~seTT b+~,
n&T q >| |~> q j> (Merit) e\H n~s|< $ b+~H&
n|+#T=qTqT. \eT |b eTqT Xe TTjTT @ nse TT us< X e TT
ne>y T q <, nse TTqT{ V <su<T d T +>dT \eT |b dd + d
<| C\<T. eTVT rsT |u eeTT |uT eTT|q jTT |&C \TT+~?
n~ n+<] *dq $wjT yT! @$T |u eeTT |& < T .
sjT V\=s d>V eTT
sheTT * +>dT $T{ysT #sD j T yTq |ejTeTT\
>T]+ +]. T< d>V yT nysyTq |ejT #s jTqT
KS
sj e]. * $T{ s<T # j T &qT. < kqeTTq #s$T{
(Action Committee) k|+#&qT. >$+<se Hq>sT n<\T>
O
jT$TT]. s+wH <Y>sT s<]>, Hsqse <XsTT, s$
BO
HsjTDs&, lydse ussT >s\T duT \T> jT$T+|&]. >$+<se
Hq>sT eTss & b++ysT. MsT HjTy~> |U >+HsT. eTVsh
O
eTVdu yTT<{ deyX n< \T, eje<T\ T ` dV s<eTeTT M]

dV d++<e TT+&~. MsT |<e T & sY> 1938e d+es| nsT
C
24e KTq V <su<T d T +>dT k|+ #&qT |{ + , XdH\+|T q

ES
<eT es+_+]. y+H MsT eT dV #sT \jTT+ > |T& H\

keq C\ T nqTu$ +].
EM
+es e&b{ VqTeT+se. oH<se y<, sTZ\

seTws e, =+& y+ s+>s&, .se#] >s\T |CJ$eTTq
HjT + eV+q |<\ T. dsE VdH ] sj T +> n <e\

dV]d u>+ rdT+ eHsT. Ms+ V<su<T d{ +>dT

k|+ #T eTT+<T eqysT. Ms+<sT |d~ > +q HjTy<T\T.
M] jTe] L& jT{ \eT |b d+d d++<+ <T .
Ms+<sT CrjTy<T. Ms+<] |CkeT+|q >&$XdeTT+&~.
d+<qeTT, de<qeTT (Negotiation and Compromise) +{ |CkeT eTTK
n+XeTT\qT $Xd+#TysT. Ms+<sT d+$<q HjTXgeTT (Constitutional
Law) qT qyTysT. eq d+$<q deTeTTq |]VseTT\|q M] $Xd+

+&~. V <su<T |uT eTT, HjTdeTyT q sjT <eTeTTqT
q&T|H <X e TT k|+ q d+dq T #$ sT<y T q < |{ + , n{
d+\eTT|q H w< |fd d+<qeTTq d++~+q eseZ TT\jTT
eTdyd, sj\ $Ty<eTTq kq+ +& #d, ny<eTTqT
bV+q~. $~ jT$<+ > qTq<, *d=qT jTe]eX+? d>
<X+L& >&eeTT+< sc$T> |qTq< |uT n~H\T
}V+#< T . y] sjT <s< w (Statesmanship) XSqeTH #b.
\eTT jTe]dse T ><T . d T +>dT <eT HjT eTT kMT
seq+<rs Vd> y T q ~. ysT V <su<T |uT eTTq #+ sTT].
KS
|uT eTTq $sT<+ > q dqq+qT V#]+#T#T X+KeTTqT |P]+].
dT +>dT d>VQ\ s+&e<X HjT&T> kMT seq+<rs
O
XdH\+|TqeTT>$+, eT dV#sT\ jTTeTT> |T&]. M]
jT&~qs+ ]q C\T, M] dV#sT\ =$T<d H\\ ]q C\T
BO
$~+|&qT.
O
d><eTeTT q&| s +&T eTTK+<sT #jT &qT. {

V <su<Tq e eTT&T eT+<TeTT\ seT#+<se, ~>+sY se _+<T,
C
V]X+< V& >s\ nBqeTTqT, s +&e~ nes+>u<T >$+<<dT

ES
ws| nBqeTTqT+&~. d>VeTT >T]+ bqT jsT#jT&eTT,

d>VQ \ C_\T d<| s # T +{ |qT\T +<\ sT>T#T+&qT.
EM
bqT |seTT d>VQ\ <\T XdH\+|TqeTT >$+ C\T

nqTu$ +].

eTd# =s d>V eTT

d T+>dT <eTeTT sT>T sEH, sdeeTTy], eTd#
d><eT es+ue jTqT. V+< bs k+ d+|T eTT (Hindu Civil
Liberties Union) ysTL& eT <eT es+_+]. $<+ > d T +>dT,
sdeeTT, V+< bs k+ d+|T eTqT |sT V+<eTVdu, k]
eT&T y| \qT+ sT| XdH\+|T q <e\e\q sjT yesD+
\Twy T jTT+&q #| e#TqT.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 147

qsd+ >se ` V<s T jsY+> d+uwD\T
<<| sEH HqT V <T eTTdM TH HjT&T V<s T
jsY+>T >] d+uwD\T ]|. H eTTd+ dVT\T =+<sT eTTd+ \T
eT u$ wT >T]+ #\ u<| & T THs, eTTd+ HjT\ d+<qeTT
]|, eTTd+ \ =+ HeT~ *+ #\T ` n+ u>T|&T T+< $Xd+
*+Z #&+ e\, V <T eTTdM TH HjT HqT d+uwD\T sT|
kVd+.
HqT | s#s TT> d#> H n_bjTeTT\qT y\& + #T#T,
KS
@+{ \ eTu<eTT b{+#+& d#> $eT]+#y&qT. V+<
dVT+<s qqT eTTd+ |b jT u$+#ysT. n<$<+> eTTd+
O
dVT+<s $< +d #s \T, eTTd+ eT <w sb\T nqT V+<
HjT\ <e\qT \|sT kq u$+#ysT. HqT V+<èTTd+
BO
|sT V+<èTTd+ ><\qT+ jT|& <s+> qT+&y&qT.
<+ *djT eeVseTT \T |{ . V<s T jsY+> e> + >
O
dq T& (gentleman) H n_bjT+. V <su<T sh eTTd+ \ HjT&T>

C
jTq eTH<eTT (Bitotry) +&~. jTq, V+< MT+<sT,

ES
V+< eekjT&T, V+< |T&<sT&T, V+< L*, dHq <s eTT

b{ + # T V +< , s d e Jj T T& q & T V +< kw * d T , _{ w
EM
key<eTTqT |P+#TysT, yTT+ |q V+< C n

d+|<j\ d++~+qysT |e TT (Front) \&jT TqT H
q&TTHs, eT|beTT, eTTd+\ <weTT Ms+<] jT

dueeTqT n_bjTeTT >\y&T. b|~ *djTT+& L& HqT

jTq d+uw+#T kVd+.
u<jTT |uTeTT, eTTd+\ eT k+d V\T, |uT
<>eTT\T yTT<\>T n+XeTT\|q d+uwD\T ]>qT. d+uwD\T
s +&TeT&T edeTT\es k T< u< jTT |uT eTqT n+XeTT|q H
bsTTq$.

V<s T jsY+>, d<+ u< jTT |uT eTTq $s~&T.
V <su<T sh | |]d T \T, d+|<jTeTT\ qqTd]+ u< jTT
|uT eTT k< eTT< jTq |T<\ .
V<s T jsY+> H d+uwD\T $|\ yTq sT y, e s
|T s \T ]q$. jTq q s e TT V <su<T u< jTT
|uT eTT k|+ |& n u> e +T&T sT>e+&T>) Xdqdu {
V+<b, s+&e~ eTTd+b $<+> s+&b\T+&TqT n+,
V+<b, eTTd+\qT <w+#T seTeTT\|qH <s|&jTT+&Tq
jTq y~+#&T. n{ <ojTT\ |sds dV+, $XdeTT+&T,
KS
\eT |b eTT|q <s|& q b\T sjT , ] se\|q
<s|& q b\T sjT , ] se\|q <s|& q b\T+&T
nqT s +&T u< jTT |uT eTTq d++~+q eTTKyTq ws T \T
O
n dd, yTT< eTTd+ \qT sJ |s eTT neds eTH&T. <X e TT
BO
Hsy s T d+dsD\qT +, #sD j T yT q &+& { sTy.
$<+ > ksq y~ (Common Plat-form) k|+ yT D sjT n_e~
O
sT>T | <Xu dV]+#. V+<Te\>T]+, eTTd+\

C
V<j \ jTee $Xd+ >{| & T |jT +# n+ n+

ES
jTyT eTeTT n_e~ d++~+q |eT* #sT =q{ eTqeTT

d<+ > qT+<TeT y\& + H&T.
d< ++> (Academically) u< jTT |uT eTTqT n+^]+#&e TT,
EM
bj+> s<T # j T &eTTe\ *q |]d <c, uj T T\eTT ysy[ eTq

nT + C<, eTV>+B <]+, d+|syTq |]cseTT

|e\jTTq V<sT jsY+>T>] d+. jTq H

d#qqT s]+#qT. +< <V]+|&q $wj\ >T]+ V+<Te\
s| q eTTd+ \ | s e T>T yT ee\jTTq jTq sqT.
1. s |uT uw>>\ kqeTT UjT+> qT+&T.
2. q$<, $< u<q uw> s +&T.
3. |uT <> eTTd+ \ J$<seTT eq eTTd+ \T |uT <>\
qT+& =\+#& +&T.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 149

4. Xdqdu\ e+{ |C |<T \T+& d+d eTTd+ \ b< + y]
d+K qqTd]+ qT+&T esT>, y] >\ | kqeTT qqTd]+
e&T (Weighted representation).
V <T eTTdM TH HjT&T, eT&Te+<\ sbjT\es H\J+
<=sT |uT <>\ 70% eTTd+ \ {sTT+| +&eq, eT&T
e+<\+f jTe J+ >\ |< <>\T jT{ \eT u< + +&
ns\ T, Xk eTs eTT\ qqTd]+ sTTee\jTTq, Xdqdu du\
V+< eTTd+ duT \ d+K deq+> qT+&e\jTTq, eTTd+ |\ d + K
|P]#d T =qT | jeseZ TT\T jTs&eq, jeseZ TT\
KS
qT+& eTTd+ , bsd, d e duT \T jTqT& e\jTTq $e]+#qT.
HqT, q $<=s u<Huw> euw qT+&e\jTTq,
O
HjTkH\es d+ H>]> \ sTTs< X \ n\d+U\ eT
BO
euwH <sU dT\ T yTT<\>Tq$ |T=qT >\ V H sheTT
n~ d+U\ +&e\jTTq, |< <>\es |_ ddT MTwH
O
jeT+, < <s @sT=qT || & T <Tq yT yd. qsV

C
HH`>Cf& <>\ es eTTd+\ 33% {sTT+#&eTTq

ES
n+^]+. u< jTT |uT <X e TTqT n+^]+qjT&\ Xdqdu

du\ V+< eTTd+ duT \T deq d+K qT+&T, duT \T
EM
d+jTT jes+Z <s mqT&e\jTTqH ws T qT d+. |>

bsd, d e duT \TL& d+jTT jeseZ TTqT+& mqT&e\jTTq
H |T s e TT $e]+.

V<s T jsY+>T H |b<q $jTT +# q{$ >L&

n|+#< T . sJ <TsTT+<y nqT X H HqT }s +{.
sTT H{ qT+ V <su<T u< jTT |uT k|q ||T {+#\qH
sj eHqT. MT d>V eTT, MT n\sT \T njTT eTTd+ \ >\
kq+|q d+|T {y T q <&> HqT u$+#TqT. <& jT<TsT=q+,
eTTd+ \qT MT <\ qT+& s+ #&+ , u$ wT H sj \ eTTKu>eTT>
qT+&TqT. H n |jT eTT\T H sD d++~+jTT+&TqT.

HqT V+<Te\ XTeqT qT. V+<k<sT\ | HjTyTq
n_j >eTTqT $eT]+ |]w]+#T |jT +TqT n+ u$ wT
qT ne\+_+# b\d V<s T jsY+> | q #dqT.
e d+uwD\ d+<s e TT H&T sdeTjq yTeTT eTqdT
jT$T <#T+& e{& $T. HqT sdq s e TTq |T s $ Td
V<s T jsY +> $<+ > sd]. s d+uwD\ nq+se TT HqT
MT <X e TTqT (u< jTT |uT eTT) >T]+ e{&T , H V<jT eTT
| XeTTqT MT jT<T $| |{ . ~ eTT. d+uwD\T ] 35
d+eseTT\T <fqT. \eTT e]bjTqT. \| |uT e\T sT . HjT\T
KS
sT . H{ seTT<T . eq n|{ $wj \jTT #] d++~+qy.
H&T s u< jTT |uT eTT >T]+ e{&T HqT, MTsT
O
m+\eTTes |yVeTTqT |C\Ts |+. HqT d+
BO
|~ d+es\T |C\Tq V<s T jsY +> |T s $ T#qT. n+<T|
C #] |~, sTTsy d+es\ \eTTq jT e+ beTTK+
O
<, |~ d+es\T<T. + HqT |~ d+es\T V+#Tq

#|, $<+> MTsT |~, sTTsy d+es\T |yVeTTqT
C
|C\Ts nqT+<eTT. \eTT jT$<+ > >&T dT+ ~? V+<

ES
eTTd+ \ d++<\T jT$<+ > qT+&TqT? jT | jT jT$<+ > |#dT + ~?

T< sE yTeTT dTq u<jTT |uTeTT eqs sh
EM
eTTd+\ |]d jT$<+> +T+~ nqT $wj\ >T]+ jTyTH

}V+Hs? n+ HqT s T e (Picture) jTq jT<T qT+.
B| V<sT jsY+> qjT<T ujT+syTq + |{Hq

u<| & T T qT+ nXe\T sqT. =jTTHqT, jT|& q

<T'+#qT. V <su<T sh |uT eTT, C+, s# Tq & \e\
|]d jTs&TTq<, d+ eTTd+ HjT eTT n_e~ s+&
eT |u eeTT y] eT \TueT\T> y&TTHs HqT >V +.
>{ nqTuy\TL& n+. sTy nqTuy\TL& n_bjTeTTH
\|sq$. V<sT jsY +>T HqT sdq T~ seTT H
nqTue eTTH $e]+.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 151

sy d+es\ eTT+<T (1920) Xdq du $ds e TT >T]+ C+
|uT esDT\T |k~+q |s H< c |uT eTT dV ]d, |\ sjT
deTd\ >T]+ f+> #T sjT d+dsD\ d+|TeTT (Political
Reforms Association) { k|+ |&qT. eTVeT<T ndsZ >Y sT (sT y MsT
ndsZ Y jsY +>T nqT _sT<T V sT &> qT+&]) n< \T>, nd
VdH, K\Te >s\T s<sT \T> jTqT&] (MsTuj T T\T L& sT y
VsT &\T> qT+&]). jTe\eTT >&eeTT+< MsT eTT>TZsT
d+dsD\ d+|T |<e \T e<T\T=]. ndsZ >Y sT eT n< |<$ sJHe
|T $<+ > sd]. sjT k+eTT d+b~+#&+ MTsT mH
KS
weTT\qT jT<TsT=qe\djTTq< ujT|&TTHqT. MT $jT+
\TZT+<H <&$XdeTT H >\<T. MT <XeTT #\ |$yTq~. jT
O
|uTeTT L& jTT><seTTq $sT<eTT> bs&C\<T. T< jTeTT
BO
MT<. eq MTsT sjT n_e~ yT\yT \>, C>> , |T<\ ,
n&T>T eTT+<T yjT +&. MTsT d|\ TsT. MT ysT |&T + HqT #\
u<|&TTHqT. HqT sTT+<T \e+ |&HqT. seTT
O
HqT q+\+ jT{ sjT <e\ u>+ rdT=qC\qT.

C
ES
d+dsD\ d+|T| ujT s<sT\T L& eT |<e\qT, |q

|s=q&q sD\e\H e<\T=] nd VdH>sT, HqT MT d+d
EM
d u T & T >, j T < q <| q H +& eTT H , d + d

XjT dseTT<T. +<Te\H d+d duT \T qqT s<]> jTqT=q
<, dueTTqT e<T\T=qT \e+ |&HqT n *|].

CT\MT< jT{ yUqeTT $esDeTT nqedse T \TkqT.

ks+XyT eTq>, sjT <X \ d+, k|+ |& d+d ksq y~>
qT+&e\jTTq |T&eTT, s#Tq \T & eTTd+ duT\qT
ysT #jT &eTT, <T |] sjT d+d , \eT |b <eTeTT k+#
d+dj T |sT |&e TT, V+< eTTd+ $u< \Tdw+ #&e TT, X+u <\ T
b& H|eTT, sjT <e\qT nD><=&eTT, C+ Vj+
V <su<T |uT | wseT>T b\d> qT+&qT. V<s T jsY +>T

d+uwD\T |yj T T eTT+<T leT ds<$ d\V |s+ ys y[
n $wj \T >+BeTVT jT<T |{ . ysT n $ d+uwD\T
|yj T & <Xe TT*]. B d+uwD\ n<jTeTT de|e jTqT.
d T +>dT d>V eTT |<\
V<su<T dT +>dTy] bsdeTT\ <eTeTTbT,
sdeeTTy] eTd+ +<y T q , V+<eTVduy ] <e\T k>+e\q
yes D + \ Tw y T q < , d T + > d T yes D eTTqT+
jT|&q n_bjT|&T, >+BeTVT&T dT+>dT <eTeTT
KS
|yj T & d T +>dT y] <X$ T]. <XqTkseTT oH<s e
y< >sT XdH\+|Tq <eTeTT |yjT&qT dT +>dT s|q
|{+]. <| y<>sT, y] dV#sT\T eT+<TeTT\ seT #+<se,
O
cJ <y<sY >s\T |T& + |&]. y< >] d+eseTT ]q
BO
C\ T, ysTT sbjT\ EsTeq, y] dV #sT \>T seT#+<se, >b\
se >s\ =$T<d H\\ ]q C\T, e+< sbjT\ EsTeq
O
$~+|&qT. <y<sY >] sTH\\ ]q , jus bjT\ EsTeq

C
$~+|&qT. +>dT ~qeTT b{+H&H Hse TT|q ~>+sse _+<T>sT,

ES
y] dV #sT \T |T&]. _+<T>] d+eseTT ]q C\ T, y]

dV #sT \ sd H\\ ]q \ T sTTe&qT. yTT+ |q d T +>dT
EM
<eTeTT |yj T &qT. d T +>dT s| q XdH\+|T q <eTeTT

u>+ rdT= 411 eT+~ C\ T J$+ >&| ] , Ms+ V <su<T sh ydT.
sde d>V eTT

s deeTT, V+< eTVdu\ s|q ]q <e\ u>+

rdT= C\T y[qy] d+K esTd> 7,524, 1,590 +&qT, +<T
#eT+~ ys sc\qT+& sTT& e XdH\+|T qeTT Hse TT +< |T&
C\T y[q ysT+&]. n+<T eTTK+> s deeTTq d++~+qy]
jT+<s b|d s T \T, HjTy<T\T, MT+<sT\T, eTd+ +< HjT\T
yTT<\>TysT |<d + K qTqT, yTT+ |q d>VQ \T dq T\, keTT\
|uT eTTysT \| ]bsT yd |{H sT.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 153

>+BeTVT <XqTkseTT 1938 &d+sT H\ d T +>dT
d>V + |yj T &qT. B |uT eTT V<jT |]esq \T>TT+<
d T +>dT|q y|&q w< =\+#ks |\T >+|&X|T=
jTT+&]. { V<jT |]esq jTB \T>< T . |< qeT+ nsY
V <] >T]+ >+BeTVT&T #\ eT+ n_bjTeTT *jTT+&]. jTq
w\wyT q CrjTy~ jT >+B>sT qyTysT. d T +>dT >T]+q
w< jT<$~> 1946 es UjT+> +&bsTT+~. >+BeTVT&T
w<qT s<T | s d T +>dT UB \qT $&T<\ #jT & |< q eT+
s |TseTT\T ]|]. jT$T |*+ bsTT+~. +>dT
d>VQ\T, 1939e d+es| e] H\es $&T<\ #jT&<T.
KS
>+BeTVT CT\|q #s rdT= +>dT d>VQ \qT $&T<\#d
eTT jT{ sjT |u eeTTq &HsH k $eTs |uT eTTysT
O
ujT|&]. T< e&b{ VqTeT+se, . se#]>s\T, HqT
BO
| |q #dq# $&T<\ #keT eT+>]<s sjTuseTT
]|, |q |s=q&q eTT>T]Z | | q|q d>VQ \qT $&T<\#d] .
O
=+<sT eTTd+ CrjTy<T\T, ds l eTVeT<T VdH=BH, eTVeT<T

C
nVdH, pV<$T yTT<\>TysT +>dT d>VQ \ $&T<\>T]+

ES
|uT eTTqT $eT]d +>dT, sde, V+< eTVdu UB \ jT{

u<eTT<T. n+f. eTTd+\ sJ <TsT+&, y] HjTyTq
EM
VqT |d eT n~ d+U \eTT| $iM>T d+dsD\T nqT

yd+ |j >|s n~seTT k+#eq jTesT sTs ysT <|
CrjTy<T\ n|+#TC\s jT].

e+<es+ <eTeTT
< \eTT kj $X$<\jT $<sT\ +<q s+uy T q ~.
sheTT sT>T#Tq k+ bseTTe\ jTTe$<sT\ T |u $T] .
e+<es+ deTd|q $<sT\ <eTeTT s+uyTq~. $X$<\jT+
ed >V+ ed+#T V+< $<sT\ + *d bsH \jT+ e+<es+
^ e TT b& eTT y T T< \ T|{ ] . B eTTd + $<s T \ T | + # > ,
$X$<\j~sT e+<es+ ^+ b&L &< w~+]. V+<

$<sT\ T n~sT\ + \jTT>Z < T . <eT+ nes+>u<T, es+>\T,
>T\sZ J\, q bsX\\ es y|+#qT. |uTeTT eT $<
d+d\ jT& L& ^+ b&& nqTeT e&< , $X$<\jT+,
~ $<d+d\ esD jT&L& ^+ b&L&< w<\T
|{y d ] . B |* +> kj $X$<\jT+qT+ 350, >T\sZ ,
q bsX\\qT+ 200, nes+>u<T, es+>\T J\T, q
bsX \\qT+ dTesT 500\ $<sT\ T =\+|&].
$<sT\T, eT *<+&T\ eTD & J$+ >&|&
n\yT|&q sE, kj $X$<\jT $<sT\ T ne\+_+q
KS
$<qeTT keqyTq~<T. m+<s $<sT\ *<+&T\T |uTeTTy]
>V >T]e\d eq~. m+<s $<sT\ eT *< + &T\ |b\T
O
dV +#Te\d eq~. n|&T s +&T |X \T jT\T<]q$.
BO
yTT<{~ : $<sT\ T eT $<d++<y T q d+seTT ese TT #dT =,
nT|eT $X$<\j~s, |uT eTT e |D ], eT #<T e\T
k+#&eTT. s+&e~ : $<sT\T eT >se+ \T|= ys $X
O
$<\jTeTT\ d++~+q J\ #], eT #<Te\T k+#&eTT.

C
yTT<{ |X +# q<<, sj eqs, s +&e |X jTTf

ES
$TqT. |X # {\yTq ~. |]ds sc\ jT $X$<\jTeTT

ysT, $<\jT+ qT+& =\+|&q $<sT\qT #sT=qT
EM
d<| & T <TsH~ yTT<{ deTd ` m+eT+~ $<sT\ *< + &T\T eT |\\ qT
jT{ |+|+, n& n~K sT\T u] +#& d<| & T <TsH~ s +&e deTd.
yTT+ |q H>|P sY $X$<\jT+ysT $<sT\ qT eT J\

#sT =q& n+^]+]. e+<\=\~ J $<sT\ qT H>|P sY, |P sY

J\ #sT=]. V<su<T |eTTKT+<s, $s\ s|eTTq
dV jT|&] . $wjT + l n+T seT#+<se |eTTKb eV+].
MsT $<sT\ dV jT|&T <X e TT |D <q e+T\qT d+|T {| s ,
&T b>T#d, n&qTq $<sT\ deTjT+|q &T n+<T #dysT.
$<+ > kj $X$<\jT $<sT\ T |T<\ eT <eT+
>\Tb+~HsT. = sE\ s kj $X$<\jT+ysT eT
50 d+es\ V<su<T 155

w<\qT s<T # d T = e+<es+ ^+ b&& n+^]+]. <eT+
V <su<T sheTT sjT # q eTT *+#&e TT, <Xu , VeTT,
>T~ >\ jTTeseTTqT eTT+<T sT>qTq k+ bseTT
d<| s # T jT+ dV jT|&q ~. m+<s \| e+<es+ <eT+
d++<eTT>\ $<sT\T k+ bseTT |eTTK b eV+,
k+eTTs sjT y\ T>, |uT ~sT\T> |sT>+]. yTTq
yTTq{es +<|<X eTTKeT+> qT+&q |.$. qsd+Vse>sT,
e+<es+ <eTeTT d++~+q $<sT\ +<eTTq #+~qys.
sh eeVs\ eTTd+ > C+
KS
dT +>dT <eT+ |yjT&q~. d>VQ\+<sT $&T<\
#jT &]. sdeeTT, V+< eTVdu sT| <e\T k>TH
O
q$. <e\e\ _{w +&j eTTd+\L& V+<
BO
esu y\T #\s q$. +es eTTd+ >TysT, <ojT sC\ +s+
eeVs\ jT{ CeTT *+#T+& <s+> +&ysT.
O
eTTK+> V <su<T k>T q <e\ |]DeTeTT> eTTd+ >TysT

C
<ojT sC\ >T]+, eT $<q+ esT=]. 1938 &d+sT H\ b{

ES
deyXy T q eTTd+ >T eTVdu n< &T H>sT |qdd , y

+>dT eT <X e TT k~+#T=qT, |\ |jT +, >T <ojT
sC\ ed+#T eTTd+ \ dV jT|&e \djT T+&TqT. n+<T >T d<+ >
EM
qTq~ n |{ + ]. deyXe TT n|{ |+CT eTTKeT+ dsY

d+<sY VjYUH |qdd, +>dT V<su<T q +<q

|yj T |e TTq, < |* + nbjTs+ > qT+&Tq, n+sT <+ | <

<{+ #qT. eTTd+ >T ssV$ T{ V <su<T sheTT sT>T#Tq
<e\qT |sd ]+#T= V <su<T sjT eed qT, C+ |uT esDT\
s]eTTqT, n& eTTd+ \ | q jT{ esTqT dV +#u<
rs+#qT. = edeTT\s u+usTT dT eTTd+>T eTVdu
c|PsT deyXejTqT. |+CTsh |<qeT+ dsY d+<sY
VjYUH n>dH~| eTT eV+#qT. c|PsT, V <su<T sheTT
sT>T#Tq sdeeTTy] +<q d++~+q eTTK+<eTT>

qT+&qT. dsY d+ <sY q n< |HdeTT us< X e TT n sC\+f
|<s yTq V <su<T _{w +&j ysT k+#T#Tq <e\e\,
y] jTT<X e TT n~ d+U\ cqTkseTT n\d+U\T y] $<jT T\T>
J$eTT >&| e qH< nsTT+T+<]. V <su<T sheTTq $sT<+ >,
+>dT, V+<eTVdu @yT <| P ] #s \T s+_+qe, sT y
\eT|b HseTTqT+ qqT |+#T=q& +>dT ysT|&qT
|{ + q<, V+<eTVduq T <| P ]yT q #s \T d#> k+#&
e<*|{q < e> + > +>dTysT #s u>+ rdT+THs
y\& + ]. nT|eT eTTd+ >T q rsqeTT eTV|T qeV+q C+
|uT esDT\, y] |uT eTTq $sT<+ > V+k #s \L&q |
KS
<eTeTTqT q&|q # us< X | eTTd+ \T < H<T s= V <su<T seTT
sksTT> qT+&T, < d+s+ #T, n $<\ >+ #jT &
d+d<eTT>qTHs |{+#qT.
O
BO
<ojT sC\ |\ eTTd+ >T
O
<ojT sC\ |\ eTVdu b{d+d> <ojT sC\ |\

C
eTTd+ >T nqT d+d jTs&qT. V<s T jsY +> B HjT eTT
ES
eV+]. MsT eTjTT |Hd+, osT seTT n& eTVsC>]

|P]\T sTT+q~ <, ysT _{w y] qT+& =Hs, $jT eTT
qqTd]+, osT |\T neT&< , eq n& |\T u< jTT
EM
|uT eTTq nsT\ y~+]. V <su<T seTT |]d eeTT

+<T _q+> qTq<]. = Xu\ |PseTT eTTd+ \T V <su<T

seTTqT sTT+Hs, \eTTqT+ + es y] |]b\qyT

k>T#Tq<, s| |uT e C+ eyT <, & |eTTd+ |uT e
|d+ d, sTT& V+<Te\T u< jTT |uT eTTq nqsT\ |{ + ].
w nT $eTs
osT s CrjT HjT&T w nT>sT eTTd+ >T $<qeTTqT
$eT]d, eTTd+>T <ojT sC\ ed+# 8 |\ dVjT+
#jT & d<+ > sDqH, yTeTT +>dT seTeTTqT #sD
50 d+es\ V<su<T 157

|T#THeT]. H>] c|PsY |Hd+, |sY nUH>] |s\
|Hd+e\, eTTd+ >T <ojT sE\ s+X~s+ UjT+> +#eq
sTTqT sTEyq <, eTTd+ >T HjT\ <ojT seTT\ |]d T \
jT{ esT w+ < *bsTTq< w nT>sT n].
w nT>sT, yTeTT osT u< jTT |uT eTTq +<q
sT|#, e ] Hsy s T yTT+ ||+ #+ dV jTeTTqT +#T#,
V<su<T sheTT sT>T u<jTT |uTeTTq d++~+q
<eTeTTqT jT$<+ > $s~+#C\TeT |+]. yTeTT e=i jT~
u s e T \Tky , n~ sT \ L& u s y T q yTeTT $XdkeT
KS
y\& + ].
V<s T jsY +>T>] <ojT sC\ |\ eTTd+ >T |HdeTT
O
>T]+, w nT>sT $eT]d, eT n_bjTeTTqT { y\& + ]. {
BO
ns+ e\T eTTd+ >T y~ qT+# e&& M\Tq~. V<s T
jsY +> osT u< jTT |uT bseTT HjT<y T q < nq&
O
sDeTT & sE V+<Te e&eTT, Hu n~ \T eTTd+ \T +&TjT.

~ V <su<T M\T|&< jTq n+{&T. n& sE eTTdH,
C
|\ V+<Te\T n~ d+K qT+&T B sDeT+{&T. V<s T

ES
jsY +> dH +f, jTseTT L&, u< jTT |uT eTT s+&
##T=Hy&T. jTq $<qeTT qe\+_d, osT eTTd+ \T y+H
EM
>T $sT<+> \&Ts jTq \TdTqT. osT |CkeTeTT

HjT<eT, V<su<T { bseTT #] $sT<eT nq&+
>Ty q#e#Tq n+, w nT>sT, ||+#eTT *$>\

e jTesT L& |]Vd+#&eTT|, { e\qT |s

||T{+].
sjT \ (eT+eTT)
sheTT n+s+ |]d T \T sEsE rD eTTk>qT. V<s T
jsY+> nqeT* (HH sEqT) nH H<+ ydqT. yTeTT <D eTTq
|uT e\eTT. |T q eV+q C+ d+VdqeTT, eTT, e sjT , du

d++~+q n~s VeTT\T. VQpsT C+ e s]| bDeTT, yTeTT
y] s]eTTjTT XseTT. ysT jT&\ yTeTT eTT. yTeTT jT&\
ysT sT nqT sTeT+|<X e TT #d] ! ~ V <su<T sh eTTd+ \
V<s T jsY +> |< +q sjT eT+eTT. ~ sjT \.
qyTkVT (V<s T jsY +>) q su >T]+ $<+ >
yU+#qT:`
HqT <D b++ sE=s H bDdeTsD d<+ > qTHq jTesT
\+#L &<T . HqT nT eT* (sE>] u T&qT) qT. ||+ #+
jT eTTd+ L& nT (u> y qT <dT&T) | eTsMT <T. eTV|T q
KS
eV+q (His Exalted Highness) C+ MTsY kH nUH>] d+VdqeTT,
eTT=s HqT *qT. d| d+VdqeTT, eTT, n~seTT, eTTd+ C
O
n~s V+> u$+#&eTTe\q HqT *e&eTTq d<+> qTHqT
BO
n |{ + #qT.
V<s T jsY +>T dw+ |+ y|+|Cd q d<+eTTq yqT
O
=+\eTTqT+ |#jT T#Tq sjT XgeTTL& q~. us

C
eTTd+ >Ty] s+&TCT\ d<+eTT, V<T eTTdMTHy] eTTd+

ksueT d<++, s +&{e T< jTeT+ jTe u< + <T . eTTK+>
ES
>T+&T\ eTVdu deyXe TT sT>T#Tq sEH d<+\T, sjT

XgeTT\T eTT+<T skq$.
EM
sh $< +deTTq eT\eTT

+>+&T usrjT $<] l d. sVeTY n q +_C

sTHeqT+, |#T ]+q k+ C, usrjT + u eTT (The

Millat of Islam and menace of Indianism) nqT q |d e TT eTTd+ C
deTd>T]+ $<+ > e]+#qT.
1. usY nqT |sT |&q <XeTT ed+#T eTTd+\T eTTd+,
V+<Te\T sT. ysT bkjTT\T. V+<kjTT\T sT. ysT
dj K+& ydT\T. usrjTT\T sT. >e TTq e]+#Tq+es ,
H{ us< X e TT, <D dj e#TqT. u$ wT d++~+
50 d+es\ V<su<T 159

q+es +<T jTH CT\ e> |{w &jT T+&T eTT>
qT+& neXeTT+&.
2. eTTd+ $T\Y (C)qT jT<Ts=+Tq deTd, dj K+& |q]sDeTT,
us< X |q]< +deTT (Redestruction). s +{ qT+ <
jTqT=qT.
>+ usrjT + (Indianism) <+>, H+>, k+
eT$\Te\qT ds HXq+ #dq ~. n~ sjT +> e sC~seTTq
d++~+q ksueTeTTqT+, eTeTT\qT =\+, e ksTT <sqT
n\d+K>\ \eTTes Z+ydq~. eq usXeTTqT+ n
KS
d++<\T >+|\T #dTy. n|& $T\YqT s+#TC\TeTT.
us< X e TT eTTd+ \ eu $T> jTq&T +&qT. jT|{ C\<T.
O
$<+> |]o*+ s#sTT eTTd+ $T\Y L&q eT&T
BO
d+<X s &eq d+H&T.
1. s, |eT us<XeTT C>, ksueTeTT >\ bkH>
O
jTs&e.
C
2. nk+ sh yqTu >eTT (Hinterland) \T|= +> k+ nqT |sT

ES
u+>\T sheTT jTs&eqT. djT+sj ~s V d, sujT

se TT\y] sheTTqT b&eqT.
EM
3. V <su<T sheTT kkH, e |]y T q u u>eTT, <

HjT' >\ ksueTeTTqT, n+srjT+> n+^]+#eqT.

4. bkH, u+>\T, kkH nqT eT&T d+ CT\T \d

b $TeT+&* jTsT#jT e\jTTqT n+{&T l d.sV eTY
n q |d e TT.
yTT+ |q sV eTY n>] |] u u>+ nH <w , V<s T
jsY +> eTTd+ ksueTeTqT <w , jT<q & eTTd+ \ u>
y|+ HTbsTT+~. ~ eTV uj T +s d<++> n_e~ #+~, T<
sCs <Ts+\es |] l sV eT n|+ q us |q]< +deTTq
V <su<T sh |q]< +deTTq <]rdq~.
H{ XdqduT \ s|eTT\T
dT +>dT, sdeeTT, V+<eTVdu s|q sheTT
yTT<\T|{q XdH\+|T q <e\ s|eTT #\s q n\& nD#T,
|uT eTT jTH #s \T rdTq~. n+<T <d s T neT V | C neTH
neT (|C X+sD ]Hq T) nqTq~ {. ]HH qT T XdqeTT
s|eTT |uT eTTysT 1939e d+seTT Xdqdu |yX |{] . n|&T
XdqduT \ d+K yTT+ 21 +&~. n+<T n~ss duT \ d+K 9
eyT +&qT. +<T sTT<s T HjTy<T\T, HjTy<T\ jeseZ TT
qT+ jTqT&TysT. lX+s se usZ+sY, leTV< VdH`M]<sT
KS
HjTy<T\ |<T\T> qT+&]. C^sT<s jesZeTTqT+, <sT
duT \T b>, bjT> nMTs s| q sT . C+ k++ jTd T (ds Udt)
O
| ~ > sC V < s Y y + se s & > s T +& ] . eTT> T Z s T
BO
n~ssT \qT |uT eTT jT$T+#~. $<+ > eTsTT+|&q duT \
(1) qyu nsY jsY +>, (2) sC |H |{, (3) eT+<TeTT\ qsd+ >se
(HqT) +&].
O
|uT + d], |q |s=q ]Hq T TX dqeTTqT |yX |>

C
l nsY jsY +>T \|]#qT. X+ss e usZ+sY ||T {+#>, eTVeT<

ES
VdH |b<qqT \|]#qT. sC |H, sC V<s Y y+ses&,

HqT >{> ||T {+$T.
EM
+ d, TXdqeTTqT |yX|T#T, ny+#jTTq, $<o

e\ e\H sh |]d #&b sTTq<, Ms eT |b uy\T $+_+#&

u<T\]. _{w +&j $Tq nyT+&T yT+T j nqT

|sT #eTT jTH d+es\qT+ #sD qTq<, |&T
|yX |{q TX dqeTT, n+{< n+, T XdqeTTqT d $T{
n|+#eq + d |b~+#qT. X+ss e usZ+sY ||T {d ,
nX+ s \T $<ojTT\T s, sh |uT jT++>+|q u|{q
>sYeTT\T nd\Ts\]. HqT ||T{d, sT sE yesDeTT
\Twy T q <, eT |b uy\T $+_+qe, |C X+ d+sD +{
#eTedseT n+THsT. |~ d+es\+< sy d+es\
50 d+es\ V<su<T 161
+<, yesD+ |]Xu+ > q sE\ L& |uT eTT n_e~s<
+<q\T |fd+~. @+{ $#D +&, Vs+>du\| +<q\T
|{, |\ bs k+eTTqT Ve]q~. |\T $dT>T#+~]. nd+|
|]>qT. nd+| nDyjT T <X e TT |CX+ d+sD nH |sT
]HqT |fd]. |&T ]HqTqT XX+> #eTT\d+|eTT
(Statute Book) jTs#e\jTTq \HsT. XdqeTT <s
keqyTq bdT yqT nkeqyTq n~s\T e&eTT jT+es
HjTy |uT eTTysT y\& + #eq n+{. \eT |b <eTeTH
|sT|{ keqyTq |C J$eTTqT nD><= $<qeTT eeTT ><
K+&+. UB >T&\ T ydT q >+B {| \ <] +q | e
KS
nqTeq>dT & T > u$+ bdTysT #s rdTe#TqT. \ d#>
bsT\T |\T L& #<T eC\+& qTHsqT ys\ T $+THeTT. |\T
O
|+|e<, #+<<sT\T K\T ydTHsT. |]dT\ XdqeTT
BO
ny+#jTTq |s<ojTT\qT \eT |b <e\qT, n\sqT
jT<TsT=q{ |j >|s T ks qeTC\q |b<qqT es+.
O
d $T{ n~ss duT &T l nsY jsY+>T, =s& <\

C
q T #e TT jTsT#jT eq desD |yX |fq T. yTeTT =+<se TT

ES
||T {+$T. n~s duT \+<sT qT desD nqTL\+> yT e&+

e\q desD n+^]+|&qT. d $T{ysT d<| s q TX dqeTT
EM
dH me #jT &qT. HqT, |H >sT |yX |{q desD\jTT

s]+|&qT.
Xdqdu T XdqeTT #s eq deTjq HqT dTesT 35,

l |H 16 desD\qT |b~+$T. e desD\jTT s<T #jT &qT.

desD \jTT #s eq |* +> ue TT eeTT *+~.
|uT <XqTkseTT n~s duT \+<sT , =s& <\ $sT<+ > yT
]. * +> d++~+q dH ={y j T &qT.
Xdqdu, dTesT q 50 d+es\ J$\eTT yTT<{k ]
ke XdqeTT n+^]+q~. Xese >sT XdqduT\T>
qTqsE\ |yX|{q $+T |q]yV T XdqeTT, T<

n+^]+|&q~. d+eseTT nq> 1939 H, #sD |&q~.
=+& y+ s+>s&>sT eT du\eTT u\$yV s< T
XdqeTTqT Xdqdu |yX |{j T T+&]. s HqT TX dqeTTqT, H
|s =+es eTT+<T rdTy[ . sheTT n~d + K qTq
dHq <s e\+T\T { XdH $sT<+ > qTHs, eT d++<y T q
ke #s\ CeTT *+#Te&eTT |uT $<qeTT <,
T XdqeTTqT |uT ~s duT \T ||T {+]. n+{ $wjT
eT+yTT+<qT.
u\ $yV s< XdqeTT, _{w +&j neT\T qTq|{,
KS
n&y s +<s V <su<T sh d]V<T\ |y +, #e TTq $sT<+ >
u\ $yVeTT\T sT|= yy s *|jT T+{<! & {
O
#e TT jT~ q|{, 1940 H{ jTTe jTdT eqsH, $yVeTT\T
d#> sT|&e s+uy T q ~. dHq <s |sT \qT& ys+<s sj T +>
BO
eTT+<T e, jTTe jTdT eq eT nesTT\ $yVeTT\T ]|,
d+|T d+dsD es<Z s ] . @+{ #e TT +&H d+|T d+dsD
O
neT\T e#qT.
C
+> $#]d n*XdqeTT # beTTK+ >\< HqT qeTTqT.

ES
sE u\$yV s<e TT n* XdqeTT>H neT\T |&q~.

ndX ysD L& n* Xdqs|+H ]q~. +<<eTVdu
EM
y~ qT+& V]q HjT&T |qd+#T#T+&>, du desT\ T y[b >

#q sE\T H C|eTTq$. d]>Z <XeTT <eTT+<, n<
+< eTVdu deyXeTT\ deTjq, dX\T, ndX\T, uVDT\T,

nuVDT\T, V+<Te\T, eTTd+ \T nqT u< e TT +&, n+<sT \d |+

uH\T #d]. s#Tq uqeTT #jTT b\| #seTT |&=
eTsbsTTq <. |+u qeTT \| \D +.
d+|T d+dsDeTT\T`sj ~seTT
n* XdqeTT\ <s d+|T d+dsD\T #sD se&eTTq #\
Bs\ eTedseTT+&TqT. V+<Te\ d++~+q+es jT+
\eTTqT+& d+|T d+dsD\ eXq T >T]+#&e TT sT>T#Tq~. nqTue eTT
50 d+es\ V<su<T 163

e\q, d+|T d+dsD\T s>T eq+f, sj ~s |j > eTedse T
*q~. |uT $<qeTT V+<Te\ \eT, k+|T #seTT\ CeTT
*+#T+& +&eTT e\q jT+{ d+|Td+dsD\L& n_e~
s>& e TT nk< yTb sTTq~. d+|T eTT d e#d+~. #\qeTT nH~ +&
bsTTq~. |]dT\, sj~s k<q V+<Te\T, d
jTe#TsT> |jT+# Hs+_+]. |jTeTTqT |uTe\T eT
n~seTTq #+C> u$+, V+< eTTd+ deTdqT dw+ ]. eTTd+ \qT
V+<Te\ b{> \u& e TT, eTTd+ \ s uy\T *+#&e TT eT
e TyTq sjT b\d jT \].
KS
V+< eTTd+ \ eT< nUeTTq sD\T
V <su<T ed+#T V+<, eTTd+ yT , , dV qeTT #]
O
n+XeTT. M] jTq&T ><\T +&qT. V+<Te\T, eTTd+ \T eTeT
BO
eTeTTq <T eT eT#s\qT b{+#T J$+ >& |ysT. M]
k<su eeTT+&~. ] wd T U\ sTT+=sT u>+ rdTHysT. V+<Te\T
O
uquH\ |sq #seTT\qT >{> b{+#ysT. eTTd+ \T B

| > u$+#ysT <T. >& ydqT, <ds , , d++ +{
C
|+&T>\ eTTd+ \T, yTTVseTT, <T , s+CH +{ eTTd+ |+&T>\

ES
V+<Te\T, eTTd+\T n+ \d ] H=sT >*+#T= Xu+\T

\T|=HysT.
EM
eseZ TTqT{ (as a class) ;<\T V+<Te\q, eTTd+ \q +&ysT.

|& n{H HsT. ;<s > #+~q V+<T, eTTd+ \ J$<seTT

L* H*|q +&~. |& n+qT. @+{ esT <T. |s>

#+~qy] d+K jT|& =~>H +T+~. \eTT | s >
#+~qysT MTH<sT\T, C^sY<sT\T, eTU< sT\T nqT&ysT. s>
V+<Te\T, eTTdqT\T uj T T\T+&~. y] deTd\T f. <jTeTTq
jTe ejTeTT #jT &eTT, TTD\b\T e&eTT M] deTd. < eseZ TT
jTe \T>T yX \T, es& kVQsT +&ysT. |{ ys. nsTT
||+ # jTT< \eTT H{ ]$ <qeTTe\ = <q e+T\ s> {e eTT
jT\T<]q~.

eT< s> #+~qy] $wjT +. s> #+~q V+<Te\T
n~ d+K >e J$+#ysT. MsT >eT |]b\q d++~+q sD
|f+& ukeTT\T>H J$<seTT * jTT+&ysT.
eT< s> #+~q eTTd+ \ n~ d+K |uT <>\|q <s|&
jTT+&~. s> #+~qy], n\d+K V+<Te\T, eTTd+\T
HjTy<T\T>H, &s T VeTT\T >H, d+ eT\ T ne\+_+,
>se+> J$eTT >& |ysT.
d+ eT\ T ne\+_+ J$eTT >&T |Tq s> ys sjT
<e\ eTT+<Te, HjT eTT eV+qysT. ~ #\ # q eTT>\
KS
s> n #b. sh eTTd+ \T n\d+K qTq|{ y] dTdwy T q
nd eTT esT s<T . ysT eT |Ps#]qT eTsTe<T ` V <su<T
O
sheTT >& q H\T>< T Xu\qT+, s+sjT+> eTTd+ |uT e\
s]eTT eTT $XwyTq V\T nqTu$+#T, XjTTyTq d
BO
qT+&eTT, eTTd+ \ >&T dTq #] ` d qTq jT Cysq qT,
esTqT n+^]+#b e&eTT keq $wjT eTT.
O
V <su<T X| eT&e <XeTT |C J$eTT bs+ue TT

C
e&+H, eTTd+ \ y] u$ wT >T]+, $<y T q uj T eTT *+<

ES
#| e#TqT. eq ysT +<q #+< yTT<\T|{H sT. B _{w +&j

eTTd+ >Ty] <e\T>& &&q$. V <su<T |uT e\T L&
EM
_{w |uT eTT ne\+_+#q $<qyT #sD |{] . sh eTTd+ \qT

|C <e\qT es+#T bV+]. $<+ > sh V+<Te\,
eTTd+\ eT<q |< nUeTT *+]. n~d+K qTq V+<Te\

HjT\T, eT <e\T, eT <XeTT\ >T]+ eTTd+\ $XdeTT

*+#{ q+ |jT eTT #jT & HqT qeTTqT.
n\d+K qTq eTTd+\ eTqdeTT es& n~ d+K
qTqysT, jT <sd ueeTT eeV]+#e\d jTT+&s < |eTTL&
deTdqT rese TT #jT T dV ]+q~. n~d + K qTqysT >=|
eTqdT, $X\V<jT eTT, <s eTT, db T~ |e]+, eTTd+ \
;VeTTqT =\+jTT+f, jT{ qwe TT +&~<T. d+~\eTTqH `
50 d+es\ V<su<T 165

se TT esq +& ` <>\>T]+ , Xdqdu eTTd+ \ b< eTT,
s uw >T]+ = sD \T eTTd+ \ e&eTTq, yT <&y T q
|b<q\T #d jTT+f u>T+&~. n{ d+<qeTT |&b sTTHeTT
` d+<qeT+f use TT #jT &yT ` use TT d|\ eTeT+<H qeTeTT #\
nsT<T. use TT #jT T HqT $|\ T&H .
|C+ $sT< sjT d+dsD\T
n\d + KqTq j T > y ] L & n_ e ~ | y d neX
eTT+&L&<T. eTTd+\T us<XeTT _{w keeTT sksTT>,
# + <s eTT> *j T T+T+< q$THs T . _{ w ke
KS
eTT+&Tq+\eTT V<su<T d|CV e+XeTTq nbjTeTT<,
V <T eTTdM TH HjT\T $Xd+HsT. d| CV e+XeTT |s+ |s
O
sC~s eTT+T+<, n+<T #\q+< ysT <&+> q$THsT.
BO
n+<Te\q @+{ de<qeTTq L& d<|& yK] ne\+_+HsT.
eT |T<\qT jTeeTT d&*+#<T. ysT sjT d+dsD\qT
O
$s~+HsT. sjT d+dsD\T | d]jT>T# eT ~ + +&eq

|T{HsT.
C
ES
V<T eTTdMTHysT 1939 d+s| pH H\ |uTeTTqT

V#]+]. |{ + #&ue d+dsD\ d+ sh eTTd+ \ sjT WqeTT
qT|+ q# n{ d+dsD\qT eTTd+ \T n+^]+#s , y{ s<T # j T T,
EM
eT |P] XqT|j+Ts <{+]. d+dsD\T eTTsu< nqT

H<\, q\+&\, |<sq\ |<qeT+ V<>] k>eTT

#| ].
|uTeTTysT, eT sjT d+dsD\ deTTqT p 1939
|{+]. deTT jT Xq L& u<jTT |uTeTT >T]+,
d+ d#q>HH , Xe TT<T . sh |< H~] q+ qT
|+> |\ b<eTT eV+#TqT. eq b<+ eV+# b\
duT \ |\ >\ d++<e TTq sh |< H~] |\ jTe
Hd]ZeTT>, XXeTT> d++<eTT+T+~. jTq |\ ksueT
|~> L& +{&T nqT d<+eTT |s=q&q~!

deTT eTTK n+XeTT\T:`
1. |uT eTT ysT , |\T ysT nH |H<T\|q |uT eTT, |\ eT<
dV dV seTT.
2. Xdqdu, k d|]b\q d+d\ eT\ y> b< eTT `
nq> |\qT d+kHBX \, C^ss , ew<s , u keTT\,
eekjT\, HjTy<T\T, y<T\, $<+> _q_q esZ\
$u +#, j esZ\y] b< d<+eTT |yX |TT.
3. b< jeseZ TT (Territorial Constituency) \ esT> esZ\y
jeseZ TT\T (Constituencies based on profession or class) @sT
KS
#jT T.
4. | eseZ TT s| q V+<, eTTd+ duT \T deqd+K jTqT&T.
5. O
_{w +&j eTTd+ \ es #sD qTq | jeseZ TTq
BO
esT> d+jTT jeseZ TT qT+ duT \qT mqT=qT.
O
6. deTT qqTd]+ Xdqdu duT \d+K yTT+ 85 ss TT+, +<T

42 esZ\y> jTqT&qysT+<Ts XsTT+#&qT. 42
C
d>+ d>+ V+< eTTd+ duT \T+<TsT. |uT eTT# jT$T+|&T duT \
ES
d + K 28 +& T qT. +< T 14 n~ s d u T \T, 14 nq~ s

duT \T+<TsT. nq~s duT \ 5 >TsT V]qT\T, sT *+>jTY,
EM
<s T d e \T, b. $<+ > 9 eT+~ |uT eTT jT$T+#TqT.

7. jT$T+#&q 28 eT+~ duT \ |uT eTT yTT+ |q d>+ V+<Te\T,

d>+ eTTd+ \T +&TqT\ ##TqT.

(V+< eTTd+ <ec>T]+ |uT eTTysT, sheTT eTTd+ \
beTTK+, y] #] d , deTw bseed y] >\ <sqT{,
Xdqdu y] n\d+K> |]>D+ #T M\T< , eT b\d
e| s ].)
8. bjT> nMTs s| q eTT>TsZ T |<T \T, eTVs (wH |s<) |csT
md T s| q |~, ksY +>T md T s| q |~,
50 d+es\ V<su<T 167

$<+ > 5 >TsT +<TsT. MsT C+ k+ d T s| q eTT>TsZ T
duT \T jT$T+#&T<TsT.
9. n~s 7 >TsT eT+T\T duT \T> qT+<TsT.
C+ |uT eTTysT 1939 d+seTT |{ + q sjT d+dsD\
sDeTT eTTd ] >, |q |s=q&q $<+ > qT+&qT. V <T eTTdM TH
n< sq |D eTTd+ \T H<\T, q\C+ &\T, |<s q\ |uT | q
k>+ #|]. c' kH +<u< (kH b<Tc e]) {dsY
y[b y, n jesY +> |<$ #*+#Ty nqT H<\T #d] .
=+<sT eTTd+ d#+ < de\T |T&].
KS
V <T eTTdM TH ssV du, sjT d+dsD\T keq+>
<X|\, |+> eTTd+\ qw<jT+> qTqe rs+#qT.
O
d+dsD\ d+ sC~seTTq, <H (<D) eTTd+\ $sT<+>,
BO
nd+| s + > qTq< |{ + #qT. |uT eTTysT, eTV|T q eV+q
C+ |uTe d]jT>T d\V e<, eTTd+\qT ueT |{Hs,
sD\{e\q eT| +es e|sjTT+&q $XdeTTqT
O
\TbsTTHs du y\& + #qT. V+<eTVdu, sdeeTT, +>dT

C
sh $sT<# s \ e\ |uT eTTysT |u $TH s, V <ysT eT rsTqT

ES
|{ + ]. d+dsD\ >\ <weTT\qT y+H d]#jT eq, eTTd+ \qT

|| s y] $XdeTTqT d+b~+#eq & #d] . $<+ > s> jT&\
EM
|uT eTTq eTTd+ \ dV seTT \_+#< V#]+].

d+dsD\ $sT<+>, |D M<T |<sq\T ~q#s #sqT.
|<s q\ eT\+>, X+u <\ u+ >eTT y{q T. V+<, eTTd+

n\sT jT\T<s qT. =+<sT eTsD+ ]. |e< |]d jTs&+e\q C+

V#]+#qT. V <T eTTdM THysT d+dsD\T eTTd+ \ nd+| s + >H
qw< jT+> qTHjT eT <& n_bjT+ y\& + ]. y] s]D
du, d+dsD\ $sT<+> | #s (Direct Action) rdT=qT q VqT
]sT |T=, |$<y T q , # <y T q +<q\T ]|, eTTd+ \ s\T
|P]e& |jT +#eq, q ksTTd+|T eTTqT <+#qT. # <y T q
<eTeTTq <, | #s eTTd+\T d+|T{ |&jTT+&T
nedse T |]w]+#qT.
C+ |uT e e eTT, sh |\ VyT jTT+&T ksueTeTTq
b< eTT eV+#TqqT |uT <<e TTqT V<s T jsY+> | T>
$eT]+#qT. <<e TT, eTTd+ ksueT d<+eTTq $sT<e T jTq
|uT eTTqT reeTT> K+&+#qT. |uT eTT <<e TT <s, V+<Te\qT
u<jTT |uT +<qqT+ eTs*+#T |jTdTq< nq+
d]<, ~ |uT eTTy] \Vq | eTs$T < Hss|D #dqT.
|CkeT eed d+ (Race), C, eTeTT, \eTT, <Xe TTqT {
|uT e, |\ ksueTeTTq, |~> u$+#&&e TT dV eTT.
& |]d <T . sheTTes |uT e, eTTd+ |\ \eTT, eTeTT,
KS
C, uw, jT+<T L& jT+{ & b e&eTTe\q, C+ |uT e,
eTTd+ |\ ksueTeTTq b< + eV+#Tq V<s T jsY +>
O
<{+ #qT. |uT eTTysT eT <<e TTqT esT=, eTTd+ ksueT
BO
d<+eTTqT n+^]+#eq, & #dqT.
Xdq du\ , s k d|]b\q d+d\ eTTd+ \
O
Xdqby T q n~d + K >\ b< + e+& V+< eTTd+ des

(Hindu-Muslim parity) qT |yX|&eTT #\ |DjTyTq $wjTeT
C
ES
V<sT jsY +> q ndeT |{+#qT. d+dsD\ |seTT

Xdqdu , s d+d\ eTTdy T s duT \q, eTTd+ duT \T n\d+K
EM
qT+{s, nsTTq# sheTT eTTd+ ksueTeTTq eTT|

y{\TT +<, d+dsD\ $sT<+ > <eTeTT s+ue jTqT. d+dsD\
y] <XqTkseTT \eTT desD\T s>jT&\ |#s

s+_+#<e T V <T eTTdM TH |uT eTTqT V#]+#qT. \eTT

|uT eTT ysT V <T eTTdM TH d+~ #dT =]!
eTV|T q eV+q C+ |uT eTTysT, ksueT d<++ >T]+,
$<+ > $XB]+]. sc~ ] nd eTT |s+ > |\ b< eTT
eVdT+~. ksueT d<+eTTq d++~+q n~s\T,
ku$+> sh |uT e>, |T qeV+q C+ |uT e >\eH $wjT eTT
dweTT.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 169

u< jTT |uT d<+eTTq |< qeT+ dsY nsY V <>sT
|qdd , d+dsD\ jTu>eTT L&, d+dsD\ qqTd]+, Xdqdu
e<\q n~s\, jT& L& u< jTT |uT d<+eTTqT |uT
eT+^]+qT yU+#& M\T< ]. |uT eTT eT |b~ d+
u< jTT |uT eTT k|+ |&Tq{ d#qL& #jT < ]. +{
V<T eTTdMTH ||&<T. Xdqdu, s V<T eTTdMTH
|| & < T . Xdqdu , s d+d\ eTTd+ \ n~d + K b<
$T# deTd |]cseTT <T . eq +<q k>TH +&qT.
H>] <eTT`V <T VMT\T
KS
|]d eTTd+>T HjT&T UjT< + (eTVHjT&T)
eTVeT< H>sT, V <u<T e, eeVseTT CeTT *+#T=].
O
Vs+>du |qdd , |CkeT d<+eTT <Xe TTq d]b<
BO
<XeTT |CkeT d<+qTkseTT VQd+U\ yT nq>
V+<Te\ n~seTT, n\d+K qTq \y] udeTTq ys
O
sTT+={ C\<, sD\e\q VQ n\d+K qTq >ysT

C
(eTTd+ \T) |CkeT d<+eTTqT K+&dT H s <{+ ].

ES
H>sT V<u<T C+ |uTe, y] eT+T\ \TdT=

|uT eTT, V <T eTTdM TH eT< d+~ ~]+]. |+<+ |s+
EM
(1) V <u<T eTTd+ sheTT (2) d+jTT jeseZ TT\ <T\T |

jeseZ TT \T+&TqT (3) Xdqdu eTTd+ duT \ ~ + +&TqT.
eT&T $wj\ >T]+, V<u<T |uTeTT, V<T eTTdMTH

HjT\ y|P s+> VMT\T #qT. C+ k+ jTd T s| q C+#

jT$T+|&T eTT>TsZ T |<T \T, eTTd+ +<Ts L& VMT e&qT.
H>sT eT <eTT d|\ T y deTjq, d+dsD\e\ eTTd+ \
|T=q uj T eTT, +<q\T, nqTeqeTT\jTT =\bsTTqe eT
d+weTTqT y*T]. C+ |uT e>sT n|{ |]d T \jTT u> >V +,
n+<T $T&jT Tq n+sse TTqT u> \TdTHs]. y] |uT eTT
eTTd+ \ | *+#Tq{, nedse TTq{, VMT\T ks , H>sT eT

$XdeTT |{ + ]. <bT V <T eTTdM TH y] e]+>T $T{,
d+dsD\e\q eTTd+\ *q ujTeTT, +<q, nqTeqeTT\jTT
=\bsTTqe rs+#qT. |uT eTT nedse TTq VMT\jTT q<
dw| s # q T. e]+>T $T{ eTV |T qeV+q C+ |uT esDT\ eT
e+<qeTT\T deT]d, rsqeTT q+^]+#qT. V<T
eTTdMTH q VMT\T nsVdeTT> qT+#&qT. n+ s+&e
||+ #jT T< es+ue jTqT. d+dsD\ d+ T<K\T #jT &qT!
sh| +s+ sjT d+sD\bT 1935 d+| us |uT
#e TTL& #sD |&< T . <ojT sE\T us deK d+qT s<T # d ] .
KS
s+&e ||+# jTT<eTT ` | sjTuseTT
O
s, _H\eT< 1939 d+ d|+ sT H\ s +&e ||+ #jT T<
es+uejTqT. H\ 4e KTq _{w |< s $sT<+>
BO
jTT< | q #dqT. sc, s\ d+~ ~sqT. _{w #e], |T syT q
s +&T ||+ #jT T<e TT >T]+ eT d+<Xe TT, _{w keeTT <X\
O
|\, HH$<y T q c\qT <s + jT<Ts= n$<\ dV ]+#q

C
sqT. C+ |uT e q u , $Xk\T |{ d , _{w |uT d+sD

ES
n$<\ dV jT|&T y>q+ #dqT.

s+&e ||+#jTT< es+uyTq s, _{w bsyT+T duT&T,
EM
sTb eTTKHjT&T, |d~>+q sjTy dsY k|sT |,

us<XeTT |]dT\T \TdT=qT <XeTT, &d+sT 1939 |sq
#dqT. d+<s e TT jTe V <su<T e, C+, y] eT+T\qT

\TdT=]. n+> y], H dVT&T nsY nUH>sT, k +>dt,

V <T eTTdM TH HjT\qT \TdT=qT neXeTT *+]. V <T
eTTdM TH HjT&T nT VdH djT < >sT, +>dT HjT\T oH<s e
y<, sTZ\ seTcse, . se#] >s\bT HqT L&
V+#&qy] qT+{. sjT d+dsD\ deTd>T]+ #s ]>qT.
d+dsD\qT Vw]+#T sDyTeTqT |>] |X, +>dT
<<e TTqT y< >sT y\& + ]. d+ d<+ s|eTTHq , u< jTT
50 d+es\ V<su<T 171

|uTeTT q+^]+#be&eTT, bsk+eTTqT sd]+#&eTT, dT
+>dTqT | + #&e TT, +>dT VcseTTq eTTK sDeTT\ y< >sT
$X<|s]. nT VdH djT<>sT, V<T eTTdMTH <<eTTqT
y\& + ]. Xdqdu eTTd+ yTC]{ >T]+q &e+&T jTT |eD
(Criterion) @$T | >sT $#]+#>, nT VdH djT <>sT, V <u<T
eTTd+ sheT, & eTTd+ \ #] beTTK+ >\<, ysT s s \
qT+, $Xc~s\T *jTTHs, sD\{e\q eTTd+ \T Xdqdu
yTC]{ qT+&e\jTTq y~+]. +<T| | >sT, Xdqdu jT<
> n~d + K qT+&T, >y sT n~d + K Hq +&e <
jTe d]d+|< >\ysH eqT < ysT *$ sT\q
KS
jTe>Hq jTT+&eqT. eT& eTTK |eD\T> jT+#&TsTT.
eq MTsT jT |eDeTT|q <s|& yTC]{ sTTHs |+|>,
O
nT VdH djT <>sT, eT&T |eDeTT\H =\<> n+^]+,
BO
yTeTT jT+<TL& V+<Te\q $T+eT n+^]+]. |q dsY k|s T
| uj
T b\ eT d\V H=d].
O
sh|uT eT $<qeTT`sde <eT de|

C
ES
V <u<T sheTT eTd# >T]+, |uT eTTysT, >dT 1939

H\ eT $<qeTTqT dw| s ]. X+u <\ &, n eT\y]
EM
eT k+ $Te&eTT |uTeTTy] $<qeT]. eTd++<yTq

Vs+>du \ T d#> sT|e#Tq, eTd+ +<y T q |<s q\T sT|
|uT eTTq jT+{ | D +&u<T |<s q\ >T]+ n~sT\

yTT< de#seTT *| #\Tq, |uT eTT y] *| |y T bsX \\T

|Te#Tq, |uT eTTysT |{ + ].
| P Cbs e TTq d + +~ + q V \T, eT | < s qeTT\T
bsq eT+~seTT\ k|q , |y T bsX \\ sVDeTT, u q\T yTT<\>Ty{|
jT{ +<q \T+&ueH |uT eTTy] | q s, sdeeTT ysT
eT <eTeTTqT #*+#T=]. XdH\+|T qeTT n+yT T+<qT. yTT+ |q
sdeeTTysT || & ] . ysT C+ |uT esDT\jT& eT u $ XdeTT\T

|{ + ]. V <u<T |uT s |X+ dd , |uT | q| eT
d+| y\& + ].
C+ |uTe _q_q eT\, \ysT eT |Ps|]d| u>
+, qTks+> q&Tee\jTTq <ojTT\qT ]]. <s<w
jT<T|T= HeT~>, |X++>, es\| \DeTT >T]+ u>
+, d]jT>T eseZ TT ne\+_+#eq u~+]. sheTT |X+yT q
yesD eTT+&T, sjT UB\+<sT $&T<\ #jT&]. $<+>
skeeTT, V+<eTVdu d><e\T n+yT T+<qT.
d T +>dTes |uT $<qeTT jT{ esT <T . w<
KS
=\+|&< T . HjT\T # +<q qT+&]. <ojT sC\ |\
eTVduy] ksTT d+|T+, p 1939 eT rsqeTT V<su<T
O
sheTT s+X~sjT T u< sV |uT eed |]b\q k>TH
BO
q~. d+#&q sjT d+dsD\T +> $#]+, d+dsD\ d+qT
nee+#&e TT | , eTs$T e. V <su<T b<$ T bsd V\TL&
O
e $eT]+#qT. <ojTsC\ d><eTeTTq deTjT$T+qT

C
dqeTT <T n& |\T eT <s dseTT\|q, eTd+d\

ES
\eTT\|q <s|& e \d jTT+T+< ksTTd+|T rsqeTT dwe TT

#jT&qT.
EM
d T +>dT |sT esT

d T +>dTysT |uT eTT d+<qeTT ]|]. |uT eTTysT, jT<

sw s d+d d++<e TT |T+&, d T+>dT |sT es& d T

+>dTysT d<| & q jT&\ eT | D +&u<, \T|+e\q, d T
+>dT HjT\T +<T\ +^]+]. d T +>dT |sTe], V <su<T
Hwq H|s qT nqT |sT|{] . d+d <X e TT\, jee[ jTTe+{
esT +&u<L& dw| s ]. < |uT +ysT w+ >H, nsTTw+ >H
sJ|&] . d T +>dT |sT es&qT. q= |sT d T +>dT q
seT es+_+#qT. = y\eT+~ Hwq H|s qT duT \T> #]].
50 d+es\ V<su<T 173

|uT eTTy] $<qeTT V <T eTTdM TH y] q#<T . ysT
$+_+]. Hwq H|s qT sT>TuT eTjT , $|y d+dj T
|{ + ]. |uT eTTysT { d+dq T bV+#s< rs+]. y
|uTeTT eT d\VqT #$u bV+q#, sheTT su\T,
n{ sT>TuT eTqT }sT|sT +& #jTT<Ts V<TysT
|{ + ]. <X e TT\qT{, = |sT |T q Hwq H|s qT, b |sT>\
d T +>dT jT$T u< e TT < , jT|{ eH $|y , sT>TuT
eT>H jTTHs <{+ ]. +es q w<\qT d&* +qjT&\
V <su<T n\ \eTT\ = n< es+ue TT >\< V < HjT\T
V#]+].
KS
>+BeTVT&T V<su<T Hwq qsqT >T]+ $<+>
O
n_bjT|&].
BO
d T +>dT q seTeTT q&T| #\ \ b\>T#T+&qT.
sh |uT eTT d+dq T # <y T q < n+^]+#< T . us +>dT
O
jT{ d++<e TT +&qT. +>dT nH Xe TT jTe]kT <T. ~

keqyTq Xe TT. Xu ||+ #eTT jTH d+d\ T y&TTH$
C
nsTTq|{ jTH <ojT sC\ Hwq +>dT sd]+#&q~.

ES
V <su<T Xe TT nqTeq<w #&&q~. q |sT ds+ ><

|Te< n& HjT\ d\V HqT. d+d sb\ |uT eTT
EM
CeTT \T>#dT+&, +f #\T. |sT es&eTT <weTT <

#| HqT. ysT H d\V |seTT |uT eTT s |T s e TT\T ]|,
dT +>dT |sT e]]. <|sT V<su<T Hwq H|sqT n

|{] . sh HjT\T n& q~sT\ dV jTeTT, dV seTT sD

seTeTT\T q&T| jTe X< eV+#Ts H $XdeTT >\<T.
|uT {\ è> d>V eTT
|uT eTT cqTkseTT d T +>dT |sT e]q|{ d T +>dT
HjT\ d<eeTT, d<T<XeTT >T]+ |uTeTTq d+| \T><T.
>+B>sT jT #| q|{, V <T eTTdM THysT d+|| & e>< !

ysT || & q +es V <su<T |uT eTTqT || s # & e TT jTe] eXeTT?
n~ k< yTq ~<T. |uT + y] y|P syT q $Xd+|q d T +>dT
|sTesHq~. |uTeTT +#qbjT+> w<qT =\+#<T.
eq w<e TT jT<<e TT> qTq< *|]. V <T eTTdM TH HjT\
|ueeTTe\q |uTeTTysT eTT q y>qeTT\qT, $XdeTT\qT
|, Hwq H|s qT |sT sT>T sb\qT #$ sT<y T q e
|{ + ]. +{ d T +>dT HjT&T l >$+<se Hq, Hwq
qsqTqT s<T#dqT |{+]. #s |* yTeTq>, dT +>dT
eT |qeeTT b+<qT. >+BeTVT d\V |seTT e> d>V
es+ue jTqT. |uT yK ] es+> sdq \T|#, d T +>dT
KS
ndeTT UjT+ +#& dT +>dT duT\T kMT seq+<rs,
q\T>TsT nqT#sT \T XdH\+|T qeTT #d |T&]. jTT< \| us d+sD
jTe\ |seTT C\ T |&].
O
BO
\eTTH V <su<T |s q #dq osT HjT&T w nT>sT
& |]d T \ >T]+ eT n_bjTeTTqT \T|, osT, V <su<T
O
|uT $<H\T $<+ > qTqe, \eT| b $<H\T ne\+_+q

C
osT V+<Te\, V <su<T eTTd+ \ eTqd eTT $<+ > |#jT T#Tq<
ES
$eT]+]. sh k+<eTeTT\ n&T > \ &eTT, n_e~ eseZ TT\qT

eTdyj T &eTT ysT ne\+_+q seTeTT\ $eT]+].
EM
b+rjT eTVdu\ |\TesT Ve+T\>T jTTess\ qT

d T +>dT d>V eTT ]+q+<Tq s, +<, eTVsh eTVdu\
y]eeTT\T sT> # \dyTq ~. d T +>dT|q |uT eTTy]

w<\T jT<<+> qT+&Te\q e> d>VeTTes +>dT

XdH\+|T qeTT |]$TyT jTT+&qT. eq eT b+rjT eTVdu\ T #TsT>
|#jT Hs+_+q$. C+ s eTVdu ;<sY 1940 d+s| qe]
H\, +< eTVdu @&e deyXeTT V<su<T eT|s+
nqT>eT+ @| 1940 ]>qT. sjT d+dsD\T |{ + q <T |],
yTT<{k ] s +&T eTVdu\ T ]q sDq, deyXe TT\ beTTK+
*q~.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 175

dT +>dT yTT<{T |y+ C\T y[q |eTTK s
HjT\T Hsqse <XsTT>sT s eTVdu n>dH~|T\T>
mqT&]. MsT eT n< |HdeTT sjT d+dsD\ >T]+ re
nd+| |{ + ]. ||+ #eTT |CkeT d+sD <X e TT s
<X| jT+ HJ &sT VsT , <Xe TT bddT jT+ eTTk*
jTT<e TT #jT T#Tq _{w |uT eTTq C+ |uT eTT &T, dq eTT
dV jT|&T #Tq~. C+ |uT eTT eT sheTT eeTT |CkeT
d<+eTTq d++~+q jT n+XeTTqT L& n+^]+#T<
$eT]+]. bddT jT+ eTTk*, q <Xe TT k|+ q s=s{ d{
KS
d<+eTT qqTd]+ e ybs ne\+_+q jT\ $<qeTTqT,
V <su<T sheTT |yX |T |jT eTT #\ Xsse TT> qTq<].
O
s eTVduy sT sjT d+dsD\T | s + > e, sXq+>
qTqe, #sD j T yTq $ e rs+].
BO
d|e T +< eTVdu
O
eT|s+ ]q 7e +< eTVdu, |\TesT Ve+T\>T

C
jTTe\qT ]+q~. n+es +< eTVdu s<]>qTq eT+<TeTT\

ES
seT#+<se>sT n>dH~| eTT eV+]. MsT d T +>dT d>VQ \

n+eT T#], XdH\+|TqeTT >$+, C\T y[jTT+&]. y]
EM
dV #sT \>T +< eTVdu s +&e s<] s$ HsjTDs&> sT d>VQ \

yTT<{ T #], #sk \ J$eTT >&| j T T+&].
+< eTVdu eed $Ty<, nydT d>V eTT bZqysT, jTe
rey< |< ne\+_+]. Ceu<T ]q se +< eTVdu
d+<s e TTq ucy<eTT|q jTs&q n_e~ |e TTq \_+q beTTK+
bZ sTT eT|seTT 7e deyXe TT sj \ beTTK+ *q~.
ny< CrjT |e TT jTs&qT e eTT&T eT+<TeTT\ seT#+<se,
s$ HsjTDs&> s\T CrjT | HjT eTT eV+]. eTVduq T+&

= HjT eTT, eTTKeTT> jTTe HjT eTT, beTTKeTT eV+#q
#| e#TqT.
seT#+<se>sT eT n< |HdeTT sjT d+dsD\ >T]+
re nd+| |{+]. e ybs |yX|<\q jT\
$<qeTT<s V+<Te\T, eTTd+ \T _q_q esZ\ $u +|&TTHsT.
+es eTu<\Tq|{, V+< ukeTT\, eTTd+ ukeTT\,
V+< L\, eTTd+ L\, V+< es \, eTTd+ es \, {
esZ\y u<eTT +&qT. |&T eT u<eTT\qT{ e
d++~+q |\ u< \T *+, y] ysT ysT #d, <wu y\T *+#&e TT,
KS
<s |\| syT\T $<qeTTd]jTq~ < L& |uTeTTqT
K+&+]. $< $wjT+ >T]+ Xdqdu #]+# neXeTT +&
O
#jT &q~. b<$ T $< q $<$<qeTT yTT+ $<
BO
d + +~ + q $w j \T, | ] b\q s V +# T | u T ~ s T \| q H
e<*yjT &q$. <$<+ > C^ss eeVs\jTT, {sTT+|&q |{
(Reserved List) #s &+e\q Xdq du C^sT sTT ed+#T s T \
O
C
u>>T\>T]+, +#T neXeTT +& be#Tq~. C^sT sTT

eekjT u eTT\ d{yT +T, dT >T]+ > jT s |]b\q $wjT eTT
ES
>T]+> #]+# neXeTT +&bsTTq~. Xdqdu C^sT<s

b< eTT e&#T q~. C^sT |\ jT{ b< eTT e e,

XsV +> qTHjT, sheTTq u< jTeTT> e, n~d + U\
b< | V e+&, e ybs| |H<T\|q eseZ TT\ b< eTT
e&eTTe\q, bsk+eTT s]+#&eTTe\q, n~d+Ky]q,
n\d+Ky] n~+> b<eTT e&eTTe\q, HH$<yTq s
<c\T+&Te\q, d+dsD\T n+^seTT e rs+ d+dsD\
jTesTL& bZqs< <ojTT\qT ]].
50 d+es\ V<su<T 177

eTdT\ esD ` yT& nkdjT wH ` $Ty<T\ <s< w
<XeTT qMquy\T sb+<TTq$. |\Td#> J$eTT >&|
sT#THsT. Ve+Tq jTTe\ nd+| |sT>T#Tq~.
CrjTy<T ny<eTTq \eTT #LsT#Tq~. ]<eTeTT |>
#+<TTq~. s\T, ukeTT\eT< ><\T bs+uyTq$. V<T
eTTdM TH bddT uy\, d T +>dT yTT<\>T |C <e\ keTy<
d<+\eT< bseTT sT>T#Tq~. n+es sjT , CrjT <e\e\
|u $Tq jTTe\T =+<sT eTdT\ T> e]HsT. s$ HsjTDs&> sT
$e]+q |seTT { jTTe\T V <su<T yT& nkdjT wH
KS
nqT |sT #sy~qT q&|d +&ysT. y] yT&T eTL+
yTTVjTTBH, sV<s Y >&T, djT < uV+, \+ KT+<TMTsT eTTq>TysT
O
duT \T> qT+&ysT.
BO
s$ HsjTDs&> sT ydq |seTT e+<es+ <eT+ bZq
<e\|* y+fX sse, ds <eu seTH<+ >s\T, +< eTVdu s+>+
|#dT q ds l s$ HsjTDs&, <+ jTs &, sT \qd+Vs &,
O
sT seT#+<s& (k<sT\T) eTTq>TysT > eTVsh |]wT

C
|#jT T#Tq #+<>T | #<], $.&. <Xb +&, V;TBH> s\T n+ \d,
ES
1939 d+es+eTT C+ d+kq eTdT $T{ k|+]. ~,

eTT+<T \+>DeTT sT>ue eTdT sb\ H+~ n
EM
#| e#TqT. H&T +< eTdT $T{ yTT+ us eTdT $T{

XK\ \yTq ~> qT+&~. +< $T{y] #=seH & eTdT
$T{ jTs&+~ n s$ HsjTDs&> sT ydHsT.

yT& nkdjTwH V<su<T |DeTT &d+sT 1939

k|+ #&+~. B bs+ueeTT l oH<s e y< >] n< q ]>qT.
d+d s<]> djT < uV+, eT nkdjT wH eTTK <X e TT \eT
|b <e\qT s|e|&e TT, n \y] y~| e&eT
*|]. deTjq HqT, d+|T |$ <X e TT\qT b>T&T#T, yT&T\
H Xu+\ T n+<Cd . |eTTK CrjTy~ dsE VdH ]>sT
V+< eTTd+ >T]+ |qd+].

kw*+y| uy\T |sT>T\T|f jTTe\ H&T C+ sh
eTdT $T{ jTs&+~ n HsjTDs&>sT ydHsT. nsTT
eTdT $T{ b> 1941 d+s e]es , Vs+>+> |#jT &+
yTT<\T|< T . sV d+> d+|T {| & T , +< eTVdu y~qT+&
sb\T Vs+>+> k+#ysT.
n$ +< eTVdu $Ty<T\T, ny<T\T, CrjT y<T\T,
eTdT\ T n+ *d |#d sE\T ` d T +>dT d><eTeTT
bZ C y[qysT ny<CrjTy<T\T>qT, C yysT
$Ty<T\T>qT u$+#&T es+uy T q ~. d T +>dT d>VQ \ T~T
KS
&sT > C\ T nqTu$ +q, oH<s ey< >sT $Ty~>H jT+#&HsT.
e&b{ VqTeT+se|+T\T >sT jo\ sj\ jT|&T
O
d++<e TT+#T<T . =+& y+s+>s&, sT\Z seTcse>s\T d T
BO
+>dT |<e T d>V eTT bZq<T . HqT L& C\ T y < T . |
d+b< &>H +&bsTTHqT. eqd+ > e n+<]B $Ty< yT `
O
n+<T d+<V yTMT <T .

C
_{w +&j $Ty<T\T +>dTqT e<*|{ *s |& s wH

ES
nqT eT~ ys eed ]+#TqT V <su<T $Ty<T\T eT e

d+dq T+ y[b <T . ny<T\ dV ]d y] \d |#dysT.
EM
$wjTeTT V<su<T |uTeTTL& &&q~. $Ty<, ny<,

CrjTy<, eTdT nH jT se TeTT +& $$<e TTq #q\T,
d+|<jTeTT\T >\ys+<]q |uT eTTy] |esq $<+ > qT+&~.

sheTT $|y ses+u eT>T#Tq$. |uT <<+

jT{ #\qeTT <T. d+ uy\T>\ |e sjT <V>H
|]>D+ #&ysT. d k+ n_bjTeTT>\ sCc+sE eT+eT+&*
qT+ y[b | <T . y]kqeTT, jTe dsT u T #dT >\, ys
Xu\ #b\q+f C VQ+ dssY nqT n\yT|&q sC <s sH
dT\u+ > \_+q~.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 179

+es yTT<{ ||+ # jTT<q+s+ V <su<T sh eT+ eT+&*
|<e T n< &T> jT$T+|&q dsY n sTTe+ | eTs sw s T &T
|<$ | jT$T+|&< T . dsY nsY V < V <suBjTT\T sT. q|{
ysT eT J$\eTT jTeu>eTT sh |uT <>eTT >&| H sT.
ysT sj \qT e> \e\+_+#< T . +es C^seseZ TT,
|uT <>eTT d++<e TTqys eT+T\T> jTeT$T+|&HsT. +^w
.d.mdt (I.C.S.). |d s T eT+T\T> jT$T+|&eTT y]~ | .
V<su<T sh #] yTT<{k], _{w +&j eTTd+>T
sj \ | + > d++<e TT>\ djT < nT nJE>sT HjTXK,
KS
eT eeVs\ XK eT+> jT$T+|&]. MsT b{ yddT \ T. e
HjTy<T\T. ;VsT sh eTTd+ >T n< \T ` >T sj \ ]]qysT.

O
BO
O
C
ES
EM


=$T<e |s D eTT
us |uT jTT<|q ` |\ |sDeTT
KS
us s |~, us< X #e], s eT< jTT< es+uy T q <
|{ + #>H us< X e TT +#q bjT+> jTT<e TT #s qT. |]d
O
us CrjTy<T\, <Xu \ +<] neeqs+ > qT+&qT. _{w n~s
BO
deTT<jTeTT ( British Common-Wealth) sTT s < X \ n &
bsy T +T\ u< eV+q eT+T\ d\V|q jTT< | q #jT &q~.
O
| qqT d* j, qJ+&T bsy T +T\T <T e|s q$. q&, <D

C
| bsyT+T\# n+^]+|& es n& jTT<|q sT><T.

$<+ > us< X e TTqT sT<d> jTT<e TT >TeHs +>dTysT,
ES
usrjTT\ ndeT |{ + ]. _{w sTT+&j sc\ |uT eTT\T

EM
q&T|#T+&q +>dT eT+T\T sJHe\T #d] . d|]b\q>\ +>dT

sc\ 1935e d+es| us |uT #e TT de|y T q ~. u+>\T,
|+CT, d+<T sc\ eeTT u< jTT |uT eTT |P] jTT< \eTT

jT<<+ >qT+&qT. nkeTT =~\eTT >essT |uT eTT q&q sT y

eT u< jTT |uT eTT @s&qT. <$<+ > ]k L& ]q~.
eTTd+ >TL& $jTe++> jTT< |jT eTT\T k>{ uws T
dV jTeTT, dV seTT#jT T |b<qM n+<Cj
T <T . >Ty] |b<q\
= ws T \ & jTT+&$. $Ty<T\T, V+<eTVduy sT eeTT
dV ]+#{ d<| & H sT.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 181

n~yX ||` >+B>] ndeT
|]d T \T sTT{ qT+&> _{w |uT eTT <Xd + sD , n\d+U\
V\T, <ojTsC\]q &+&\ T, us d$ ddT n~sT\
d++<eTT>\ _{w us sC+> eT+>] bwH >T]+ _{w
se eTTq & jTT<q+s+ k< yTq + s> us< X e TTq _{w
n~s deTT<jTeTT d+ <s, deqyTq u>keTeTT n~yX
|| (Dominion Status) \_+#Tq y>qeTT #dqT.
>+BeTVT&T y>qeTTqT eTT+<TB ydq # (Post dated cheque)
n yU+#qT. s+>& e] 1940 ]q +>dT deyXe TT
KS
_{w |uT eTT s| q #jT &q | qe\ jTT<e TT eT key<
<XeTT\T HsysT k+#&TTq< \yTq~. keeTT
O
usrjTT\, dj, | K+&ydT\ <|&|qH <s|&jTTq~.
BO
|]dT\ +>dT |+>, |s+> jTT<eTTq b
C\< rs+#&qT. us<X k+eTT key< eed
O
\TeC\<, usrjTT\T eT d+$<qdu <sH eT d+$<qeTT

sC+># e TT sb+~+#T= ||+ #eTT s< X \ eT d++<\T
C
ssTT+#T C\Ts, dw|s#&qT. n\d+U\ V\es

ES
d+$<qdu n~, n\d+U\# jTqT&q |<T \ eT< &+&

#dT &Tq &+& qqTd]+ >T]+#&q n\d+U\ V\T
EM
b&&Tq | q #jT &qT.

<ojTsC\ sE\ us<X k+esZeTT n&T V

q< +>dT n+^]+#C\<, <ojT sC\T, _{w +&j sc\T

nqT u< + b{+# us< X ksueTeTT usrjTT\H VyT jTTq<
rsqeTT <{+ #qT.
k+eTT >T]+ >+BJ |T<\
us<XeTTq $sT<+> _{wy] jTT<|q nqT o] +<
>+BeTVT&T ydq ydeTT _{w |uT k|\T eT
n~seTTq d++~+q ue qeTTqT jTs| ydT\ kse TT, dq eTT, <ojT

sE\T, \eTu< \T nqT& H\T>T d+ u\|q ]+Hs e]+#qT.
_{w |uT e\T eT key<eTTqT +Hs sTEe |s# {
H\T>T d+ u\qT |&> =e\d jTT+T+< L& yd].
>+B>sT eT | | q us< X e TTq q d+$<qeTTqT
qT j sT#dT H V>\< _{w ys+^]+#Tes y] jT{sJ
<sC \<T <ojT sE\T d+$<qdu #sC \TsT. ysT eT |\#
jTqT&q |<T \qT |+|+#C\Ts $X<| s ]. <ojTsE\T
_{w |uT u T\T> qTHs M] _{w |uT eTT qT+ | ysT >
jT{ kqeTT < dw| s ]. <ojTsE\ _{w |uT eTTq jTe
KS
k q eTT \_ + # C \< , _{ w ys T n~ s e TT sTTq s T y
<ojTsE\ eT <sqT s+ #T=qT _{w |uT s ~sT
O
(ysdT q ) us |\y| #& | < |{ + ].
BO
<ojT sE\T, y] d\V<s qT n\&
>+B>] | q# <ojT sC\ |uT e\, y] d\V<s n\&
O
|Te #qT. ysTeT d++<\T _{w ksueTTH jTTqe, y]

C
us |\jT{ d++<e TT <q T#T >+B>] $<qeTTqT ||T {+#

ES
Hs+_+]. V <su<T |< qeT+ dsY nsY V <] V <su<T Xdqdu

|qdd , e d++<\T _{w ksueTTH jTTqe |{ + ].
EM
_{w |uT eTT, e @s&q +, > s +&T Xu\ |+ |&q~.

eq _{w ksueTT @s&q e #\qeTT <T . V <su<T,
s <ojT sC\T jT\| &T _{w ksueTT eT d++<\T \e

<Te|sTd eHsT. B ksueTT |~ (ykjYT) >=| <qT

sDeTT> rdTe#TqT. u$ wT d++<e TT\ qT+ jT<
n+XeTT u>eTT ys eTse]q < #dqjT&\ n~ V<su<T
d++~+q+es |T q eV+q C+ |uT e nqTeT ~ sT>C\<
<{+ ].
dsY nsY V < d<+eTT <Xd + sD deTd L& nqTe]dT + <
dw|]]. \eTT V<su<T q >\ = n~s\T _{wt
50 d+es\ V<su<T 183

ksueTT |#| q<, = $X\yTq b+\T <e TT#d < <T\T>
= | dq|PN\T (Military guarantees) >=q<, |+
dq |PN\T &+&\ (Treaties ) |q <s|& j T Tqe, y <Xd + sD
>T]+ nk<sDyTq esTyT q ]q n$ sh nqTeT ~ sTT&
e]+#L &< , eTT +es dw| s qT V <>sT, V <su<T |uT
$<qeTT >T]+ |{ + ].
V <>sT, 1926e d+eseTT n|{ s|~ sT s &+>T _{w
| s e ~ s e TT ( Paramountcy) > T ]+ # d q | qqT d T \u + >
eTsbsTTHsT! | q<s jT <ojTsEL& deqeTT, _{w
KS
eTT`nq> ksueTT`d+uwD\T sT|C\& dw+ #jT&
jTT+&qT. ~ b>, _{w ksueTT e> + > jT{ n~seTT <T .
O
_{w ksueTT |se ~seTq _{w bsy T +T &q ksueTT
n~seTqe. $wjT eTT >T]+ V <su<T eTs seTTq
BO
# H +> | D #jT T V< |eTTK _{w sjT Xg
|+&T&T #s Y (Prof. Kelth) V<>] |HdeTTqT $eT]+#qT.
O
<ojTsC\T, e\ e> due TTq yTT+ usrjTT\ ks

C
n_e~ d+ e TeTqT <X e TT Hsy s T eyT HjTXg <seTT|q

ES
|se ~seTTqT |j >|s # & sC\Ts #s Y yU+#qT.

1940 qT+# C+> k+ |bd
EM
sjT Xg bwH jT{>T H, 1947 e d+es| pH H\

22e KTq C+ |{ + q k+| bs+ueeTT 1940e d+es|

|e]H\ 6e KTqH |<qeT+ dsY nsY V<>sT ]|Hs

#|e#TqT. V<>] |Hd ks+X yTeTq> _{w n~s
deTT<jTeTT us< X e TTq k+eTT \_+#>H V <su<T d+
sheTT> u$+#&TqT. _{w ksueTT HsT > <ojT sC\ d+u+<e TT
nqT = d<+eTT *+#&qT. V <su<T #]+ > |<X
d+ sheTT> qTq<, eTT+<TL& d++>H +&>\<
|{ + |&qT. _{w |uT eTT dV|PsyT q , $XdjTyTq yT
L&q d++<e TT\T sTT+e] ~ C\e, y u$ wT _{w
|uT eTT V <su<T #dT q &+&\ T sV+#C\ jT&\ qT
(_{w |uTeTT) V<su<T >T]+ sV+#e\dq u<\jTT
e<\T= V <su<T y|dT #jT eqq y<q eBd]!
V <su<T sh +s+ eeVs\ _{w |se ~seTT C+
*Z+#TL&<H $wjTeTT e _H_bjT yTq&T \T><T.
|CkeTy<T\+<sT |X >T]+ jTu$+HsT. d+
use TT _{w ksueTT HsT > d++<e TT nH d<+eTT`nq>
us< X e TTqT eTT\TeTT\T> $u +#T $<qeTT`n+^syT q ~ < yTeTT
$Xd+#yseTT. ++f nqs<jTyTq~ sTT+={ +&< yTeTT
KS
||T{+#T#T+{$T.
HC + |uT eTT`V < y] uy eTT
O
$<qeTT (Policy) qqTd]+q+es , V <su<T |uT eTT, V <T
BO
eTTdM THy] jTe & jT$T +&qT. <w+ #T |< , <sD |
<X e TT\ uj T T\T @u$ +jTT+&sH #| e#TqT. V <T eTTdM TH
O
HjT\T +< <V]+#&q H\T>T d+u\|q eT ueqsDeTT

C
>$+#T +<q k+].

ES
1. _{w |se ~seTTqT es+#T.

2. V <su<T k+eTTq &e+&T #jT T.
EM
3. u< jTT |uT eTTqT es+#T.

4. V <su<T eTTd+ \ ~ eTTqT dTds + >qT+#T.

s+&e ||+#jTT< es+uyTq |<| V<su<T sh k+

bseTT rD *> qT. ussT, sjT\deT \T ] V <su<T
y|dT sTTyj +s+ , $<X+> eeVs\ V <su<T d#>
eeV]+#qH deTd\|q V <T eTTdM TH y] +<q \|&q T.
V < y] <+u\ T
1940 e d+es| qe] H\ deyXyTq V<T eTTdMTH
d+d y]e d+<s e TTq eT n< |HdeTT V<s T jsY +>
50 d+es\ V<su<T 185

$<+ > |{ + #qT. y |T sjT T<e TT |* +> s +&Te+<\ d+es\
qT+ ud>q Tq us< X e TT eT]jTTk] _{w ksueTT # #jT +<
d#> Xd rdTHT ], #] d++~+q _q_q <X\
V<su<T jT n~s\T, u<\T, jT b+\T, eT+&\T q
$TT n|+q< nejTT uws T > V <su<T ] sTTeeTT
s>. u>[+> y| ussT, s dssT \T yTT<\>Tq$ V <su<T
sh V<T #]jTT+&eqT s+&ey|q d+ eTTd+ sheTT>
V <su<T, d+ us,Y ||+ #eTT sTTs d+ <X\ sjT
d++<eTT\T k|+#TH ns, n~seTT *jTT+&eq V<T
eTTdM TH HjT&T <{+ #qT.
KS
jTq, V+<Te\T eT sEqT H $w' |~M|' n qeTTs
O
ysT yTq |CkeTy<T\T sT. jTeqT\T (+^wysT)
|CkeTy<T\T eq y] d+w|s n~seTT k~+#{, V+<
BO
k<sT \T |CkeTeTTqT eTTdT>T> y&TTHsT. us< X yesDeTT
n~ d+U\eTT n~seTT #sTT+#T eTTd+ k<sT\ <
O
(Revenge) rdT=q{ eTTdT>TqT ds wy T q |eTTT> |j +#T

C
+{s V#]+#qT.
ES
yTeTT |Cke <w+#yseT e |q Hse TT y|&TTq~.

eTTd+\T ku$+> d+y<T\T, |CkeT uy\T \ys,
EM
HqT jTH |sjTeTT\T y\& + HqT. |&T L& y~ qT+& |{ k qT

n+ V<s T jsY+>, eTTd+ |CkeT, |dT |CkeT \
# u< e TTq<, qT y sH, | kH | H +&jT T+&

q sjT H<eTT |CkeTeTT | eTsMT +&< jTT, us< X

owd , yesDeTT, = q>d eTT\ qqTd]+ <Xe TT |uT
yT\T |CkeTeTT d]jT>T |eDeTT C\<jTT q $XdeTTqT
|{+#qT.
d T +>dT <eTeTT >T]+ #]d V <T eTTdM TH n< &T
|CkeTeTT nqT|sT n~d+K qT+&T V+<Te\T n~seTT
b+<p#T |CkeT d<+\qT y{ d++~+q &e+&T

#qqT L& eTTd+ \T dV +#C\s, jT& eTTd+ |uT eTTq
, CsTTr d\V#T#T |\ uy\T, neds\T |uT eTTq \T|
dV jT|&T d+d dV ]+#>\ eT e| s # q T. jTq, eTTd+ |uT e>]
u $ XdeTT qT+& y] u< eV+#T eT+T \T+&e\jTTqjTT, <
esT> eTTdyTsT\ L&q n~ d+U\ u<T\T> qT+&TqT\
eT+T\qT esd d+dq T L& eT+^]+# C\eT dw| s # q T.
V <su<T sh sjT esT\ d+<s e TT d+uwd , V <T
eTTdMTH HjT&T, sh ds~s\T, eT+T\ u<\T d+|Ps+>
|uTe>] kBqeTT qT+&T, Xdqdu eTTd+\>\ kqeTT\T
KS
q+>, dTds e TT> qT+&T s +&T eTTKyTq $, n{+ f jTe
eTTK+> +#q $wj \ |{+#qT. e jT+es
O
s +&T $wj \T | s + > qT+&y n+es eTTd+ \T sjT esT\
BO
dV ]+#s L& <{+ #qT. q n< |Hd| n+eT u>eTT V<s T
jsY +>T, V<su<T d k|+#T nedseTT, d
eek|q eTT >T]+ #]+#qT. nd| CV e+X| sE\ u $XdeTTq
O
bTqy] d #]+, ]_jTY sTT|+# jTsT

C
#jTe\jTTq & #dqT. eTTd+\ d eek|qeTT >T]+

ES
nqTL\yTq uy\T+&T| q d+weTT \T|, ;<sT , kHu<T

\ sCs eed V <T eTTdM TH XKqT qT #&< d>s +>
EM
*jTCdqT. d eek|q sTTk+ #] jT\| &T beTTK+ q<,

| eTTd+ ku$+> d &T>H H&, u$ wT L& n
$eTT dbsTT> qT+&eTT|H <s|& jTTq<, deeTT e T kq+

>\ys+<sT sCsT eed #se\jTTq u~+#qT. $<eTT>

sCs<eTeTT 1940 e d+eeTTH s+uy T q < #| e#TqT.
+> $#]d V <T eTTdM TH d+d bddT eeds |eTT <*q~.
VsT , eTk* dw+ q HJ, bddT d<+\T, d+ C (Racial)
|H<T\|q <s|& j T T+&>, V <T eTTdM THy] d<+eTT eTeTT|q
<s|& j T T+&qT. k+ eT+ u> e +T& V|s eTT\ jeqeTT,
eqe kueTT u~+#&q~. V <T eTTdM THysT V <su<T
50 d+es\ V<su<T 187

sheTT V+<Te\T ud\T, eTTd+ \T jTeqT\T nH d<+eTT u~+].
{ u<j T T |s ekqyTeTq> sheTT V+<, eTTd+ d++<\T
u> <q$. <wu y\T e~b+<qT. ;<sT +<eTT n& <q|
eT+& (esT), sTTs <TDeTT\ | n+{+#&qT. <q| eT+&
yseTT sE\< \T#T+&qT. | #sT H<T esT +&].
s +&e ||+ # eTVjTT< |]De\T
sh sjT |]dT\T $<+> qT+&> sb K+&eTT jTT<
|]d T \T # reeTT> e]be#T+&qT. , jTT<e TT sy| #s qT.
s, k$jT{ sc, \ eT< u\H sC\ $u q, |+|D >T]+
KS
|+<eTT ~sqT. u\H sC\q> jTT>ke seq, sZ , nq,
s|jT H nqe. jTT<q+se TT u\H u u>eTT sT jTs|
O
nqT&TTq~. jTT< |PseTT u u>eTT sb ydT\ nU&
BO
(|V qT\T d# d yT< q+) > u$+#&~.
Hs, &He sT yTT<\>T <X\T z&bjTqT. Hs <X dV js+
O
y[q _{wt dq\T n|jTeTT b+<qT. Hs, &HesY, V+&T, s

C
kBqeTT e#dqT. b+dT |sjTeTT b+<qT. s dq eTT\T b+dT

ES
<Xe TTqT $T+#qT. u*j T + z&bjTqT. m&H, e|q dH \T

<& ]|qT. seq, V+> k$jT{sc kBqeTTq &qT.
EM
k$jT{sc |ue+e\ *<H, mky, {j <X\T eTdT

d<+\ qe\+_+#qT. eT&T <X\ bsy T +T\ kw*dT k$jT{
]|_ \T yTs&qT |{ + #&qT. <X\ |uT eTT\T k$jT{ sc

qyTq T sc $<X+>eT+ |{ + #qT. sTT|{qT+ k$jT{ sc

d]V<T\T u* rseTTes y|+jTT+&T neTTKyTq $wjTeT
<{+#&qT.
+>+&T, k$jT{ sc\ eT< eT+ d++<\T jTs& X |T=q&+
# weT, dsY k|sT |qT q sjTu]> |+|, sc eT+
d++<e TT\qT jTsT #dT =H ] +>+&T +&e#Tq sc $<X+>
eT+ e{e *|qT. yTeTT jTT< rD d++~+q = eT

dMT|eTTq qTHeTT eT y| s, s +&ey| q nyT]
(U.S.A) dV jTeTT +>+&T eT< q jTT<e TT sT>TTq~. k$jT{sc
d++~+q+es n~ X+, d $<qeTT ne\+_d jTT<e TT jT{
u>+ rdT< k$jT{ sc $<X+> eT+ e{e |{ + #qT.
k$jT{ sc, s <X\eT< ]q &+& |seTT uj T <X\
d++<\T yT\T> qTqe &+&qT eTT ws> #sD
|{H eT, n+<Te\ sc, seT< d+|T sD ]> M\T< L& e{e
y\&+#qT.
Hs _{w dq\T n|jTeTT b+~q sDq e >seeTTq
KS
|< < *+< _{w |<qeT+ #+sTH bsyT+T eT
|sjTeTTqT n+^]+#qT. _{w |uT eTT| |\ $XdeTT |]>qT.
O
B |* +> #+sYH q |<$ dd #| e\de#qT. #] |< qeT+>
mqT&qT. jTq 1945 e d+eseTT jTT<e TT |P]> n+yT T+<
BO
eTT+< ]q jT\es jTT<\| |<qeT+> qT+&, jTT<eTTqT
jT|<e TT> k+, VsT , eTTk*{ <TwX \ qT, y] $<H\qT
O
s\qeTT >$+q eTVj<T > #] sksTT> qT+&bsTTH&T.

C
#] jT|& us k+eTTq $s~, <ojTsE\ dVT&T>

ES
qT+&qT. jTq eTTd+>TqT bV+H&T. jTq d+<s+

us< X e TTq k+eTT , _{wt keeTTqT ~y\ rjT{
EM
HqT |< qeT+ < nH&T. #] | key~.

#] jTT<e T+eT+&* us sC+> eT+> m.mdt. d (L.S.
Smery) #sT &qT. jTq _{w n~s deTT<jTeTT, us<

X e TTq
k+eTT, deq u>keTeTT \_+#T, _{wt $<q <X e T |{ + #qT.
+H b+ &sT yT< qeTT _{w,t |+ dq\T >=| <q$.
y\eT+~ d \T eTsD+ ]. nbsyT q qwe TT *> qT. nw+ > dTesT
H\T>T \\ eT+~ d \T bD\ jT|&] . +>+&T|q s >=|
jTTq <&T\T #jT Hs+_+#qT. _H|q s u#j T T | q _H q
H\eTT, e\d<X \ dV jTeTT deTT<eTT|q jTT<e TT sT|q, _{wt
|uT <& XjTeTTqT #] |{ + #qT.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 189

>+B HjT ssD
_{wt ~\eTT qT+ yTeTT k+eTTqT y< < eTVT&T
|{+#qT. +>+&T = d+eTT\Tq e ydeyT. yTeTT
+>+&T, b+dT jTT<e TT jTeTT b+<eq sTeT &s T
sC+<|k< y\& + #qT. HJ d<+eTTq > \T| nH ueeTTH us< X e TT
d+|Ps+> esdTq~. D+#T#Tq key<eTTqT s+#T
us< X dV jTeTT sT eT+~ < yVsT HVA <{+ #qT.
+>+&T<X wqweTT\T us<XeTTq d<eXeTT C\<, nsTT
us<XeTT q +s+ |]dT\qT |d k+bseTT
KS
|C\< HVA>sT |{+]. e +s+ $<qeTTq <]
#|+#Tq~ deTTq~. n~ us< X k+eTT, k+eTT
O
>T]+ _{wt |uT e\ |esq nL& HVA>sT dw| ] ].
BO
+>dT s]D du q 17e pH 1940 H{ deyXe TT nV+k
|< T \|q k+eTTq CrjT bseTT k>e\d+<q rs+#qT.
O
d> B\H <Ts< we XT b+dT <Xe TT n|jTeTT b+~ s

C
Vd> ejTqT. +^w #H, sTT+>+&T u u>eTT|q sH $eH\

ES
<&T\e\q # uj T +s |]d @s&qT.

yTT<{ ||+ # jTT<e TT dj K+&eTT m& jTT<e TT s> < T .
EM
jTT< \+ bH<X jTT< H<e TT sb\T, #H <X deTT<

se\ $sT<eTT> jTT<#s\T, sTT+& #H b+eTTq dqyTq

|e<eTTe\q <D b# dj u u>eTT jTT<e TT sT>T |]d T \T

@s&qT. | +> us< X e TTq nbjTsy T q d#q\T q&T#T+&qT.
|]d +>dT s]D du deyXy T |qs+#qT. us< X e TT,
_H ujTT\T jT<TsT+Tq deTd |]cseTTq us<X |Ps
k+eTTqT, _{wt |uT eT+^]+#T jTqTq~ f eseZ T s]D
du q $XdeTTqT |{+#qT. eq $wjTeTT dwyTq
|q>$d #sD |T nedsyTq #s\T _{w |uTeTT
rdT=qe\jTTq s&qT. dwy T q | q#d +<eTT * CrjT
|uT eTT @sT #jT e\jTTq, n~ * #s > qTq|{, Xdqdu ,
mqT&q nesZ\y] $XdeTT, sc\ u< jTT |uT eTT\ dV
dV seTT b+<TqTe+{~> qT+&e\jTTq rs+#&qT.
>+BeTVT&T +>dT s]D duj
T T rsqeTTqT $eT]d,
_H q sTTw|Ps+> +>dT ]qT |P]#d| jTT<eTT
jT{u >eTT rdT+& qT+&TjT sTT+es +>dT b\d> qT+&qT.
s]D du duT \+<] bwH $<+ > +&q yU+#qT.
HqT T rsqeTT |yX |{ . | duT &T < yT#T=HqT.
UHkVu | duT \ jTe]L & nV+k d<+eTT|q d+|Ps
KS
$XdeTT +&qT. n+<T jTesq eT jes|Z |\ $XdeTT
$<+ > qTH< #| C* u>T+&~. y] =+<]<>sZ n~<T .
O
=+<sT eeTT e>+> ]|eTT #Tqf Hs >+B>sT
BO
$eT]+].
>+BJ q <<e TT, e]+>T $T{ duT \ <<e TT _q+>qTq
O
d+> ||<eTeTTqH q \TdTq+, duT\T nV+k d<+eTTqT

C
e<T\THsH qe n+^]+#eTT< ]. rsqeTT ysT ne\+_+q

ES
<w nV+dy | q< ysT#d y<qqT $XB]d, nV+d >T]+ jTe

+#eTTe\q H nqTeqeTT e~jT q<, H <s< w |q bs
EM
eq< ysT u$dTHsT. yTT+|q $T{ qqT nqT]+#eTT<

*dbsTTq s HqT $eTT b+~Hq dw| ] ]. +>dT HjT\T

>+B HjTeTTqT s]+]. eTVT&T +>dT d++<eTT

e<\T=HqT.
us< X e TTq k+eTT \_d, +>dT +>+&T dV jT|&T
d<+ > qTq< sCJ |{ + #qT.
+>dT n<&T eTH C< +>dT wsT\T n+^]+|&q
jT&\ jTT<e TT +>dT d+|Ps+ > u>+ rdT>\<qT jT<se TT +>dT
rsqeTT qTq< |{ + #qT.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 191

H>] ~C d<+eTT
CrjT |uT <X e TT +>dT |uT eTT| eTs$T < eTTd+ >T
HjT&T H>sT $eT]+]. +>dT ] n+^]+|&q jT&\ V+<
n~d + K |uT yTs&Tq, bwH eTT <| n+^]+#eT H>sT
|{+].
+>dTy] CrjT |uT d#q, q ~CrjT d<+eTT (Two
Nation Theory) ese Z TT n&T > T \THy jT H>] uj T eTT. us eTTd+ \
ksTT | eTs $wjTeTT +#q~ < jTq u$+# y&T.
s +&TCT\ d<+eTT n_e~|s eT ys <Xe TT bkH seq
KS
>T HjT&T <eT es+_+H&T. eq CrjT |uT eTT #sT
s+&TCT\ d<+eTTq $sT<eT H>sT CrjT |uT d#qqT
O
s ] +# q T. u s < X e TT sTT s n\d + U \e eTTd + \qT
BO
u$+#L&<, s+&TCT\ d<+qTkseTT eTTd+\~ ys C
n>Te\q MsT V+<Te\ deqeTT> eeV]+|&T nsT\
O
s|~ y~+#qT. jTT< \eTTes T~s|eTT, us

eTTd+ \ nqTeT~ jT+{ sC+># e TT n+^]+#eT _{wt |uT eTT
C
uwsT> qeTeTT *+#e\jTTq H>sT s|~ ]].

ES
<bT <Xe TT jTT<d H V\qT dq<| s # T <X e TT d+|T {y T TqsT

eed=s +<`sh |uT\ n~seTTqT, +{\TqT, eTTd+
EM
HjT\ deqyTq u>eTT+&e\jTTq s +&e ws T |{] .

s|~ jTT ssV d$T $d eTT #jT TH&\ n+<T

+>dT #sT | q, eTTd+ duT \T V+< duT \T deq+> qT+&e\jTTq,

+>dT #s jT&\ eTTd+ \ n~d + K qT+&e\jTTq L& &e+&T
#jT&qT.
_{w y] d+ |b<q\T
us< X e TT eTTKyTq b\ jT{ sJ<s eTT < , u< \T
jT<$~> qTqe _{wt |uT eTT eT |]cseTT\qT s|~<s
>dT 1940 |{ + #qT. jTT<q+se TT us< X e TTq n~yX s<s

(Dominion Status) sTTe&Tq, @e e\deTT sT>+& qMq
d+$<qeTT d<| s # T us< X CrjT J$eTTq d++~+q eTTK
n+XeTT\ |<T \ L&q eT+&* jTsT #jT &TqqT _{wt |uT
|]cseTTqT s|~ |{+#qT. qMq d+$<qeTT n\d+U\
deTd d+|PseTT> <w |T&Tq $XB]d, us CrjT
J$eTTq d++~+q |< qyTq , \es y T q n+XeTT\T #sT &q{
jT |uT eed L & _{w |uT eTT, us< X X+u <\ <c, q
|dT u< \qT, |+#C\< s|~ dw| s # q T. |dT >essT
qs ssV d$T $d |s # T |]w]+#Hq <, n+<T,
j T T< s b\T j T | < + > k+# eTT | C _ bj T eTTqT
KS
k~+#TqTe+{ |eTTKe\ T V+#&T<Ts s|~ |{ + #qT.
O
s|~<s #dq _{wt |b<qqT V+< eTVdu, $Ty<T
BO
\+^]+]. eTTd+>T s]+#<T. +>dT s]+#qT. +>dT
HjT\T >+B eTVT HjT eTTqT V+]. eTVT|q eT
$XdeTTqT |{ + ]. usY d+ <Xy T q _{wt |uT eTT |{ + q+
O
eq d+ usY C\<, eTVT&T y~+#qT. _{wtysT

C
us<XeTT qT+ y[bsTTq sTy, us<XeTT q ndeTTqT

ES
\T|C* n|&T us< X e TTq k+eTT \_+qT u$+#&Tq

>+B>sT eT <&$ XdeTTqT *|].
EM
|dT e TT eTqeTT y+eTT eyT sTTHeT, eTq ]qT

s|~ s]+, nV+k |PsyT q XdH\+|T qeTqT #s
$T*jTT+&Tq, >+B>sT |{ + ]. ]qT s|~ s]+#qT.

+>+&T jTT<\eTT X+y<T\ (Pacifists) q+ V

us< X e TT y]L & +&>\ < \T|, X+y~ q $XdeTTqT
Vs+>duL& |{+#>\T>T&T sTTsT\qTL& q esZyT
ne\+_+#T |jT +#C\& s|~ dw| ] #qT. >+B>sT, eTT
j T T< s b\ eT> T j T Tq s s \ qT L \qT
|u~+#\ #T<T . eT, eT dV #sT \ yTT+ <Xe TT |\qT
jTT< |jT eTT dV ]+# +& qT+&T u~+#T d# +&e\jTTq
50 d+es\ V<su<T 193

]]. ]qT s|~ s<T # dqT. * +> +>dT d><eT
es+uejTqT. +>dT s]D d$T, >+B>] +<q $<qeTT
q+^]+ d+|Ps dV seTT H=d>T y>qeTT #dqT.
+<q d+|PsyTq nV+d|qH <s|&jTT+&Tq, yTT<{<X
q# mqT&q e\ es d>V eTT |]$TyT +&>\ <, q d+|Ps
$XdeTT b+<>* q e q# mqT&T<Ts >+B>sT eT $<qeTTqT
e| ] ]. ds<jT , u <q HjT&T, >+B>] nq+s < ysdT &q
$Huuy>sT yTT<{ d>V > mqT&]. ysT jTT<e TTq $sT<e TT>
|HdeTT*d |T&]. <T |] +>dT n< &T eTH C<, HVA,
KS
sCJ dV +>dT HjT\T |T&].
eTTd+ >T, q s]D d$T MT{+>T s|~ | q | s + >
O
qTq<, eTTd+ \T jTT< se\ bZqeq rs+#qT.
BO
V < y] eT|X <sD
O
V <su<T V <T eTTdM TH n\us eTTd+ >T |s|eTT>H

eeV]d >Ty] s +&T CT\ d<+eTT qqTd]+q~. nsTT V <
C
d+d V<su<T eTTd+\T ysTCjTH, C b\CjT eTs=

ES
$w q TL& #]q~! V < HjT&T V<s T jsY+>, pH 1940H,

V<su<T eTTd+\T C> <X|uTe\, C+ |uTe eTTd+\
EM
ksueTeTTq VeT, < H b+ eTTd+ \T C+ |uT e >\

n~s\T sTT+e] |+#T jT|&T, mq{ L& d+V+#C\s,
<{+ #qT. =~\eTT +<H ]q d+|T sDqT | d eTs\ n{

d+|TsD ]|qjT&\ < |]DeTeTT n+sT<eTT | eTs$T <

V<s T jsY +> |{ + #qT.
dMT|\eTTH us<XeTTq n~yXs <s\_+q jT&\
V <su<T s| q _{w |uT eTTq |+#&q sTT\jTT ]
V <su<T y|dT <=se \jTTqjTT, n|&T V <su<T sh d]V<T\ T
<D eTTq sjT\deTes q, sTq eT+<sT deTT< rseTTes q
y|+jTT+&Tq, |eTeTTq c|PsY, ;C|PsYes eT |uT

eTT+&Tq, s e TTq V+< s<jT>T ys #T \T|<TeT V <
HjT&T *|qT. jTq, sh|uTeTT _{wt |uTeTTq |P]>
dVjT|&e\d jTT+T+<, n{ |]d V<su<T dq\T $<X\
_{wt ksueTT XTdq\ sDs+>eTT jTT<e TT#jT Tq|&T sh
+s+ eeVs\T #& +& # uTe\dq u< jT+ +T+<
dw| s # q T. u< Hsy s T , |uT eTTq eT deqT deT]+#TH
eTTd+ sCs |q H <s|& +T+< V#]+#qT.
V <su<T |uT eTTq y~+#T=q $C|q |eTT V <T
eTTdMTH d+dysT, us<XeTTq n~yX s|<s \_+#>H n<
KS
|T&jT V<su<T d+ <XeTT> |]>D+|&eq &#d].
jTT< \eTTH jTT<k eT j sT#jT T |]XeT\T, V <T eTTdM TH
O
sCs ]sTdq\T jTs&e\jTTq &e+&T |{] .
BO
|< qeT+ dsY nsY V < eT |T s e TT $C|q |eTT
$e]+|&q n+XeTT\jTT |uT <w qTqe, sTT|&T jTT<e TTe\q
O
*q |]d , us< X e TTq n~yX s|<s >T]+ _{w |uT

C
| q\ <c V <su<T |uT eTT Bs+ > dTq < V<s Y jsY
+>T *|].
ES
V<su<T sh |C <e\T, d+d\ >T]+, n$jTjTT kq

|weTT\T (Localised) >H +&e\jTTq jT{ <e\T, d+d\
EM
jT{ d++<e TT+&L &< V <su<T sh |uT eTT |{q |T. B

es+> ] n~ eT | D j T eTT> qT+&Tq V <su<T |uT eTT

|<| < |{ + q~. |uT eTTy] $<qeTT nqTue d<e TT> V <T
eTTdM TH d+d nqTe]+#~< *bsTTq~!
V <T eTTdM TH d+d HjT&T V<s T jsY +>u s eTTd+ >T
duT &T>qT, <ojT sC\ eTTd+ >T n< &T>qT, y| us
sj \ CeTT *+Z #T+, s +&ey| n& sj \ V <su<T
sh sj \T |u $eT>TqT >{> |#dy&T. jTq neTèTwF
HjT eTTq jT\T<]q UsY <eTeTT #TsT> u>eTT rdTHy&T.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 195

UsY <eTeTT $<y T q ns d eed. V<s T jsY+> djT+>,
jTbs+ <TdT\T <]+, |eTTK UsY dbsTT> eedqT #\
\|s H&T. |+CT dsY d+ <sY VjYUH |uT eTT eedq T
w~ + # q T. n< s E V < s u< T sheTT eed u >
d+|T {| & q T. Us<eTeTT yTT+ sheTT y|+#qT sTT~,
n\us eed eeTTe\q us< jTT<\| jTeTeTT\
jTdeTjTeTTHq >T]e#Tq V<s T jsY+> >eT+jTT+{&T.
eq V <T eTTdM TH n< sq sCsY usT qT n&T k|+ #T
|jTeTT s+uejTqT. keq eTTd+qeTT sD|jT (Militant)
VeTT *+#TjT jTq q <X e TT> |T=HqT.
KS
|jT\ |*+> sjT yesDeTT =+es \TwyT
O
jTT+&e#TqT. V <su<T V+<, eTTd+ \ s s \qT+ jTs&q
BO
dVd++<\T nqTq+ s> n+yT T+<< T . sjT uy\T jT{
H, e> dVuy\T <q<T . V <T eTTdM THy] sj \
e\q V <su<T eTTd+ \ jT+ \eTTqT+ *j Z T Tq eTT uy\T
O
eeTT #\es e]bsTTqe #|e#TqT. V<su<T eTTd+\

C
J$<seTT |uT <> nH y<q { jTT+&~. n~ e]q~.

ES
us< X eTTd+ \T m&ysH ds |s<T nH <sD s+uy T q ~. sh

<>\|q jT b+eTT eTTd+ \ jeTeTT ]qq, n~ | D j T yTq ~
EM
< ysT \+]. == deTj\ V < HjT\T jT{y]

V+ \kH\ y] jT$T+#eq |uTeTT|q &#d].
n|{ s |eT d]V<T sheTT (|{ bkH sh+) ed+#T

|B |s qT\qT |sT>\ ~ydT\ (Tribals) qT V <su<T sh dq

+|e\jTTq +<q ]|].
Vs+>du |qdd V<s T jsY+>, |B \q&T
d+VeTT\qT mesT +{\T #jT C\Ts V <su<T |uT ~sT\T
=+<sT |dTHs, < { $XdeTT n~sT\+<sT
syT\T e<\Te\jTTqH< H=d>T |T s e T #|qT.

V <su<T eTTk*!
yTT+ |q sTT~ V<s T jsY +> ~q~q |ese q eTeTq \eTT.
k+ |e VsT eTVeT<T q~HeeTTq d++~+q Vs+>du \
|HdeTT\ eT+e> q |CJ$ es+_+, ;> , +J+ (X~,
d+|TqeTT) <e\ bZ sTTk+ eT |#seTT #jTT#T =y\
V]qT\qT eTTd+ \T> e], T< sjT HjT&, V <T eTTdM TH
d+d jT+> V<su<T sh eTTd+\+<] jT eTVHjT
&|+#T=HqT. eTTd+ ksueT d<+eTTqT dw+ |CkeT
d<+eTTq es+> bseTT k+#qT. eTTd+>T s+&TCT\
KS
d<+eTTqT <&|sTd bkH <eTeTTqT \|s#qT. eTTd+>T
b\es+Z #] us< X eTTd+ \ eTTKHjT&T> osY $TqV, sTTs
O
<ojT sC\ eTTd+ \qT |CkeT <e\qT es+{ |]=qT.
BO
jTq ns d eed\ T ]+#qT. jTq m<TsT e{&y sT sT . jTq
#| +< y<y eTT. eTcjTKT\ (eT>T sTe\) kqeTT jTH $T+#qT.
q sjT $<qeTTqT sh |uT eTT #sD |e\jTTq |Tfq T.
O
sh |uTeTT V<T eTTdMTH d+d b |uTeTT> |]b\q

C
k+#e\jTTq V<sT jsY +> +<q ]|qT. jTq

ES
_H_bjTeTTqT dV+#+&qT. $<+> V<T eTTdMTH nsd

eed dV jTeTT, bddT HjT&>T eTTk*e eeV]+|k>qT.
EM
eT$wj\T jTq u>H \TdTqT. eT>TsTe\T ys HsT.

V<s T jsY +>T eTTd+ d+|T eTT eT+ kqeTT+&qT. n+
eq jTq \qT skeV+#& m+<s n~sT\T d<e TT> +&].

jTT |jT
|]d T \ =+<sT V<s T jsY +> rjTT\T, =+<sT u \ T
jTq #|q jTT #jT e\jTTq =+ |#seTT #d] . k+ eT
#] jTT # beTTK+ \<T. k+ eT|e VsY eTVeT<T
#|q yTT<{ eTTd+ \T jTT #d] . s Kb\ #|q L& jTT
#jT &qT. jTT nq> d<+eTT\ & u $ XdeTT\ |e]+TeT
50 d+es\ V<su<T 197

|eDdseTT #jT eTqe. <Xe TT, eTTd+ C de=s V<s T
jsY +> #|q X|< e TT #sTT+#T=qT jTq> q w{ dV jTeTT
eT, sjT s+>\ V<s T jsY +> q b{ eed H={ k|+ |
XsTT+#Tqe, V<s T jsY +> ~ q $sT<y T q | |#seT
|{+H eTTd+ eT>TsTe\ jTT <XeTT >T]+ n\&
jT\T<s qT. |< |< C^sT<sT, nMTsT ndV +#T=]. V<s T jsY
+> nq eT* H<eTT e\q C+ <ssT L& =+ nqTeqeTT
*>qT.
eTTk* q n~s k|q ne\+_+q |< T \e\q, bddT
KS
|uT $<qeTTe\q <X| sE $ jTeqTjT |{q >>T]+,
sE\ HqT #\ $|\eTT> H= ydeTTqT |{ + ydeTT
O
=+es <ssT q | #dqT! C+ nqTeT | , q+ qT>
BO
V<s T jsY +> C+ <ssT y |< bjTqT.
eT+eT+& * n+ e s q eT+ T \ | < $ sTT e TT+< T
O
b&+#L &< , y]kH |CV ss\ qT #sT eq V <Ty]

C
+<q s+ue jTqT.

ES
MTsY nsY nUH>sT

V <su<T sh sjT , ke J$eTT|q V<s T jsY +>,
EM
jTq d+d V <T eTTdM TH sb\T $T+#TqTe+{$> q|{,

m+<s eTTd+ \T jTqqT es+#ysT L& +&]. n{y] MTsY

nsY nUH>sT (eJ s |<X >essT) eTTKT\T. MsT eTTd+ CrjT|

HjT\T> (Leader of the Nationalist Muslims) sh sj \ eT< eT
<<eTT *+#T w #dysT. n|{ sjT owd nsY
nUH>sT dT +>dTy] u<jTT |uT <XeTT, V<y]
eTTd+ ksueT d<+eTT` s +&{ ` n+^]+#ysT sT. kj
$X$<\jT |u<T\ d+d|q M] |ueeTT+&~. nsY UH>sT
V+<èTTd+ >T]+ m&> +& |jT eTT sT|#TH +&].

V+< eTTd+ |jT\T
<XeTT n+yT T+<TTq <q>, V+<èTTd+ >T ]+ eT
e<+T\T jT\T<s qT. V <ysT, eT HjT&T V<s T jsY +>T
| eTTd+ \ s| q eTsesTqT V+<Te\ d+uwD\T sT| nsT\T
s rs+].
V+<Te\ s| q &s T eT+J>] HjT eTTq deyXy T q V+<
|CeT+&*ysT d+uwD\T sT| yT nsT\, e+>|* \+s+
(d+ <u<T es \T) >] dHq<s eTVduy sT eT d+dj
T n$<\
KS
ns> \ d+dj T |b<q\T |{] . +{ d#y T q \, eT| b ,
e\eTT <]d+d\T, sh sj\ CeTT *+#T=q{
O
d<| & T |uT ~sT\ bVyT sDeT d T +>dT HjT\T
qyTysT.
BO
kMTJ s+<e TT
O
m{>H$T V<su<T sheTT V+< |CeT+&*, V<T

C
eTTdMTH +{ \eT |b sjT d+d\ sb\ nqTeT

ES
e&q~. \ eTu< e TT\T +& V+<Te\T, eTTd+ \T yTT<\>T

\ ys+<sT duT \T> #sT neXeTTqqT, d T +>dT, |sTe]q
EM
Hwq H|s qT J$+jTT+&T ns b sTTq~! d T +>dT

eTTd+\T duT\T> sH H|eTTdT +>dT CrjTd+d< |uT
w<s \ >T] jTqT. d+d |sT e]qqT <X e TT es< |uT eTTy]

| D . u< jTT |uT k<q >T]+q <X e TT\T VQ | D j

T yTq e
*bsTTq~. d T +>dT q k<sDse\T L& X+jTT+>
q&T|=qT nqTeT+#& |uTeTT s]+q~ eq kMT
seq+< rs |uT w<\ qT\+|T +#T eT d+\eTTqT |uT eTTq
*|]. n+{ kMTJ |T&]. >+BeTVT <XqTkseTT, <T>TsT
duT \T e> + > kMTJ nqTd]d |T&].
50 d+es\ V<su<T 199

]<e\ |>
sjT |]d T $<e TT> qT+&> ]\ nd+|, nX+, n\&
jT\T<]q~. |~`|H +&T d+es\ +< C+ d T s +|
d> qTq\eTT jT\T<]q ]<eTeTT u> >{| & q ~. <eTeTT
|uT eTT<DX\, |uT +X\ (Mint) \ y|+ ]d+ | \T
ndeTT eq$. |VQUH>] HjTeTTq ] d+|\T
>T]+#&jTT+&qT.
s qT CrjTeTT #dq sT y s&Ts y D ddT s y] sVDeTT
KS
+< qT+#&qT. ~>, 1940e d+es+eTT |uTeTTysT
$eq d d T qT L & s + _ + ]. s Crj T + # j T & q s
O
s XU~sT\ eT sb\qT $d |s ] ]\qT eeTT
|+ ]. <>T\ |s <T\ >T]+ jT+{ X< #|+# bejT
BO
]d+|TeTT, d+|~sT\ >T]+ sXU~sT\ |esq n
| D j T eTT> e]bsTTq~. |~ d+es\ |PseTT ] d+|T eTTq
O
+|ysT sTTq >T]+| (Recognition) qT |uTBqeTT qTq

C
s XU~sT\T |d+ V]+#T=].

ES
s CrsT]+q&q s dTesT 12 e+<\ eT+~ <>T\T

=\+#&]. q~sT\ d+K u> V+y] J\T |+#&qT.
EM
H\T>Te+<\ >+>TyqT +Z , >+>TyTH d+eseTTq 50 |d \

#=|q J\T |+#&qT. $<+ > >+>TyTH\ JeTT 12 qT+ 15es

V <su<T V sbjT\ ss TT+#&qT.

s XK <jTeTT |sT>T<\ qTqqT e J\T b+<T <>dT \
>T]+ +| s]+#eTT, <>T\ >&T d+es\=\~ |
+#eTT, e J\T b+<Ty] V#TJ\T>\ <>T\ |
#sTT+#eTT, |#jT T \eTTq d++~+q #e TTqT #sD |
e J| <>T\ jTe \eTT | #sTT+#T=qeTT yTT<\>T
]\ |s <T\qT #$qufy sT +&].

V <su<T s sh|uT dj
T , us s B b\L&< ,
V <su<T d+|<j\T | yT q e, y{ b{+#e\jTTq y~d
=+<sT |eTTKT\T ]<eTeTTH K+&+#ysT+&]. s eed
d++~+q deTd\es n\us s $<qeTTqT nqTd]+#eTT, ;<
<>T\ XjT dT d++~+q |X \ es sTT~ V <su<T sheT,
sTT& |]d T \T, d+|<j\T ys , jT{ $wj \qT <V ]+# L&<
y<q #jT eTT s XU~sT\ nudyT j T T+&qT.
] eTVdu
MTsY nsY nUH >] n< q ]q ] eTVdu ] <eT
KS
HjT&T, s] d+|<&T |VQUH |qdd, ]\T
|]XeT\qT CrsT]+#{ $sT<+> s, ysT nqTL\Ts n
O
dw|sTd ]\T jT e n~seTTq >T>
BO
es&& eeT+^]+#sH q T. @< |]XeT CrsT]+#&q<
u$+#T |]XeT d++~+q |]b\q |\, eTTK+>
O
<>T\ |\T& jTT+&eqT. { |\T& V <su<T

C
s XK jT$<+ > CrsT]+#&q< u$+#q | V Q UH>sT

ES
|+]. XUy] eT ;< <>T\ >T]+ jT{ kqTu

beeTT, |PseTT#jT&q y>qeTT\ _q+> ;< <>T\qT
+Z #+ |dT we TT\ sDeT UH>sT $X<| s ].
EM
nsY nUH>sT, eT n< |HdeTT _{w +&j sTTs

] k<sT \, ss\ q ] ks eTT\jTT MT \_+#e\jTTqH

H yT q n_bjTeT qT&$].
eTVdu V <T eTTdM TH d+d s<] nTV dH djT <
>sT, sh+>dt HjT\T oH<s e y< , sT\Z seTws e>s\T,
eT+<TeTT\ qsd+>se yTT<\>TysT |qdd ]\jT&\ eT
kqTu y\&+]. X+jTT+> eT bseTT sT|e\jTTq
nTV dH djT <>sT, ]\ |s <T\T HjTdeTyT q e oH<s e
y< >sT, ]\ eed $u< \T *+#T X \ C>> qT+&e\jTTq
50 d+es\ V<su<T 201

qsd+ >se, ]\ |s <T\T HjT<y T q e, | <eTeTTqT |uT eTT
nqTeq<w #&L &< sT\Z seTws e>sT |d+ +].
eTVdu deyXe TT jT|<e TT> k>{ us< X ]HjT\T
eT Xud + <Xe TT\T |+|]. ds l $.$. ] (eJ sh|), >TC
q+<, eTTH<dT yTV, mH.m+. Cw yTT<\>TysT eT d+<X\
]\T d+|T{|& eT <XeTT\T k~+#e\jTTq ]].
|#jT T\eTT +Z #&e TT, jTT< \| n\yqT sTTeeTT, e yH \T>\
<>T\ b$&+T|+ &T yTT<\>T = ks\T \_+#&e TT s XK
<>T\T jTq VeTT sT| +<q|q H <s|& j T Tq< f&
KS
jTjTH s<] mH.m+. Cw>sT *|].
mesT m d\V*H |uT $<qeTT jT{ esT s<T . 1940
O
e d+es+eTTq |uT eTT<DX\, |uT +k\ <>T\ =+<],
BO
|uT <>T\ |esq +<q \ $sT<+ > |uT eTT nqTeT b+<,
] d+| \T k|+ #THsH H|e TT|q , <>\qT+ =\+]. s XK
O
]\ +<q jT<<+ > k>T#T+&qT. |]d |q n\us s

]\T +<q C+~]. &d+sT H\ us ]HjT\T eT
C
deyXeTT $wjTeTT +, eT d+jTT |q, |uT

ES
yK ]jT& eT sdq *|]. us s L\ deU< &T l eTTH<dT

yTV, n|{ ..|. s ] d+| < &T l mdt.d. Cw, us H$\
EM
d+|<&T l bT n, n\ us sL\ deK s<]

l >TsTb<k$T yTT<\>TysT eT d+jTT | q V <su<T |uT
$<qeTTqT >T]+ eT u<qT e|s]. #, X+jTT+>

eeV]dTq ] d+| \>T]+ |uT ~sT\ |esq , HjTdeTyT q

] b\ ysT ne\+_+#T es#s \T #\ $#ss + > qTqe
|{ + ]. s ]\ > |H +&T d+es\ qT+ +&q >T]+|qT
e> sD\|q |d+ V]+#T=qT $T* n_e~ s< #s > >
qT<V ]+#e#Tq]. }V+#{ L& M\Tq{ >T]+| ws T \qT d+|T eTT
y~+#T XU~sT\T |T&e TT n|T syT q $wjT eT qT&$].
|uT eTT d $X\<w ne\+_+ ] d+|T eTT, s XU~sT\

qyTq u< \T dT\u+ > |]cseTT C\T$ B |uT eTT
V<jT |]esq se\jTTq us ] HjT\T n_bjT|&] .
|uT s+>eTT ] |]d T |sTTyT s+>eTT L& jTs&
+&qT. V <su<T, nes+>u<T, es+>\T |#jT Tq ]\ nX+,
n+d |, +<q jT\T<s qT. \ ($T\T\) jTeqT\T, |uT ~sT\
$<qeTT qqTd]+]. MsT ]\ eT d+| \T |T= d+|T {| &
d+|~+|\T ]| V\qT s]+]. dyT \T ]>qT. X+u <\ T b&T
|sT bdT n~sT\T jTeqT\ dV jT|&T #T+&ysT. $<+ >
]<eTeTTqT nD#T |jT eTT\T #TsT> ]>qT.
KS
s s + >eTTq = d+dsD\T
O
]s+>eTT |]dT $<+>, ss+>eTT = d+dsD\T
|yX |T |jT eTT\T ]>qT. |uT eTTysT = eTTK TX dqeTT\T
BO
Xdqdu |yX|{], |{qT+ 34 d+es\ + sD \T<sT
#e TT y~+#&qT. TTD<\ #e TT, eekjT<s TTD|]cs #e TT.
O
eekjTu eTT\ nH+ #e TT, u $T qU u+#e TT yTT<\>Tq$

C
TX dqeTT\ eTTKyTq $.
ES
kVQsT TTD<\ #eTT<s, kVQsT s+<eTT> eT

|sT ]d #sTT+#Te\jTTq, TTDeTT *e{ |uT \T
EM
dqT\T b+<e\jTTq, =$T~ X+ (9%) q jTee& rdTL&<

Xd+#&qT. eekjT |+\ <s\T |&be&+e\q eekjT TTD\T
|sT>T#T+&qT. n{ TTD\qT rsT X, keTs + eekjT<s +&qT.

B |* +> eekjT<s u eTT\T kVQs kBqeTT sk>qT. eq

{ TTD\> T ]+ eekj T <s q T, kV Q s q T sJ| s TTD\
| ] cs e sZ e TT * +# e \j T TqqT < X e TT eekj T TTD\
de<q#eTT (Debt Conciliation Act) n+^]+#&qT. de<q|s#T
{q\T <s TTD<\, eekjT\ sJ ~] e e&
jTe dT \ TTD\ #*+ | jTsT #jT &eTT #e TTjTT eTTK
<X e TT> qT+&qT.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 203

eekjT u eTT\ nH+ #e TT<s |\T eekjT, eekjTs
esZ\T> $u+|&]. eekjT esZeTT\ kBqeTT qT+&T ueTT\qT
eekjTs esZ\ kBqeTT, uT e TT beL&< #e TT <X e TT.
sT &\ sVDeTT d+<s e TT u eTT\ $jT eTT |&qT.
kVQsT eekjT u eTT\T T |T= TTD* <T |]
u eTT\T eT|s e]+#T=q <VsD H +&q$ ( d+<s +
n&&èTTK+> eTss& b++`n\sTL& ]q$). {
nH+eTT\ d++~+q $y<\jTT eTs\ C> |]cseTT #jT T
n~seTT sT\ e&qT.
KS
sD \T<s XdqeTT<s, nsT 1938 e d+eseTTq |PseTT
d+ sT d+es\ \eTT m&> +& s &T ekjT u $T
O
d<eTT #jT T#TqjT&\ n&T s \T<sT> u$+#&T q ss TT+#&qT.
BO
\Tse TT #*+ #Tq+\eTT { sD \T<sT qT d<eTT
#jTT#Tq u$TqT+& =\+#&& Xd+#&qT. \TseTq>
O
\T<sT, u k$T uj T T\ n+^]+q se T, < |]ds b+u eTT\

\T<sT*# seT, nB M\T jT&\ sTysT &<s ssTT+q
C
se T s+|&qT.
ES
|q |s=q&q T XdH\T Xdqdu |yX|& T qT+{. T XdH\jTT

d $T{ |+#&qT.
XdH\T d $T{ <X qT+&> l Hs& s|T e Ts&> ]

H |]#jT eTT *> qT. $T{ ysT \T|#T+&q n_bjTeTT\ HqT

# |u $T&H . e |]#jT eTT yT D dVeTT> esqT. eekjT
deTd jT<q qyTqjT&\ HqT H $TT&T s|TeTs&>] d\V
ue TT b+<y&.
# { \ j T T neT\T|{ 34 d + e s\ \eTT <f q T.
Bs \eTT XdH\e\ jT{ esT\T *q$, eekjT s+>eTT
jT+es ue TTb+<qqT $wjT eTT d+|Ps+ > ys #s j+XeTT. d+

us< X e TT V <su<T sheTT qyTq s |CkeT |uT eTT#
#sD |&q u d+dsD\T, \+>D eTdT <eTeTT, $HuJ
u <q <eTeTT, \+>D`+< \sTTe\ ekjT s+>eTT jT{
esT\T e#H, eekjT sDeTT esT\T jT+es eq$ yTT<\>T
$wj \jTT k+eTT sT y V <su<T d++~+q n<jTeTT
#]kqT.
|dTeTT eekjT<sT\ jT+es TTD$y#qeTT *q<H
$wjT eTT eyT #]kqT. n~s b sj \ d++<e TT |T q{,
n~sb eed |\T&>\ eekjT<sT\T TTD$y#q b+~
KS
b+~jTT+&e#TqT. |+#jTYsC |_ e sT XK\ d++~+q q
|< +{s T \T> |#jT Tq eekjT<sT ybs d++<e TT\T
O
|T= dqT\<s ybseTT sT|#Tq eekjT<sT\ u>T|&
BO
|&e+&e#TqT. eekjTyT |<qe> |T= n+<TH
eTT\TTq eekjT<sT\T, qsV |<sV nqTu<eTT +&,
TTD>dT jTTHs H <&$ XdeTT.
O
|q |s=q&q #{\e\ = esT\T | *q$. >& kVQsT

C
y&TTq VU\T (\|d\T) ejTyTq$. 9% (=$T~ XeTT)

ES
e&s T#e TT es +&bsTTq~. #sD < jT{ d++<e TT <T .

18% qT+ 24% es e&M T<L & keq s T \ TTDeTT\T \_+#T<T .
EM
dV s d+| \T, u $T qU u+\T s T \sTT#T TTDeTT\|q 12%

q jTe e&s T $~+|>, |sTTyT s+>eTT kVQsT 9% e&
sT|qH eT kMT\ TTD*ks nqT=qT eTq\qT eTqeTT

yd+#T| eTs$T<T. CrjT yTTq]+|&q u+\T s T \ dT\uy T q

e&s T eekj_e~ TTDeTT*# |D[ |D[>H +&bsTTq<H
#b. ks+XyT eTq> dV sd+ | \T, u $TqU u+\T yTT<\>Tq$
>eT TTD<\ kVQs kqeTT rdT<T . <s \ T jT+ |]q|{,
jTH esT\T eq|{ s T \T eT+, #&T , |+& , #e, yTT+ |q
n eT+ ke #seTT\ d++~+q seTT\ ejTeTTq,
eT kVQ] dV jTeTTqT j+#T | <T .
50 d+es\ V<su<T 205

{ q me sT e \T, nHew d+es\ jT+eT+~
s T \T w| ] d T \qT jT<TsT=q C\TsT? w \qT jT<Ts=q{
jT+eT+~ s T \e< ]sT <T \Tq$? V#T <s \ e\ c\ < bTq$!
+{ |X e<*|TqT.
jTT< \| <s \ T
jTT< es+uyT |~VqT |<VsT ek\T <fqT. |uTeTTysT
<s \ |q +{\T |{] . n+es u| edTe \qT \Te#d <#&e TT
(Hoarding), N{ CsT (Black Market) HjT $qs<T . y bseTT
L& s+ue TT <T . <s \ TL& jTeT+ jTe> |sT>< T .
KS
<s \ <c XeTTqT H\T>T\ $u +| e#TqT (1) ybs
O
e+<\eTT (nq> 1929 qT+ 1933 es ), (2) d \Tq \eTT
(1934 qT+ 1937 es ), (3) eT e+<eTT (1938`1939). (4) jTT< \eTT
BO
(d|+ sT 1939 qT+ &X+ sT 1940 es )` +>seTT <s 1939, 1940e
d+es\ esTd> q\Tu s+&T sbjT\ eT&D\T, q\TujT$T~
O
sbjT\T y+&<s |H +&T nD\T, |<T H\T>T nD\T T\eTT +{

C
+&qT.
ES
yTT<{ ||+ #jT T< es+uy T q ~ 1914e d+eseTT _jT+ <s

| (120 XsT ) +{ sy sbjT\T +&>, 1939e d+eseTT
EM
|<V sT sbjT\ =$T~ nD\T, 1940 e d+eseTT sy sbjT

sT nD\T eyT +&qT. <$<eTT> ><TeT\T, Cq\<s +&qT.
><T eT\<s | +{ 1914 sy sbjT\ m$T~ nD\T +&>,

1939, 1940 esTd> |<V sT sbjT\ <T nD\T, |< $T~ sbjT\
jTeT~ nD\T+&qT. Cq\ <s s T <c # bZ sTT +&qT. 1914
| +{ |~sbjT\ jT$T~ nD\T+&>, 1939 |~sbjT\ @&T
nD\T, 1940 |~sbjT\T eyT +&qT. qH+\ eTTKyTq
eTT<\ <s 40 Xs eTDT>T, 1939 H\T>T sbjT\ nD, 1940
<T sbjT\ eT&T nD\T +&qT. HsTT<s q\Tu Xs eTDT>T 1914
jueT&T, 1939 q\Tu H\T>T sbjT\ H\T>T nD\T. 1940

q\u <T sbjT\ |< =+&T nD\T +&qT. s=dH qH <s H\T>T
>\qT\ {H +{ 1914 <T sbjT\T, 1939 H\T>T sbjT\
eT&T nD\T, 1940 <T sbjT\T +&qT.
Hu <c shHu |sT>T q~. 1911e Hu |seTT
sh Hu { 33 \\ T+&>, 1931 { 44 \\ T, 1941
{ 63 \\ es |]>qT. |]ds sc\T u+usTT, eT<dT L&
Hu u>H |]+~. q|{ <s \ T jTe |sT> +& +&{ sDeTT
|\ =qT>\T X jZ T T+&yT n nqTe\d jTT+T+~.
n|s sT ndeTjTeTT
KS
n<jTeTT eTTd #] |sTw&T nd$T+q $wjTeTT
O
yjT& eTedseT \TkqT. jTq >T]+ >& =+ ydjTT+{.
BO
nsT #e] <ssT qes eTT\T> |U>+q eT+T\ H=s> T
sC {&sT eT ysdT &T, V <su<T |D eTTq, eTTK+> s < X e TT,
q <q<s \ <s U, ] d+b~+|{q sC #+< <VT&T,
O
qT djT+> s +&T|sjTeTT\T (yTT+ dTesT 20 d+es\ es )

C
V <su<T sh |< qeT+> qT+&q eTVs V<s Y wH |s< 1940

ES
d+eseTTqH dsdZ T & jTqT. eTVs wH |s<, V+< eTTd+ \sTT

e\ jTs&q | usrjT du , d+d #+~qy&T. yTT># e]
EM
nsY eTyT eTq eTVs wH |s<T >] eTeT #| e\djT T+T+~.

s+, sV +, eT+~sY, eTd< nqT jT $u< e TT +& n+ ds y|& T >
|seT #&yT eTeTTjTT <XeTT. eTVs wH|s<

n+y& nqT d| d<+eTTq #+~qy&T. V+<, eTTd+ , d e ,

bsd yTT<\>T \eT $u<eTT\T b{+#y&T L& <T. |< nMTsT
T+eTTq #+~qy& qT djT+> >=| nMTsT> qT+& jTq ;<,
k< nqTu< e TT +& n+<] <w #dy&T. jTq ue qeTT
n+<] deqeTT> |yX e TT+&~. #sTTC|qy&T ue qeTTqT+ ]V dT& T >
y[b<T. jTq |+&T\qT, $<+dT\qT, e\qT, >jT\qT s
sT\qT n+<] >s$+#y&T. <q<s eTT\ n|s sT & H #b.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 207

V+<Xg #s jTq XeeTT <V qeTT #jT &q~. eTVs>]
&#s TT \< e<+T\T jT\T<]q$. n+<T# eTsTd{s E eTVs
@.&.d. (A.D.C.) XXqy{ y[ |]o*+#> eTVs>] &#s TT \+&
+&eTT #dHs, sT y XXqy{ |eTqTw\T # |
|&dHs, < sTy H\T>esE nd\T rjTT deTjq #&>
uqy\T \+& n<$<+ > +&bsTTqT eTVs>] s<] |\
|<T \ |X \ |T s e TT> #|qT.
#] jT+<s nMTsT\T ]bsTTHsT. m+<s eT\T,
|< HeT\T eT+ |]b\\T> U d+b~+HsT. m+<s |]b\q
KS
eT+ deTsT\ |+#THsT. eTq eTVs q <q<s eTT\ eT\+>
#] jT\| { +&bsTTH&T.
O
eTV|sTw <sq+ #dTH u>eTT H \_+q~. jTq
BO
d<T DZ eTT\qT k] C| e TT #dT + n<jTeTT eTTkqT.
+es n<jTeTT # Bsy T bsTTq~. ~ sTT+qT 1945
O
es yd b&+#\ #T<T . eq n<jTeTT 1940 e d+es+eTT

C
es de|e TT #dT H qT.

ES

EM


|~jTe |s D eTT
jTT< |CjTT< ds|eTT
1941 qT+& 1945 es s +&e ||+ #jT T<e TT sb K+&eTT n
KS
|T seTT> k>TTq sE\$. _H, bH <X\T, s, <X\ HJ,
bddT jT+\ bs&TTHsT. k$jT{ sc d $<qeTTqT
O
ne\+_+q~. |CkeTeTTqT b&{ jTT<e TTqT kdTH eT
BO
_H |<| < |{ d T q ~. us< X e TT{ e\d<X \T _{wt |uT
| q\qT @eeTT qeTeTT<T . _{wt |uT eTT us< X e TTqT >T]+q
O
q $<qeTTqT esT<T . eq jTT<e TT>T]+ +>dTysT ~

C
key<T\ jTT<eT |{+HsT. us |\T jTT<eTT

|uTeTT @eeTT dV]+#L&< +>dT |{+q~. ||+#
ES
eTdT\ T L& sTT+es jTT<e TTqT key<T\ jTT<e TT>H

+]. us< X eTdT\ T L& BH deT]+HsT. 1941
EM
|]d e]bsTT s, k$jT{ sc\eT< >\ d++<\T #&b sTTq$.

<c\T |]q$. <Xe TT|q eTs= <X| dH \T $+_+q$. B|* +>

_H, k$jT{ sc\ eT< yT ~]q~. $<+> k$jT{ sc

$TseTT\ *dbe&+e\q jTT<dueeTT e]bsTTq<jTT,
key< jTT<eTTq <T\T> |CjTT< eTqe\jTTq n+
eTdT\ T eT <<e TTqT esT=]. +>dT sTT+{ esT
jTT<e TTqT |CjTT<e T u$+#T M\T< , us< X e TT >T]+ _{wt
|uTeTT q $<qeTTqT esT= |\ k+eTTqT y+H
sTTeq+es jTT<eTTqT key< jTT<eTT>H |]>D+#e\d
edT+ < rs+q~.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 209

u< jTT |uT eTTq b+rjT eTVdu\ +<q
jTT< |]d T \T, V <su<T sh jT{ <e\T $<+ > qT+&>,
V <su<T sh |]d T \ @+{ esT <T . d{ +>dt|q w<
jT<<+> \jTT+&qT. b<$T V\ d++~+q +<q\
@+{ esT <T . n$ eTV>+B $<qeTT qqTd]+ e> d>V eTT
s+_+|&q sE\T. eTVT d+<XqTkseTT kMT seq+<rs, y]
nqTjjTT\T =+<sT e> d>VeTT ]| |T&qT ~es
ydjT T+{. $<+ > +~+|&qy] l bDX#sT\T eTTKT\T.
MsT d{ +>dT |d T eeVs\qT sVd +&ysT. MsT C+ s
KS
b+eTT e> d>V eTTq d++~+q u $TqT d<| s # T #T+&>
+~+|&HsT.
O
< d+eseTTq Ws+>u<T ds l >$+<<dt wse, yX + bjTH,
BO
VTBH, nd<T, $sse <Xb+&, y|TTes, bs yTT<\>TysT
eTdT\ H H|e TT| s+~+|&].
O
m +<q \T, m w<C\T $~+#&H \|yVeTTqT mes

C
|sT. =+<] Xs+> +<q |e#TqT. me]L&

ES
eqd+> +~+#C\sT<! n~ |\T eqd+> esTTq \+.

|es C+ |uT <T ||+ #eTT @ s+X |uT L&
EM
<kVeTq& d<+ > +&].

|\ n\& jT\T<]q~. u< jTT |uT k|q +<q
k>TTq~. C+ |uT eTT, <X e TT k|+ #<\ #Tq d{ +>dTqT

w~+H |\T eTeT b+rjT d+d\ <s +<qqT s+_+HsT.

\+>D b+| +< eTVdu e\ deyXe TT u< jTT |uT
k|q rs+#&q~.
eTVsh |]wY eT&e deyXe TT 1941e d+es| yT H\ sh
|eTTK +>dT HjT&T oH<s e y< >] n< q MT ]q~.
du < \T, kMT seq+<rs, >$+<<dt ws|t yTT<\>T |eTTKT\T
deyXe TTq VsT C\q+<T $#seTT \T|#T y]jT&\ eT

>\ >seeTTqT, $XdeTTqT e| s T d eT n< |HdeTTqT bs+_+HsT.
u< jTT |uT k|q >T]+ eT +<q |{ + HsT.
8e +< eTVdu ` l s$ HsjTDs&
< d+eseTT pH H\ C+ sh +<e TVduj T T m$T<e
deyXeTT q\>=+& VQpsYq>sY \ #]q \TLsT
nH>eTeTT]q~. jTTe HjT&T, d{ +>dT d>V <eTeTT
yTT<{ T C\ Tq T nqTu$ +q s$HsjTDs&> sT du n<
eV+HsT. @&e deyXe TT qT+& +< eTVdu HjT eTT jTTe\
Vd>yTq< #|e#TqT. @&e eTVdu deyX n<\T eT+<TeTT\
KS
seT#+<se>] d><eTeTTq dV #sT \T> qT+&q s$ HsjTDs&
>sT mq$T<e eTVdu n< &T> qT+&T deTjeTT> qT+&q~.
O
s$ HsjTDs&> sT H s\ |]T\T. ysT eT $<]<X
BO
ksY eTH> eT+ |sTqT d+b~+HsT. >+B <e\T, HVA s#q \
|u$THsT. <Xy|+> k>T#Tq d><eTeTT bZHsT.
O
sheTT UB, V]H<eTeTT+{ sD seTeTTqT ]|HsT.

C
e&b{ VqTeT+se |+T\T>] +<<eTeTT bZHsT. H&T

ES
sh+ q\T# s > T n+< s + y| + j T T+& q ~. n+{ sE\

+<<eTeTT q B|eTT> y*>~. |\ esZ+ #|+#~.
EM
eTVduH HqT, eT+<TeTT\ seT#+<se>sT s<sT\T>

mj eTT n+ HsjTDs& >sT ydHsT.
| + > #b\+f HsjTDs&> sT ns\ <e\q bZHsT.

$Ty<T\ \d |#dH sT +>dT ny<T\ \d |#dH sT.

eTdT b >T]+ #| e\dq |jT <T . n|{ HqT b
duT&H. |{ e]dT\qT, qqT L& \d |#XqT n
HsjTDs&>s ydHsT. HsjTDs&>sT 1939 d+eseTT e]H
eTdT b #]Hs. 1941 sT>T#T+&q mq$T~e +< eTVdu
n<\T> ysT mjT sE\ +< eTVdu HjT\ HqT
eTdTq *jT<T n ydHsT. \eTT eTdT b sV d+>
50 d+es\ V<su<T 211

|#d +&~. +< eTVdu s<]>, <T |] n< \T>, eTdT
b, b &sqY T dw+ # neXeTT HsjTDs&> sT u> u+ b+~HsT.
eT< \eTTH eTdT bMT< qTq w<e TT =\bsTTq~.
k$jT{ sc $TseTT\ \d jTT<e TT k+#&+ H key<
jTT<e TT |CjTT<e TT> sb+~q<, eTdT\ ueq.b duT \+
Vs+>eTT> |#jT &+ yTT<\T|{H sT. HqTL& eTdT b duT &T>,
+<eTVdu n<&T> Vs+>eTT> |#jTk>qT n s$
HsjTDs&> sT ydHsT.
+< eTVdu >|\T
KS
$<+> +< eTVdu CrjTy<T\T, eTdT\T nq& s+&T
O
eTTK|e TT\ $u +|&q~. CrjTy<T\ |e TT $Ty<T\T, ny<T\T
n s+&T >|\T> N*beeTTe\q yTT+|q CrjTy<T\ \+
BO
dq*q~. 1938e d+es| d{ +>dT d><eTeTT s
Crj T y< T \q& y ]~ y s > | j T s & q ~. d s l eT+< T eTT\
O
seT#+<se, N.K. se. (H>T\|* <+&sese), <{HsjTDse,

C
J Hsj T Dse, =eTs ]Hsj T Dse, m+.mdt . s*+> + ,

ES
VjT^y#sT\T, b> |s &, +#q|* y+ sese, >|

eTTKT\T. >| d $<qeTTqT ne\+_+q~. CrjT || s +&e
EM
>| $Ty<T\ \q&y]~. n+<T ds l e&b{ VqTeT+se, sT\Z

seTwse, =+& y+s+>s& e>s\T+&]. HqT L& >|
#+~qy&H.

<Xe TT $|y X \ T \H us< X e TT qT+& =\beTT

(Quit India) nqT <eTeTT s+_+|&H, n< <eTeTT *d V <su<T
sheTT kMTJ d{ +>dT d><eTeTT q&T| dHV\qT
#jT T#TH, V <su<T sh |uT eTT @eeTT #\q+ \T>< T . d T
+>dT| qTq w<eTT =\+|&bsTTH, bsd| V\|q
+<q\T jT|{jTf UjT+ +H, |\ eqd eTT e]q~.
H $w' |B|' nqT d<+eTTqT n+^]+#& mes d<+ >sT .

|\T eTksue~seTTq +<q sT|#T+&]. |\
eTqd |uT + ne>Vq #dT <T .
C+>] >V yXe TT ` V<s T jsY +> e |D
V<T eTTdMTHy] sj\T jT|{jTf k>T#T+&qT.
d+<s e TT eTeTT, sjT eTT s +&T ys q, eTeTT sj \
@+{ d++<+ +&L&<, C+ |uTe q |sH<s V<T
eTTdM TH y] V#]+HsT. n<sE kjT+eTT V <T eTTdM THy]
|+&+&e y]e d+<s e TTq |e+<qeTT sT|#, V<s T jsY
KS
+>, eTeTT, sjT eTT s +&T ys e, k+ eTqTkseTT, eTeTTq
sjT eTTq n$Hue d++<e TTq< <{+ C+ |s HqT dy
O
#dH &T. V<s T jsY+> ne\+_+q yK ]e\q C+ #u<
BO
*jTT+T+~. C^sT<sT, ewt<sT mesT L& sj\ C+
*+#TL&< |s H <s C+ V<s T jsY +> jTT sb\qT
w~+#<\ jTT+&qT. n+<T| V<sT jsY+> HqT nT
O
(u> e <dT &qT) qT. nT e* (sde&qT) qT n rD eTT>

C
HC + |s HqT ||T {+H&T. n+<Te\ eeVseTT =+ $w$T+q~.

ES
C+ |uT e dV +> >V yX ] . * +>, C+ <ssT qT+&

V<sT jsY+> eT+ sysT, V<T eTTdMTH d+d eT
EM
sj \T dTeTTK+> k>eq sTysT, eT HjT&T V<s T jsY

+>, C+ |uT e eT< q d ++<e TT \T+&T nedse T \+jTT+{sT.

yTT+ |q +{ X \ +<] |jT eTTe\q V<s T jsY +>, C+

|uTe e|D sT, q @+{ bsbTe\HH |uTey]
V<jT eTTq >jT+ *jTT+f qqT $ T+# e\jTTq e |D|eTT
deT]+#TH&T. B |* +> C+, V<s T jsY +> e\q ]q
bsb q+{ $ Td q V<s T jsY +> jTT su | d+|Ps
$XdeTT \< |{+H&T. B s L& V<sT jsY +>
sj \T jT<<+ > k>TH +&q$. n+<T @+{ esT \T>< T .
50 d+es\ V<su<T 213

C+>] * eTsDeTT ` $Ty< HjT\ |seTs
<<| <\eTT HC + * eTsD+ q~. HC + q * #\ |$T+
>s$+#ysT. yT eTsDq+se TT yT |sTMT< k\sYw| \qT e&
~ @sT #dH sT. yT eTsD+ q sE kjT+eTT yT XeeTT
}s+| +>] bdt qT+& eT eTd<T es rdT= y[H sT HC +
b<#]jT q&T#T#T+&qT. =+<sT eTTd+ eT>T sTe\T jTq sTTsTy| \
qT+&]. |uT |eTTK n~sT > C^ssT , nMTsT, keq |\T
}s+| qT+&]. =+<sT eTTd+ dVT\ d\VMT< $Ty<T\ eTq&
yTeTTL& }s+| qT+{$T. nq> HdV ds l oH<s e y< ,
KS
se#], sTZ\ seTwse, =+& y+ s+>s&, $HjTse
$<\+sY yTT<\>TysT. VA<s T jsY+>T L& }s+| q&Td
O
+&qT. V+< HjT\TL& }s+| qTHs HC + mes
BO
#|> jTq<w eMT< |&q~. nT|eT CeTT MT su HqT
d+w+Hq q * 40e sEH{ js nq+seTT e q
<s qeTTqT (Interview) sTTkq, HjT\ d+<Xe TTqT |+|].
O
C
s#s TT C+ |uT | d+|~+|\T

ES
e jsY +>T nqT |< nMTsY +&y&T. jTq V<s T

jsY +> sj\+f #\ nsTTw+> qT+&~. e jsY +>T
EM
C+ <ssTL& kqeTT+&~. V<s T jsY +> $wjT yT C+

=+ nsTTw+ > q< jTq >V +H&T. <ssT qq kqeTTqT
|sd]+#T=, H= d+<seTTq CeTTq, V+< HjT\qT

V+ ysT s u< jTT |uT dueeTT, ysT s u< jTT

|uT | deTT qqTd]+ C+ @+{ kqeTT+&>\ <, |uT e> C+
>\ s]eTT, n\d+U\ kqeTT yTT<\>T $wj\q+{ >T]+
#]+#+ nedse T d\V Hs. |q C+ u< jTT |uT
deTT, deTT qqTd]+ q >\ sjT n~seTT\T, n\d+U\
kqeTT +{ $wj \+{ >T]+ V+< HjT\T y|P syT q
$C|q |eTT |+| y] #| e\dq~>, ej sY +>T >]

C|+ #>, jTq e d+> #|qT. yTeTT =+<se TT $C|q
|eTTqT d<e TT#d, CeTT ] |seTT d+e TT\T |{ e jsY
+>T n+<Cd$T. C+ e $C|q|eTT = $wj\T
dw+>e, n$ dw+ #jTe\dq<, e jsY +>T>]<s
d+<Xe TTqT |+|+#>, yTeTT $C|q |+ n $wj \qT dw+ #d
d+\ e jsY +>T <s CeTT eTs\ deT]+$T. |q
CeTT eTeTT\qT V+ #]+#&, d<| & H &. e sT|ue
#s >T]+ C+ |w eT+ + jsY +> #| >, jTq,
$wjT yT yTT< _{wt s d&+ T d\V > =q&+ nedse T eTq$#dH &.
CeTT _{wt s d&+ T d\VqT s> $C|q |eTTqT MT |< qeT+
KS
|+|q sT y ysT V+< HjT\ #]+q |<| |< eT+ MT
deT]+#T ]bsY | V+< HjT\ MTsT \TdTe&+ <s|& j T T+&\
O
d\V Hs. |seTT CeTT B ss TT+ Bq eTT>TsZ T
BO
V+< HjT\qT V+, y] #]+#e\jTTq, n<sE kjT+eTT
]bsT q n+<#j T e\jTTqjTT |< qeT+>] C|+ Hs.
O
nCqTkseTT yTq BH&T |<qeT+ dsY nsY V<

C
s\jTeTTqT+& y] \TdT=qT H= d+<XeT+~q~. H

ES
C|eTTq+es BH&T 11 >+\, yTT< H \TdT=

#]+#& C+ |uT e>s dsY nsYqT C|+ Hs HqT d> y T q
EM
deTj |< qeT+ |d t (c eT+) #sT HqT. dsY nsY V <bT

{dsY nqT +^wt s $q, bdTXK eT+, nT nJC nqT HjTXK
eT+L& +&]. sE MT{+>T qTqy], sE d+$<q

s<]> |#jT T#T+&q H dVT&T n jesY +> (|&T eTVsh

d{ >essY> qTHsT.) L& qT+&]. H H C| X dV jT|&T q+
es sE ]q d+uwD ks+XeTT yjTT#THqT. |< qeT+ H
#]+q $wj \qT +~ n+XeTT\ $u +|e#TqT.
1. u< jTT |uT eTT n+<T C+ |uT e>] +&Tq{ kqeTT,
n\d+U\ sD \T, eTTKeTT> eTTd+ \T #]+ > nqTu$ +#T
eq V\ sD .
50 d+es\ V<su<T 215

2. d+ usY V<su<T sh u$wT.
(1) |\# mqT&q |<T\<s |\u< eV+#T
|uTeTT>\ jT |CkeT $<qeTTHq, |uTe\ >\
$c~seTT\ , |~s\> m+{ T
s+& qT+&T || C+ |uT e L& qT+&T d+$<qeTT
b&+ sT>TT+< HqT V <>] = |X \ |T s e TT>
#| . @B <|]+ +& s=Ve+> #]+#T< eTqT+
V <>sT ydq eTs= |X |T s e TT d, dTesT s +&Te+<\
d+es\T>, nd|CV e+X| sE\ |]b\q J$eTT
KS
>&T|+ eq sh |\, eT |uTe\ @+{
<wu eeTT < , +&u<, ysT s~ qT>TDyTq esT\T,
|uT $<qeTT e\jTTqqTq~ eyT q, C+ |uT esDT\
O
# #jT +< u< jTT |uT yT, qT>TDyTq esT n
BO
|\T dV<jT+> qeTTTHs HqT |<qeT+ #|.
, sheTT ed+#T eTTd+\T #]+> = V\T
O
nqTu$ d eHs, n+<Te\q y] jT< Vd eTT (Vested

Interest) *q<, ysT b\Cys, sTTsT\T b*T\qT
C
ES
y<qqT eeTT yTeTT n+^]+#C\eT L& #|#,

d+~\eTTq d+jTT jesZ |H<T\|q eTTd+\
V+<Te\ deq b< eTT +&T, yTeTT n+^]+#>\ eT
EM
VMT .
(2) s+&e n+XeTT d+ usY V<su<T sh u$wT

d++~+q~. sE V <>sT e| s q nqTeH\T, sT y

= d+es\ yT rsTjT, HqT }V+#< T . yTeTT kdTq
\+>D| +<<eT dueeTT, ds|eTT sjT eTT\+f jTe
k+d yT q <, k+d +> \+>D +<T \T, n|{ eT<dT
sheTT +< \ +<T\T f { \+>D|
+<<eTeTT V <su<T sh $qeTTq <]rd, $X+<
shk|q dV jT|&T q eT |uT eTT nqTe+#T#TqT dsY
nsY V < y~+]. HqT y<qqT K+&+.

+<<eTeTT >T]+ sTT+es |PseTT L& |sjTeTT |dt
MTwqsT>, n jesY +> L& < nqTeqeTTqT +<<eTk| \T,
+< |eTVQ\Tq>T e&b{ VqTeT+se>] e|sqT eTT
|uT| <w K+&+qT +<<eT #] VqTeT+se>sT
ydHsT. HqTL& V <>] y<q re+> es+. +<<eT
k| \>, +<e TVdu HjT\> n_bjT $T+es
< , mesTL& Vs+>+> , +s+ MT{+>T\ n+{
<<e TTqT e| s # < , yTeTT sTT& sT| bseTT e e k|q
d++~+q<, n+ $T+ e <eT <X e TT MTsqTqTe+{~ <
KS
HqT y\& + . m& qqT k+d +> +<T \+<sT f e#TqT.
n+{ sjT +> L& ys+ f e\jTTq jT&< ,
O
sjT+> eT<dT sheTT +<T\T, C+ sh| +<T\T =
Xu\qT+& _q _q |uT \ |]b\q qT+&Te\q M] nqTuy \T
BO
ysT , M] b&\ T ysT , M] \D \T ysT nsTTbsTTHe, n sD\e\q
_{wt +&j +<T\ \+>D +<T\T \dbsTTqjT&\ M]
O
| e eTH~ jTB +&< , n+<T# \+>D +<T \T *djT Tq

C
$X+< sheTT jTs& neXeTT #\ e jT y~+.

ES
eTT+<T sujT d+ usY V <su<T sheTTq sjT +>

qeeTT \T|H neX\T me He sD+> jTs|
EM
jT $|y \T eqqT q | e eTTqT \T|q dsT +&TqT

#|{ . bqT, , s |\T ] $sT<e TT> H=sT |T sjT T<e TT
#jT T#Tq|{ |+ #Y, {*jTH, s uw\T e{& |\ \d jTTq

dsT +&TqT jTes ~*+#C\< , |+, uw, HjT&H

(s jT+ VsT #d) H<\ dsT +&T sHu w e{&T ysT
jTe+ |u $T\T < #| . <| MTsT V <su<T sh+L&
n<$<e TT> qT+&>\ < |PN sTTe>\s? n V <>sT |+]. e\ T
mesT>& +{ |PN sTTeC\sT sheTT qT+&T X+, ku>eTT`
s +& e TyTq |PN\T> qT+&C\TjT HqT >{> #| . +{
H{ e d+uwD eTTdqT.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 217

sT y n+X\|q H V <>sT, oH<s e y< , . se#],
$HjTse $<\+sY>s\ #]+ eT ]bsT C+ |uTe
deT]+#T=Hs. ]bsT |q H C+ q |weT+ + jsY +>H
V <>sT e ]|q #s VsT+&q HjTXK eT+ nT
nJC>], V<T eTTdMTH HjT&T V<sT jsY +>TqT L&
V+ Ms+<] #s \T k+H&. sE Ms+<sT *|q n_bj\T
jT$<+ > qT+&qy }V+#C\TeTT. V<s T jsY +> >T]+ ysT >
#| e\dq nedsy T <T ! HjTXUeT\T : ysT V <su<T sh
eT+ eT+&* duT&T> jT$T+|&eTT+<T, ;VsT sh eTTd+ >T
n< &T> >T sj \ ]]qy& >& #| q~ #\qT+{qT!!
KS
Ms+ *jTCjT T n_bj\qT $qT |uT e>sT e jsY +>qT
|*|+#T=, eTT>TsZ T eTsT\ eTTKe#H\qT $qTeT C|d , e
O
V+< HjT\qT qeTTe. e nejT&e n e jsY
BO
+> u~ d , u> > V eHs . T < | * y T eTq>
V+<HjT\T, s<VQ\, q seTTqT n|V ]+#& |jT \T
O
#jT T#THs, C+ q XC \eTTqTq es+ ]|+H&. B

e jsY +> |P]> sTVeTT#+~, q ue H eTeTT\ q+<]
C
|*|+#T=, ]q <j T +jT T $|+#qT. sh u$ wT jT$T u>< ,

ES
jTq # u<| & q T. +{ eeVseT+jT T n+yT T+~q~.

EM
sJd+uwD\ y| \ +
V <su<T sj |s+ > V<s T jsY+> <s
| + > C+|uT e > sJ d+uwD\ kq+ < *bsTT+~.

~ m+<] d+| *+jTT+T+~. _{w n~sT, |< HeT\T,

y] eT+esdZ u T \T, V <T eTTdM TH HjT\T, Ms+ || & jTT+{sT.
b|+ |< HeT\T + =+\eTT V <su<T eT |<$ n\+]+
jTT+{eT u$+Hsy, sT y = edeTT\ ysT eT |<$
dd #| e\d edT+ < y] *jT<T.
sJ d+uwD\T $|\ eTTe+ e\q e =+<sT sX#+ ~
jTT+{sT. yTT+ | yTeT+<se TT jT~ ]H eT+ sT>TT+<,

sTT+<TH sh XjT dT +&e#Tq || & eTT. $Ty< sj \
kqeTT < , |uT eTT dV jTssD eTTH sjT $eTT jTTq<H
n_bjTeTTq e#dHeTT. e $Ty<T jTesTL& |uT eTT
dV jTssD eTT #jT & d>V eTT#d C\ T y& d<+ bsTT].
e me HjTy<T +&]. MsesTqT eTeT | |]d T \qT{
eT e e<\T d+d<T \ T bsTT]. HqTL& | s#q beTTK+
sTTHqT. | s#q<s |uT #s\qT u> $eT]+ <Xde
#jTC\Tq q$T. $<eTT> yTeTT meseTTL& |uTeTT
dV jTssD eTTq d+d<T \ eTT bsTT$T.d T +>dT|q |uT eTT
|{q w<\ deTd|q e> d>V eTT ]| s+<e TT qT+#&q
KS
kMT seq+< rs 1941 e d+es| &d+sT H\ e<\&].
sjT Y ~q |> esT
O
BO
=+<sT $TT\T sjT Y ys |qT ~q |> es{ qqT
bV+]. HqT sTT+<T d<| & . $<+ > bV+qy] lm.
O
mH. >T| (MsT =~\+ +<H +< |<X |uT s<] |<$ qT+&
C
]fs T nsTTHsT) du duT &T>qTq l V]X+< V&, # eTTKT\T.

ES
M] |jT \ |* +> sjT Y *$Tf& +| jT { k|+ $T.

sC |H |, sC se<ese (eq|]) MsTuj T T\T u> |T&|{] .
ys | sjT Y $<qeTTqT yT#T=qy] jT+<s +| y{\T
EM
rdT=]. d l oH<s e y< , =+& y+s+>s&, . se#],

sTZ\ seTwse, sCV<TsT y+ses& yTT<\>TysT +|

&ssT\T> jTqT&]. HqT yTH+>T m&sT> jT$T+|&.

|<$ { HqTL& &s s T > qT+&y&. sjT Y ~q| eTT~+#&
|uT nqTeT b+~. H\ eT&Te+<\ sbjT\T J+ +|qT+&
|#T=Hy&. d+b<j T yTq d# H |P]> qT+&~. +| &s s T
es q y{<sT\T d# C+ *+Z #T=HysT sT.
yTHsY> l ~>+sse _+<T jT$T+|&]. l _+<T V <su<T
sh yTT<{ |C |uT +1952 qT+& 1956 es , sT\Z seTws e
50 d+es\ V<su<T 219

eT+ eT+&* duT &T> qT+&qT. dTsT 5 d+es\T V <su<T sh
+ $Tds T >, eT |<$ jT+ deTs sV+].
l ~>+sse _+<T
l _+<T, H+<&T yde \T. jTq =+\eTT b<jTT&T>
qT+&, sT y HjTy~> |#jT T#T+&]. \eTTqT+& HqT, _+<T>]
u> >Ts s T >T<TqT. yeTq HjT, Xese>s\# bs+_+#&q |C
J$eTT u>eTT rdT+ _+<T>sT u> nqTue eTT d+b~+HsT.
ysT dueeTTqT{ n+<] \dyT \d +{sT. 1941e d+eseTT
eTVsh |]wT n< &T l oH<s e y< , _+<T>] |]wT s<]>
KS
jT$T+HsT. l y< _+<T>]|q $XdeTT+&~. n< rsTq _+<T>sT
k$T seq+< rs +s+ \T. |se T $XdbT\T. _+<T>sT sjT Y
O
yTHsT> 1941 qT+& 1945 es |#dH sT. 1945e d+eseTT\T y]
BO
us eTsDq+se TT sjT Y yTHsT| e<\T=, d T +>dT sj \
eT>THsT.
O
sjT Y | sVD =+<sT H $TT\T

C
n+f+T> jT |>& HsjTDse>sT, &sY> l $. . <>

ES
jT$T+|&]. Ms+<sT sjTY | deqT, <Xde> u$+. eT

neT\yTq deTjTeTT, Xq +jT T deT]+HsT.
EM
<$<+ > H dV jT|&{ =+<sT jTTe\T eTT+<Te HeT

||\ eTT|q du`m&sT> |#jT T n+^]+]. ds l _. lydse,

jT+. >b\wHse, .$.m. qsd+Vse, \TBH`MsT q\T>TsT`

du`m&sT u< \T sV+#&y sT. lydse, \TBH> sT VQX'
1945 s ys| s+_+, sjTY | eT d++<eTT
#*+#T=]. <<| <\eTT nqT+{qT, >b\wHse>sT
Vd<sT> mqT&]. qsd+Vse>sT HjTy~> eTe
s+_+#<\ ]. n+<Te\q MsTuj T T\T L& sjT Y | eT |<e \qT
$s$T+#T=] [|&T lydse, \TBH >s\T eekjTeTT
#jT T#THsT. >b\wH s e>sT s $q |d s T |<$ |q HsT.

qsd+Vse>sT dT&>H &>H eT<H eT |<$
$]eT+#THs *dq~].
CrjT $deTT =s sjT Y
yTT+ |q Ms+<] dV jTeTT 1941 e d+es| pH H\ 26 e
KTqT+ sjT Y ~q| eTT~+#eTT s+_+. ~q| b*d
>T]+ sTT+es sjTY ys| ne\+_+q b*d nqT>TDeTT>
qT+&Tq |{ + . @+{ uj T eTT, X , |u & CeTT\T
|\ \T|jT e $~jT y\& + . us< X e TT n$uyTq <,
n+<T ed+#T |\+<] CjTqT eT\d\|q <s|& j T T+&T
KS
d+ usY d|eTT #dys\ yTeTT L& se T, n{ k+
k<q |C_bjTeTTqT *+Z #T w #d<eT |{ + . |CkeT
O
$<qeTTH jT{ \eT u<\T +& n+<] deqeTT>
BO
V\T+{jT, n+<sT d#> J$eTT >&T |C\TsH H <&$ XdeTTqT
|{ + #T#, us< X e TT #]+ > jTs&q sjT jT{ (Units)
O
\ \djTTq d+jTT usY jTs&T yTeTT <V<$T#<eT,

sjT jTT\ +s+ k+ eTT+&e\jTTqsT MT
C
$<qeT | q >$+. V <su<T sh +s+ deTd\ >T]+

ES
#]d, sheTT, |CkeTeTTe\H |\+<] d+eTeTTq<, n|&

sheTT |e d#> Xd rdTC\T& e $XdeTTqT \T|,
EM
|CkeTeTT, sheTTq sT>T |jT\T d|\+ e&

|C_bjTeTT d<| s # T jT e $~> qT+&Tq |{ + .

sjT Y ~q| 1941 e d+es| pH qT+& 1947 e d+eseTT

nsTes q $<qeTTq T&jT T+&qT. \eTT us< X
sj \>, V <su<T sh sj \> <$ +#T#Tq deTd\
d + < s e TT s j T Y `# | s j T +>, s=V e+>
q$<HqTkseTT eeV]+#T#T+&qT. yTT+| sjTY us +>dT
$<qeTTqT \|s#qT. T< 1947 nsT H\ |uTeTT# |
|yj T &qT. , &<=&T\ sTd+es\ \eTT jTq&T L&
|uT eTT# sTTs$ <e TTq s+<e TT\T y|+ n*eTT> u<\ T
50 d+es\ V<su<T 221

*+#&e TT sT>< T . sEsE $+_+#T#Tq sCsT\T sjT Y |
|d T | <&#j T +> eTT<DX\|q jT{ <T+&>e TT\T sT|< T .
HqT ys| qT ~q|> es<\q \eTT n+ nqTL\yTq ~
<T. |\T |#T]+#T + <s 1941 e d+es+ H{ #
|]bsTTq~. jTT<s+ ue TT e{ d+eseTT |Ps|<s b*#d
1941e d+eseTT + <s <Ts T |]q~. n< jTT< \eTT
ys\ |q |uT eTTy] dHsY L& =+ u<s+ > qT+&~. n
sD\e\ d+b< \T, $KsT\T, ys jT |<T \T eT~ d+|T eTT
|T=qT jTeTsTT]. d+|< >T]+ jT+ q&<T.
KS
n&eeTT u< _bjTyT jTT+&qT. eq=+<sT , eTTK+> $KsT\T,
ys jTC\ |<T \T, sJ nu ]> H |sT d+]. HqT V <su<T
O
sh | s#sTT\ d+|<&T> jTê+> jTqT&.
BO
|< HeT\T dsY nsY V <, eT |<$ $s$T+#T= >essY qs,
s|~ jTT b\d+ |T duT &T> V <su<TqT+ y[b eTT+<T >dT
H\ e d+|T + bs+ueeTT >$+#T n+^]+].
O
V <>sT >dT 25 e KTq | s#s TT\ d+|T + bs+ueeTT

C
sT|, q m+ \eTTqT+& |s#sTT\ \TdTyqH

ES
V\eTT+&qjTT = sD+s\e\q \d+]q< q

|Ps|, qMq u<\{ | s#sTT\ q dV d++<eTT
EM
>\<, n+<Te\q sTT&qT+ y deTjq |s#s TT\ \TdT=qT

d+|T bs+ueeTT #jT T n+^]+q qT&$].

|C_bjTeTTqT dw+, |\ b<eTT eV+# >=| u<

|\| qTq<H $wjT eTT dw ] d k |\qT bV+ HjTyTq
$eTs\qT dV +#yT C+ |uT $<qeT V <>sT |{ + ].
sh |H<T\H <* + HjTdeT+> k|+ #&q |uT eedH sTesT
#d, sheTT ed+#T _q_q esZ\>\ dV d++<\qT
u+>|s \eT u<\T *+#T |\qT eeTT |uTeTT
dV +#C\<, |uT $<qeTTqT e| s ]. V <su<T sheTT |uT eTT,
|\eT< eT+ d++<\T >\e, n+<Te\H n $wj \ |\

dV ]+#T >T ks eTT\T *+# <X e TT |uT eTT MT d+|T eTTqT
|q<, d+|T eTT eT+ >+<\jTeTTqT k|+ #T=qT C+
|uT eTT 5000 sbjT\ <q dV jTeTT #jT T n+^]+q< V <>sT
|{+].
jTT<\eTT ys|\T n#TyjT&T eTT <s sEsE
|sT>T#T+&Te\q ys|\T jT<TsT=+Tq c\>T]+ |\
b< eTT|q sTT+es |uT eTTysT ]jjTr <s |q + ds| s
#d jTsT #dj T T+&]. d+|T + bs+ue deTjq V <>sT,
| <s sEsE |sT>TT+&eTT, ds| s eeTTL& >T Z e\q
KS
|\ dE , |J\T |]$T qT+& jTsT #d, jTT<s+ ue TT e{
d+es| |Ps| <s q s +&Ts <s |q ys| \ eTT
O
ds| s #jT T <X e TTqT *|]. M] | q |seTT # \eTTes
BO
| ds| s ]q~.
HqT d+| < &T> jTe\eTT+&< T . s +&e n< &T> 1942
O
|j + nqT s ~q| d+b< &T UJ nT >b sT>sT jTqT&].

UJkVT jTq J$+eTT CrjTy~. us< X |eTTK HjT&T eTH
C
eTVeT< d+b<j T eTT eV+q V+<sT nqT s | dV jT

ES
d+b< &T> f +> b+~jTT+&qT (&s T nHk], V+ nUH, eTq

nT + nC<T+{ |eTTK +>dT HjT\ y+qT+&, UJkVT,
EM
us< X CrjT deTd\ bZ jTT+&q > ydjT T+{).

dsY nsY sjT $|\

dsY nsY 28e >dT 1941 Bq eT |<$ $s$T+#T=]. y]kH

#] qyT jT$T+|&]. dsY nsY eT J$\eTT jTeu>eTT
V <su<TH >&| H sT. jTq 36 d+es\T V <su<T |uT de
>&| ] . yTT< n+f+{ qs> jT$T+|&, <T |] 16 d+es\T
]eT+>, 4 d+es\T eT+eT+&* n<&T> q |<e\
q\+]+jTT+&]. V <su<T e<*|{ y& e TT jTq cqTkseTT>
]q< nqT $wjT eTT nqTeHd<yT . esT jTq *jT+&H
50 d+es\ V<su<T 223

|\ C+ |uTesDT\ nqTeT ]jTT+T+< sE =
n_esZ\ysT u$+jTT+&]. dsY nsY ]eT+> $jTe+T&
|+#TH&T. sh ] eeVs\T jT{ &<=&T\T +& dTds e TT>
qT+&qT. mq&T T& T |yX |&< T . jTq VjeTT jT|&T
\Te &f +&~. \Te n+#H\T #|+#T <X e TT |C_e~
sT>e\dq se\ jTq u + eV+#< T . +> $#]+
V <su<T sheTT |\ u>>T\ sT>e\dq seTeTT\jTT
s +&T <Xu\H #| &q$. $<, |Cs>eTT, eekjTeTT, {bsT<\
d++~+q bC \ sDeTT, |]XeT\T, s q T\T, s&Ts y D yTT<\>T
n s+>\ n_e~ seTeTT\T ]q$.
KS
dsY sY |< HeT&T> sh sj \ y| \ eTT b+~H&H
O
#| e\d jTT+T+~. qs+< eT+&* ksTT d+|T $T{ n< &T> <ojT
BO
sC\ sj\ u>+ rdTH&T. <ojT sE\ d++<\T HsT>
_{wt ksueTTH \eqT d<+eTTqT |{ + #T jTq n>kqeTT
eV+H&T. dsY nsY sheT+eT+&* duT &T>, 1929 qT+ 1931 es
O
\+&H |D eTT deyXy T q >T+&T\ eTVdu\ V <su<T sheTTq

C
b< eTT eV+, us deK $<qeTTqT \|s H&T. 1935 e us

ES
|uT #e TT n+^]+#eTT _{w |uT eTT dV ]+H&T. T<

1939 deK |yX e TT e{ +< |uT eTTysT |+|q <kyE
EM
eTTksTT< d+q ws T \TèTTK+> |+<\e\q *q V\T

(treaty rights)` <X d+sD , s \T, b]X$T_e~ yTT<\>T n+XeTT\
>T]+q$`nd+|s+> qTHsTT eq n+^sj>yTq$ e

|]w]+#&qT. 1935 e d+es| us |uT #e TTqqTd]+, sb+~q

deK V <su<T #sC \< C+ |uT e s|~ +> *|].
+s++> dsY nsY eT+ |]b\&T (Administrator) >
qT+& jTT+&e#TqT. jTqqT eT+ sE&T (Statesman) n
eeTT nqC\eTT. jTq \<sD \TdT=qC\ bsTTH&T. |\H&
\TdT=qC\<T. jTq sheTTq+<T #sD |<\#Tq sjT
d+dsD\T jTe] || s # C \<T . n+<sT d+dsD\ s~+HsT.

dsY nsY n+<] d+w| \H&T! jTq sTT< e Ts < #T s
( Diplomacy) j T u $+j T T+{& T . b| + j T q j T e]
d+w|C\<T. C+ jTq |C+~ d+weTT> qT+&H nqT
$wjTeTT nqTeHd<eTT! & nMTsT, C^ssT mes d+ws+>
qT+&ysT sT. s+ue TT >+B>] jTq dV d++<\T +&$.
leT ds<$ e> + >H dV d++<e TT sV+#T+ eH&T.
jTq sjT $<H\ $sT<+ > +>dTys+<sT +<q ]bsT.
V<T eTTdMTH, <s eTTd+>TysT, V<>] sj\qT
es+#sT. dsY nsY s< #T s $|\ yTq ~.
KS
_{wt |uTeTT jTq =+es |C+~ jTT+T+~. _{w
|uT eTTysT dsY nsY |M \sY nqT e T _sT<T >s$+].
O
dsY nsY V <su<T qT+ y deTjq jTq eTqX+ \T>e\jTTqqT
BO
<X e TT C+, jTq 36 d+es\ deqT yT#T+ H\ 3000
sbjT\ #=|q |s yq eTT |+#q T #T n+>] +#TjT
` jTq 15 >TsT eTqTeT\T, eTqTeTs+& H\ 100 sbjT\ #=|q
O
eTqT, V <>sT eT Bs <>\eTT jTq&T d\e |< , 50,000

C
sbjT\ uqdT sTTeeTTq C|+ ].

ES
dsY sY q <>\eTT ~ c jTqT |uT ueq+

qT+&ysT. eq y] ue qeTT jT& $<y T q |eT *q<, dsY
EM
nsY J$+q+\eTT ~ c jTq kBqeTT qT+&TqL& C+

C|+ ]. dsY nsY ds\qT, VAsD \qT jTe\eTT
ue TT b+<C\bsTT]. V <su<TqT+& y[ us |uT b\ d+|T eTT

duT &T> #]q sT y, sT edeTT\TL& <eTT+< jTq eTsD+ #qT.

jTq eTsDeTT|q >+B eTVT&T q d+|eTT \T|, dsY nsY
>=| $<+dT&, >=| y<+jT, eT eTTd+ n |{+#qT.
jTq _q _q eT\ n< jTqeTT #dH &, jTq V+<eTeTT
sTTk+ eTeTTq $sT<+ > jTB q|& < , >+BJ eT n_bjTeTTqT
y\& + ]. >T+&T\ eTVdu sT y \+&H qT+ us< X e TT ]e#T
deTjq, >+BJ, dsY nsY H |jDeTT #dHs. |sE
50 d+es\ V<su<T 225

kjT+eTT bsq deTjq dsY nsY | bsq u>+ rdTHy&.
T< eTV<e <XsTT u>eBZ X\, sTTs uq\ sTe
#sTT+#TH&. V+< eTTd+ eTeTTq dsY nsY >+BJ \d
us< X |s q >$+#T y>q+ #dH &. HqT us< X e TT
\T|>H |T&+ e\ sTT~ k<eTT bjTq, eTVT&T q
$#seTTqT |{ + #qT.
yTTe TT|q dsY nsY V+<Te\ es &T. jTq ns$+< |T w
|u $T& jTT+&qT. | d+eseTTq |sjTyTq b+&# j
>$+ ns$+<|T w <s q+ #dT Hy&T. jTq ne\+_+q sjT
KS
$<qeTTe\q V <su<T sh V+<Te\T d+w+> qT+&C\bsTT].
|< eT+> # qyT
O
V <su<T sh eT+eT+&* n< &T> V <>] kqeTTq #]
BO
qyT dsY eTV<T nVeT< dsT<UH sTT$T+|&]. MsT s|<X
yde \T. n& eTTd+ >T |eTTK HjT\T, n\us eTTd+ >T \T
O
duT \T> L& +&ysT. V <su<T sh eT+ eT+&* n< &T>

C
jT$T+|&>H eTTd+ >T du eTTq sJHe #jT e\deq~.

ES
jTq V <su<T eqsT y me\eTT <eTT+< ]e T+>

>T+ eTVeT<T>sT jT$T+|&]. n+es jTq us |uT
EM
dy\jTeTT jT< XK s<]>H, n<q| s<]>H qT+&HsT.

us< X e TT $u +|&, bkH jTs&>H >T+ eTVeT<T>s bkH
>essY qs |<$ L& n\+]+]. dueeTTqT{ >T+ eTVeT<T>sT

#\ >{e Tw jT H }V. qT nq< k>e\jTTqqTy&T. jTq eTTd+ >T

duT &T> qTq #] qyTq, ;VsT |<X eTTd+ >T HjT&T>
qTq nT nJu>]q me bk n #| e#TqT.
;VsT eTTd+ >T HjT&T> qT+& V <su<T sh HjTXK eT+>
jT$T+|&q nT nJC>sT jT<<+ > |<$ d]+]. s $q,
bdT eT+> {dsT>] bwH L& jTe+ esT <T . Ms+<sT
y| _{w ks |jH\qT b&T, s+&e y| eTTd+>T

sj \ nqTL\+> eT $<H\qT sb+~+#T |jT +#Tys
H n_bjTeTT. # qyT dueTTeTTqT{ #\ keTT&T. dq T&T,
d>T eTw jT|+#TH&T. eq jTq qeT+ eT+&*
eTT>TsZ T { duT \ dT\u+ > |u $T&jT y&T. nF +>, eTVBjsY
+>, KTd +> nqT eTT>TsZ T qyT\T L& eT+eT+&* duT \T> qT+&].
MsT eTT>TsZ T eT = n< e #\ dq T\T. MsT eT |u eeTTqT
|j +#T dueeTT \ysT sT.
V<T eTTdMTHysT V< \eTT <{bsTTq~ eT+<q<
d+wd, nVeT< dsT< (#] qyT) \eTT beq yTq~>
KS
<{be\jTTq b]+] (dsT< nq> beqeT nse TT). V <ysT
beqyTq ~> # qyT \eTT <{ >& |s=qy] d<+\qT,
O
]\qT, &e+&T\qT #]>] eTT+<T +]!
BO
eTTd+ eTTKT\ C+>] VQeH\T
V<su<T sheTT #]eTT> qC $TjTY nqT |sT
O
jTeTsV |{\T (Irregular Forces) +&$. |{\eTTq V<s T

C
jsY +> e+Xbs+|s +>e#T yT<sY nqT |<$ |q qT+&y&T. |<$

ES
d++~+q JeTT H\ 500 sbjT\T +&~. jTq H\ J+

b+<TjT > |<$ d++~+q = >se +#H\T L&
EM
*jTT+&qT. n+u] n\+]+#&q @qT>T, b\, eH, #eTT,

e TT, +{$ jTq |{{|eTT qT+&$.
V <>] \eTT n+^]+#&q jTeTsV |{\ ddT

s\T|s+ jTesTL& yT<sY +{ |<e \|q qT+&, sj \

u>+ rdT=qT M\T <T . sDq V<s T jsY+> q yT<sY
|<$ sJHe C+ |uT esDT\ deT]+#T=HqT. C+ sJHeqT
s<T # d yTeTT, e |uT eTT u> + |s ekqeTT \T|q+es ,
jTq (V<sT jsY +>) =+<s|&e\dq nedsyT$T <T.
e+Xbs+|s+> jTq nqTu$+#T#Tq >sy\jTT sE >T
yqqT <XeTTL& e jTeeTT <T. n&T d+<V+> e
50 d+es\ V<su<T 227

Xj _wjT , #\ <s+ <w \y&, e \TdTqT n+ bsd
uw ydq |s H | |{ + |&qT. +{ d]|#T=q
C+, V<s T jsY +> eeTT\T # q MTE (wsT ) , >T+&\T (qT\T)
sTT >s$+#qT.
V<T eTTdMTH |<q s<]> eT nT VdH djT<
|#dysT. eT kVT V < sj \ $Ty~jT #| e#TqT.
e qqTd]+ e\T e+#, jTq V < eeVseTT\qT e\T>H
q&|ysT.
C+, eT kVTL& <s q$T eT n_bjTeTT\T, bsd
KS
uw yjT&q |s H<s $<+ > y\& + ]. &T eT+ e +
>\y&T. sTT eT+ <s< w, T~, CqeTT L&>\ <T. $y<>dy T q
O
deTd\ >T]+ e #]+#T d+<s e TTq, &T eT+ deTs >\y&
BO
yTeTT >V +$T. &T |deTd TbT\ ~ u> + q
n_bjTeTTqT \T|&T.
O
MTsY nsY nUH>] $wjT+L& C+ |uTesDT\T eT

C
n_bjTeTTqT $<+ > ee| s ]. { s +&T |sjTeTT\T sTT&T

ES
qu>T (+> u>+) ejTT+&qT. yTeTT sTT

#]+HeTT. &T q es =+ *dqy&q yTeTT >V +$T. |dT
EM
<X| ] d T \ |]CqeTT u> \y&. sk<q L& u> |jT k&T .

&T L& e Xj _w\ H=&T .

us sjT |]d T \ $weT<X

sb K+&eTTH>, dj K+&eTTL& |]d T \T $w$TdTq
\eT~. k$jT{ sc y|q VsT HJdH\T, eT]jTT y|q
k$jT{ dH \eT< |T s jTT<e TT k>T#T+&qT. k$jT{ sc =
n+>T+ u$T k$jT{ |\T eT bD\T n]d HJ dH\qT
bs<\T#T+&]. d> \eTTH bH jTT<e TT #]q~. <D b#,
dj K+&eTT HH<X\T sDs+>\T> e]bsTTq$. us< X e TTq

dMT|eTTqqTq jTH <X\TèT\j, d+>|P sY, s yTT<\>Tq$`bH
Vd> e T>T#T+&qT. ~ us< X e TTq >=| | deTjTeTT. us< X e TT
k+eTT \_+#, ud<X e TT> jTT<e TT bZqC\< +>dT
+<q sT|#T+&qT. jTT<e TT eTT+q sT y $wjT e+#<e TT
nH~ _{wyt ] <sD. bHy] yTeTT ##T+{eTT. MTsT eeTT
(_{wyt sT) us< X e TTqT+ y[b e\dq< n eTVT&T #dq H<+.
$<+ > us< X sjT |]d T \T $w$T+ bC#qT.
sh |\ C+>] nu sq
V <su<T sheTT d T +>dT deTd|q e> y T q d>V eTT
KS
]|, |T&q kMTJ, jTq nqT#sT \T =+<sT sTT+ C\ TH +&].
V<su<T sh |\ eTTK+> \+>D b+eTT eTdT\
O
se\e\ u> n\& jT\T<]q~. |]d T \ V <su<T sh
BO
|\, $y<>dyTq sjT deTd\>T]+ jTyTq d+~ ~]+#T
yq C+ |uT e d+~=s |\ { n|\T #d] .
O
V <su<TsheTT ed+#T, d++~+#T _q_q CT\, \

C
|<\T, b|+ eeVs\ >T]+ d+uwD\T sT| #

ES
b>Te\jTTqT. =+es sJ se\jTTqT. +$T+, sTT|&Tq

d+|TsD\qT eT]+ |s>eL&<T. BH sh ku>eTT, X+
EM
$T&jT Tq~. n+<sT @yT dV <jT eTT| rdTq jT&\, sh n_e~,

ku>eTT jTB nk< yTq ~ <T. ||+ # sjT y\ (Statesmen), \<sD
>T]+#T |<\ y\T e <w qTHsTT. < ds + <T . |edTe

#\q+ sTT+<H $wj\T k~+#T, deTd\|q +#e.

eeV s e TT # qT+ <e b ey T , s j T # T s
jT|+#T+T+~.
C+ |uT e>] d+<Xe TTqT |sd ]+#T=, V < HjT&T
V<s T jsY+>, sh |uT eTT u< jTT |uT eTT >T]+ eT
$<qeTT y\&+q~ eq qT V+<Te\ |<T\ d+uw+#T
m\| &T d+d<+ >H qT |{ + #qT.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 229

CrjT| HjT&T nsUH>sT eT | q<s V<s T jsY
+>T d+uwD\T ]| sJ seq V+<Te\qT n]+]. ysT eT
n|\T $y<>dy T q u< jTT |uT eTH deTd|q V+< HjT\T
jTe |T<\ #| sTTs $wj \>T]+ sJ se\jTTq ]].
eTTd+ \ jT HjT&T V<s T jsY+> nH $wjT + ]y<+X+.
V+<Te\ s| q HjT eTT eV+#T +<, eTVsh, s
|]wT V+< |C eT+&, es& dyT qeTT, s |~ du,
jTdT\ d+|T eTTe\e+{ d+d\ jTT \d eT |~ |<T \qT
jTqTe\jTTq, k< yTq + s V<s T jsY +> d+uwD\T
sT|eq L& nsUH>sT eT n_bjTeTTqT n|\T y*T].
KS
eTHq \V+ Hd!
O
n|{ |]dT\ <c n|, d+<X\ >T]+ jT{ yT
BO
<=sC\TT+&qT? |CkeT eed\ >T]+, |CkeT d<+\|q
<s|& q sjT d+dsD\T #sD |T +<q sT|y] >T]+,
O
C+ |uT eTT nqTd]+q $<qeTT <c, eTTK+> C+ |uT esDT\T

djT+> eT eT+esT\ <s n$wj \T qT= e| ] q |esq ,
C
eTqT, V< HjT\qT, jT{ u<eTT< eT d+|PsyTq

ES
eT+ \< Vs+>+> e| s jTe\eTT <eTT+<, C+

|uT e n|q T >, d+<X\qT > jTesT qeTTsT? mes qeT<T .
EM
eq ny<T\T, $Ty<T\T nH u< e TT +& n+<sT XeTT> qT+&TjT

eTyTq y u$+]. | |q\<s , y~\qT+&
|Hk\<s eTTdy T sT \T yT e<T . |y| qT+ XyT .

=sE\T <{q sT y eTq+ jT+<T, sTT+ jTH es V <

|< qs<] nT VdH djT <>sT |+]. < eTqyT e TyTq
yT> u$+, jTTy| qT+ L& yT e<T ` d+|Ps+ > n+<sT
eTqe+ eV+].
w y T q Vs |]d
jTT< es+uyTq dTesT eT&T d+es\T |P] ue#T+&qT.
_{w +&j b+\ Vs deTd w | ] d <qT. V <su<T
sheTT |]d sTT+ dTeTTK+>H jTT+&qT. & jT q e&T, Cq\T,
d\ T yTT<\>Tq$ sTT& |\ d]bjT$. || |<se TT\T | qTq
sc\ m>TeT #jT&T#T+&qT. yTT<{ ||+#jTT<eTT s s+&T
<Xu\ sheTT jTs&q |]XeT\T |+#<s, eTT, <seTT rjTTq{,
\T HjT Tq{ sH\T, jTH qq |]XeT\e\q, {ds | s #jT T
=|< bC \ e\q s +&e ||+ # jTT< \eTTes sh ] |]d
dT\u+ > qT+&q~. sh |\T <=+>CsT u esTqT >Ts s T >< T .
q\& T u &T nqT $wjT eTT jTe] *jT+&qT. &T jTe
#eTD (Inflation) +&qT. 1930 s+uy T q ||+ #y|y T q ybs
e+<+qT+ eTTK+> s T \T n|& \T+THsT.
KS
#] $+ uwD ` eTVT X|<eTT
O
dj K+&eTT jTT<e TT k>T#Tq \eTT s uj T +sy T q
BO
jTT<es+uyTq~. $<+> us<X <s+|qH XTdH\T bs&T
#T+&qT. usrjTT\T, s, #H ydT\T eT dV ]+#jT&\, bH
O
kjTT< dH \T + #>\ e bH<X |< qeT+ uj T |T#T +&qT.

C
y| m+\eTTqT+ jTT< d<Tq s, <X\

ES
sb, | K+&\ bs&T, s+&ey| dj K+&eTT bH

dH \qT m<T]+#T _{w n~s $T+q |jT _{wt |< q eT+
EM
#] bsy T +T e| ] #qT. jTq ||+ # eqeC eT&T

u>\T eT nqTL\+> HjT, eqe\ u$ w eT desq |q
<s|& jTTq< V#]+#qT. <s eTT n |]d T \T m<Ts=+,

TbqT Cs& n+<TqT+ <eq n|\T#dqT.

us< X +s+ |]d T \T $w$T+be#TH jTT+&qT. n{+{
#ss Y #| &q d<+\T us< X nqTe]+#e #] eD+#qT.
jTT<q+se TT eT&T d+es\ n~yX <s (Dominion Status) +{
k+eTT \_+#TqqT _{w y>H\qT usHjT\T qeT<T.
us< X e TTq y+H d+|Ps k+eTT \_+## usrjTT\T ud\T>
jTT<e TT bZqC\s eTVT&T X|< + rdT=HqT.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 231

sEy\T, #+ w <s< w
|]d T \ <c nyT]<X sh| sEy\T, #H <X n~H es
#+w #\ +<q |&T#T+&]. MsTujTT\T, jT $<eTT>Hq
us< X e TT d+~ ~]+#T=qT, _{w |uT e\|q & #jT T#T+&].
#+ w, djT+> us< X e TT e, |]d T \{ ne>VqeTT #d =HqT.
jTq us<XeTTqT+ ] y deTjq usY, #H d+<X\T
qjT&\ ||+#eTT X+ k|qjT nd+ueeT n_bjT|&qT.
us< o jTT\ s| q k+eTTq sTT+qT u> &e+&T e\jTTqqT
H|e TTH jTe \eTT>&| , _{wyt sT ns usrjTT\ n~seTT
KS
n|#| >\sqT q $XdeTTqT |{ + #qT. eqe du , d+d , d#
jTqT |j H\T k~+#T #H , us |\T jTê+> n{+{
O
#ss Y #s &q d<+\qT \|sT d, <TseTD<sT\qT z&+#T
BO
jTT<eTT u>+ rdTy n es #+w n|\T#dqT.
s+>H, bjTT\ Vd> eTjTes L& #] $wjT + jTeeTT
O
<\ <T . s+>H bjTT\ kBqeTT eq sT y us< X e TT >T]+

_{w ysT ne\+_+#<\ q $<qeTT >T]+, eT jTT< \| eT+ eT+&*
C
jTê+> sj eq< bsy T +T _{w |uT eTT |{ + #qT.

ES
sjTyT$T{, us<X HjT\ $e]+ #|qT, e>+>

d+|~+|\T ]| d+| *+#TqT, _{w eT+ eT+&* duT &T dsY
EM
k|sY |, us<XeTTq y#TH& L& e|]#qT.

|>sT q _{w |<eTT

s T b d + +~ + qy& T | >s T , j T q u s | \
Xj _wjT , us k+ y+#q T \|]#y& |r. jTq _{w
eT+eT+&*y] |<eTTqT #|{ 1942 e d+es| e]H\
us< X e TTq +#qT. |< e TT usrjTT\ eTT+<T |&qT. dsY k|s Y
eTTK+> +>dT, eTTd+ >T HjT\ d+|~+|\T ]|qT. <ojT sC\
s| q, qs+< eT+&* n< &T CyTkVu qeq>s,Y _sY, |{\ eTVsE
jTT+> |>] \TdT=, <ojT sE\+<] <<eTT, |+>

V<su<T |<qeT+ #] qyT V<su<T C+ <<eTTqT,
y\& + ].
<ojT sC\ |\ eTVdu < &T eVsT HVA, &s T |{_
dseTjT>s\T <ojT sC\ |\ b< + eV+]. eTVdu
ksTTd+|T #s \sTTs <ojTsC\ duT \bT kMT seq+< rs,
oH<s e y< >s\T V <su<T s| q bZ].
_{w eT+eT+&*y] |< e TT qqTd]+ jTT< \eTT eTTd, =
d+$<qeTT d<yT #sD e#Tes >essT qs b\d+|TeTT,
<Xd + sD (Defence) XK | $T*q XK\jTT usrjTT\ kBqeTTH
KS
jTT+&TqjTT, us |\ eTTKesZ\ d++~+q HjT\T eT<X
|]b\q d+|T eTTH>, n~s deTT<jT, sd$T d++~+q
O
d+| \ #s> \ sH $Xd+ |{ + #&qT. <Xd + sD XK es _{w
BO
|uTeTT, us<X d+sDqT sV+#T u<qT ||+# jTT<eTT
$Cj bT|&T |jT eTT> u$dTq <, sDq XK eeTT
usrjTT\ |+#eTT< dw+#d us<X d, H, u
O
k<q d+|T \ deTLsT eek|q eTT us |\ dV seTT us |uT

C
u< >H jTT+&Tq |{ + |&qT.

ES
| < e TT j T T s +& e u > e TT, j T T< q + s e TT s T > u j T

seTeTTq d++~+q~. jTT<q+seTT us<XeTTq n~yX
EM
skqeTT sTTe&Tq, k<yTq+ s = sC+>#eTT

d+$<qeTT d<|s#T d+$<qdu (Constituent Assembly) jTsT
#jT &Tq, du <ojTsC\T #sT jTsT L& sT>Tq, duy sT

d<|sq d+$<qeTTqT, +< #|+|&q wsT\ & _{w

|uT eTTysT n+^]+Ts |{ + |&qT.
(1) _{w +&j jT shyTH , scH = d+$<qeTTqT
n+^]+# jT&\, n{ sheTT sc\T ys +&T jTsT
#jT &TqT. $<e TT> us jTjTH #s{ d<| & sc\
us jTjTH *q <H \T>TqTe+{ = d+$<qeTTqT
_{w |uT eTT n+^]+#>\ <T.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 233

(2) _{w |uT eTT, d+$<q du eT< q d+~ sT>e\d jTT+&Tq,
d+~ qqTd]+ _{w y] qT+& usrjTT\ d+|Ps~ seTT
< e+ e\q < $ +# T u< \ j T T d + ~ | e TT
s|+#&Tq, u<\T us CT\ (Racial), eT\
d++~+q (Religious) n\d+U\ sD >T]+ sTT+es _{w
|uT + ysT Hsy s T d eq u|T jT jTT $XB]+#&qT.
_{w n~s deTT<jTeTT qT+&T <X\ us< X d++<e TT
>T]+, u$wT +&jTH jTjTH |]w]+#T n~seTT
>*jTT+&TqT. n{ n~seTTq jT{ +<q \T+&ue.
KS
(3) d+$<q du <ojTsC\TL& #sT @sT #jT &TqT. |\#
jTqT&q Xdqdu\ T sC\ n& sE\# jT$T+|&q
O
duT \T d+$<qdu bZ+<TsT. d+$<q du #] d+$<qeTTqT
BO
d<| s q sT y L& <ojTsC\T us jTjTH #sT
s]+#T n~seTT *jTT+<Ts, us< X e TT { + f jTe
O
jTjTH $u +|&qjT&\ sC\ eT qq jTjTH

#sT n~seTT *jTT+&TqT.
C
ES
|b<q\T eTTd+>T, <ojTsE\ es n+^syTq$>

qT+&e#TqT. <ojTsC\ |\ es, sTT+q $T+q n_e~
EM
s< y T q |b<q\T sTT+$T +&ue. us jTjTH #sT | q

<ojT sE\ nbsyT q qw+ \T>TqH uj T + *+, y] ys
+, eT y] d+s+#T y]| n< _{w ksue~seTT

UjTeTT+, eTT+<TL& us< X e TTqT eT kBqeTT qT+#TH <X e TT

<ojT sC\qT \T (<TseZ TT\T) > |j >|s # T =qT _{w ysT#dq
mT> & \ T | |b<q\ ns+ eTsMT C\<T.
<ojT d+kHBX\T, | |q>\ |+<\ @sT >T]+
=+ |qs#q nedse TTq<, eT nd+| *|]. @ d+$<qeTTHq
, |+<\ <s eT \_+q V\T, ksueTeTT b&&Tq
$Xd+ *+qjT&\, d+$<q du #sTqT, d+$<qeTTqT

d<| s # & e TT eTT u>+ rdT=qTqT d+d<T \ T> qTHeT <ojT
d+kHBX\T |{+]. + ysT u$wT k|+#&T us
jTjTH #s+& +&T d# sTTe&qT\, ys +&<\q
sc\jTT *d eT~ ys jTjTH k|+ #T=qT L& neXeTT+&
e\jTTq ]].
~y u+ # , ` { +&j <eTeTT
| |< e TT >+BeTVT s+ue TTqT+# n+^seTT +&qT.
|< e TT dw+ > $|\ eT>T#Tq u+|s, nq+s Bydq # (A Post-
dated Cheque on a Bank that was obviously failing) e+{< jT >+B>sT
KS
e]+]. +>dT KsT $TweTT es d+~ ~]+#T=qT
|jT +#qT. +>dT HjT\T | d+<qeTT, s |T s \T ]|].
O
T< n |jTeTT\T $|\yTq <T|] >+BeTVT HjTeTTq
BO
>=| <eT es+_+#T +>dT rs+#qT. <eTeTT +^w ysT
us<XeTTqT e<*y* (Quit India) jT |sT>+q~. +&j
O
+>dT $T{ | rsqeTT ({ +&j ) n+^]+#&q y+H, n<

C
s >+B eTVT dV +>dt HjT\+<sT |T&]. |uT eTT#

ES
> =q&q #s <Xe TT q\T~\ n\sT jT\T<s qT. m+<s ss\ T

|uT eTTq <=s +& sV d+> (under-ground) <eTeTT q&|] .
EM
+es +>dT e> k] +>dT q&|ue | <eTeTT

yTTe TT <Xy |y T q ~> qT+&qT.| <eTeTT n+sse TT <ojT sC\T,
_{w +&j nqT eT $u qeTTqT n+yT T+~+#&y T . <ojT sC\

_{w ksueTeTT nqT |sT _{w sjT |<T \T (Political

Agents) s# Tq qT+& <ojT sE\ <s eT ke kse TTqT
XjT dTqT b&TH |< s*+ | <Xe TTq k+eTT \_+#T
wk < eT, <ojT sE\T _{w ksueTT eT u $ XdeTT e~*
d+ usY @eTT e\jTTq HjT\T u$+jTT+{sT. eq
<ojT sC\T, _{w +&j jTqT u< e TT +& | <eTeTT yTTe TT
<Xe TT k+#T <ojT sC\ |\T L& q&TeTT{] .
50 d+es\ V<su<T 235

<ojT sE\ >+BJ nu sq
$wjTeTT >T]+ >+BeTVT&T <ojT sE\ n$<\
nu]+#qT. <ojT sE\T jT|{e eTqT _{w keeTTq
d++~+q $TwH jTT yTT\\T, yT\T, d\T> u$+#L &< ,
us<XeTT jT\|{ ud <XeTT> qT+&u<, qT <ojT sE\T
qTkseTT> q&Teeq, n{ ysT _{w keeTT nq& s<
#eTT\ & jTT+{eTqT+f, n~ k>~ < n+, >+B
eTVT&T, <ojT sE\T d <s eTT eeV]+ C <X e TTqT d+jTT
<X e TT> u$+#eq, sTT{ eV]+q jT&\ jT{ qw+ +&u<
KS
n|\T #dqT.
<ojT sC\ sTT+es bsd| V\T, u<jTT
O
|uTk|q <e\T q&T|&H$. V<su<T sheTTq
BO
d++~+q+es, bsd| V s]+#&H$. dT +>dT
nqT|sT u< jTT |uT k<q eTqT <X e TT |\, jT{
sjT d+d k|+#TH VqT |uT+ s]+jTT+&qT <!
O
1938 dT +>dT k|q| y|&q |uT w< sTT+es

C
=\+#&<T. +<T\ dT +>dT ss\T eT sdq |{d

ES
d><eTeTT ]| 1938`39 C y[] . <T |] 1941 e>

d>V eTT ]| |uT eTT# s+~+|&]. e> d>V eTT ]|
EM
C\ T y[q kMT seq+<rs 1941 e d+es| qe+sT H\ $&T<\

#jT &]. d T +>dT|q y|&q w< eeTT =\+#&< T .
>+B eTVT <seTTq sT|{ XsTT+|&q { +&j

<eTeTT sT| kMT seq+<rs HjT eTT eV+#qT.

kMTJ >dT 1942 u+usTT ]q <ojT sC\ |\ eTVdu,
+>dT $T{ MT{+>T VsT>qT+& >+B eTVT <XqTkseTT
<eTeTT sT|V <su<T #sT HqT. V <su<T s dw q TH
jTq +~+|&qT.
<ojT sC\ | <eTeTT s+_+#T eTT+<T <ojT sE\qT
d+u~+#T#T K\T yjTeqqT u+usTT rsTqT, kMTJ #sD

|C\ sDq jTq s|q &sT .mdt. yT\Tf>sT C+
|uT esDT\qT d+u~+#T#T K yd].
K ks+X yTeTq> sc\T , <ojT sC\H u< e TT +&
n b+\T d+ usY \dby. <ojTsE\ u $XdeTT\T
d+ us |uT eTTq \_+#. y+H C+ |uT esDT\T eT |\
bsd | V\ sheTT u< jTT |uT k|q n+^]+#.
BbT d+ usY jTT> V <su<T sheTT d+
usY jTT> V <su<T sheTT d+ usY \dbe&
d<e TT>qTqT C+ |uT esDT\T eT Xj |{ + #.
KS
K C+ |uT e n+<>H &s T yT\Tf>sT +~+|&].
<eTeTT d+<s e TTq V <su<T sheTT C y[q y]d+K
O
yTT+ 400 n kMTJ n+#H. M] ds l seTwH <Y V]X+<
BO
V&, c#] Cw, bDX#], m+.mdt. s*+>+, J HsjTDse,
u+ &sT #+< eTX sse |u T\T eTTKT\ #| e#TqT.
O
kMTJ |u e+ eTss& b+eTT |q H me +&~. eq y]

C
nqTjjTT\T L& b+eTTH me> qT+&ysT. $<+ > C

ES
y[q +>dTy] eTss& b+eTTys n~d+K qT+&]. M]

>b\Xd<e, uukVT |s+|, sY.&. <Xb+& eTTKT\T>
EM
u$+#e#TqT.
>$+<<dT ws| , yX + bjTH >s\T + >&H eTdT\ H
nqTeqeTT |q s+~+|& jTT+&]. MsT kMTJ eTTK nqTjjTT\T,

d\V<sT\ sTT~es ydjTT+{ { +&j <eTeTT s+u+

eeTT Mses C qT+ e<\&< nqT+{qT.

50 d+es\ V<su<T 237

|<T H=+&e |s D eTT
{ +&j <e eTdT\ es
V<su< sheTT 1938e d+es| dT +>dT d>
KS
<eTeTT bZ C y[ eq |<| +< eTVdu jTTe +<eTT
+< eTVdu HjTeTT esT seq, jTTe HjTeTT
O
jTs&e\jTTq sqT. e<HjTeTT $wjTeTT jTTe\
BO
dV]+q~. 1940`1941e d+es\ deyXyTq +< eTVdu\
n<\T> esTd> eT+<TeTT\ seT#+<se, s$ HsjTDs& >s\T
O
jTqT&]. yTD M]<] <seTT\ u<eTT seeTT e\q, 1942

C
d+eseTT H{ sT CrjT |eTTq, +=sT eTdT b

HjT eTT eV+]. MsTuj T T\$, s +&T eT+ |\yTq | \T> qT+&qT.
ES
M]sTe] eT< $Ty<T\T n\ d+K qT+&].

EM
jTT<es+uyTq \+qT+ eTdT k$jT{, HJ s eT<

jTs&q $T eTT 1942e d+eseTT H{ u+ >eTT e&eTT, k$jT{
sc, HJ s <X\ eT< jTT<+ s+ue TT eeTT, * +> k*H

#], sEy\T\ eT< d+~ <s eTT, k$jT{ sc, _H, nyT]
<X\T *d HJ s $sT<e TT> sDs+>eTT ~>eTT e\q, sTT+
es u$+#&TTq key<T\ jTT< ds|eTT |CjTT<eTT>
e]q<qT#T+&q us eTdT\ T, jTT<e TT n $<\ jT|<e TT>
k>T |uT eTT dV ]+#T nedse T+ { +&j <eTeTTqT
$s~+]. CrjT |eTTL& { +&j <eTeTT bZq<T.
$Ty<T\T eqd+ > +>dT <eTeTTq nqTL\Ts. kVd+
<eTeTT bZqb sTT].
>& ydqT $U eTdT HjT&T l s$HsjTDs& n< q
m$T<e +< eTVdu s|eTT\T 1941e d+es| pH H\ qT+
1942e d+es| yT H\ es kq$. d+es\eTT s$
HsjTDs&> sT +< eTVdu eed, b>+\|q me X< eV+#&
< T \T e Td T b \| s # & e TT e T X k eTs eTT\qT
|j >|s HsT. eT< \+H eTdT bMT< w<+ =\bsTT
q+<Te\q b duT \+ Vs+>+> |#jT &+ yTT<\T|{H sT.
=$T<e +< eTVdu
|]d T \ =$T<e +< eTVdu es+>\T |D |]ds >eTeTT,
KS
<seseTT 1942e d+es| yT H\ deyXyTq~. $Ty<T
$Ty<T\>T e~sE seTfX sse >sT n< \T> HqT&].
O
m jTTeHjT>dsT\ n+^seTT ]q<qqT, n< y]
BO
dV seTT \_+#b jTqT. eTdT b, CrjT |e TTq d+~+q
ujTb\ ss\T eTVdu seTeTT $jTe+eTT> k>T
O
dV]+#bsTT]. \+>D b+| +<<eTeTTH{ d++<eTT

n+eTT+<T +<T\TqT, +<sT\TqT qMq H<eTT\ >T+|\T
C
>T+|\T> du eT+|eTT #TT sT>T#, b\T, êTT\T b&T#T+&TjTT,

ES
bs+ue TT qT+&jT T +<<eT d+|<jTeTT \yT|&j T T+&q HjT\

, *$>\ys>T >eTydT\ >& XseTT d+<VeTT, ujTeTT
EM
*+#T#T+&qe +< |eTVQ\T e&b{ VqTeT+se >sT eT

\+>D +<<eT #] y\& + HsT.

n sTV yesD+ eTVdu |Pss TT+<|+#+ n s$

HsjTDs&>sT eT >+<eTT ydHsT. d+eseTT HsjTDs&
de +<<eTeTTq \_+# < +< |eTVQ\T ydHsT. nsTTqqT
deyXe TT sT y eTVdu seTeTT d>H ]q~. n< &T, =+<sT
+< eTVdu eJ n<\T, q dV]+# =+<sT s duT\
L&q s]D du jTsT #dT = eTVdu se\qT ]|T +>
k+]. s]D du { +&j rsqeTTqT \|sqT
seTfX sse>sT eT djT#] <V]+HsT.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 239

+q>s\ d>V eTT
V <su<T |D eTTq nsT edeTT leT ds<$ >] LTsT
e] |< CHjTT&T, &s T yT\Tf >] dreTD, leT Cqe] V&,
se#], sT\Z seTws e>s\T Vs+>du \ |q w<\qT \+|T +,
d>V eTT ]|]. |uT eTT ysT M] 3`4 sE\T s+ <e TTqT+
sT y $&T<\#d] .
d+ <u<T |D eTT nsY, qe+sT s +&T H\ dTesT 150
eT+~ jTTe\T d>V + ]| C y[] .
KS
{ +&j rsqeTT qqTd]+ V <su<T d T +>dT ysT,
_{w ksueTeTT >+|\T #dT=, d+ us<XeTT
O
V <su<T sheTT @eTT eq, y+H V <su<T sheTT u<
jTT |uTeTT @sT #jTeq C+ |uT+ sT +<q
BO
s+_+q \+H, V <T eTTdM THysT V <su<T sheTT
d+ eTTd+ seTT> XsTT+|&e\jTTqH H<+ eBd].
O
seTTq d+ us<XeTT, s d+ <X\ sjT, <

C
d++<e TT\T jTsT #dT H ns * jTT+&e\jTTq].

ES
+, V < HjT\T, V <su<T |uT eTT _q _q #]

<X _{w |uT eTTq n|+q b+\jTT jT{ ws T +&
EM
V<su<T sheTTq y|dT sTT#j ` nq> ssT, s dssT

\jTT V <su<T sh u>[ V<T #s ` nqT +<qqT eT]+
>{| s ].

V < HjT&T V<s T jsY+> V <su< sheTT eTTd+ \T,

|CkeTeTqT |sT sheTT n~ d+KqT+&T V+<Te\
sC~seTT \T>Tq{ jT{ |CkeTeTTqT, n{ |CkeT
d<+\qT dV eTT dV +#C\s |qsT<w+ #qT.
e d++<e TT, s|~ <s HsT > _{w |uT eTTH jTTq~.
= deTw eeVs\ us |uTeTT dV]+#TTqe yT.
+ eq yTeTT, _{w |uT eTT e d++<\T us
|uT eTT qTHe jTq& u$+#< T . |&T us |uT eTT e
d++<\T @ss#Teq sT>T#Tq |jTeTT jTT n+sseTT
V<su<T sheTT ] <deTT $eTT b+~ eTs=] >TeTT
e\jTTqqT | ys +={ <T. +<T yTeTT n+^]+#C\eTT
n V<s T jsY +> eT d+d jTT <&$ Xd+ |{ + #qT.
jTT< |u eeTT
sh +s+ |]d T \T { +&>, jTT< |]d T \T jT sE
sE $w$T+be#T+&qT. H& |q XTe\ $eH\ <& s> +
e\q V <su<T |D sTkqT+ |e<eTT \< |uT eTTysT
KS
$eq| <& qT+& |D |\qT s+ #T \T |{ |\ >T D
# @sT #d] .
O
BO
us<X d]V<T\|q jTT<eTT s>eTT, <XeTT q\T~\
sj\ n\&, nX+ |*jTT+&+, ~>TeT, m>TeT ybs+
dq\+, sb\ ks eTT\T >Z + e\q V <su<T sh ] |]d T \T
O
L& # sTesq $.
C
sqT+ _jT+ se&+<T . = \ eT |]d T \T jTs&+

ES
e\q, sheTT |+\T <q$. +&+\ T jTs&q~. <s \ T sE

sE |sT>T#T+&qT. <s \ |q |uT +{\T $<q+ neT\T e#d+~.
EM
< edTe\T ejT+ e+ s+uyTq$. <=+> #sTCsT,

\Te|&+, neT u\T d+b~+#&eTH |]uw yTT<{ |sjT+

sheTT y&T e#dq~. |]uw n> |{es *bsTTq~.

_jT+ <s jTT<e s+uy T q |&T | +{ V 18 sbsTT\T+&>,
1948e d+es| &d+sT H\ H{ V 42 sbjT\ es |]q~.
< $<+ > ><T eT\ <s L & 40 sbjT\ es |]+~. +>sT <s
1939e d+eseTT T\+ +{ V 30 sbjT\T +f 1942e
d+es+ KsT 72 sbjT\es |]+~. y+&, V 112 sbjT\
e+< T\T neT&~.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 241

sh |uT <jT| |<T \ n+es jT{ esT s<T . >& q
jTH d+es\ qT+ |uT & T $T>T\T>H +&~. jTT< deTjq
<T\<c, =+es qsV |uT <>T\ n~ <s\ eTT
e&+ e\q & T T se es+uy T q ~. 1938`39 sh <jTeTT
V 9 14 \\ sbjT\T+&>, KsT 9 13 \\ $T+#< T .
1942`43 H{ <jTeTT V 10 16 \\ es |]H, KsT
10 52 \\ es |]+~. eq TqT jT$<+ > |P] #dT y\H
|X <$ +q~.
n~ u\| |qT ` sjT Y | deTsq
KS
n+es V <su<T sheTT <jT+|q |qT nH $<qeTT <T .
d+ <u<T _{w |]b* u>+ yTT<{ |sjTeTT _{w s d&+ T
O
<jT+|q |qTydH &T. V <su<T n~ #jT &+ n+ dT\u+ <T .
BO
{ |]d us |uT eTT ds| s XK n<q| s<]>
qT+&q >T+ eTVeT<T>sT V<su<T sh ] eT+> jT$T+|
O
&HsT. jTq eqd+ > eTTd+ >sY nqe#TqT. us< X e TT $u +#&q

C
s bkH eT+eseZ TT #]H&T. KsTq bkH >essT qs>

jT$T+|&qT ` ~ jTq n+<X nqe#TqT.
ES
= ]e T+ V <su<T sheTT <jT+ |qT yj q

EM
d+#qT. n~ k>< T . T< jTq n~ u\|q |qT ydqT.

H d+b< eTTq q&T|&q sjT Y ~q| <s HqT |qT
$<qeTTqT \|]. sjT Y *$Tf&T +| =+<sT &s s

H $<q+ jTeT+ q#<T . ysT eT sdq *|]. HqT e+ d+b<j T

k+eTT jT{ CeTTq +b<T. &ssT L& H
deTqsTT+#T= eeV]+# ysT.
]e T+ u wD ` <wD
H ]e T+ >T+ eTVeT<T>] yTT<{ qT+ jT{ |]#jT eTT
<T. n~ u\|q |qTqT \|sq+<T sE jTq qqT q
+{ V+ jT+ u w+H&T.
e <j\T>\ esZ\ dV js+ #<T D\T |&qT. |uT
] dV jTeTT e <s \ <TD\ =qT>\T<sT\ _jT+,
><T eT\T yTT<\>T +&+\T neT&$. Be\q |uT eTTq \T>T
qw+ n~ u\ |qT e#T <jTeTT u #dT H~.
Hu |]q+<Tq sheTT |+& |+\T yTT+ sh| |\
d]bjT$ e. eTTK+> _jT+ =s +&~. jTT< sD+> sqT+
_jT+ ~>TeT bsTTq~. |]ds sc\ qT+ L& _jT+ ds| s e+
<T . eq |D \ ed+#T |\ _jT+ =s e#d+~. |]d
e] |+& \+>D b+eTT M |fd H sT. Be\q \+>D s T \T
KS
HH$<y T q u<\ >T] k]. |]d HqT H | <s |uT
M $<qeTTqT >{> $eT]+.
O
]e T+ M $<qeTT HsT > jT$T d++<e TT q|{,
BO
>T+ eTVeT<T>sT H yk\e\ #\ u<| & H sqT+{qT. sEq
ysT qqT V+HsT. VT\ sCV<s T y+ses&, e]
O
|< C HjTT&T, nsUH, V < HjT&T V<s T jsY +>T>sT

L& #]jTT+&]. Ms+<] deT+ M $<qeTT >T]+ H $eTsqT #]d
C
]e T+ qqT u> <w+]. T< qqT >=| Hsd T > ss TTd, HqT
ES
eTsD qy&q jTq q |]cs+ #|qT! n+{ jTq

e{&~ jTB < u$+ HqT s> $T*q VT\T L& ]
EM
s sT e#d]. +es H +{ nqTue eTT jT|&T <T .

n~ >T+eTVeT<T>] H~KsT<s q+. { u wD, <wD\qT
#jT HqT H d+b<j T u< \qT Hsy s T + bsTT.

M $<qeTT ` s T \ +<T\T
<q| M $~+#T, ed\T #jT T nH nee \T+&$. =
= d+<s\ ;<s T \ qT+& y] +& L& $T>\+& M ed\T
#dq Te+{ <VsD\T \e. M =*# deTjq d> =\ebeyT
>, =*q <H |uT eTT ss TT+q K<T d> s T ebeeTT
yTT<\>T jTH deTd\T jT\T<]q$.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 243

sT qe<qTq 10 eTDT>T\ $T+q <q| \Te>T]+
\T|< H , e #|+H&H, =+<sT es \T s \T>T
uw\ <q| \Te ]bsT |+| <T\T, es& >Tsr uw\
|+|HsH Hse TT\T y|, { ys+<]|q dT\T |&qT.
es+>\T| D eTT ed+#TysT =+<sT s w+>T jTe\ $sT<+ >
eeV]+HsH H|e TT|q dT\T |& + #&Hs e~sE seT
fX sse>sT eT djT#] <V ]+HsT. VqTeT=+& ed+
$<ud+ #jTT >e\ |\\T =+<sT eT >e\ qT+ _jT+
#T Hs, $+Te q us X<e TTq _jT+ uVDs|
KS
uVDT\ uqeTT |{H< dT\T |& ysT +|&HsH
<VsD\T se>sT #|+HsT.
O
{ |]d T \ |\T m<TsT+Tq we TT\ >T]+ +< eTVdu
BO
$Ty<T\T |uT ~sT\e< b< eTT eV+ y<q #dT HysT.
$<+ > |\ =+ dV jTeTT \_+#~.
O
+< eTVdu eTdT ss\ T M |< ]> nHj\

C
es+> s T \qT dMT]+ bs&>T #dysT. ss\ T djT+> s T \

ES
y+ qT+& esT L& <H d> =*|+#&+, d]jTq K<T

|+#&+ s $<\ es \qT nHjT+ #jT +& s~+#&+ #dysT
EM
n s$HsjTDs&> sT eT Ms \+>D nqT >+<+ ydHsT.

+{\T $<qeTT \+#>=+&q eTT

jTT<\| ] #s> ne\+_+q +{\T $<qeTT |{

L& jT$T esT<T . s +&e ||+ # jTT<+ eTTdL & 30 d+es\T
<fqT. eTq k+eTT \_+ L& 27 d+es\ \eTT <fqT.
+{\T $<qeTT jT$T esT<T . n+<T, +{\T $<qeTT jTT
$we\jT+ y|+be#Tq~. |\T <TwysDeTT J$+
>&T|THsT. <Tw yesDyT \+#>=+&H, uc#s
eTTKsDeTT. \+#>=+&q eTT uc #s eTH~ n+, =+ jT|&
q<. J$edseTTq e\dq |<s\|q +{\T $<q

es+uy T q |{ qT+& \+#>=+&q eTT |]q~. +{\T d] $d yT q
=\~ \+#>=+&q eTT L& ~q~H_e~ >+q~.
eT+ |\T jT<TsT #dT+ &]. k+eTT \_+#Tq jT+
X|T= c\{ jT<TsT+THsT. HjT\+<sT C s+ ~+#&
jTT+&]. k+eTT eeTT n+es qT#| +&qT.
>+BeTVT |ydeTT
eTVT&T eT qT Xu| s # T H <X e TT sTy sE\T |yd
e+ yTT<\T|T d+*+]. eT d+\eTT \T| s|~
KS
K yd]. d+<s e TT eTVT, s|~ s |T s \T ]q$.
|* + jTMT <T . nyT] <Xd T \ T us< X |]d T \T # $w$T+qT
O
\]. nyT] |uT + q +<q e| ] +~. eTVT&T |yd e+
ne\+_+#qT.
BO
eTVT& $&T<\ #jT eq, <Xy |+ > us< X |\T +<q
O
]|]. _{w |< qeT+ #] n+^]+#< T . B| eT sdq

\T| s|~ jTT s sV d+|T eTT eTT>TsZ T usrjT
C
duT \T eT |<e \ sJHe\T |{] . leT ds <$ e+ yT

ES
s>eTT u>Tb ee\q e~*|{] . eTVT& e<\{ s]+].

V <su<T sheTT L& q\T~\ >+BeTVT& $&T<\ #j q
EM
+<q ]>qT. b+rjT eTVdu\T sjT UB\ q+<] $&T<\

#jqH rsH\T n+^]+H$. dsl seTw<Y, bDX#],

seT#+<se q+<|PsTsT , _~#+< #< eTTq>T sjT UB \T =+<sT

$&T<\ #jT &]. sh sjT $<qeTT jT{ esT s<T . d T
+>dT|q $~+|&q w<qT |uT eTT =\+#{ n+^]+#< T .
e+<\=\~ d T +>dT ss\ T C H jTT+&].
|~jTe +< eTVdu
{ sjT |]d T \ +<, eTVsh eTVdu\ T ]>qT. 10e
+<eTVdu, V<su<T |DeTT, eTVsh eTVdu nes+>u<T
50 d+es\ V<su<T 245

|D eTT deyXy T q $. eTdT nu ] <+ jTs &> ] b{ #d
=+& y+s+>s&> sT +<e TVdu n< \T >qT, n+ seT#+<se
>] b{#d l<s Y yeTH HjT>sT eTVsh eTVdu n< \T>qT
mqT&].
eTTd+ \ eTdT\ deTsq
<Xe T +<e TVdu n< q l=+& y+s+> s & eT +<e TV
du<|Hd+ C+ |uTeTTysT |{+q sjT d+dsD\T
n+^syT q $ e, |Cd+d\ jTT d+dsD\qT d ydq $ eq
u< jTT |uT eTT f dsD j T yTq < |{ + ].
KS
deyXeTT sTZ\ seTwse>sT |b~+q sjT
O
rsqeTT n+^]+|&qT. rsHqTks+ jTT< |u e+ e\ |\T >T]
neT+& u<\ <c, |\ $XdeTT *jTTq CrjT |uT eTT
BO
s @sT #jT e\jTTq V <su<T |uT eTT s&qT.
d+#&q CrjT |uT eTT d>+ kH\T V <T eTTdM TH
O
y] , $T*q d>+ kH\T +<, eTVsh, s eTVdu\

C
|<T \ y\ eTdTb ysT desD ]. desD M

ES
bsTTq~.
nsTT H&T yTeTT #dq |b<q bsbT n V <T eTTdM TH
EM
y] #] yH #{+~ n s$ HsjTDs&> sT eT >+<e TT H&T

|HsT.

l<s Y yeTq HjT>sT eTVsh eTVdu < &T> eT |HdeTT

dT+>dT|q $~+|&q w<qT =\+#e\jTTq, sheTT
u< jTT |uT eTT k|+ #e\jTTq ]]. $wjT + eTVduy sT
rsH\T n+^]+]. u< jTT |uT k<q eTVsh eTVdu eTTK
<X e T jTee[ #sT &qT. sE\ kj $X$<\jT|
|u <T\ eTVdu < &T>qT+&q MTsY nVeT<UH >sTqT (+< |<X e TT
s +&ek] d+Jes&> sT jTsT #dq eT+ eT+&* + $Tds T )
sheTT u< j T T | u T k | q sh n_ e ~ n $< \

dVjT|&>\<, eT <& $XdeTT e|]]. sjTs eed\T>
s+_+q, b+rjT eTVdu\ T, sjT eed\ T> e]bsTTq$ ` #s \
<sD # u< e TT eq~ ` |* +> u< jTT |uT k<q +<q
s|k q$. eTVdu\ eTTK ss\ +<sT w~+|&q d T+>dT
ss . + reyTq esT\T eq|{ , |uT eTT @+{ | D
#jT<T. dT +>dT| $~+q w<qT =\+#<T. n~
>se deTd (Prestige issue) >H |uT eTTq n&Te #T#T+&q \+#.
n< jT&\ eTsMT sDeTT <T .
V<s T jsY+> y>+<q eTT
KS
V <su<T sheTT 1924 e d+eseTT qT+ s $q bdT XK\
eT+>, s$qXK s<]>, bdT XU~] (..|) > +^w
O
n~sT\T +&]. n{ jTsT nqedse T, |qT\T <ojTT\T sV+#
BO
C\Ts, \e+eTT> #dq jTsTqT k>eL&< V <T
eTTdM TH HjT&T V<s T jsY+> +<q s+_+H&T. Be\
O
\eTT V <su<T qTq _{w s d&+ T ~jH eTqdT #

u< *H<. jTq e&e \ C+ |uT e>sT V<s T jsY+> e#
C
d+eseTT jT{ |Hk\T #jT s< (y>+<+ ) eT |s H

ES
<s 1942 C|+ ]. B| V<s T jsY+> q sdq > jsY+>

nq&T C+ ds| s #dq _sT<TqT y|dT #dH &T. q * + &T\T
EM
|{q V<s T UH nqT|sTH |\Te&T#T+&qT.

d+eseTT >&T e <{qsT y 1943e+ d+eseTT es+>\T

|D eTT deyXy T q V <T eTTdM TH eTVdu < & T > V<s Y UH

|qdd , V <su<T sheTT +s+ eeVs\ C+ *+#T=
\e+eTT> jT$T+#&q +^w n~sT\qT =\+#q sT,
+>+&T <X $TsyTq nyT]<X| n~sT\qT =+<] +>+&T
<X| |<e \| jT$T+#T +>+&T d<| & T T+< n _{w ksueTT
|~ < + |+#qT. d+w|P s+> , nyT] |uT eTT y]
\e++| +>+&T |uT eTT = |uT XK\T nyT] n~sT\
kBqeTT #jT { +>+&T d<| & T T+< n |+#qT. +>+&T {
50 d+es\ V<su<T 247

jTsT <| n+^]+#< n+, n{> V <su<T >seeTTq
$sT<y T q jTsT (_{w n~sT\qT =+<] V <su<T sh |<e \|q
jT$T+#T |< ) n+yT T+<q <{+ #qT.
eTV|TqeV+q C+ |uTe _{w keeTTq $XdjT
$TT& u$+q|&T, V <su<T sheTT eT]jTT +>+&T ` s +&T `
$T<X\T> eT]jTT sjT+> s+&T<X\T deqd+<T\T>
#&&qqTq< V<s T UH #dq y<q. jTq, V <su<T q
n>skqeTT k~+#TjT <D eTTd+ |\ eTTK <XeTT>
u$+#&y &T. jTq V <su<T |uT eTT, _{w |uT eTT eT< ]q
KS
|+<eTT\ |seTT V<su<T d+ seT, k<yTq+ s
|{ + #q _{w |uT eTTqT sqT.
O
jTT<q+se TT V <su<T sheTTq q eT qTe+{
BO
|+<eTT\ <s, d+ us |uT eTT d++<e TT\T jTsT #dT H
V *jTT+&Tq, _H V <su<T sheTT dVeTT UjT+ +#T
||+ #eTT s d+ <X\ < d++<e TT\T jTsT #dT H
O
V L& +&Tq _{w |uT eTT k< yTq + s |{ + #q

C
L& <{+ #qT. |> deTT<rseTTq V <su<T sh d]V<T\ T \TdT=

ES
jTT+&T, $<+ > sheTT ku>e+eTT> n_e~ #+<T _{w

|uT kBqeTT qTq V <su<T sh b+\jTT y|dT #j q
EM
sqT.
$<+ > ` +>dT y<T\T, eTdT\ T, V < ysT, C+ `
n+<sT _{w n~seTTqT+& $eTT sysT nsTT]. us<XeTTq

k+eTT \_+#qqT jT{ u<_bjTeTT +&qT `

us< X e TTq k+eTT \_+ V <su<T sheTTq L& +^w
y] ksueT~seTT qT+ $eTT \T>TT+< n+<sT qyTysT `
n+<s V<su<T k+eTT eq syssTTH, s
n+sZ y T q <s\T _q+> qT+&q$.
+>dT y<T\T |CkeTeTTqT qyTysT. eq ysT |C+
seTTq +<q sT|#T+&]. eTdT\ T |CkeTeTTqT ]H ysT

qyT |CkeT+ X$T eseZ TT L&q~. V < ysT y| eTTd+ >T
]| bkH +<q jTu$ +, s +&ey| V <su<T sheTT
d+ eTTd+ seT, ds d, sh eTTd+ \ \< qyTysT. u$ wT
+<T jT{ & sL&< +<q sT|#T+&]. eqH ysT
|CkeTeTTq +>dT y<T\T ]| +<qqT ||T {+#ysT.
eTdT\ <=]q neXeTT
d+ V <su<T nq> C+, q e> k+eT, q e>
d#j T qyTy&T ` eq jTq +>dT y<T\ u< jTT |uT
d<+eTTqT $s~+#y&T. yTs C+, V < ysT @u$ +#ysT `
KS
sh eTTd+ \ ds d \<H V < y] sjT d<+eTT C+
jTu$ +#< jTqT|X d+<V d<yT jT #| e\d +T+~.
O
X \ { <s |PsyT q d+|T sD sT>T#T+&~. V+<, eTTd+
BO
><\T eeTT \eTT sT>< T . \+>D b+eTT esZ
$u< \T \jTH s+_+H$. sh eTdT\ s+>eTT jTs&q~.
O
sb K+&eTT jTT<|]d e]be#T+&qT. | s+>eTT

C
eTk* z&bsTTH&T. ^dT, bqT <X\ qT+ eTk* dH\T

ES
s>$T+q$. |q $T sC\T ]| yjTT $eH\ <&T\qT

jT<TsT =qT <T . eTk* jT++ n+yT q ~. eTk* |jTq+
EM
#| H&T. sH HJ jT+ VsT ] _] nsTT eT<q |&H &T.

k*H >&T sDs+>eTT VsT |sjTeTT b+~H&T. < k$jT{
sc msdq + s HJ eT\qT yq ]$TyjT &+ s+_++~. ~

VsT |H |H~ jT u$+#e#TqT. B ||+ # eTdT\ ,

eTTK+> eTq<X eTdTb , eT+ bVeTT *+# yesDeTT
dw nsTTq~.
eTdT\ C+ |uT bVeTT
H C|eTTq+es, 1941e d+eseTT qT+ sheTT
eTdTb Vs+>+> |#jT Hs+_+q~. eTdT eseZ TT (&s)Y ,
eTdT kV+ j sT nsTTq~. eTdT kVeTT|q |uT eTTy]
50 d+es\ V<su<T 249
w<qT 1943e d+es+ eT< \eTTH{ =\+#eTT eTdT\ T
u> VeTT eT b | eTT+<T k+# yTT<\T |{H sT. yTT+ |q
= yesD+ <c sh eTdT\ eT+ bV+ <=]q~.
s$ HsjTDs&> ] e\ H&T +< eTdT $T{ yTT+ us
eTdTb XK \eTsTTq~> +&~. sh eTdT $T{,
+< e TdT b jTT nqT+<X K>H | #jT T#T+&q nqTy.
\+H eTTq>\ sC |\| #d s+<\qT esd ]|q
bs+ q\>=+& d]V<T \ |\ eT+ C +~ n
s$ H]jTDs&> sT ydHsT. \+ c eTTq>\ \djT Tq
KS
q\>=+& ds| \, dMT|+ qTq q>eT, uTeq]
\\ sh eTdTb ysT eT seT+ u> k+]. ysT
O
>MTD b+ L\ deTd\T #|{ +<q\T sT|#T+&].
BO
>e\ u eTT\ deTd { eTTKyTq ~. +sT u eTT\ |+|D,
s u<K (=\+|), s T \ n|\ e\ s T \ u eTT\T n|sTTq y]
O
kBqeTT qT+&eTT, { deTd\T+&$. eTdT\ T eT |\T&

qT+&T \ deTd\T #|{ bs+ ]|ysT.
C
ES
eTdT ss\ VwsD

+sT u eTT\qT <THy], sq T eTdT ss\ T d+|T {
EM
|]#ysT. $<+ > esdZ + |T sD\T ]>$. >e esZ \ V\T jT\T
<]q$. ds| eTdT ss\T u$T bs{ bZq+<T
|<e +< eTVdu < &T>, =+& y+ s+>s& HjT + eTTKs

s\ qT +< eTVdu qT+ Vw]++~. n s$ HsjTDs&> sT eT

>+<e TT ydHsT.
n+es eTdT b, CrjT |+, $T y<T\T n+<sT
+<e TVdu eed \djT jTT+&]. $Ty<T\T, CrjT |+ ysT
jTes eTdT\ seTeTT, $<qeTT @u$ +#< T . nsTT n|{
+ ysT |& < T . | fq b ><\T eed jT\T<]q$. +<
|eTVQ\T e&b{ VqTeT+se>sT eT +<<eT #] ydqT

yT 1943 qT+& yT 1944 es >& q \eTT \+>D +<<eT #]
#\ weTTqT, eTqk|eTTqT *+#Tq{~jTT nsTTq< $#seTT
|=qe\djTTq~. q&TeT s s\ *q reeTT\>T n_bjT
u< e TT\qT, |e TT y] jT+ < eTTqqT |]DeTeTT> uT eq]
]q +< eTVdu e\eTT @ |j T eTqTq~> *q~.
|<T H=+&e +< eTVdu eTdT\ e XeT>T
|<T H=+&e +< eTVdu sT>T |PseTT uT eq] ksTT d+|T
deyX+ ]q #s\qT, <sD <w qT+#Te\d jTT+T+~.
deyXe TT eTdT duT \T n+es #eTDqTq b HjT +
KS
e], qMq Hj T + se q | T { ] . y] < X e TT eTTd *
HjT eTTq esT> jTTe HjT eTT <, y] |Hk\T dwe TT>
O
\T|#T+&qT. nq> CrjT HjT eT+yT T+~, eTdT HjT eTT
BO
+<eTVdu eed k|+#eq eTdT\T <&d+\eTT
|jT +HsT. CrjT |+ ysT d $<q+ ne\+_+ eTdT\
O
dV jT|&] . zT |> n~ d+KqTq CrjT |+ ysT d$ <q+

C
ne\+_+ zT #jT T~|P seTT> e<T\T=]. $Ty<T\T zT #d] .

ES
z&bsTT]. sD+> n\ d+KqTq eTdT\T eT z

> \Tb+~]. qT eTdT\ y\& j T q lHsjTDs& HjT eTTq y]
jTqTjjTT\ y] cqTkseTT |<T H=+&e +<e TVdu uT eq]
EM
sT|&qT.
CrjT|+ <dq

CrjT|+ y] d$<qeTTqT =+ yU+#eTT nedseT

\TkqT. jT&\ $wjT + nd+<s + >H +&bT+~. eTVdu
$Ty<T\T dys s+> | qyT XjTd~
|jT +#TysT s, M] seTeTqTq~ < $Ty<T\ >T]+
CrjT|+ y] ueq. eq $Ty<T\~ eTTqT>TTq |&e jT,
|&e eTTqT qjT&\ y] dV eTT eTTq>&+ <eT y]
n_bjT+. d+ yTq eTTq>+& dTs+> qT+&T $Ty<T\
50 d+es\ V<su<T 251

dVydeTT |s<, y] <s+>qT+&T nedseT qeT
CrjT|+ ysT d $<qeTT qe\+_+].
yTT+|q $<+> +< eTVdu eTdT\ kBqejTqT.
$Ty<T\T, CrjTy<T\+<sT |<T H=+&e +<e TVduq T Vw]+].
|]o\\T> e+ CrjT |eTTq d++~+q ]<sT duT\T
eTVdu bZ].
uT eq] eTVdu ]q #s \ >T]+, n+^]+|&q rsH\
>T]+ H n~s ]bsT jTB \u +<T . |<T H=+&e eTVdu q+s+
|CeTT |T eq $|y VeTT, eTdT HjTeTT
KS
ne\+_+q $<qeTT >T]+ s$ HsjTDs&> sT s+q Ms\ +>D
jTqT >+<e TT|q H <s|& n+<T qT+ = y\T <V]dTH qT:
O
uT eq] eTVdu n+ V|P]+> eTTd+~. #TT| qT+
BO
eq y\=\~ s +> d+|T + XC> n>T|++~. y\=\~
|C+ d+|T+ du+ rdTHsT. d+|T+ du+ N{ e+<+f
O
|uT ~sT\ uj
T |&e \dq neds+ < , u keTT\T, MT+<s y{
C
be\dq |< , |\ n_bjTeTT *q~.

ES
+ |PseTT ]q bs+ y{# ], neT ed, <sH \T

yTT<qy{ es+> eyT ]>sTT. e L& H&T n++
EM
e+> eq C+ |uT #{\ & eyT ]>$. u eTT\

deTd\T H{ #{\ nryT q $. n+<T #{\qT ~ ]+ bs&e\dq
neds+ *+~. deTdqT #| & + e\ <eTeTT qq<X #]qT

nsTT+~.
q\>=+& eTdT\ d+|T q ` sDs+>+
<X q\>=+& q>eT, seTq|, ds| \
eTdT HjT+ Ms bs{\T ]H$. >MTD ukeT
$<qeTTq $sT<+ > n*yT + >MTD |CeTTqT eTdT\ T
d+|T{|sHsT.

B u keTT\T, MT+<sT eT bJwH b&T=q{, eT
>\ HjT |syT q V\qT s+ #T=q{ d+d<T H sT. n+<Te\q
sDs+>+ d<| & q ~.
y| u keTT\T, MT+<sT, eT sD d<| s # T =q <\T`
y| y] HjTdeTyT q V\qT b&{ eq kjTT< bdT\T
eTs=y| ms C+&\T #{ e&d\\T, >T\ kjTT<T sDs+>eTT
<q \T<sT, y] dV jse TT y[q >eT |\T s +&T \ eT<
s jTT< ]HjT #b. = = d+<s\ kjTT<
bdT<\T eTH jT~]+# |CkeTV #d y] m<Ts=q&+ k< +
KS
< >V+ s>eTq+ #Xs s$ HsjTDs&>sT eT >+<eTT
ydHsT.
O
yTT+ |q qq<X eTdT <eT| |<e T <X> u$+#.
BO
~ >MTD u keT $<qeTTq $sT<+ > ]|q eTdT bseTT.
s <X\ >T]+ eTT+<T #]+#>\ qT.
O
+< eTVdu eeVs\T $<+> qT+&>, V<T eTTdMTH

C
d+d |]d $w$T+#T es+ue jTqT. V < HjT&T V<s T UH

ES
pH 1944 eTsD+ #qT. B V < eed b{\T s+ue jTqT.

V <T eTTdM TH d+d @s&q|{ qT+& d+d n< &T> V<s T UH
EM
+ jTq jT HjT&|+#TH&T.
V<s T UH eT+ s>e+T&T. CqTuVQ&T. eT+ e. eTTd+
eT >+< eT+ b+&+ d+b~+jTT+&qT. jTq |Hk\e\

eTTd+ |CeTT |u $T jTT+&]. yTT+ |q jTq eT+ e eTT

>\y&T. V<su<T sh eTTd+\T jTqqT Uj< $T\Y (eTTd+
CjTT n~H ) jTqT _sT<T >s$+HsT. V < eed jTq
e yT nqTq~ +&qT. sh eTTd+\ mesT L& jTq
$<qeTTq es+> n_bjT+ y*T#T kVd+#ysT sT. eTTd+
d+b< \T> qT+& |#T ]+#&q s |\T (n~ d+K) V <
$<qeTTqT \|s#e\d+<! es_bjTeTT\T >\ |\qT
50 d+es\ V<su<T 253

Vw]+#T V<s T UH u~+#y&T. n<$<+ > &d| H L&
b&y&T. jTq eTsD+ q sT y &d| H sV+#TysesT b sTT].
V<sYUH e> J$eTT eTyTq<H #b. C^sT<sT
T+eTT |{, |]q|{ qTks+> C^sT <] eseZ TT eq
<TsTDZ \ V<s Y UH n\yT |& < T . jTq desq >T]+ @+{
u< _bjTeTT +&qT. sj \ jT u< _bj\Tqq, e>
dV+ & s<T . e> + > jTq H eT+ dVT&T> qT+&qT
HqT jTqqT >s$+# y&. jTq qqT >s$+#y&T.
V<s Y UH e| ] # uy\T, y{ |{ + # $<qeTT, #]+#
KS
y\T, jT<T{y] >T]+ Vqe\ jTq nqTjjTT\T jT+<s n
rey<T\T> d<y T H sT. = n\]eT\TL& eTT+<T e#dHsTT.
V<s T UH eTsDeTT sV deTT!
O
BO
sE V<s T UH VsT> eTsD+ #qT. H&T s uH
(&qsT) dVT +{ y[H &T. uHq+se TT VQ |\eTT
O
s+_+#>H, jTq bD+ e~qT. eTsD sDeTH~ @$T{ n~

C
sV d+>H +&bsTTq~.
ES
V<sTUH eTsD+|q b u<+ +& n+<s eT d+|+

e| s ]. C+ djT+> V<s T UH <$& y+#d, q d+|+ *|
EM
y[] . C+ V <T eTTdM TH d+d u$ wT >T]+ #q, $#seTT,

+<q *> qT. V<s T jsY +> keqT&T &, jTH >\T
#d eT+ >{ |H<T\|q V < d+dq T k|+ eT+ s $<qeTTqT

d<| s q y&, q dT>TDeTT\T, <X dee\ yTT+ <Xe TT |U>+q

y& n+ n+{ HjT&T eTsD+ q sT y V < d+d HjT +
eV+, eTTd+ |CeTTq es<Z s eTT eV+#T u< rdTH yses
f $#seTT C+ |T=HqT.
C+>]# $<w | q\T
V < = n< &T> nT VdH djT < mqT&q sT y
C+>sT | $wjT eTT>T]+ jTe #s \T nqedse TT dZjT
V<s T UH ydq |H<T\|q H eT+, C eeVs\jTT sV+#eqT
n |\ <s C|+ ].
= n< &T nT VdH djT < >T]+ y|+q nbV\jTT
s<syT q e, jTq =\~\eTTH q |<$ e<T\Te\d edT+ <
C+ dw| s # q T. dZjT UjT<$T\Y d<| s q s $<qeTTq _q+>
eTTd+ |C+ jTsE eeV]+#TT+< n<sE eTTd+ C |q+
< eT eTTd+ C C+ V#]+#qT.
nT VdH djT< ws> n_e~syTq uy\T \y&
#|e#TqT. |&T u<jTT |uT XjTeTT >\ eu{ys\
KS
*djTT+&y&T. eq V< = n<&T> jTqT&q sTy
jTq es+> |, V< ss, $y<d<yTq #s\T
s+ue jTqT. n|&T C+ C+ *+Z #T=HqT.
O
BO
#] &+&\ qqTd]+ _{wt |uTeTT jTs&q dV
d++<\T>\, _{w ksue~s d+sD qTq <ojT sC\
O
b< |uTeTTq _q+> jT |]dT L& u<jTT |uT

k|q nd+ue eTT (| +> < H). nq> V <su<T < H |]d T \T,
C
< <s, ksTT sTTs< o jT sC\e, < | yT q |T q,

ES
ks L& >\<T. |]d T deTd >T]+ jTe $XB]+#eTT

nqeds+ n C+ 24e p 1944 e H{ dTu < H | |#T ]+].
EM
< <T |] 29e pH { n< | C+ eT <&y T q Xj

$<+ > |{ + ]: `

1. ~es | k $ +q $w j T + > T ]+, V < s T j sY +>

eTsDq+se TT eTdt V <T eTTdM TH ss nqedsy T q #s \T
sT>T#Tq$. eq jT $wjT + L& nd+~>+ > qT+&L &< , *>
q|&qH <X e TT dw ] +#&+ nedse T u$+HqT.
2. b<| |uTeTTq d++~+q $es\T = d+es\
|PseTT |{ + q d+dsD\ deTT #|&H$. n~ u< jTT
|uT eTT <T. b< |uT eTT d]jT q deTj \_+#TqT.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 255

~ <w |T= |\, eTdT V <T eTTdM TH ss\
eT< sT>T#Tq $y<eTT by. n~ w\ yTq ~.
3. eTTd ] > d+> jTeTq> ksueT~seTT jTs&q #]
d++<\ <c, <ojT sC\T jTq&H d++<\qT > + |\T
# d T +{eH $w j T + nd + u e eT < s qeTT\T, V eTT\T
#|T#T H$. sDyTeTq> M] (<ojT sC\) eed nd yT _{w
|uT eTT|q <s|& j T Tq< #] <{+ #T#Tq~. ~ >=|
es|k<eTT (Boon) > u$+#. { es|k<eTT e<T\T+&
+&yT T~eT+T, <s< w >\y \D eTT.
KS
$<+> C+ |+>, |s+> V< sj\T jT{,
q&|+ Hs \e TeT+~. C+ q$Tq es|k<+ H\T>T d+es\
O
$T+ <C\bsTTq~! jTq jT+ <s<w >\y& n~L&
BO
*bsTTq~!!
C+, q du+ =s eTTd+ |C | &Te |{+ y]
O
ns, eq, bDqwe TTq sDu T&, qT n>seeTT b+<qT.

C
V<s T UH n< &T> qTq \+ nT VdH djT < V <

ES
|< q s<]> qT+&H&T. V<s T UH q T~sE, q s<]jT

q b{HjT&T> j seTH& nqTe+H&T. eq V<s T
UH q sT y, es+>\T V < n< &T | VQdHqT q kqeTT
EM
n\+]+#eq |b~+H&. jTq |b<q k>< T . n<

|<$ b{ ]q~. z{+> nT VdH djT < > \Tb+~H&T. B

d+d >|\T jTs&kH$.

nT VdH djT < >T]+ V < esZ\T, eTTK+> jTq $TT\T,
jTq eT+ sjT yj T , sjT #T sT& nqTHysT. V <
sj jTq $Ty~jT dw+ > #| e#TqT.
ksY+> eT+H\T ` C+ $eTTK
n~ s +&e ||+ # jTT<e TT de|e T>T#Tq \+. jTT<q+s+ sH
us< X e TTq k+eTT \_+ +<eTT n~s+ +>dT HjT\
kBqeTjT d#q\T q|&T #T+&qT. |]d T <ojT sC\ ` eTTK+>
V<su<T sh ` u$wT <c, V< d+d jTT n<&T nT
VdH djT< dT +>dT HjT\ d+~ nedseT >V+#qT.
d+<jT&T> V <su<T |eTTK nMTsT ksY +>, +>dT $Ty<
HjT\q&T oH<se y<, . se#]>sqT, qqT V+#qT.
jTq <$& (ue q+) V < HjT&T nT VdH djT < eT< ,
eeT< d+uwD\T ]>qT. T< d+~\ |+<eTTq sJ |& $T.
|+<eTT |s+ |uT + y]# |{ + |&q sjT d+dsD\
= eTTKyTq esT\T sT>T n+^]+$T.
KS
1. eT\ | <s|& q jesZ\ (Functional Constituencises)
<T\T> b< jesZ\T (Territorial constituencies), (2) d+jTT
O
jesZ\ (Joint Electrorate) |H<T\|q Xdqdu V+< eTTd+ duT \
BO
deqd+K, (3) mqT&q Xdqdu qT+ eT+ eT+&* y+H eTT>TsZ T
V+<Te\qT, eTT>TsZ T eTTd+ \qT #sT =qT, (4) |uT & T Xdq du
|yX |{, Xdqdu +^seTT b+<T. H\T>T n+X\ >T]+ sJ ~sqT.
O
C
sJ u> s \T C+>sT
ES
|+<eTT n|{ eT+eT+&* duT \ es eTsD s T e

(Death Warrant) > #qT. |uT s<sT\ q~sT\ y]
EM
J$\eTT u> n_e~ #+<T eT+eT+&* yeTT eTd

yjT &qT |+#qT. n{ $T+, C+ |uT esDT\T |+<+ q
sC~seTTq >=| < n u$+]. $<+ > X \ jTT @yT

|+<eTTq $sT<+ > >=| +<q eBdq$. |uT X>seTT jTT

<seTT sT e&qT. &T u> y< \&qT. LsT\T = |\qT
eT nqTL\+> T=]. V < n< &T nT VdH $sT<+ >
qTq V < duT \qT =+<] eBd]. V < d+d |eTTK HjT\qT
=+<] C+ eT <ssT V+, y]eT\+> V < d+d nT
VdH djT < $sT<+ > yesD+ *+]. T< nT VdH djT <
q n< |<$ e<\T=qT | ys es+Z +={ jTB b sTTq~.
|]d jTq q n< | < $ dd #|qT.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 257

C+, ksY +>TqT <ssT V+ |+< |eTT | +#T=,
< T \ T |&y dqT. sh sj \ sTTeTT+<T @+{
CeTT *+Z #TL&< ksY+>qT V#]+#qT!
@~ ]H eT+ sT>TT+< yTeTT &e+& u$+$T
jT<s+ > $#]d yTeTT eTT>TsZ e TT $Ty<T\eTT. e sjT u$ wT
nbjTeTT \T>Tq uj T eTTq|{ V < =H jT sJ d<| & $T.
e sjT J$eTTq |e<eT *d L& |+<eTT |q d+\T
|{ $T. nsTT C+ |uT esDT\T y] eT+esT\T yTT<\>TysT e
sjT J$eTTq @+{ V \T> +& eeV]+]! ysT sJ
KS
s]+ e sjT u$ wTq T s+ ]!!
eTTd+ \ d+~, sJ ]q |jT \ sTT~ eT&e~. V <su<T
O
sheTT $Ty<eTTq, sJ kqeTT < eT]jTTk] |dT yTq ~.
BO
V< y] sj\jTT C+ |uTesDT\T s#TqT+& &+#
jT L& dwy T q ~. C+ ne\+_+q $<q+ e\, sh sj \
O
$Ty<, ny< jTH u< + +& CrjT y<T\+<sT +>dT

y~|q b>T nsTTHsT. <sD n+<]B f ` $<qeTT f. sqT
C
sqT MsT ne\+_+q ssVD |< & @s&q~. >eTkqeTT

ES
#sT ne\+_+q k<q eTT\ >T]+ u< _bjTeTT\T *qZ $. $wjT +

eTT+<T #]kqT.
EM
d T +>dT HjT&T kMT seq+< rs dTesT 16 edeTT\T

C\ T J$eTT >&| e<\&HsT. s sjT UB \T <X\ y> +

eTT+< $&T<\ #jT &HsT. d T+>dT|q y|&q w< eeTT

jT<$~> UjT+ +&qT. $wjT + >T]+ |uT $<q+ jT{
esT s<T . <T e&T q kq+ qT+& <\ qT C+, jTq |uT +
L& <\ <T . + _{w ksue~seTT #]+ > @s&q
d++<+ e~~ < , sheTT u< jTT |uT + jTq{ L& k|+ #~
< C+ dw| ] #qT. V <T eTTdM TH d+dq T \|s# yT q se eT
jTq u$+#qT. qT +>dT ss\ se yT$TH deTd f
\bsTTq~.

eTss&, s b+\ ss\T b+rjT eTVdu\ <s
u< jTT |uT | \ eTT k~+#{ >T seTeTT k+#T#T+&].
\+>D b+eTT seTeTT k+#{ CrjT d+dj T qTq~
jTB +& bsTTq~. C+ sc+< eTVdu eTdT\ kBqyTq ~.
eTdT | e\+T\>T +< ss\ jeqeTTq, |e TTq #+~q
HjT |eTTKT&>T s$ HsjTDs&> ] < seTTq uT eq] deyX| s #
&q |<T H=+&e +< eTVdu. |Ps|~> e\eTT eTdT +<
eTVdu> H e]q~ n +<| eTV e&b{ VqTeT+se ydHsT.
CrjT +< eTVdu |qsT<s D
KS
CrjTy<T\ +< eTVdu kq+ +& bsTTq< CrjT
y<T\+<sT >V +]. uT eq] eTVdu ]q H\ ~qeTT\ CrjT|
O
HjT\>T eT+<TeTT\ seT#+<se>sT, | | q eTVdu
BO
+<<eTeTTjTT |<q \eTT\ $sT<eTT> qTq< reeTT>
$eT]+].
O
sT y eT&T yseTT\ +< eTVdu\ |Ps| n< \>T ds l

C
e&b{ VqTeT+se, =+& y+ s+>s&, e~sE seTfX sse,

ES
|*C\ y+s+>se d+jTT | q +< eTVdu |qsT<s D

ndeseTT >T]+ eT n_bjT+ y\& + ]. ysT d+jTT | q
EM
mqT~\\ |CuVQeTTq ` nq> \+>DeTT $$< eT\ T>\,

$$< esZeTT\T>\ ys+<] ` b<eTTqT \T| n+<] deTw
Ve=s |#jT T <s eTT>>\ C+sc+< eTVduq T |qsT<s D

#jTT seTTq bZqT |$ seTT> \+#T#THeTT n eT

n_bjTeTTqT <w+ ]. y] HqT @u$ + ` sT\Z seTws e,
eT+<TeTT\ seT#+<se |qsT<s D |e TTqT \|s ].
B <T |] +< eTVdu eJ n< \T, HjT\T, eTd s
ss\T n+<sT @eTT> L& +<eTVdu |qsedsDeTT >T]+
jTê+> |]w]+]. (1) |qsed ] +#&q eTVdu deyXe TT
ujT d\ eTT (2) eTVdu seTeTT d+ d+eseTT es sT>T
50 d+es\ V<su<T 259

~, (3) eTVdu n< jTT u< eV+#TysesT nH eT&T eTTKyTq
|X\T qyTq$. e~sE seTfXsse>sT es+>\T |DeTT
eTVdu deyX| s # { u< eV+]. =+& y+s+>s&> sT d+
d+es+ es eTVdu seT+ sT>T e\dq ~ ed\T#d
u< rdT=]. n< jTT u< eV+#{ |< e sT eTT+<T
s sDq HqT d<| & .
B sTy HqT dTesT \+>D \{ y[ n&
ss\ +<] \TdT= m<Tse\dq deTd\ >T]+ #]+. | +>
q\>=+&, KeT+, es+>\T \qT sT #T> |s {+ n& |\ eTdT
KS
d<+eTT, s$<qeTT >T]+ $e]+ +< eTVdu |qsT<s D eX
*|.
O
seTeTT jT+<s k HjT\T, ss\ T H &&].
BO
| +> KeT+ |s lydse J&+ { sese>s\T, q\>=+&
|*C\ y+s+>se, yeTT\|* y+wj T , jTq k<sT &T
udsse>s\T, es+>\T e~sE seTfX sse, |s s+>se >s\T
O
#dq dV jT+, <X + Hsy s { ysT #dq de #\ nbsyT q ~. ys\

C
w |* +> y\=\~eT+~ |qsT<] +|&ue +<e TVdu jTT b<$ T

ES
duT \T> #]].

eTVuq>sY |s VqTeT+se, |* seT#+<se, #V ]
EM
qsdsE>s\T V<su<T lyds&, &sT myT #Hs&,

es+++ >b\s& u+ qsd+ VQ\T >s\T yT< y+fX s
>T|> sT Ceu<T #T|* VqTeT+s &> sT yTT<\>T $TT\T

#\ dV jT|&] . yTT+ |q $<+ > \+>DeTT n k

HjT\ w |* +> dTesT 60,000 eT+~ b<$ T duT \T#] <<|
500 |<T \T 12e +<e TVdu mqT&]. sT y +~ duT \
L&q |d+ |T eTT jT$T+, < ksTT d+|T eTTq>\ ds~seTT
jT&qT.
1. =+& y+ s+>s&> sT, eJ n< \T
2. sT\Z seTws e>sT, eJ n< \T

3. e~sE seTfX sse>sT, eJ n< \T
4. |s lydse>sT ` e\T
5. eT+<TeTT\ qsd+ >se>sT, eJ n< \T
<s d$T n&V $T{ deyXyT, eTVdu deyXeTT
e{ 1945e d+es| e] H\ 15, 16, 17 B\T ss TT+#qT.
deyXe TTq e\dq n dHV\T #TsT> k>T#T+&qT.
s#s TT |r $j>eTT ` T+ u< ` n< | < $
~ sTT{ +&>, eTVdu sT>T ss TT+#&q B\ H\
KS
eTT+<T nq> 11e | e] 1945e H&T, Hus (36 d+es\ ejTdTq)
eTsD+ #qT. H nX<, |H yT eTsD sDeT HqT | | <T.
O
HqT jT|& |s q qT+&eTTe\q yT d]jT>T |#seTT
BO
]|+|C\<T . $~ mesT jT$T #ksT ? |\\ bwD |X qyTq ~.
n+<]q qy ejTdT 8 9 H\\+f jTe <T n+<] +f |<
O
nusTT ejTdT 8 d+es\T eyT. d y n$yVq

&|\ \ T+&]. +{ |< ~<T n+ |Ps+, 1943e d+eseTT,
C
e HjTq>sT ~e+>T] e *>sT+&]. { |]dTH

ES
n+ > e eTT us eTsD+ q+<Te\ yT|q e eTT |\\

bwDu< |&q ~.
EM
H us eTsD+ q 4`5 sE\ e eTT&T seT#+<se, e&b{

VqTeT+se, =+& y+s+>s&, sT\Z seTws e >s\qT y+&+#T

H ydeTTq e#qT. e eTT&T, e]q |]d 12e +<e TVdu <

jTT |X y]eTT+<T rdTe#qT. nqTq |seTT n< HqT eV+q
jT&\ H |\\ > jT$TjTH deTd |<\ jT<T |fq T. Hs |]d
nsTT +f H n< | < $ n+^]+#&e TT jT$T +~ +&qT.
nqT+& jTs&q |]dT\T nkeqyTq$. y| eTdT\qT
jT<Tse\djT T+f, s +&ey| sh sj \T n re+> esT#T+&qT.
{ deTjq |P] deTjTeTT#T n< &edse T H eTT&T d+#qT.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 261

e eTT |b<qqTq jT<se TTqT n+<sT n+^]+]. HqT
y] jTesq qT sT n< u< eV+#q ]. sTT+<T
jTes d<| & b sTT]. |<e eTVdu < &T> qT+&, uT eq] ksTTd+|T
MT{+>T z&bsTTq sT y eTdT HjT&T ls$ HsjTD s &
#] sTTq qT, |&T |qsT<]+|&q du<&T eeTT
deTTeTT> qT+&< y+s+>s&> s]. CrjT| duT &T> d
$<q+ ne\+_+ zT#jT , sTT|&T eTVdu < &T> qT+&eTT
u>T+&< sTZ\ seTwse>sT, sTT< sD+ e\ eT+<TeTT\
seT#+<se n< | < $ s]+]. e&b{ VqTeT+se>sT ys eTT,
KS
$y<>d sj \e\ n< | < $ |C\eT dw| s ]. |]d
H u< |=q | <T .
O
HqT, +#e\dq deTd\qT |<\jT<T |{. |qs
BO
edsDeTTq jTsT\jTT ]>qT. m+<s eTds ss\T,
+<e TVdu |<\ e\T q$T eTT+<T e]. y\=\~ b<$ T duT \T
O
#]+|&]. eTVdu deyXe TTq e\dq dHVeTT\jTT ]>qT.

|&T H us eTsD+ q sDq HqT n< &T> qT+&{ d<| & ,
C
|<\ T sTT+esT |=qbsTTq# eTVdu bsTTqf u$+#. ~

ES
bsTTqsTTq eTqeTT >=| bsbT #dq ys\ eT>T<TeTT. jT<qT

p#T= eTq eTd s ss\ T, m+<s V|P]Tq b<$ T
EM
duT \T, eTdT\ # u> <+{sT eTT+<T eTqe mes qeTsT.

nf ]q# d+ se TT jTT CrjTy<T\ |CJ$eTT eTT+<T
jTyTq kqeTT+&>\ < jTqT |X +# q< HqT n_bjT |& .

|<\T u> +]. n<|<$, |e{ mes

d<| & b sTT]. |qsed s D b>+ #|{ \ |s q#d, |\
$Xd+ *+q+<Te\q HqT H u< e<\C\q dw|s. H
|\\ > u> e +T&jT , y& H |\\ bwDu< eV+#Tq qeTT,
eTTq> \, jTyT, HeqT |yVeTT |&y d . n< &T> u<
H|q ydT =+{.

12 e (CrjT) +< eTVdu
y T q B\ 12 e +< eTVdu es+>\T |D |]ds >eTeTT
eT&=+& deyXejTqT. l e~sE seTfXsse, Vq
d+|<\T> eTVdu $jTe+eTT> sT>T jTsjTT #d].
CrjT|+ ysT u>T> dV]+]. eT|s+ Xese, yeTT\|*
udsse>s\T s<sT \T> jT$T+#&].
eTVdu eTTK+> n~sT\ neT #s \qT >T]+, \+#>=+&
qeTT s*+#{ rdTe\dq neds #s \qT >T]+, <qdsD qT
>T]+q s+<\qT =\+#T >T]+, us <d $eTT + >T]+
KS
rsH\T n+^]+|&qT. ksTT d+|T duT \T s+se TT K<s T <sT\T>
qT+&eq s&]. d T +>dT| qTq w<e TTqT |uT eTTysT y+H
=\+#e\jTTq e& &qT.
O
BO
eTVdu ]q sT y =+& y+ s+>s&> sT eT y>q+ |seTT
eTVdu seTeTT\T sT>T nedsyTq ~ b>T#d]. ysT ds
O
$wjT eTT\+<T #<&T y<&T> qT+&, eT ssVD B n$X+eTT>

C
wd* eTVduq T $jTe+eTT >$+].

ES
eTs= +< eTVdu ` \\T

EM
eT&=+& ]q 12e +< eTVdu sT y 12e C+ sh +<

eTVdu jTqT |sT H= deyXe TT 1945 d+eseTT @| 26, 27 B\
KeT+ |D eTTq l s$ HsjTDs& n< q ]>qT.

dT|d< eTdT HjT&>T ds<eu seTH<+>sT Vq

d+| < &T> qT+&]. #s \T, rsH\T yTT<\>T eTVdu $es\T jT+
|jT +qqT H \_+#< T . s$ HsjTDs&> sT ydq Ms \+>D
nqT >+<e TT L& eTVdu $esM q|& < T . Ts <\ T
|u+&T, u\T yTT<\>T |\T$<eTTq $eTT\ seT
es+_+, nejT |\qT u> ]+#T |jT +qT ys
\| >\ =+& | n#T yjT &q~.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 263

+< eTVdu VeTT\T e+q qT \T, u\T H<eTT\,
X Csu * V+ks|eTT>\ ueeTT\qT u+~, |$yT q +<e TV duq T
eTs|+ T< Cs> esT \T>Cd ] n e&b{ VqTeT+se
|+T\T>sT eT \+>D +<<eTeTT ydjT THsT.
HC + |uT eTT, >e\ +<e TVdu XK\T ns#+ #dT H jT
|\qT s #>=&TTHjT s|+, nH s\ neT dT\qT y|+~.
+< eTVdu >eT $T{ duT \ q+<] nsdT# d , <<| ysTTeT+~|q
dT\T |{+ ~. y{d+ sT\ L& bs&e\d e+~. T< n+<
$&|+ #THeTT nH d+> s$ HsjTD s &> sT eT >+<e TT
KS
*|HsT.
sh sj\T, eek|q eeVs\T $<+> \Tw+>,
O
w | ] d T \qTq sE\$. <<| \eTTH sjT Y | q\T>TsT
BO
dV jT d+b< \T eT <sT\T eTT ##T= sJHe\T |{ y[b sTT].
BsT &T, <sT&T, wsTTUH
O
sDq, H d+ ]<s T dV jT d+b< \T> |#dy]

C
#dTe\dq neds+ *> qT. sE <j q jTTe&T H e< +

ES
dV jT d+b< &T> sjT Y |#jT T q d+d< *|qT. jTq

kj $X$<\jT| |u <T&T. jTq ejTdT 25`26 d+es\q
EM
$T+jTT+&<T. n eTTK+ $<yTq |XeTT, s|+ sD

q&T#T+&qT. shk+ bseTT | s#s TT> q \eTTqT
K&eZ TT> qT|j >|s , T< s#H sDs+>eTT q bD eT]+,

sh k+ bs #] d< neTsJ$> qT+&bsTTq eTVMsT&T

wsTTUH, sTT&.
wsTTUH s |<X e TTy&T. jTq +&, |q+& V <su<T
sh |uT <>\T #d #\+ qT+& sheTTH +&bsTTHsT.
wsTTUH qT+& d+>T \T = \TdTq sT y, sh |uT
<>eTT <=s{, eTT+<TeTT+<T u>T> n_e~ #+<{ neX
\T+&>, ]+ > u>T|& d<e X\T e e q | s#q

jT+<T b<q$TdTHe |+. sjT+> jTq uy\T,
<s eTT\ >T]+ s +&e |X yd . |s#q eTT >\ ] neX\T
# ejT >T]+, q *<+&T\ we TTq $sT<e TT> eTTq
beTTK+ sTTdTHq n+ sjTY | | #jTT UH q
d+d<qT *|qT. s+&e |X >T]+ qT m+.mH.sjYT d<+\
nqTjsTTq \T|, sjT Y | $<qeTTq & jTT+<Tq y>q+
#dqT.
sTy +^w ys sTe s #jTTeTjTT, sE
|\ n#T|&q eTTK $wjT + >T]+ d+b<j T yd+ yjTeTjTT
KS
]. jTq y+H sT e #d, d+b<j T yd+ yd|fq T. jTq
sVDeTT, #Ts <qeTT >T]+ H d+|Ps+ > | *> qT. jTqqT
O
jT$T+#T=+{. 75 V* sbjT\ H\J+ s+uy T , T< jTq
BO
100 sbjT\ H\ J+ b+<y&T. jTq sjT Y |#dq s +&Tqs
d+es\\+, sE L& HqT jTq H{qT+ jT{ e<
T $q<T. @+{ wjTY (|s<T) #jT jT|& d+w+>
O
|#dy&T. jTq >T]+ jT+ yjTe\djT Tq~. & +{ #*+

C
eT nqTyq n<jTeTT #]kqT.

ES
|eTs+>+ jTT<$ jTeTT ` _{w y] $<qeTT esT

EM
us< X e TTq k++ \_+# \$T jTe <seTT<T . |eT

s+>eTT jTT<|]d n =+<s> e]be#T+&qT. $TsC\T
> \Tb+<T#T+&qT. dsq dH|T \ deyXe TT $Ts dH \T

Bq _{wt #H <{ Hs+& eT kBq+ rdT=q XsTT+].

Hs+& kBqeTT e&eTT |eTs+>+ VsT dH \ |sjTeTT
bs+uy T q ~. +> $#]d, k$jT{ sc dH \|q <& #jT {
VsT jT sEq XsTT+#TH&, n<sE n&T q |H $q eTT\T
#*H&qe.
jTT<e TT _{w y], eT jTeTT < eTH qeT+ \T>T
us< X e TT >T]+, y] $<qeTT esT e#dq~. +>dT HjT\qT
50 d+es\ V<su<T 265

sTT jTe\eTT C qT+#T nqedse T u$+, eTV>+B 1944e
d+es+ pH H\ $&T<\#d]. eTVT nHs> $&T<\
sDeT].
eTVT&T, eTTd+ >T HjT&T H, _{w s|~ sY ye
s |T s e TT\T ]|qT. |uT eTT sJ ~]+#T=qT =
d+<qeTT s+_+#T |jT +#qT. us< X e TT d+ <Xe TT>
|{ + #&qjT&\, us< X e TT d+w|P s+> _{w y] dV ]+#T
q, jTT< |jT \ d+|Ps+ > dV jT|&T q q |b<qqT |
| q <s dw| s # q T. _{w y] jTT<+ |dT <X us< X
KS
dV seTT, dV jTeTT nqeds eT|+q~. (ysT eTq dV seTT, dV jTeTT
]q|&T eTqeTT s]+HeTT) yTTe TT|q >+B>] sT |jT $
O
|* +#< T . eTq dV seTT, dV jT |b<q\qT _{w ysT s]+].
BO
us< X dV s nyT] #dq y=&
O
|eT s+>+ jTT<| ] d yT\T|&q e yT. , dj K+&

jTT< |]d $TsC\ nqTL\yTq esTjTMT s<T . yde +>
C
#d s @| 1945e H{ z&bsTTq~.
ES
dj s, +&Hdj, d+>|PsT bH kBqeTTH

EM
+&q$. bH jTT<+ sT| X keTs eTT jTeeTT <q<T . nyT],

#H <X\T sq bH <Xe TT jTT z$T #\ beTTUHsT.
us< X dV s, dV jTeTT\ bH <Xe TTqT dT\u+ > z&+#e#Tq

nyT] n< &T sEy\T, #H HjT&T #+ w q$TjTT+&]. sb

K+& e TT u s < X d V s e TT +& L & V s T j T $< + >
nDyjT &&, $<+ > dj K+&eTT bHqT nDyjT + dT\uy T q
| < y] $XdeTT. n+<T# us< X dV jT dV s\T d+b~+#T
_{w |uT eTT|q s+s+ > ysT e& #d] .
yTT+ |q _{w |uT yK ] yT 1945e H{ e]q< #| e#TqT.
s|~, sY ye \+&Hy [ _{wt |uT eTT #]+#qT. pH H\

_{w bsy T +T +&j eT+>qTq @eT (Mr. Amery) us< X e TT
>T]+ _{w $<qeTTqT y\& + #qT. jTq, us< X e TTq d+
C> jTT<eTT >T]+ |]w]+# neXeTT d+|Ps+> sTTe&Tq
|{ d , +>dT, eTTd+ >T |<T \T +< |uT eTT @sT #jT T
sTTHq, +>dT q qq |<T \qT mqTH d+|Ps d#
jTT+&Tq dw| s # q T.
| q sT y +>dT HjT\T $&T<\ #jT &]. s|~
sY ye de deyXe TT jTsT#dqT. +>dT, eTTd+ >T n< \T,
w&\T \ (V]qT\) \, |<T \T du bZ]. T<
KS
du $|\ ejTqT. +< |uT eTTd+ duT \T eTTd+ >T# mqT&qys
+&e\jTTq, jT eTTd+ duT&L& mqTH V +>dT
O
+&L &< H |Tfq T. ~ +>dT n+^syT q ~ be# du
BO
$|\ejTqT. s|~ L& eTTd+>T HjT y<q deT+#
duq T |y dqT.
O
bH MT< yTT<{ +u+T |j >+

C
|q |s=q&q de deyXe TT sT y, s +&T eT&T H\H {

ES
s +&T n eTTKyTq d+|T q\T ]q$. { nyT] bH|q yTT

yTT<{k ]> +u+T\T |&y j T +. s +&e~ _{w k<sD m\
EM
#] z&be+. s +& ||+ # #]H n eTTKyTq d+|T q\

#b*.
bH <XeTT jTT jTT<sVD X keTseTT\qT, |P]> nD

yjT {, s z&q sT y s +&T d+es\ \yTq |Tq n+<sT

u$+#T#T+&]. s z&bsTTq sT y s +&T eT&T H\\ |\H
bH <Xe TTq q XgeTT\qT +<|& y d $T seTT\ <kVeTqe\d
e#qT. Vswe, H>k jTq&T bH<X | s +&T eTTKkqeTT\ |q
nyT]ysT +u+T\T yd, ds < +d+ #jT + bjTT\ ||T q
X d+|Ps+ > n+yT T+<qT. ysT uws T > &bsTT]. nyT] dq\T
bH |y + s<jT>T {j |D eTT eTkBqeTT #dT =]. +{
50 d+es\ V<su<T 267

<sTDeTT + |Ps+ mq&T ||+ # #] ]jTT+&<T . ~ q
$q $wjT+. ~ eqe $sT<eTT> ]q |TsyTq Hs+.
$TsC\ ed+#T eqe&T L& nyT]y] #s $sT<+ >
q sdq \T|< T . |> n+<sT d+w+]!
_{wt m\ #] |sjTeTT
<<| sTT<\eTT, nq> 1945 e d+es| p >dT H\
_H k<sD m\T ]>qT. m\ _{w |< qeT+ #]b
z&bjTqT. sTb > \Tb+~ yTsT n{ n~s e#qT.
KS
s+&e ||+# jTT<+ jT|<+> k+ _{w |\ $jT+
k~+|{q eTVqTue&T #]. jTq jTT<+ n+yT T+~q y+& m\T
O
] q b | > \Tb+<>\ < u$+jTT+{&T. s *
jTT< $seTD d++~+q d+~ (Truce) L& s> e TT+< #] m\T
BO
|fqT. jTT<\| |uTe> qT eTu$+qe yT.
m\ _{w |\T eT]|P #jT T eTT n\yT |&q ysT s,
O
jTT< \| |uT ejTT HjT + eT neds+ < , eT sTT

C
X+ H\= HjT&T nedse T ss TT+]. sTb |uT + jTs&qT.

ES
yTsT n{ |< qeT+> mqT&qT.

us m\ +>dTy] $jTeTT
EM
~ L& #] >=| esT nH #b. B us<XeTT

>T]+ _{wt $<qeTT d+|Pse TT> esqT. sT b yTT<{q T+N us

k+<eTeTT >T]+ kqTu \< usrjTT\ $XdeTT.

sT b n~seTT seeTT us< X HjT\T eT $Xd+
|{ + ]. sT b HjT\T d]jT>T eT de<q$T].
s |~ sY ye us< X e TT L& k<sD m\T sT>Tq
|{ + #qT. +>dT m\ bZqT XsTT+#qT. <q Tks+>
+>dT jT\ bZHq T. eTTd+ Hu jTe>qTq u+>, d+<T ,
|+CT $TqV, s |eT d]V<T sheTT \T|= n sc\ +>dT

n~ d+K mqT&qT. B |* +> n sc\ +>dT |uT \T
jTs&qT. d]V<T sheTT, d]V<T >+B, UH nT >b sTUH k<sT &T
&s Y UHkVT HjT + +>dT |uT eTT jTs&qT.
jTT<| k sh |uT \j|q
jTT<+ n+yT T+<>H bsT>TqqTq _{w +&j b+\m\T
] |C |uT\T @s&>, V<su<T sheTT { esT nH
eH< T . jTT<e s+u+ eTT+<T |{ + q sjT d+dsD\T, jTT<+
n+yTT+~q|{, C+ |uT+ ysT V< HjT\ (H>]
KS
|sDe\q ` #. |. 227.) n sVd+> y|Ps+> sTTq
|PN\<c, d+dsD\qT #sD |T kVd+#bsTT]. jTT<+
O
sT>TTq<H sDeTT #|d , C+ |uT +ysT, 5`6 d+eseTT\
\eTT HeT~> ]|]. sTT |uT V <T y]q |PN\T
BO
neT\T |{H , |b sTTH, jT ]q|{ u< | <T eq |uT +
d+dsD\ >T]+ kVd+#T<T .
O
V <T eTTdM TH d+d n< |<$ qT+& nT VdH djT <>sT

C
y< =\bsTTq s eTVs $T >sT n< \T> mqT&]. V <

ES
d+d @s&q \>jTT eTVs $T>sT d+d jTT e]+>T $T{

duT &T> qT+&ysT. eTTd+ eT eeVs\ eT+ $<+dT& , desq
EM
L& \y& V < esZ\ |U #+~qy&T.

eTVs>sT n< &T>qTq \eTT V < d+d +s+

bs{\T u> e~ #+<qT. nT VdH djT <>] #+~q |<

>| @s&qT. Ud+sJ>sT sE >| #+~qy&. >|
><\ Ud+ sJ>sT, nT VdH djT<>] >| |~>
eeV]d, V < sj \ kq+ d+b~+H&T. eTVs $T>]
nejT eTT ue TTb+~, q HjT k|q |H<T\T yd =HqT.
eTT+<T e# #]u >+ sCsT &sT > n|U b+~q Ud+ sJ
sTT&.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 269

c'eT+ <Ts q
eTVs $T>sT n<&T>qT+& \eTT c'eT+ <Tsq
]>qT. \eTT c'eT+ V <su<T sh |< qeT+ n~s yd
>VeTT> |]>D+ |&~. c'eT+ |dT sue qeTT> e]q~.
eT d++<yTq eT &e+&TqT, |uTeTT# |+#{
V <T eTTdM TH d+d = n\] eT\T, |< qeT+ yd >VeTT|
<& ]|, c' eT+ | n+{+ <>eTT#d]. |]#sT yTT<\>T
> | s D eTT\T, | u T | ]s T \ T y T T< \ > T \qT u d eTT
#jTTjT>, e>+> |<qeT+ # qyT>] HH$<\
KS
n>se|]]. < $<+ > eT\T bdT eT+ >H>] yd >VyTq
^H +& |q <& ]| < L& <>e TT#d] .
nd\T $wjT yTeTq> Ceu<T &#|Y * jO T qT >eTeTT
BO
wy<T\ $TwH Vd +&~. Vd esDeTT eTTd+
s>T\T q nsT>T T, nsT>T|q qeE #dT+&ys.
O
=+\eTT ]q sT y eTTd+ s>T\T nsT>T|q #bs+ (b)

C
ydT Hs. B $TwH Vd jTeqT\T eT nq+^seTT \T|,

ES
bqT rsTT+ydHs. <+jTT bdT eT+ >H dVjTeTT

]q< V < y] nqTeq+ *+~.
EM
deTd|q V <su<T |D eTTd+ \ n\& jT\T<]q~.

|< q eT+, sTTs eT+T\T eT& +^w eT+ & jTTHs,
eTTd+ s>T\ dT HjTdeTyT q |{, Vd $sT<+ > |]w]+#&

kVd+#&+ < , V < ysT +<q ]|]. }s+|\T rjT&qT.

Vs+> du\ T sT|&qT. T< Bq Vs+> du ]|, HjT\T
<| P ]yT q |Hk\T #jT T#T+&>, |< qeT+>sT, =+<sT eTTd+
HjT\ d+uw+ eeVs+ |]w]+#T d<+ > qTHeT \T|,
HjT\qT V+]. MsT Vs+> du |yd c' eT+ y T +&>,
Vs+>du qTq eTTd+ |C+ c'eT+ # nqT H<\T #d
HjT\ y+& |]>]. HjT\T |<qeT+# eT cqTkseTT

|]cseTT #sTT+#T y[e dT+ &> n\]eT\T $HXy T q sb\T
kd, du eT+~seTT (+d V), |< qeT+ ed+#T c' eT+
u>eTTq |+{+ < +d+ #d] .
n& |#+< |<qeT+ HH $<+> V+d+ Xs+>
n>se|]].
<Ts q jT+jT T |D bdT MTwqsY deTe TT ]>qT.
jT bdT n~] L& $HXs y T q #s \qT |{ #sTT jTq
bbq b<T . n+<s ec> #d \&jT T+&]. bdT MTwqsY
es e+, b|+ jTq n\]eT\ dssT \ X++ eV+#&
KS
y&TH&! b]+H&!!
yTT+ |q n\]eT\ eT+ bVeTT \_+q~. eTqT |X
O
jTB<H $XdeTT MsT c'eT+ qT+ y[ u>+ | #sT , bdT
BO
eT+ >HysT ed+#T >VeTT ^H+& |q L& <& ]|, |
*+ < +deTT #d] . keJ>& qT+ u>+ | y eseZ TT jT
O
bdT yqTL& H |b eeTT# ysT \+q seTeTTqT

C
dT\ue TT> Hsy ] ]. c' eT+ V < HjT\ deT+ H $< +d

ES
#s\jTT ]>qT. HjT\T eT nqTjjTT\qT n<T|

|C\bsTT].
EM
HH$<\ V+d\ >T]jT , Xs+ > n>seeTT ]H, |< qeT+

# qyT>sT # dV qeTT n zsTHsT. jTq dV qeTT, zsT
>T]+ V < HjT\T yT#T+, eT $T{ rsq+ L&

n+^]+] n< $<+ > ysT bdT n~s |esq >T]+ L& rs+]!
~ |uT <s< w , ## |deTjTeT, eT| < (]y+E)
rdTH #yT q ||eTTq |uT eTT &L &< L& V#]++~!!
sCs n#s\ bs+ueeTT
yde +> $#]d c'eT+ <Ts q, sCsY <eT bs+ueeTT
sT|&q< #| e#TqT. y sE c' eT+ $< +d #s \T
50 d+es\ V<su<T 271

sT>T deTjq, sh bdT\T { s +&T s+&T\ \T\T ]|jT T+f,
sCsY <eT #] eTs= $<+ > +&<y ! sTT|&T }V+#e TT.
nsTT bdTy] j sV |esq sDyTeTH |X <sTTdT+ ~. |D
bdT MTwqsY BH jsY +>T>sT HC + <ssT V <T eTTdM TH
d+d dV jT&T> qT+&Ty& V < |eTTK HjT&T <sY w T q
>+<e TT ydjT TH&T. <ssT <sD jT +&<H $wjT + bs \T
sTT~es }V+ jTT+{sT. q |< qeT+ n>se+ ]H u< < T !
V < d+d +HeTTL& < >\ L&< $Xd+HsT C+
|uTesDT\T!! <+ |<eTT |seTT> ]jTT+T+< H
n_bjTeTT.
KS
q\T>T] #|{, V < ss\ T =+<sT nsdT #jT &]. @
O
d sT |, = sE\T y] ys s<e TT (&f+ wH) qT+
BO
$&T<\#d].
+{ n<jTeTT eTTkqT.
O

C
ES
EM


|H +&e |s D eTT
1946 ` 1950
(1) d+ V<su<T ` C+ |q (2) +>dT #+E.
KS
(3) sCsT <sH \T (4) +< |uT bdT #s . (5) d| CVe+X
sC~s |qeTT. (6) $T* >essT |uTeTT. (7) eTdT\
sT>TuT.
O
BO
<jT |PsT <ojT sC\ |\ eTVdu
O
<jT |PsT deyXy T q <ojTsC\ |\ eTVdu n<jTeTT

C
bs+_kqT. |&T <jT|PsT s|kqeTT (s|H) \

#]+ > |d~ > +q sD ||t s<> qT+&qT. |&~ skH
ES
+<eTT> |]>D+ |&TTq~.

EM
|+& yVsT HVA n< q , 1946e d+eseTT qe] H\

yTT<{ yseTT eTVdu ]>qT. <ojT sC\ qT+ e+<\=\~
|<T \T eTVdu Vs] . V <su<T sheTT qT+& kMT seq+<

rs, ds l e&b{ VqTeT+se, oH<s e y< , sT\Z seTws e,

~>+sse _+<T yTT<\>TysT nH \T |<T \T> y[] . ys\ HqTL&
#]jTT+{. \+>D eTdT HjT&T <+ jTs&>sT L&
eTVdu Vs] .
eTVdu n V+>, eTVyu e eTT ]>qT. HVA>sT eT
n< |HdeTT | +> V <su<T, {eHL sT, yTd sT sh |uT \qT
|s=]. n& d T +>dT d+d\ d++~+q+es |uT \
50 d+es\ V<su<T 273

|esq #\ $#ss + >qT, u< s + > qTq< qT&$]. |C <eTeTT\
jT sc\ |esq u>T+&<, n~ T< y] eTT| n]. { |<
sc\ d+K 15`20 q $T+jTT+&<T . MsT us deK #] eT
nd eTTqT \T|C\Ts, +s+ k+eTTqT b&TC\Ts,
{ sc\ |]b\\T (Constitutional Monarchs) > qT+& C\Ts
eT Xue+ |{ + ]. MsT jTe \eTT $<o b\\|q <s|&
jTT+&C\s eTT+<T @sT ujT d+$<q du <ojT sC\ |\#
mqT& |<T\ kqeTT+&Tq L& HVA>sT <{+]. q
sc\ es y{ yX \+, Hu, <jTeTTqT{ n$ |]ds |< sc\T
du\ \dbe\d +T+~ HVA>sT dw| s ].
KS
n~seTT <sTT+|q _{w |< qeT+ yTT<{ | q
O
eTVdu ]q sT y =~sE\ | e] H\ _{w |< qeT+
BO
n{ bsy T +T, eT eT+eT+&* eTT>TsZ T djTsY eT+T\T, sY
|~ sqT, dsY k|s T | , m+.m.$.n>+&sY us< X e TTq y < T sjTT,
n~seTT <sTT+| (Transfer of Power) >T]+ us<X HjT\
O
d+|+|\T sT|<TsjTT |{ + #qT.

C
ES
us <X+>eT+ sY |~ sqT, | $KsT\ d+uwd ,

n~seTT usrjTT\ n|+#&Tq _H |<|< q <XeTT
dw|sq<, <sTT+| ydeeTT> s>{ d+$<qeTT
EM
d<| s # e \d jTT+T+<, |&T d+$<q sD b|~, ssD

e\djTTq~ eq usrjTT\ L&q d]jT>T eed @sT

#jT TjT e <X e T e| ] #qT. d+$<qdu @s&q sT y duy ]

_{w |uT + q us< X n~seTT <sTT+| #jT Tq sY |~
sqT dw| ] #qT.
_{w <eseZ TT`& >eTqeTT
_{w eT+eT+&* <esZeTTysT 24e e] 1946 Bq &
#sT =]. | $KsT\ d+uwd , us< X u$ w d+$<qeTT qT+
<ojT sC\T $TqVsTT+|&e, sY |~ sqT <{+ #qT. V <su<T

sheTT us<XeTT k+eTT k~+#T esZeTT n&T>T\<, sh
|< qeT+ # qyT |{ d , &+&\ <s eT d++<\T _{w
|uT eTT >\e, d++<\T C+ |uT esDT\ nqTeT ~ eTse]
<sTT+| s>{ M\T<H q T.
_{w eT+eT+&* <esZeTTysT <ojTsC\ |]b\\
|<T \qT V+]. qs+<eT+&* n< &T u b qyT, {eHL sT
~yH dsY d.|. seTk$T njTsY, V <su<T |< qeT+ # qyT,
jT|PsY ByH dsY $Ts sTTksTT <eseZ TTqT 2e @| Bq \TdT=].
<ojT sC\T, >]w |eDeTT eT ksue~seTT \T|+,
KS
eT nd eTTqT UjT+ |s# T <\qT qs+<eT+&* n< &T u b
qyT dw| s # q T. us< X e TT s +&T sC\T ` { +&j eTs={
O
bkH ` @s&T M\Tq|&T, <ojT sC\ L&q eT&e +&j
@s& +& +&{ sD\T jTMT e L& u b qyT y~+#qT.
BO
_{w |uT eTT >\ &+&\ qT jT{ beTTK+ e&+
< , <ojT sC\|q _{wt |uT eTTq >\ |se ~seTT eeTT
O
eTT+<T @s&qTq +< |uT eTTq <sTT+| s>{ M\T< dsY

C
d.|.seTk$T njTsY y~+#qT. <ojT sC\ |]b\\T us d+d ,

ES
du, H>]\ neT\yTq d+|<jTeTT\ seTT\, eq

sT+u\qT UjT+ +#q, dsY $Ts sTTksTT q <<e TTqT
EM
e|s#qT.
V<su<T |<qeT+ # qyT, _{w |uTeTT >\
&+&\ <s @s&q d++<\T yTT<\>T y{ >T]+ V<su<T

|uT eTT &e+&T\qT ] eD+#qT. dT +&j +| sTTq

V <su<T sTT\T V <su<T ] #jq, deTT<eTT es
d#> sqTbqT es+Z e<j q sqT. V <su<T <w jT<
z&s e q< jTqT s|~ sY ye |+#>, >y z&s e >T]+
eTT +HeT # qyT |T s $T#qT. , qT @+{
]&sY (Corridor) s+ < , |yX qTu>V (Easement right) eyT
sTTqT *|qT. z&s e #sT q V <su<T sc d++~+q
50 d+es\ V<su<T 275

edT keT s \ T<s _{w +&j sTT qT+ <fdT +T ~>TeT
#dT H ks + sTTHeT L& # qyT $XB]+#qT.
+, <X+ $u +|&q |+ V <su<T u>[ sD\e\
bkH #sT jTT, d<+ +&j #sT jTT nd+ue eTT eq
V <su<T d+ seTT> qT+&eq # qyT C+ sh
|uT $<qeTTqT dw|s#qT. T< jTq ssT sTT ]
sTT#jqq |X L& eBdqT.
qs+<eT+&* n< \, ksTT d+|T duT \>T # qyT, seTk$T
njTsY, $Ts sTTksTT >s\ |T s e TT #T+, _{w +&j
KS
k+eTT \_+q eTsTD yT, _{w |se ~seTT n+]+#Tq, sY
|~ sqT dw| s # q T. nT|eT +s+ X+ u <\ sD <c,
O
<ojT sC\ jT{ dq eTT |T, &+&\ <s _{w |uT eTT
Hsy s e\dq u< \T Hsy s T M\T+&< #| ydqT. u b qyT#
BO
d+#&q <ojT sC\ L$T deK >T]+ |k$d n~ jTT
= <s eT jTq nHqT. d#q u>[ n+sjTeTT\T \T>T
O
|e<eTT\T >\e dsY k|s T | $X<e TT> #|qT.

C
<ojT sC\ d+K, yX \eTT

ES
us< X e TT, _{w keeTT keeTT> u$+#&T#T+&qT.

B sDeTT us< X yX \eTT, HuH <T. {\yTq eed (Compli-
EM
cated structure) eTTK sDeTT> u$+#&~.
us< X e TT, _{w +&j , <ojT sC\T nq&T s +&T u>\

$u+|&jTT+&qT.
(1) _{w +&j , nq> b$HdT sc\T HsT > _{w >essT
MTwqs <s b*+#&T#T+&qT.
(2) <ojT sC\T, nq> us< X #e] keT+sE\T (Vassals) >
<ojT sE\T eTeT XdH\ |s+ |]b*+# sC\T.
{ <ojT sC\ yTT+ d+K <<| 560 jT n+#H yjT &q~.
y| V <su<T, osT, yTd sT, {eHL sT yTT<\>T 15 20 |<
sC\T, eTs=y| qsC\T (V <su<T seTT qT+ +& q
q q C^sT eTU\+{ <ojT sC\T L& \d) nHe TT, |q
|s=q&q 560 <ojT sC\ #]jTT+&$. { q q sC\qT
$TqVsTT+| #dq sT y 135 >TsT <ojT b\\T eyT qs+<eT+&*
duT \T> qT+&{ V *jTT+&]. 135 >TsT |]b\\ nBqeTT
qT+& <ojT sC\yX \+ 5,72,977 #<s | yT Hu 7,51,00,000
+&~.
135 <ojT sC\ 20 |<s C\ yX \+ 3,96,29 #<s |
yT . sC\ ed+#T Hu 5,55,10,000. sT sTTsy sC\
KS
<jTeTT (H{ n+#H\ |seTT yTTe TT 560 <ojT sC\ 45
sbjT\ <jT+) dTesT 22 T +&qT.
V <su<T sh | \ T
O
BO
V<su<T sh yX\+ 82,698 #<s| yT. H{ Hu
1,63,38,500, <jTeTT 1946 n+#H |seTT 20 86 \\ V
O
sbjT\T. yX \+, Hu, <jTeTT qqTd]+# V <su<T sheTTq

C
eT]= | $w \ T+&$. sheTT V ( #sY$THsT d ) sbsTT

#eTD qT+&~. 1918 qT+ | s H |< L& #eTD
ES
e#dq~. 1946 e d+eseTT 44 44 \\ sbjT\ s HT`1

sbjTqT+ 100 sbjT\es ` #eTD qT+&qT. M{ bT
EM
sheTT sT sbjT\T (+&j >esyT+T sbjT\T _..s )

L& HjTdeT <eeTT (Legal Tender) > #eTD qT+&$. $wjT eTT
yTT<{ |s D eTT H{ HDeTT nqT o] +< $|\+> #]+#&q~.

V <su<T sh| b\ dde TT eTs= | . _{w +&j e~]

sh bk|dT\T+&qT. deTeTT> b\ se\jTT k>$. M{
bT sh eTTK+<\ us |uT bk|d T \ L& qT+&$.
m>TeT ~>TeT dsT \|q , e+< 6 V sbjT\ #=|q s&
(Customs duty) $~+|&~. ~ eT]jTT |. s& sh
<jTeTTq eTTK <seTT> qT+&qT. 1946 <seTTqT+
2 52 \\ <jTeTT eq~.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 277
<ojT sE\ | n~s\T
<ojT sC\ y{ yX\+, Hu, <jT <wH,
nqTu$ +#T#Tq V\L& #\ $u< \T+&$. $wjT eTT
e+ jTMT u< e TT +&qT. n~ n+<] bT (Common) > qT+&~.
n<eTq> jT <ojT seTTL& _{w sTT jT nqT&~<T. jT
<ojT s |\TL& _{w ksueT (Crown) |\ nqT&ysTsT.
m+ q syTq qT ds , |]ds _{w +&j HjTkH\ <|
@+{ n~s|]~ (Jurisdiction) +&~<T. us Xdqdu qT+
n+^]+|&q XdH\T <ojT sC\ #$e. Xd+# n~seTT,
KS
XdH\qT #sD |f b\esZ~ seTT, Hj~seTT yTT+ |q n
n~s\T, <ojT sE\y nsTTjTT+&qT.
_{w +&j ej
O
T < Hse TT #d, jT qsheTTHq
BO
XjTeTT rdTq jT&\, e _{w b+| yTdT C#dq
ys+T|q |Tbe& M\T<T. |s<X| HsdT n|+#T #eTT
(Extradition Act) |seTT, #s \jTT sT>e\dq<. HjT' <ojT
O
sC\{ $<X\ s#qeTT nqTe]+|&T#T+&qT. nsTTqqT, d+

C
$<X\ >\ = \DeTT\T eTq <ojT sC\ e yT.

ES
<VsDeTT> <ojT sE\ $<X\ d++<\T @sT #dT =qT

>, eT ssD , jTT<e TT, d+~ yTT<\>T = n~s\T +&qT.
EM
eT n~s\{ #]s _q _q <X\ >& q dTesT s +&T

Xu\ ]q &+&\ <s _{wy] n|+ eTT _{w
|se ~seTTqT n+^]+HsT.

<ojT sC\ |]b\\ seDes\T!

_{w |uT + eT n~seTT usrjTT\ <sTT+| #jT T #]
<X <ojT sC\ |]b\\T +<q #+<T, _{w +&j
k+eTT \_+q eTsTD yT |se ~seTT n+ yTT+<e\jTTq, n~
us +<|uTeTTq <sTT+| sT>C\<, eTT n $<\
ds d+T\T eq &e+&TqT |{] .

_{w eT+eT+&* <eseZ TT \TdTq sT y = sE\,
1946 yT H\ 17e Bq, qs+<eT+&* n< &T u b qyT ydq
CT +< <V ]+|&q VMT\T _{w |uT eTTqT+& s&qT.
(1) <X d+sD >T]+ +&jT H jTjTH |uT eTT jTTjTT, Xdqdu
jTTjTT n~s\T jT$<+ > L&, <ojTsC\T eT d \eTT
sV+#TH V, u+ >s + > qT+&L &<T .
(2) jTjTH |uT <ojT sC\ |qT\T $~+# n~seTT
+&L&<T.
(3) sb\ (Communications) >T]+ <ojT sC\ >\ V
KS
|L\eTT> jTMT sT>L &<T .
O
(4) jTjTH +< Xdqdu , <ojT sC\ b< + jTT , |<
BO
>T]+ ss TT+# n~seTT <ojT sC\ |uT \ jTT+&TqT.
(5) <ojT sC\ eT eTT sJ|&, >| >|\T>
O
\dbe{ V +&eqT.
C
(6) yTT<{ |~d+es\ \+ <{q sT y, jTjTH d+$<qeTT

ES
>T]+ |qs+#T, <+#T V <ojT sC\ +&eqT.

(7) <ojT sC\ |uT ds|eTT >T]+ d+$<qdu #]+#L &<T
EM
@+{ db sdT #jT L&<T .

(8) d+$<qduy sT n+^]+q |]cs\T, db sdT \T, y{ <ojT

sC\T <T e|s# e s , @ <ojT seTTL& #sD sC\e.

(9) d+$<q du , <ojT sC\ |<T \T +>, <ojT sC\
|uT \# jT$T+|&qys nsTT +&e\jTTqT.
qs+<eT+&* n< es\T |* +jTT+f, us< X jT$T>
|f< }V+#e TT! q q <ojT sC\ b\\T deTw> , {eHL sT,
yTd sT, V <su<T+{ |<s C\T e> + > ]|q w |* +jTT+f
us< X e TT jTj d+sC\T @s& s+X |]b\q k+#
50 d+es\ V<su<T 279

sqT\T nH+ > +&ysT. us u u>+|q #]jT T _q _q <X\
@s&q |+#Y, bsT^dT e\dsC sTT+es +&qT. _{wy]#
n~seTT <sTT+| sT>T deTjq, us<X $uq ] bkH
nd eTT e#T#T+&qT. ~ #\<qT BbT <ojT sE\T L&
d+T\T eq +<q sT|#T+&]!
<ojT sC\ u>[ $u q
<ojTsC\T dTVe#\ |s++ y|+jTT+&qT. n+
<D + deTT<rseT+<T {eHL sT, =H sC\T+&>, n+ s
~X Ve\jT |s + \TdT= osT seTT+&qT. \eTT
KS
s| d]V<T\ T y| q bMTsT, eTs=y| q T n+<TuT qT+&$.
$+<|seTTq <D uu>eTT seTTqT, <DeTTqT \T|=
O
eTV|T q eV+q C+ |uT esDT\ V <su<T seTT+&qT. eT]=+
BO
<DeTT yTdsT seTT+&>, eT< V+<TkH, e eTss
keeTTq b<eTT eV+#T >y*jTsY, +<sY sC\T+&$.
O
#]+ >, beTTKeTT #+~q s|H sC\T <jT |PsY, jT|PsY,

C<|PsY, usY ` |{ bkH d]V<T\ dMT|eTTq qT+&$. <
C
$<+ > d \ sC~s b< eTT eV+#T |{\, Hu, +<, |P s\

ES
sC\T |+CT y|+jTT+&$. |{ >TsY sheTT #]jTTq

sy&T s b+eTT T+<K+&, ]k nH+>
EM
y|+jTT+&q qq sC, # | yJ eTVsE jTT ysdT &q

=|P sY eTVs seTT eTVsh, eTss ke b< eTT eV+q
>TsY s& yTT<\>Tq$ = |s=q<q$. us k+eTT <c

<ojTsC\ u>[ $u q #\ beTTKeTT \<T.

<ojT sE\ b* f ` +<eTT ssE\T \e+T
jTTq+\eTT eTT keT+sE\T> qT+&eTT, +<eTT ssE\
d \Vq q|&#\T keT+sE\T eTT d+T\eT
|{ + #T=qeTT ` ~ y] d+|<jTeT #] <wd T q ~!
<ojT b\\ |P]< & yTT> keeTT D <X
qT+&> eT k+eTT |{ + q~, eTeT sC\qT $d + #jT T
<X e TT +s+ jTT<e TT\T ]|q~! M] |P] < eT <X e TT
Hsy s T $<ojTT\ dV jTeTT b+~ T< <Xe TTqT $<ojTT\ n|+
<kVeTq~!!
<ojTsE\ |r ` $XdeTT
_{w n~seTT e], <kq usrjT |uT eTT @s&T d+~\eTT,
eTT d+T\T e{ dTdeTjTeT, <ojT b\\T $Xd+,
+<q k+#T#T+&]. eT w _{w n~sT\T eT d+|Ps+ >
dV jT|& s y] |r, qeT eTT+&qT.
KS
1857e d+es| yTT<{ us k+ jTT< \eTTqT+, sTT+es
eTq <ojT b\\T _{w y] dVjTeTT> qT+& _{w ke
O
|j qeTT\qT b&T eTT #|+q n_sT , eTTK+> X|
BO
s+&T ||+# jTT<eTT\ eTT _{w y] n+&<+&> qT+& #dq
nbsyT q ], d dV jTeTT, us k+<eT d++<e TTq L&
eTT _{w n~sT\ nqTL\+> qT+&T yTT<\>T $wj \qT _{w
O
|uTeTT |+#< +jTT+&]. eTT +es _{w ke

C
V $XdeTT qT+& #dq deqT, _{w |uT eTT ysT | <w

ES
|T= ||\ eTT> ysT, eTq <ojT b\\ &e+&T\qT \|sT ks

<&+ > $Xd+jTT+&]. _{w < eT+&*ysT, _{w |uT eTTjTT
EM
yd$ <<+ , d+>$ T{, dw| s HsT. _{w ysT >=| sE\T.
ysT eTV <s< w \ysT. ke $<qeTT k>C\< ysT >V +HsT.
|&T y]~ $u + syT\+& nH $<qeTT<T. y] |&T d+

usY dV jT+, dV+ nedse TT. $wjT + eTq <ojT b\\T >V +#< T .
n+< qb\TsT!
eTq <ojT b\\T 20 e XeTT J$d, 18e X| |]uw
+#T#T+&]! ||+#<sD jT$<+> esTTq<H $wjT+ ysT
\TdT<\#< T . ds|] <ojT sC\ ed+#T |\ dqT #&< T .
*d<T . ysT u> n+<T H sT!!
50 d+es\ V<su<T 281

<ojT sC\ sj <e\T u> n_e~ #+~q$. |CkeT
X \ T | e#dq$. b<$ T deTT\T, +s+ sjT d+dsD\
+<q\T k>T#T+&qT. u< jTT |uT k|q bs{\T sT>T#T+&qT.
|C <e\qT nDyjT T #{\qT, jTe\qT ~ ]d |\T C
y # T +&]. <+ $|e eTT>H u$+#. <e\T yd$ yT q $
< ndq $ e, sTT<+jT T jT{y] |u eeT <ojT b\\T |
#+<ysT. |\T eT |uT e\qT Vs+>eTT> #+E #jT k].
us<XeTT n$uyTq <XeT, <ojT sC\T us jTjTH
#sq, |\# jTqT&q |<T d+$<qdu qT+&T nsT\,
KS
+s+ +> |CkeT |uT \T @s&q <ojT sC\ |\T dw+ >
|{ + HsT. <ojT sC\ b\\T d+$<q deTyT q sE\T> qT+&T
O
eT deTyT q L& |\T y\& + ]. <ojT |uT e\T #e\T+&jT T
BO
$q{, qT\T+&jT T #&{ d<+ > +&]. y] eT |\|q
$Xd+ <T . ysT eT |\ d $\TeqT, X \TdTC\bsTT].
T~esL ysT eT d \eTT, jTT<\qT, jTT< keTH qeTT=]!
O
C
s +&e ||+ # jTT< \eTT _{w dV jse TT | <ojT s+

ES
=+ d\+ |]q~. sDs+>\ dVjseTT |+|&q dq\T

jTT<q+seTT ] eT sC\ e#dH$. $<+> |dT\|
EM
jTT<\T, jTT< keT L& <ojT sC\ dH \ eXeT+<T+&qT.

bkH e\ <ojT sE\ $u< \T

n+es <ojTsC\ b\\ eTeTT+&qT. bkH

@s&eTT $u< \T sb+<qT. <ojT b\\T V+< b\\T>,
eTTd+ b\\T> ` s+&T >\ $u+|&]. bkH bVeTT
osT|q n\& #+~ eT $<qeTTqT |P]> esT=]. qs+<eT+&*
sDyT ~\ejTqT.
<ojT sC\ sj\T $<+> qT+&>, V<su<T sh
+s+ |]d T \T sE sE #&b e#T+&qT. +&=s @s&qT. C+

= |< qeT+ =s y k >qT. eTdT <eTeTT < s|+
<qT. sT&q |< qeT+ V <su<T seTT+< V < y] +<q
]>qT. +>dT ysT eT |{w + #jT Hs+_+].
# qyT sJHe
c' eT+ <Ts+eTT sT y n|{ |< qeT+ # qyT w
|]d T <sTT+q n<T deTd\qT deTs jT<TsC\&, C+
|uT e>] <w jTq |&b sTTH&, H{ n_ esZ\ nqT&~.
qqT n+> n>se |s q|{, C+ V < y] V#]+# bjTq
KS
# qyT q eTqdT H=|+#T=, |< qeT+ |<$ sJHe |fq T.
C+ y+H n{ sJHeqT n+^]+#qT.
* |< q eT+> dsY nF+>
O
BO
C+. * |<qeT+> eT+ eT+&* djTsY duT&q dsY
nF +>TqT, jT$T+#qT. jTq sjT y &T. sj \ jTq
O
jT{ d++<e TT +&qT. jTq eT+ keTT& desq \y&,

C
|U >+jTT+&qT. dsY nF+> s +&T eT&T edeTT |<$ |

ES
qT+&qT. =\~ sEH jTq V <su<T d T +>dT|q $~+q

w<qT =\+#qT. sjT d+dsD\T #sD |&Tq L&
EM
|{+#qT.
sjT d+dsD\ VwsD

sh eTTd+ \T V < y] < seTT sjT d+dsD\T $sT<+ >

+<q s+_+s d+dsD\ sh eTTd+ \ k+eTT, n~s|
yTTH| (Monopoly) n+ yTT+<Tq ysT +<q |&] d T +>dT
ysT. |{+|&q d+dsD\T qT>TD+> e, yqT beqT
e+{$jT d+dsD\qT Vw]+]. w< =\+#&q sT y d T
+>dT n< &T> kMT seq+< rs, |< q s<]> l e&b{
seT#+<se mqT&].
50 d+es\ V<su<T 283

dsY $Ts sTTksTT |< qeT+
yTdsT, jT|PsT sC\ jT+ \eTT |<qeT+> qT+&,
eT+ b]b\&T, eTV|Xd &T> |U #+~q dsY $Ts sTTksTT
V <su<T sh |< qeT+> jT$T+|&sq T. V+<, eTTd+ yTT<\>T
n \, eT\ y] d<eeTT d+b~+q y&T $Ts sTTksTT. jTq,
d+ usY V <su< sh u$ wT <c, +>dT HjT\ d<eeTT,
<ojTsC\ deTd\ nqTue eTT >\y&T >qT V <su<T sh |< qeT+>
|j >s + > qT+&Tq, C+ u$+ jTT+{&T. <, dsY $Ts sTTksTT
|<qeT+> jT$T+|&T sDyT jTT+T+~. k V<
KS
d+djT>, eTTd+>T HjT&T H>sT L& jeTeTTqT
||T {+]. dsY $Ts eqd+ > +>dT nqTjsTT n y] | D .
O
H= deTjq eTTd+ >T #s{ >T HjT&T $Ts sTTksTT
BO
>]|q y=& #dH &. jTq >T #s{ s]+#qT. sDq
>T HjT&T dsY $TsqT es+#y&T.
O
V<su<T sh |<qeT+> dsY$Ts jT$T+|&H&H d+>

C
*jT>H, >THjT&T H>sT V <su<T e C+ \TdT=, dsY

ES
$Ts jeTeTT >T]+ es+]. C+ esq T, ||T qqT

#jT q jT~seTTqT <&+ > |j + dsY $Ts sTTksTT >]
EM
jeTeTTqT <T e|s# q T.

dsY $Ts V <su<T |< qeT+> jTe sE\T +&C\<T .

jTq 1946e d+es| >dT H\ qT+ 1947 d+es| yT 15e

es , |~ H\\T eyT |<$ |q qT+&qT.
=\~\eTT dsY $Ts sTTksTT sh |]dT\T #|T
k< yTq + |jT +#qT. ssT sTT C+ ] n|+#T _{w
|uT eTT s |T s e TT\ <s X$T+#Tf, qT djT+> ssT
|sq #dqT. n& HjT\ \TdT=, ssT |\ d<eeTT
d+b~+#T bT|&q T. n& = $< d+d\ ] dV jTeTT #jT T

>T]+ |{+#qT. V<su<T k |eTTKT\, eTTK+> +>dT
HjT\, dV d++<e TT\T *+#T=qT |jT +#qT. ]<s T
+>dT HjT\qT q eT+eT+&* #s{ sqT. ysT
s]+].
#sD |<\ q sJjT d+dsD\ >T]+ q es_bjTeTT
\T|, >+BeTVT&T dsY $Ts sTTksTT >] CT ydqT.
d+dsD\qT, yqTy| yd n&T>T eTT+<]yd n&T>T<
s+#qT. { d+<s\, n~ jT <ojT syTH , d+ |+&Y
yVs HVA n< qT+&T <ojT sC\ |\ eTVdu <,
KS
|ueeTTqT >Ts] < deT b+<+ yT\ >+BeTVT&T d\V
H=d+>qT. d\V V<su<T |<qeT+> dsY $Ts n+
O
#sD j T yTq ~> #< q T $wjT + ]y<+XeTT. V <su<T deTd\T
BO
| yT q $jT, deTd\ |]cs+ L& ysT $<+ > #jT e\d jTT+T+<,
|Hsy s { =+ deTjT eTedse T, |sjT+ s+ s+u+
nsTTq sT y eTqeTT jT+< seTT y[H y \TdT+ < dsY $Ts q
O
|T s + >+BeTVT ydqT.
C
yT >+B>] | *+#< T . +>dT ysT dsY $TsqT+

ES
#\ +jTT+&]. X\T sb+< jT \D \T q|& b jTes sX

C+~]. d+dsD\qT Vw]+#T <eTes+uejTqT. $Ty<T\T,
EM
ny<T\T nqT jT & +& +>dT ys+<sT, VwsD

seTeTT bZ]. seTeTT $|\ eTT #jT T, |uT ~sT\T,
V < ysT jTH mT> & \ T yd] . VwsD seTeTT d+|Ps+ >

d|\ yT+ ~. ~eTCysT eeTT e> + > m\ bZ mqT&].

V <ysT T< >T HjT d\V |s+, m\ bZ].
Ud+ sJ>sT L& mqT&]. jTq V< d+d n<&T> L&
mqT&q sDq, Xdqdu V mqT&qT.
m\ nq+s+, |<qeT+ $Ts sTTksTT>sT eT eT+
eT+&* sTT<s T mqT&q duT \qT eT+T\T> #sT =HqT. e> + >
50 d+es\ V<su<T 285

mqT&q l |+* y+ ses&, V <T eTTdM TH nu ]> mqT&q
nT sV +>sT eT+T\T> jT$T+|&]. |+* y+ ses&> ]
jT sjT <eTeTT d++<e TT +&qT jTq sjT y L & <T.
V <su<T sheTT >=| d| s T & nqT&ysT. |se dwH &> |#dH sT.
nT sV+>sT V< d+d duT&T> qTq|{ V< y]
sj \ jTe |sT>+qy&T &T. e e\T. V <su<T
u+ k| &T>H n+<sT jTqqT >T]+#~. MsTuj
T T\T $Ts sTTksTT>]
eT+eT+&* #], T< jTK>] eT+ eT+&* L& eT+T\T>
KS
qT+&]. V<su<T sC~seTT |q+ eeTT M] |<e\T
n+yTT+~q$.
T~ (13e) +< eTVdu
O
BO
dT +>dT qT+ w< =\+|&+ \+>D b+|
+<eTVdu, C+ eTVsh |]wT, C+ s |]wT\ ysTysT
O
nd eTT n+yT T+~q~. +<e TVdu jTT 13e deyXe TT 1946e yT

C
H\ l eT|s+ Xese n< q yT< +~ >eTeTT

]>qT. ~ \+>D +<<eTeTTq d++~+q T~ deyXe TT. B
ES
sT y +<e TVdu d T +>dT $qyTq ~. < $<+ > eTVsh,

s |]wT \ T L& d T+>dT $qyTq $.
EM
nsTT<e |sD+ ydqT, +<<es+ueTT qT+& eTVuT

<j eX L& <wj T +<T+#&qT. <eTeTT yTT<{ <X >e\qT,

|D \qT sT>T | du d\ | s+&T> e#TqT #jT &T#T+&qT.

|<j T Tq du\ T sT>Tq|&T y{bT | eTT> d\ deyXe TT\T
L& Ls&T $~jTbsTTq+<Tq \+>D d\ jT+ #q+
<sTT+q~. sT y <e\ d\ T |X+ djTyTq b > =].
eTdT\T L& eT +<eTVdu jTT 13e deyXeTT <+
jTs &> ] n< q +q>sT ]|]. y]~ L& sTT~ T~ deyXy T
jT #b. B sT y eTdT\ T eT <eTeTTqT eT b |sTMT<H
]|].
eTdT\ |C y\Te
1946 e d+eseTT eTdT <eTeTT s +&e <X |C y\Te
q\>=+& uT eq], ds|, seTq|, VQpsTq>sT , q\>=+&
\\ u> y|+q~ n eTdT HjT&T s$ HsjTDs&> sT
eT |d + ydHsT.
<X sheTT X+u <\ T b&T bdT, d \ eTdT
yT&T\T, eT e&d\\T s\, s bs{\T ]bs, ds|
\ ueT, b ds| ]q bs{\T eTdT #]
<X # beTTK+ >+qe, <X eTdT HjT\
KS
|\T|q+<T= dMTT\jT y\=\~ y\+{s #T\ |d]>
e&d\\T, s\T e+&e, y\=\~ d\ T L& bs{\ dMTT\js,
O
d\ T, |sTw\ e&d\\ s+~d e+&ys, XTe\ #\&
BO
s|eTT+\ d<+> qT+&ys s+&e <X $w >T]+,
HsjTDs&> sT ydHsT. VQpsTq>sT \ eTs &> &+ ]q
bs+, d\ T kjTT< d \qT ||T {+, |Cbs+ |< qb
O
eV+#eTT, bs+ $Xwe T L& s &> sT nHsT.

C
|\T e+<\d+K msC+ &\T # { jT\T<] bsT>T >e\

ES
d+| \T k|+ #&e TT, y\+{s <\ >T\ d+|T + (>T nq>
<T&T s) nH |sT se&eTT eTs= $Xwe TT. <X *q eTs= beTTK+
EM
jTeTq> kjTT< bdT, $T*y] L& ||T {+, bs&< eT

deTdM |]cs+ ue |\T eT nqTue + <s \TdTHs.

eTdT b| w<+
{ |]dT\ V<su<T |uTeTT, 1946e qe+sT H\
eTdT b w~+#qT. nT|eT $jTy&, sh eTdT se\
+<eTT> @s&qT. kjTT< ||T q <sH kjTT< bdT, $T*
m~]+# sj se&eTT eTdT <eTeTT s +&e <X >\
beTTK+ n #b...

50 d+es\ V<su<T 287

>+< |]de| ` dMT
(>eT : >+< s |s > T \>T# ysT< +q yTs s#q nd+|P]>
qT+&bsTTq~. ks d$TysT >+< |]de| =s , >+< s n<jTeTT
KS
bs+ueTT yjTT ssTT+#T=q o]\ >T]+, = eTTK
d+|T q\qT d+\qeTT #d] . d+\qyT +~ o]\ qq>TqT.)
C+>] k+ | q
O
BO
_{w |< n{> sT 1947 d+seTT | e] edeTT | q
#d , us |\ eT <X| n~seTTqT n|+#&e TT _{w |uT
O
n_eTeT, s |P] #jTT sT eT+{ uHqT ykjYT>

C
+&j |+|#THeT y\& + ]. bsy T +T || HjT&T #]

ES
e] 6e Bq |d+d, us<XeTTq>\ sjT HjT\

q|&T |\ n~seTT <e TT #jT &eTT $HXH <] rjTTqjTT,
EM
$wjT eTTqT s d$T n|+#T eTjT n].

d#q y<eTT \_+#<T. sTy _{w |<, pH 3e Bq,
us< X e TTqT $u + jT q n~seTTqT <X |\ n|+#<e T ]

|{+].
< $wjT eTTqT sTe T+{ uH pH 2e Bq +&j s &j
<s \T|> HVA |+&T&T <X $uq n+^]+HeT y+H
|{ + #qT. _{w |uT eTT jTT Xj >eT+ C+>sT pH
11e Bq |s H <s eTT +&jT H jTjTH > bkH
> #su eT, d++> qT+& >\eT |{ + #qT.

d{ +>dt #+
sheTT |Ck+eTT =s bT&T#Tq d{ +>dt, C+>]
k+ | qqT ||T {+#T eTVduq T V++~. eTVdu
V <su<T pH 16, 17, 18 B\ ] #]yT q rsqeTT,
d{ +>dt HjT\T, +>dt |<T \T 1500 eT+~L&q ss\ T,
duT\ deyXeTT, \ $T+q | |CeTT deTeTTq,
y~+#&qT. rsqeTTqT C+ k+ | qqT ||T {+#T
l sT\Z seTws e |b~+].
eTVdu kMT seq+<rs> sT n< eV+#>, n\us
KS
+>dt |< q s<sT \T lX+ss e<y duq T bs+_+]. rsqeTT
<s C+ |uT eTTq es+> d>V eTT, XdH\+|T qeTT sT|
O
XsTT+#&qT. B qqTd]+ >dT 7e Bq CrjT | sheTT
BO
m>Tsyd C+>] k+eTTqT |\T sd ]+]. XdH\+ |T qeTT
<<| 21,000 eT+~ s+~T q T d{ +>dt y~ >\<T.
O
>dT 15e ~q _{wysT eT n~seTTqT |\ n|+

C
y[b e# >dT 27e Bq C+>sT qT sheTTq d+ sEHH q

ES
eTs=k] |{ + #T=HqT. s d+kHBX \T us jTjTH #dT qT

m{ &+& qT #dT q |Tfq T. T< C+>] HjTXg d\V<sT
EM
dsY y\sY eqH, y kjYT sT eT+{uH d\V d+|+|\ eTq

qe+sY 29e Bq * &+& (Stand Still Agreement) +&jT H
jTjTH, C+>] eT< ~]q~.

sCs <sq eTT

_{w ysT us |\ sC~seTTqT n|+#T dHVeTT\T
bs+_+#TH eTTd+ > ysT <Xe TTqT $u +#eqqT \ eTT 1946
>dT 16e Bq bkH ~qeTT sT| XsTT+, sdq |<s q\T
#d] . V <u<T q>se TT sCs d+d |\qT ;u + #jT T>
~qeTTqT q&|q ~.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 289

es+>\T yTT>\jT nqT +>dT ssq T eTTd+ \T, sCsT
*d e< Cd, keq |+<]H n+>$\T\T> #d] . +<eTT
CrjT |uT eTT 1946 d|+ sY 1e Bq @s& HVA |+&T \T |< >,
dssY e\usTT |f + eT+> jTT]. eTTd+>TysT CrjT
|uT eTT y+H #s , <, <T]qeTT> |{ + <Xe T+ \eTT
eH]. V<u<T V<ysT, sCsT, d $HdeTT, jTT<
|<s q\ <T]qeTT |<s q\T #d] . sheTT n qT \{\T,
>MTD |\ V\T, >V<V qeTT\T bs+ue TjTqT. q\>=+& ;;q>s+
>eT+| Ud+sJ HjTq sCsT <&#d >eT+ |\qT <#T=
>eTeTTqT <>+ #d] (bdT #s sT y Ud+sJ| d+<s e TTq dT
KS
|> 7 d+\ s>s $~+#&qT.) += <VsD. H+<&
eTTK+<eT>T V >eTeTT| sCsT {> <&#d es \qT <].
O
y] e< <=]q +>seTT, 30 sbjT\ T\eTT #=|q neT&qT.
BO
(n|{ +>seTT CsT <s 90 sbjT\T+&qT.) uq] \ beTT+
>eTeTT| sCsT <& #d 40 eT+ >eTdT\qT * #+|]. {
O
<Ts+eTT\T ]q >eTeTT\He TT\T >\e.

C
sCsT sh |uT bdT, dq eTT *d kjTT<T >e\ MT<

ES
<& #dysT. d{ +>dTysT du\ T #dH s, jTjTH +&qT m>Ts

ydH s, n& & >MTD nesTT |\qT \u{ * #+| ydysT.
\{\T, >V<V H\T, d\ eq u+ >\T eTT jTT+&$. sCs
EM
<sq eTT, |\T V+d+|&T >T]+ us |uT | @C+T qs>

qT+&q l K.M. eTT>sT y\& + q $eseTT\T ysT s+q End of an
Era nqT |d

e TT >\e. d{ +>dT HjT\T =+& y+s+> s &> sT

L& eT djT#] $eseTT\T #|HsT. e] dT |eTTK\T,
l |#\|* dT+<sj T >sT eT s#q nHsT.
C< V <u< eTTd+ keeT, d|t CV e+Xb\q |
eTTd+ b\&jT , |uT b&+ <e jT , n+<Te\
sCsT dqeTT #] V+<Te\qT m<Ts=q&+ | eTTd+jTT |$
se eT |s=+, V < ysT Ud+ sJ HjT eTTq sCsT dq eTTqT
@sT #d] .
sCsT q>se TT, |D eTT kes\T @ss#T = >e\| <&T\T
kd, |\ db dT\ qT =\>=&T, CrjT C+&qT, miC+ &qT yd
+&ysT. y e< \ T, +_j\T, u\T, HT Tb\T, s | yTT<\>T
jTT<\T+&qT. ysT eT <&T\ M{q{ |j +#ysT.
ljT eT+esZeTT eT+> qT+&q l . se#] ~
24`1`1948 q, sCs <sq eTTq sdq > eT eT+ |<$ sJHe
#d , | q sCsT #jT T#Tq V+d neqTweT, C+ |uT eTT
#d }s=q&eTT dV +#s<].
+< |uT bdT #s
KS
C+>sT us |uT eTT #dT =q * &+&# , eT
O
+< |uT eTT deqksTT k+eTT *q< jT+, &d+sY 1947
|dt HT <s, y+&, +>seTT sheTT y\T|* bs<, +&jT H
BO
jTjTH HDeTT sheTT #\C \< Xd+]. <> sD u< eT<q
dH |+#&+ , $<Xe TT\ qT+ jTT<e TT\qT | +#&+ , jTT< sD
O
|]XeT\qT @sT #jT &eTT yTT<\>T #s \qT bs+_+]. d& H

C
<s $eqeTT sV d+> jTT<e TT\T s<=&+> qT. $<X\ ybs

ES
d++<e TT\T |T=H H|e TTq \+&H \\ ejTeTT eT k+eTTqT

\T|=qT, C+>sT |#sd+ dq T @sT #dT =]. _{w {
EM
|e TT d+d yqT +&]. || HjT&T #] bsy T +T C+>]

k+ deT]d |d+ +]. sY b |uT eTT ~ |e<s e T
d |q~.

T~ y kjYT sT eT+{ uH |<M $seTD#d 1948 pH edeTT

+>+&T y[bsTT]. y]kH l s>b\#]>sT >essY qs>
jTT]. n+es us sC+>eTT n+^]+|& jTT+&<T.
sC+>eTT neT\Te m\T ]q sT y, sh| m sT>e\d
jTT+&qT.
sT eT+{ uH y[b eq|&T C+>] nH $<\T> q# C|
dsY y\sY e+H (C+>] d\V<sT) # eTTksTT< &+&qT
50 d+es\ V<su<T 291

d<e TT #sTT+ C+>] |+|> ysT < MT< yTT< d+e TT |T
d<| & ] . eTTKeT+ jT , sCs HjT&T Ud+ sJ |& jT
C+>] u<] +]. Xdqdu eTTKeT+ jT , 1948 >dT 2e
Bq |d+ d, us |uT \H&]. <> qT sJHe |f< q ,
C+>] sD u< qMT< < uj T |fq T. |q eTTKeT+, sJ
>s d+|~+ C+>sT &+& MT< d+e TT |q us |uT
*jTCd].
sCs <Ts+eTT\T $TMT] bejTT, C+>sT sCs kBqT
dVjTT jTT+&T >eT+, sCs es+> ds l eT+psY +>,
KS
eTT nT udY djT < eTVeT< VQdH C| , uKs $Ts, nVeT<
$Ts, |< $Ts, VQdH nT eTTd< yTT<\>T CrjT <w>\ eTTd+
O
|eTTKT\T | |q #d]. |qqT l wsTTUH eT
BO
yTsC nqT s ~q| |{ + #&y T >, <| d+b<j T ydeTT
L& yd sheTTq s>\ |e<, ;u >T]+ V#]+]. sCsT

#s e\ >T, 1948 >dT 22e Bq wsTTUH >] #T \T yTT<
O
q], XseT+jT T b& V#d] . y] ueeTs~ u> >jT|]]. ~

C
q>se TT ]q |T syT q <Ts++. < > @+T qs l K.M. eTT

ES
#+| |jT + $|\ T] .

C+>sT eT k+ d+s+ #T=qT eT dTqT U.N.O.
EM
1948, >dT edeTT rdTy[] . ysTTH qyE +>>] < seTT

|~eseZ TT d+<s e TTq U.N.O. y[q ~. $<e TT> C+>sT
us |uT eTT > + |\T #dT =qT d+|Pse TT> |jT +, #dT q

* &+&q T \+|T +#TjT >, <X deT> u+ >eTT y{\T

#s\ |PqTe&+, us |uT \T|+& bkH 20
sbjT\ n| e&+, +&jT H jTjTH >e\MT< sCs< &, sheTT
y\T|* eTTd+ \qT, +~o\qT |sT rdTe sh eTTK +<\
|qsyd+ #sTT+#&+ , y] eTTdy T sT \MT< <& #sTT+#&e TT yTT<\>T
wsTTUH>s >+<eTT (352e |) |s=q jTTe\T : BsT&T >eT].

yqT &T sjTY | dVjT d+b<&T> qT+&qT.

|C $<Vse T>T #s \ C+>sT |PqT=qT#, y]| bdT #s
> =qT us dq eTT\T 1948 d|+ sY 13e Bq sheTT sk>qT.
us dq eTT s +&T u>eTT\T> N* u>eTT $jTy& MT<T>
qs sC+< d+VJ < seTTq, s +&e~ ;<sY MT<T> yTsY qs
C.mH. #< < seTTq e#T#T+&qT. jTjTH dH eT&T H\T>T
sE\T C+>] dqeTT, sCs dVjTeTT n## =+es
m<TsT=qT ]q~. H\ZesE, d|+sY 17e Bq, yTT< C.mH.
#<>sT V <u<T #s> H, C+>sT +bsTT XsD >T ] . n+{
y] suw eTT b|+ q~. Ud+ sJ, jT n>sT s+<e TT
KS
qT+#&]. sh |\T d#yjTTe\qT |\k].
$T* |uT eTT
O
BO
C+>sT suw&>T# sheTT d|+sY 18e Bq d
|uT eTT @s&q~. l C.mH. #<] $T* >essT> jTT ] . sheTT
O
eT&e u>eTT C^ss kBqeTT qT+&qT. $T* |uTeTT y+H

C
C^sqT s<T #d n& sT\ |{ V |k~+#qT. Te+{ |{

ES
V\T b+~q u $T, C+>] k+ d \T|=, <<| 2

mse TT\T +T+< #| e#TqT.
EM
$T* |]b\q d$ |< <<| 2 d+eseTT\T kq~.

<q +se TT l y& (Mr. M.K. Vellodi, I.C.S.) eTTKeT+> |C|<T \T,

sw s d$ n~sT\ >&q |uT eTT 1950 pH edeTT @s&q~.

C+>sT s |eTTKT\T> jT$T+#&]. eT+ esZeTT sTZ\
seTws e, $HjTse $<\+sY, |P #+ < >+B, $._. sE, CH j
sY
+>, Xc~, d.$.@dt. se >s\T eT+T\T> qT+&]. |uT eTT ks
m\T ], |C+ |uT eTT @s&Tes , nq> 1952 d+eseTT
e] es , =qkq~. \eTT eTs= s +> $|e d+dsD, s
s #e TT neT\T eq~.
50 d+es\ V<su<T 293

eTdT\ kjTT< bseTT
C+>sT |q yT d |uT eTT @s&>H eTdT\ T sheTT
kjTT< bseTTqT eBd]. b+eTT 4000 >e\T eT eXeTT
qTqe, s +>+ > ] bs+ <s $|e eTT us |uT eTTqT
|&>=e#Tq, n~ k<+ bsTTH \+>DeTT k~+q sT
$j\qT \uT=qT <s eT nd b&Te#Tq m+
eTdT\T bseTTqT k+]. y] sCsqT+jTT, s
jTT<e TT\T \u yTj T T+&qT. sCsT |{q d+ue TT# \+>D |\
<q n~e TT> y|+jTT+&qT. |#\|* dT+<sj T >] Ms\ +>DeTT,
KS
$|e bseTqT |d e TT H{ bseTT ne>Vq @$T{ *ds>\<T.
dT+<sj T >] e\ :
O
HVA dH \ eseTT> dsTTeTT kjTT< bs{ k+#\,
BO
b +<sh $T{ ssTT+q~. usdqeTT n+& eT >e\
] sqTq <Xe TTKT\T, u keTT\ u] qT+& \+>D s +>+ k~+#Tq
O
$j\qT b&Te\dq D eX >\< $T{ u$+q~. <&T

+ s n+X\qT <w +#T+~. kjTT< bs{ =qk+# +&
C
+&eT+f bs&TTq s +> <V+ #jT &yT njT~...

ES
us eTdTb eTVdu 1948 | e] edeTT \ q>se T+<T

EM
deyXyT+~. us<XeT+ $|e d+u yTs&q<, sTysTT+

eseTT> $|e |]d T \T HjT. us< X e TTq 1947e d+eseTT
eq~ yTq k+eTT <, n~ e\+ n~s+ e]& eyT q,

|{ us< X | +>dT HjT\T _{w key<T\ =T\ T>

qTHs, $|e eTT |D \ qT+& |\ es y|+#>\ <, B q @sT
#jT eq rs+]. sj T + > =q|{ qT+ eTdT\ T, C+
es bs+H, \+>DeTT +>dT ss\| <&T\T #jT&+
bs+_+]. kjTT< bs+ yTT<\T >H |< HVA |+&T &T q
+s+ s<] V <su< |+|+]. eTdT\ T d+|~+#T
s]+q $wjT eTTqT, eTdT |eTTKT\ H=s> T l s$ HsjTDs&
eT s#q Ms \+>DeTT $<e TT> ydHsT.
d+<seTT +<|uTeTT #s\T nd+ueyT jTT+&$e.
Te+{ #s\T sT|{ |+& HVA | |~ l <sH<
# & e]. HVA |uT L\<jT&yT H{ |<q
ne>Vq ne&+ e\ jTq #s \ s]+#sT.
eTdT\ T deTw> CrjT |uT eTTqT L\<jTT rs+#T=
kjTT=+& yTTe TT, es+>T\ =+u >eTT bseTTq +<eTT>
qT+&qT. e+<\eT+~ jTTe\T, nesTT |\T bs+ *jT ].
KS
b++ >e\ $T* d+u |]d qT+&$. sy eTdT\ T
kjTT<T >e\MT< |& eT +& |eT, eT # bdT ee<
O
V#]+#ysT. #q y] V #dysT. |>{ y , dq eTT >e\
BO
e MTsT eTdT\ +& |T#T Hs, y] dV ]+#T #THs
>eTdT\ qT $#D +& u<ysT. eTdT\ qT #|eT y=& #dysT.
d+ue TT >eTdT\ T q* V&*bsTT]. =+<sT nesTT\T #+|&].
O
|]d T \ |]DeT+>qT, CrjT |uT eTTq es+> bs+

C
sT>T#Tq<qT de#seTT qkeqeTTq *dq+<TqqT, |\T

ES
eTdT\ qT sd+ #k]. $wjT eTT>T]+ l s$ HsjTDs& eT

s#q ydjT THsT.
EM
bdT #s nq+se TT bseTT |\ b dq\+ bs+uy T q ~.

ysT djTeTT> bZq&+ eyXsT. n+<Te\ bseTTq >\

|CdueeTT bsTT es n~ =~eT+~ < duT \T k+# e> V+d

+~ ~>C]+~. H{ q <eT due eT{< . bs+ k+#eqq
n_bjT+ =+<sT eekjT L\T, ;<s T \ +&~. < es+Z , eT< s>
s T \ es e\q ysT @$T #jT b jsT.
#s $Hu >eTqeTT
\+>D b++, eTTK+> q\>=+&, es+>\T \ sT>T#Tq
kjTT< bs d+ue TTqT djTeTT> #&eqqT <X e TT #s $Hu
50 d+es\ V<su<T 295

uy >sT @| 1951 d+ V <su<T $#d]. ds<jT dyT qeTT
es+|* >eTdy +<eTT sT>T#T+&qT. dyT qeTT eTTdq sT y
\+>DeTT s +&TH\\T b<j #d<eT $Hu>sT |{ + ].
@| 15e ~, H{ lseTqe$T qT+, $Hu>] b<j
yTT<\jTqT. yTT<{ eT* VjYq>s+ s +&e~ ud+>s+. eT&e
eT* q\>=+& #+~q b#+|* @| 18e Bq #]]. l y~s
seT#+<s&# 100 mse TT\ u $T u <qeTT e&q~. >eTeTT
>\ u $T ;<\ +> e& u <qeTT < +#&jT T+&qT.
d+|TqqT $Hu>sT XjT d+eTT> u$+, u deTd
KS
|]cseTTq u<qjTeTqT |sT d+#\H se
bs+_+].
O
s +&T H\\ \+>D b<j $Hu>] 10,000 mse TT\ u $T
BO
<qeTT> \_+#qT. u $T u $T ;<\ |+#Tq, \
mseTT\ u$T <qeTT> d+b~+# d+\eTT $Hu>sT, eTT>TZsT
O
duT \ >&q u <q jTd$ T @sT#d] . l <+& seTs&, leT

d+>+ \ujTeT duT\T>qT, l yT+\ Xese d+#\\T>qT
C
jTT].
ES
eTdT kjTT< bs $seTD

EM
#s $Huuy>sT eT \+>D X+j C qT+&q

|\TesT |eTTK eTdT HjT\qT, ss\ qT e&]. $T
ueeTT |CdeTd\ |]cseTT, eTTK+> <]< ysD |jT eTT

#jT e#Tq *jTCd] . bdT #s sT y sheTT C^sT s<T e&eTT,

s \T<s #e TT eT]+ eT<e TT e&eTT# eTdT\ |\
dV seTT dq\T eq~. b ss\ N*\T skq$. us
|C+ sC+>eTT d<y T neT\T &, * +> ks m\
dHVeTT\T bs+ueT>T#, 1951 nsY 21e Bq, \+>DeTT
sT>T#Tq kjTT< bseTTqT |d+ V]+#T=qT #dq rsqeTTqT
eTdT bysT |\ $&T<\ #d] .

us sC+>eTT ` yTT<{ ks m\T
sC+> sjT du &d+sY 1946 & sC+< |k<>] n< q
@s& | #jT T#T+&qT. sC+>eTT 1948 qe+sY edeTT y~+#&,
< neT\T # ~ 1950 d+ qe] 26 n ss TT+]. n|{qT+
| d+ qe] 26e B ]|_ ~qeTT> |]>D+#T#, y\T
sT|+THeTT.
sC+>eTT qqTd]+ <Xe T+ ks m\T 1952 d+ qe]
edeTT sT| XsTT+|&qT. n< |s+ V <su<T sheTT
>& m\ ds+ ue TT bs+uy T q ~. +>dT |+ >qT, eTdT\ T,
KS
|.&.m|t. (Peoples Democratic Front) > @s& ||+ > m b{#d ] .
+>dT b m V#T b< eTT se&+ e\ e] H\ yTT<{k ]
O
|C+ |uT eTT @s&q~. l sT\Z seTws e eTTKeT+> qT+&].
BO
|uT eTT 1956 d+ nsY T~es kq~.
V <su<T sh $
O
<Xe T+ 1955e d+ uc sc\ sDeTT >T]+ +<q

C
bs+ue TjTqT. us |uT eTT, |C_bjTeTT \TdT=qT l |

ES
n< q eTT>TsZ T duT \ L&q MTwHq T @sT #dq ~. MTwH

ysT V<su<T e |eTTKT\ keTT >=]. \+>D b++
EM
yq&q~> qT+&T# | sheTT> qT+&T =+<sT |eTTKT\T

]jTT+&]. sTT~ k>< T . $wjT yT =+ n\& s \+>D
|\ = sD \T V <su<T sheTT eT&T b+\T ysT #d,

|q>\ eTVsheTT nes+>u<, H+<&, |s, ;&, kHu<

\qT seTT >T\sZ, sjT#sY, ;<sY \qT n|{ jTs&
jTT+&q +<sheTT q\>=+&, es+>\T, eTVuq>sY, +q>sY,
Ceu<, yT<, ~u<, V <su< \qT *|]. B C+ sheTT
$ |P]jT jTqT. +<s h| 11 \, \+>D b+| 8 \T
*d 1956 d+ qe+sY 1e Bq +< |<X e TT @s&qT.

50 d+es\ V<su<T 297

nqT+<eTT
(#.| 89 ` 4e |s D eTT)
APPENDIX
Extract of the letter from the Viceroy and Governor - General of India to His
KS
Exalted Highness the Nizam of Hyderabad, Dated Delhi, the 27th March, 1926.
Your Exalted Highness,
O
I shall devote the reminder of this letter to the claim made by your Exalted
Highness in the second and third paragraphs of your letter and to your request
BO
for the appointment of a commission.
2. In the paragraphs which I have mentioned you state and develop the
O
position that in respect of the internal affairs of Hyderabad, you, as Ruler

of the Hyderabad State, stand on the same footing as the British
C
Government in India in respect of the internal affairs of British India. Lest

I should be thought to overstate your claims, I quote your Exalted
ES
Highness's own : "Save and except matters relating to foreign powers and
policies, the Nizams of Hyderabad, have been independent in the internal
affairs of their State just as much as the British Government in British
EM
India. With the reservation mentioned by me, the two parties have on all
occasions acted with complete freedom and independence in all inter-
Governmental questions that naturally arise from time to time between

neighbours. Now, the Berar question is not and cannot be covered by that
reservation. No foreign power or policy I concerned or involved in its
examination, and thus the subject come to be controversy between the
two Governments that stand on the same place without any limitations of
subordination of one to the other."
3. These words would seem to indicate a misconception of your Exalted
Highness's relations to the Paramount Power, which it is incumbent on me
as His Imperial Majesty's representative to remove, since my silence on
such a subject now might hereafter be interpreted as acquiescence in the
propositions which you have enunciated.

4. The Sovereignty of the British Crown is supreme in India, and therefore no
Ruler of an Indian, State can justifiably claim to negotiate with the British
Government on an equal footing. Its supremacy is not based only upon
treaties and engagements, but exists independently of them and quite
apart from its prerogative in matter relating to foreign powers and policies,
it is the right and duty of the British Government, while scrupulously
respecting all treaties and engagements with the Indian States, to preserve
peace and good order throughout India. The consequences that follow
are so well known, and so clearly apply no less to Your Exalted Highness
than to other Rulers, that it seems hardly necessary to point them out. But
if illustrations are necessary, I would remind Your Exalted Highness that
the Ruler of Hyderabad along with other Rulers received in 1862 a Sanad
declaratory of the British Government's desire for the perpetuation of his
KS
House and Government, subject to continued loyalty to the Crown: that
no succession in the Sanad of Hyderabad is valid unless it is recognized
by His Majesty the King-Emperor, and that the British Government is the
5. O
only arbiter in cases of disputed succession.
The right of the British Government to intervene in the internal affairs of
BO
Indian States is another instence of the consequences necessarily involved
in the supremacy of the British Crown. The British Government have indeed
shown again and again that they have no desire to exercise this right
O
without grave reason. But the internal, no less than the external, security
C
which the Ruling Princes enjoy is due ultimately to the protecting power of
the British Government, and where Imperial interests are concerned, or the
ES
general welfare of the people of a State is seriously and grievously affected

by the action of its Government, it is with the Paramount Power that the
ultimate responsibility of taking remedial action, if necessary,. Must lie.
EM
The varying degrees of internal sovereignty which the Rulers enjoy are all
subject to the due exercise by the Paramount Power of this responsibility.
Other illustrations could be added no less inconsistent than the foregoing
with the suggestion that, expect in matters relating to foreign powers and

policies, the Government of Your Exalted Highness and the British

Government stand on a plane of equality. But I do not think I need pursue
the subject further. I will merely add that the title "Faithful Ally" which
Your Exalted Highness enjoys has not the effect of putting Your Government
in a category separate from that of other States under paramouncy of the
British Crown.
6. In pursuance of your present conception of the relations between
Hyderabad and the paramount power, you further urged that I have
misdescribed the conclusion at which His Majesty's Government have
50 d+es\ V<su<T 299

arrived as a "decision", and that the doctrine of res judicata has been
misapplied to matters in controversy between Hyderabad and the
Government of India.
7. I regret that I cannot accept Your Exalted Highness' view that the orders of
the Secretary of State on your representation do not amount to a decision.
It is right and privilege of the Paramount Power to decide all disputes that
may arise between States or between one of the States and itself, and even
thought a court of Arbitration may be appointed in certain cases, its function
is merely to offer independent advice to the Government of India, with
whom the decision rests. I need not remind you that this position has been
accepted by the general body of Indian Rulers as a result of their
deliberations on paragraph 308 of the Montagu - Chelmsford Report. As
regards the use of the term res judicata, I am, of course, aware that the
KS
Government of India is not, like a Civil Court, precluded from taking
cognizance of a matter which has already formed the subject of a decision,
but the legal principle of res judicata is based on sound practical
O
considerations, and it is obviously undesirable that a matter which has
once been decided should from the subject of repeated controversies
BO
between the same parties.
8. I now pass on to consider your request for the appointment of a Commission
O
to enquire into the Berar case and submit a report. As Your Exalted Highness
is a ware, the Government of India not along ago made definite provision
C
for the appointment of a Court of Arbitration in cases where a State is

ES
dissatisfied with a ruling given by the Government of India. If, however,

you will refer to the document embodying the new arrangement of a Court
of Arbitration in any case which has been decided by His Majesty's
EM
Government, and I cannot conceive that a case like the present one, where
along controversy has been terminated by an agreement executed after
fully consideration and couched in terms which are free from ambiguity'
would be a suitable one for submission to arbitration.

Yours sincerely
(Sd.) READING

CMYK
~ sejTe X_ |<es| V<su<T #]. H\T>Te+<\

d+es\ | \T V<su<T #] TuV\b\q, nq+s+
d|tCV\ b\q, s s]+bsTT |CkeTb\q @s&sTT.
s]+ qT+& |Cke #dq |jDyT >+<+ |<q
e+.
ju @ V<su<T q>s deT>#] >+<+. V<su<T
sjT ke Jeq+ |<qb bw+, +<|<X @s&q
s |CkeT |uT + eT+> |#dq eT+<TeTT\ qsd+ >se
>] \+ qT+& y\Te&q s#q. | k> jTq <q+.

sqT+ _jT+ se&+<T. = \ eT |]dT\T
jTs&+ e\q, sheTT |+\T <q$. +&+\ T
jTs&q~. <s\T sE sE |sT>T#T+&qT. <s\|q |uT
+{\T $<q+ neT\T e#d+~. < edTe\T ejT+
e+ s+uyTq$. <=+> #sTCsT, \Te|&+, neT
u\T d+b~+#&eTH |]uw yTT<{ |sjT+ sheTT
y&T e#dq~. |]uw n> |{es *bsTTq~.
ISBN 978-93-82203-53-7
s.150/-
CMYK

History of Hyderabad

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

History of Hyderabad

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CMYK

~ sejTe X_ |<es| V<su<T #]. H\T>Te+<\

eT+<TeTT\ qsd+ >se

k+|T, >MTD |]d eT*+> \TdT=qT de#seTT s#q

de#seTT\TL& +<T #|&q$.

l qsd+ >se>] \T>T uw |MD < nqT=qTyseTT. y]

q|&T #Tq$. <VsD +~ K q #&q>TqT.

b{+#ysT. uVDT\T, nuVDT\ \d, V+<Te\ s esZ\T,

es+sT \ *d uH\T #dysTsT. V+<Te\T eTTd+ \ *d

dV uq+ #dysT <T. n+<] |eT, yT , dK+ +&~. |&T

#ksT . |eT, dK+ e+ XSq+.

m b* #|&q< +< #&q>TqT.

<e C] #e] eTsDq+se TT n|{ |H |t y\T nqT jTTesE,

jT$T<e m&sT nqT |sT +>+&T <Xe TT sE>, us< X #e]>

d+VH~| T H sT. jTq +>+&T sT+ #seTTq $sT<e TT>

|\H _{wt bsyT+T &H, s|]>+ #dH&T. ~ n&

eT\yTq <, bkH $se+ |H<T\T m |&q y k+ C, usrjT

\u eTjTqT. <X k+ V <su<T |\~ T~ bseT>T# #]

ne>Vq >+<e TT eX, |j >eTT dTee TT.

V <su<T 1900 d+ qT+ 70 d+\ #] yjTeq d+*+

es #] yjTTH 12e yT 1976 q dsdZ T ] . n|{ y] ejTdT

#] 1947 d+ qT+ 1956 es ]q <e\T, *q

1947 d+eTT qe+sT 24e Bq qsd+ >se>] s+~+ eTTwsu<T

C\ T +]. n|&T y]y+ y] eTTesT&T l seTyVqse

L& +&qT. H\sE\ sTy C+>sT, eT+ |<$ |+#<eT

>+<s V+< eTTd+ dK+ MT< sh sj\qT d+d]+

b< $T|+#T L& n+^]+]. eTTd+\T, C+>s

M] q *< + &T\T <q T\T.

H~ q\>=+& ` |\\ eT] >eT+. +< eTVdu <e\

d++<e TT >\y. C+ es bseTT (1947) jT$T~ H\\

CrjT es bs|, eT&T d+eseTT\ \eTTq ss>,

|#T sD H eTT#{+ jTT+&]. s>H y] esT\T lqsd+ Vse,

It is a matter of satisfaction for me that my esteemed friend

progressive according to modern views. For instance, the regime

by the British Government as well as the vested interests in the

State, the Political History of Hyderabad would have been entirely

political situation would have shaped itself to suit the modern

people which wanted expression were diverted into religious and

Rao to maintain communal harmony respect and courtesy for all

trends in our country and in the world and create an atmosphere

conducive to the economic development and social progress

Mr. Narsing Rao bas tried throughout his life to maintain a

VHH bdT n~] 18 eT&e |sDeTT

H\Ze |sDeTT nsTT<e |sDeTT

<X+ +>dT, | d>VeTT ` eTVT&

V+<`eTTd+ \VeTT\T 61 >T+&T\ deyXeTT 82

V<su<T d<o <eTeTT 84

+s+ eeVs\ C+ ` _{w sd&+T CeTT 125

+>dT 101 +< eTVdu se deyXeTT 127

+<eTVdu H\T>e deyXeTT

$X+< k|+#T <XeTT? 105 =+<sT _{w sjTy\

s+>d\eTT |q k$T seTq+<rs <ojT sC\T 136

sh $<+deTTq eT\eTT 159 V< y] <+u\T 185

161 s+&e ||+# eTVjTT<

163 H>] ~C d<+eTT 192

|C+ $sT< sjT

l ~>+sse _+<T 220 >+BeTVT |ydeTT 245

sjTY |sVD =+<sT |~jTe +< eTVdu 245

H $TT\T 220 eTTd+\ eTdT\ deTsq 246

|<qeT+> # qyT 226 eTdT\ <=]q neXeTT 249

us sjT |]dT\ $weT<X eTdT ss\ VwsD 250

_{wt m\ #] |sjTeTT eTdT b| w<+ 287

us m\ +>dTy] >+< |]de| ` dMT

$jTeTT 268 C+>] k+ |q 288

es+sT \ d uH\T #dysTsT. V+<Te\T eTTd+ \ d